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Diffstat (limited to 'doc')
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/FAQ | 18 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bash.0 | 3627 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bash.1 | 456 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bash.html | 485 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bash.info | 1257 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bash.pdf | bin | 363392 -> 373369 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bash.ps | 13542 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bashref.dvi | bin | 744904 -> 761604 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bashref.html | 493 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bashref.info | 1257 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bashref.pdf | bin | 734389 -> 747913 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bashref.ps | 12914 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/bashref.texi | 317 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/builtins.0 | 751 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/builtins.1 | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/builtins.ps | 3386 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/rbash.ps | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/version.texi | 12 |
18 files changed, 20484 insertions, 18035 deletions
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@ This is the Bash FAQ, version 4.14, for Bash version 4.4. -[THIS FAQ IS NO LONGER MAINTAINED] - This document contains a set of frequently-asked questions concerning Bash, the GNU Bourne-Again Shell. Bash is a freely-available command interpreter with advanced features for both interactive use and shell @@ -962,7 +960,7 @@ o `complete' and `compgen' now take a `-o value' option, which controls some directory names and suppress trailing spaces o A new loadable builtin, realpath, which canonicalizes and expands symlinks in pathname arguments. -o When `set' is called without options, it prints function defintions in a +o When `set' is called without options, it prints function definitions in a way that allows them to be reused as input. This affects `declare' and `declare -p' as well. This only happens when the shell is not in POSIX mode, since POSIX.2 forbids this behavior. @@ -2171,17 +2169,11 @@ You may also need Finally, you need to tell readline that you will be inputting and displaying eight-bit characters. You use readline variables to do -this. convert-meta says what to do if you read a character with its -eighth bit set. input-meta says whether to permit characters with the -eighth bit at all. output-meta determines how to display characters -with the eighth bit set: if on, they are output directly; if it is off, -such characters are displayed as a meta-prefixed escape sequence. - -These variables can be set in your .inputrc or using the bash +this. These variables can be set in your .inputrc or using the bash `bind' builtin. Here's an example using `bind': bash$ bind 'set convert-meta off' - bash$ bind 'set input-meta on' + bash$ bind 'set meta-flag on' bash$ bind 'set output-meta on' The `set' commands between the single quotes may also be placed @@ -2287,7 +2279,7 @@ The \w expansion gives the full pathname of the current directory, with a tilde (`~') substituted for the current value of $HOME. The \W expansion gives the basename of the current directory. To put the full pathname of the current directory into the path without any tilde -subsitution, use $PWD. Here are some examples: +substitution, use $PWD. Here are some examples: PS1='\w$ ' # current directory with tilde PS1='\W$ ' # basename of current directory @@ -2404,7 +2396,7 @@ a bash programmer's guide with a chapter on creating loadable builtins a better loadable interface to perl with access to the shell builtins and variables (contributions gratefully accepted) ksh93-like `xx.yy' variables (including some of the .sh.* variables) and - associated disipline functions + associated discipline functions Some of the new ksh93 pattern matching operators, like backreferencing H5) When will the next release appear? @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS bbaasshh [options] [command_string | file] CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT - Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2016 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2018 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN BBaasshh is an sshh-compatible command language interpreter that executes @@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN OOPPTTIIOONNSS All of the single-character shell options documented in the description - of the sseett builtin command can be used as options when the shell is - invoked. In addition, bbaasshh interprets the following options when it is - invoked: + of the sseett builtin command, including --oo, can be used as options when + the shell is invoked. In addition, bbaasshh interprets the following + options when it is invoked: --cc If the --cc option is present, then commands are read from the first non-option argument _c_o_m_m_a_n_d___s_t_r_i_n_g. If there are argu- @@ -41,67 +41,68 @@ OOPPTTIIOONNSS --ss If the --ss option is present, or if no arguments remain after option processing, then commands are read from the standard input. This option allows the positional parameters to be - set when invoking an interactive shell. - --DD A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $$ is printed - on the standard output. These are the strings that are sub- + set when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input + through a pipe. + --DD A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by $$ is printed + on the standard output. These are the strings that are sub- ject to language translation when the current locale is not CC - or PPOOSSIIXX. This implies the --nn option; no commands will be + or PPOOSSIIXX. This implies the --nn option; no commands will be executed. [[--++]]OO [[_s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n]] - _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is one of the shell options accepted by the - sshhoopptt builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). If + _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is one of the shell options accepted by the + sshhoopptt builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). If _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is present, --OO sets the value of that option; ++OO - unsets it. If _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is not supplied, the names and - values of the shell options accepted by sshhoopptt are printed on - the standard output. If the invocation option is ++OO, the + unsets it. If _s_h_o_p_t___o_p_t_i_o_n is not supplied, the names and + values of the shell options accepted by sshhoopptt are printed on + the standard output. If the invocation option is ++OO, the output is displayed in a format that may be reused as input. - ---- A ---- signals the end of options and disables further option - processing. Any arguments after the ---- are treated as file- + ---- A ---- signals the end of options and disables further option + processing. Any arguments after the ---- are treated as file- names and arguments. An argument of -- is equivalent to ----. - BBaasshh also interprets a number of multi-character options. These - options must appear on the command line before the single-character + BBaasshh also interprets a number of multi-character options. These + options must appear on the command line before the single-character options to be recognized. ----ddeebbuuggggeerr Arrange for the debugger profile to be executed before the shell - starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description + starts. Turns on extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin below). ----dduummpp--ppoo--ssttrriinnggss - Equivalent to --DD, but the output is in the GNU _g_e_t_t_e_x_t ppoo (por- + Equivalent to --DD, but the output is in the GNU _g_e_t_t_e_x_t ppoo (por- table object) file format. ----dduummpp--ssttrriinnggss Equivalent to --DD. - ----hheellpp Display a usage message on standard output and exit success- + ----hheellpp Display a usage message on standard output and exit success- fully. ----iinniitt--ffiillee _f_i_l_e ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e Execute commands from _f_i_l_e instead of the standard personal ini- - tialization file _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive (see + tialization file _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN below). ----llooggiinn Equivalent to --ll. ----nnooeeddiittiinngg - Do not use the GNU rreeaaddlliinnee library to read command lines when + Do not use the GNU rreeaaddlliinnee library to read command lines when the shell is interactive. ----nnoopprrooffiillee - Do not read either the system-wide startup file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e or - any of the personal initialization files _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e, - _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, or _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e. By default, bbaasshh reads these - files when it is invoked as a login shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN + Do not read either the system-wide startup file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e or + any of the personal initialization files _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e, + _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, or _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e. By default, bbaasshh reads these + files when it is invoked as a login shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN below). ----nnoorrcc Do not read and execute the personal initialization file - _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive. This option is on by + _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c if the shell is interactive. This option is on by default if the shell is invoked as sshh. ----ppoossiixx - Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default operation differs + Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default operation differs from the POSIX standard to match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See - SSEEEE AALLSSOO below for a reference to a document that details how + SSEEEE AALLSSOO below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects bash's behavior. ----rreessttrriicctteedd @@ -111,115 +112,115 @@ OOPPTTIIOONNSS Equivalent to --vv. ----vveerrssiioonn - Show version information for this instance of bbaasshh on the stan- + Show version information for this instance of bbaasshh on the stan- dard output and exit successfully. AARRGGUUMMEENNTTSS If arguments remain after option processing, and neither the --cc nor the - --ss option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be the - name of a file containing shell commands. If bbaasshh is invoked in this - fashion, $$00 is set to the name of the file, and the positional parame- - ters are set to the remaining arguments. BBaasshh reads and executes com- - mands from this file, then exits. BBaasshh's exit status is the exit sta- - tus of the last command executed in the script. If no commands are - executed, the exit status is 0. An attempt is first made to open the + --ss option has been supplied, the first argument is assumed to be the + name of a file containing shell commands. If bbaasshh is invoked in this + fashion, $$00 is set to the name of the file, and the positional parame- + ters are set to the remaining arguments. BBaasshh reads and executes com- + mands from this file, then exits. BBaasshh's exit status is the exit sta- + tus of the last command executed in the script. If no commands are + executed, the exit status is 0. An attempt is first made to open the file in the current directory, and, if no file is found, then the shell searches the directories in PPAATTHH for the script. IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN - A _l_o_g_i_n _s_h_e_l_l is one whose first character of argument zero is a --, or + A _l_o_g_i_n _s_h_e_l_l is one whose first character of argument zero is a --, or one started with the ----llooggiinn option. - An _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e shell is one started without non-option arguments + An _i_n_t_e_r_a_c_t_i_v_e shell is one started without non-option arguments (unless --ss is specified) and without the --cc option whose standard input and error are both connected to terminals (as determined by _i_s_a_t_t_y(3)), - or one started with the --ii option. PPSS11 is set and $$-- includes ii if - bbaasshh is interactive, allowing a shell script or a startup file to test + or one started with the --ii option. PPSS11 is set and $$-- includes ii if + bbaasshh is interactive, allowing a shell script or a startup file to test this state. - The following paragraphs describe how bbaasshh executes its startup files. - If any of the files exist but cannot be read, bbaasshh reports an error. - Tildes are expanded in filenames as described below under TTiillddee EExxppaann-- + The following paragraphs describe how bbaasshh executes its startup files. + If any of the files exist but cannot be read, bbaasshh reports an error. + Tildes are expanded in filenames as described below under TTiillddee EExxppaann-- ssiioonn in the EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN section. - When bbaasshh is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-inter- - active shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it first reads and executes com- - mands from the file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e, if that file exists. After reading + When bbaasshh is invoked as an interactive login shell, or as a non-inter- + active shell with the ----llooggiinn option, it first reads and executes com- + mands from the file _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e, if that file exists. After reading that file, it looks for _~_/_._b_a_s_h___p_r_o_f_i_l_e, _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_i_n, and _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e, - in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that - exists and is readable. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used when the + in that order, and reads and executes commands from the first one that + exists and is readable. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used when the shell is started to inhibit this behavior. When an interactive login shell exits, or a non-interactive login shell - executes the eexxiitt builtin command, bbaasshh reads and executes commands + executes the eexxiitt builtin command, bbaasshh reads and executes commands from the file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t, if it exists. - When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bbaasshh - reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists. This - may be inhibited by using the ----nnoorrcc option. The ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e option - will force bbaasshh to read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e instead of + When an interactive shell that is not a login shell is started, bbaasshh + reads and executes commands from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists. This + may be inhibited by using the ----nnoorrcc option. The ----rrccffiillee _f_i_l_e option + will force bbaasshh to read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e instead of _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c. - When bbaasshh is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for + When bbaasshh is started non-interactively, to run a shell script, for example, it looks for the variable BBAASSHH__EENNVV in the environment, expands - its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name - of a file to read and execute. BBaasshh behaves as if the following com- + its value if it appears there, and uses the expanded value as the name + of a file to read and execute. BBaasshh behaves as if the following com- mand were executed: if [ -n "$BASH_ENV" ]; then . "$BASH_ENV"; fi - but the value of the PPAATTHH variable is not used to search for the file- + but the value of the PPAATTHH variable is not used to search for the file- name. - If bbaasshh is invoked with the name sshh, it tries to mimic the startup - behavior of historical versions of sshh as closely as possible, while - conforming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interac- - tive login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the ----llooggiinn option, - it first attempts to read and execute commands from _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e and - _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e, in that order. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used to - inhibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the - name sshh, bbaasshh looks for the variable EENNVV, expands its value if it is - defined, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and + If bbaasshh is invoked with the name sshh, it tries to mimic the startup + behavior of historical versions of sshh as closely as possible, while + conforming to the POSIX standard as well. When invoked as an interac- + tive login shell, or a non-interactive shell with the ----llooggiinn option, + it first attempts to read and execute commands from _/_e_t_c_/_p_r_o_f_i_l_e and + _~_/_._p_r_o_f_i_l_e, in that order. The ----nnoopprrooffiillee option may be used to + inhibit this behavior. When invoked as an interactive shell with the + name sshh, bbaasshh looks for the variable EENNVV, expands its value if it is + defined, and uses the expanded value as the name of a file to read and execute. Since a shell invoked as sshh does not attempt to read and exe- - cute commands from any other startup files, the ----rrccffiillee option has no - effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name sshh does not - attempt to read any other startup files. When invoked as sshh, bbaasshh + cute commands from any other startup files, the ----rrccffiillee option has no + effect. A non-interactive shell invoked with the name sshh does not + attempt to read any other startup files. When invoked as sshh, bbaasshh enters _p_o_s_i_x mode after the startup files are read. - When bbaasshh is started in _p_o_s_i_x mode, as with the ----ppoossiixx command line + When bbaasshh is started in _p_o_s_i_x mode, as with the ----ppoossiixx command line option, it follows the POSIX standard for startup files. In this mode, - interactive shells expand the EENNVV variable and commands are read and - executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other + interactive shells expand the EENNVV variable and commands are read and + executed from the file whose name is the expanded value. No other startup files are read. BBaasshh attempts to determine when it is being run with its standard input connected to a network connection, as when executed by the remote shell - daemon, usually _r_s_h_d, or the secure shell daemon _s_s_h_d. If bbaasshh deter- - mines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes commands - from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists and is readable. It will not do - this if invoked as sshh. The ----nnoorrcc option may be used to inhibit this - behavior, and the ----rrccffiillee option may be used to force another file to - be read, but neither _r_s_h_d nor _s_s_h_d generally invoke the shell with + daemon, usually _r_s_h_d, or the secure shell daemon _s_s_h_d. If bbaasshh deter- + mines it is being run in this fashion, it reads and executes commands + from _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c, if that file exists and is readable. It will not do + this if invoked as sshh. The ----nnoorrcc option may be used to inhibit this + behavior, and the ----rrccffiillee option may be used to force another file to + be read, but neither _r_s_h_d nor _s_s_h_d generally invoke the shell with those options or allow them to be specified. If the shell is started with the effective user (group) id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not supplied, no startup files are read, shell functions are not inherited from the environment, - the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they - appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is - set to the real user id. If the --pp option is supplied at invocation, - the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not + the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they + appear in the environment, are ignored, and the effective user id is + set to the real user id. If the --pp option is supplied at invocation, + the startup behavior is the same, but the effective user id is not reset. DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS - The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this docu- + The following definitions are used throughout the rest of this docu- ment. bbllaannkk A space or tab. - wwoorrdd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the + wwoorrdd A sequence of characters considered as a single unit by the shell. Also known as a ttookkeenn. - nnaammee A _w_o_r_d consisting only of alphanumeric characters and under- - scores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under- + nnaammee A _w_o_r_d consisting only of alphanumeric characters and under- + scores, and beginning with an alphabetic character or an under- score. Also referred to as an iiddeennttiiffiieerr. mmeettaacchhaarraacctteerr - A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the + A character that, when unquoted, separates words. One of the following: || && ;; (( )) << >> ssppaaccee ttaabb nneewwlliinnee ccoonnttrrooll ooppeerraattoorr @@ -230,63 +231,66 @@ DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS RREESSEERRVVEEDD WWOORRDDSS _R_e_s_e_r_v_e_d _w_o_r_d_s are words that have a special meaning to the shell. The following words are recognized as reserved when unquoted and either the - first word of a simple command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR below) or the third + first word of a simple command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR below) or the third word of a ccaassee or ffoorr command: - !! ccaassee ccoopprroocc ddoo ddoonnee eelliiff eellssee eessaacc ffii ffoorr ffuunnccttiioonn iiff iinn sseelleecctt + !! ccaassee ccoopprroocc ddoo ddoonnee eelliiff eellssee eessaacc ffii ffoorr ffuunnccttiioonn iiff iinn sseelleecctt tthheenn uunnttiill wwhhiillee {{ }} ttiimmee [[[[ ]]]] SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR SSiimmppllee CCoommmmaannddss - A _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol- - lowed by bbllaannkk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a + A _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is a sequence of optional variable assignments fol- + lowed by bbllaannkk-separated words and redirections, and terminated by a _c_o_n_t_r_o_l _o_p_e_r_a_t_o_r. The first word specifies the command to be executed, - and is passed as argument zero. The remaining words are passed as + and is passed as argument zero. The remaining words are passed as arguments to the invoked command. - The return value of a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is its exit status, or 128+_n if + The return value of a _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is its exit status, or 128+_n if the command is terminated by signal _n. PPiippeelliinneess - A _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of + A _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e is a sequence of one or more commands separated by one of the control operators || or ||&&. The format for a pipeline is: [ttiimmee [--pp]] [ ! ] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [ [|||||&&] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 ... ] - The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to the standard - input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2. This connection is performed before any redirec- + The standard output of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is connected via a pipe to the standard + input of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2. This connection is performed before any redirec- tions specified by the command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below). If ||&& is used, - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d's standard error, in addition to its standard output, is con- - nected to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2's standard input through the pipe; it is shorthand - for 22>>&&11 ||. This implicit redirection of the standard error to the - standard output is performed after any redirections specified by the + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d's standard error, in addition to its standard output, is con- + nected to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2's standard input through the pipe; it is shorthand + for 22>>&&11 ||. This implicit redirection of the standard error to the + standard output is performed after any redirections specified by the command. The return status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command, - unless the ppiippeeffaaiill option is enabled. If ppiippeeffaaiill is enabled, the - pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command - to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit success- + unless the ppiippeeffaaiill option is enabled. If ppiippeeffaaiill is enabled, the + pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command + to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit success- fully. If the reserved word !! precedes a pipeline, the exit status of - that pipeline is the logical negation of the exit status as described - above. The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate + that pipeline is the logical negation of the exit status as described + above. The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before returning a value. - If the ttiimmee reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as - user and system time consumed by its execution are reported when the - pipeline terminates. The --pp option changes the output format to that - specified by POSIX. When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, it does not rec- - ognize ttiimmee as a reserved word if the next token begins with a `-'. - The TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable may be set to a format string that specifies - how the timing information should be displayed; see the description of + If the ttiimmee reserved word precedes a pipeline, the elapsed as well as + user and system time consumed by its execution are reported when the + pipeline terminates. The --pp option changes the output format to that + specified by POSIX. When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, it does not rec- + ognize ttiimmee as a reserved word if the next token begins with a `-'. + The TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable may be set to a format string that specifies + how the timing information should be displayed; see the description of TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT under SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess below. When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, ttiimmee may be followed by a newline. In - this case, the shell displays the total user and system time consumed - by the shell and its children. The TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable may be used to + this case, the shell displays the total user and system time consumed + by the shell and its children. The TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable may be used to specify the format of the time information. - Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in - a subshell). + Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in + a subshell). See CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT for a description of a + subshell environment. If the llaassttppiippee option is enabled using the + sshhoopptt builtin (see the description of sshhoopptt below), the last element of + a pipeline may be run by the shell process. LLiissttss A _l_i_s_t is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one of the @@ -313,13 +317,13 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 &&&& _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns an exit status - of zero. + of zero (success). An OR list has the form _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 |||| _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if and only if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns a non-zero exit + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_2 is executed if, and only if, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_1 returns a non-zero exit status. The return status of AND and OR lists is the exit status of the last command executed in the list. @@ -453,24 +457,24 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR ccaassee _w_o_r_d iinn [ [(] _p_a_t_t_e_r_n [ || _p_a_t_t_e_r_n ] ... ) _l_i_s_t ;; ] ... eessaacc A ccaassee command first expands _w_o_r_d, and tries to match it against - each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in turn, using the same matching rules as for path- - name expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn below). The _w_o_r_d is - expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expan- - sion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process sub- - stitution and quote removal. Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is expanded - using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arith- - metic expansion, command substitution, and process substitution. - If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option is enabled, the match is per- - formed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. - When a match is found, the corresponding _l_i_s_t is executed. If - the ;;;; operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted - after the first pattern match. Using ;;&& in place of ;;;; causes - execution to continue with the _l_i_s_t associated with the next set - of patterns. Using ;;;;&& in place of ;;;; causes the shell to test - the next pattern list in the statement, if any, and execute any - associated _l_i_s_t on a successful match. The exit status is zero - if no pattern matches. Otherwise, it is the exit status of the - last command executed in _l_i_s_t. + each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in turn, using the matching rules described under + PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. The _w_o_r_d is expanded using tilde expan- + sion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, + command substitution, process substitution and quote removal. + Each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n examined is expanded using tilde expansion, parame- + ter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command sub- + stitution, and process substitution. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell + option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the + case of alphabetic characters. When a match is found, the cor- + responding _l_i_s_t is executed. If the ;;;; operator is used, no + subsequent matches are attempted after the first pattern match. + Using ;;&& in place of ;;;; causes execution to continue with the + _l_i_s_t associated with the next set of patterns. Using ;;;;&& in + place of ;;;; causes the shell to test the next pattern list in + the statement, if any, and execute any associated _l_i_s_t on a suc- + cessful match. The exit status is zero if no pattern matches. + Otherwise, it is the exit status of the last command executed in + _l_i_s_t. iiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; [ eelliiff _l_i_s_t; tthheenn _l_i_s_t; ] ... [ eellssee _l_i_s_t; ] ffii The iiff _l_i_s_t is executed. If its exit status is zero, the tthheenn @@ -514,94 +518,95 @@ SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR that file descriptor is assigned to _N_A_M_E[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the command (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell - commands and redirections using standard word expansions. The file - descriptors are not available in subshells. The process ID of the + commands and redirections using standard word expansions. Other than + those created to execute command and process substitutions, the file + descriptors are not available in subshells. The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is available as the value of the - variable _N_A_M_E_PID. The wwaaiitt builtin command may be used to wait for + variable _N_A_M_E_PID. The wwaaiitt builtin command may be used to wait for the coprocess to terminate. - Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the ccoopprroocc - command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is + Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the ccoopprroocc + command always returns success. The return status of a coprocess is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. SShheellll FFuunnccttiioonn DDeeffiinniittiioonnss - A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and - executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters. + A shell function is an object that is called like a simple command and + executes a compound command with a new set of positional parameters. Shell functions are declared as follows: _n_a_m_e () _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n] ffuunnccttiioonn _n_a_m_e [()] _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_r_e_d_i_r_e_c_t_i_o_n] - This defines a function named _n_a_m_e. The reserved word ffuunnccttiioonn - is optional. If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is supplied, the - parentheses are optional. The _b_o_d_y of the function is the com- - pound command _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above). - That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and }, but - may be any command listed under CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above, with - one exception: If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is used, but the - parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required. _c_o_m_- + This defines a function named _n_a_m_e. The reserved word ffuunnccttiioonn + is optional. If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is supplied, the + parentheses are optional. The _b_o_d_y of the function is the com- + pound command _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above). + That command is usually a _l_i_s_t of commands between { and }, but + may be any command listed under CCoommppoouunndd CCoommmmaannddss above, with + one exception: If the ffuunnccttiioonn reserved word is used, but the + parentheses are not supplied, the braces are required. _c_o_m_- _p_o_u_n_d_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed whenever _n_a_m_e is specified as the name - of a simple command. When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, _n_a_m_e may not be the - name of one of the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l _b_u_i_l_t_i_n_s. Any redirections + of a simple command. When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, _n_a_m_e may not be the + name of one of the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l _b_u_i_l_t_i_n_s. Any redirections (see RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN below) specified when a function is defined are - performed when the function is executed. The exit status of a - function definition is zero unless a syntax error occurs or a - readonly function with the same name already exists. When exe- - cuted, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the + performed when the function is executed. The exit status of a + function definition is zero unless a syntax error occurs or a + readonly function with the same name already exists. When exe- + cuted, the exit status of a function is the exit status of the last command executed in the body. (See FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below.) CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS In a non-interactive shell, or an interactive shell in which the iinntteerr-- - aaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option to the sshhoopptt builtin is enabled (see SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), a word beginning with ## causes that word and - all remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive - shell without the iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option enabled does not allow + aaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option to the sshhoopptt builtin is enabled (see SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below), a word beginning with ## causes that word and + all remaining characters on that line to be ignored. An interactive + shell without the iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option enabled does not allow comments. The iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss option is on by default in interac- tive shells. QQUUOOTTIINNGG - _Q_u_o_t_i_n_g is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or - words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment + _Q_u_o_t_i_n_g is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or + words to the shell. Quoting can be used to disable special treatment for special characters, to prevent reserved words from being recognized as such, and to prevent parameter expansion. - Each of the _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s listed above under DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS has special + Each of the _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s listed above under DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONNSS has special meaning to the shell and must be quoted if it is to represent itself. - When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see HHIISS-- + When the command history expansion facilities are being used (see HHIISS-- TTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below), the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, usually !!, must be quoted to prevent history expansion. - There are three quoting mechanisms: the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r, single + There are three quoting mechanisms: the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r, single quotes, and double quotes. - A non-quoted backslash (\\) is the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r. It preserves the + A non-quoted backslash (\\) is the _e_s_c_a_p_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r. It preserves the literal value of the next character that follows, with the exception of - <newline>. If a \\<newline> pair appears, and the backslash is not - itself quoted, the \\<newline> is treated as a line continuation (that + <newline>. If a \\<newline> pair appears, and the backslash is not + itself quoted, the \\<newline> is treated as a line continuation (that is, it is removed from the input stream and effectively ignored). - Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of + Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal value of each character within the quotes. A single quote may not occur between single quotes, even when preceded by a backslash. - Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of - all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and, + Enclosing characters in double quotes preserves the literal value of + all characters within the quotes, with the exception of $$, ``, \\, and, when history expansion is enabled, !!. When the shell is in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, - the !! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history - expansion is enabled. The characters $$ and `` retain their special - meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean- - ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $$, ``, "", \\, - or <<nneewwlliinnee>>. A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by - preceding it with a backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be - performed unless an !! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a + the !! has no special meaning within double quotes, even when history + expansion is enabled. The characters $$ and `` retain their special + meaning within double quotes. The backslash retains its special mean- + ing only when followed by one of the following characters: $$, ``, "", \\, + or <<nneewwlliinnee>>. A double quote may be quoted within double quotes by + preceding it with a backslash. If enabled, history expansion will be + performed unless an !! appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash. The backslash preceding the !! is not removed. - The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double + The special parameters ** and @@ have special meaning when in double quotes (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS below). Words of the form $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' are treated specially. The word expands to - _s_t_r_i_n_g, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by the - ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded + _s_t_r_i_n_g, with backslash-escaped characters replaced as specified by the + ANSI C standard. Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded as follows: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -616,199 +621,210 @@ QQUUOOTTIINNGG \\'' single quote \\"" double quote \\?? question mark - \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value - _n_n_n (one to three digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + _n_n_n (one to three octal digits) + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) - \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits) \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H - the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits) \\cc_x a control-_x character - The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not + The expanded result is single-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been present. A double-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign ($$"_s_t_r_i_n_g") will cause - the string to be translated according to the current locale. If the - current locale is CC or PPOOSSIIXX, the dollar sign is ignored. If the + the string to be translated according to the current locale. If the + current locale is CC or PPOOSSIIXX, the dollar sign is ignored. If the string is translated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted. PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS - A _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an entity that stores values. It can be a _n_a_m_e, a num- + A _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an entity that stores values. It can be a _n_a_m_e, a num- ber, or one of the special characters listed below under SSppeecciiaall PPaarraamm-- - eetteerrss. A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is a parameter denoted by a _n_a_m_e. A variable has a - _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the + eetteerrss. A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e is a parameter denoted by a _n_a_m_e. A variable has a + _v_a_l_u_e and zero or more _a_t_t_r_i_b_u_t_e_s. Attributes are assigned using the ddeeccllaarree builtin command (see ddeeccllaarree below in SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS). A parameter is set if it has been assigned a value. The null string is - a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using + a valid value. Once a variable is set, it may be unset only by using the uunnsseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e may be assigned to by a statement of the form _n_a_m_e=[_v_a_l_u_e] - If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All - _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN-- + If _v_a_l_u_e is not given, the variable is assigned the null string. All + _v_a_l_u_e_s undergo tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, com- + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (see EEXXPPAANN-- SSIIOONN below). If the variable has its iinntteeggeerr attribute set, then _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated as an arithmetic expression even if the $((...)) expansion - is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below). Word splitting is not - performed, with the exception of ""$$@@"" as explained below under SSppeecciiaall - PPaarraammeetteerrss. Pathname expansion is not performed. Assignment state- - ments may also appear as arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett, - eexxppoorrtt, rreeaaddoonnllyy, and llooccaall builtin commands (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands). + is not used (see AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn below). Word splitting is not + performed, with the exception of ""$$@@"" as explained below under SSppeecciiaall + PPaarraammeetteerrss. Pathname expansion is not performed. Assignment state- + ments may also appear as arguments to the aalliiaass, ddeeccllaarree, ttyyppeesseett, + eexxppoorrtt, rreeaaddoonnllyy, and llooccaall builtin commands (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands). When in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, these builtins may appear in a command after one or - more instances of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin and retain these assignment + more instances of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin and retain these assignment statement properties. - In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a + In the context where an assignment statement is assigning a value to a shell variable or array index, the += operator can be used to append to - or add to the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to - builtin commands such as ddeeccllaarree that accept assignment statements + or add to the variable's previous value. This includes arguments to + builtin commands such as ddeeccllaarree that accept assignment statements (_d_e_c_l_a_r_a_t_i_o_n commands). When += is applied to a variable for which the - _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute has been set, _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated as an arithmetic - expression and added to the variable's current value, which is also - evaluated. When += is applied to an array variable using compound + _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute has been set, _v_a_l_u_e is evaluated as an arithmetic + expression and added to the variable's current value, which is also + evaluated. When += is applied to an array variable using compound assignment (see AArrrraayyss below), the variable's value is not unset (as it is when using =), and new values are appended to the array beginning at - one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or - added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When - applied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and appended to + one greater than the array's maximum index (for indexed arrays) or + added as additional key-value pairs in an associative array. When + applied to a string-valued variable, _v_a_l_u_e is expanded and appended to the variable's value. A variable can be assigned the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute using the --nn option to - the ddeeccllaarree or llooccaall builtin commands (see the descriptions of ddeeccllaarree - and llooccaall below) to create a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, or a reference to another vari- - able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever - the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its + the ddeeccllaarree or llooccaall builtin commands (see the descriptions of ddeeccllaarree + and llooccaall below) to create a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, or a reference to another vari- + able. This allows variables to be manipulated indirectly. Whenever + the nameref variable is referenced, assigned to, unset, or has its attributes modified (other than using or changing the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute - itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified - by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within + itself), the operation is actually performed on the variable specified + by the nameref variable's value. A nameref is commonly used within shell functions to refer to a variable whose name is passed as an argu- - ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a + ment to the function. For instance, if a variable name is passed to a shell function as its first argument, running declare -n ref=$1 - inside the function creates a nameref variable rreeff whose value is the + inside the function creates a nameref variable rreeff whose value is the variable name passed as the first argument. References and assignments - to rreeff, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references, + to rreeff, and changes to its attributes, are treated as references, assignments, and attribute modifications to the variable whose name was - passed as $$11. If the control variable in a ffoorr loop has the nameref - attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a - name reference will be established for each word in the list, in turn, + passed as $$11. If the control variable in a ffoorr loop has the nameref + attribute, the list of words can be a list of shell variables, and a + name reference will be established for each word in the list, in turn, when the loop is executed. Array variables cannot be given the nnaammeerreeff - attribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables - and subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the --nn - option to the uunnsseett builtin. Otherwise, if uunnsseett is executed with the - name of a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by + attribute. However, nameref variables can reference array variables + and subscripted array variables. Namerefs can be unset using the --nn + option to the uunnsseett builtin. Otherwise, if uunnsseett is executed with the + name of a nameref variable as an argument, the variable referenced by the nameref variable will be unset. PPoossiittiioonnaall PPaarraammeetteerrss - A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, + A _p_o_s_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than the single digit 0. Positional parameters are assigned from - the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using - the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to - with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily + the shell's arguments when it is invoked, and may be reassigned using + the sseett builtin command. Positional parameters may not be assigned to + with assignment statements. The positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell function is executed (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). - When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is + When a positional parameter consisting of more than a single digit is expanded, it must be enclosed in braces (see EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below). SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss - The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may + The shell treats several parameters specially. These parameters may only be referenced; assignment to them is not allowed. - ** Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When - the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional - parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where it is + ** Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When + the expansion is not within double quotes, each positional + parameter expands to a separate word. In contexts where it is performed, those words are subject to further word splitting and - pathname expansion. When the expansion occurs within double - quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each - parameter separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special - variable. That is, "$$**" is equivalent to "$$11_c$$22_c......", where _c + pathname expansion. When the expansion occurs within double + quotes, it expands to a single word with the value of each + parameter separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special + variable. That is, "$$**" is equivalent to "$$11_c$$22_c......", where _c is the first character of the value of the IIFFSS variable. If IIFFSS - is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If IIFFSS is + is unset, the parameters are separated by spaces. If IIFFSS is null, the parameters are joined without intervening separators. - @@ Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When + @@ Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion occurs within double quotes, each parameter expands to a separate word. That is, "$$@@" is equivalent to "$$11" - "$$22" ... If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, - the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the begin- - ning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last - parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. - When there are no positional parameters, "$$@@" and $$@@ expand to + "$$22" ... If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, + the expansion of the first parameter is joined with the begin- + ning part of the original word, and the expansion of the last + parameter is joined with the last part of the original word. + When there are no positional parameters, "$$@@" and $$@@ expand to nothing (i.e., they are removed). ## Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal. - ?? Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed fore- + ?? Expands to the exit status of the most recently executed fore- ground pipeline. - -- Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invoca- - tion, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell + -- Expands to the current option flags as specified upon invoca- + tion, by the sseett builtin command, or those set by the shell itself (such as the --ii option). - $$ Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it - expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the sub- + $$ Expands to the process ID of the shell. In a () subshell, it + expands to the process ID of the current shell, not the sub- shell. - !! Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into - the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or + !! Expands to the process ID of the job most recently placed into + the background, whether executed as an asynchronous command or using the bbgg builtin (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). - 00 Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set + 00 Expands to the name of the shell or shell script. This is set at shell initialization. If bbaasshh is invoked with a file of com- - mands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is started - with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first argument after - the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is - set to the filename used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argument + mands, $$00 is set to the name of that file. If bbaasshh is started + with the --cc option, then $$00 is set to the first argument after + the string to be executed, if one is present. Otherwise, it is + set to the filename used to invoke bbaasshh, as given by argument zero. - __ At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke - the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the envi- - ronment or argument list. Subsequently, expands to the last - argument to the previous command, after expansion. Also set to - the full pathname used to invoke each command executed and + __ At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to invoke + the shell or shell script being executed as passed in the envi- + ronment or argument list. Subsequently, expands to the last + argument to the previous command, after expansion. Also set to + the full pathname used to invoke each command executed and placed in the environment exported to that command. When check- - ing mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file cur- + ing mail, this parameter holds the name of the mail file cur- rently being checked. SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess The following variables are set by the shell: - BBAASSHH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of + BBAASSHH Expands to the full filename used to invoke this instance of bbaasshh. BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS - A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in - the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --ss option to the sshhoopptt builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options - appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If - this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each - shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any + appearing in BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sshhoopptt. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each + shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This variable is read-only. BBAASSHHPPIIDD - Expands to the process ID of the current bbaasshh process. This - differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells - that do not require bbaasshh to be re-initialized. + Expands to the process ID of the current bbaasshh process. This + differs from $$$$ under certain circumstances, such as subshells + that do not require bbaasshh to be re-initialized. Assignments to + BBAASSHHPPIIDD have no effect. If BBAASSHHPPIIDD is unset, it loses its spe- + cial properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS - An associative array variable whose members correspond to the - internal list of aliases as maintained by the aalliiaass builtin. - Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, - unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be + An associative array variable whose members correspond to the + internal list of aliases as maintained by the aalliiaass builtin. + Elements added to this array appear in the alias list; however, + unsetting array elements currently does not cause aliases to be removed from the alias list. If BBAASSHH__AALLIIAASSEESS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC - An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in + An array variable whose values are the number of parameters in each frame of the current bbaasshh execution call stack. The number - of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or - script executed with .. or ssoouurrccee) is at the top of the stack. - When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed + of parameters to the current subroutine (shell function or + script executed with .. or ssoouurrccee) is at the top of the stack. + When a subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC. The shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC only when in - extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg - option to the sshhoopptt builtin below) + extended debugging mode (see the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg + option to the sshhoopptt builtin below). Setting eexxttddeebbuugg after the + shell has started to execute a script may result in inconsistent + values. BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV - An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur- + An array variable containing all of the parameters in the cur- rent bbaasshh execution call stack. The final parameter of the last - subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter + subroutine call is at the top of the stack; the first parameter of the initial call is at the bottom. When a subroutine is exe- - cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV. The - shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV only when in extended debugging mode (see - the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin - below) + cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV. The + shell sets BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV only when in extended debugging mode (see + the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin + below). Setting eexxttddeebbuugg after the shell has started to execute + a script may result in inconsistent values. + BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 + When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell + or shell script (identical to $$00; see the description of special + parameter 0 above). Assignment to BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 causes the value + assigned to also be assigned to $$00. If BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV00 is unset, it + loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. BBAASSHH__CCMMDDSS An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal hash table of commands as maintained by the hhaasshh @@ -918,71 +934,82 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS able will not change the current directory. If DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subse- quently reset. - EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- + EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE + Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number + of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)) as a floating + point value with micro-second granularity. Assignments to + EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHRREEAALLTTIIMMEE is unset, it loses + its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS + Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number + of seconds since the Unix Epoch (see _t_i_m_e(3)). Assignments to + EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS are ignored. If EEPPOOCCHHSSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses + its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + EEUUIIDD Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initial- ized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE - An array variable containing the names of all shell functions + An array variable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the execution call stack. The element with index 0 is the name of any currently-executing shell function. The bot- - tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main". - This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. - Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, - it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently + tom-most element (the one with the highest index) is "main". + This variable exists only when a shell function is executing. + Assignments to FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE have no effect. If FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE is unset, + it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. - This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE. - Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in - BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE to describe the call stack. For - instance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file - $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The + This variable can be used with BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE. + Each element of FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE has corresponding elements in + BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO and BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE to describe the call stack. For + instance, $${{FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE[[_$_i]]}} was called from the file + $${{BBAASSHH__SSOOUURRCCEE[[_$_i_+_1]]}} at line number $${{BBAASSHH__LLIINNEENNOO[[_$_i]]}}. The ccaalllleerr builtin displays the current call stack using this infor- mation. - GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the + GGRROOUUPPSS An array variable containing the list of groups of which the current user is a member. Assignments to GGRROOUUPPSS have no effect. - If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it + If GGRROOUUPPSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. HHIISSTTCCMMDD The history number, or index in the history list, of the current - command. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is unset, it loses its special properties, + command. If HHIISSTTCCMMDD is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. HHOOSSTTNNAAMMEE Automatically set to the name of the current host. HHOOSSTTTTYYPPEE - Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type - of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- + Automatically set to a string that uniquely describes the type + of machine on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system- dependent. - LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a - decimal number representing the current sequential line number - (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a - script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to + LLIINNEENNOO Each time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a + decimal number representing the current sequential line number + (starting with 1) within a script or function. When not in a + script or function, the value substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful. If LLIINNEENNOO is unset, it loses its special proper- ties, even if it is subsequently reset. MMAACCHHTTYYPPEE - Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system - type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- + Automatically set to a string that fully describes the system + type on which bbaasshh is executing, in the standard GNU _c_p_u_-_c_o_m_- _p_a_n_y_-_s_y_s_t_e_m format. The default is system-dependent. MMAAPPFFIILLEE - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) created to hold the text read by the mmaappffiillee builtin when no variable name is supplied. OOLLDDPPWWDD The previous working directory as set by the ccdd command. - OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss + OOPPTTAARRGG The value of the last option argument processed by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss + OOPPTTIINNDD The index of the next argument to be processed by the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- - tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- + OOSSTTYYPPEE Automatically set to a string that describes the operating sys- + tem on which bbaasshh is executing. The default is system-depen- dent. PPIIPPEESSTTAATTUUSS - An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit - status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed + An array variable (see AArrrraayyss below) containing a list of exit + status values from the processes in the most-recently-executed foreground pipeline (which may contain only a single command). - PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- + PPPPIIDD The process ID of the shell's parent. This variable is read- only. PPWWDD The current working directory as set by the ccdd command. RRAANNDDOOMM Each time this parameter is referenced, a random integer between 0 and 32767 is generated. The sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a value to RRAANNDDOOMM. If RRAANNDDOOMM is unset, - it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently + it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE The contents of the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer, for use with "bind -x" @@ -990,295 +1017,295 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT The position of the insertion point in the rreeaaddlliinnee line buffer, for use with "bind -x" (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when + RREEPPLLYY Set to the line of input read by the rreeaadd builtin command when no arguments are supplied. SSEECCOONNDDSS - Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds - since shell invocation is returned. If a value is assigned to - SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the - number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. + Each time this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds + since shell invocation is returned. If a value is assigned to + SSEECCOONNDDSS, the value returned upon subsequent references is the + number of seconds since the assignment plus the value assigned. If SSEECCOONNDDSS is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS - A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in - the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett + A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. Each word in + the list is a valid argument for the --oo option to the sseett builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The options - appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If - this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each - shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any + appearing in SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS are those reported as _o_n by sseett --oo. If + this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts up, each + shell option in the list will be enabled before reading any startup files. This variable is read-only. SSHHLLVVLL Incremented by one each time an instance of bbaasshh is started. UUIIDD Expands to the user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. - The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, bbaasshh + The following variables are used by the shell. In some cases, bbaasshh assigns a default value to a variable; these cases are noted below. BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT - The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See - the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN - CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the various compatibility levels - and their effects. The value may be a decimal number (e.g., - 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired com- - patibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or set to the empty - string, the compatibility level is set to the default for the - current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a value that is not + The value is used to set the shell's compatibility level. See + the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN + CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the various compatibility levels + and their effects. The value may be a decimal number (e.g., + 4.2) or an integer (e.g., 42) corresponding to the desired com- + patibility level. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is unset or set to the empty + string, the compatibility level is set to the default for the + current version. If BBAASSHH__CCOOMMPPAATT is set to a value that is not one of the valid compatibility levels, the shell prints an error - message and sets the compatibility level to the default for the - current version. The valid compatibility levels correspond to - the compatibility options accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin + message and sets the compatibility level to the default for the + current version. The valid compatibility levels correspond to + the compatibility options accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin described below (for example, ccoommppaatt4422 means that 4.2 and 42 are valid values). The current version is also a valid value. BBAASSHH__EENNVV - If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, - its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to + If this parameter is set when bbaasshh is executing a shell script, + its value is interpreted as a filename containing commands to initialize the shell, as in _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c. The value of BBAASSHH__EENNVV is - subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and - arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a filename. + subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and + arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a filename. PPAATTHH is not used to search for the resultant filename. BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD - If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, - bbaasshh will write the trace output generated when _s_e_t _-_x is - enabled to that file descriptor. The file descriptor is closed - when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting - BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the empty string causes the trace - output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting + If set to an integer corresponding to a valid file descriptor, + bbaasshh will write the trace output generated when _s_e_t _-_x is + enabled to that file descriptor. The file descriptor is closed + when BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD is unset or assigned a new value. Unsetting + BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD or assigning it the empty string causes the trace + output to be sent to the standard error. Note that setting BBAASSHH__XXTTRRAACCEEFFDD to 2 (the standard error file descriptor) and then unsetting it will result in the standard error being closed. - CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated - list of directories in which the shell looks for destination - directories specified by the ccdd command. A sample value is + CCDDPPAATTHH The search path for the ccdd command. This is a colon-separated + list of directories in which the shell looks for destination + directories specified by the ccdd command. A sample value is ".:~:/usr". CCHHIILLDD__MMAAXX - Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to - remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below - a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur- - rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is + Set the number of exited child status values for the shell to + remember. Bash will not allow this value to be decreased below + a POSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum value (cur- + rently 8192) that this may not exceed. The minimum value is system-dependent. CCOOLLUUMMNNSS - Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal - width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the - cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon + Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the terminal + width when printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. CCOOMMPPRREEPPLLYY An array variable from which bbaasshh reads the possible completions - generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- - pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each + generated by a shell function invoked by the programmable com- + pletion facility (see PPrrooggrraammmmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn below). Each array element contains one possible completion. - EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell - starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in + EEMMAACCSS If bbaasshh finds this variable in the environment when the shell + starts with value "t", it assumes that the shell is running in an Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. - EENNVV Similar to BBAASSHH__EENNVV; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX + EENNVV Similar to BBAASSHH__EENNVV; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX mode. EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg) - defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search - using PPAATTHH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat- - terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of + A colon-separated list of shell patterns (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg) + defining the list of filenames to be ignored by command search + using PPAATTHH. Files whose full pathnames match one of these pat- + terns are not considered executable files for the purposes of completion and command execution via PPAATTHH lookup. This does not affect the behavior of the [[, tteesstt, and [[[[ commands. Full path- - names in the command hash table are not subject to EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE. - Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the - executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern + names in the command hash table are not subject to EEXXEECCIIGGNNOORREE. + Use this variable to ignore shared library files that have the + executable bit set, but are not executable files. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. FFCCEEDDIITT The default editor for the ffcc builtin command. FFIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing + A colon-separated list of suffixes to ignore when performing filename completion (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). A filename whose suf- - fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the + fix matches one of the entries in FFIIGGNNOORREE is excluded from the list of matched filenames. A sample value is ".o:~". FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT - If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum - function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this + If set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum + function nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level will cause the current command to abort. GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames - to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a filename matched by a - pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in - GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE, it is removed from the list of matches. + A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file + names to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a file name + matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the + patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE, it is removed from the list of matches. HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL - A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are - saved on the history list. If the list of values includes - _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not - saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines + A colon-separated list of values controlling how commands are + saved on the history list. If the list of values includes + _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e, lines which begin with a ssppaaccee character are not + saved in the history list. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s causes lines matching the previous history entry to not be saved. A value of _i_g_n_o_r_e_b_o_t_h is shorthand for _i_g_n_o_r_e_s_p_a_c_e and _i_g_n_o_r_e_d_u_p_s. A value of _e_r_a_s_e_d_u_p_s causes all previous lines matching the current line - to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. - Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is - unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the + to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. + Any value not in the above list is ignored. If HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL is + unset, or does not include a valid value, all lines read by the shell parser are saved on the history list, subject to the value - of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line - compound command are not tested, and are added to the history + of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line + compound command are not tested, and are added to the history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTCCOONNTTRROOLL. HHIISSTTFFIILLEE The name of the file in which command history is saved (see HHIISS-- - TTOORRYY below). The default value is _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. If unset, + TTOORRYY below). The default value is _~_/_._b_a_s_h___h_i_s_t_o_r_y. If unset, the command history is not saved when a shell exits. HHIISSTTFFIILLEESSIIZZEE The maximum number of lines contained in the history file. When - this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- - cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of - lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also - truncated to this size after writing it when a shell exits. If - the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. - Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit - truncation. The shell sets the default value to the value of + this variable is assigned a value, the history file is trun- + cated, if necessary, to contain no more than that number of + lines by removing the oldest entries. The history file is also + truncated to this size after writing it when a shell exits. If + the value is 0, the history file is truncated to zero size. + Non-numeric values and numeric values less than zero inhibit + truncation. The shell sets the default value to the value of HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE after reading any startup files. HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE - A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command - lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is - anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the com- - plete line (no implicit `**' is appended). Each pattern is - tested against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONN-- - TTRROOLL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern + A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which command + lines should be saved on the history list. Each pattern is + anchored at the beginning of the line and must match the com- + plete line (no implicit `**' is appended). Each pattern is + tested against the line after the checks specified by HHIISSTTCCOONN-- + TTRROOLL are applied. In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `&&' matches the previous history line. `&&' - may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed + may be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is removed before attempting a match. The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound command are not tested, and are added to the - history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The pattern + history regardless of the value of HHIISSTTIIGGNNOORREE. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE - The number of commands to remember in the command history (see - HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in + The number of commands to remember in the command history (see + HHIISSTTOORRYY below). If the value is 0, commands are not saved in the history list. Numeric values less than zero result in every - command being saved on the history list (there is no limit). - The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any + command being saved on the history list (there is no limit). + The shell sets the default value to 500 after reading any startup files. HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT - If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a + If this variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to print the time stamp associated - with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If - this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history - file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses - the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from + with each history entry displayed by the hhiissttoorryy builtin. If + this variable is set, time stamps are written to the history + file so they may be preserved across shell sessions. This uses + the history comment character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines. HHOOMMEE The home directory of the current user; the default argument for the ccdd builtin command. The value of this variable is also used when performing tilde expansion. HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE - Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s + Contains the name of a file in the same format as _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s that should be read when the shell needs to complete a hostname. - The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while - the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is - attempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of - the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has - no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to - read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple- + The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while + the shell is running; the next time hostname completion is + attempted after the value is changed, bbaasshh adds the contents of + the new file to the existing list. If HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is set, but has + no value, or does not name a readable file, bbaasshh attempts to + read _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s to obtain the list of possible hostname comple- tions. When HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE is unset, the hostname list is cleared. - IIFFSS The _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _F_i_e_l_d _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r that is used for word splitting - after expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd + IIFFSS The _I_n_t_e_r_n_a_l _F_i_e_l_d _S_e_p_a_r_a_t_o_r that is used for word splitting + after expansion and to split lines into words with the rreeaadd builtin command. The default value is ``<space><tab><new- line>''. IIGGNNOORREEEEOOFF Controls the action of an interactive shell on receipt of an EEOOFF character as the sole input. If set, the value is the number of - consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first - characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable - exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the - default value is 10. If it does not exist, EEOOFF signifies the + consecutive EEOOFF characters which must be typed as the first + characters on an input line before bbaasshh exits. If the variable + exists but does not have a numeric value, or has no value, the + default value is 10. If it does not exist, EEOOFF signifies the end of input to the shell. IINNPPUUTTRRCC - The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the + The filename for the rreeaaddlliinnee startup file, overriding the default of _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE below). - LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not + LLAANNGG Used to determine the locale category for any category not specifically selected with a variable starting with LLCC__. - LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ + LLCC__AALLLL This variable overrides the value of LLAANNGG and any other LLCC__ variable specifying a locale category. LLCC__CCOOLLLLAATTEE - This variable determines the collation order used when sorting - the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior - of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating + This variable determines the collation order used when sorting + the results of pathname expansion, and determines the behavior + of range expressions, equivalence classes, and collating sequences within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__CCTTYYPPEE - This variable determines the interpretation of characters and - the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and + This variable determines the interpretation of characters and + the behavior of character classes within pathname expansion and pattern matching. LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS - This variable determines the locale used to translate double- + This variable determines the locale used to translate double- quoted strings preceded by a $$. LLCC__NNUUMMEERRIICC - This variable determines the locale category used for number + This variable determines the locale category used for number formatting. LLCC__TTIIMMEE - This variable determines the locale category used for data and + This variable determines the locale category used for data and time formatting. - LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column - length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the - cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon + LLIINNEESS Used by the sseelleecctt compound command to determine the column + length for printing selection lists. Automatically set if the + cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee option is enabled or in an interactive shell upon receipt of a SSIIGGWWIINNCCHH. - MMAAIILL If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the - MMAAIILLPPAATTHH variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the - arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format direc- + MMAAIILL If this parameter is set to a file or directory name and the + MMAAIILLPPAATTHH variable is not set, bbaasshh informs the user of the + arrival of mail in the specified file or Maildir-format direc- tory. MMAAIILLCCHHEECCKK - Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The - default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the - shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this - variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number + Specifies how often (in seconds) bbaasshh checks for mail. The + default is 60 seconds. When it is time to check for mail, the + shell does so before displaying the primary prompt. If this + variable is unset, or set to a value that is not a number greater than or equal to zero, the shell disables mail checking. MMAAIILLPPAATTHH A colon-separated list of filenames to be checked for mail. The message to be printed when mail arrives in a particular file may - be specified by separating the filename from the message with a - `?'. When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the + be specified by separating the filename from the message with a + `?'. When used in the text of the message, $$__ expands to the name of the current mailfile. Example: MMAAIILLPPAATTHH='/var/mail/bfox?"You have mail":~/shell-mail?"$_ has mail!"' - BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari- - able (there is no value by default), but the location of the + BBaasshh can be configured to supply a default value for this vari- + able (there is no value by default), but the location of the user mail files that it uses is system dependent (e.g., /var/mail/$$UUSSEERR). OOPPTTEERRRR If set to the value 1, bbaasshh displays error messages generated by - the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a + the ggeettooppttss builtin command (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). + OOPPTTEERRRR is initialized to 1 each time the shell is invoked or a shell script is executed. - PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of - directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD - EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the + PPAATTHH The search path for commands. It is a colon-separated list of + directories in which the shell looks for commands (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD + EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN below). A zero-length (null) directory name in the value of PPAATTHH indicates the current directory. A null directory - name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or - trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is + name may appear as two adjacent colons, or as an initial or + trailing colon. The default path is system-dependent, and is set by the administrator who installs bbaasshh. A common value is ``/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin''. PPOOSSIIXXLLYY__CCOORRRREECCTT - If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the - shell enters _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e before reading the startup files, as if - the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set - while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, as if the + If this variable is in the environment when bbaasshh starts, the + shell enters _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e before reading the startup files, as if + the ----ppoossiixx invocation option had been supplied. If it is set + while the shell is running, bbaasshh enables _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, as if the command _s_e_t _-_o _p_o_s_i_x had been executed. PPRROOMMPPTT__CCOOMMMMAANNDD If set, the value is executed as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt. PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM - If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the + If set to a number greater than zero, the value is used as the number of trailing directory components to retain when expanding - the \\ww and \\WW prompt string escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). + the \\ww and \\WW prompt string escapes (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). Characters removed are replaced with an ellipsis. - PPSS00 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) - and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and + PPSS00 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) + and displayed by interactive shells after reading a command and before the command is executed. - PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) - and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is + PPSS11 The value of this parameter is expanded (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below) + and used as the primary prompt string. The default value is ``\\ss--\\vv\\$$ ''. - PPSS22 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and used as + PPSS22 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and used as the secondary prompt string. The default is ``>> ''. PPSS33 The value of this parameter is used as the prompt for the sseelleecctt command (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above). - PPSS44 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and the - value is printed before each command bbaasshh displays during an - execution trace. The first character of PPSS44 is replicated mul- - tiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indi- - rection. The default is ``++ ''. + PPSS44 The value of this parameter is expanded as with PPSS11 and the + value is printed before each command bbaasshh displays during an + execution trace. The first character of the expanded value of + PPSS44 is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate mul- + tiple levels of indirection. The default is ``++ ''. SSHHEELLLL The full pathname to the shell is kept in this environment vari- - able. If it is not set when the shell starts, bbaasshh assigns to + able. If it is not set when the shell starts, bbaasshh assigns to it the full pathname of the current user's login shell. TTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT - The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify- - ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the - ttiimmee reserved word should be displayed. The %% character intro- - duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or - other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are + The value of this parameter is used as a format string specify- + ing how the timing information for pipelines prefixed with the + ttiimmee reserved word should be displayed. The %% character intro- + duces an escape sequence that is expanded to a time value or + other information. The escape sequences and their meanings are as follows; the braces denote optional portions. %%%% A literal %%. %%[[_p]][[ll]]RR The elapsed time in seconds. @@ -1286,77 +1313,77 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS %%[[_p]][[ll]]SS The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode. %%PP The CPU percentage, computed as (%U + %S) / %R. - The optional _p is a digit specifying the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n, the number + The optional _p is a digit specifying the _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n, the number of fractional digits after a decimal point. A value of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output. At most three places - after the decimal point may be specified; values of _p greater - than 3 are changed to 3. If _p is not specified, the value 3 is + after the decimal point may be specified; values of _p greater + than 3 are changed to 3. If _p is not specified, the value 3 is used. - The optional ll specifies a longer format, including minutes, of - the form _M_Mm_S_S._F_Fs. The value of _p determines whether or not + The optional ll specifies a longer format, including minutes, of + the form _M_Mm_S_S._F_Fs. The value of _p determines whether or not the fraction is included. - If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it had the value - $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss\\tt%%33llSS''. If the value is null, + If this variable is not set, bbaasshh acts as if it had the value + $$''\\nnrreeaall\\tt%%33llRR\\nnuusseerr\\tt%%33llUU\\nnssyyss\\tt%%33llSS''. If the value is null, no timing information is displayed. A trailing newline is added when the format string is displayed. - TTMMOOUUTT If set to a value greater than zero, TTMMOOUUTT is treated as the + TTMMOOUUTT If set to a value greater than zero, TTMMOOUUTT is treated as the default timeout for the rreeaadd builtin. The sseelleecctt command termi- nates if input does not arrive after TTMMOOUUTT seconds when input is - coming from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is + coming from a terminal. In an interactive shell, the value is interpreted as the number of seconds to wait for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt. BBaasshh terminates after waiting - for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not + for that number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arrive. - TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which + TTMMPPDDIIRR If set, bbaasshh uses its value as the name of a directory in which bbaasshh creates temporary files for the shell's use. aauuttoo__rreessuummee This variable controls how the shell interacts with the user and - job control. If this variable is set, single word simple com- + job control. If this variable is set, single word simple com- mands without redirections are treated as candidates for resump- tion of an existing stopped job. There is no ambiguity allowed; - if there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, - the job most recently accessed is selected. The _n_a_m_e of a - stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start - it. If set to the value _e_x_a_c_t, the string supplied must match - the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the - string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a - stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value provides functionality analo- - gous to the %%?? job identifier (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set - to any other value, the supplied string must be a prefix of a + if there is more than one job beginning with the string typed, + the job most recently accessed is selected. The _n_a_m_e of a + stopped job, in this context, is the command line used to start + it. If set to the value _e_x_a_c_t, the string supplied must match + the name of a stopped job exactly; if set to _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g, the + string supplied needs to match a substring of the name of a + stopped job. The _s_u_b_s_t_r_i_n_g value provides functionality analo- + gous to the %%?? job identifier (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL below). If set + to any other value, the supplied string must be a prefix of a stopped job's name; this provides functionality analogous to the %%_s_t_r_i_n_g job identifier. hhiissttcchhaarrss - The two or three characters which control history expansion and + The two or three characters which control history expansion and tokenization (see HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN below). The first character - is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, the character which signals - the start of a history expansion, normally `!!'. The second - character is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, which is used as - shorthand for re-running the previous command entered, substi- - tuting one string for another in the command. The default is - `^^'. The optional third character is the character which indi- - cates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as - the first character of a word, normally `##'. The history com- + is the _h_i_s_t_o_r_y _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n character, the character which signals + the start of a history expansion, normally `!!'. The second + character is the _q_u_i_c_k _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n character, which is used as + shorthand for re-running the previous command entered, substi- + tuting one string for another in the command. The default is + `^^'. The optional third character is the character which indi- + cates that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as + the first character of a word, normally `##'. The history com- ment character causes history substitution to be skipped for the - remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the + remaining words on the line. It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat the rest of the line as a comment. AArrrraayyss - BBaasshh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. - Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin will - explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of - an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- - tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including + BBaasshh provides one-dimensional indexed and associative array variables. + Any variable may be used as an indexed array; the ddeeccllaarree builtin will + explicitly declare an array. There is no maximum limit on the size of + an array, nor any requirement that members be indexed or assigned con- + tiguously. Indexed arrays are referenced using integers (including arithmetic expressions) and are zero-based; associative arrays are ref- erenced using arbitrary strings. Unless otherwise noted, indexed array indices must be non-negative integers. - An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned + An indexed array is created automatically if any variable is assigned to using the syntax _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e. The _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is treated as an arithmetic expression that must evaluate to a number. To explicitly - declare an indexed array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMM-- - MMAANNDDSS below). ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e[[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]] is also accepted; the _s_u_b_- + declare an indexed array, use ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMM-- + MMAANNDDSS below). ddeeccllaarree --aa _n_a_m_e[[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]] is also accepted; the _s_u_b_- _s_c_r_i_p_t is ignored. Associative arrays are created using ddeeccllaarree --AA _n_a_m_e. @@ -1364,96 +1391,103 @@ PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS Attributes may be specified for an array variable using the ddeeccllaarree and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins. Each attribute applies to all members of an array. - Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form - _n_a_m_e=((value_1 ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e is of the form [_s_u_b_- - _s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. Indexed array assignments do not require anything but + Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form + _n_a_m_e=((value_1 ... value_n)), where each _v_a_l_u_e is of the form [_s_u_b_- + _s_c_r_i_p_t]=_s_t_r_i_n_g. Indexed array assignments do not require anything but _s_t_r_i_n_g. When assigning to indexed arrays, if the optional brackets and - subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index - of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement + subscript are supplied, that index is assigned to; otherwise the index + of the element assigned is the last index assigned to by the statement plus one. Indexing starts at zero. When assigning to an associative array, the subscript is required. - This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array - elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax - introduced above. When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is sub- - scripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as relative - to one greater than the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices + This syntax is also accepted by the ddeeccllaarree builtin. Individual array + elements may be assigned to using the _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]=_v_a_l_u_e syntax + introduced above. When assigning to an indexed array, if _n_a_m_e is sub- + scripted by a negative number, that number is interpreted as relative + to one greater than the maximum index of _n_a_m_e, so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. - Any element of an array may be referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. + Any element of an array may be referenced using ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]}. The braces are required to avoid conflicts with pathname expansion. If - _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is @@ or **, the word expands to all members of _n_a_m_e. These - subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If + _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is @@ or **, the word expands to all members of _n_a_m_e. These + subscripts differ only when the word appears within double quotes. If the word is double-quoted, ${_n_a_m_e[*]} expands to a single word with the - value of each array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS + value of each array member separated by the first character of the IIFFSS special variable, and ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands each element of _n_a_m_e to a sep- - arate word. When there are no array members, ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands to - nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the - expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of - the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined - with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the - expansion of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss - above). ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_- - _s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, the expansion is the number of ele- - ments in the array. If the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t used to reference an element of - an indexed array evaluates to a number less than zero, it is inter- - preted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array, - so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index + arate word. When there are no array members, ${_n_a_m_e[@]} expands to + nothing. If the double-quoted expansion occurs within a word, the + expansion of the first parameter is joined with the beginning part of + the original word, and the expansion of the last parameter is joined + with the last part of the original word. This is analogous to the + expansion of the special parameters ** and @@ (see SSppeecciiaall PPaarraammeetteerrss + above). ${#_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t]} expands to the length of ${_n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_- + _s_c_r_i_p_t]}. If _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, the expansion is the number of ele- + ments in the array. If the _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t used to reference an element of + an indexed array evaluates to a number less than zero, it is inter- + preted as relative to one greater than the maximum index of the array, + so negative indices count back from the end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last element. Referencing an array variable without a subscript is equivalent to ref- - erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable + erencing the array with a subscript of 0. Any reference to a variable using a valid subscript is legal, and bbaasshh will create an array if nec- essary. - An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a + An array variable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a value. The null string is a valid value. - It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the - values. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} expand to the indices assigned in + It is possible to obtain the keys (indices) of an array as well as the + values. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} expand to the indices assigned in array variable _n_a_m_e. The treatment when in double quotes is similar to the expansion of the special parameters _@ and _* within double quotes. - The uunnsseett builtin is used to destroy arrays. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] - destroys the array element at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t. Negative subscripts to - indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. Care must be taken - to avoid unwanted side effects caused by pathname expansion. uunnsseett - _n_a_m_e, where _n_a_m_e is an array, or uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t], where _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t - is ** or @@, removes the entire array. - - The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to - specify an indexed array and a --AA option to specify an associative - array. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. The rreeaadd - builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words read from the + The uunnsseett builtin is used to destroy arrays. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t] + destroys the array element at index _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t, for both indexed and + associative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are inter- + preted as described above. Unsetting the last element of an array + variable does not unset the variable. uunnsseett _n_a_m_e, where _n_a_m_e is an + array, or uunnsseett _n_a_m_e[_s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t], where _s_u_b_s_c_r_i_p_t is ** or @@, removes the + entire array. + + When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a com- + mand, such as with uunnsseett, without using the word expansion syntax + described above, the argument is subject to pathname expansion. If + pathname expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted. + + The ddeeccllaarree, llooccaall, and rreeaaddoonnllyy builtins each accept a --aa option to + specify an indexed array and a --AA option to specify an associative + array. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. The rreeaadd + builtin accepts a --aa option to assign a list of words read from the standard input to an array. The sseett and ddeeccllaarree builtins display array values in a way that allows them to be reused as assignments. EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Expansion is performed on the command line after it has been split into - words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: _b_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, - _t_i_l_d_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r _a_n_d _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_- + words. There are seven kinds of expansion performed: _b_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, + _t_i_l_d_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r _a_n_d _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_- _t_i_o_n, _a_r_i_t_h_m_e_t_i_c _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n, _w_o_r_d _s_p_l_i_t_t_i_n_g, and _p_a_t_h_n_a_m_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The order of expansions is: brace expansion; tilde expansion, parameter - and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution - (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and pathname expan- + and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, and command substitution + (done in a left-to-right fashion); word splitting; and pathname expan- sion. On systems that can support it, there is an additional expansion avail- - able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. This is performed at the same time as - tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub- + able: _p_r_o_c_e_s_s _s_u_b_s_t_i_t_u_t_i_o_n. This is performed at the same time as + tilde, parameter, variable, and arithmetic expansion and command sub- stitution. - After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the - original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves + After these expansions are performed, quote characters present in the + original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves (_q_u_o_t_e _r_e_m_o_v_a_l). - Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can change - the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single - word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions - of "$$@@" and "$${{_n_a_m_e[[@@]]}}" as explained above (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS). + Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion can + increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand + a single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the + expansions of "$$@@" and "$${{_n_a_m_e[[@@]]}}", and, in most cases, $$** and + $${{_n_a_m_e[[**]]}} as explained above (see PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS). BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn _B_r_a_c_e _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be gener- @@ -1492,7 +1526,8 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. A {{ or ,, may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expan- - sion, the string $${{ is not considered eligible for brace expansion. + sion, the string $${{ is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and + inhibits brace expansion until the closing }}. This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example: @@ -1501,36 +1536,36 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN or chown root /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}} - Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical - versions of sshh. sshh does not treat opening or closing braces specially - when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. - BBaasshh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. - For example, a word entered to sshh as _f_i_l_e_{_1_,_2_} appears identically in - the output. The same word is output as _f_i_l_e_1 _f_i_l_e_2 after expansion by - bbaasshh. If strict compatibility with sshh is desired, start bbaasshh with the + Brace expansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical + versions of sshh. sshh does not treat opening or closing braces specially + when they appear as part of a word, and preserves them in the output. + BBaasshh removes braces from words as a consequence of brace expansion. + For example, a word entered to sshh as _f_i_l_e_{_1_,_2_} appears identically in + the output. The same word is output as _f_i_l_e_1 _f_i_l_e_2 after expansion by + bbaasshh. If strict compatibility with sshh is desired, start bbaasshh with the ++BB option or disable brace expansion with the ++BB option to the sseett com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). TTiillddee EExxppaannssiioonn - If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~~'), all of the - characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if - there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _t_i_l_d_e_-_p_r_e_f_i_x. If none of - the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the - tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _l_o_g_i_n _n_a_m_e. - If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the - value of the shell parameter HHOOMMEE. If HHOOMMEE is unset, the home direc- - tory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. Other- - wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated + If a word begins with an unquoted tilde character (`~~'), all of the + characters preceding the first unquoted slash (or all characters, if + there is no unquoted slash) are considered a _t_i_l_d_e_-_p_r_e_f_i_x. If none of + the characters in the tilde-prefix are quoted, the characters in the + tilde-prefix following the tilde are treated as a possible _l_o_g_i_n _n_a_m_e. + If this login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the + value of the shell parameter HHOOMMEE. If HHOOMMEE is unset, the home direc- + tory of the user executing the shell is substituted instead. Other- + wise, the tilde-prefix is replaced with the home directory associated with the specified login name. - If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable PPWWDD + If the tilde-prefix is a `~+', the value of the shell variable PPWWDD replaces the tilde-prefix. If the tilde-prefix is a `~-', the value of - the shell variable OOLLDDPPWWDD, if it is set, is substituted. If the char- - acters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number _N, - optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced + the shell variable OOLLDDPPWWDD, if it is set, is substituted. If the char- + acters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix consist of a number _N, + optionally prefixed by a `+' or a `-', the tilde-prefix is replaced with the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it would be displayed by the ddiirrss builtin invoked with the tilde-prefix as an argu- - ment. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix con- + ment. If the characters following the tilde in the tilde-prefix con- sist of a number without a leading `+' or `-', `+' is assumed. If the login name is invalid, or the tilde expansion fails, the word is @@ -1538,184 +1573,191 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN Each variable assignment is checked for unquoted tilde-prefixes immedi- ately following a :: or the first ==. In these cases, tilde expansion is - also performed. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in - assignments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the + also performed. Consequently, one may use filenames with tildes in + assignments to PPAATTHH, MMAAIILLPPAATTHH, and CCDDPPAATTHH, and the shell assigns the expanded value. PPaarraammeetteerr EExxppaannssiioonn The `$$' character introduces parameter expansion, command substitution, - or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded - may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the - variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which + or arithmetic expansion. The parameter name or symbol to be expanded + may be enclosed in braces, which are optional but serve to protect the + variable to be expanded from characters immediately following it which could be interpreted as part of the name. - When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}}' not - escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an + When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the first `}}' not + escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic expansion, command substitution, or parameter expansion. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} - The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. The braces are required - when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one + The value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. The braces are required + when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a positional parameter with more than one digit, or when _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is followed by a character which is not to be interpreted as part of its name. The _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a shell - parameter as described above PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) or an array reference + parameter as described above PPAARRAAMMEETTEERRSS) or an array reference (AArrrraayyss). - If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, it introduces a level of variable indirec- - tion. BBaasshh uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded + If the first character of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an exclamation point (!!), and + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is not a _n_a_m_e_r_e_f, it introduces a level of variable indirec- + tion. BBaasshh uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the - value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r itself. This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. If - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this expands to the name of the variable refer- - enced by _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r instead of performing the complete indirect expan- - sion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and - ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The exclamation point must immediately - follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection. + value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r itself. This is known as _i_n_d_i_r_e_c_t _e_x_p_a_n_s_i_o_n. The + value is subject to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command sub- + stitution, and arithmetic expansion. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is a nameref, this + expands to the name of the variable referenced by _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r instead of + performing the complete indirect expansion. The exceptions to this are + the expansions of ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} and ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} described below. The + exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to + introduce indirection. In each of the cases below, _w_o_r_d is subject to tilde expansion, parame- ter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. - When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented - below (e.g., ::--), bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. - Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is + When not performing substring expansion, using the forms documented + below (e.g., ::--), bbaasshh tests for a parameter that is unset or null. + Omitting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::--_w_o_r_d} - UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- - sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r + UUssee DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expan- + sion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::==_w_o_r_d} - AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the + AAssssiiggnn DDeeffaauulltt VVaalluueess. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is unset or null, the expansion of _w_o_r_d is assigned to _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. The value of _p_a_r_a_m_- - _e_t_e_r is then substituted. Positional parameters and special + _e_t_e_r is then substituted. Positional parameters and special parameters may not be assigned to in this way. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::??_w_o_r_d} - DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, - the expansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that effect if _w_o_r_d is - not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if + DDiissppllaayy EErrrroorr iiff NNuullll oorr UUnnsseett. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, + the expansion of _w_o_r_d (or a message to that effect if _w_o_r_d is + not present) is written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not interactive, exits. Otherwise, the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::++_w_o_r_d} - UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is + UUssee AAlltteerrnnaattee VVaalluuee. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the expansion of _w_o_r_d is substituted. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r::_o_f_f_s_e_t::_l_e_n_g_t_h} - SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of the - value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- + SSuubbssttrriinngg EExxppaannssiioonn. Expands to up to _l_e_n_g_t_h characters of the + value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_- _s_e_t. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, an indexed array subscripted by @@ or **, - or an associative array name, the results differ as described - below. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring of the + or an associative array name, the results differ as described + below. If _l_e_n_g_t_h is omitted, expands to the substring of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r starting at the character specified by _o_f_f_s_e_t - and extending to the end of the value. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are + and extending to the end of the value. _l_e_n_g_t_h and _o_f_f_s_e_t are arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN below). - If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is - used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it - is interpreted as an offset in characters from the end of the - value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the - expansion is the characters between _o_f_f_s_e_t and that result. - Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by - at least one space to avoid being confused with the ::-- expan- + If _o_f_f_s_e_t evaluates to a number less than zero, the value is + used as an offset in characters from the end of the value of + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero, it + is interpreted as an offset in characters from the end of the + value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r rather than a number of characters, and the + expansion is the characters between _o_f_f_s_e_t and that result. + Note that a negative offset must be separated from the colon by + at least one space to avoid being confused with the ::-- expan- sion. - If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parameters + If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@, the result is _l_e_n_g_t_h positional parameters beginning at _o_f_f_s_e_t. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to one - greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of - -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter. It is an expan- + greater than the greatest positional parameter, so an offset of + -1 evaluates to the last positional parameter. It is an expan- sion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or *, the - result is the _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the array beginning with - ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to - one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It - is an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than + result is the _l_e_n_g_t_h members of the array beginning with + ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r[_o_f_f_s_e_t]}. A negative _o_f_f_s_e_t is taken relative to + one greater than the maximum index of the specified array. It + is an expansion error if _l_e_n_g_t_h evaluates to a number less than zero. - Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces + Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined results. - Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame- - ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by - default. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are + Substring indexing is zero-based unless the positional parame- + ters are used, in which case the indexing starts at 1 by + default. If _o_f_f_s_e_t is 0, and the positional parameters are used, $$00 is prefixed to the list. ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x**} ${!!_p_r_e_f_i_x@@} - NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx. Expands to the names of variables whose + NNaammeess mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx. Expands to the names of variables whose names begin with _p_r_e_f_i_x, separated by the first character of the - IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears - within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate + IIFFSS special variable. When _@ is used and the expansion appears + within double quotes, each variable name expands to a separate word. ${!!_n_a_m_e[_@]} ${!!_n_a_m_e[_*]} - LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to - the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is - not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. - When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, + LLiisstt ooff aarrrraayy kkeeyyss. If _n_a_m_e is an array variable, expands to + the list of array indices (keys) assigned in _n_a_m_e. If _n_a_m_e is + not an array, expands to 0 if _n_a_m_e is set and null otherwise. + When _@ is used and the expansion appears within double quotes, each key expands to a separate word. ${##_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r} - PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh. The length in characters of the value of - _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value - substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_- - _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi- - tuted is the number of elements in the array. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is - an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that - number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi- - mum index of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the - end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele- + PPaarraammeetteerr lleennggtthh. The length in characters of the value of + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is substituted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is ** or @@, the value + substituted is the number of positional parameters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_- + _t_e_r is an array name subscripted by ** or @@, the value substi- + tuted is the number of elements in the array. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is + an indexed array name subscripted by a negative number, that + number is interpreted as relative to one greater than the maxi- + mum index of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, so negative indices count back from the + end of the array, and an index of -1 references the last ele- ment. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r##_w_o_r_d} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r####_w_o_r_d} RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg pprreeffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce - a pattern just as in pathname expansion. If the pattern matches - the beginning of the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the - expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest - matching pattern (the ``##'' case) or the longest matching pat- - tern (the ``####'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the - pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parame- - ter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_- - _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern - removal operation is applied to each member of the array in - turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the + expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches the beginning of + the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the expansion is the + expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest matching pattern + (the ``##'' case) or the longest matching pattern (the ``####'' + case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the pattern removal + operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and + the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array + variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern removal operation + is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expan- + sion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%_w_o_r_d} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r%%%%_w_o_r_d} RReemmoovvee mmaattcchhiinngg ssuuffffiixx ppaatttteerrnn. The _w_o_r_d is expanded to produce - a pattern just as in pathname expansion. If the pattern matches - a trailing portion of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the - result of the expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with - the shortest matching pattern (the ``%%'' case) or the longest - matching pattern (the ``%%%%'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ - or **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each posi- - tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant - list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or - **, the pattern removal operation is applied to each member of - the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + a pattern just as in pathname expansion, and matched against the + expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r using the rules described under PPaatt-- + tteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion + of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r, then the result of the + expansion is the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with the shortest + matching pattern (the ``%%'' case) or the longest matching pat- + tern (the ``%%%%'' case) deleted. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the + pattern removal operation is applied to each positional parame- + ter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_- + _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the pattern + removal operation is applied to each member of the array in + turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r//_p_a_t_t_e_r_n//_s_t_r_i_n_g} PPaatttteerrnn ssuubbssttiittuuttiioonn. The _p_a_t_t_e_r_n is expanded to produce a pat- - tern just as in pathname expansion. _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is expanded and - the longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n against its value is replaced with - _s_t_r_i_n_g. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with //, all matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are - replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. Normally only the first match is - replaced. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with ##, it must match at the begin- - ning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with - %%, it must match at the end of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. - If _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted and the // fol- - lowing _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh shell option - is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of - alphabetic characters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the substitution - operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and - the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array - variable subscripted with @@ or **, the substitution operation is - applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion - is the resultant list. + tern just as in pathname expansion, _P_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is expanded and + the longest match of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n against its value is replaced with + _s_t_r_i_n_g. The match is performed using the rules described under + PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg below. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with //, all matches + of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are replaced with _s_t_r_i_n_g. Normally only the first + match is replaced. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n begins with ##, it must match at + the beginning of the expanded value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + begins with %%, it must match at the end of the expanded value of + _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r. If _s_t_r_i_n_g is null, matches of _p_a_t_t_e_r_n are deleted + and the // following _p_a_t_t_e_r_n may be omitted. If the nnooccaasseemmaattcchh + shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard + to the case of alphabetic characters. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, + the substitution operation is applied to each positional parame- + ter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_- + _e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or **, the substitu- + tion operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, + and the expansion is the resultant list. ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} ${_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r^^^^_p_a_t_t_e_r_n} @@ -1750,7 +1792,7 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN quoted in a format that can be reused as input. EE The expansion is a string that is the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the - $$''......'' quoting mechansim. + $$''......'' quoting mechanism. PP The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r as if it were a prompt string (see PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG below). @@ -1763,8 +1805,8 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is @@ or **, the operation is applied to each posi- tional parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r is an array variable subscripted with @@ or - **, the case modification operation is applied to each member of - the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + **, the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, + and the expansion is the resultant list. The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname expansion as described below. @@ -1874,24 +1916,28 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a pattern is used for pathname expansion, the character ````..'''' at the start of a name or immediately following a slash must be matched explicitly, unless the - shell option ddoottgglloobb is set. When matching a pathname, the slash char- - acter must always be matched explicitly. In other cases, the ````..'''' - character is not treated specially. See the description of sshhoopptt below - under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullll-- - gglloobb, ffaaiillgglloobb, and ddoottgglloobb shell options. - - The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file- - names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching filename - that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed from the - list of matches. If the nnooccaasseegglloobb option is set, the matching against - the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is performed without regard to case. The - filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' are always ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set - and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a non-null value has the - effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell option, so all other filenames - beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To get the old behavior of ignor- - ing filenames beginning with a ````..'''', make ````..**'''' one of the patterns - in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is disabled when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is - unset. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell + shell option ddoottgglloobb is set. The filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' must + always be matched explicitly, even if ddoottgglloobb is set. In other cases, + the ````..'''' character is not treated specially. When matching a path- + name, the slash character must always be matched explicitly by a slash + in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it can be matched by a + special pattern character as described below under PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg. + See the description of sshhoopptt below under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS for a + description of the nnooccaasseegglloobb, nnuullllgglloobb, ffaaiillgglloobb, and ddoottgglloobb shell + options. + + The GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file + names matching a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n. If GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is set, each matching file + name that also matches one of the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is removed + from the list of matches. If the nnooccaasseegglloobb option is set, the match- + ing against the patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE is performed without regard to + case. The filenames ````..'''' and ````....'''' are always ignored when GGLLOOBBIIGG-- + NNOORREE is set and not null. However, setting GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE to a non-null + value has the effect of enabling the ddoottgglloobb shell option, so all other + filenames beginning with a ````..'''' will match. To get the old behavior + of ignoring filenames beginning with a ````..'''', make ````..**'''' one of the + patterns in GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE. The ddoottgglloobb option is disabled when GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE + is unset. The pattern matching honors the setting of the eexxttgglloobb shell option. PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg @@ -1963,6 +2009,12 @@ EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN !!((_p_a_t_t_e_r_n_-_l_i_s_t)) Matches anything except one of the given patterns + Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, + especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings con- + tain multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter strings, + or using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be + faster. + QQuuoottee RReemmoovvaall After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac- ters \\, '', and "" that did not result from one of the above expansions @@ -1984,7 +2036,9 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to _v_a_r_n_a_m_e. If >&- or <&- is preceded by {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e}, the value of _v_a_r_n_a_m_e defines - the file descriptor to close. + the file descriptor to close. If {_v_a_r_n_a_m_e} is supplied, the redirect- + ion persists beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell pro- + grammer to manage the file descriptor himself. In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omit- ted, and the first character of the redirection operator is <<, the re- @@ -2147,12 +2201,11 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<<<<<_w_o_r_d - The _w_o_r_d undergoes brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and - variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and - quote removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not per- - formed. The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline - appended, to the command on its standard input (or file descriptor _n if - _n is specified). + The _w_o_r_d undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, + command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Path- + name expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is + supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on + its standard input (or file descriptor _n if _n is specified). DDuupplliiccaattiinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss The redirection operator @@ -2160,22 +2213,22 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_w_o_r_d is used to duplicate input file descriptors. If _w_o_r_d expands to one or - more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of - that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file - descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evalu- - ates to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the + more digits, the file descriptor denoted by _n is made to be a copy of + that file descriptor. If the digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file + descriptor open for input, a redirection error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evalu- + ates to --, file descriptor _n is closed. If _n is not specified, the standard input (file descriptor 0) is used. The operator [_n]>>&&_w_o_r_d - is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not - specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the - digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re- - direction error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is - closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand - to one or more digits or --, the standard output and standard error are + is used similarly to duplicate output file descriptors. If _n is not + specified, the standard output (file descriptor 1) is used. If the + digits in _w_o_r_d do not specify a file descriptor open for output, a re- + direction error occurs. If _w_o_r_d evaluates to --, file descriptor _n is + closed. As a special case, if _n is omitted, and _w_o_r_d does not expand + to one or more digits or --, the standard output and standard error are redirected as described previously. MMoovviinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss @@ -2183,7 +2236,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard input (file descriptor 0) if _n is not specified. _d_i_g_i_t is closed after being duplicated to _n. @@ -2191,7 +2244,7 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]>>&&_d_i_g_i_t-- - moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard + moves the file descriptor _d_i_g_i_t to file descriptor _n, or the standard output (file descriptor 1) if _n is not specified. OOppeenniinngg FFiillee DDeessccrriippttoorrss ffoorr RReeaaddiinngg aanndd WWrriittiinngg @@ -2199,81 +2252,112 @@ RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN [_n]<<>>_w_o_r_d - causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for - both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 + causes the file whose name is the expansion of _w_o_r_d to be opened for + both reading and writing on file descriptor _n, or on file descriptor 0 if _n is not specified. If the file does not exist, it is created. AALLIIAASSEESS - _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as - the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of - aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin - commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each - simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If - so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //, - $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters + _A_l_i_a_s_e_s allow a string to be substituted for a word when it is used as + the first word of a simple command. The shell maintains a list of + aliases that may be set and unset with the aalliiaass and uunnaalliiaass builtin + commands (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). The first word of each + simple command, if unquoted, is checked to see if it has an alias. If + so, that word is replaced by the text of the alias. The characters //, + $$, ``, and == and any of the shell _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s or quoting characters listed above may not appear in an alias name. The replacement text may - contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The - first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word - that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second - time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and - bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the - last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command + contain any valid shell input, including shell metacharacters. The + first word of the replacement text is tested for aliases, but a word + that is identical to an alias being expanded is not expanded a second + time. This means that one may alias llss to llss --FF, for instance, and + bbaasshh does not try to recursively expand the replacement text. If the + last character of the alias value is a _b_l_a_n_k, then the next command word following the alias is also checked for alias expansion. Aliases are created and listed with the aalliiaass command, and removed with the uunnaalliiaass command. - There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If - arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS + There is no mechanism for using arguments in the replacement text. If + arguments are needed, a shell function should be used (see FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS below). - Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the - eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of + Aliases are not expanded when the shell is not interactive, unless the + eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess shell option is set using sshhoopptt (see the description of sshhoopptt under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). - The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat - confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input - before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are - expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, - an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does - not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands + The rules concerning the definition and use of aliases are somewhat + confusing. BBaasshh always reads at least one complete line of input + before executing any of the commands on that line. Aliases are + expanded when a command is read, not when it is executed. Therefore, + an alias definition appearing on the same line as another command does + not take effect until the next line of input is read. The commands following the alias definition on that line are not affected by the new - alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. - Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the - function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com- - mand. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not avail- - able until after that function is executed. To be safe, always put - alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in compound + alias. This behavior is also an issue when functions are executed. + Aliases are expanded when a function definition is read, not when the + function is executed, because a function definition is itself a com- + mand. As a consequence, aliases defined in a function are not avail- + able until after that function is executed. To be safe, always put + alias definitions on a separate line, and do not use aalliiaass in compound commands. For almost every purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions. FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS - A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, - stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a - shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands + A shell function, defined as described above under SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR, + stores a series of commands for later execution. When the name of a + shell function is used as a simple command name, the list of commands associated with that function name is executed. Functions are executed - in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to - interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). - When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the + in the context of the current shell; no new process is created to + interpret them (contrast this with the execution of a shell script). + When a function is executed, the arguments to the function become the positional parameters during its execution. The special parameter ## is - updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The - first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- + updated to reflect the change. Special parameter 00 is unchanged. The + first element of the FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE variable is set to the name of the func- tion while the function is executing. - All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical - between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and - RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been - given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin - below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett - builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN - traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell + All other aspects of the shell execution environment are identical + between a function and its caller with these exceptions: the DDEEBBUUGG and + RREETTUURRNN traps (see the description of the ttrraapp builtin under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below) are not inherited unless the function has been + given the ttrraaccee attribute (see the description of the ddeeccllaarree builtin + below) or the --oo ffuunnccttrraaccee shell option has been enabled with the sseett + builtin (in which case all functions inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN + traps), and the EERRRR trap is not inherited unless the --oo eerrrrttrraaccee shell option has been enabled. - Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin + Variables local to the function may be declared with the llooccaall builtin command. Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the - function and its caller. + function and its caller. If a variable is declared llooccaall, the vari- + able's visible scope is restricted to that function and its children + (including the functions it calls). Local variables "shadow" variables + with the same name declared at previous scopes. For instance, a local + variable declared in a function hides a global variable of the same + name: references and assignments refer to the local variable, leaving + the global variable unmodified. When the function returns, the global + variable is once again visible. + + The shell uses _d_y_n_a_m_i_c _s_c_o_p_i_n_g to control a variable's visibility + within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their + values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused exe- + cution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a + function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether + that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function. This is + also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the + value that is restored when the function returns. + + For example, if a variable _v_a_r is declared as local in function _f_u_n_c_1, + and _f_u_n_c_1 calls another function _f_u_n_c_2, references to _v_a_r made from + within _f_u_n_c_2 will resolve to the local variable _v_a_r from _f_u_n_c_1, shadow- + ing any global variable named _v_a_r. + + The uunnsseett builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a variable + is local to the current scope, uunnsseett will unset it; otherwise the unset + will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as described + above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will + remain so until it is reset in that scope or until the function + returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a + previous scope will become visible. If the unset acts on a variable at + a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that name that had + been shadowed will become visible. The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level. Function invocations that @@ -2292,24 +2376,21 @@ FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS and line number, if the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with the --ff option to the eexxppoorrtt builtin. A function definition may be - deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Note that shell - functions and variables with the same name may result in multiple iden- - tically-named entries in the environment passed to the shell's chil- - dren. Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. + deleted using the --ff option to the uunnsseett builtin. Functions may be recursive. The FFUUNNCCNNEESSTT variable may be used to limit - the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- - tion invocations. By default, no limit is imposed on the number of + the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of func- + tion invocations. By default, no limit is imposed on the number of recursive calls. AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN - The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain - circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com- + The shell allows arithmetic expressions to be evaluated, under certain + circumstances (see the lleett and ddeeccllaarree builtin commands, the (((( com- pound command, and AArriitthhmmeettiicc EExxppaannssiioonn). Evaluation is done in fixed- - width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is - trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence, - associativity, and values are the same as in the C language. The fol- - lowing list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence + width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is + trapped and flagged as an error. The operators and their precedence, + associativity, and values are the same as in the C language. The fol- + lowing list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. _i_d++++ _i_d---- @@ -2337,49 +2418,49 @@ AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN _e_x_p_r_1 ,, _e_x_p_r_2 comma - Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- + Shell variables are allowed as operands; parameter expansion is per- formed before the expression is evaluated. Within an expression, shell - variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter - expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to + variables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter + expansion syntax. A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. - The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when - it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r + The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when + it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute using ddeeccllaarree --ii is assigned a value. A null value evaluates - to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on + to 0. A shell variable need not have its _i_n_t_e_g_e_r attribute turned on to be used in an expression. Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers. A leading - 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form - [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and 64 - representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base. If - _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying _n, the digits - greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase + 0x or 0X denotes hexadecimal. Otherwise, numbers take the form + [_b_a_s_e_#]n, where the optional _b_a_s_e is a decimal number between 2 and 64 + representing the arithmetic base, and _n is a number in that base. If + _b_a_s_e_# is omitted, then base 10 is used. When specifying _n, the digits + greater than 9 are represented by the lowercase letters, the uppercase letters, @, and _, in that order. If _b_a_s_e is less than or equal to 36, - lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to repre- + lowercase and uppercase letters may be used interchangeably to repre- sent numbers between 10 and 35. - Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in - parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules + Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in + parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above. CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS - Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the - tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string - and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following - unary or binary primaries. BBaasshh handles several filenames specially - when they are used in expressions. If the operating system on which - bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bash will use them; oth- - erwise it will emulate them internally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e - argument to one of the primaries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file - descriptor _n is checked. If the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries - is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, + Conditional expressions are used by the [[[[ compound command and the + tteesstt and [[ builtin commands to test file attributes and perform string + and arithmetic comparisons. Expressions are formed from the following + unary or binary primaries. BBaasshh handles several filenames specially + when they are used in expressions. If the operating system on which + bbaasshh is running provides these special files, bash will use them; oth- + erwise it will emulate them internally with this behavior: If any _f_i_l_e + argument to one of the primaries is of the form _/_d_e_v_/_f_d_/_n, then file + descriptor _n is checked. If the _f_i_l_e argument to one of the primaries + is one of _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_i_n, _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_o_u_t, or _/_d_e_v_/_s_t_d_e_r_r, file descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respectively, is checked. Unless otherwise specified, primaries that operate on files follow sym- bolic links and operate on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. - When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using + When used with [[[[, the << and >> operators sort lexicographically using the current locale. The tteesstt command sorts using ASCII ordering. --aa _f_i_l_e @@ -2418,30 +2499,30 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS --LL _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a symbolic link. --NN _f_i_l_e - True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last + True if _f_i_l_e exists and has been modified since it was last read. --OO _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is owned by the effective user id. --SS _f_i_l_e True if _f_i_l_e exists and is a socket. _f_i_l_e_1 --eeff _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- + True if _f_i_l_e_1 and _f_i_l_e_2 refer to the same device and inode num- bers. _f_i_l_e_1 -nntt _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is newer (according to modification date) than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_1 exists and _f_i_l_e_2 does not. _f_i_l_e_1 -oott _f_i_l_e_2 - True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 + True if _f_i_l_e_1 is older than _f_i_l_e_2, or if _f_i_l_e_2 exists and _f_i_l_e_1 does not. --oo _o_p_t_n_a_m_e - True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of - options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett + True if the shell option _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is enabled. See the list of + options under the description of the --oo option to the sseett builtin below. --vv _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set (has been assigned a value). --RR _v_a_r_n_a_m_e - True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- + True if the shell variable _v_a_r_n_a_m_e is set and is a name refer- ence. --zz _s_t_r_i_n_g True if the length of _s_t_r_i_n_g is zero. @@ -2451,8 +2532,8 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 ==== _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 == _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 - True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt - command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, + True if the strings are equal. == should be used with the tteesstt + command for POSIX conformance. When used with the [[[[ command, this performs pattern matching as described above (CCoommppoouunndd CCoomm-- mmaannddss). @@ -2466,73 +2547,76 @@ CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS True if _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 sorts after _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 lexicographically. _a_r_g_1 OOPP _a_r_g_2 - OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic - binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, - less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than - or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _A_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive - or negative integers. + OOPP is one of --eeqq, --nnee, --lltt, --llee, --ggtt, or --ggee. These arithmetic + binary operators return true if _a_r_g_1 is equal to, not equal to, + less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than + or equal to _a_r_g_2, respectively. _A_r_g_1 and _a_r_g_2 may be positive + or negative integers. When used with the [[[[ command, _A_r_g_1 and + _A_r_g_2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC + EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). SSIIMMPPLLEE CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN - When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following + When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following expansions, assignments, and redirections, from left to right. - 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments - (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved + 1. The words that the parser has marked as variable assignments + (those preceding the command name) and redirections are saved for later processing. - 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are - expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word - is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words + 2. The words that are not variable assignments or redirections are + expanded. If any words remain after expansion, the first word + is taken to be the name of the command and the remaining words are the arguments. 3. Redirections are performed as described above under RREEDDIIRREECCTTIIOONN. 4. The text after the == in each variable assignment undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, arithmetic - expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- + expansion, and quote removal before being assigned to the vari- able. If no command name results, the variable assignments affect the current - shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ- - ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi- - ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a - readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non- + shell environment. Otherwise, the variables are added to the environ- + ment of the executed command and do not affect the current shell envi- + ronment. If any of the assignments attempts to assign a value to a + readonly variable, an error occurs, and the command exits with a non- zero status. - If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not - affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the + If no command name results, redirections are performed, but do not + affect the current shell environment. A redirection error causes the command to exit with a non-zero status. - If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as - described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- - sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command - is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If + If there is a command name left after expansion, execution proceeds as + described below. Otherwise, the command exits. If one of the expan- + sions contained a command substitution, the exit status of the command + is the exit status of the last command substitution performed. If there were no command substitutions, the command exits with a status of zero. CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN - After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple - command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are + After a command has been split into words, if it results in a simple + command and an optional list of arguments, the following actions are taken. - If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate - it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is - invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a - function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If + If the command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate + it. If there exists a shell function by that name, that function is + invoked as described above in FFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS. If the name does not match a + function, the shell searches for it in the list of shell builtins. If a match is found, that builtin is invoked. - If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no - slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- - taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to - remember the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL - BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is - performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the + If the name is neither a shell function nor a builtin, and contains no + slashes, bbaasshh searches each element of the PPAATTHH for a directory con- + taining an executable file by that name. BBaasshh uses a hash table to + remember the full pathnames of executable files (see hhaasshh under SSHHEELLLL + BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). A full search of the directories in PPAATTHH is + performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function named ccoommmmaanndd__nnoott__ffoouunndd__hhaannddllee. If that function exists, it is invoked - with the original command and the original command's arguments as its - arguments, and the function's exit status becomes the exit status of - the shell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error - message and returns an exit status of 127. + in a separate execution environment with the original command and the + original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's exit + status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If that function is + not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit sta- + tus of 127. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate execu- @@ -2798,19 +2882,26 @@ JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. + When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the wwaaiitt builtin, + and job control is enabled, wwaaiitt will return when the job changes + state. The --ff option will force wwaaiitt to wait until the job or process + terminates before returning. + PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG When executing interactively, bbaasshh displays the primary prompt PPSS11 when - it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it - needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after it - reads a command but before executing it. BBaasshh allows these prompt - strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped - special characters that are decoded as follows: + it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt PPSS22 when it + needs more input to complete a command. BBaasshh displays PPSS00 after it + reads a command but before executing it. BBaasshh displays PPSS44 as + described above before tracing each command when the --xx option is + enabled. BBaasshh allows these prompt strings to be customized by insert- + ing a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded + as follows: \\aa an ASCII bell character (07) - \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May + \\dd the date in "Weekday Month Date" format (e.g., "Tue May 26") \\DD{{_f_o_r_m_a_t}} - the _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is - inserted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results + the _f_o_r_m_a_t is passed to _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) and the result is + inserted into the prompt string; an empty _f_o_r_m_a_t results in a locale-specific time representation. The braces are required \\ee an ASCII escape character (033) @@ -2820,7 +2911,7 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\ll the basename of the shell's terminal device name \\nn newline \\rr carriage return - \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion + \\ss the name of the shell, the basename of $$00 (the portion following the final slash) \\tt the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format \\TT the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format @@ -2829,8 +2920,8 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\uu the username of the current user \\vv the version of bbaasshh (e.g., 2.00) \\VV the release of bbaasshh, version + patch level (e.g., 2.00.0) - \\ww the current working directory, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated - with a tilde (uses the value of the PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM vari- + \\ww the current working directory, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated + with a tilde (uses the value of the PPRROOMMPPTT__DDIIRRTTRRIIMM vari- able) \\WW the basename of the current working directory, with $$HHOOMMEE abbreviated with a tilde @@ -2839,66 +2930,66 @@ PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG \\$$ if the effective UID is 0, a ##, otherwise a $$ \\_n_n_n the character corresponding to the octal number _n_n_n \\\\ a backslash - \\[[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could - be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the + \\[[ begin a sequence of non-printing characters, which could + be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the prompt \\]] end a sequence of non-printing characters - The command number and the history number are usually different: the - history number of a command is its position in the history list, which - may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY - below), while the command number is the position in the sequence of - commands executed during the current shell session. After the string - is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitu- - tion, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of - the pprroommppttvvaarrss shell option (see the description of the sshhoopptt command + The command number and the history number are usually different: the + history number of a command is its position in the history list, which + may include commands restored from the history file (see HHIISSTTOORRYY + below), while the command number is the position in the sequence of + commands executed during the current shell session. After the string + is decoded, it is expanded via parameter expansion, command substitu- + tion, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal, subject to the value of + the pprroommppttvvaarrss shell option (see the description of the sshhoopptt command under SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). RREEAADDLLIINNEE - This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- + This is the library that handles reading input when using an interac- tive shell, unless the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option is given at shell invocation. Line editing is also used when using the --ee option to the rreeaadd builtin. By default, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs. A vi-style line editing interface is also available. Line editing can be - enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to the sseett - builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off line editing - after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii options to the + enabled at any time using the --oo eemmaaccss or --oo vvii options to the sseett + builtin (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). To turn off line editing + after the shell is running, use the ++oo eemmaaccss or ++oo vvii options to the sseett builtin. RReeaaddlliinnee NNoottaattiioonn In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote keystrokes. - Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi- - larly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key- - boards without a _m_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Escape key + Control keys are denoted by C-_k_e_y, e.g., C-n means Control-N. Simi- + larly, _m_e_t_a keys are denoted by M-_k_e_y, so M-x means Meta-X. (On key- + boards without a _m_e_t_a key, M-_x means ESC _x, i.e., press the Escape key then the _x key. This makes ESC the _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x. The combination M-C-_x - means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key + means ESC-Control-_x, or press the Escape key then hold the Control key while pressing the _x key.) Readline commands may be given numeric _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, which normally act as - a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument - that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that - acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) causes that command to - act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments + a repeat count. Sometimes, however, it is the sign of the argument + that is significant. Passing a negative argument to a command that + acts in the forward direction (e.g., kkiillll--lliinnee) causes that command to + act in a backward direction. Commands whose behavior with arguments deviates from this are noted below. - When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved + When a command is described as _k_i_l_l_i_n_g text, the text deleted is saved for possible future retrieval (_y_a_n_k_i_n_g). The killed text is saved in a _k_i_l_l _r_i_n_g. Consecutive kills cause the text to be accumulated into one unit, which can be yanked all at once. Commands which do not kill text separate the chunks of text on the kill ring. RReeaaddlliinnee IInniittiiaalliizzaattiioonn - Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file - (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of - the IINNPPUUTTRRCC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is - _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the readline library starts up, + Readline is customized by putting commands in an initialization file + (the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file). The name of this file is taken from the value of + the IINNPPUUTTRRCC variable. If that variable is unset, the default is + _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c. When a program which uses the readline library starts up, the initialization file is read, and the key bindings and variables are - set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the readline - initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a - ## are comments. Lines beginning with a $$ indicate conditional con- + set. There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the readline + initialization file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a + ## are comments. Lines beginning with a $$ indicate conditional con- structs. Other lines denote key bindings and variable settings. - The default key-bindings may be changed with an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Other + The default key-bindings may be changed with an _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. Other programs that use this library may add their own commands and bindings. For example, placing @@ -2906,18 +2997,18 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE M-Control-u: universal-argument or C-Meta-u: universal-argument - into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- + into the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c would make M-C-u execute the readline command _u_n_i_v_e_r_- _s_a_l_-_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. - The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L, + The following symbolic character names are recognized: _R_U_B_O_U_T, _D_E_L, _E_S_C, _L_F_D, _N_E_W_L_I_N_E, _R_E_T, _R_E_T_U_R_N, _S_P_C, _S_P_A_C_E, and _T_A_B. - In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a + In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a _m_a_c_r_o). RReeaaddlliinnee KKeeyy BBiinnddiinnggss - The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. - All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro + The syntax for controlling key bindings in the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file is simple. + All that is required is the name of the command or the text of a macro and a key sequence to which it should be bound. The name may be speci- fied in one of two ways: as a symbolic key name, possibly with _M_e_t_a_- or _C_o_n_t_r_o_l_- prefixes, or as a key sequence. @@ -2929,15 +3020,15 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word Control-o: "> output" - In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, - _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to - run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the + In the above example, _C_-_u is bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt, + _M_-_D_E_L is bound to the function bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd, and _C_-_o is bound to + run the macro expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text ``> output'' into the line). - In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs - from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may - be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU - Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but + In the second form, ""kkeeyysseeqq"":_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e or _m_a_c_r_o, kkeeyysseeqq differs + from kkeeyynnaammee above in that strings denoting an entire key sequence may + be specified by placing the sequence within double quotes. Some GNU + Emacs style key escapes can be used, as in the following example, but the symbolic character names are not recognized. "\C-u": universal-argument @@ -2945,7 +3036,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" In this example, _C_-_u is again bound to the function uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt. - _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is + _C_-_x _C_-_r is bound to the function rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee, and _E_S_C _[ _1 _1 _~ is bound to insert the text ``Function Key 1''. The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is @@ -2956,7 +3047,7 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE \\"" literal " \\'' literal ' - In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of + In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is available: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -2966,20 +3057,20 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE \\rr carriage return \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab - \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (one to three digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a func- - tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above - are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro + tion name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above + are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including " and '. - BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi- - fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched - during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com- + BBaasshh allows the current readline key bindings to be displayed or modi- + fied with the bbiinndd builtin command. The editing mode may be switched + during interactive use by using the --oo option to the sseett builtin com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). RReeaaddlliinnee VVaarriiaabblleess @@ -2989,83 +3080,92 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE sseett _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_-_n_a_m_e _v_a_l_u_e - Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff - (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. - When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen- + Except where noted, readline variables can take the values OOnn or OOffff + (without regard to case). Unrecognized variable names are ignored. + When a variable value is read, empty or null values, "on" (case-insen- sitive), and "1" are equivalent to OOnn. All other values are equivalent to OOffff. The variables and their default values are: bbeellll--ssttyyllee ((aauuddiibbllee)) - Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal + Controls what happens when readline wants to ring the terminal bell. If set to nnoonnee, readline never rings the bell. If set to - vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If + vviissiibbllee, readline uses a visible bell if one is available. If set to aauuddiibbllee, readline attempts to ring the terminal's bell. bbiinndd--ttttyy--ssppeecciiaall--cchhaarrss ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters + If set to OOnn, readline attempts to bind the control characters treated specially by the kernel's terminal driver to their read- line equivalents. bblliinnkk--mmaattcchhiinngg--ppaarreenn ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline attempts to briefly move the cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing parenthesis is inserted. ccoolloorreedd--ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, when listing completions, readline displays the + If set to OOnn, when listing completions, readline displays the common prefix of the set of possible completions using a differ- - ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of + ent color. The color definitions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable. ccoolloorreedd--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, readline displays possible completions using dif- - ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini- - tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment + If set to OOnn, readline displays possible completions using dif- + ferent colors to indicate their file type. The color defini- + tions are taken from the value of the LLSS__CCOOLLOORRSS environment variable. ccoommmmeenntt--bbeeggiinn ((````##'''')) - The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt + The string that is inserted when the readline iinnsseerrtt--ccoommmmeenntt command is executed. This command is bound to MM--## in emacs mode and to ## in vi command mode. ccoommpplleettiioonn--ddiissppllaayy--wwiiddtthh ((--11)) - The number of screen columns used to display possible matches - when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less - than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 - will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default + The number of screen columns used to display possible matches + when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less + than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 + will cause matches to be displayed one per line. The default value is -1. ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline performs filename matching and completion in a case-insensitive fashion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--mmaapp--ccaassee ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, readline - treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per- + If set to OOnn, and ccoommpplleettiioonn--iiggnnoorree--ccaassee is enabled, readline + treats hyphens (_-) and underscores (__) as equivalent when per- forming case-insensitive filename matching and completion. ccoommpplleettiioonn--pprreeffiixx--ddiissppllaayy--lleennggtthh ((00)) - The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- - sible completions that is displayed without modification. When - set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than - this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- + The length in characters of the common prefix of a list of pos- + sible completions that is displayed without modification. When + set to a value greater than zero, common prefixes longer than + this value are replaced with an ellipsis when displaying possi- ble completions. ccoommpplleettiioonn--qquueerryy--iitteemmss ((110000)) - This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- - ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- - ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than - or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is + This determines when the user is queried about viewing the num- + ber of possible completions generated by the ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommppllee-- + ttiioonnss command. It may be set to any integer value greater than + or equal to zero. If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to the value of this variable, the user is - asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are + asked whether or not he wishes to view them; otherwise they are simply listed on the terminal. ccoonnvveerrtt--mmeettaa ((OOnn)) - If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth + If set to OOnn, readline will convert characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII key sequence by stripping the eighth bit and - prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the - _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). The default is _O_n, but readline will set it to + prefixing an escape character (in effect, using escape as the + _m_e_t_a _p_r_e_f_i_x). The default is _O_n, but readline will set it to _O_f_f if the locale contains eight-bit characters. ddiissaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonn ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, readline will inhibit word completion. Completion - characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been + characters will be inserted into the line as if they had been mapped to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt. eecchhoo--ccoonnttrrooll--cchhaarraacctteerrss ((OOnn)) - When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support + When set to OOnn, on operating systems that indicate they support it, readline echoes a character corresponding to a signal gener- ated from the keyboard. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee ((eemmaaccss)) Controls whether readline begins with a set of key bindings sim- ilar to _E_m_a_c_s or _v_i. eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee can be set to either eemmaaccss or vvii. + eemmaaccss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((@@)) + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt + when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a + key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes + and backslash escape sequences is available. Use the \1 and \2 + escapes to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, + which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the + mode string. eennaabbllee--bbrraacckkeetteedd--ppaassttee ((OOffff)) When set to OOnn, readline will configure the terminal in a way that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer @@ -3120,14 +3220,6 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE _m_a_n_d, and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d; _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_d_a_r_d. The default value is _e_m_a_c_s; the value of eeddiittiinngg--mmooddee also affects the default keymap. - eemmaaccss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((@@)) - This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the - primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is - expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and - control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. - Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- - printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- - trol sequence into the mode string. kkeeyysseeqq--ttiimmeeoouutt ((550000)) Specifies the duration _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e will wait for a character when reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete @@ -3188,9 +3280,9 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. sshhooww--mmooddee--iinn--pprroommpptt ((OOffff)) - If set to OOnn, add a character to the beginning of the prompt - indicating the editing mode: emacs (@), vi command (:) or vi - insertion (+). + If set to OOnn, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indi- + cating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. + The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_o_d_e_-_s_t_r_i_n_g). sskkiipp--ccoommpplleetteedd--tteexxtt ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, this alters the default completion behavior when inserting a single match into the line. It's only active when @@ -3199,21 +3291,23 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE match characters after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. vvii--ccmmdd--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((ccmmdd)))) - This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the - primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command - mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard - set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences - is available. Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end - sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed - a terminal control sequence into the mode string. + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt + when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value + is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and + control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- + printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- + trol sequence into the mode string. vvii--iinnss--mmooddee--ssttrriinngg ((((iinnss)))) - This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the - primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion - mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard - set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences - is available. Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end - sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to embed - a terminal control sequence into the mode string. + If the _s_h_o_w_-_m_o_d_e_-_i_n_-_p_r_o_m_p_t variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt + when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value + is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and + control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of non- + printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal con- + trol sequence into the mode string. vviissiibbllee--ssttaattss ((OOffff)) If set to OOnn, a character denoting a file's type as reported by _s_t_a_t(2) is appended to the filename when listing possible com- @@ -3227,8 +3321,9 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE $$iiff The $$iiff construct allows bindings to be made based on the edit- ing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using - readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; - no characters are required to isolate it. + readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator, + extends to the end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no + characters are required to isolate it. mmooddee The mmooddee== form of the $$iiff directive is used to test whether readline is in emacs or vi mode. This may be @@ -3245,14 +3340,26 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE first --. This allows _s_u_n to match both _s_u_n and _s_u_n_-_c_m_d, for instance. + vveerrssiioonn + The vveerrssiioonn test may be used to perform comparisons + against specific readline versions. The vveerrssiioonn expands + to the current readline version. The set of comparison + operators includes ==, (and ====), !!==, <<==, >>==, <<, and >>. + The version number supplied on the right side of the + operator consists of a major version number, an optional + decimal point, and an optional minor version (e.g., 77..11). + If the minor version is omitted, it is assumed to be 00. + The operator may be separated from the string vveerrssiioonn and + from the version number argument by whitespace. + aapppplliiccaattiioonn The aapppplliiccaattiioonn construct is used to include application- specific settings. Each program using the readline - library sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization + library sets the _a_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_a_m_e, and an initialization file can test for a particular value. This could be used - to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific - program. For instance, the following command adds a key - sequence that quotes the current or previous word in + to bind key sequences to functions useful for a specific + program. For instance, the following command adds a key + sequence that quotes the current or previous word in bbaasshh: $$iiff Bash @@ -3260,6 +3367,16 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" $$eennddiiff + _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e + The _v_a_r_i_a_b_l_e construct provides simple equality tests for + readline variables and values. The permitted comparison + operators are _=, _=_=, and _!_=. The variable name must be + separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the + operator may be separated from the value on the right + hand side by whitespace. Both string and boolean vari- + ables may be tested. Boolean variables must be tested + against the values _o_n and _o_f_f. + $$eennddiiff This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an $$iiff command. @@ -3335,6 +3452,18 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. + pprreevviioouuss--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired + effect if the current Readline line does not take up more than + one physical line or if point is not greater than the length of + the prompt plus the screen width. + nneexxtt--ssccrreeeenn--lliinnee + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + next physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect + if the current Readline line does not take up more than one + physical line or if the length of the current Readline line is + not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. cclleeaarr--ssccrreeeenn ((CC--ll)) Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without @@ -3382,6 +3511,16 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE Search backward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. + hhiissttoorryy--ssuubbssttrriinngg--sseeaarrcchh--bbaacckkwwaarrdd + Search backward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the current cursor + position (the _p_o_i_n_t). The search string may match anywhere in a + history line. This is a non-incremental search. + hhiissttoorryy--ssuubbssttrriinngg--sseeaarrcchh--ffoorrwwaarrdd + Search forward through the history for the string of characters + between the start of the current line and the point. The search + string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non- + incremental search. yyaannkk--nntthh--aarrgg ((MM--CC--yy)) Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the second word on the previous line) at point. With an argument _n, @@ -3422,64 +3561,65 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE A synonym for yyaannkk--llaasstt--aarrgg. ooppeerraattee--aanndd--ggeett--nneexxtt ((CC--oo)) Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line - relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any - argument is ignored. - eeddiitt--aanndd--eexxeeccuuttee--ccoommmmaanndd ((CC--xxCC--ee)) - Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the - result as shell commands. BBaasshh attempts to invoke $$VVIISSUUAALL, + relative to the current line from the history for editing. A + numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to + use instead of the current line. + eeddiitt--aanndd--eexxeeccuuttee--ccoommmmaanndd ((CC--xx CC--ee)) + Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the + result as shell commands. BBaasshh attempts to invoke $$VVIISSUUAALL, $$EEDDIITTOORR, and _e_m_a_c_s as the editor, in that order. CCoommmmaannddss ffoorr CChhaannggiinngg TTeexxtt _e_n_d_-_o_f_-_f_i_l_e ((uussuuaallllyy CC--dd)) - The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by - ``stty''. If this character is read when there are no charac- - ters on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, + The character indicating end-of-file as set, for example, by + ``stty''. If this character is read when there are no charac- + ters on the line, and point is at the beginning of the line, Readline interprets it as the end of input and returns EEOOFF. ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((CC--dd)) Delete the character at point. If this function is bound to the same character as the tty EEOOFF character, as CC--dd commonly is, see above for the effects. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr ((RRuubboouutt)) - Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric + Delete the character behind the cursor. When given a numeric argument, save the deleted text on the kill ring. ffoorrwwaarrdd--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr - Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at + Delete the character under the cursor, unless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the character behind the cur- sor is deleted. qquuootteedd--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--qq,, CC--vv)) - Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how + Add the next character typed to the line verbatim. This is how to insert characters like CC--qq, for example. ttaabb--iinnsseerrtt ((CC--vv TTAABB)) Insert a tab character. sseellff--iinnsseerrtt ((aa,, bb,, AA,, 11,, !!,, ......)) Insert the character typed. ttrraannssppoossee--cchhaarrss ((CC--tt)) - Drag the character before point forward over the character at - point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of - the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. + Drag the character before point forward over the character at + point, moving point forward as well. If point is at the end of + the line, then this transposes the two characters before point. Negative arguments have no effect. ttrraannssppoossee--wwoorrddss ((MM--tt)) - Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving - point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the + Drag the word before point past the word after point, moving + point over that word as well. If point is at the end of the line, this transposes the last two words on the line. uuppccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--uu)) - Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, uppercase the previous word, but do not move point. ddoowwnnccaassee--wwoorrdd ((MM--ll)) - Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative + Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, lowercase the previous word, but do not move point. ccaappiittaalliizzee--wwoorrdd ((MM--cc)) - Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative + Capitalize the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, capitalize the previous word, but do not move point. oovveerrwwrriittee--mmooddee - Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu- + Toggle overwrite mode. With an explicit positive numeric argu- ment, switches to overwrite mode. With an explicit non-positive numeric argument, switches to insert mode. This command affects - only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently. Each call + only eemmaaccss mode; vvii mode does overwrite differently. Each call to _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_(_) starts in insert mode. In overwrite mode, charac- - ters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the text at point rather than - pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to bbaacckk-- - wwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character before point with a + ters bound to sseellff--iinnsseerrtt replace the text at point rather than + pushing the text to the right. Characters bound to bbaacckk-- + wwaarrdd--ddeelleettee--cchhaarr replace the character before point with a space. By default, this command is unbound. KKiilllliinngg aanndd YYaannkkiinngg @@ -3488,31 +3628,31 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--lliinnee ((CC--xx RRuubboouutt)) Kill backward to the beginning of the line. uunniixx--lliinnee--ddiissccaarrdd ((CC--uu)) - Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The + Kill backward from point to the beginning of the line. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. kkiillll--wwhhoollee--lliinnee - Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point + Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is. kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--dd)) - Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between - words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd ((MM--RRuubboouutt)) - Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. sshheellll--kkiillll--wwoorrdd - Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between - words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the + Kill from point to the end of the current word, or if between + words, to the end of the next word. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--kkiillll--wwoorrdd - Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as + Kill the word behind point. Word boundaries are the same as those used by sshheellll--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. uunniixx--wwoorrdd--rruubboouutt ((CC--ww)) - Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- + Kill the word behind point, using white space as a word bound- ary. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. uunniixx--ffiilleennaammee--rruubboouutt - Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash - character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on + Kill the word behind point, using white space and the slash + character as the word boundaries. The killed text is saved on the kill-ring. ddeelleettee--hhoorriizzoonnttaall--ssppaaccee ((MM--\\)) Delete all spaces and tabs around point. @@ -3521,65 +3661,65 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE ccooppyy--rreeggiioonn--aass--kkiillll Copy the text in the region to the kill buffer. ccooppyy--bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound- + Copy the word before point to the kill buffer. The word bound- aries are the same as bbaacckkwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. ccooppyy--ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd - Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word + Copy the word following point to the kill buffer. The word boundaries are the same as ffoorrwwaarrdd--wwoorrdd. yyaannkk ((CC--yy)) Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point. yyaannkk--ppoopp ((MM--yy)) - Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow- + Rotate the kill ring, and yank the new top. Only works follow- ing yyaannkk or yyaannkk--ppoopp. NNuummeerriicc AArrgguummeennttss ddiiggiitt--aarrgguummeenntt ((MM--00,, MM--11,, ......,, MM----)) - Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a + Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new argument. M-- starts a negative argument. uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt - This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is - followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus - sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol- - lowed by digits, executing uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt again ends the - numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, - if this command is immediately followed by a character that is - neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next - command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially - one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu- + This is another way to specify an argument. If this command is + followed by one or more digits, optionally with a leading minus + sign, those digits define the argument. If the command is fol- + lowed by digits, executing uunniivveerrssaall--aarrgguummeenntt again ends the + numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored. As a special case, + if this command is immediately followed by a character that is + neither a digit nor minus sign, the argument count for the next + command is multiplied by four. The argument count is initially + one, so executing this function the first time makes the argu- ment count four, a second time makes the argument count sixteen, and so on. CCoommpplleettiinngg ccoommpplleettee ((TTAABB)) - Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. BBaasshh + Attempt to perform completion on the text before point. BBaasshh attempts completion treating the text as a variable (if the text - begins with $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname - (if the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases and + begins with $$), username (if the text begins with ~~), hostname + (if the text begins with @@), or command (including aliases and functions) in turn. If none of these produces a match, filename completion is attempted. ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--??)) List the possible completions of the text before point. iinnsseerrtt--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((MM--**)) - Insert all completions of the text before point that would have + Insert all completions of the text before point that would have been generated by ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee - Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with - a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated - execution of mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible - completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the + Similar to ccoommpplleettee, but replaces the word to be completed with + a single match from the list of possible completions. Repeated + execution of mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee steps through the list of possible + completions, inserting each match in turn. At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee) and the original text is restored. An argument of _n - moves _n positions forward in the list of matches; a negative - argument may be used to move backward through the list. This - command is intended to be bound to TTAABB, but is unbound by + moves _n positions forward in the list of matches; a negative + argument may be used to move backward through the list. This + command is intended to be bound to TTAABB, but is unbound by default. mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee--bbaacckkwwaarrdd - Identical to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list - of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a + Identical to mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee, but moves backward through the list + of possible completions, as if mmeennuu--ccoommpplleettee had been given a negative argument. This command is unbound by default. ddeelleettee--cchhaarr--oorr--lliisstt - Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning - or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). If at the end of the + Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the beginning + or end of the line (like ddeelleettee--cchhaarr). If at the end of the line, behaves identically to ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss. This command is unbound by default. ccoommpplleettee--ffiilleennaammee ((MM--//)) @@ -3588,68 +3728,69 @@ RREEAADDLLIINNEE List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a filename. ccoommpplleettee--uusseerrnnaammee ((MM--~~)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a username. ppoossssiibbllee--uusseerrnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx ~~)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a username. ccoommpplleettee--vvaarriiaabbllee ((MM--$$)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. ppoossssiibbllee--vvaarriiaabbllee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx $$)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a shell variable. ccoommpplleettee--hhoossttnnaammee ((MM--@@)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a hostname. ppoossssiibbllee--hhoossttnnaammee--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx @@)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a hostname. ccoommpplleettee--ccoommmmaanndd ((MM--!!)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a - command name. Command completion attempts to match the text - against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell + Attempt completion on the text before point, treating it as a + command name. Command completion attempts to match the text + against aliases, reserved words, shell functions, shell builtins, and finally executable filenames, in that order. ppoossssiibbllee--ccoommmmaanndd--ccoommpplleettiioonnss ((CC--xx !!)) List the possible completions of the text before point, treating it as a command name. ddyynnaammiicc--ccoommpplleettee--hhiissttoorryy ((MM--TTAABB)) - Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text - against lines from the history list for possible completion + Attempt completion on the text before point, comparing the text + against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. ddaabbbbrreevv--eexxppaanndd - Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the + Attempt menu completion on the text before point, comparing the text against lines from the history list for possible completion matches. ccoommpplleettee--iinnttoo--bbrraacceess ((MM--{{)) Perform filename completion and insert the list of possible com- - pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the + pletions enclosed within braces so the list is available to the shell (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). KKeeyybbooaarrdd MMaaccrrooss ssttaarrtt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx (()) - Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard + Begin saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro. eenndd--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx )))) Stop saving the characters typed into the current keyboard macro and store the definition. ccaallll--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo ((CC--xx ee)) - Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char- + Re-execute the last keyboard macro defined, by making the char- acters in the macro appear as if typed at the keyboard. pprriinntt--llaasstt--kkbbdd--mmaaccrroo (()) - Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for + Print the last keyboard macro defined in a format suitable for the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file. MMiisscceellllaanneeoouuss rree--rreeaadd--iinniitt--ffiillee ((CC--xx CC--rr)) - Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any + Read in the contents of the _i_n_p_u_t_r_c file, and incorporate any bindings or variable assignments found there. aabboorrtt ((CC--gg)) - Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell + Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of bbeellll--ssttyyllee). - ddoo--uuppppeerrccaassee--vveerrssiioonn ((MM--aa,, MM--bb,, MM--_x,, ......)) - If the metafied character _x is lowercase, run the command that - is bound to the corresponding uppercase character. + ddoo--lloowweerrccaassee--vveerrssiioonn ((MM--AA,, MM--BB,, MM--_x,, ......)) + If the metafied character _x is uppercase, run the command that + is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character. The + behavior is undefined if _x is already lowercase. pprreeffiixx--mmeettaa ((EESSCC)) Metafy the next character typed. EESSCC ff is equivalent to MMeettaa--ff. uunnddoo ((CC--__,, CC--xx CC--uu)) @@ -3871,8 +4012,8 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY SSIIZZEE is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character fol- - lowed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the pre- - ceding history line. These timestamps are optionally displayed depend- + lowed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the fol- + lowing history line. These timestamps are optionally displayed depend- ing on the value of the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable. When a shell with history enabled exits, the last $$HHIISSTTSSIIZZEE lines are copied from the history list to $$HHIISSTTFFIILLEE. If the hhiissttaappppeenndd shell option is enabled @@ -3908,7 +4049,7 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the - history expansion in ccsshh.. This section describes what syntax features + history expansion in ccsshh. This section describes what syntax features are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be disabled using the ++HH option to the sseett builtin com- mand (see SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS below). Non-interactive shells do not @@ -3920,96 +4061,97 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN commands quickly. History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is - read, before the shell breaks it into words. It takes place in two - parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list to - use during substitution. The second is to select portions of that line - for inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history - is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of that line that are acted upon are - _w_o_r_d_s. Various _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are available to manipulate the selected - words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion as when read- - ing input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r-separated words surrounded by - quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by - the appearance of the history expansion character, which is !! by - default. Only backslash (\\) and single quotes can quote the history - expansion character, but the history expansion character is also - treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote - in a double-quoted string. - - Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- - lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, - tab, newline, carriage return, and ==. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is + read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each + line individually without taking quoting on previous lines into + account. It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which + line from the history list to use during substitution. The second is + to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one. + The line selected from the history is the _e_v_e_n_t, and the portions of + that line that are acted upon are _w_o_r_d_s. Various _m_o_d_i_f_i_e_r_s are avail- + able to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words + in the same fashion as when reading input, so that several _m_e_t_a_c_h_a_r_a_c_- + _t_e_r-separated words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. His- + tory expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expan- + sion character, which is !! by default. Only backslash (\\) and single + quotes can quote the history expansion character, but the history + expansion character is also treated as quoted if it immediately pre- + cedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted string. + + Several characters inhibit history expansion if found immediately fol- + lowing the history expansion character, even if it is unquoted: space, + tab, newline, carriage return, and ==. If the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled, (( will also inhibit expansion. - Several shell options settable with the sshhoopptt builtin may be used to - tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the hhiissttvveerriiffyy shell + Several shell options settable with the sshhoopptt builtin may be used to + tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the hhiissttvveerriiffyy shell option is enabled (see the description of the sshhoopptt builtin below), and - rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, history substitutions are not immediately - passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded + rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, history substitutions are not immediately + passed to the shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer for further modification. If rreeaaddlliinnee - is being used, and the hhiissttrreeeeddiitt shell option is enabled, a failed - history substitution will be reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer - for correction. The --pp option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command may be - used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The --ss + is being used, and the hhiissttrreeeeddiitt shell option is enabled, a failed + history substitution will be reloaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer + for correction. The --pp option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin command may be + used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The --ss option to the hhiissttoorryy builtin may be used to add commands to the end of - the history list without actually executing them, so that they are + the history list without actually executing them, so that they are available for subsequent recall. - The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history + The shell allows control of the various characters used by the history expansion mechanism (see the description of hhiissttcchhaarrss above under SShheellll - VVaarriiaabblleess). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his- + VVaarriiaabblleess). The shell uses the history comment character to mark his- tory timestamps when writing the history file. EEvveenntt DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss - An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his- - tory list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to + An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the his- + tory list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current position in the history list. - !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk, - newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the eexxttgglloobb shell option + !! Start a history substitution, except when followed by a bbllaannkk, + newline, carriage return, = or ( (when the eexxttgglloobb shell option is enabled using the sshhoopptt builtin). !!_n Refer to command line _n. !!--_n Refer to the current command minus _n. !!!! Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'. !!_s_t_r_i_n_g - Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the history list starting with _s_t_r_i_n_g. !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] - Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position - in the history list containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trailing ?? may be + Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position + in the history list containing _s_t_r_i_n_g. The trailing ?? may be omitted if _s_t_r_i_n_g is followed immediately by a newline. ^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_1^^_s_t_r_i_n_g_2^^ - Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing - _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to ``!!:s/_s_t_r_i_n_g_1/_s_t_r_i_n_g_2/'' + Quick substitution. Repeat the previous command, replacing + _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Equivalent to ``!!:s/_s_t_r_i_n_g_1/_s_t_r_i_n_g_2/'' (see MMooddiiffiieerrss below). !!## The entire command line typed so far. WWoorrdd DDeessiiggnnaattoorrss - Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :: - separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be - omitted if the word designator begins with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words - are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being - denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa- + Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A :: + separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be + omitted if the word designator begins with a ^^, $$, **, --, or %%. Words + are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being + denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line sepa- rated by single spaces. 00 ((zzeerroo)) The zeroth word. For the shell, this is the command word. _n The _nth word. ^^ The first argument. That is, word 1. - $$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will + $$ The last word. This is usually the last argument, but will expand to the zeroth word if there is only one word in the line. %% The word matched by the most recent `?_s_t_r_i_n_g?' search. _x--_y A range of words; `-_y' abbreviates `0-_y'. - ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'. - It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the + ** All of the words but the zeroth. This is a synonym for `_1_-_$'. + It is not an error to use ** if there is just one word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case. xx** Abbreviates _x_-_$. xx-- Abbreviates _x_-_$ like xx**, but omits the last word. - If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the + If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the previous command is used as the event. MMooddiiffiieerrss - After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one + After the optional word designator, there may appear a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. hh Remove a trailing filename component, leaving only the head. @@ -4018,80 +4160,80 @@ HHIISSTTOORRYY EEXXPPAANNSSIIOONN ee Remove all but the trailing suffix. pp Print the new command but do not execute it. qq Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions. - xx Quote the substituted words as with qq, but break into words at + xx Quote the substituted words as with qq, but break into words at bbllaannkkss and newlines. ss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w// - Substitute _n_e_w for the first occurrence of _o_l_d in the event - line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The final - delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event - line. The delimiter may be quoted in _o_l_d and _n_e_w with a single - backslash. If & appears in _n_e_w, it is replaced by _o_l_d. A sin- - gle backslash will quote the &. If _o_l_d is null, it is set to - the last _o_l_d substituted, or, if no previous history substitu- + Substitute _n_e_w for the first occurrence of _o_l_d in the event + line. Any delimiter can be used in place of /. The final + delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event + line. The delimiter may be quoted in _o_l_d and _n_e_w with a single + backslash. If & appears in _n_e_w, it is replaced by _o_l_d. A sin- + gle backslash will quote the &. If _o_l_d is null, it is set to + the last _o_l_d substituted, or, if no previous history substitu- tions took place, the last _s_t_r_i_n_g in a !!??_s_t_r_i_n_g[[??]] search. && Repeat the previous substitution. gg Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. This is - used in conjunction with `::ss' (e.g., `::ggss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//') or `::&&'. - If used with `::ss', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and - the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of + used in conjunction with `::ss' (e.g., `::ggss//_o_l_d//_n_e_w//') or `::&&'. + If used with `::ss', any delimiter can be used in place of /, and + the final delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the event line. An aa may be used as a synonym for gg. - GG Apply the following `ss' modifier once to each word in the event + GG Apply the following `ss' modifier once to each word in the event line. SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as accepting options preceded by -- accepts ---- to signify the end of the - options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt builtins do not accept options - and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn-- - ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning - with -- without requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but - are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning - with -- as invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpreta- + options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt/[[ builtins do not accept options + and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn-- + ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning + with -- without requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but + are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning + with -- as invalid options and require ---- to prevent this interpreta- tion. :: [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s + No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s and performing any specified redirections. The return status is zero. .. _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] ssoouurrccee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell - environment and return the exit status of the last command exe- - cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, - filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing + Read and execute commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e in the current shell + environment and return the exit status of the last command exe- + cuted from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e does not contain a slash, + filenames in PPAATTHH are used to find the directory containing _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e. The file searched for in PPAATTHH need not be executable. - When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is - searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option - to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not - searched. If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the posi- - tional parameters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the - positional parameters are unchanged. If the --TT option is - enabled, ssoouurrccee inherits any trap on DDEEBBUUGG; if it is not, any - DDEEBBUUGG trap string is saved and restored around the call to - ssoouurrccee, and ssoouurrccee unsets the DDEEBBUUGG trap while it executes. If - --TT is not set, and the sourced file changes the DDEEBBUUGG trap, the - new value is retained when ssoouurrccee completes. The return status + When bbaasshh is not in _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e, the current directory is + searched if no file is found in PPAATTHH. If the ssoouurrcceeppaatthh option + to the sshhoopptt builtin command is turned off, the PPAATTHH is not + searched. If any _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s are supplied, they become the posi- + tional parameters when _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is executed. Otherwise the + positional parameters are unchanged. If the --TT option is + enabled, ssoouurrccee inherits any trap on DDEEBBUUGG; if it is not, any + DDEEBBUUGG trap string is saved and restored around the call to + ssoouurrccee, and ssoouurrccee unsets the DDEEBBUUGG trap while it executes. If + --TT is not set, and the sourced file changes the DDEEBBUUGG trap, the + new value is retained when ssoouurrccee completes. The return status is the status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no commands are executed), and false if _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is not found or cannot be read. aalliiaass [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] AAlliiaass with no arguments or with the --pp option prints the list of - aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When - arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose - _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word + aliases in the form aalliiaass _n_a_m_e=_v_a_l_u_e on standard output. When + arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each _n_a_m_e whose + _v_a_l_u_e is given. A trailing space in _v_a_l_u_e causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. - For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup- - plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass - returns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has been + For each _n_a_m_e in the argument list for which no _v_a_l_u_e is sup- + plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. AAlliiaass + returns true unless a _n_a_m_e is given for which no alias has been defined. bbgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ...] - Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it + Resume each suspended job _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the background, as if it had been started with &&. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's - notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless - run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control - enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started + notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. bbgg _j_o_b_s_p_e_c returns 0 unless + run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control + enabled, any specified _j_o_b_s_p_e_c was not found or was started without job control. bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] [--llppssvvPPSSVVXX] @@ -4100,29 +4242,29 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q:_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e bbiinndd [--mm _k_e_y_m_a_p] _k_e_y_s_e_q:_r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d - Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key - sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee - variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would - appear in _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but each binding or command must be passed - as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. + Display current rreeaaddlliinnee key and function bindings, bind a key + sequence to a rreeaaddlliinnee function or macro, or set a rreeaaddlliinnee + variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would + appear in _._i_n_p_u_t_r_c, but each binding or command must be passed + as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --mm _k_e_y_m_a_p Use _k_e_y_m_a_p as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent bindings. Acceptable _k_e_y_m_a_p names are _e_m_a_c_s_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- - _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, - and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e - is also a synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- + _d_a_r_d_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_m_e_t_a_, _e_m_a_c_s_-_c_t_l_x_, _v_i_, _v_i_-_m_o_v_e_, _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d, + and _v_i_-_i_n_s_e_r_t. _v_i is equivalent to _v_i_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d (_v_i_-_m_o_v_e + is also a synonym); _e_m_a_c_s is equivalent to _e_m_a_c_s_-_s_t_a_n_- _d_a_r_d. --ll List the names of all rreeaaddlliinnee functions. - --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a + --pp Display rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings in such a way that they can be re-read. --PP List current rreeaaddlliinnee function names and bindings. - --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the - strings they output in such a way that they can be re- + --ss Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + strings they output in such a way that they can be re- read. - --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the + --SS Display rreeaaddlliinnee key sequences bound to macros and the strings they output. - --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way + --vv Display rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values in such a way that they can be re-read. --VV List current rreeaaddlliinnee variable names and values. --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e @@ -4134,174 +4276,174 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --rr _k_e_y_s_e_q Remove any current binding for _k_e_y_s_e_q. --xx _k_e_y_s_e_q::_s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d - Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is - entered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets - the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd-- - lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT variable to the + Cause _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed whenever _k_e_y_s_e_q is + entered. When _s_h_e_l_l_-_c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed, the shell sets + the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE variable to the contents of the rreeaadd-- + lliinnee line buffer and the RREEAADDLLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT variable to the current location of the insertion point. If the executed - command changes the value of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE or RREEAADD-- - LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will be reflected in the + command changes the value of RREEAADDLLIINNEE__LLIINNEE or RREEAADD-- + LLIINNEE__PPOOIINNTT, those new values will be reflected in the editing state. - --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the - associated commands in a format that can be reused as + --XX List all key sequences bound to shell commands and the + associated commands in a format that can be reused as input. - The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or + The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurred. bbrreeaakk [_n] - Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is - specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater - than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are - exited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or + Exit from within a ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or sseelleecctt loop. If _n is + specified, break _n levels. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater + than the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are + exited. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or equal to 1. bbuuiillttiinn _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and + Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s, and return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function - whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- + whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func- tionality of the builtin within the function. The ccdd builtin is - commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if + commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if _s_h_e_l_l_-_b_u_i_l_t_i_n is not a shell builtin command. ccaalllleerr [_e_x_p_r] Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func- tion or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins). With- out _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number and source filename of - the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- + the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup- plied as _e_x_p_r, ccaalllleerr displays the line number, subroutine name, - and source file corresponding to that position in the current - execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for - example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. - The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- - routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in + and source file corresponding to that position in the current + execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for + example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0. + The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub- + routine call or _e_x_p_r does not correspond to a valid position in the call stack. ccdd [--LL|[--PP [--ee]] [-@]] [_d_i_r] - Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, - the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. Any addi- + Change the current directory to _d_i_r. if _d_i_r is not supplied, + the value of the HHOOMMEE shell variable is the default. Any addi- tional arguments following _d_i_r are ignored. The variable CCDDPPAATTHH - defines the search path for the directory containing _d_i_r: each - directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alternative - directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null - directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, + defines the search path for the directory containing _d_i_r: each + directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is searched for _d_i_r. Alternative + directory names in CCDDPPAATTHH are separated by a colon (:). A null + directory name in CCDDPPAATTHH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ``..''. If _d_i_r begins with a slash (/), then CCDDPPAATTHH is not - used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical directory - structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing _d_i_r and + used. The --PP option causes ccdd to use the physical directory + structure by resolving symbolic links while traversing _d_i_r and before processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r (see also the --PP option to the sseett builtin command); the --LL option forces symbolic links - to be followed by resolving the link after processing instances + to be followed by resolving the link after processing instances of _._. in _d_i_r. If _._. appears in _d_i_r, it is processed by removing - the immediately previous pathname component from _d_i_r, back to a - slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee option is supplied - with --PP, and the current working directory cannot be success- - fully determined after a successful directory change, ccdd will - return an unsuccessful status. On systems that support it, the - --@@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a - file as a directory. An argument of -- is converted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD + the immediately previous pathname component from _d_i_r, back to a + slash or the beginning of _d_i_r. If the --ee option is supplied + with --PP, and the current working directory cannot be success- + fully determined after a successful directory change, ccdd will + return an unsuccessful status. On systems that support it, the + --@@ option presents the extended attributes associated with a + file as a directory. An argument of -- is converted to $$OOLLDDPPWWDD before the directory change is attempted. If a non-empty direc- - tory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argument, + tory name from CCDDPPAATTHH is used, or if -- is the first argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute pathname of - the new working directory is written to the standard output. - The return value is true if the directory was successfully + the new working directory is written to the standard output. + The return value is true if the directory was successfully changed; false otherwise. ccoommmmaanndd [--ppVVvv] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g ...] - Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function + Run _c_o_m_m_a_n_d with _a_r_g_s suppressing the normal shell function lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PPAATTHH are - executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is - performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to - find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv + executed. If the --pp option is given, the search for _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is + performed using a default value for PPAATTHH that is guaranteed to + find all of the standard utilities. If either the --VV or --vv option is supplied, a description of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is printed. The --vv - option causes a single word indicating the command or filename + option causes a single word indicating the command or filename used to invoke _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be displayed; the --VV option produces a - more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, - the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If + more verbose description. If the --VV or --vv option is supplied, + the exit status is 0 if _c_o_m_m_a_n_d was found, and 1 if not. If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- - not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- + not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta- tus of the ccoommmmaanndd builtin is the exit status of _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. ccoommppggeenn [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_w_o_r_d] - Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the - _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee - builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches - to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the - various shell variables set by the programmable completion + Generate possible completion matches for _w_o_r_d according to the + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, which may be any option accepted by the ccoommpplleettee + builtin with the exception of --pp and --rr, and write the matches + to the standard output. When using the --FF or --CC options, the + various shell variables set by the programmable completion facilities, while available, will not have useful values. The matches will be generated in the same way as if the program- mable completion code had generated them directly from a comple- - tion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is specified, + tion specification with the same flags. If _w_o_r_d is specified, only those completions matching _w_o_r_d will be displayed. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, or no matches were generated. - ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- + ccoommpplleettee [--aabbccddeeffggjjkkssuuvv] [--oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [--AA _a_c_t_i_o_n] [--GG _g_l_o_b_- _p_a_t] [--WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t] [--FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n] [--CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d] [--XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t] [--PP _p_r_e_f_i_x] [--SS _s_u_f_f_i_x] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e _._._.] ccoommpplleettee --pprr [--DDEE] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the - --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing - completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them + Specify how arguments to each _n_a_m_e should be completed. If the + --pp option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing + completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. The --rr option removes a completion spec- - ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- + ification for each _n_a_m_e, or, if no _n_a_m_es are supplied, all com- pletion specifications. The --DD option indicates that the - remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default'' - command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command - for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE - option indicates that the remaining options and actions should - apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion + remaining options and actions should apply to the ``default'' + command completion; that is, completion attempted on a command + for which no completion has previously been defined. The --EE + option indicates that the remaining options and actions should + apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. - The process of applying these completion specifications when - word completion is attempted is described above under PPrrooggrraamm-- + The process of applying these completion specifications when + word completion is attempted is described above under PPrrooggrraamm-- mmaabbllee CCoommpplleettiioonn. - Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The - arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the - --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- + Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The + arguments to the --GG, --WW, and --XX options (and, if necessary, the + --PP and --SS options) should be quoted to protect them from expan- sion before the ccoommpplleettee builtin is invoked. --oo _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n - The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- - spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- + The _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n controls several aspects of the comp- + spec's behavior beyond the simple generation of comple- tions. _c_o_m_p_-_o_p_t_i_o_n may be one of: bbaasshhddeeffaauulltt Perform the rest of the default bbaasshh completions if the compspec generates no matches. - ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if + ddeeffaauulltt Use readline's default filename completion if the compspec generates no matches. ddiirrnnaammeess - Perform directory name completion if the comp- + Perform directory name completion if the comp- spec generates no matches. ffiilleennaammeess - Tell readline that the compspec generates file- - names, so it can perform any filename-specific - processing (like adding a slash to directory - names, quoting special characters, or suppress- - ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with + Tell readline that the compspec generates file- + names, so it can perform any filename-specific + processing (like adding a slash to directory + names, quoting special characters, or suppress- + ing trailing spaces). Intended to be used with shell functions. - nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the completed words - if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the + nnooqquuoottee Tell readline not to quote the completed words + if they are filenames (quoting filenames is the default). - nnoossoorrtt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible + nnoossoorrtt Tell readline not to sort the list of possible completions alphabetically. - nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the - default) to words completed at the end of the + nnoossppaaccee Tell readline not to append a space (the + default) to words completed at the end of the line. pplluussddiirrss - After any matches defined by the compspec are - generated, directory name completion is - attempted and any matches are added to the + After any matches defined by the compspec are + generated, directory name completion is + attempted and any matches are added to the results of the other actions. --AA _a_c_t_i_o_n - The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a + The _a_c_t_i_o_n may be one of the following to generate a list of possible completions: aalliiaass Alias names. May also be specified as --aa. aarrrraayyvvaarr Array variable names. bbiinnddiinngg RReeaaddlliinnee key binding names. - bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be + bbuuiillttiinn Names of shell builtin commands. May also be specified as --bb. ccoommmmaanndd Command names. May also be specified as --cc. ddiirreeccttoorryy @@ -4309,7 +4451,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ddiissaabblleedd Names of disabled shell builtins. eennaabblleedd Names of enabled shell builtins. - eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be + eexxppoorrtt Names of exported shell variables. May also be specified as --ee. ffiillee File names. May also be specified as --ff. ffuunnccttiioonn @@ -4318,17 +4460,17 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hheellppttooppiicc Help topics as accepted by the hheellpp builtin. hhoossttnnaammee - Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by + Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by the HHOOSSTTFFIILLEE shell variable. - jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also + jjoobb Job names, if job control is active. May also be specified as --jj. - kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as + kkeeyywwoorrdd Shell reserved words. May also be specified as --kk. rruunnnniinngg Names of running jobs, if job control is active. sseerrvviiccee Service names. May also be specified as --ss. - sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett + sseettoopptt Valid arguments for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt + sshhoopptt Shell option names as accepted by the sshhoopptt builtin. ssiiggnnaall Signal names. ssttooppppeedd Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active. @@ -4337,188 +4479,190 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Names of all shell variables. May also be spec- ified as --vv. --CC _c_o_m_m_a_n_d - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is executed in a subshell environment, and its output is used as the possible completions. --FF _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n - The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current - shell environment. When the function is executed, the - first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose - arguments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) + The shell function _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is executed in the current + shell environment. When the function is executed, the + first argument ($$11) is the name of the command whose + arguments are being completed, the second argument ($$22) is the word being completed, and the third argument ($$33) - is the word preceding the word being completed on the - current command line. When it finishes, the possible - completions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREE-- + is the word preceding the word being completed on the + current command line. When it finishes, the possible + completions are retrieved from the value of the CCOOMMPPRREE-- PPLLYY array variable. --GG _g_l_o_b_p_a_t - The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to + The pathname expansion pattern _g_l_o_b_p_a_t is expanded to generate the possible completions. --PP _p_r_e_f_i_x - _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- + _p_r_e_f_i_x is added at the beginning of each possible com- pletion after all other options have been applied. --SS _s_u_f_f_i_x _s_u_f_f_i_x is appended to each possible completion after all other options have been applied. --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t - The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS - special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word - is expanded. The possible completions are the members - of the resultant list which match the word being com- - pleted. + The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS + special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word + is expanded. Shell quoting is honored within _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t, + in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain + shell metacharacters or characters in the value of IIFFSS. + The possible completions are the members of the resul- + tant list which match the word being completed. --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t - _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. + _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. It is applied to the list of possible completions gener- - ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each - completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. - A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this + ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each + completion matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed from the list. + A leading !! in _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t negates the pattern; in this case, any completion not matching _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is removed. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, - an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu- - ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + an option other than --pp or --rr is supplied without a _n_a_m_e argu- + ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification for a _n_a_m_e for which no specification exists, or an error occurs adding a completion specification. ccoommppoopptt [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [--DDEE] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e] Modify completion options for each _n_a_m_e according to the - _o_p_t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _n_a_m_es - are supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion - options for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible - values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin - described above. The --DD option indicates that the remaining + _o_p_t_i_o_ns, or for the currently-executing completion if no _n_a_m_es + are supplied. If no _o_p_t_i_o_ns are given, display the completion + options for each _n_a_m_e or the current completion. The possible + values of _o_p_t_i_o_n are those valid for the ccoommpplleettee builtin + described above. The --DD option indicates that the remaining options should apply to the ``default'' command completion; that - is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion - has previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that the - remaining options should apply to ``empty'' command completion; + is, completion attempted on a command for which no completion + has previously been defined. The --EE option indicates that the + remaining options should apply to ``empty'' command completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line. - The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, + The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the options for a _n_a_m_e for which no completion specification exists, or an output error occurs. ccoonnttiinnuuee [_n] Resume the next iteration of the enclosing ffoorr, wwhhiillee, uunnttiill, or - sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing - loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of - enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' + sseelleecctt loop. If _n is specified, resume at the _nth enclosing + loop. _n must be >= 1. If _n is greater than the number of + enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ``top-level'' loop) is resumed. The return value is 0 unless _n is not greater than or equal to 1. ddeeccllaarree [--aaAAffFFggiillnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] ttyyppeesseett [--aaAAffFFggiillnnrrttuuxx] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ...] - Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are - given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will + Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no _n_a_m_es are + given then display the values of variables. The --pp option will display the attributes and values of each _n_a_m_e. When --pp is used - with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options, other than --ff and --FF, - are ignored. When --pp is supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it - will display the attributes and values of all variables having + with _n_a_m_e arguments, additional options, other than --ff and --FF, + are ignored. When --pp is supplied without _n_a_m_e arguments, it + will display the attributes and values of all variables having the attributes specified by the additional options. If no other - options are supplied with --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the - attributes and values of all shell variables. The --ff option - will restrict the display to shell functions. The --FF option - inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function - name and attributes are printed. If the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option - is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number + options are supplied with --pp, ddeeccllaarree will display the + attributes and values of all shell variables. The --ff option + will restrict the display to shell functions. The --FF option + inhibits the display of function definitions; only the function + name and attributes are printed. If the eexxttddeebbuugg shell option + is enabled using sshhoopptt, the source file name and line number where each _n_a_m_e is defined are displayed as well. The --FF option - implies --ff. The --gg option forces variables to be created or + implies --ff. The --gg option forces variables to be created or modified at the global scope, even when ddeeccllaarree is executed in a - shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The follow- + shell function. It is ignored in all other cases. The follow- ing options can be used to restrict output to variables with the specified attribute or to give variables attributes: - --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss + --aa Each _n_a_m_e is an indexed array variable (see AArrrraayyss above). - --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss + --AA Each _n_a_m_e is an associative array variable (see AArrrraayyss above). --ff Use function names only. --ii The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua- - tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed when + tion (see AARRIITTHHMMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above) is performed when the variable is assigned a value. - --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case - characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case + --ll When the variable is assigned a value, all upper-case + characters are converted to lower-case. The upper-case attribute is disabled. - --nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name - reference to another variable. That other variable is - defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references, assign- - ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those - using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed - on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value. The nameref + --nn Give each _n_a_m_e the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, making it a name + reference to another variable. That other variable is + defined by the value of _n_a_m_e. All references, assign- + ments, and attribute modifications to _n_a_m_e, except those + using or changing the --nn attribute itself, are performed + on the variable referenced by _n_a_m_e's value. The nameref attribute cannot be applied to array variables. --rr Make _n_a_m_es readonly. These names cannot then be assigned values by subsequent assignment statements or unset. - --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions - inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling - shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for + --tt Give each _n_a_m_e the _t_r_a_c_e attribute. Traced functions + inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps from the calling + shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for variables. - --uu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case - characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case + --uu When the variable is assigned a value, all lower-case + characters are converted to upper-case. The lower-case attribute is disabled. - --xx Mark _n_a_m_es for export to subsequent commands via the + --xx Mark _n_a_m_es for export to subsequent commands via the environment. - Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with + Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the attribute instead, with the exceptions that ++aa may not be used to destroy an array vari- - able and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When used + able and ++rr will not remove the readonly attribute. When used in a function, ddeeccllaarree and ttyyppeesseett make each _n_a_m_e local, as with the llooccaall command, unless the --gg option is supplied. If a vari- - able name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the variable is - set to _v_a_l_u_e. When using --aa or --AA and the compound assignment - syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do not + able name is followed by =_v_a_l_u_e, the value of the variable is + set to _v_a_l_u_e. When using --aa or --AA and the compound assignment + syntax to create array variables, additional attributes do not take effect until subsequent assignments. The return value is 0 - unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to - define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to - assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to - assign a value to an array variable without using the compound - assignment syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a - valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read- - only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn + unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to + define a function using ``-f foo=bar'', an attempt is made to + assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to + assign a value to an array variable without using the compound + assignment syntax (see AArrrraayyss above), one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a + valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read- + only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to display a non-existent function with --ff. ddiirrss [[--ccllppvv]] [[++_n]] [[--_n]] - Without options, displays the list of currently remembered - directories. The default display is on a single line with - directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to - the list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes - entries from the list. The current directory is always the + Without options, displays the list of currently remembered + directories. The default display is on a single line with + directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to + the list with the ppuusshhdd command; the ppooppdd command removes + entries from the list. The current directory is always the first directory in the stack. --cc Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries. - --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default + --ll Produces a listing using full pathnames; the default listing format uses a tilde to denote the home directory. --pp Print the directory stack with one entry per line. - --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- + --vv Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre- fixing each entry with its index in the stack. ++_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with zero. - --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the + --_n Displays the _nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss when invoked without options, starting with zero. - The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n + The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or _n indexes beyond the end of the directory stack. ddiissoowwnn [--aarr] [--hh] [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c ... | _p_i_d ... ] - Without options, remove each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the table of active - jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr - option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If the --hh option - is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the table, but is - marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the shell - receives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option - means to remove or mark all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_- - _s_p_e_c argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return + Without options, remove each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c from the table of active + jobs. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, and neither the --aa nor the --rr + option is supplied, the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b is used. If the --hh option + is given, each _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not removed from the table, but is + marked so that SSIIGGHHUUPP is not sent to the job if the shell + receives a SSIIGGHHUUPP. If no _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied, the --aa option + means to remove or mark all jobs; the --rr option without a _j_o_b_- + _s_p_e_c argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return value is 0 unless a _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not specify a valid job. eecchhoo [--nneeEE] [_a_r_g ...] - Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. - The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If --nn is + Output the _a_r_gs, separated by spaces, followed by a newline. + The return status is 0 unless a write error occurs. If --nn is specified, the trailing newline is suppressed. If the --ee option - is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped - characters is enabled. The --EE option disables the interpreta- - tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are - interpreted by default. The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used - to dynamically determine whether or not eecchhoo expands these - escape characters by default. eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to - mean the end of options. eecchhoo interprets the following escape + is given, interpretation of the following backslash-escaped + characters is enabled. The --EE option disables the interpreta- + tion of these escape characters, even on systems where they are + interpreted by default. The xxppgg__eecchhoo shell option may be used + to dynamically determine whether or not eecchhoo expands these + escape characters by default. eecchhoo does not interpret ---- to + mean the end of options. eecchhoo interprets the following escape sequences: \\aa alert (bell) \\bb backspace @@ -4531,57 +4675,58 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS \\tt horizontal tab \\vv vertical tab \\\\ backslash - \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value + \\00_n_n_n the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value _n_n_n (zero to three octal digits) - \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal + \\xx_H_H the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H (one or two hex digits) - \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + \\uu_H_H_H_H the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H (one to four hex digits) \\UU_H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H - the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the + the Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) character whose value is the hexadecimal value _H_H_H_H_H_H_H_H (one to eight hex digits) eennaabbllee [--aa] [--ddnnppss] [--ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin + Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin - to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though - the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. - If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are + to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though + the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands. + If --nn is used, each _n_a_m_e is disabled; otherwise, _n_a_m_e_s are enabled. For example, to use the tteesstt binary found via the PPAATTHH - instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. - The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from + instead of the shell builtin version, run ``enable -n test''. + The --ff option means to load the new builtin command _n_a_m_e from shared object _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e, on systems that support dynamic loading. - The --dd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. + The --dd option will delete a builtin previously loaded with --ff. If no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu- - ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn - is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is sup- - plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica- - tion of whether or not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the - output is restricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. The return - value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an + ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If --nn + is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If --aa is sup- + plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica- + tion of whether or not each is enabled. If --ss is supplied, the + output is restricted to the POSIX _s_p_e_c_i_a_l builtins. The return + value is 0 unless a _n_a_m_e is not a shell builtin or there is an error loading a new builtin from a shared object. eevvaall [_a_r_g ...] - The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- - mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and - its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are + The _a_r_gs are read and concatenated together into a single com- + mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and + its exit status is returned as the value of eevvaall. If there are no _a_r_g_s, or only null arguments, eevvaall returns 0. eexxeecc [--ccll] [--aa _n_a_m_e] [_c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s]] - If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process - is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If + If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process + is created. The _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s become the arguments to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. If the --ll option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin- - ning of the zeroth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what + ning of the zeroth argument passed to _c_o_m_m_a_n_d. This is what _l_o_g_i_n(1) does. The --cc option causes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d to be executed with - an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e + an empty environment. If --aa is supplied, the shell passes _n_a_m_e as the zeroth argument to the executed command. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d can- - not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, - unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled. In that case, it - returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the - file cannot be executed. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redi- - rections take effect in the current shell, and the return status - is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. + not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, + unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled. In that case, it + returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the + file cannot be executed. A subshell exits unconditionally if + eexxeecc fails. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redirections take + effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If + there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. eexxiitt [_n] Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, @@ -4609,9 +4754,9 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the current command number). If _l_a_s_t is not - specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that + specified, it is set to the current command for listing (so that ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t other- - wise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not specified it is set to the previous com- + wise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not specified, it is set to the previous com- mand for editing and -16 for listing. The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The @@ -4624,7 +4769,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance - of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is intepreted the same as + of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is interpreted the same as _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command. @@ -4725,6 +4870,7 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hhiissttoorryy [[_n]] hhiissttoorryy --cc hhiissttoorryy --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t + hhiissttoorryy --dd _s_t_a_r_t-_e_n_d hhiissttoorryy --aannrrww [_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] hhiissttoorryy --pp _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] @@ -4740,7 +4886,15 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS following meanings: --cc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t - Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. + Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _o_f_f_s_e_t + is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater + than the last history position, so negative indices count + back from the end of the history, and an index of -1 + refers to the current hhiissttoorryy --dd command. + --dd _s_t_a_r_t-_e_n_d + Delete the history entries between positions _s_t_a_r_t and + _e_n_d, inclusive. Positive and negative values for _s_t_a_r_t + and _e_n_d are interpreted as described above. --aa Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session, but not already appended to the @@ -4839,7 +4993,9 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --dd The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate each - input line, rather than newline. + input line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty + string, mmaappffiillee will terminate a line when it reads a NUL + character. --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are copied. --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default @@ -4987,27 +5143,30 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS ignored. --dd _d_e_l_i_m The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the - input line, rather than newline. + input line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty + string, rreeaadd will terminate a line when it reads a NUL + character. --ee If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaaddlliinnee (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- line uses the current (or default, if line editing was - not previously active) editing settings. + not previously active) editing settings, but uses Read- + line's default filename completion. --ii _t_e_x_t - If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is + If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is placed into the editing buffer before editing begins. --nn _n_c_h_a_r_s - rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than + rreeaadd returns after reading _n_c_h_a_r_s characters rather than waiting for a complete line of input, but honors a delim- - iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the + iter if fewer than _n_c_h_a_r_s characters are read before the delimiter. --NN _n_c_h_a_r_s - rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters - rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless - EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- - ters encountered in the input are not treated specially - and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters - are read. The result is not split on the characters in - IIFFSS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly + rreeaadd returns after reading exactly _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + rather than waiting for a complete line of input, unless + EOF is encountered or rreeaadd times out. Delimiter charac- + ters encountered in the input are not treated specially + and do not cause rreeaadd to return until _n_c_h_a_r_s characters + are read. The result is not split on the characters in + IIFFSS; the intent is that the variable is assigned exactly the characters read (with the exception of backslash; see the --rr option below). --pp _p_r_o_m_p_t @@ -5015,131 +5174,131 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal. --rr Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back- - slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- - lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line + slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu- + lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line continuation. --ss Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac- ters are not echoed. --tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t - Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete - line of input (or a specified number of characters) is - not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci- - mal number with a fractional portion following the deci- - mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is - reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special - file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. + Cause rreeaadd to time out and return failure if a complete + line of input (or a specified number of characters) is + not read within _t_i_m_e_o_u_t seconds. _t_i_m_e_o_u_t may be a deci- + mal number with a fractional portion following the deci- + mal point. This option is only effective if rreeaadd is + reading input from a terminal, pipe, or other special + file; it has no effect when reading from regular files. If rreeaadd times out, rreeaadd saves any partial input read into - the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd - returns immediately, without trying to read any data. - The exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci- - fied file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit sta- + the specified variable _n_a_m_e. If _t_i_m_e_o_u_t is 0, rreeaadd + returns immediately, without trying to read any data. + The exit status is 0 if input is available on the speci- + fied file descriptor, non-zero otherwise. The exit sta- tus is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded. --uu _f_d Read input from file descriptor _f_d. If no _n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari- - able RREEPPLLYY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is + able RREEPPLLYY. The exit status is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, rreeaadd times out (in which case the status is greater - than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a + than 128), a variable assignment error (such as assigning to a readonly variable) occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is sup- plied as the argument to --uu. rreeaaddoonnllyy [--aaAAff] [--pp] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d] ...] - The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s - may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option - is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so - marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed - arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative - arrays. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If - no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a + The given _n_a_m_e_s are marked readonly; the values of these _n_a_m_e_s + may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the --ff option + is supplied, the functions corresponding to the _n_a_m_e_s are so + marked. The --aa option restricts the variables to indexed + arrays; the --AA option restricts the variables to associative + arrays. If both options are supplied, --AA takes precedence. If + no _n_a_m_e arguments are given, or if the --pp option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed. The other options may be - used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly - names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format - that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by - =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return - status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the + used to restrict the output to a subset of the set of readonly + names. The --pp option causes output to be displayed in a format + that may be reused as input. If a variable name is followed by + =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. The return + status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is supplied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. rreettuurrnn [_n] - Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci- - fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is - that of the last command executed in the function body. If - rreettuurrnn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to - determine the status is the last command executed before the - trap handler. if rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the - last command used to determine the status is the last command - executed by the trap handler before rreettuurrnn was invoked. If - rreettuurrnn is used outside a function, but during execution of a - script by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop - executing that script and return either _n or the exit status of - the last command executed within the script as the exit status - of the script. If _n is supplied, the return value is its least - significant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if rreettuurrnn is - supplied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function - and not during execution of a script by .. or ssoouurrccee. Any com- - mand associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execu- + Causes a function to stop executing and return the value speci- + fied by _n to its caller. If _n is omitted, the return status is + that of the last command executed in the function body. If + rreettuurrnn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to + determine the status is the last command executed before the + trap handler. If rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the + last command used to determine the status is the last command + executed by the trap handler before rreettuurrnn was invoked. If + rreettuurrnn is used outside a function, but during execution of a + script by the .. (ssoouurrccee) command, it causes the shell to stop + executing that script and return either _n or the exit status of + the last command executed within the script as the exit status + of the script. If _n is supplied, the return value is its least + significant 8 bits. The return status is non-zero if rreettuurrnn is + supplied a non-numeric argument, or is used outside a function + and not during execution of a script by .. or ssoouurrccee. Any com- + mand associated with the RREETTUURRNN trap is executed before execu- tion resumes after the function or script. sseett [----aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [--oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [_a_r_g ...] sseett [++aabbeeffhhkkmmnnppttuuvvxxBBCCEEHHPPTT] [++oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e] [_a_r_g ...] - Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are + Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can- - not be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x mode, only shell variables are listed. - The output is sorted according to the current locale. When - options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any - arguments remaining after option processing are treated as val- + not be reset. In _p_o_s_i_x mode, only shell variables are listed. + The output is sorted according to the current locale. When + options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any + arguments remaining after option processing are treated as val- ues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to - $$11, $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following + $$11, $$22, ...... $$_n. Options, if specified, have the following meanings: --aa Each variable or function that is created or modified is - given the export attribute and marked for export to the + given the export attribute and marked for export to the environment of subsequent commands. - --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- + --bb Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi- ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This is effective only when job control is enabled. - --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a - single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d + --ee Exit immediately if a _p_i_p_e_l_i_n_e (which may consist of a + single _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d), a _l_i_s_t, or a _c_o_m_p_o_u_n_d _c_o_m_m_a_n_d (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR above), exits with a non-zero status. - The shell does not exit if the command that fails is - part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee - or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the iiff or - eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed in a - &&&& or |||| list except the command following the final &&&& + The shell does not exit if the command that fails is + part of the command list immediately following a wwhhiillee + or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test following the iiff or + eelliiff reserved words, part of any command executed in a + &&&& or |||| list except the command following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the last, or if the - command's return value is being inverted with !!. If a - compound command other than a subshell returns a non- - zero status because a command failed while --ee was being - ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, if - set, is executed before the shell exits. This option + command's return value is being inverted with !!. If a + compound command other than a subshell returns a non- + zero status because a command failed while --ee was being + ignored, the shell does not exit. A trap on EERRRR, if + set, is executed before the shell exits. This option applies to the shell environment and each subshell envi- - ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT + ronment separately (see CCOOMMMMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT above), and may cause subshells to exit before executing all the commands in the subshell. - If a compound command or shell function executes in a - context where --ee is being ignored, none of the commands - executed within the compound command or function body - will be affected by the --ee setting, even if --ee is set - and a command returns a failure status. If a compound - command or shell function sets --ee while executing in a - context where --ee is ignored, that setting will not have - any effect until the compound command or the command + If a compound command or shell function executes in a + context where --ee is being ignored, none of the commands + executed within the compound command or function body + will be affected by the --ee setting, even if --ee is set + and a command returns a failure status. If a compound + command or shell function sets --ee while executing in a + context where --ee is ignored, that setting will not have + any effect until the compound command or the command containing the function call completes. --ff Disable pathname expansion. - --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up + --hh Remember the location of commands as they are looked up for execution. This is enabled by default. - --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are - placed in the environment for a command, not just those + --kk All arguments in the form of assignment statements are + placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. - --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is - on by default for interactive shells on systems that - support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). All processes run + --mm Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is + on by default for interactive shells on systems that + support it (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). All processes run in a separate process group. When a background job com- pletes, the shell prints a line containing its exit sta- tus. --nn Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used - to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is + to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is ignored by interactive shells. --oo _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e The _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e can be one of the following: @@ -5147,10 +5306,10 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Same as --aa. bbrraacceeeexxppaanndd Same as --BB. - eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- + eemmaaccss Use an emacs-style command line editing inter- face. This is enabled by default when the shell is interactive, unless the shell is started with - the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. This also affects the + the ----nnooeeddiittiinngg option. This also affects the editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. eerrrreexxiitt Same as --ee. eerrrrttrraaccee @@ -5164,8 +5323,8 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS HHIISSTTOORRYY. This option is on by default in inter- active shells. iiggnnoorreeeeooff - The effect is as if the shell command - ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see SShheellll + The effect is as if the shell command + ``IGNOREEOF=10'' had been executed (see SShheellll VVaarriiaabblleess above). kkeeyywwoorrdd Same as --kk. mmoonniittoorr Same as --mm. @@ -5180,108 +5339,109 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS pphhyyssiiccaall Same as --PP. ppiippeeffaaiill - If set, the return value of a pipeline is the - value of the last (rightmost) command to exit - with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands - in the pipeline exit successfully. This option + If set, the return value of a pipeline is the + value of the last (rightmost) command to exit + with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands + in the pipeline exit successfully. This option is disabled by default. - ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default - operation differs from the POSIX standard to - match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See SSEEEE AALLSSOO + ppoossiixx Change the behavior of bbaasshh where the default + operation differs from the POSIX standard to + match the standard (_p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e). See SSEEEE AALLSSOO below for a reference to a document that details how posix mode affects bash's behavior. pprriivviilleeggeedd Same as --pp. vveerrbboossee Same as --vv. - vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. + vvii Use a vi-style command line editing interface. This also affects the editing interface used for rreeaadd --ee. xxttrraaccee Same as --xx. If --oo is supplied with no _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, the values of the - current options are printed. If ++oo is supplied with no - _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, a series of sseett commands to recreate the - current option settings is displayed on the standard + current options are printed. If ++oo is supplied with no + _o_p_t_i_o_n_-_n_a_m_e, a series of sseett commands to recreate the + current option settings is displayed on the standard output. - --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the $$EENNVV and - $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files are not processed, shell functions are - not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, - BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they + --pp Turn on _p_r_i_v_i_l_e_g_e_d mode. In this mode, the $$EENNVV and + $$BBAASSHH__EENNVV files are not processed, shell functions are + not inherited from the environment, and the SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS, + BBAASSHHOOPPTTSS, CCDDPPAATTHH, and GGLLOOBBIIGGNNOORREE variables, if they appear in the environment, are ignored. If the shell is - started with the effective user (group) id not equal to - the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not sup- + started with the effective user (group) id not equal to + the real user (group) id, and the --pp option is not sup- plied, these actions are taken and the effective user id - is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is sup- - plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. - Turning this option off causes the effective user and + is set to the real user id. If the --pp option is sup- + plied at startup, the effective user id is not reset. + Turning this option off causes the effective user and group ids to be set to the real user and group ids. --tt Exit after reading and executing one command. --uu Treat unset variables and parameters other than the spe- - cial parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing - parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an - unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error - message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero + cial parameters "@" and "*" as an error when performing + parameter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an + unset variable or parameter, the shell prints an error + message, and, if not interactive, exits with a non-zero status. --vv Print shell input lines as they are read. - --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee + --xx After expanding each _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, ffoorr command, ccaassee command, sseelleecctt command, or arithmetic ffoorr command, dis- - play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command + play the expanded value of PPSS44, followed by the command and its expanded arguments or associated word list. - --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn + --BB The shell performs brace expansion (see BBrraaccee EExxppaannssiioonn above). This is on by default. - --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with - the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. This may be + --CC If set, bbaasshh does not overwrite an existing file with + the >>, >>&&, and <<>> redirection operators. This may be overridden when creating output files by using the redi- rection operator >>|| instead of >>. --EE If set, any trap on EERRRR is inherited by shell functions, - command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- - shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- + command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub- + shell environment. The EERRRR trap is normally not inher- ited in such cases. --HH Enable !! style history substitution. This option is on by default when the shell is interactive. - --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when - executing commands such as ccdd that change the current + --PP If set, the shell does not resolve symbolic links when + executing commands such as ccdd that change the current working directory. It uses the physical directory structure instead. By default, bbaasshh follows the logical - chain of directories when performing commands which + chain of directories when performing commands which change the current directory. - --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by - shell functions, command substitutions, and commands - executed in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and + --TT If set, any traps on DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN are inherited by + shell functions, command substitutions, and commands + executed in a subshell environment. The DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps are normally not inherited in such cases. - ---- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional + ---- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame- - ters are set to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin + ters are set to the _a_r_gs, even if some of them begin with a --. - -- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _a_r_gs to + -- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining _a_r_gs to be assigned to the positional parameters. The --xx and --vv options are turned off. If there are no _a_r_gs, the posi- tional parameters remain unchanged. - The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + - rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The - options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of - the shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The + The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using + + rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The + options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of + the shell. The current set of options may be found in $$--. The return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun- tered. sshhiifftt [_n] - The positional parameters from _n+1 ... are renamed to $$11 ........ - Parameters represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are - unset. _n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to - $$##. If _n is 0, no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, - it is assumed to be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional - parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than + The positional parameters from _n+1 ... are renamed to $$11 ........ + Parameters represented by the numbers $$## down to $$##-_n+1 are + unset. _n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to + $$##. If _n is 0, no parameters are changed. If _n is not given, + it is assumed to be 1. If _n is greater than $$##, the positional + parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than zero if _n is greater than $$## or less than zero; otherwise 0. sshhoopptt [--ppqqssuu] [--oo] [_o_p_t_n_a_m_e ...] - Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- - ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the + Toggle the values of settings controlling optional shell behav- + ior. The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the --oo option is used, those available with the --oo option to the sseett builtin command. With no options, or with the --pp option, a list - of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of - whether or not each is set. The --pp option causes output to be - displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other options - have the following meanings: + of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of + whether or not each is set; if _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the output + is restricted to those options. The --pp option causes output to + be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other + options have the following meanings: --ss Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --uu Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status @@ -5304,215 +5464,233 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS The list of sshhoopptt options is: - aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory - is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- + aassssoocc__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee + If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of + associative array subscripts during arithmetic expres- + sion evaluation and while executing builtins that can + perform variable assignments. + aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory + is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- mand. This option is only used by interactive shells. ccddaabbllee__vvaarrss - If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is - not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable + If set, an argument to the ccdd builtin command that is + not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable whose value is the directory to change to. ccddssppeellll If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com- - ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors + ponent in a ccdd command will be corrected. The errors checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac- - ter, and one character too many. If a correction is - found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com- - mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive + ter, and one character too many. If a correction is + found, the corrected filename is printed, and the com- + mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive shells. cchheecckkhhaasshh If set, bbaasshh checks that a command found in the hash ta- - ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed - command no longer exists, a normal path search is per- + ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed + command no longer exists, a normal path search is per- formed. cchheecckkjjoobbss If set, bbaasshh lists the status of any stopped and running - jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs + jobs before exiting an interactive shell. If any jobs are running, this causes the exit to be deferred until a - second exit is attempted without an intervening command - (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones + second exit is attempted without an intervening command + (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee - If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each command - and, if necessary, updates the values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLL-- - UUMMNNSS. - ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- - line command in the same history entry. This allows - easy re-editing of multi-line commands. + If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each external + (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the + values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLLUUMMNNSS. + ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- + line command in the same history entry. This allows + easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is + enabled by default, but only has an effect if command + history is enabled, as described above under HHIISSTTOORRYY. ccoommppaatt3311 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 - with respect to quoted arguments to the [[[[ conditional + with respect to quoted arguments to the [[[[ conditional command's ==~~ operator and locale-specific string compar- - ison when using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> - operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII + ison when using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> + operators. Bash versions prior to bash-4.1 use ASCII collation and _s_t_r_c_m_p(3); bash-4.1 and later use the cur- rent locale's collation sequence and _s_t_r_c_o_l_l(3). ccoommppaatt3322 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.2 - with respect to locale-specific string comparison when - using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators - (see previous item) and the effect of interrupting a - command list. Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue - with the next command in the list after one terminates + with respect to locale-specific string comparison when + using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators + (see previous item) and the effect of interrupting a + command list. Bash versions 3.2 and earlier continue + with the next command in the list after one terminates due to an interrupt. ccoommppaatt4400 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 4.0 - with respect to locale-specific string comparison when - using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators - (see description of ccoommppaatt3311) and the effect of inter- - rupting a command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later - interrupt the list as if the shell received the inter- - rupt; previous versions continue with the next command + with respect to locale-specific string comparison when + using the [[[[ conditional command's << and >> operators + (see description of ccoommppaatt3311) and the effect of inter- + rupting a command list. Bash versions 4.0 and later + interrupt the list as if the shell received the inter- + rupt; previous versions continue with the next command in the list. ccoommppaatt4411 - If set, bbaasshh, when in _p_o_s_i_x mode, treats a single quote - in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special - character. The single quotes must match (an even num- - ber) and the characters between the single quotes are - considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode - through version 4.1. The default bash behavior remains + If set, bbaasshh, when in _p_o_s_i_x mode, treats a single quote + in a double-quoted parameter expansion as a special + character. The single quotes must match (an even num- + ber) and the characters between the single quotes are + considered quoted. This is the behavior of posix mode + through version 4.1. The default bash behavior remains as in previous versions. ccoommppaatt4422 - If set, bbaasshh does not process the replacement string in - the pattern substitution word expansion using quote + If set, bbaasshh does not process the replacement string in + the pattern substitution word expansion using quote removal. ccoommppaatt4433 - If set, bbaasshh does not print a warning message if an - attempt is made to use a quoted compound array assign- - ment as an argument to ddeeccllaarree, makes word expansion - errors non-fatal errors that cause the current command - to fail (the default behavior is to make them fatal + If set, bbaasshh does not print a warning message if an + attempt is made to use a quoted compound array assign- + ment as an argument to ddeeccllaarree, makes word expansion + errors non-fatal errors that cause the current command + to fail (the default behavior is to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit), and does not reset - the loop state when a shell function is executed (this - allows bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee in a shell function to affect + the loop state when a shell function is executed (this + allows bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context). + ccoommppaatt4444 + If set, bbaasshh saves the positional parameters to + BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC before they are used, regardless + of whether or not extended debugging mode is enabled. ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee - If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- - names and directory names when performing completion. + If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- + names and directory names when performing completion. If not set, bbaasshh removes metacharacters such as the dol- - lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted - in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear - in shell variable references in words to be completed. - This means that dollar signs in variable names that - expand to directories will not be quoted; however, any - dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, - either. This is active only when bash is using back- - slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is - set by default, which is the default bash behavior in + lar sign from the set of characters that will be quoted + in completed filenames when these metacharacters appear + in shell variable references in words to be completed. + This means that dollar signs in variable names that + expand to directories will not be quoted; however, any + dollar signs appearing in filenames will not be quoted, + either. This is active only when bash is using back- + slashes to quote completed filenames. This variable is + set by default, which is the default bash behavior in versions through 4.2. ddiirreexxppaanndd - If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results - of word expansion when performing filename completion. - This changes the contents of the readline editing buf- - fer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the + If set, bbaasshh replaces directory names with the results + of word expansion when performing filename completion. + This changes the contents of the readline editing buf- + fer. If not set, bbaasshh attempts to preserve what the user typed. ddiirrssppeellll - If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory - names during word completion if the directory name ini- + If set, bbaasshh attempts spelling correction on directory + names during word completion if the directory name ini- tially supplied does not exist. - ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in - the results of pathname expansion. + ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in + the results of pathname expansion. The filenames ````..'''' + and ````....'''' must always be matched explicitly, even if + ddoottgglloobb is set. eexxeeccffaaiill If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- - not execute the file specified as an argument to the - eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not + not execute the file specified as an argument to the + eexxeecc builtin command. An interactive shell does not exit if eexxeecc fails. eexxppaanndd__aalliiaasseess - If set, aliases are expanded as described above under + If set, aliases are expanded as described above under AALLIIAASSEESS. This option is enabled by default for interac- tive shells. eexxttddeebbuugg - If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the - debugger profile before the shell starts, identical to - the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set after invocation, behav- + If set at shell invocation, arrange to execute the + debugger profile before the shell starts, identical to + the ----ddeebbuuggggeerr option. If set after invocation, behav- ior intended for use by debuggers is enabled: 11.. The --FF option to the ddeeccllaarree builtin displays the source file name and line number corresponding to each function name supplied as an argument. - 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - non-zero value, the next command is skipped and + 22.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + non-zero value, the next command is skipped and not executed. - 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a - value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- - routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- - cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell + 33.. If the command run by the DDEEBBUUGG trap returns a + value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub- + routine (a shell function or a shell script exe- + cuted by the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins), the shell simulates a call to rreettuurrnn. - 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described + 44.. BBAASSHH__AARRGGCC and BBAASSHH__AARRGGVV are updated as described in their descriptions above. - 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- + 55.. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu- tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the DDEEBBUUGG and RREETTUURRNN traps. - 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, - shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( + 66.. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution, + shell functions, and subshells invoked with (( _c_o_m_m_a_n_d )) inherit the EERRRR trap. eexxttgglloobb If set, the extended pattern matching features described above under PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn are enabled. eexxttqquuoottee - If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed - within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double + If set, $$'_s_t_r_i_n_g' and $$"_s_t_r_i_n_g" quoting is performed + within $${{_p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r}} expansions enclosed in double quotes. This option is enabled by default. ffaaiillgglloobb - If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during + If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during pathname expansion result in an expansion error. ffoorrccee__ffiiggnnoorree - If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell - variable cause words to be ignored when performing word + If set, the suffixes specified by the FFIIGGNNOORREE shell + variable cause words to be ignored when performing word completion even if the ignored words are the only possi- ble completions. See SSHHEELLLL VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS above for a - description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by + description of FFIIGGNNOORREE. This option is enabled by default. gglloobbaasscciiiirraannggeess - If set, range expressions used in pattern matching - bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave - as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- + If set, range expressions used in pattern matching + bracket expressions (see PPaatttteerrnn MMaattcchhiinngg above) behave + as if in the traditional C locale when performing com- parisons. That is, the current locale's collating - sequence is not taken into account, so bb will not col- - late between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case + sequence is not taken into account, so bb will not col- + late between AA and BB, and upper-case and lower-case ASCII characters will collate together. gglloobbssttaarr If set, the pattern **** used in a pathname expansion con- - text will match all files and zero or more directories - and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, + text will match all files and zero or more directories + and subdirectories. If the pattern is followed by a //, only directories and subdirectories match. ggnnuu__eerrrrffmmtt If set, shell error messages are written in the standard GNU error message format. hhiissttaappppeenndd - If set, the history list is appended to the file named - by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell + If set, the history list is appended to the file named + by the value of the HHIISSTTFFIILLEE variable when the shell exits, rather than overwriting the file. hhiissttrreeeeddiitt - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, a user is given the opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution. hhiissttvveerriiffyy - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- - tory substitution are not immediately passed to the - shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, the results of his- + tory substitution are not immediately passed to the + shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded into the rreeaaddlliinnee editing buffer, allowing further modi- fication. hhoossttccoommpplleettee If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will attempt to - perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ - is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE + perform hostname completion when a word containing a @@ + is being completed (see CCoommpplleettiinngg under RREEAADDLLIINNEE above). This is enabled by default. hhuuppoonneexxiitt If set, bbaasshh will send SSIIGGHHUUPP to all jobs when an inter- active login shell exits. iinnhheerriitt__eerrrreexxiitt - If set, command substitution inherits the value of the - eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell - environment. This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is + If set, command substitution inherits the value of the + eerrrreexxiitt option, instead of unsetting it in the subshell + environment. This option is enabled when _p_o_s_i_x _m_o_d_e is enabled. iinntteerraaccttiivvee__ccoommmmeennttss If set, allow a word beginning with ## to cause that word - and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored - in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This + and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored + in an interactive shell (see CCOOMMMMEENNTTSS above). This option is enabled by default. llaassttppiippee - If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs + If set, and job control is not active, the shell runs the last command of a pipeline not executed in the back- ground in the current shell environment. - lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line + lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. + llooccaallvvaarr__iinnhheerriitt + If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes + of a variable of the same name that exists at a previous + scope before any new value is assigned. The nameref + attribute is not inherited. llooggiinn__sshheellll The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be @@ -5794,22 +5972,25 @@ SSHHEELLLL BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS sequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is read- only. - wwaaiitt [--nn] [_n _._._.] + wwaaiitt [--ffnn] [_i_d _._._.] Wait for each specified child process and return its termination - status. Each _n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a - job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are - waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro- + status. Each _i_d may be a process ID or a job specification; if + a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are + waited for. If _i_d is not given, all currently active child pro- cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If the --nn option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any job to terminate and - returns its exit status. If _n specifies a non-existent process - or job, the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status - is the exit status of the last process or job waited for. + returns its exit status. If the --ff option is supplied, and job + control is enabled, wwaaiitt forces _i_d to terminate before returning + its status, instead of returning when it changes status. If _i_d + specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is + 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the + last process or job waited for. RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL If bbaasshh is started with the name rrbbaasshh, or the --rr option is supplied at - invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used - to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It - behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are + invocation, the shell becomes restricted. A restricted shell is used + to set up an environment more controlled than the standard shell. It + behaves identically to bbaasshh with the exception that the following are disallowed or not performed: +o changing directories with ccdd @@ -5818,16 +5999,16 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL +o specifying command names containing // - +o specifying a filename containing a // as an argument to the .. + +o specifying a filename containing a // as an argument to the .. builtin command - +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the + +o specifying a filename containing a slash as an argument to the --pp option to the hhaasshh builtin command - +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at + +o importing function definitions from the shell environment at startup - +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at + +o parsing the value of SSHHEELLLLOOPPTTSS from the shell environment at startup +o redirecting output using the >, >|, <>, >&, &>, and >> redirect- @@ -5836,10 +6017,10 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL +o using the eexxeecc builtin command to replace the shell with another command - +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options + +o adding or deleting builtin commands with the --ff and --dd options to the eennaabbllee builtin command - +o using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell + +o using the eennaabbllee builtin command to enable disabled shell builtins +o specifying the --pp option to the ccoommmmaanndd builtin command @@ -5849,14 +6030,14 @@ RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL These restrictions are enforced after any startup files are read. When a command that is found to be a shell script is executed (see CCOOMM-- - MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell + MMAANNDD EEXXEECCUUTTIIOONN above), rrbbaasshh turns off any restrictions in the shell spawned to execute the script. SSEEEE AALLSSOO _B_a_s_h _R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e _M_a_n_u_a_l, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey _T_h_e _G_n_u _R_e_a_d_l_i_n_e _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey _T_h_e _G_n_u _H_i_s_t_o_r_y _L_i_b_r_a_r_y, Brian Fox and Chet Ramey - _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_- + _P_o_r_t_a_b_l_e _O_p_e_r_a_t_i_n_g _S_y_s_t_e_m _I_n_t_e_r_f_a_c_e _(_P_O_S_I_X_) _P_a_r_t _2_: _S_h_e_l_l _a_n_d _U_t_i_l_i_- _t_i_e_s, IEEE -- http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/ http://tiswww.case.edu/~chet/bash/POSIX -- a description of posix mode @@ -5874,7 +6055,7 @@ FFIILLEESS _~_/_._b_a_s_h_r_c The individual per-interactive-shell startup file _~_/_._b_a_s_h___l_o_g_o_u_t - The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login + The individual login shell cleanup file, executed when a login shell exits _~_/_._i_n_p_u_t_r_c Individual _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_e initialization file @@ -5888,14 +6069,14 @@ AAUUTTHHOORRSS BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS If you find a bug in bbaasshh,, you should report it. But first, you should - make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest - version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from + make sure that it really is a bug, and that it appears in the latest + version of bbaasshh. The latest version is always available from _f_t_p_:_/_/_f_t_p_._g_n_u_._o_r_g_/_p_u_b_/_g_n_u_/_b_a_s_h_/. - Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g - command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged - to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may - be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup + Once you have determined that a bug actually exists, use the _b_a_s_h_b_u_g + command to submit a bug report. If you have a fix, you are encouraged + to mail that as well! Suggestions and `philosophical' bug reports may + be mailed to _b_u_g_-_b_a_s_h_@_g_n_u_._o_r_g or posted to the Usenet newsgroup ggnnuu..bbaasshh..bbuugg. ALL bug reports should include: @@ -5906,7 +6087,7 @@ BBUUGG RREEPPOORRTTSS A description of the bug behaviour A short script or `recipe' which exercises the bug - _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template + _b_a_s_h_b_u_g inserts the first three items automatically into the template it provides for filing a bug report. Comments and bug reports concerning this manual page should be directed @@ -5923,10 +6104,10 @@ BBUUGGSS Shell builtin commands and functions are not stoppable/restartable. Compound commands and command sequences of the form `a ; b ; c' are not - handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a - process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in - the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between - parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a + handled gracefully when process suspension is attempted. When a + process is stopped, the shell immediately executes the next command in + the sequence. It suffices to place the sequence of commands between + parentheses to force it into a subshell, which may be stopped as a unit. Array variables may not (yet) be exported. @@ -5935,4 +6116,4 @@ BBUUGGSS -GNU Bash 4.4 2016 August 26 BASH(1) +GNU Bash 5.0 2018 March 15 BASH(1) @@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ .\" Case Western Reserve University .\" chet.ramey@case.edu .\" -.\" Last Change: Fri Aug 26 09:45:10 EDT 2016 +.\" Last Change: Thu Mar 15 11:30:03 EDT 2018 .\" .\" bash_builtins, strip all but Built-Ins section .if \n(zZ=1 .ig zZ .if \n(zY=1 .ig zY -.TH BASH 1 "2016 August 26" "GNU Bash 4.4" +.TH BASH 1 "2018 March 15" "GNU Bash 5.0" .\" .\" There's some problem with having a `@' .\" in a tagged paragraph with the BSD man macros. @@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ bash \- GNU Bourne-Again SHell [options] [command_string | file] .SH COPYRIGHT -.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2016 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. -.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2016 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.if n Bash is Copyright (C) 1989-2018 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.if t Bash is Copyright \(co 1989-2018 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. .SH DESCRIPTION .B Bash is an \fBsh\fR-compatible command language interpreter that @@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ Shell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX specification can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default. .SH OPTIONS All of the single-character shell options documented in the -description of the \fBset\fR builtin command can be used as options -when the shell is invoked. +description of the \fBset\fR builtin command, including \fB\-o\fP, +can be used as options when the shell is invoked. In addition, \fBbash\fR interprets the following options when it is invoked: .PP @@ -119,7 +119,8 @@ If the option is present, or if no arguments remain after option processing, then commands are read from the standard input. This option allows the positional parameters to be set -when invoking an interactive shell. +when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input +through a pipe. .TP .B \-D A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by \fB$\fP @@ -590,6 +591,13 @@ the time information. .PP Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in a subshell). +See +.SM +\fBCOMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT\fP +for a description of a subshell environment. +If the \fBlastpipe\fP option is enabled using the \fBshopt\fP builtin +(see the description of \fBshopt\fP below), +the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process. .SS Lists .PP A \fIlist\fP is a sequence of one or more pipelines separated by one @@ -640,7 +648,7 @@ An AND list has the form .I command2 is executed if, and only if, .I command1 -returns an exit status of zero. +returns an exit status of zero (success). .PP An OR list has the form .RS @@ -650,7 +658,7 @@ An OR list has the form .RE .PP .I command2 -is executed if and only if +is executed if, and only if, .I command1 returns a non-zero exit status. The return status of @@ -861,10 +869,10 @@ or zero if no commands were executed. \fBcase\fP \fIword\fP \fBin\fP [ [(] \fIpattern\fP [ \fB|\fP \fIpattern\fP ] \ ... ) \fIlist\fP ;; ] ... \fBesac\fP A \fBcase\fP command first expands \fIword\fP, and tries to match -it against each \fIpattern\fP in turn, using the same matching rules -as for pathname expansion (see -.B Pathname Expansion -below). +it against each \fIpattern\fP in turn, using the matching rules +described under +.B Pattern Matching +below. The \fIword\fP is expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution and quote removal. @@ -955,7 +963,8 @@ command (see below). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using standard word expansions. -The file descriptors are not available in subshells. +Other than those created to execute command and process substitutions, +the file descriptors are not available in subshells. The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is available as the value of the variable \fINAME\fP_PID. The \fBwait\fP @@ -1142,7 +1151,7 @@ question mark .TP .B \e\fInnn\fP the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value \fInnn\fP -(one to three digits) +(one to three octal digits) .TP .B \ex\fIHH\fP the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value \fIHH\fP @@ -1453,6 +1462,14 @@ This variable is read-only. Expands to the process ID of the current \fBbash\fP process. This differs from \fB$$\fP under certain circumstances, such as subshells that do not require \fBbash\fP to be re-initialized. +Assignments to +.SM +.B BASHPID +have no effect. +If +.B BASHPID +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. .TP .B BASH_ALIASES An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal @@ -1481,7 +1498,9 @@ only when in extended debugging mode (see the description of the .B extdebug option to the .B shopt -builtin below) +builtin below). +Setting \fBextdebug\fP after the shell has started to execute a script +may result in inconsistent values. .TP .B BASH_ARGV An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current \fBbash\fP @@ -1499,7 +1518,22 @@ only when in extended debugging mode .B extdebug option to the .B shopt -builtin below) +builtin below). +Setting \fBextdebug\fP after the shell has started to execute a script +may result in inconsistent values. +.TP +.B BASH_ARGV0 +When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell +script (identical to +.BR $0 ; +see the description of special parameter 0 above). +Assignment to +.B BASH_ARGV0 +causes the value assigned to also be assigned to \fB$0\fP. +If +.B BASH_ARGV0 +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. .TP .B BASH_CMDS An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal @@ -1687,6 +1721,33 @@ If is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. .TP +.B EPOCHREALTIME +Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds +since the Unix Epoch (see \fItime\fP\fR(3)\fP) as a floating point value +with micro-second granularity. +Assignments to +.SM +.B EPOCHREALTIME +are ignored. +If +.SM +.B EPOCHREALTIME +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP +.B EPOCHSECONDS +Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds +since the Unix Epoch (see \fItime\fP\fR(3)\fP). +Assignments to +.SM +.B EPOCHSECONDS +are ignored. +If +.SM +.B EPOCHSECONDS +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +.TP .B EUID Expands to the effective user ID of the current user, initialized at shell startup. This variable is readonly. @@ -2053,9 +2114,9 @@ nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level will cause the current command to abort. .TP .B GLOBIGNORE -A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to +A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names to be ignored by pathname expansion. -If a filename matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one +If a file name matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in .SM .BR GLOBIGNORE , @@ -2076,7 +2137,7 @@ A value of .I ignoreboth is shorthand for \fIignorespace\fP and \fIignoredups\fP. A value of -.IR erasedups +.I erasedups causes all previous lines matching the current line to be removed from the history list before that line is saved. Any value not in the above list is ignored. @@ -2388,6 +2449,7 @@ The value of this parameter is expanded as with and the value is printed before each command .B bash displays during an execution trace. The first character of +the expanded value of .SM .B PS4 is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to indicate multiple @@ -2624,14 +2686,19 @@ special parameters \fI@\fP and \fI*\fP within double quotes. The .B unset builtin is used to destroy arrays. \fBunset\fP \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP] -destroys the array element at index \fIsubscript\fP. +destroys the array element at index \fIsubscript\fP, +for both indexed and associative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. -Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by pathname -expansion. +Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset the variable. \fBunset\fP \fIname\fP, where \fIname\fP is an array, or \fBunset\fP \fIname\fP[\fIsubscript\fP], where \fIsubscript\fP is \fB*\fP or \fB@\fP, removes the entire array. .PP +When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a command, +such as with \fBunset\fP, without using the word expansion syntax +described above, the argument is subject to pathname expansion. +If pathname expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted. +.PP The .BR declare , .BR local , @@ -2686,10 +2753,11 @@ original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves (\fIquote removal\fP). .PP Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion -can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions +can increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions of -"\fB$@\fP" and "\fB${\fP\fIname\fP\fB[@]}\fP" +"\fB$@\fP" and "\fB${\fP\fIname\fP\fB[@]}\fP", +and, in most cases, \fB$*\fP and \fB${\fP\fIname\fP\fB[*]}\fP as explained above (see .SM .BR PARAMETERS ). @@ -2730,7 +2798,7 @@ lexicographically between \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP, inclusive, using the default C locale. Note that both \fIx\fP and \fIy\fP must be of the same type. When the increment is supplied, it is used as the difference between -each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. +each term. The default increment is 1 or \-1 as appropriate. .PP Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any characters special to other expansions are preserved @@ -2746,7 +2814,8 @@ Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. A \fB{\fP or \fB,\fP may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string \fB${\fP -is not considered eligible for brace expansion. +is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and inhibits brace +expansion until the closing \fB}\fP. .PP This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the @@ -2882,6 +2951,8 @@ it introduces a level of variable indirection. expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the value of \fIparameter\fP itself. This is known as \fIindirect expansion\fP. +The value is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. If \fIparameter\fP is a nameref, this expands to the name of the variable referenced by \fIparameter\fP instead of performing the complete indirect expansion. @@ -2975,7 +3046,7 @@ one space to avoid being confused with the \fB:-\fP expansion. If \fIparameter\fP is \fB@\fP, the result is \fIlength\fP positional parameters beginning at \fIoffset\fP. A negative \fIoffset\fP is taken relative to one greater than the greatest -positional parameter, so an offset of -1 evaluates to the last positional +positional parameter, so an offset of \-1 evaluates to the last positional parameter. It is an expansion error if \fIlength\fP evaluates to a number less than zero. @@ -3056,7 +3127,12 @@ ${\fIparameter\fP\fB##\fP\fIword\fP} The .I word is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname -expansion. If the pattern matches the beginning of +expansion, and matched against the expanded value of +.I parameter +using the rules described under +.B Pattern Matching +below. +If the pattern matches the beginning of the value of .IR parameter , then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of @@ -3087,7 +3163,11 @@ ${\fIparameter\fP\fB%%\fP\fIword\fP} .PD \fBRemove matching suffix pattern\fP. The \fIword\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in -pathname expansion. +pathname expansion, and matched against the expanded value of +.I parameter +using the rules described under +.B Pattern Matching +below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of .IR parameter , then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of @@ -3114,9 +3194,12 @@ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. ${\fIparameter\fP\fB/\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB/\fP\fIstring\fP} \fBPattern substitution\fP. The \fIpattern\fP is expanded to produce a pattern just as in -pathname expansion. +pathname expansion, \fIParameter\fP is expanded and the longest match of \fIpattern\fP against its value is replaced with \fIstring\fP. +The match is performed using the rules described under +.B Pattern Matching +below. If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB/\fP, all matches of \fIpattern\fP are replaced with \fIstring\fP. Normally only the first match is replaced. If \fIpattern\fP begins with \fB#\fP, it must match at the beginning @@ -3202,7 +3285,7 @@ format that can be reused as input. .TP .B E The expansion is a string that is the value of \fIparameter\fP with backslash -escape sequences expanded as with the \fB$'...'\fP quoting mechansim. +escape sequences expanded as with the \fB$'...'\fP quoting mechanism. .TP .B P The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of @@ -3232,7 +3315,7 @@ is an array variable subscripted with .B @ or .BR * , -the case modification operation is applied to each member of the +the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. .sp 1 The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname @@ -3372,7 +3455,7 @@ are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value of .SM -.BR IFS +.B IFS (an .SM .B IFS @@ -3455,11 +3538,22 @@ at the start of a name or immediately following a slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option .B dotglob is set. -When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be -matched explicitly. +The filenames +.B ``.'' +and +.B ``..'' +must always be matched explicitly, even if +.B dotglob +is set. In other cases, the .B ``.'' character is not treated specially. +When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be +matched explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching +contexts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described +below under +.SM +.BR "Pattern Matching" . See the description of .B shopt below under @@ -3476,12 +3570,12 @@ shell options. The .SM .B GLOBIGNORE -shell variable may be used to restrict the set of filenames matching a +shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a .IR pattern . If .SM .B GLOBIGNORE -is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in +is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in .SM .B GLOBIGNORE is removed from the list of matches. @@ -3654,6 +3748,12 @@ Matches one of the given patterns Matches anything except one of the given patterns .RE .PD +.PP +Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, +especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings +contain multiple matches. +Using separate matches against shorter strings, or using arrays of +strings instead of a single long string, may be faster. .SS Quote Removal .PP After the preceding expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the @@ -3689,6 +3789,9 @@ than or equal to 10 and assign it to \fIvarname\fP. If >&- or <&- is preceded by {\fIvarname\fP}, the value of \fIvarname\fP defines the file descriptor to close. +If {\fIvarname\fP} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond +the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage +the file descriptor himself. .PP In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is @@ -3952,7 +4055,7 @@ A variant of here documents, the format is: .RE .PP The \fIword\fP undergoes -brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, @@ -4178,6 +4281,44 @@ Variables local to the function may be declared with the .B local builtin command. Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the function and its caller. +If a variable is declared \fBlocal\fP, the variable's visible scope +is restricted to that function and its children (including the functions +it calls). +Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at +previous scopes. +For instance, a local variable declared in a function +hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments +refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified. +When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. +.PP +The shell uses \fIdynamic scoping\fP to control a variable's visibility +within functions. +With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their values +are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused execution +to reach the current function. +The value of a variable that a function sees depends +on its value within its caller, if any, whether that caller is +the "global" scope or another shell function. +This is also the value that a local variable +declaration "shadows", and the value that is restored when the function +returns. +.PP +For example, if a variable \fIvar\fP is declared as local in function +\fIfunc1\fP, and \fIfunc1\fP calls another function \fIfunc2\fP, +references to \fIvar\fP made from within \fIfunc2\fP will resolve to the +local variable \fIvar\fP from \fIfunc1\fP, shadowing any global variable +named \fIvar\fP. +.PP +The \fBunset\fP builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a +variable is local to the current scope, \fBunset\fP will unset it; +otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope +as described above. +If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will remain so +until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns. +Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous +scope will become visible. +If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a +variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible. .PP The \fBFUNCNEST\fP variable, if set to a numeric value greater than 0, defines a maximum function nesting level. Function @@ -4222,10 +4363,6 @@ A function definition may be deleted using the \fB\-f\fP option to the .B unset builtin. -Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result -in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the -shell's children. -Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. .PP Functions may be recursive. The \fBFUNCNEST\fP variable may be used to limit the depth of the @@ -4308,7 +4445,7 @@ A shell variable that is null or unset evaluates to 0 when referenced by name without using the parameter expansion syntax. The value of a variable is evaluated as an arithmetic expression when it is referenced, or when a variable which has been given the -\fIinteger\fP attribute using \fBdeclare -i\fP is assigned a value. +\fIinteger\fP attribute using \fBdeclare \-i\fP is assigned a value. A null value evaluates to 0. A shell variable need not have its \fIinteger\fP attribute turned on to be used in an expression. @@ -4501,6 +4638,14 @@ greater than, or greater than or equal to \fIarg2\fP, respectively. and .I arg2 may be positive or negative integers. +When used with the \fB[[\fP command, +.I Arg1 +and +.I Arg2 +are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see +.SM +.B "ARITHMETIC EVALUATION" +above). .PD .SH "SIMPLE COMMAND EXPANSION" When a simple command is executed, the shell performs the following @@ -4573,9 +4718,10 @@ A full search of the directories in is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function named \fBcommand_not_found_handle\fP. -If that function exists, it is invoked with the original command and +If that function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment +with the original command and the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's -exit status becomes the exit status of the shell. +exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit status of 127. .PP @@ -5030,6 +5176,11 @@ command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. +.PP +When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the \fBwait\fP +builtin, and job control is enabled, \fBwait\fP will return when the +job changes state. The \fB\-f\fP option will force \fBwait\fP to wait +until the job or process terminates before returning. .SH PROMPTING When executing interactively, .B bash @@ -5042,9 +5193,16 @@ when it is ready to read a command, and the secondary prompt when it needs more input to complete a command. .B Bash displays +.SM .B PS0 after it reads a command but before executing it. .B Bash +displays +.SM +.B PS4 +as described above +before tracing each command when the \fB\-x\fP option is enabled. +.B Bash allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows: .RS @@ -5497,13 +5655,13 @@ in emacs mode and to .B # in vi command mode. .TP -.B completion\-display\-width (-1) +.B completion\-display\-width (\-1) The number of screen columns used to display possible matches when performing completion. The value is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal screen width. A value of 0 will cause matches to be displayed one per line. -The default value is -1. +The default value is \-1. .TP .B completion\-ignore\-case (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, readline performs filename matching and completion @@ -5557,6 +5715,16 @@ can be set to either or .BR vi . .TP +.B emacs\-mode\-string (@) +If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled, +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string. +.TP .B enable\-bracketed\-paste (Off) When set to \fBOn\fP, readline will configure the terminal in a way that will enable it to insert each paste into the editing buffer as a @@ -5626,15 +5794,6 @@ the value of .B editing\-mode also affects the default keymap. .TP -.B emacs\-mode\-string (@) -This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary -prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a -key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and -backslash escape sequences is available. -Use the \e1 and \e2 escapes to begin and end sequences of -non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control -sequence into the mode string. -.TP .B keyseq\-timeout (500) Specifies the duration \fIreadline\fP will wait for a character when reading an ambiguous key sequence (one that can form a complete key sequence using @@ -5712,9 +5871,9 @@ a common prefix) cause the matches to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell. .TP .B show\-mode\-in\-prompt (Off) -If set to \fBOn\fP, add a character to the beginning of the prompt -indicating the editing mode: emacs (@), vi command (:) or vi -insertion (+). +If set to \fBOn\fP, add a string to the beginning of the prompt +indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. +The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., \fIemacs\-mode\-string\fP). .TP .B skip\-completed\-text (Off) If set to \fBOn\fP, this alters the default completion behavior when @@ -5725,7 +5884,8 @@ after point in the word being completed, so portions of the word following the cursor are not duplicated. .TP .B vi\-cmd\-mode\-string ((cmd)) -This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled, +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and @@ -5735,7 +5895,8 @@ non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. .TP .B vi\-ins\-mode\-string ((ins)) -This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +If the \fIshow\-mode\-in\-prompt\fP variable is enabled, +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and @@ -5760,8 +5921,9 @@ The .B $if construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using -readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; -no characters are required to isolate it. +readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator, + extends to the end of the line; +unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it. .RS .IP \fBmode\fP The \fBmode=\fP form of the \fB$if\fP directive is used to test @@ -5783,6 +5945,26 @@ to match both and .IR sun\-cmd , for instance. +.IP \fBversion\fP +The \fBversion\fP test may be used to perform comparisons against +specific readline versions. +The \fBversion\fP expands to the current readline version. +The set of comparison operators includes +.BR = , +(and +.BR == ), +.BR != , +.BR <= , +.BR >= , +.BR < , +and +.BR > . +The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists +of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional +minor version (e.g., \fB7.1\fP). If the minor version is omitted, it +is assumed to be \fB0\fP. +The operator may be separated from the string \fBversion\fP +and from the version number argument by whitespace. .IP \fBapplication\fP The \fBapplication\fP construct is used to include application-specific settings. Each program using the readline @@ -5800,6 +5982,15 @@ key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in \fBbash\fP: \fB$endif\fP .fi .RE +.IP \fIvariable\fP +The \fIvariable\fP construct provides simple equality tests for readline +variables and values. +The permitted comparison operators are \fI=\fP, \fI==\fP, and \fI!=\fP. +The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by +whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand +side by whitespace. +Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be +tested against the values \fIon\fP and \fIoff\fP. .RE .IP \fB$endif\fP This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an @@ -5901,6 +6092,19 @@ Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. .TP +.B previous\-screen\-line +Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous +physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current +Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not +greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. +.TP +.B next\-screen\-line +Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next +physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current +Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length +of the current Readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt +plus the screen width. +.TP .B clear\-screen (C\-l) Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the screen. With an argument, refresh the current line without clearing the @@ -5962,6 +6166,19 @@ Search backward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. .TP +.B history\-substring\-search\-backward +Search backward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the current cursor +position (the \fIpoint\fP). +The search string may match anywhere in a history line. +This is a non-incremental search. +.TP +.B history\-substring\-search\-forward +Search forward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +The search string may match anywhere in a history line. +This is a non-incremental search. +.TP .B yank\-nth\-arg (M\-C\-y) Insert the first argument to the previous command (usually the second word on the previous line) at point. @@ -6024,10 +6241,11 @@ A synonym for \fByank\-last\-arg\fP. .TP .B operate\-and\-get\-next (C\-o) Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line -relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any -argument is ignored. +relative to the current line from the history for editing. +A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead +of the current line. .TP -.B edit\-and\-execute\-command (C\-xC\-e) +.B edit\-and\-execute\-command (C\-x C\-e) Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell commands. \fBBash\fP attempts to invoke @@ -6342,9 +6560,10 @@ Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of .BR bell\-style ). .TP -.B do\-uppercase\-version (M\-a, M\-b, M\-\fIx\fP, ...) -If the metafied character \fIx\fP is lowercase, run the command -that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character. +.B do\-lowercase\-version (M\-A, M\-B, M\-\fIx\fP, ...) +If the metafied character \fIx\fP is uppercase, run the command +that is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character. +The behavior is undefined if \fIx\fP is already lowercase. .TP .B prefix\-meta (ESC) Metafy the next character typed. @@ -6608,7 +6827,7 @@ of the setting of the \fBmark-symlinked\-directories\fP readline variable. .PP There is some support for dynamically modifying completions. This is most useful when used in combination with a default completion specified -with \fBcomplete -D\fP. +with \fBcomplete \-D\fP. It's possible for shell functions executed as completion handlers to indicate that completion should be retried by returning an exit status of 124. If a shell function returns 124, and changes @@ -6679,7 +6898,7 @@ If \fBHISTFILESIZE\fP is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately -by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the preceding history line. +by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history line. These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the value of the .SM .B HISTTIMEFORMAT @@ -6765,7 +6984,7 @@ for information on setting and unsetting shell options. .PP The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the history expansion in -.BR csh. +.BR csh . This section describes what syntax features are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be disabled using the @@ -6784,7 +7003,9 @@ arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly. .PP History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line -is read, before the shell breaks it into words. +is read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed +on each line individually without taking quoting on previous lines into +account. It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list to use during substitution. @@ -7045,7 +7266,7 @@ section as accepting options preceded by accepts .B \-\- to signify the end of the options. -The \fB:\fP, \fBtrue\fP, \fBfalse\fP, and \fBtest\fP builtins +The \fB:\fP, \fBtrue\fP, \fBfalse\fP, and \fBtest\fP/\fB[\fP builtins do not accept options and do not treat \fB\-\-\fP specially. The \fBexit\fP, \fBlogout\fP, \fBreturn\fP, \fBbreak\fP, \fBcontinue\fP, \fBlet\fP, @@ -7609,6 +7830,12 @@ The \fIwordlist\fP is split using the characters in the .SM .B IFS special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded. +Shell quoting is honored within \fIwordlist\fP, +in order to provide a +mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters +in the value of +.SM +.BR IFS . The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which match the word being completed. .TP 8 @@ -8020,6 +8247,7 @@ unless the shell option is enabled. In that case, it returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. +A subshell exits unconditionally if \fBexec\fP fails. If .I command is not specified, any redirections take effect in the current shell, @@ -8089,7 +8317,7 @@ with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the current command number). If .I last -is not specified it is set to +is not specified, it is set to the current command for listing (so that .if n ``fc \-l \-10'' .if t \f(CWfc \-l \-10\fP @@ -8098,7 +8326,7 @@ prints the last 10 commands) and to otherwise. If .I first -is not specified it is set to the previous +is not specified, it is set to the previous command for editing and \-16 for listing. .sp 1 The @@ -8134,7 +8362,7 @@ echoed and executed. .sp 1 In the second form, \fIcommand\fP is re-executed after each instance of \fIpat\fP is replaced by \fIrep\fP. -\fICommand\fP is intepreted the same as \fIfirst\fP above. +\fICommand\fP is interpreted the same as \fIfirst\fP above. A useful alias to use with this is .if n ``r="fc -s"'', .if t \f(CWr='fc \-s'\fP, @@ -8353,6 +8581,8 @@ The return status is 0 unless no command matches .TP \fBhistory \-d\fP \fIoffset\fP .TP +\fBhistory \-d\fP \fIstart\fP\-\fIend\fP +.TP \fBhistory\fP \fB\-anrw\fP [\fIfilename\fP] .TP \fBhistory\fP \fB\-p\fP \fIarg\fP [\fIarg ...\fP] @@ -8389,6 +8619,15 @@ Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. .TP \fB\-d\fP \fIoffset\fP Delete the history entry at position \fIoffset\fP. +If \fIoffset\fP is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater +than the last history position, so negative indices count back from the +end of the history, and an index of \-1 refers to the current +\fBhistory -d\fP command. +.TP +\fB\-d\fP \fIstart\fP\-\fIend\fP +Delete the history entries between positions \fIstart\fP and \fIend\fP, +inclusive. Positive and negative values for \fIstart\fP and \fIend\fP +are interpreted as described above. .TP .B \-a Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. @@ -8591,7 +8830,7 @@ Exit a login shell. Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable .IR array , or from file descriptor -.IR fd +.I fd if the .B \-u option is supplied. @@ -8606,6 +8845,8 @@ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: .B \-d The first character of \fIdelim\fP is used to terminate each input line, rather than newline. +If \fIdelim\fP is the empty string, \fBmapfile\fP will terminate a line +when it reads a NUL character. .TP .B \-n Copy at most @@ -8738,9 +8979,9 @@ causes \fBprintf\fP to output the date-time string resulting from using \fIdatefmt\fP as a format string for \fIstrftime\fP(3). The corresponding \fIargument\fP is an integer representing the number of seconds since the epoch. -Two special argument values may be used: -1 represents the current -time, and -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. -If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had been given. +Two special argument values may be used: \-1 represents the current +time, and \-2 represents the time the shell was invoked. +If no argument is specified, conversion behaves as if \-1 had been given. This is an exception to the usual \fBprintf\fP behavior. .PD .PP @@ -8865,6 +9106,8 @@ Other \fIname\fP arguments are ignored. .B \-d \fIdelim\fP The first character of \fIdelim\fP is used to terminate the input line, rather than newline. +If \fIdelim\fP is the empty string, \fBread\fP will terminate a line +when it reads a NUL character. .TP .B \-e If the standard input @@ -8875,7 +9118,7 @@ is coming from a terminal, .B READLINE above) is used to obtain the line. Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously -active) editing settings. +active) editing settings, but uses Readline's default filename completion. .TP .B \-i \fItext\fP If @@ -8996,7 +9239,7 @@ is omitted, the return status is that of the last command executed in the function body. If \fBreturn\fP is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler. -if \fBreturn\fP is executed during a \fBDEBUG\fP trap, the last command +If \fBreturn\fP is executed during a \fBDEBUG\fP trap, the last command used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap handler before \fBreturn\fP was invoked. If @@ -9426,7 +9669,8 @@ option to the \fBset\fP builtin command. With no options, or with the .B \-p option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with -an indication of whether or not each is set. +an indication of whether or not each is set; +if \fIoptnames\fP are supplied, the output is restricted to those options. The \fB\-p\fP option causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other options have the following meanings: @@ -9475,6 +9719,11 @@ The list of \fBshopt\fP options is: .if n .sp 1v .PD 0 .TP 8 +.B assoc_expand_once +If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of associative array +subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation and while executing +builtins that can perform variable assignments. +.TP 8 .B autocd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if it were the argument to the \fBcd\fP command. @@ -9513,8 +9762,8 @@ above). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. .TP 8 .B checkwinsize -If set, \fBbash\fP checks the window size after each command -and, if necessary, updates the values of +If set, \fBbash\fP checks the window size after each external (non-builtin) +command and, if necessary, updates the values of .SM .B LINES and @@ -9527,6 +9776,10 @@ If set, attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line command in the same history entry. This allows easy re-editing of multi-line commands. +This option is enabled by default, but only has an effect if command +history is enabled, as described above under +.SM +.BR HISTORY . .TP 8 .B compat31 If set, @@ -9588,6 +9841,12 @@ and does not reset the loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows \fBbreak\fP or \fBcontinue\fP in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context). .TP 8 +.B compat44 +If set, +.B bash +saves the positional parameters to BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC before they are +used, regardless of whether or not extended debugging mode is enabled. +.TP 8 .B complete_fullquote If set, .B bash @@ -9628,6 +9887,13 @@ If set, .B bash includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname expansion. +The filenames +.B ``.'' +and +.B ``..'' +must always be matched explicitly, even if +.B dotglob +is set. .TP 8 .B execfail If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if @@ -9797,6 +10063,11 @@ If set, and the option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. .TP 8 +.B localvar_inherit +If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a variable of +the same name that exists at a previous scope before any new value is +assigned. The nameref attribute is not inherited. +.TP 8 .B login_shell The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (see .SM @@ -10410,20 +10681,23 @@ subsequently reset. The exit status is true unless a .I name is readonly. .TP -\fBwait\fP [\fB\-n\fP] [\fIn ...\fP] +\fBwait\fP [\fB\-fn\fP] [\fIid ...\fP] Wait for each specified child process and return its termination status. Each -.I n +.I id may be a process ID or a job specification; if a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are waited for. If -.I n +.I id is not given, all currently active child processes are waited for, and the return status is zero. If the \fB\-n\fP option is supplied, \fBwait\fP waits for any job to terminate and returns its exit status. +If the \fB\-f\fP option is supplied, and job control is enabled, +\fBwait\fP forces \fIid\fP to terminate before returning its status, +instead of returning when it changes status. If -.I n +.I id specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last process or job waited for. diff --git a/doc/bash.html b/doc/bash.html index 983284e8..54b42fec 100644 --- a/doc/bash.html +++ b/doc/bash.html @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ </HEAD> <BODY><TABLE WIDTH=100%> <TR> -<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2016 August 26<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1) +<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>BASH(1)<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2018 March 15<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1) </TR> </TABLE> <BR><A HREF="#index">Index</A> @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ bash - GNU Bourne-Again SHell <H3>COPYRIGHT</H3> -Bash is Copyright © 1989-2016 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Bash is Copyright © 1989-2018 by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. <A NAME="lbAE"> </A> <H3>DESCRIPTION</H3> @@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ can be configured to be POSIX-conformant by default. <H3>OPTIONS</H3> All of the single-character shell options documented in the -description of the <B>set</B> builtin command can be used as options -when the shell is invoked. +description of the <B>set</B> builtin command, including <B>-o</B>, +can be used as options when the shell is invoked. In addition, <B>bash</B> interprets the following options when it is invoked: <P> @@ -139,7 +139,8 @@ If the option is present, or if no arguments remain after option processing, then commands are read from the standard input. This option allows the positional parameters to be set -when invoking an interactive shell. +when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input +through a pipe. <DT><B>-D</B> <DD> @@ -780,6 +781,12 @@ the time information. Each command in a pipeline is executed as a separate process (i.e., in a subshell). +See +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIRONMENT</B></FONT> +for a description of a subshell environment. +If the <B>lastpipe</B> option is enabled using the <B>shopt</B> builtin +(see the description of <B>shopt</B> below), +the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process. <A NAME="lbAN"> </A> <H4>Lists</H4> @@ -855,7 +862,7 @@ An AND list has the form is executed if, and only if, <I>command1</I> -returns an exit status of zero. +returns an exit status of zero (success). <P> An OR list has the form @@ -871,7 +878,7 @@ An OR list has the form <I>command2</I> -is executed if and only if +is executed if, and only if, <I>command1</I> returns a non-zero exit status. @@ -1110,11 +1117,11 @@ or zero if no commands were executed. <DT><B>case</B> <I>word</I> <B>in</B> [ [(] <I>pattern</I> [ <B>|</B> <I>pattern</I> ] <DD> A <B>case</B> command first expands <I>word</I>, and tries to match -it against each <I>pattern</I> in turn, using the same matching rules -as for pathname expansion (see -<B>Pathname Expansion</B> +it against each <I>pattern</I> in turn, using the matching rules +described under +<B>Pattern Matching</B> -below). +below. The <I>word</I> is expanded using tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, arithmetic expansion, command substitution, process substitution and quote removal. @@ -1217,7 +1224,8 @@ command (see below). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using standard word expansions. -The file descriptors are not available in subshells. +Other than those created to execute command and process substitutions, +the file descriptors are not available in subshells. The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is available as the value of the variable <I>NAME</I>_PID. The <B>wait</B> @@ -1463,7 +1471,7 @@ question mark <DD> the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <I>nnn</I> -(one to three digits) +(one to three octal digits) <DT><B>\x</B><I>HH</I> <DD> @@ -1868,6 +1876,16 @@ This variable is read-only. Expands to the process ID of the current <B>bash</B> process. This differs from <B>$$</B> under certain circumstances, such as subshells that do not require <B>bash</B> to be re-initialized. +Assignments to +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>BASHPID</B> + +</FONT> +have no effect. +If +<B>BASHPID</B> + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. <DT><B>BASH_ALIASES</B> <DD> @@ -1903,7 +1921,9 @@ only when in extended debugging mode (see the description of the option to the <B>shopt</B> -builtin below) +builtin below). +Setting <B>extdebug</B> after the shell has started to execute a script +may result in inconsistent values. <DT><B>BASH_ARGV</B> <DD> @@ -1926,7 +1946,26 @@ only when in extended debugging mode option to the <B>shopt</B> -builtin below) +builtin below). +Setting <B>extdebug</B> after the shell has started to execute a script +may result in inconsistent values. +<DT><B>BASH_ARGV0</B> + +<DD> +When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell +script (identical to +<B>$0</B>; + +see the description of special parameter 0 above). +Assignment to +<B>BASH_ARGV0</B> + +causes the value assigned to also be assigned to <B>$0</B>. +If +<B>BASH_ARGV0</B> + +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. <DT><B>BASH_CMDS</B> <DD> @@ -2155,6 +2194,39 @@ If </FONT> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. +<DT><B>EPOCHREALTIME</B> + +<DD> +Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds +since the Unix Epoch (see <I>time</I>(3)) as a floating point value +with micro-second granularity. +Assignments to +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EPOCHREALTIME</B> + +</FONT> +are ignored. +If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EPOCHREALTIME</B> + +</FONT> +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. +<DT><B>EPOCHSECONDS</B> + +<DD> +Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds +since the Unix Epoch (see <I>time</I>(3)). +Assignments to +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EPOCHSECONDS</B> + +</FONT> +are ignored. +If +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>EPOCHSECONDS</B> + +</FONT> +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. <DT><B>EUID</B> <DD> @@ -2612,9 +2684,9 @@ will cause the current command to abort. <DT><B>GLOBIGNORE</B> <DD> -A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to +A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names to be ignored by pathname expansion. -If a filename matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one +If a file name matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in <FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B>, @@ -3035,6 +3107,7 @@ and the value is printed before each command <B>bash</B> displays during an execution trace. The first character of +the expanded value of <FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS4</B> </FONT> @@ -3327,15 +3400,21 @@ The <B>unset</B> builtin is used to destroy arrays. <B>unset</B> <I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>] -destroys the array element at index <I>subscript</I>. +destroys the array element at index <I>subscript</I>, +for both indexed and associative arrays. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. -Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by pathname -expansion. +Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset the variable. <B>unset</B> <I>name</I>, where <I>name</I> is an array, or <B>unset</B> <I>name</I>[<I>subscript</I>], where <I>subscript</I> is <B>*</B> or <B>@</B>, removes the entire array. <P> +When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a command, +such as with <B>unset</B>, without using the word expansion syntax +described above, the argument is subject to pathname expansion. +If pathname expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted. +<P> + The <B>declare</B>, @@ -3413,10 +3492,11 @@ original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves <P> Only brace expansion, word splitting, and pathname expansion -can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions +can increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions of -"<B>$@</B>" and "<B>${</B><I>name</I><B>[@]}</B>" +"<B>$@</B>" and "<B>${</B><I>name</I><B>[@]}</B>", +and, in most cases, <B>$*</B> and <B>${</B><I>name</I><B>[*]}</B> as explained above (see <FONT SIZE=-1><B>PARAMETERS</B>). @@ -3485,7 +3565,8 @@ Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. A <B>{</B> or <B>,</B> may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string <B>${</B> -is not considered eligible for brace expansion. +is not considered eligible for brace expansion, and inhibits brace +expansion until the closing <B>}</B>. <P> This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common @@ -3663,6 +3744,8 @@ it introduces a level of variable indirection. expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the value of <I>parameter</I> itself. This is known as <I>indirect expansion</I>. +The value is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. If <I>parameter</I> is a nameref, this expands to the name of the variable referenced by <I>parameter</I> instead of performing the complete indirect expansion. @@ -3848,7 +3931,14 @@ The <I>word</I> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname -expansion. If the pattern matches the beginning of +expansion, and matched against the expanded value of +<I>parameter</I> + +using the rules described under +<B>Pattern Matching</B> + +below. +If the pattern matches the beginning of the value of <I>parameter</I>, @@ -3885,7 +3975,13 @@ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. <B>Remove matching suffix pattern</B>. The <I>word</I> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in -pathname expansion. +pathname expansion, and matched against the expanded value of +<I>parameter</I> + +using the rules described under +<B>Pattern Matching</B> + +below. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of <I>parameter</I>, @@ -3919,9 +4015,13 @@ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. <DT>${<I>parameter</I><B>/</B><I>pattern</I><B>/</B><I>string</I>}<DD> <B>Pattern substitution</B>. The <I>pattern</I> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in -pathname expansion. +pathname expansion, <I>Parameter</I> is expanded and the longest match of <I>pattern</I> against its value is replaced with <I>string</I>. +The match is performed using the rules described under +<B>Pattern Matching</B> + +below. If <I>pattern</I> begins with <B>/</B>, all matches of <I>pattern</I> are replaced with <I>string</I>. Normally only the first match is replaced. If <I>pattern</I> begins with <B>#</B>, it must match at the beginning @@ -4018,7 +4118,7 @@ format that can be reused as input. <DD> The expansion is a string that is the value of <I>parameter</I> with backslash -escape sequences expanded as with the <B>$'...'</B> quoting mechansim. +escape sequences expanded as with the <B>$'...'</B> quoting mechanism. <DT><B>P</B> <DD> @@ -4059,7 +4159,7 @@ is an array variable subscripted with or <B>*</B>, -the case modification operation is applied to each member of the +the operation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. <P> The result of the expansion is subject to word splitting and pathname @@ -4354,12 +4454,27 @@ must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option <B>dotglob</B> is set. -When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be -matched explicitly. +The filenames +<B>``.''</B> + +and +<B>``..''</B> + +must always be matched explicitly, even if +<B>dotglob</B> + +is set. In other cases, the <B>``.''</B> character is not treated specially. +When matching a pathname, the slash character must always be +matched explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching +contexts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described +below under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>Pattern Matching</B>. + +</FONT> See the description of <B>shopt</B> @@ -4384,14 +4499,14 @@ The <FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B> </FONT> -shell variable may be used to restrict the set of filenames matching a +shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a <I>pattern</I>. If <FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B> </FONT> -is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in +is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in <FONT SIZE=-1><B>GLOBIGNORE</B> </FONT> @@ -4613,6 +4728,13 @@ Matches anything except one of the given patterns </DL></DL> +<P> + +Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, +especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings +contain multiple matches. +Using separate matches against shorter strings, or using arrays of +strings instead of a single long string, may be faster. <A NAME="lbBH"> </A> <H4>Quote Removal</H4> @@ -4659,6 +4781,9 @@ than or equal to 10 and assign it to <I>varname</I>. If >&- or <&- is preceded by {<I>varname</I>}, the value of <I>varname</I> defines the file descriptor to close. +If {<I>varname</I>} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond +the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage +the file descriptor himself. <P> In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is @@ -5035,7 +5160,7 @@ A variant of here documents, the format is: <P> The <I>word</I> undergoes -brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, @@ -5339,6 +5464,47 @@ Variables local to the function may be declared with the builtin command. Ordinarily, variables and their values are shared between the function and its caller. +If a variable is declared <B>local</B>, the variable's visible scope +is restricted to that function and its children (including the functions +it calls). +Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at +previous scopes. +For instance, a local variable declared in a function +hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments +refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified. +When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. +<P> + +The shell uses <I>dynamic scoping</I> to control a variable's visibility +within functions. +With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their values +are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused execution +to reach the current function. +The value of a variable that a function sees depends +on its value within its caller, if any, whether that caller is +the "global" scope or another shell function. +This is also the value that a local variable +declaration "shadows", and the value that is restored when the function +returns. +<P> + +For example, if a variable <I>var</I> is declared as local in function +<I>func1</I>, and <I>func1</I> calls another function <I>func2</I>, +references to <I>var</I> made from within <I>func2</I> will resolve to the +local variable <I>var</I> from <I>func1</I>, shadowing any global variable +named <I>var</I>. +<P> + +The <B>unset</B> builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a +variable is local to the current scope, <B>unset</B> will unset it; +otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope +as described above. +If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will remain so +until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns. +Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous +scope will become visible. +If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a +variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible. <P> The <B>FUNCNEST</B> variable, if set to a numeric value greater @@ -5397,10 +5563,6 @@ the <B>unset</B> builtin. -Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result -in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the -shell's children. -Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. <P> Functions may be recursive. @@ -5742,6 +5904,17 @@ and <I>arg2</I> may be positive or negative integers. +When used with the <B>[[</B> command, +<I>Arg1</I> + +and +<I>Arg2</I> + +are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>ARITHMETIC EVALUATION</B> + +</FONT> +above). </DL> <A NAME="lbBX"> </A> @@ -5834,9 +6007,10 @@ A full search of the directories in is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function named <B>command_not_found_handle</B>. -If that function exists, it is invoked with the original command and +If that function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment +with the original command and the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's -exit status becomes the exit status of the shell. +exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit status of 127. <P> @@ -6427,6 +6601,12 @@ command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, the shell does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. +<P> + +When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the <B>wait</B> +builtin, and job control is enabled, <B>wait</B> will return when the +job changes state. The <B>-f</B> option will force <B>wait</B> to wait +until the job or process terminates before returning. <A NAME="lbCE"> </A> <H3>PROMPTING</H3> @@ -6445,11 +6625,20 @@ when it needs more input to complete a command. <B>Bash</B> displays -<B>PS0</B> +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS0</B> +</FONT> after it reads a command but before executing it. <B>Bash</B> +displays +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>PS4</B> + +</FONT> +as described above +before tracing each command when the <B>-x</B> option is enabled. +<B>Bash</B> + allows these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded as follows: <DL COMPACT><DT><DD> @@ -7134,6 +7323,17 @@ can be set to either or <B>vi</B>. +<DT><B>emacs-mode-string (@)</B> + +<DD> +If the <I>show-mode-in-prompt</I> variable is enabled, +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a +key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and +backslash escape sequences is available. +Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of +non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control +sequence into the mode string. <DT><B>enable-bracketed-paste (Off)</B> <DD> @@ -7217,16 +7417,6 @@ the value of <B>editing-mode</B> also affects the default keymap. -<DT><B>emacs-mode-string (@)</B> - -<DD> -This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary -prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a -key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and -backslash escape sequences is available. -Use the \1 and \2 escapes to begin and end sequences of -non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal control -sequence into the mode string. <DT><B>keyseq-timeout (500)</B> <DD> @@ -7320,9 +7510,9 @@ of ringing the bell. <DT><B>show-mode-in-prompt (Off)</B> <DD> -If set to <B>On</B>, add a character to the beginning of the prompt -indicating the editing mode: emacs (@), vi command (:) or vi -insertion (+). +If set to <B>On</B>, add a string to the beginning of the prompt +indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. +The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., <I>emacs-mode-string</I>). <DT><B>skip-completed-text (Off)</B> <DD> @@ -7335,7 +7525,8 @@ following the cursor are not duplicated. <DT><B>vi-cmd-mode-string ((cmd))</B> <DD> -This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +If the <I>show-mode-in-prompt</I> variable is enabled, +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and @@ -7346,7 +7537,8 @@ sequence into the mode string. <DT><B>vi-ins-mode-string ((ins))</B> <DD> -This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +If the <I>show-mode-in-prompt</I> variable is enabled, +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and @@ -7378,8 +7570,9 @@ The construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using -readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; -no characters are required to isolate it. +readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator, +<BR> extends to the end of the line; +unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it. <DL COMPACT><DT><DD> <DL COMPACT> <DT><B>mode</B><DD> @@ -7406,6 +7599,33 @@ and <I>sun-cmd</I>, for instance. +<DT><B>version</B><DD> +The <B>version</B> test may be used to perform comparisons against +specific readline versions. +The <B>version</B> expands to the current readline version. +The set of comparison operators includes +<B>=</B>, + +(and +<B>==</B>), + +<B>!=</B>, + +<B><=</B>, + +<B>>=</B>, + +<B><</B>, + +and +<B>></B>. + +The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists +of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional +minor version (e.g., <B>7.1</B>). If the minor version is omitted, it +is assumed to be <B>0</B>. +The operator may be separated from the string <B>version</B> +and from the version number argument by whitespace. <DT><B>application</B><DD> The <B>application</B> construct is used to include application-specific settings. Each program using the readline @@ -7425,6 +7645,15 @@ key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in <B>bash</B>: </DL> +<DT><I>variable</I><DD> +The <I>variable</I> construct provides simple equality tests for readline +variables and values. +The permitted comparison operators are <I>=</I>, <I>==</I>, and <I>!=</I>. +The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by +whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand +side by whitespace. +Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be +tested against the values <I>on</I> and <I>off</I>. </DL></DL> <DT><B>$endif</B><DD> @@ -7554,6 +7783,21 @@ Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. <DD> Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. +<DT><B>previous-screen-line</B> + +<DD> +Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous +physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current +Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not +greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. +<DT><B>next-screen-line</B> + +<DD> +Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next +physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current +Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length +of the current Readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt +plus the screen width. <DT><B>clear-screen (C-l)</B> <DD> @@ -7634,6 +7878,21 @@ This is a non-incremental search. Search backward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. This is a non-incremental search. +<DT><B>history-substring-search-backward</B> + +<DD> +Search backward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the current cursor +position (the <I>point</I>). +The search string may match anywhere in a history line. +This is a non-incremental search. +<DT><B>history-substring-search-forward</B> + +<DD> +Search forward through the history for the string of characters +between the start of the current line and the point. +The search string may match anywhere in a history line. +This is a non-incremental search. <DT><B>yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)</B> <DD> @@ -7710,9 +7969,10 @@ A synonym for <B>yank-last-arg</B>. <DD> Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line -relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any -argument is ignored. -<DT><B>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</B> +relative to the current line from the history for editing. +A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead +of the current line. +<DT><B>edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)</B> <DD> Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell @@ -8124,11 +8384,12 @@ Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of <B>bell-style</B>). -<DT><B>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-</B><I>x</I>, ...) +<DT><B>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-</B><I>x</I>, ...) <DD> -If the metafied character <I>x</I> is lowercase, run the command -that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character. +If the metafied character <I>x</I> is uppercase, run the command +that is bound to the corresponding metafied lowercase character. +The behavior is undefined if <I>x</I> is already lowercase. <DT><B>prefix-meta (ESC)</B> <DD> @@ -8542,7 +8803,7 @@ If <B>HISTFILESIZE</B> is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric value, or a numeric value less than zero, the history file is not truncated. When the history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment character followed immediately -by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the preceding history line. +by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history line. These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the value of the <FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTTIMEFORMAT</B> @@ -8652,7 +8913,7 @@ for information on setting and unsetting shell options. The shell supports a history expansion feature that is similar to the history expansion in -<B>csh.</B> +<B>csh</B>. This section describes what syntax features are available. This feature is enabled by default for interactive shells, and can be @@ -8677,7 +8938,9 @@ fix errors in previous commands quickly. <P> History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line -is read, before the shell breaks it into words. +is read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed +on each line individually without taking quoting on previous lines into +account. It takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list to use during substitution. @@ -9035,7 +9298,7 @@ accepts <B>--</B> to signify the end of the options. -The <B>:</B>, <B>true</B>, <B>false</B>, and <B>test</B> builtins +The <B>:</B>, <B>true</B>, <B>false</B>, and <B>test</B>/<B>[</B> builtins do not accept options and do not treat <B>--</B> specially. The <B>exit</B>, <B>logout</B>, <B>return</B>, <B>break</B>, <B>continue</B>, <B>let</B>, @@ -9705,6 +9968,13 @@ The <I>wordlist</I> is split using the characters in the </FONT> special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word is expanded. +Shell quoting is honored within <I>wordlist</I>, +in order to provide a +mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters +in the value of +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>IFS</B>. + +</FONT> The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which match the word being completed. <DT><B>-X</B> <I>filterpat</I><DD> @@ -10209,6 +10479,7 @@ unless the shell option is enabled. In that case, it returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. +A subshell exits unconditionally if <B>exec</B> fails. If <I>command</I> @@ -10292,7 +10563,7 @@ where a negative number is used as an offset from the current command number). If <I>last</I> -is not specified it is set to +is not specified, it is set to the current command for listing (so that <TT>fc -l -10</TT> @@ -10303,7 +10574,7 @@ otherwise. If <I>first</I> -is not specified it is set to the previous +is not specified, it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for listing. <P> The @@ -10349,7 +10620,7 @@ echoed and executed. <P> In the second form, <I>command</I> is re-executed after each instance of <I>pat</I> is replaced by <I>rep</I>. -<I>Command</I> is intepreted the same as <I>first</I> above. +<I>Command</I> is interpreted the same as <I>first</I> above. A useful alias to use with this is <TT>r='fc -s'</TT>, @@ -10621,6 +10892,7 @@ The return status is 0 unless no command matches <DT><B>history</B> <B>-c</B><DD> <DT><B>history -d</B> <I>offset</I><DD> +<DT><B>history -d</B> <I>start</I>-<I>end</I><DD> <DT><B>history</B> <B>-anrw</B> [<I>filename</I>]<DD> <DT><B>history</B> <B>-p</B> <I>arg</I> [<I>arg ...</I>]<DD> <DT><B>history</B> <B>-s</B> <I>arg</I> [<I>arg ...</I>]<DD> @@ -10661,6 +10933,14 @@ is used. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. <DT><B>-d</B> <I>offset</I><DD> Delete the history entry at position <I>offset</I>. +If <I>offset</I> is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater +than the last history position, so negative indices count back from the +end of the history, and an index of -1 refers to the current +<B>history -d</B> command. +<DT><B>-d</B> <I>start</I>-<I>end</I><DD> +Delete the history entries between positions <I>start</I> and <I>end</I>, +inclusive. Positive and negative values for <I>start</I> and <I>end</I> +are interpreted as described above. <DT><B>-a</B> <DD> @@ -10935,6 +11215,8 @@ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: <DD> The first character of <I>delim</I> is used to terminate each input line, rather than newline. +If <I>delim</I> is the empty string, <B>mapfile</B> will terminate a line +when it reads a NUL character. <DT><B>-n</B> <DD> @@ -11250,6 +11532,8 @@ Other <I>name</I> arguments are ignored. <DD> The first character of <I>delim</I> is used to terminate the input line, rather than newline. +If <I>delim</I> is the empty string, <B>read</B> will terminate a line +when it reads a NUL character. <DT><B>-e</B> <DD> @@ -11263,7 +11547,7 @@ is coming from a terminal, </FONT> above) is used to obtain the line. Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously -active) editing settings. +active) editing settings, but uses Readline's default filename completion. <DT><B>-i </B><I>text</I> <DD> @@ -11409,7 +11693,7 @@ is omitted, the return status is that of the last command executed in the function body. If <B>return</B> is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler. -if <B>return</B> is executed during a <B>DEBUG</B> trap, the last command +If <B>return</B> is executed during a <B>DEBUG</B> trap, the last command used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap handler before <B>return</B> was invoked. If @@ -11970,7 +12254,8 @@ With no options, or with the <B>-p</B> option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with -an indication of whether or not each is set. +an indication of whether or not each is set; +if <I>optnames</I> are supplied, the output is restricted to those options. The <B>-p</B> option causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other options have the following meanings: @@ -12035,6 +12320,12 @@ The list of <B>shopt</B> options is: <DL COMPACT> +<DT><B>assoc_expand_once</B> + +<DD> +If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of associative array +subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation and while executing +builtins that can perform variable assignments. <DT><B>autocd</B> <DD> @@ -12083,8 +12374,8 @@ postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. <DT><B>checkwinsize</B> <DD> -If set, <B>bash</B> checks the window size after each command -and, if necessary, updates the values of +If set, <B>bash</B> checks the window size after each external (non-builtin) +command and, if necessary, updates the values of <FONT SIZE=-1><B>LINES</B> </FONT> @@ -12101,6 +12392,11 @@ If set, attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line command in the same history entry. This allows easy re-editing of multi-line commands. +This option is enabled by default, but only has an effect if command +history is enabled, as described above under +<FONT SIZE=-1><B>HISTORY</B>. + +</FONT> <DT><B>compat31</B> <DD> @@ -12175,6 +12471,14 @@ to make them fatal errors that cause the shell to exit), and does not reset the loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows <B>break</B> or <B>continue</B> in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context). +<DT><B>compat44</B> + +<DD> +If set, +<B>bash</B> + +saves the positional parameters to BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC before they are +used, regardless of whether or not extended debugging mode is enabled. <DT><B>complete_fullquote</B> <DD> @@ -12226,6 +12530,16 @@ If set, includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of pathname expansion. +The filenames +<B>``.''</B> + +and +<B>``..''</B> + +must always be matched explicitly, even if +<B>dotglob</B> + +is set. <DT><B>execfail</B> <DD> @@ -12441,6 +12755,12 @@ If set, and the option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. +<DT><B>localvar_inherit</B> + +<DD> +If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a variable of +the same name that exists at a previous scope before any new value is +assigned. The nameref attribute is not inherited. <DT><B>login_shell</B> <DD> @@ -13221,22 +13541,25 @@ subsequently reset. The exit status is true unless a <I>name</I> is readonly. -<DT><B>wait</B> [<B>-n</B>] [<I>n ...</I>]<DD> +<DT><B>wait</B> [<B>-fn</B>] [<I>id ...</I>]<DD> Wait for each specified child process and return its termination status. Each -<I>n</I> +<I>id</I> may be a process ID or a job specification; if a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are waited for. If -<I>n</I> +<I>id</I> is not given, all currently active child processes are waited for, and the return status is zero. If the <B>-n</B> option is supplied, <B>wait</B> waits for any job to terminate and returns its exit status. +If the <B>-f</B> option is supplied, and job control is enabled, +<B>wait</B> forces <I>id</I> to terminate before returning its status, +instead of returning when it changes status. If -<I>n</I> +<I>id</I> specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the last @@ -13529,7 +13852,7 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time. <HR> <TABLE WIDTH=100%> <TR> -<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 4.4<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2016 August 26<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1) +<TH ALIGN=LEFT width=33%>GNU Bash 5.0<TH ALIGN=CENTER width=33%>2018 March 15<TH ALIGN=RIGHT width=33%>BASH(1) </TR> </TABLE> <HR> @@ -13635,6 +13958,6 @@ There may be only one active coprocess at a time. </DL> <HR> This document was created by man2html from bash.1.<BR> -Time: 31 August 2016 10:24:30 EDT +Time: 19 March 2018 09:43:32 EDT </BODY> </HTML> diff --git a/doc/bash.info b/doc/bash.info index fac67865..9a4edb08 100644 --- a/doc/bash.info +++ b/doc/bash.info @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ -This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.1 from +This is bash.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.5 from bashref.texi. This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 4.4, 7 September 2016). +Bash shell (version 5.0, 15 March 2018). - This is Edition 4.4, last updated 7 September 2016, of 'The GNU Bash -Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 4.4. + This is Edition 5.0, last updated 15 March 2018, of 'The GNU Bash +Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.0. - Copyright (C) 1988-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Copyright (C) 1988-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, @@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ Bash Features ************* This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 4.4, 7 September 2016). The Bash home page is +Bash shell (version 5.0, 15 March 2018). The Bash home page is <http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>. - This is Edition 4.4, last updated 7 September 2016, of 'The GNU Bash -Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 4.4. + This is Edition 5.0, last updated 15 March 2018, of 'The GNU Bash +Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.0. Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has @@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ decoded as follows: question mark '\NNN' the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to - three digits) + three octal digits) '\xHH' the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH (one or two hex digits) @@ -586,16 +586,20 @@ information. If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete. - Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell (*note -Command Execution Environment::). The exit status of a pipeline is the -exit status of the last command in the pipeline, unless the 'pipefail' -option is enabled (*note The Set Builtin::). If 'pipefail' is enabled, -the pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) -command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit -successfully. If the reserved word '!' precedes the pipeline, the exit -status is the logical negation of the exit status as described above. -The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before -returning a value. + Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell, which is +a separate process (*note Command Execution Environment::). If the +'lastpipe' option is enabled using the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt +Builtin::), the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell +process. + + The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command +in the pipeline, unless the 'pipefail' option is enabled (*note The Set +Builtin::). If 'pipefail' is enabled, the pipeline's return status is +the value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero +status, or zero if all commands exit successfully. If the reserved word +'!' precedes the pipeline, the exit status is the logical negation of +the exit status as described above. The shell waits for all commands in +the pipeline to terminate before returning a value. File: bash.info, Node: Lists, Next: Compound Commands, Prev: Pipelines, Up: Shell Commands @@ -633,7 +637,7 @@ executed with left associativity. COMMAND1 && COMMAND2 COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns an exit status of -zero. +zero (success). An OR list has the form COMMAND1 || COMMAND2 @@ -656,11 +660,12 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Compound Commands, Next: Coprocesses, Prev: Lists, Up * Conditional Constructs:: Shell commands for conditional execution. * Command Grouping:: Ways to group commands. -Compound commands are the shell programming constructs. Each construct -begins with a reserved word or control operator and is terminated by a -corresponding reserved word or operator. Any redirections (*note -Redirections::) associated with a compound command apply to all commands -within that compound command unless explicitly overridden. +Compound commands are the shell programming language constructs. Each +construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is +terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator. Any +redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with a compound command +apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly +overridden. In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description may be separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines, @@ -705,14 +710,16 @@ syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. for NAME [ [in [WORDS ...] ] ; ] do COMMANDS; done - Expand WORDS, and execute COMMANDS once for each member in the - resultant list, with NAME bound to the current member. If 'in - WORDS' is not present, the 'for' command executes the COMMANDS once - for each positional parameter that is set, as if 'in "$@"' had been - specified (*note Special Parameters::). The return status is the - exit status of the last command that executes. If there are no - items in the expansion of WORDS, no commands are executed, and the - return status is zero. + Expand WORDS (*note Shell Expansions::), and execute COMMANDS once + for each member in the resultant list, with NAME bound to the + current member. If 'in WORDS' is not present, the 'for' command + executes the COMMANDS once for each positional parameter that is + set, as if 'in "$@"' had been specified (*note Special + Parameters::). + + The return status is the exit status of the last command that + executes. If there are no items in the expansion of WORDS, no + commands are executed, and the return status is zero. An alternate form of the 'for' command is also supported: @@ -764,20 +771,21 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Prev: case WORD in [ [(] PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND-LIST ;;]... esac 'case' will selectively execute the COMMAND-LIST corresponding to - the first PATTERN that matches WORD. If the 'nocasematch' shell - option (see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt - Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the - case of alphabetic characters. The '|' is used to separate - multiple patterns, and the ')' operator terminates a pattern list. - A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known as a - CLAUSE. + the first PATTERN that matches WORD. The match is performed + according to the rules described below in *note Pattern Matching::. + If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of 'shopt' + in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed + without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The '|' is + used to separate multiple patterns, and the ')' operator terminates + a pattern list. A list of patterns and an associated command-list + is known as a CLAUSE. Each clause must be terminated with ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The WORD undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command - substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before - matching is attempted. Each PATTERN undergoes tilde expansion, - parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic - expansion. + substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (*note Shell + Parameter Expansion::) before matching is attempted. Each PATTERN + undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command + substitution, and arithmetic expansion. There may be an arbitrary number of 'case' clauses, each terminated by a ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The first pattern that matches @@ -904,7 +912,7 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Prev: variable LINE) if there is a sequence of characters in the value consisting of any number, including zero, of space characters, zero or one instances of 'a', then a 'b': - [[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]] + [[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*?(a)b ]] That means values like 'aab' and ' aaaaaab' will match, as will a line containing a 'b' anywhere in its value. @@ -917,7 +925,7 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Prev: to the shell's quote removal. Using a shell variable to store the pattern decreases these problems. For example, the following is equivalent to the above: - pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b' + pattern='[[:space:]]*?(a)b' [[ $line =~ $pattern ]] If you want to match a character that's special to the regular @@ -1030,7 +1038,8 @@ a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned to 'NAME'[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the command (*note Redirections::). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using -standard word expansions. The file descriptors are not available in +standard word expansions. Other than those created to execute command +and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in subshells. The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is @@ -1119,7 +1128,7 @@ first. Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in parallel, similar to 'cat file | bash'. It is not uncommon to take a list of filenames, create a series of shell commands to operate on them, -and feed that list of commnds to a shell. Parallel can speed this up. +and feed that list of commands to a shell. Parallel can speed this up. Assuming that 'file' contains a list of shell commands, one per line, parallel -j 10 < file @@ -1210,7 +1219,57 @@ last command executed before the 'return'. Variables local to the function may be declared with the 'local' builtin. These variables are visible only to the function and the -commands it invokes. +commands it invokes. This is particularly important when a shell +function calls other functions. + + Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at +previous scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function +hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments +refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified. +When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. + + The shell uses DYNAMIC SCOPING to control a variable's visibility +within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their +values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused +execution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a +function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether +that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function. This is +also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the +value that is restored when the function returns. + + For example, if a variable VAR is declared as local in function +FUNC1, and FUNC1 calls another function FUNC2, references to VAR made +from within FUNC2 will resolve to the local variable VAR from FUNC1, +shadowing any global variable named VAR. + + The following script demonstrates this behavior. When executed, the +script displays + + In func2, var = func1 local + + func1() + { + local var='func1 local' + func2 + } + + func2() + { + echo "In func2, var = $var" + } + + var=global + func1 + + The 'unset' builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a +variable is local to the current scope, 'unset' will unset it; otherwise +the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as +described above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it +will remain so until it is reset in that scope or until the function +returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a +previous scope will become visible. If the unset acts on a variable at +a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that name that had +been shadowed will become visible. Function names and definitions may be listed with the '-f' option to the 'declare' ('typeset') builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). The @@ -1218,10 +1277,7 @@ the 'declare' ('typeset') builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). The (and optionally the source file and line number, if the 'extdebug' shell option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with the '-f' option to the 'export' -builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Note that shell functions and -variables with the same name may result in multiple identically-named -entries in the environment passed to the shell's children. Care should -be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. +builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Functions may be recursive. The 'FUNCNEST' variable may be used to limit the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of @@ -1447,10 +1503,10 @@ original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves (QUOTE REMOVAL). Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion can -change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a +increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the -expansions of '"$@"' (*note Special Parameters::) and '"${NAME[@]}"' -(*note Arrays::). +expansions of '"$@"' and '$*' (*note Special Parameters::), and +'"${NAME[@]}"' and '${NAME[*]}' (*note Arrays::). After all expansions, 'quote removal' (*note Quote Removal::) is performed. @@ -1492,9 +1548,7 @@ each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is strictly textual. Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation -to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. To -avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string '${' is not -considered eligible for brace expansion. +to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence @@ -1503,7 +1557,7 @@ expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. A { or ',' may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string '${' is not considered eligible for -brace expansion. +brace expansion, and inhibits brace expansion until the closing '}'.. This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example: @@ -1603,12 +1657,14 @@ PARAMETER is not a NAMEREF, it introduces a level of variable indirection. Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of PARAMETER as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the -value of PARAMETER itself. This is known as 'indirect expansion'. If -PARAMETER is a nameref, this expands to the name of the variable -referenced by PARAMETER instead of performing the complete indirect -expansion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!PREFIX*} and -${!NAME[@]} described below. The exclamation point must immediately -follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection. +value of PARAMETER itself. This is known as 'indirect expansion'. The +value is subject to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command +substitution, and arithmetic expansion. If PARAMETER is a nameref, this +expands to the name of the variable referenced by PARAMETER instead of +performing the complete indirect expansion. The exceptions to this are +the expansions of ${!PREFIX*} and ${!NAME[@]} described below. The +exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to +introduce indirection. In each of the cases below, WORD is subject to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. @@ -1668,7 +1724,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo ${string:7} 7890abcdefgh $ echo ${string:7:0} - + $ echo ${string:7:2} 78 $ echo ${string:7:-2} @@ -1676,7 +1732,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo ${string: -7} bcdefgh $ echo ${string: -7:0} - + $ echo ${string: -7:2} bc $ echo ${string: -7:-2} @@ -1685,7 +1741,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo ${1:7} 7890abcdefgh $ echo ${1:7:0} - + $ echo ${1:7:2} 78 $ echo ${1:7:-2} @@ -1693,7 +1749,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo ${1: -7} bcdefgh $ echo ${1: -7:0} - + $ echo ${1: -7:2} bc $ echo ${1: -7:-2} @@ -1702,7 +1758,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo ${array[0]:7} 7890abcdefgh $ echo ${array[0]:7:0} - + $ echo ${array[0]:7:2} 78 $ echo ${array[0]:7:-2} @@ -1710,7 +1766,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo ${array[0]: -7} bcdefgh $ echo ${array[0]: -7:0} - + $ echo ${array[0]: -7:2} bc $ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2} @@ -1729,7 +1785,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo ${@:7} 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h $ echo ${@:7:0} - + $ echo ${@:7:2} 7 8 $ echo ${@:7:-2} @@ -1741,7 +1797,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo ${@:0:2} ./bash 1 $ echo ${@: -7:0} - + If PARAMETER is an indexed array name subscripted by '@' or '*', the result is the LENGTH members of the array beginning with @@ -1766,7 +1822,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo ${array[@]:0:2} 0 1 $ echo ${array[@]: -7:0} - + Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined results. @@ -1803,22 +1859,23 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. '${PARAMETER#WORD}' '${PARAMETER##WORD}' - The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename - expansion (*note Filename Expansion::). If the pattern matches the - beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result of - the expansion is the expanded value of PARAMETER with the shortest - matching pattern (the '#' case) or the longest matching pattern - (the '##' case) deleted. If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the pattern - removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, - and the expansion is the resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array - variable subscripted with '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation - is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion - is the resultant list. + The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to + the rules described below (*note Pattern Matching::). If the + pattern matches the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER, + then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of PARAMETER + with the shortest matching pattern (the '#' case) or the longest + matching pattern (the '##' case) deleted. If PARAMETER is '@' or + '*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional + parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If + PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or '*', the + pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in + turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. '${PARAMETER%WORD}' '${PARAMETER%%WORD}' - The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename - expansion. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the + The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to + the rules described below (*note Pattern Matching::). If the + pattern matches If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result of the expansion is the value of PARAMETER with the shortest matching pattern (the '%' case) or the longest matching pattern (the '%%' case) deleted. If @@ -1832,21 +1889,23 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename expansion. PARAMETER is expanded and the longest match of PATTERN - against its value is replaced with STRING. If PATTERN begins with - '/', all matches of PATTERN are replaced with STRING. Normally - only the first match is replaced. If PATTERN begins with '#', it - must match at the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER. If - PATTERN begins with '%', it must match at the end of the expanded - value of PARAMETER. If STRING is null, matches of PATTERN are - deleted and the '/' following PATTERN may be omitted. If the - 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of 'shopt' in *note - The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without - regard to the case of alphabetic characters. If PARAMETER is '@' - or '*', the substitution operation is applied to each positional - parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If - PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or '*', the - substitution operation is applied to each member of the array in - turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + against its value is replaced with STRING. The match is performed + according to the rules described below (*note Pattern Matching::). + If PATTERN begins with '/', all matches of PATTERN are replaced + with STRING. Normally only the first match is replaced. If + PATTERN begins with '#', it must match at the beginning of the + expanded value of PARAMETER. If PATTERN begins with '%', it must + match at the end of the expanded value of PARAMETER. If STRING is + null, matches of PATTERN are deleted and the '/' following PATTERN + may be omitted. If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the + description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, + the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic + characters. If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the substitution operation + is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion + is the resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable + subscripted with '@' or '*', the substitution operation is applied + to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the + resultant list. '${PARAMETER^PATTERN}' '${PARAMETER^^PATTERN}' @@ -1881,7 +1940,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. 'E' The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the '$'...'' - quoting mechansim. + quoting mechanism. 'P' The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of PARAMETER as if it were a prompt string (*note @@ -2046,17 +2105,22 @@ performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character '.' at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be matched -explicitly, unless the shell option 'dotglob' is set. When matching a -filename, the slash character must always be matched explicitly. In -other cases, the '.' character is not treated specially. +explicitly, unless the shell option 'dotglob' is set. The filenames '.' +and '..' must always be matched explicitly, even if 'dotglob' is set. +In other cases, the '.' character is not treated specially. + + When matching a filename, the slash character must always be matched +explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it +can be matched by a special pattern character as described below (*note +Pattern Matching::). See the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of the 'nocaseglob', 'nullglob', 'failglob', and 'dotglob' options. The 'GLOBIGNORE' shell variable may be used to restrict the set of -filenames matching a pattern. If 'GLOBIGNORE' is set, each matching -filename that also matches one of the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is +file names matching a pattern. If 'GLOBIGNORE' is set, each matching +file name that also matches one of the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is removed from the list of matches. If the 'nocaseglob' option is set, the matching against the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is performed without regard to case. The filenames '.' and '..' are always ignored when @@ -2149,6 +2213,12 @@ of the following sub-patterns: '!(PATTERN-LIST)' Matches anything except one of the given patterns. + Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, +especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings +contain multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter +strings, or using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may +be faster. + File: bash.info, Node: Quote Removal, Prev: Filename Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions @@ -2180,7 +2250,9 @@ instead be preceded by a word of the form {VARNAME}. In this case, for each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to {VARNAME}. If >&- or <&- is preceded by {VARNAME}, the value of VARNAME defines the file -descriptor to close. +descriptor to close. If {VARNAME} is supplied, the redirection persists +beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage +the file descriptor himself. In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is '<', the @@ -2344,12 +2416,11 @@ fashion. A variant of here documents, the format is: [N]<<< WORD - The WORD undergoes brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and -variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and -quote removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed. -The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to -the command on its standard input (or file descriptor N if N is -specified). + The WORD undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Pathname +expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is supplied +as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on its +standard input (or file descriptor N if N is specified). 3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors ---------------------------------- @@ -2486,11 +2557,11 @@ taken. '$PATH' is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function named 'command_not_found_handle'. If that - function exists, it is invoked with the original command and the - original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's - exit status becomes the exit status of the shell. If that function - is not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an - exit status of 127. + function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment + with the original command and the original command's arguments as + its arguments, and the function's exit status becomes the exit + status of that subshell. If that function is not defined, the + shell prints an error message and returns an exit status of 127. 4. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate @@ -2783,13 +2854,13 @@ Completion Builtins::). Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting options preceded by '-' accepts '--' to signify the end of the options. -The ':', 'true', 'false', and 'test' builtins do not accept options and -do not treat '--' specially. The 'exit', 'logout', 'return', 'break', -'continue', 'let', and 'shift' builtins accept and process arguments -beginning with '-' without requiring '--'. Other builtins that accept -arguments but are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments -beginning with '-' as invalid options and require '--' to prevent this -interpretation. +The ':', 'true', 'false', and 'test'/'[' builtins do not accept options +and do not treat '--' specially. The 'exit', 'logout', 'return', +'break', 'continue', 'let', and 'shift' builtins accept and process +arguments beginning with '-' without requiring '--'. Other builtins +that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting options +interpret arguments beginning with '-' as invalid options and require +'--' to prevent this interpretation. File: bash.info, Node: Bourne Shell Builtins, Next: Bash Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands @@ -2904,10 +2975,11 @@ standard. If COMMAND cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless the 'execfail' shell option is enabled. In that case, it returns failure. An interactive shell returns - failure if the file cannot be executed. If no COMMAND is - specified, redirections may be used to affect the current shell - environment. If there are no redirection errors, the return status - is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero. + failure if the file cannot be executed. A subshell exits + unconditionally if 'exec' fails. If no COMMAND is specified, + redirections may be used to affect the current shell environment. + If there are no redirection errors, the return status is zero; + otherwise the return status is non-zero. 'exit' exit [N] @@ -2988,7 +3060,7 @@ standard. locations. The '-d' option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each NAME. If the '-t' option is supplied, the full pathname to which each NAME corresponds is printed. If - multiple NAME arguments are supplied with '-t' the NAME is printed + multiple NAME arguments are supplied with '-t', the NAME is printed before the hashed full pathname. The '-l' option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or if only '-l' is supplied, information about @@ -3032,7 +3104,7 @@ standard. status of the last command executed in the function. If 'return' is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler. - if 'return' is executed during a 'DEBUG' trap, the last command + If 'return' is executed during a 'DEBUG' trap, the last command used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap handler before 'return' was invoked. 'return' may also be used to terminate execution of a script being executed with the '.' @@ -3096,7 +3168,7 @@ standard. The expression is false. 1 argument - The expression is true if and only if the argument is not + The expression is true if, and only if, the argument is not null. 2 arguments @@ -3600,7 +3672,8 @@ standard. '-d' The first character of DELIM is used to terminate each input - line, rather than newline. + line, rather than newline. If DELIM is the empty string, + 'mapfile' will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. '-n' Copy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are copied. @@ -3615,7 +3688,7 @@ standard. Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input. '-C' - Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUMP lines are read. The '-c' + Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUM lines are read. The '-c' option specifies QUANTUM. '-c' Specify the number of lines read between each call to @@ -3712,12 +3785,14 @@ standard. '-d DELIM' The first character of DELIM is used to terminate the input - line, rather than newline. + line, rather than newline. If DELIM is the empty string, + 'read' will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. '-e' Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to obtain the line. Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing - was not previously active) editing settings. + was not previously active) editing settings, but uses + Readline's default filename completion. '-i TEXT' If Readline is being used to read the line, TEXT is placed @@ -4236,9 +4311,10 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. option is used, those available with the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::). With no options, or with the '-p' option, a list of all settable options is displayed, - with an indication of whether or not each is set. The '-p' option - causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused as - input. Other options have the following meanings: + with an indication of whether or not each is set; if OPTNAMES are + supplied, the output is restricted to those options. The '-p' + option causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused + as input. Other options have the following meanings: '-s' Enable (set) each OPTNAME. @@ -4269,6 +4345,12 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. The list of 'shopt' options is: + 'assoc_expand_once' + If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of + associative array subscripts during arithmetic expression + evaluation and while executing builtins that can perform + variable assignments. + 'autocd' If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if it were the argument to the 'cd' command. This @@ -4301,13 +4383,16 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. are stopped. 'checkwinsize' - If set, Bash checks the window size after each command and, if - necessary, updates the values of 'LINES' and 'COLUMNS'. + If set, Bash checks the window size after each external + (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the values of + 'LINES' and 'COLUMNS'. 'cmdhist' If set, Bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line command in the same history entry. This allows easy - re-editing of multi-line commands. + re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is enabled by + default, but only has an effect if command history is enabled + (*note Bash History Facilities::). 'compat31' If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with @@ -4357,6 +4442,11 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. executed (this allows 'break' or 'continue' in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context). + 'compat44' + If set, Bash saves the positional parameters to BASH_ARGV and + BASH_ARGC before they are used, regardless of whether or not + extended debugging mode is enabled. + 'complete_fullquote' If set, Bash quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when performing completion. If not set, Bash @@ -4384,7 +4474,8 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. 'dotglob' If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a '.' in the - results of filename expansion. + results of filename expansion. The filenames '.' and '..' + must always be matched explicitly, even if 'dotglob' is set. 'execfail' If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it @@ -4513,6 +4604,12 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. + 'localvar_inherit' + If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a + variable of the same name that exists at a previous scope + before any new value is assigned. The NAMEREF attribute is + not inherited. + 'login_shell' The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (*note Invoking Bash::). The value may not be changed. @@ -4676,7 +4773,8 @@ In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable. that are expanded before 'PS1' is displayed. 'PS2' - The secondary prompt string. The default value is '> '. + The secondary prompt string. The default value is '> '. 'PS2' is + expanded in the same way as 'PS1' before being displayed. File: bash.info, Node: Bash Variables, Prev: Bourne Shell Variables, Up: Shell Variables @@ -4706,7 +4804,9 @@ Variables::). 'BASHPID' Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process. This differs from '$$' under certain circumstances, such as subshells - that do not require Bash to be re-initialized. + that do not require Bash to be re-initialized. Assignments to + 'BASHPID' have no effect. If 'BASHPID' is unset, it loses its + special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. 'BASH_ALIASES' An associative array variable whose members correspond to the @@ -4725,7 +4825,9 @@ Variables::). subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto 'BASH_ARGC'. The shell sets 'BASH_ARGC' only when in extended debugging mode (see *note The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of - the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin). + the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin). Setting 'extdebug' + after the shell has started to execute a script may result in + inconsistent values. 'BASH_ARGV' An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current @@ -4735,7 +4837,16 @@ Variables::). the parameters supplied are pushed onto 'BASH_ARGV'. The shell sets 'BASH_ARGV' only when in extended debugging mode (see *note The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of the 'extdebug' option to - the 'shopt' builtin). + the 'shopt' builtin). Setting 'extdebug' after the shell has + started to execute a script may result in inconsistent values. + +'BASH_ARGV0' + When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or + shell script (identical to '$0'; *Note Special Parameters::, for + the description of special parameter 0). Assignment to + 'BASH_ARGV0' causes the value assigned to also be assigned to '$0'. + If 'BASH_ARGV0' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if + it is subsequently reset. 'BASH_CMDS' An associative array variable whose members correspond to the @@ -4932,6 +5043,21 @@ Variables::). Similar to 'BASH_ENV'; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX Mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). +'EPOCHREALTIME' + Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of + seconds since the Unix Epoch as a floating point value with + micro-second granularity (see the documentation for the C library + function TIME for the definition of Epoch). Assignments to + 'EPOCHREALTIME' are ignored. If 'EPOCHREALTIME' is unset, it loses + its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'EPOCHSECONDS' + Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of + seconds since the Unix Epoch (see the documentation for the C + library function TIME for the definition of Epoch). Assignments to + 'EPOCHSECONDS' are ignored. If 'EPOCHSECONDS' is unset, it loses + its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + 'EUID' The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable is readonly. @@ -4982,8 +5108,8 @@ Variables::). nesting level will cause the current command to abort. 'GLOBIGNORE' - A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to - be ignored by filename expansion. If a filename matched by a + A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names + to be ignored by filename expansion. If a file name matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE', it is removed from the list of matches. The pattern matching honors the setting of the 'extglob' shell option. @@ -5218,10 +5344,12 @@ Variables::). with '#? ' 'PS4' - The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed - when the '-x' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::). The first - character of 'PS4' is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to - indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is '+ '. + The value of this parameter is expanded like PS1 and the expanded + value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed when + the '-x' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::). The first + character of the expanded value is replicated multiple times, as + necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default + is '+ '. 'PWD' The current working directory as set by the 'cd' builtin. @@ -5452,7 +5580,7 @@ invocation which are not available with the 'set' builtin. If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option processing, then commands are read from the standard input. This option allows the positional parameters to be set when invoking an - interactive shell. + interactive shell or when reading input through a pipe. '-D' A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by '$' is printed on @@ -5678,8 +5806,10 @@ several ways. 3. Bash expands and displays 'PS1' before reading the first line of a command, and expands and displays 'PS2' before reading the second - and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. Bash displays 'PS0' - after it reads a command but before executing it. + and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. Bash expands and + displays 'PS0' after it reads a command but before executing it. + See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list of prompt + string escape sequences. 4. Bash executes the value of the 'PROMPT_COMMAND' variable as a command before printing the primary prompt, '$PS1' (*note Bash @@ -5884,7 +6014,9 @@ link itself. arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to ARG2, respectively. ARG1 and ARG2 may be - positive or negative integers. + positive or negative integers. When used with the '[[' command, + ARG1 and ARG2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (*note Shell + Arithmetic::). File: bash.info, Node: Shell Arithmetic, Next: Aliases, Prev: Bash Conditional Expressions, Up: Bash Features @@ -6122,9 +6254,15 @@ quotes. The 'unset' builtin is used to destroy arrays. 'unset NAME[SUBSCRIPT]' destroys the array element at index SUBSCRIPT. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described -above. Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by -filename expansion. 'unset NAME', where NAME is an array, removes the -entire array. A subscript of '*' or '@' also removes the entire array. +above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset +the variable. 'unset NAME', where NAME is an array, removes the entire +array. A subscript of '*' or '@' also removes the entire array. + + When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a +command, such as with 'unset', without using the word expansion syntax +described above, the argument is subject to the shell's filename +expansion. If filename expansion is not desired, the argument should be +quoted. The 'declare', 'local', and 'readonly' builtins each accept a '-a' option to specify an indexed array and a '-A' option to specify an @@ -6245,7 +6383,7 @@ non-null value, then the value is executed just as if it had been typed on the command line. In addition, the following table describes the special characters -which can appear in the prompt variables 'PS1' to 'PS4': +which can appear in the prompt variables 'PS0', 'PS1', 'PS2', and 'PS4': '\a' A bell character. @@ -6699,6 +6837,11 @@ command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, Bash does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. + When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the 'wait' +builtin, and job control is enabled, 'wait' will return when the job +changes state. The '-f' option will force 'wait' to wait until the job +or process terminates before returning. + File: bash.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables, Prev: Job Control Basics, Up: Job Control @@ -6775,7 +6918,7 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables, Pre option is encountered. 'wait' - wait [-n] [JOBSPEC or PID ...] + wait [-fn] [JOBSPEC or PID ...] Wait until the child process specified by each process ID PID or job specification JOBSPEC exits and return the exit status of the @@ -6783,7 +6926,10 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables, Pre the job are waited for. If no arguments are given, all currently active child processes are waited for, and the return status is zero. If the '-n' option is supplied, 'wait' waits for any job to - terminate and returns its exit status. If neither JOBSPEC nor PID + terminate and returns its exit status. If the '-f' option is + supplied, and job control is enabled, 'wait' forces each PID or + JOBSPEC to terminate before returning its status, intead of + returning when it changes status. If neither JOBSPEC nor PID specifies an active child process of the shell, the return status is 127. @@ -7272,14 +7418,14 @@ Variable Settings This variable can be set to either 'emacs' or 'vi'. 'emacs-mode-string' - This string is displayed immediately before the last line of - the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The - value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of - meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is - available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end - sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to - embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The - default is '@'. + If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary + prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is + expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and + control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end sequences of + non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal + control sequence into the mode string. The default is '@'. 'enable-bracketed-paste' When set to 'On', Readline will configure the terminal in a @@ -7431,10 +7577,10 @@ Variable Settings default value is 'off'. 'show-mode-in-prompt' - If set to 'on', add a character to the beginning of the prompt + If set to 'on', add a string to the beginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi - insertion. The mode strings are user-settable. The default - value is 'off'. + insertion. The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., + EMACS-MODE-STRING). The default value is 'off'. 'skip-completed-text' If set to 'on', this alters the default completion behavior @@ -7450,24 +7596,26 @@ Variable Settings 'off'. 'vi-cmd-mode-string' - This string is displayed immediately before the last line of - the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in - command mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so - the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash - escape sequences is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes - to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which - can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode - string. The default is '(cmd)'. + If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary + prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. + The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set + of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences + is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end + sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to + embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The + default is '(cmd)'. 'vi-ins-mode-string' - This string is displayed immediately before the last line of - the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in - insertion mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so - the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash - escape sequences is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes - to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which - can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode - string. The default is '(ins)'. + If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary + prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. + The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set + of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences + is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end + sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to + embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The + default is '(ins)'. 'visible-stats' If set to 'on', a character denoting a file's type is appended @@ -7594,8 +7742,9 @@ four parser directives used. '$if' The '$if' construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using Readline. - The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no characters - are required to isolate it. + The text of the test, after any comparison operator, extends to the + end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no characters are required + to isolate it. 'mode' The 'mode=' form of the '$if' directive is used to test @@ -7612,6 +7761,22 @@ four parser directives used. the portion of the terminal name before the first '-'. This allows 'sun' to match both 'sun' and 'sun-cmd', for instance. + 'version' + The 'version' test may be used to perform comparisons against + specific Readline versions. The 'version' expands to the + current Readline version. The set of comparison operators + includes '=' (and '=='), '!=', '<=', '>=', '<', and '>'. The + version number supplied on the right side of the operator + consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point, + and an optional minor version (e.g., '7.1'). If the minor + version is omitted, it is assumed to be '0'. The operator may + be separated from the string 'version' and from the version + number argument by whitespace. The following example sets a + variable if the Readline version being used is 7.0 or newer: + $if version >= 7.0 + set show-mode-in-prompt on + $endif + 'application' The APPLICATION construct is used to include application-specific settings. Each program using the @@ -7625,6 +7790,20 @@ four parser directives used. "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" $endif + 'variable' + The VARIABLE construct provides simple equality tests for + Readline variables and values. The permitted comparison + operators are '=', '==', and '!='. The variable name must be + separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the + operator may be separated from the value on the right hand + side by whitespace. Both string and boolean variables may be + tested. Boolean variables must be tested against the values + ON and OFF. The following example is equivalent to the + 'mode=emacs' test described above: + $if editing-mode == emacs + set show-mode-in-prompt on + $endif + '$endif' This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an '$if' command. @@ -7810,6 +7989,20 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Commands For Moving, Next: Commands For History, Up: B Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. +'previous-screen-line ()' + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired + effect if the current Readline line does not take up more than one + physical line or if point is not greater than the length of the + prompt plus the screen width. + +'next-screen-line ()' + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + next physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect + if the current Readline line does not take up more than one + physical line or if the length of the current Readline line is not + greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. + 'clear-screen (C-l)' Clear the screen and redraw the current line, leaving the current line at the top of the screen. @@ -7876,13 +8069,13 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Commands For History, Next: Commands For Text, Prev: C string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. -'history-substr-search-forward ()' +'history-substring-search-forward ()' Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. -'history-substr-search-backward ()' +'history-substring-search-backward ()' Search backward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a @@ -8226,9 +8419,10 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Bin Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of 'bell-style'). -'do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...)' - If the metafied character X is lowercase, run the command that is - bound to the corresponding uppercase character. +'do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...)' + If the metafied character X is upper case, run the command that is + bound to the corresponding metafied lower case character. The + behavior is undefined if X is already lower case. 'prefix-meta (<ESC>)' Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards without a @@ -8347,10 +8541,11 @@ File: bash.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Bin 'operate-and-get-next (C-o)' Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line - relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any - argument is ignored. + relative to the current line from the history for editing. A + numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use + instead of the current line. -'edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)' +'edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)' Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell commands. Bash attempts to invoke '$VISUAL', '$EDITOR', and 'emacs' as the editor, in that order. @@ -8414,13 +8609,15 @@ used to filter the matches, but the 'FIGNORE' shell variable is used. Next, the string specified as the argument to the '-W' option is considered. The string is first split using the characters in the 'IFS' -special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is -then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and -variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as -described above (*note Shell Expansions::). The results are split using -the rules described above (*note Word Splitting::). The results of the -expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the -matching words become the possible completions. +special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored within the +string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell +metacharacters or characters in the value of 'IFS'. Each word is then +expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable +expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described +above (*note Shell Expansions::). The results are split using the rules +described above (*note Word Splitting::). The results of the expansion +are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching +words become the possible completions. After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command specified with the '-F' and '-C' options is invoked. When the @@ -8770,10 +8967,9 @@ function and bind it to a particular command using 'complete -F'. The following function provides completions for the 'cd' builtin. It is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when used -for completion. This function uses the word passsed as '$2' to -determine the directory name to complete. You can also use the -'COMP_WORDS' array variable; the current word is indexed by the -'COMP_CWORD' variable. +for completion. This function uses the word passed as '$2' to determine +the directory name to complete. You can also use the 'COMP_WORDS' array +variable; the current word is indexed by the 'COMP_CWORD' variable. The function relies on the 'complete' and 'compgen' builtins to do much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash 'cd' does beyond @@ -8942,7 +9138,7 @@ of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The 'lithist' shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. The 'shopt' builtin is used to set these -options. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description of 'shopt'. +options. *Note The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of 'shopt'. File: bash.info, Node: Bash History Builtins, Next: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Facilities, Up: Using History Interactively @@ -8962,8 +9158,8 @@ history file. FIRST and LAST may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset - from the current command number). If LAST is not specified it is - set to FIRST. If FIRST is not specified it is set to the previous + from the current command number). If LAST is not specified, it is + set to FIRST. If FIRST is not specified, it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for listing. If the '-l' flag is given, the commands are listed on standard output. The '-n' flag suppresses the command numbers when listing. The '-r' flag @@ -8987,6 +9183,7 @@ history file. history [N] history -c history -d OFFSET + history -d START-END history [-anrw] [FILENAME] history -ps ARG @@ -9005,8 +9202,18 @@ history file. options to replace the history list completely. '-d OFFSET' - Delete the history entry at position OFFSET. OFFSET should be - specified as it appears when the history is displayed. + Delete the history entry at position OFFSET. If OFFSET is + positive, it should be specified as it appears when the + history is displayed. If OFFSET is negative, it is + interpreted as relative to one greater than the last history + position, so negative indices count back from the end of the + history, and an index of '-1' refers to the current 'history + -d' command. + + '-d START-END' + Delete the history entries between positions START and END, + inclusive. Positive and negative values for START and END are + interpreted as described above. '-a' Append the new history lines to the history file. These are @@ -9055,7 +9262,8 @@ a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly. History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is -read, before the shell breaks it into words. +read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each +line individually without taking quoting on previous lines into account. History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list should be used during @@ -9071,15 +9279,15 @@ may be used to escape the history expansion character, but the history expansion character is also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted string. - Several shell options settable with the 'shopt' builtin (*note Bash -Builtins::) may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion. If -the 'histverify' shell option is enabled, and Readline is being used, -history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser. -Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline editing buffer -for further modification. If Readline is being used, and the -'histreedit' shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion will be -reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction. The '-p' -option to the 'history' builtin command may be used to see what a + Several shell options settable with the 'shopt' builtin (*note The +Shopt Builtin::) may be used to tailor the behavior of history +expansion. If the 'histverify' shell option is enabled, and Readline is +being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to the +shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline +editing buffer for further modification. If Readline is being used, and +the 'histreedit' shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion +will be reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction. The +'-p' option to the 'history' builtin command may be used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The '-s' option to the 'history' builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history list without actually executing them, so that they are available for @@ -9319,10 +9527,24 @@ don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it. To find out more about the options and arguments that the 'configure' script understands, type - bash-2.04$ ./configure --help + bash-4.2$ ./configure --help at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory. + If you want to build Bash in a directory separate from the source +directory - to build for multiple architectures, for example - just use +the full path to the configure script. The following commands will +build bash in a directory under '/usr/local/build' from the source code +in '/usr/local/src/bash-4.4': + + mkdir /usr/local/build/bash-4.4 + cd /usr/local/build/bash-4.4 + bash /usr/local/src/bash-4.4/configure + make + + See *note Compiling For Multiple Architectures:: for more information +about building in a directory separate from the source. + If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please try to figure out how 'configure' could check whether or not to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to <bash-maintainers@gnu.org> so they can be @@ -9369,10 +9591,10 @@ time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their own directory. To do this, you must use a version of 'make' that supports the 'VPATH' variable, such as GNU 'make'. 'cd' to the directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run the 'configure' -script from the source directory. You may need to supply the -'--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell 'configure' where the source files are. -'configure' automatically checks for the source code in the directory -that 'configure' is in and in '..'. +script from the source directory (*note Basic Installation::). You may +need to supply the '--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell 'configure' where +the source files are. 'configure' automatically checks for the source +code in the directory that 'configure' is in and in '..'. If you have to use a 'make' that does not supports the 'VPATH' variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a time in the @@ -9611,6 +9833,12 @@ unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support. '--enable-debugger' Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). +'--enable-dev-fd-stat-broken' + If calling 'stat' on /dev/fd/N returns different results than + calling 'fstat' on file descriptor N, supply this option to enable + a workaround. This has implications for conditional commands that + test file attributes. + '--enable-direxpand-default' Cause the 'direxpand' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::) to be enabled by default when the shell starts. It is normally @@ -9681,7 +9909,7 @@ unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support. '--enable-prompt-string-decoding' Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped - characters in the '$PS1', '$PS2', '$PS3', and '$PS4' prompt + characters in the '$PS0', '$PS1', '$PS2', and '$PS4' prompt strings. See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list of prompt string escape sequences. @@ -10636,7 +10864,7 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands * :: Bourne Shell Builtins. (line 11) * [: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 268) + (line 269) * alias: Bash Builtins. (line 11) * bg: Job Control Builtins. (line 7) @@ -10660,7 +10888,7 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands * dirs: Directory Stack Builtins. (line 7) * disown: Job Control Builtins. - (line 89) + (line 92) * echo: Bash Builtins. (line 245) * enable: Bash Builtins. (line 294) * eval: Bourne Shell Builtins. @@ -10668,17 +10896,17 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands * exec: Bourne Shell Builtins. (line 102) * exit: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 119) + (line 120) * export: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 126) + (line 127) * fc: Bash History Builtins. (line 10) * fg: Job Control Builtins. (line 17) * getopts: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 142) + (line 143) * hash: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 185) + (line 186) * help: Bash Builtins. (line 323) * history: Bash History Builtins. (line 40) @@ -10692,38 +10920,38 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands * mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 369) * popd: Directory Stack Builtins. (line 35) -* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 414) +* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 415) * pushd: Directory Stack Builtins. (line 53) * pwd: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 205) -* read: Bash Builtins. (line 458) -* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 550) + (line 206) +* read: Bash Builtins. (line 459) +* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 553) * readonly: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 215) + (line 216) * return: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 234) + (line 235) * set: The Set Builtin. (line 11) * shift: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 255) + (line 256) * shopt: The Shopt Builtin. (line 9) -* source: Bash Builtins. (line 559) +* source: Bash Builtins. (line 562) * suspend: Job Control Builtins. - (line 101) + (line 104) * test: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 268) + (line 269) * times: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 343) + (line 344) * trap: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 349) -* type: Bash Builtins. (line 564) -* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 596) -* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 602) + (line 350) +* type: Bash Builtins. (line 567) +* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 599) +* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 605) * umask: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 398) -* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 701) + (line 399) +* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 704) * unset: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 416) + (line 417) * wait: Job Control Builtins. (line 76) @@ -10738,9 +10966,9 @@ D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words * !: Pipelines. (line 9) * [[: Conditional Constructs. - (line 121) + (line 122) * ]]: Conditional Constructs. - (line 121) + (line 122) * {: Command Grouping. (line 21) * }: Command Grouping. (line 21) * case: Conditional Constructs. @@ -10762,7 +10990,7 @@ D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words * in: Conditional Constructs. (line 28) * select: Conditional Constructs. - (line 79) + (line 80) * then: Conditional Constructs. (line 7) * time: Pipelines. (line 9) @@ -10801,22 +11029,23 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index * BASH: Bash Variables. (line 13) * BASHOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 16) * BASHPID: Bash Variables. (line 25) -* BASH_ALIASES: Bash Variables. (line 30) -* BASH_ARGC: Bash Variables. (line 39) -* BASH_ARGV: Bash Variables. (line 49) -* BASH_CMDS: Bash Variables. (line 59) -* BASH_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 68) -* BASH_COMPAT: Bash Variables. (line 73) -* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 88) -* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 94) -* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 97) -* BASH_LOADABLES_PATH: Bash Variables. (line 105) -* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 109) -* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 117) -* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 124) -* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 129) -* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 152) -* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 155) +* BASH_ALIASES: Bash Variables. (line 32) +* BASH_ARGC: Bash Variables. (line 41) +* BASH_ARGV: Bash Variables. (line 53) +* BASH_ARGV0: Bash Variables. (line 64) +* BASH_CMDS: Bash Variables. (line 72) +* BASH_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 81) +* BASH_COMPAT: Bash Variables. (line 86) +* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 101) +* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 107) +* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 110) +* BASH_LOADABLES_PATH: Bash Variables. (line 118) +* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 122) +* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 130) +* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 137) +* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 142) +* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 165) +* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 168) * bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 38) * bind-tty-special-chars: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -10825,12 +11054,12 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 50) * CDPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 9) -* CHILD_MAX: Bash Variables. (line 166) +* CHILD_MAX: Bash Variables. (line 179) * colored-completion-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 55) * colored-stats: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 62) -* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 173) +* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 186) * comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 68) * completion-display-width: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -10843,88 +11072,90 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 91) * completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 98) -* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 225) -* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 179) -* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 208) -* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 185) -* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 190) -* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 198) -* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 212) -* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 218) +* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 238) +* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 192) +* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 221) +* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 198) +* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 203) +* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 211) +* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 225) +* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 231) * convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 108) -* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 231) -* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 235) +* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 244) +* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 248) * disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 116) * echo-control-characters: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 121) * editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 126) -* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 245) +* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 258) * emacs-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 132) * enable-bracketed-paste: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 142) * enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 150) -* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 250) -* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 254) -* EXECIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 258) +* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 263) +* EPOCHREALTIME: Bash Variables. (line 267) +* EPOCHSECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 275) +* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 282) +* EXECIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 286) * expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 161) -* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 271) -* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 275) -* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 281) -* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 298) -* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 303) -* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 310) -* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 316) -* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 331) -* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 336) -* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 352) -* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 356) -* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 367) +* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 299) +* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 303) +* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 309) +* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 326) +* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 331) +* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 338) +* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 344) +* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 359) +* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 364) +* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 380) +* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 384) +* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 395) * history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 165) * history-size: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 171) -* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 387) -* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 394) +* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 415) +* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 422) * HOME: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 13) * horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 180) -* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 402) -* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 413) -* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 416) +* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 430) +* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 441) +* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 444) * IFS: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 18) -* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 419) +* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 447) * input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 187) -* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 429) +* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 457) * isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 195) * keymap: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 202) -* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 433) -* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 437) -* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 441) -* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 448) +* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 461) +* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 465) +* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 469) +* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 476) * LC_MESSAGES: Locale Translation. (line 11) -* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 453) -* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 457) -* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 461) -* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 465) -* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 469) -* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 475) +* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 481) +* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 485) +* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 489) +* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 493) +* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 497) +* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 503) * MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 22) -* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 479) +* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 507) * MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 27) -* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 487) +* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 515) * mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 232) * mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -10935,42 +11166,42 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 249) * meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 187) -* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 491) +* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 519) * OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 34) -* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 494) +* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 522) * OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 38) -* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 498) +* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 526) * output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 254) * page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 260) * PATH: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 42) -* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 501) -* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 506) -* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 515) -* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 519) -* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 523) -* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 529) +* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 529) +* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 534) +* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 543) +* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 547) +* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 551) +* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 557) * PS1: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 48) * PS2: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 53) -* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 534) -* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 539) -* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 545) -* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 548) -* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 553) -* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 557) -* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 561) +* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 562) +* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 567) +* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 575) +* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 578) +* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 583) +* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 587) +* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 591) * revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 270) -* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 564) -* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 570) -* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 575) -* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 584) +* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 594) +* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 600) +* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 605) +* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 614) * show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 276) * show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -10981,16 +11212,16 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 297) * TEXTDOMAIN: Locale Translation. (line 11) * TEXTDOMAINDIR: Locale Translation. (line 11) -* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 589) -* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 627) -* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 639) -* UID: Bash Variables. (line 643) +* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 619) +* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 657) +* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 669) +* UID: Bash Variables. (line 673) * vi-cmd-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 310) * vi-ins-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 320) + (line 321) * visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 330) + (line 332) File: bash.info, Node: Function Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Indexes @@ -11006,7 +11237,7 @@ D.4 Function Index * accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History. (line 6) * alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 124) + (line 125) * backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 15) * backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 17) * backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing. @@ -11021,10 +11252,10 @@ D.4 Function Index * call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. (line 13) * capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. (line 61) * character-search (C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 41) + (line 42) * character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 46) -* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 34) + (line 47) +* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 48) * complete (<TAB>): Commands For Completion. (line 6) * complete-command (M-!): Commands For Completion. @@ -11054,56 +11285,56 @@ D.4 Function Index (line 46) * digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. (line 6) * display-shell-version (C-x C-v): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 109) -* do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 110) +* do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 14) * downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 57) * dump-functions (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 73) + (line 74) * dump-macros (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 85) + (line 86) * dump-variables (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 79) + (line 80) * dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>): Commands For Completion. (line 90) -* edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 138) +* edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 140) * end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9) * end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6) * end-of-history (M->): Commands For History. (line 23) * end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. (line 9) * exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 36) + (line 37) * forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 21) * forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 12) * forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History. (line 31) * forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 18) * glob-complete-word (M-g): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 91) + (line 92) * glob-expand-word (C-x *): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 97) + (line 98) * glob-list-expansions (C-x g): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 103) + (line 104) * history-and-alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 127) + (line 128) * history-expand-line (M-^): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 117) + (line 118) * history-search-backward (): Commands For History. (line 53) * history-search-forward (): Commands For History. (line 47) -* history-substr-search-backward (): Commands For History. +* history-substring-search-backward (): Commands For History. (line 65) -* history-substr-search-forward (): Commands For History. +* history-substring-search-forward (): Commands For History. (line 59) * insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 60) + (line 61) * insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion. (line 22) * insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 130) + (line 131) * kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing. (line 6) * kill-region (): Commands For Killing. @@ -11113,19 +11344,20 @@ D.4 Function Index * kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing. (line 19) * magic-space (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 120) + (line 121) * menu-complete (): Commands For Completion. (line 26) * menu-complete-backward (): Commands For Completion. (line 38) * next-history (C-n): Commands For History. (line 17) +* next-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 41) * non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History. (line 41) * non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History. (line 35) * operate-and-get-next (C-o): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 133) + (line 134) * overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 65) * possible-command-completions (C-x !): Commands For Completion. (line 86) @@ -11140,38 +11372,39 @@ D.4 Function Index * possible-variable-completions (C-x $): Commands For Completion. (line 68) * prefix-meta (<ESC>): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 18) + (line 19) * previous-history (C-p): Commands For History. (line 13) +* previous-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 34) * print-last-kbd-macro (): Keyboard Macros. (line 17) * quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 26) * re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 6) -* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 38) +* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 52) * reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History. (line 27) * revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 25) + (line 26) * self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 30) * set-mark (C-@): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 32) + (line 33) * shell-backward-kill-word (): Commands For Killing. (line 33) * shell-backward-word (): Commands For Moving. (line 30) * shell-expand-line (M-C-e): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 112) + (line 113) * shell-forward-word (): Commands For Moving. (line 26) * shell-kill-word (): Commands For Killing. (line 28) * skip-csi-sequence (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 51) + (line 52) * start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros. (line 6) * tilde-expand (M-&): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 29) + (line 30) * transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. (line 42) * transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. (line 48) * undo (C-_ or C-x C-u): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 22) + (line 23) * universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments. (line 10) * unix-filename-rubout (): Commands For Killing. (line 41) @@ -11273,7 +11506,7 @@ D.5 Concept Index * history list: Bash History Facilities. (line 6) * History, how to use: A Programmable Completion Example. - (line 114) + (line 113) * identifier: Definitions. (line 51) * initialization file, readline: Readline Init File. (line 6) * installation: Basic Installation. (line 6) @@ -11351,134 +11584,134 @@ D.5 Concept Index Tag Table: -Node: Top897 -Node: Introduction2817 -Node: What is Bash?3033 -Node: What is a shell?4147 -Node: Definitions6685 -Node: Basic Shell Features9636 -Node: Shell Syntax10855 -Node: Shell Operation11881 -Node: Quoting13174 -Node: Escape Character14474 -Node: Single Quotes14959 -Node: Double Quotes15307 -Node: ANSI-C Quoting16585 -Node: Locale Translation17838 -Node: Comments18734 -Node: Shell Commands19352 -Node: Simple Commands20224 -Node: Pipelines20855 -Node: Lists23598 -Node: Compound Commands25327 -Node: Looping Constructs26330 -Node: Conditional Constructs28793 -Node: Command Grouping39715 -Node: Coprocesses41194 -Node: GNU Parallel43026 -Node: Shell Functions46999 -Node: Shell Parameters52205 -Node: Positional Parameters56618 -Node: Special Parameters57518 -Node: Shell Expansions60855 -Node: Brace Expansion62949 -Node: Tilde Expansion65730 -Node: Shell Parameter Expansion68078 -Node: Command Substitution82210 -Node: Arithmetic Expansion83565 -Node: Process Substitution84497 -Node: Word Splitting85617 -Node: Filename Expansion87561 -Node: Pattern Matching89845 -Node: Quote Removal93543 -Node: Redirections93838 -Node: Executing Commands103258 -Node: Simple Command Expansion103928 -Node: Command Search and Execution105858 -Node: Command Execution Environment108194 -Node: Environment111178 -Node: Exit Status112837 -Node: Signals114507 -Node: Shell Scripts116474 -Node: Shell Builtin Commands118989 -Node: Bourne Shell Builtins121023 -Node: Bash Builtins141623 -Node: Modifying Shell Behavior170268 -Node: The Set Builtin170613 -Node: The Shopt Builtin181026 -Node: Special Builtins196825 -Node: Shell Variables197804 -Node: Bourne Shell Variables198241 -Node: Bash Variables200272 -Node: Bash Features228652 -Node: Invoking Bash229551 -Node: Bash Startup Files235500 -Node: Interactive Shells240603 -Node: What is an Interactive Shell?241013 -Node: Is this Shell Interactive?241662 -Node: Interactive Shell Behavior242477 -Node: Bash Conditional Expressions245852 -Node: Shell Arithmetic250092 -Node: Aliases252909 -Node: Arrays255457 -Node: The Directory Stack260541 -Node: Directory Stack Builtins261325 -Node: Controlling the Prompt264293 -Node: The Restricted Shell267039 -Node: Bash POSIX Mode268864 -Node: Job Control279215 -Node: Job Control Basics279675 -Node: Job Control Builtins284394 -Node: Job Control Variables288924 -Node: Command Line Editing290080 -Node: Introduction and Notation291751 -Node: Readline Interaction293374 -Node: Readline Bare Essentials294565 -Node: Readline Movement Commands296348 -Node: Readline Killing Commands297308 -Node: Readline Arguments299226 -Node: Searching300270 -Node: Readline Init File302456 -Node: Readline Init File Syntax303603 -Node: Conditional Init Constructs323790 -Node: Sample Init File326315 -Node: Bindable Readline Commands329432 -Node: Commands For Moving330636 -Node: Commands For History331779 -Node: Commands For Text336068 -Node: Commands For Killing339457 -Node: Numeric Arguments341938 -Node: Commands For Completion343077 -Node: Keyboard Macros347268 -Node: Miscellaneous Commands347955 -Node: Readline vi Mode353759 -Node: Programmable Completion354666 -Node: Programmable Completion Builtins362127 -Node: A Programmable Completion Example372013 -Node: Using History Interactively377265 -Node: Bash History Facilities377949 -Node: Bash History Builtins380950 -Node: History Interaction384947 -Node: Event Designators387911 -Node: Word Designators389130 -Node: Modifiers390767 -Node: Installing Bash392169 -Node: Basic Installation393306 -Node: Compilers and Options395997 -Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures396738 -Node: Installation Names398401 -Node: Specifying the System Type399219 -Node: Sharing Defaults399935 -Node: Operation Controls400608 -Node: Optional Features401566 -Node: Reporting Bugs411823 -Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell413017 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License429869 -Node: Indexes455046 -Node: Builtin Index455500 -Node: Reserved Word Index462327 -Node: Variable Index464775 -Node: Function Index480234 -Node: Concept Index493391 +Node: Top891 +Node: Introduction2805 +Node: What is Bash?3021 +Node: What is a shell?4135 +Node: Definitions6673 +Node: Basic Shell Features9624 +Node: Shell Syntax10843 +Node: Shell Operation11869 +Node: Quoting13162 +Node: Escape Character14462 +Node: Single Quotes14947 +Node: Double Quotes15295 +Node: ANSI-C Quoting16573 +Node: Locale Translation17832 +Node: Comments18728 +Node: Shell Commands19346 +Node: Simple Commands20218 +Node: Pipelines20849 +Node: Lists23781 +Node: Compound Commands25520 +Node: Looping Constructs26532 +Node: Conditional Constructs29027 +Node: Command Grouping40082 +Node: Coprocesses41561 +Node: GNU Parallel43464 +Node: Shell Functions47438 +Node: Shell Parameters54521 +Node: Positional Parameters58934 +Node: Special Parameters59834 +Node: Shell Expansions63171 +Node: Brace Expansion65294 +Node: Tilde Expansion68018 +Node: Shell Parameter Expansion70366 +Node: Command Substitution84849 +Node: Arithmetic Expansion86204 +Node: Process Substitution87136 +Node: Word Splitting88256 +Node: Filename Expansion90200 +Node: Pattern Matching92730 +Node: Quote Removal96716 +Node: Redirections97011 +Node: Executing Commands106569 +Node: Simple Command Expansion107239 +Node: Command Search and Execution109169 +Node: Command Execution Environment111545 +Node: Environment114529 +Node: Exit Status116188 +Node: Signals117858 +Node: Shell Scripts119825 +Node: Shell Builtin Commands122340 +Node: Bourne Shell Builtins124378 +Node: Bash Builtins145036 +Node: Modifying Shell Behavior173944 +Node: The Set Builtin174289 +Node: The Shopt Builtin184702 +Node: Special Builtins201572 +Node: Shell Variables202551 +Node: Bourne Shell Variables202988 +Node: Bash Variables205092 +Node: Bash Features235106 +Node: Invoking Bash236005 +Node: Bash Startup Files241991 +Node: Interactive Shells247094 +Node: What is an Interactive Shell?247504 +Node: Is this Shell Interactive?248153 +Node: Interactive Shell Behavior248968 +Node: Bash Conditional Expressions252456 +Node: Shell Arithmetic256822 +Node: Aliases259639 +Node: Arrays262187 +Node: The Directory Stack267553 +Node: Directory Stack Builtins268337 +Node: Controlling the Prompt271305 +Node: The Restricted Shell274067 +Node: Bash POSIX Mode275892 +Node: Job Control286243 +Node: Job Control Basics286703 +Node: Job Control Builtins291671 +Node: Job Control Variables296398 +Node: Command Line Editing297554 +Node: Introduction and Notation299225 +Node: Readline Interaction300848 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials302039 +Node: Readline Movement Commands303822 +Node: Readline Killing Commands304782 +Node: Readline Arguments306700 +Node: Searching307744 +Node: Readline Init File309930 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax311077 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs331448 +Node: Sample Init File335644 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands338761 +Node: Commands For Moving339965 +Node: Commands For History341814 +Node: Commands For Text346109 +Node: Commands For Killing349498 +Node: Numeric Arguments351979 +Node: Commands For Completion353118 +Node: Keyboard Macros357309 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands357996 +Node: Readline vi Mode363949 +Node: Programmable Completion364856 +Node: Programmable Completion Builtins372450 +Node: A Programmable Completion Example382336 +Node: Using History Interactively387587 +Node: Bash History Facilities388271 +Node: Bash History Builtins391276 +Node: History Interaction395807 +Node: Event Designators398874 +Node: Word Designators400093 +Node: Modifiers401730 +Node: Installing Bash403132 +Node: Basic Installation404269 +Node: Compilers and Options407527 +Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures408268 +Node: Installation Names409961 +Node: Specifying the System Type410779 +Node: Sharing Defaults411495 +Node: Operation Controls412168 +Node: Optional Features413126 +Node: Reporting Bugs423652 +Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell424846 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License441698 +Node: Indexes466875 +Node: Builtin Index467329 +Node: Reserved Word Index474156 +Node: Variable Index476604 +Node: Function Index492282 +Node: Concept Index505585 End Tag Table diff --git a/doc/bash.pdf b/doc/bash.pdf Binary files differindex 2f64c6f5..de5d3129 100644 --- a/doc/bash.pdf +++ b/doc/bash.pdf diff --git a/doc/bash.ps b/doc/bash.ps index 35da9d02..deccb7a7 100644 --- a/doc/bash.ps +++ b/doc/bash.ps @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ %!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: groff version 1.22.3 -%%CreationDate: Wed Aug 31 10:23:59 2016 +%%CreationDate: Mon Mar 19 09:43:22 2018 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman %%+ font Times-Bold %%+ font Times-Italic %%+ font Courier %%+ font Symbol %%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.22 3 -%%Pages: 78 +%%Pages: 80 %%PageOrder: Ascend %%DocumentMedia: Default 612 792 0 () () %%Orientation: Portrait @@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ BP 108 96 Q(ain SHell)-.05 E F1(SYNOPSIS)72 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF (bash)108 124.8 Q F0([options] [command_string | \214le])2.5 E F1 (COPYRIGHT)72 141.6 Q F0(Bash is Cop)108 153.6 Q -(yright \251 1989-2016 by the Free Softw)-.1 E(are F)-.1 E +(yright \251 1989-2018 by the Free Softw)-.1 E(are F)-.1 E (oundation, Inc.)-.15 E F1(DESCRIPTION)72 170.4 Q F2(Bash)108 182.4 Q F0 .973(is an)3.474 F F2(sh)3.473 E F0 .973 (-compatible command language interpreter that e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G .973 @@ -257,19 +257,19 @@ BP ell and Utilities portion of the IEEE POSIX)3.027 F (speci\214cation \(IEEE Standard 1003.1\).)108 223.2 Q F2(Bash)5 E F0 (can be con\214gured to be POSIX-conformant by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 -(OPTIONS)72 240 Q F0 .766(All of the single-character shell options doc\ -umented in the description of the)108 252 R F2(set)3.266 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.266 G .766(iltin command can be).2 F 1.284 -(used as options when the shell is in)108 264 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G -3.785(d. 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In)-.25 F 1.053(most cases a)3.553 F F1(list)3.553 E F0 -1.053(in a command')3.553 F 3.553(sd)-.55 G 1.053(escription may be) --3.553 F 1.026(separated from the rest of the command by one or more ne) -108 710.4 R 1.026(wlines, and may be follo)-.25 F 1.027(wed by a ne)-.25 -F 1.027(wline in)-.25 F(place of a semicolon.)108 722.4 Q(GNU Bash 4.4) -72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(4)197.055 E 0 Cg EP +2.5 E(xit status of zero \(success\).)-.15 E(An OR list has the form)108 +660 Q F1(command1)144 676.8 Q F2(||)2.5 E F1(command2)2.5 E(command2) +108.2 693.6 Q F0 .435(is e)2.955 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .435 +(cuted if, and only if,).15 F F1(command1)3.135 E F0 .435 +(returns a non-zero e)2.935 F .435(xit status.)-.15 F .434 +(The return status of AND)5.434 F(and OR lists is the e)108 705.6 Q +(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted in the list.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E +(4)198.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 5 5 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(\()108 84 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(list)A F0(\))A F1(list)144 84 Q F0 .011(is e)2.512 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .011(cuted in a subshell en).15 F .011(vironment \(see) --.4 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .011(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.511 F(ONMENT) --.27 E F0(belo)2.261 E(w\).)-.25 E -1.11(Va)144 96 S 1.063 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(Compound Commands)87 84 Q F0(A)108 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.053 +(compound command)3.553 F F0 1.053(is one of the follo)3.553 F 3.553 +(wing. In)-.25 F 1.053(most cases a)3.553 F F2(list)3.553 E F0 1.054 +(in a command')3.554 F 3.554(sd)-.55 G 1.054(escription may be)-3.554 F +1.027(separated from the rest of the command by one or more ne)108 108 R +1.026(wlines, and may be follo)-.25 F 1.026(wed by a ne)-.25 F 1.026 +(wline in)-.25 F(place of a semicolon.)108 120 Q(\()108 136.8 Q F2(list) +A F0(\))A F2(list)144 136.8 Q F0 .011(is e)2.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .011 +(cuted in a subshell en).15 F .011(vironment \(see)-.4 F/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF .011(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)2.511 F(ONMENT)-.27 E F0 +(belo)2.262 E(w\).)-.25 E -1.11(Va)144 148.8 S 1.064 (riable assignments and b)1.11 F 1.064(uiltin commands that af)-.2 F 1.064(fect the shell')-.25 F 3.564(se)-.55 G -.4(nv)-3.564 G 1.064 -(ironment do not remain in).4 F(ef)144 108 Q +(ironment do not remain in).4 F(ef)144 160.8 Q (fect after the command completes.)-.25 E(The return status is the e)5 E -(xit status of)-.15 E F1(list)2.5 E F0(.)A({)108 124.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E -F0 2.5(;})C F1(list)144 124.8 Q F0 .402(is simply e)2.902 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .401(cuted in the current shell en).15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F1(list) -5.401 E F0 .401(must be terminated with a ne)2.901 F .401(wline or)-.25 -F 3.214(semicolon. This)144 136.8 R .714(is kno)3.214 F .714(wn as a) --.25 F F1(gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F0 5.715(.T)C .715 -(he return status is the e)-5.715 F .715(xit status of)-.15 F F1(list) -3.215 E F0 5.715(.N)C(ote)-5.715 E .22(that unlik)144 148.8 R 2.72(et) --.1 G .22(he metacharacters)-2.72 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\()2.72 E F0 -(and)2.72 E F3(\))2.72 E F0(,)A F3({)2.72 E F0(and)2.72 E F3(})2.719 E -F0(are)2.719 E F1 -.37(re)2.719 G .219(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F0 -.219(and must occur where a reserv)2.719 F(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)144 160.8 S -.256(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .256(Since the)5.256 F 2.756 -(yd)-.15 G 2.756(on)-2.756 G .257(ot cause a w)-2.756 F .257 -(ord break, the)-.1 F 2.757(ym)-.15 G .257(ust be separated)-2.757 F -(from)144 172.8 Q F1(list)2.5 E F0 -(by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E(\(\()108 -189.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(\)\))A(The)144 201.6 Q F1 --.2(ex)2.552 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .052(is e)2.552 F -.25(va)-.25 G -.051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 2.551(wu)-.25 G -(nder)-2.551 E F2 .051(ARITHMETIC EV)2.551 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E -(TION)144 213.6 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .411(If the v)4.91 F .411 -(alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is non-zero, the return status is \ -0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F(is 1.)144 225.6 Q(This is e)5 E -(xactly equi)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F3(let ")2.5 E F1 -.2 -(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(")A F0(.)A F3([[)108 242.4 Q F1 -.2(ex) -2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(]])2.5 E F0 1.3 -(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)144 254.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G -1.299(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F1 -.2(ex) -3.799 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(.)A 2.273 -(Expressions are composed of the primaries described belo)144 266.4 R -4.774(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.774 E F2(CONDITION)4.774 E 2.274(AL EXPRES-)-.18 -F(SIONS)144 278.4 Q F4(.)A F0 -.8(Wo)5.633 G 1.133 +(xit status of)-.15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A({)108 177.6 Q F2(list)2.5 E +F0 2.5(;})C F2(list)144 177.6 Q F0 .401(is simply e)2.901 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .401(cuted in the current shell en).15 F(vironment.)-.4 E F2(list) +5.401 E F0 .402(must be terminated with a ne)2.901 F .402(wline or)-.25 +F 3.215(semicolon. This)144 189.6 R .715(is kno)3.215 F .715(wn as a) +-.25 F F2(gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F0 5.715(.T)C .715 +(he return status is the e)-5.715 F .714(xit status of)-.15 F F2(list) +3.214 E F0 5.714(.N)C(ote)-5.714 E .219(that unlik)144 201.6 R 2.719(et) +-.1 G .219(he metacharacters)-2.719 F F1(\()2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F1 +(\))2.719 E F0(,)A F1({)2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F1(})2.719 E F0(are)2.719 +E F2 -.37(re)2.72 G .22(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F0 .22 +(and must occur where a reserv)2.72 F(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)144 213.6 S .257 +(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .257(Since the)5.257 F 2.757(yd) +-.15 G 2.756(on)-2.757 G .256(ot cause a w)-2.756 F .256(ord break, the) +-.1 F 2.756(ym)-.15 G .256(ust be separated)-2.756 F(from)144 225.6 Q F2 +(list)2.5 E F0(by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55 +E(\(\()108 242.4 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(\)\))A(The)144 +254.4 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.551 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .051(is e)2.551 F +-.25(va)-.25 G .051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F +2.552(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.552 E F3 .052(ARITHMETIC EV)2.552 F(ALU)-1.215 E +(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 266.4 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .411(If the v) +4.911 F .411(alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is non-zero, the retur\ +n status is 0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F(is 1.)144 278.4 Q +(This is e)5 E(xactly equi)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(let ") +2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(")A F0(.)A F1([[)108 295.2 Q +F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(]])2.5 E F0 1.299 +(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)144 307.2 R -.25(va)-.25 G +1.3(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.8 G +(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(.)A 2.274 +(Expressions are composed of the primaries described belo)144 319.2 R +4.773(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.773 E F3(CONDITION)4.773 E 2.273(AL EXPRES-)-.18 +F(SIONS)144 331.2 Q F4(.)A F0 -.8(Wo)5.632 G 1.133 (rd splitting and pathname e).8 F 1.133 (xpansion are not performed on the w)-.15 F 1.133(ords between the)-.1 F -F3([[)3.632 E F0(and)144 290.4 Q F3(]])2.963 E F0 2.963(;t)C .463 -(ilde e)-2.963 F .464(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .464(ariable e) --.25 F .464(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .464 +F1([[)3.633 E F0(and)144 343.2 Q F1(]])2.964 E F0 2.964(;t)C .464 +(ilde e)-2.964 F .464(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .464(ariable e) +-.25 F .463(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .463 (xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.081 -(tution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 302.4 R -.25(va)-.15 G +(tution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 355.2 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.581(la).25 G 1.081(re performed.)-3.581 F 1.081 -(Conditional operators such as)6.081 F F3<ad66>3.58 E F0 -(must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries.)144 314.4 Q -(When used with)144 332.4 Q F3([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F3(<)2.5 E -F0(and)2.5 E F3(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E -(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .502(When the)144 -350.4 R F3(==)3.002 E F0(and)3.002 E F3(!=)3.002 E F0 .502(operators ar\ +(Conditional operators such as)6.081 F F1<ad66>3.581 E F0 +(must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries.)144 367.2 Q +(When used with)144 385.2 Q F1([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E +F0(and)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E +(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .503(When the)144 +403.2 R F1(==)3.003 E F0(and)3.002 E F1(!=)3.002 E F0 .502(operators ar\ e used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pat-) 3.002 F .81(tern and matched according to the rules described belo)144 -362.4 R 3.31(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.31 E F3 -.1(Pa)3.31 G(tter).1 E 3.31(nM) +415.2 R 3.31(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.31 E F1 -.1(Pa)3.31 G(tter).1 E 3.31(nM) -.15 G(atching)-3.31 E F0 3.31(,a)C 3.31(si)-3.31 G 3.31(ft)-3.31 G(he) --3.31 E F3(ext-)3.31 E(glob)144 374.4 Q F0 1.389 -(shell option were enabled.)3.889 F(The)6.389 E F3(=)3.889 E F0 1.389 -(operator is equi)3.889 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.389(lent to).25 F F3(==)3.89 -E F0 6.39(.I)C 3.89(ft)-6.39 G(he)-3.89 E F3(nocasematch)3.89 E F0 -(shell)3.89 E .272(option is enabled, the match is performed without re) -144 386.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .271 -(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F(The)5.271 E 1.067 -(return v)144 398.4 R 1.068(alue is 0 if the string matches \()-.25 F F3 -(==)A F0 3.568(\)o)C 3.568(rd)-3.568 G 1.068(oes not match \()-3.568 F -F3(!=)A F0 3.568(\)t)C 1.068(he pattern, and 1 otherwise.)-3.568 F(An) -144 410.4 Q 2.5(yp)-.15 G(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the\ - quoted portion to be matched as a string.)-2.5 E .243 -(An additional binary operator)144 428.4 R(,)-.4 E F3(=~)2.743 E F0 +-3.31 E F1(ext-)3.31 E(glob)144 427.2 Q F0 1.39 +(shell option were enabled.)3.89 F(The)6.39 E F1(=)3.889 E F0 1.389 +(operator is equi)3.889 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.389(lent to).25 F F1(==)3.889 +E F0 6.389(.I)C 3.889(ft)-6.389 G(he)-3.889 E F1(nocasematch)3.889 E F0 +(shell)3.889 E .271 +(option is enabled, the match is performed without re)144 439.2 R -.05 +(ga)-.15 G .272(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F(The)5.272 +E 1.068(return v)144 451.2 R 1.068(alue is 0 if the string matches \() +-.25 F F1(==)A F0 3.568(\)o)C 3.568(rd)-3.568 G 1.068(oes not match \() +-3.568 F F1(!=)A F0 3.568(\)t)C 1.067(he pattern, and 1 otherwise.) +-3.568 F(An)144 463.2 Q 2.5(yp)-.15 G(art of the pattern may be quoted \ +to force the quoted portion to be matched as a string.)-2.5 E .243 +(An additional binary operator)144 481.2 R(,)-.4 E F1(=~)2.743 E F0 2.743(,i)C 2.743(sa)-2.743 G -.25(va)-2.943 G .243 -(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F3(==)2.743 E F0(and)2.743 E -F3(!=)2.743 E F0 5.243(.W)C .243(hen it is)-5.243 F 1.953 +(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F1(==)2.743 E F0(and)2.743 E +F1(!=)2.743 E F0 5.243(.W)C .243(hen it is)-5.243 F 1.953 (used, the string to the right of the operator is considered an e)144 -440.4 R 1.954(xtended re)-.15 F 1.954(gular e)-.15 F 1.954 -(xpression and)-.15 F .207(matched accordingly \(as in)144 452.4 R F1 +493.2 R 1.953(xtended re)-.15 F 1.953(gular e)-.15 F 1.953 +(xpression and)-.15 F .207(matched accordingly \(as in)144 505.2 R F2 -.37(re)2.707 G -.1(ge)-.03 G(x)-.1 E F0 2.707(\(3\)\). The)B .207 (return v)2.707 F .207 -(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1)-.25 F 3.345 -(otherwise. If)144 464.4 R .845(the re)3.345 F .845(gular e)-.15 F .846 +(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1)-.25 F 3.346 +(otherwise. If)144 517.2 R .846(the re)3.346 F .846(gular e)-.15 F .845 (xpression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional e)-.15 F -(xpression')-.15 E 3.346(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.346 E -.25(va)144 476.4 S -.667(lue is 2.).25 F .667(If the)5.667 F F3(nocasematch)3.167 E F0 .667 +(xpression')-.15 E 3.345(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.345 E -.25(va)144 529.2 S +.666(lue is 2.).25 F .667(If the)5.667 F F1(nocasematch)3.167 E F0 .667 (shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.167 F -.05 -(ga)-.15 G .666(rd to).05 F .592(the case of alphabetic characters.)144 -488.4 R(An)5.592 E 3.092(yp)-.15 G .593 -(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted por)-3.092 F(-)-.2 -E 1.016(tion to be matched as a string.)144 500.4 R(Brack)6.016 E 1.016 +(ga)-.15 G .667(rd to).05 F .593(the case of alphabetic characters.)144 +541.2 R(An)5.593 E 3.093(yp)-.15 G .592 +(art of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted por)-3.093 F(-)-.2 +E 1.016(tion to be matched as a string.)144 553.2 R(Brack)6.016 E 1.016 (et e)-.1 F 1.016(xpressions in re)-.15 F 1.016(gular e)-.15 F 1.016 -(xpressions must be treated care-)-.15 F(fully)144 512.4 Q 4.435(,s)-.65 -G 1.935 -(ince normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brack)-4.435 -F 4.436(ets. If)-.1 F 1.936(the pattern is)4.436 F .265 -(stored in a shell v)144 524.4 R .265(ariable, quoting the v)-.25 F .264 -(ariable e)-.25 F .264 -(xpansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as)-.15 F 3.773(as)144 -536.4 S 3.773(tring. Substrings)-3.773 F 1.274 -(matched by parenthesized sube)3.773 F 1.274(xpressions within the re) --.15 F 1.274(gular e)-.15 F 1.274(xpression are)-.15 F(sa)144 548.4 Q --.15(ve)-.2 G 3.097(di).15 G 3.097(nt)-3.097 G .597(he array v)-3.097 F -(ariable)-.25 E F2 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F4(.)A F0 -.597(The element of)5.097 F F2 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E -F0 .597(with inde)2.847 F 3.097(x0)-.15 G(is)-.001 E .049 -(the portion of the string matching the entire re)144 560.4 R .049 -(gular e)-.15 F 2.549(xpression. The)-.15 F .05(element of)2.55 F F2 --.27(BA)2.55 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0(with inde)144 572.4 Q(x)-.15 -E F1(n)2.5 E F0(is the portion of the string matching the)2.5 E F1(n)2.5 -E F0(th parenthesized sube)A(xpression.)-.15 E .786 -(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 590.4 R .785 +(xpressions must be treated care-)-.15 F(fully)144 565.2 Q 4.436(,s)-.65 +G 1.936 +(ince normal quoting characters lose their meanings between brack)-4.436 +F 4.435(ets. If)-.1 F 1.935(the pattern is)4.435 F .264 +(stored in a shell v)144 577.2 R .264(ariable, quoting the v)-.25 F .264 +(ariable e)-.25 F .265 +(xpansion forces the entire pattern to be matched as)-.15 F 3.774(as)144 +589.2 S 3.774(tring. Substrings)-3.774 F 1.274 +(matched by parenthesized sube)3.774 F 1.273(xpressions within the re) +-.15 F 1.273(gular e)-.15 F 1.273(xpression are)-.15 F(sa)144 601.2 Q +-.15(ve)-.2 G 3.096(di).15 G 3.097(nt)-3.096 G .597(he array v)-3.097 F +(ariable)-.25 E F3 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F4(.)A F0 +.597(The element of)5.097 F F3 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E +F0 .597(with inde)2.847 F 3.097(x0i)-.15 G(s)-3.097 E .049 +(the portion of the string matching the entire re)144 613.2 R .049 +(gular e)-.15 F 2.549(xpression. The)-.15 F .049(element of)2.549 F F3 +-.27(BA)2.549 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0(with inde)144 625.2 Q(x) +-.15 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(is the portion of the string matching the)2.5 E F2 +(n)2.5 E F0(th parenthesized sube)A(xpression.)-.15 E .785 +(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 643.2 R .786 (wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F(dence:)144 -602.4 Q F3(\()144 620.4 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F3(\)) -2.5 E F0 .522(Returns the v)180 632.4 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F1 -.2(ex) +655.2 Q F1(\()144 673.2 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)) +2.5 E F0 .523(Returns the v)180 685.2 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex) 3.022 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 5.522(.T)C .522(his may be used to o) -5.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .522(rride the normal precedence of).15 F -(operators.)180 644.4 Q F3(!)144 656.4 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession) --.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 668.4 S(ue if).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E -(ession)-.37 E F0(is f)2.74 E(alse.)-.1 E F1 -.2(ex)144 680.4 S(pr).2 E -(ession1)-.37 E F3(&&)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 --.35(Tr)180 692.4 S(ue if both).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1) --.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(are true.) -2.52 E F1 -.2(ex)144 704.4 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F3(||)2.5 E F1 -.2 -(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 716.4 S(ue if either).35 -E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr) -.2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(is true.)2.52 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(5)197.055 E 0 Cg EP +(operators.)180 697.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(5) +198.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 6 6 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(The)144 84 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(&&)3.641 E F0(and)3.641 E F1(||)3.641 E F0 1.141 -(operators do not e)3.641 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luate).25 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 1.141 -(if the v)3.641 F 1.14(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)3.64 G(pr).2 E(ession1) --.37 E F0 1.14(is suf)3.64 F 1.14(\214cient to)-.25 F -(determine the return v)144 96 Q(alue of the entire conditional e)-.25 E -(xpression.)-.15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 112.8 S(r).25 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5 -([[)2.5 G F1(in)A F0([)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(d.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0 2.5 -(]];])2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 .423 -(The list of w)144 124.8 R .423(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.923 -E F0 .423(is e)2.923 F .423(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F -.424(The v)5.424 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.924 E F0 .424(is set to) -2.924 F .653(each element of this list in turn, and)144 136.8 R F2(list) -3.153 E F0 .653(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cuted each time.).15 F -.653(If the)5.653 F F1(in)3.153 E F2(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653 -(is omitted, the)3.153 F F1 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .648(command e) -144 148.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(list)3.148 E F0 .648 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(!)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E +F0 -.35(Tr)180 96 S(ue if).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 +(is f)2.74 E(alse.)-.1 E F2 -.2(ex)144 108 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F1 +(&&)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 120 S +(ue if both).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F2 +-.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F2 -.2(ex)144 +132 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F1(||)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E +(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 144 S(ue if either).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G +(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(or)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 +E F0(is true.)2.52 E(The)144 160.8 Q F1(&&)3.64 E F0(and)3.64 E F1(||) +3.64 E F0 1.14(operators do not e)3.64 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luate).25 E F2 +-.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 1.141(if the v)3.641 F 1.141 +(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0 1.141 +(is suf)3.641 F 1.141(\214cient to)-.25 F(determine the return v)144 +172.8 Q(alue of the entire conditional e)-.25 E(xpression.)-.15 E F1 +-.25(fo)108 189.6 S(r).25 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G F1(in)A F0([) +2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(d.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0 2.5(]];])2.5 G F1(do)A F2 +(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 .424(The list of w)144 201.6 R +.424(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.924 E F0 .423(is e)2.924 F +.423(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F .423(The v)5.423 F +(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)2.923 E F0 .423(is set to)2.923 F .653 +(each element of this list in turn, and)144 213.6 R F2(list)3.153 E F0 +.653(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cuted each time.).15 F .653 +(If the)5.653 F F1(in)3.153 E F2(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653 +(is omitted, the)3.153 F F1 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .649(command e) +144 225.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(list)3.149 E F0 .648 (once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.148 F/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.149 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.899 E(w\).) --.25 E .154(The return status is the e)144 160.8 R .153 -(xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.653 -(cutes. If).15 F .153(the e)2.653 F .153(xpansion of the items)-.15 F -(follo)144 172.8 Q(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.5 E F0 +/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.148 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.898 E(w\).) +-.25 E .153(The return status is the e)144 237.6 R .153 +(xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.654 +(cutes. If).15 F .154(the e)2.654 F .154(xpansion of the items)-.15 F +(follo)144 249.6 Q(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.5 E F0 (results in an empty list, no commands are e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 189.6 S(r).25 E +(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E F1 -.25(fo)108 266.4 S(r).25 E F0(\(\()2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F0(\)\) ;)2.5 E F1(do)2.5 E F2 -(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 1.235(First, the arithmetic e) -144 201.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.735 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e) -3.735 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.236 -(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.736(wu)-.25 G -(nder)-3.736 E F3 .562(ARITHMETIC EV)144 213.6 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT) --.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .562(The arithmetic e) -5.062 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.062 G(pr2).2 E F0 .561(is then e) -3.061 F -.25(va)-.25 G .561(luated repeatedly until).25 F .591(it e)144 -225.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G .591(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.591 F +(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 1.236(First, the arithmetic e) +144 278.4 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.736 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e) +3.736 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.235 +(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.735(wu)-.25 G +(nder)-3.735 E F3 .561(ARITHMETIC EV)144 290.4 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT) +-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .561(The arithmetic e) +5.061 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.061 G(pr2).2 E F0 .562(is then e) +3.062 F -.25(va)-.25 G .562(luated repeatedly until).25 F .592(it e)144 +302.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .592(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.592 F F2 -.2(ex)3.092 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.25(eva)3.092 G .592 -(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .592(is e) -3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .592(cuted and the arith-).15 F .229(metic e)144 -237.6 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.729 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.729 F +(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .591(is e) +3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .591(cuted and the arith-).15 F .228(metic e)144 +314.4 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.728 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.728 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.729(luated. If).25 F(an)2.729 E 2.729(ye)-.15 G .229 (xpression is omitted, it beha)-2.879 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.729(sa).15 G -2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.728(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.978 G -.228(luates to 1.).25 F .227(The return v)144 249.6 R .227 -(alue is the e)-.25 F .227(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2 -(list)2.728 E F0 .228(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .228(cuted, or f) -.15 F .228(alse if an)-.1 F 2.728(yo)-.15 G 2.728(ft)-2.728 G(he)-2.728 -E -.15(ex)144 261.6 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F1 -(select)108 278.4 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d) +2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.729(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.979 G +.229(luates to 1.).25 F .228(The return v)144 326.4 R .228 +(alue is the e)-.25 F .228(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2 +(list)2.728 E F0 .227(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cuted, or f) +.15 F .227(alse if an)-.1 F 2.727(yo)-.15 G 2.727(ft)-2.727 G(he)-2.727 +E -.15(ex)144 338.4 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F1 +(select)108 355.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d) -.37 E F0 2.5(];)2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 -.433(The list of w)144 290.4 R .433(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in) -2.933 E F0 .432(is e)2.933 F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.) --.15 F .432(The set of e)5.432 F .432(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .842 -(is printed on the standard error)144 302.4 R 3.342(,e)-.4 G .842 +.432(The list of w)144 367.2 R .432(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in) +2.932 E F0 .432(is e)2.932 F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.) +-.15 F .433(The set of e)5.433 F .433(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .843 +(is printed on the standard error)144 379.2 R 3.342(,e)-.4 G .842 (ach preceded by a number)-3.342 F 5.842(.I)-.55 G 3.342(ft)-5.842 G(he) --3.342 E F1(in)3.342 E F2(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F0 .843 -(is omitted, the posi-)3.343 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see) -144 314.4 R F3 -.666(PA)2.701 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.451 E 2.701 +-3.342 E F1(in)3.342 E F2(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F0 .842 +(is omitted, the posi-)3.342 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see) +144 391.2 R F3 -.666(PA)2.701 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.451 E 2.701 (w\). The)-.25 F F3(PS3)2.701 E F0 .201(prompt is then displayed and a) -2.451 F .213(line read from the standard input.)144 326.4 R .213 -(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.213 -F 1.538(played w)144 338.4 R 1.538(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.538(alue of) --.25 F F2(name)4.398 E F0 1.537(is set to that w)4.218 F 4.037(ord. If) --.1 F 1.537(the line is empty)4.037 F 4.037(,t)-.65 G 1.537(he w)-4.037 -F 1.537(ords and)-.1 F .065(prompt are displayed ag)144 350.4 R 2.565 -(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.565 F(An) -5.066 E 2.566(yo)-.15 G .066(ther v)-2.566 F .066(alue read causes)-.25 -F F2(name)144.36 362.4 Q F0 .954(to be set to null.)3.634 F .954 -(The line read is sa)5.954 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.453(di).15 G 3.453(nt) --3.453 G .953(he v)-3.453 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(REPL)3.453 E(Y)-.828 E F4 -(.)A F0(The)5.453 E F2(list)3.543 E F0 .953(is e)4.133 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.953(cuted after).15 F .071(each selection until a)144 374.4 R F1(br) +2.451 F .214(line read from the standard input.)144 403.2 R .213 +(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.214 +F 1.537(played w)144 415.2 R 1.537(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.537(alue of) +-.25 F F2(name)4.397 E F0 1.537(is set to that w)4.217 F 4.037(ord. If) +-.1 F 1.538(the line is empty)4.038 F 4.038(,t)-.65 G 1.538(he w)-4.038 +F 1.538(ords and)-.1 F .066(prompt are displayed ag)144 427.2 R 2.566 +(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.566 F(An) +5.065 E 2.565(yo)-.15 G .065(ther v)-2.565 F .065(alue read causes)-.25 +F F2(name)144.36 439.2 Q F0 .953(to be set to null.)3.633 F .953 +(The line read is sa)5.953 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.454(di).15 G 3.454(nt) +-3.454 G .954(he v)-3.454 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(REPL)3.454 E(Y)-.828 E F4 +(.)A F0(The)5.454 E F2(list)3.544 E F0 .954(is e)4.134 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.954(cuted after).15 F .072(each selection until a)144 451.2 R F1(br) 2.571 E(eak)-.18 E F0 .071(command is e)2.571 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.571 (cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.571 G .071(it status of).15 F F1(select) -2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .072(xit status of the)-.15 F -(last command e)144 386.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E +2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .071(xit status of the)-.15 F +(last command e)144 463.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e)-2.5 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(case)108 403.2 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(in)2.5 -E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F2 +-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(case)108 480 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(in)2.5 E +F0 2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F2 (pattern)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)2.5 G(.. \))-2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;; ] ...) -2.5 E F1(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 415.2 Q F1(case)3.265 E F0 .764 -(command \214rst e)3.265 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0 +2.5 E F1(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 492 Q F1(case)3.264 E F0 .764 +(command \214rst e)3.264 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F0 3.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag)-3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 F -F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .764(in turn, using the)3.264 F .595 -(same matching rules as for pathname e)144 427.2 R .595(xpansion \(see) --.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.095 G .596(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)3.096 E -3.096(w\). The)-.25 F F2(wor)3.096 E(d)-.37 E F0(is)3.096 E -.15(ex)144 -439.2 S 1.72(panded using tilde e).15 F 1.72(xpansion, parameter and v) --.15 F 1.72(ariable e)-.25 F 1.72(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.72 -(xpansion, com-)-.15 F 1.268 -(mand substitution, process substitution and quote remo)144 451.2 R -.25 -(va)-.15 G 3.768(l. Each).25 F F2(pattern)3.768 E F0 -.15(ex)3.768 G -1.269(amined is e).15 F(xpanded)-.15 E .203(using tilde e)144 463.2 R -.203(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .203(ariable e)-.25 F .203 -(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .203(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F -.232(tion, and process substitution.)144 475.2 R .233(If the)5.233 F F1 -(nocasematch)2.733 E F0 .233 -(shell option is enabled, the match is performed)2.733 F .234 -(without re)144 487.2 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .234 -(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .234 -(When a match is found, the corresponding)5.234 F F2(list)2.734 E F0 -.625(is e)144 499.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.125(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.125 E -F1(;;)3.125 E F0 .625(operator is used, no subsequent matches are attem\ -pted after the \214rst pattern)3.125 F 2.932(match. Using)144 511.2 R F1 -(;&)2.932 E F0 .432(in place of)2.932 F F1(;;)2.932 E F0 .432(causes e) -2.932 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .432(cution to continue with the).15 F F2(list) -2.932 E F0 .431(associated with the ne)2.931 F(xt)-.15 E .866 -(set of patterns.)144 523.2 R(Using)5.866 E F1(;;&)3.366 E F0 .866 -(in place of)3.366 F F1(;;)3.366 E F0 .866 -(causes the shell to test the ne)3.366 F .866 -(xt pattern list in the state-)-.15 F .878(ment, if an)144 535.2 R 2.178 --.65(y, a)-.15 H .878(nd e).65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .878(cute an).15 F 3.378 -(ya)-.15 G(ssociated)-3.378 E F2(list)3.378 E F0 .878 -(on a successful match.)3.378 F .878(The e)5.878 F .877 -(xit status is zero if no)-.15 F(pattern matches.)144 547.2 Q -(Otherwise, it is the e)5 E(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(if)108 564 Q F2(list) -2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;[)C F1(elif)A F2(list) -2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 E F1 -(else)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;])C F1<8c>A F0(The)144 576 Q F1(if) -2.977 E F2(list)3.067 E F0 .478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978 -(cuted. If).15 F .478(its e)2.978 F .478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F -F1(then)2.978 E F2(list)2.978 E F0 .478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.978(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each)2.978 E F1(elif)2.978 E F2(list)2.978 -E F0 1.088(is e)144 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088 -(cuted in turn, and if its e).15 F 1.087 +F2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .765(in turn, using the)3.264 F 2.218 +(matching rules described under)144 504 R F1 -.1(Pa)4.718 G(tter).1 E +4.718(nM)-.15 G(atching)-4.718 E F0(belo)4.718 E 6.017 -.65(w. T)-.25 H +(he).65 E F2(wor)4.717 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.217(is e)4.717 F 2.217 +(xpanded using tilde)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 516 S 3.968 +(pansion, parameter and v).15 F 3.969(ariable e)-.25 F 3.969 +(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F 3.969(xpansion, command substitution,) +-.15 F .042(process substitution and quote remo)144 528 R -.25(va)-.15 G +2.542(l. Each).25 F F2(pattern)2.542 E F0 -.15(ex)2.542 G .042 +(amined is e).15 F .041(xpanded using tilde e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E .8 +(parameter and v)144 540 R .8(ariable e)-.25 F .8 +(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .8 +(xpansion, command substitution, and process sub-)-.15 F 2.583 +(stitution. If)144 552 R(the)2.583 E F1(nocasematch)2.583 E F0 .083 +(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.583 F -.05 +(ga)-.15 G .082(rd to the).05 F .278(case of alphabetic characters.)144 +564 R .279(When a match is found, the corresponding)5.278 F F2(list) +2.779 E F0 .279(is e)2.779 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.779(cuted. If).15 F(the) +2.779 E F1(;;)2.779 E F0 .812(operator is used, no subsequent matches a\ +re attempted after the \214rst pattern match.)144 576 R(Using)5.812 E F1 +(;&)3.312 E F0(in)3.312 E .007(place of)144 588 R F1(;;)2.507 E F0 .007 +(causes e)2.507 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .007(cution to continue with the).15 F +F2(list)2.507 E F0 .007(associated with the ne)2.507 F .007 +(xt set of patterns.)-.15 F(Using)5.008 E F1(;;&)144 600 Q F0 .561 +(in place of)3.061 F F1(;;)3.061 E F0 .561 +(causes the shell to test the ne)3.061 F .56 +(xt pattern list in the statement, if an)-.15 F 1.86 -.65(y, a)-.15 H +.56(nd e).65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute).15 E(an)144 612 Q 2.568(ya)-.15 G +(ssociated)-2.568 E F2(list)2.568 E F0 .068(on a successful match.)2.568 +F .068(The e)5.068 F .068(xit status is zero if no pattern matches.)-.15 +F(Otherwise,)5.069 E(it is the e)144 624 Q +(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E +F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(if)108 640.8 Q F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 +E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;[)C F1(elif)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E +F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5 E F1(else)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 +2.5(;])C F1<8c>A F0(The)144 652.8 Q F1(if)2.978 E F2(list)3.068 E F0 +.478(is e)3.658 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978(cuted. If).15 F .478(its e)2.978 +F .478(xit status is zero, the)-.15 F F1(then)2.978 E F2(list)2.978 E F0 +.478(is e)2.978 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.978(cuted. Otherwise,).15 F(each) +2.978 E F1(elif)2.977 E F2(list)2.977 E F0 1.087(is e)144 664.8 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.087(cuted in turn, and if its e).15 F 1.087 (xit status is zero, the corresponding)-.15 F F1(then)3.587 E F2(list) -3.587 E F0 1.087(is e)3.587 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.087(cuted and the).15 F -.103(command completes.)144 600 R .103(Otherwise, the)5.103 F F1(else) +3.587 E F0 1.088(is e)3.588 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.088(cuted and the).15 F +.104(command completes.)144 676.8 R .103(Otherwise, the)5.104 F F1(else) 2.603 E F2(list)2.603 E F0 .103(is e)2.603 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .103 (cuted, if present.).15 F .103(The e)5.103 F .103(xit status is the e) --.15 F .104(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 612 Q -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F1(while)108 -628.8 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1 -(done)2.5 E(until)108 640.8 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2 -(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(done)2.5 E F0(The)144 652.8 Q F1(while)3.45 E F0 -.95(command continuously e)3.45 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .95(cutes the list).15 -F F2(list-2)3.45 E F0 .95(as long as the last command in the list)3.45 F -F2(list-1)144 664.8 Q F0 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205 -(xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.205 E F1(until)2.705 E F0 .205 -(command is identical to the)2.705 F F1(while)2.705 E F0 .205 -(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .6(that the test is ne)144 676.8 R -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(ted:).05 E F2(list-2)3.19 E F0 .6(is e)3.12 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.599(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F2(list-1)3.189 E F0 -.599(returns a non-zero)3.099 F -.15(ex)144 688.8 S .204(it status.).15 -F .204(The e)5.204 F .204(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(while)2.704 E F0 -(and)2.704 E F1(until)2.704 E F0 .205(commands is the e)2.704 F .205 -(xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 700.8 S(cuted in).15 -E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if none w)-2.5 E(as e) --.1 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26) -142.895 E(6)197.055 E 0 Cg EP +-.15 F .103(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of the last command e)144 688.8 Q -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted, or zero if no condition tested true.).15 E F1(while) +108 705.6 Q F2(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1 +(done)2.5 E F0(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(6)198.45 E 0 +Cg EP %%Page: 7 7 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(Copr)87 84 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0(A)108 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(copr)3.713 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.213(is a shell command preceded by the) -3.713 F F1(copr)3.712 E(oc)-.18 E F0(reserv)3.712 E 1.212(ed w)-.15 F -3.712(ord. A)-.1 F 1.212(coprocess is e)3.712 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.212 -(cuted asyn-).15 F .574(chronously in a subshell, as if the command had\ - been terminated with the)108 108 R F1(&)3.075 E F0 .575 -(control operator)3.075 F 3.075(,w)-.4 G .575(ith a tw)-3.075 F(o-)-.1 E --.1(wa)108 120 S 2.5(yp).1 G(ipe established between the e)-2.5 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E -(The format for a coprocess is:)108 136.8 Q F1(copr)144 153.6 Q(oc)-.18 -E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 E F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 --.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 E F0(])A .709 -(This creates a coprocess named)108 170.4 R F2 -.27(NA)3.208 G(ME).27 E -F0 5.708(.I)C(f)-5.708 E F2 -.27(NA)3.208 G(ME).27 E F0 .708 -(is not supplied, the def)3.208 F .708(ault name is)-.1 F F1(COPR)3.208 -E(OC)-.3 E F0(.)A F2 -.27(NA)5.708 G(ME).27 E F0 .64 -(must not be supplied if)108 182.4 R F2(command)3.14 E F0 .64(is a)3.14 +SF(until)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(list-1)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(do)2.5 +E F2(list-2)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(done)2.5 E F0(The)144 96 Q F1(while)3.45 E +F0 .95(command continuously e)3.45 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .95(cutes the list) +.15 F F2(list-2)3.45 E F0 .95(as long as the last command in the list) +3.45 F F2(list-1)144 108 Q F0 .205(returns an e)2.705 F .205 +(xit status of zero.)-.15 F(The)5.205 E F1(until)2.705 E F0 .205 +(command is identical to the)2.705 F F1(while)2.705 E F0 .205 +(command, e)2.705 F(xcept)-.15 E .599(that the test is ne)144 120 R -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ted:).05 E F2(list-2)3.189 E F0 .599(is e)3.119 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .6(cuted as long as the last command in).15 F F2(list-1)3.19 E F0 +.6(returns a non-zero)3.1 F -.15(ex)144 132 S .205(it status.).15 F .205 +(The e)5.205 F .205(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(while)2.705 E F0(and) +2.705 E F1(until)2.704 E F0 .204(commands is the e)2.704 F .204 +(xit status of the last command)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 144 S(cuted in).15 E +F2(list-2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if none w)-2.5 E(as e)-.1 +E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(Copr)87 160.8 Q(ocesses)-.18 E F0(A)108 +172.8 Q F2(copr)3.712 E(ocess)-.45 E F0 1.212 +(is a shell command preceded by the)3.712 F F1(copr)3.713 E(oc)-.18 E F0 +(reserv)3.713 E 1.213(ed w)-.15 F 3.713(ord. A)-.1 F 1.213 +(coprocess is e)3.713 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.213(cuted asyn-).15 F .575(chr\ +onously in a subshell, as if the command had been terminated with the) +108 184.8 R F1(&)3.074 E F0 .574(control operator)3.074 F 3.074(,w)-.4 G +.574(ith a tw)-3.074 F(o-)-.1 E -.1(wa)108 196.8 S 2.5(yp).1 G +(ipe established between the e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting shell and the coprocess.).15 E(The format for a coprocess is:) +108 213.6 Q F1(copr)144 230.4 Q(oc)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.27(NA)C(ME).27 +E F0(])A F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir).37 E(ections)-.37 +E F0(])A .708(This creates a coprocess named)108 247.2 R F2 -.27(NA) +3.208 G(ME).27 E F0 5.708(.I)C(f)-5.708 E F2 -.27(NA)3.208 G(ME).27 E F0 +.708(is not supplied, the def)3.208 F .708(ault name is)-.1 F F1(COPR) +3.209 E(OC)-.3 E F0(.)A F2 -.27(NA)5.709 G(ME).27 E F0 .64 +(must not be supplied if)108 259.2 R F2(command)3.14 E F0 .64(is a)3.14 F F2 .64(simple command)3.14 F F0 .64(\(see abo)3.14 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .64(\); otherwise, it is interpreted as the \214rst).15 F -.1(wo)108 -194.4 S 1.44(rd of the simple command.).1 F 1.44 +271.2 S 1.44(rd of the simple command.).1 F 1.44 (When the coprocess is e)6.44 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.44 (cuted, the shell creates an array v).15 F 1.44(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 -(Arrays)108 206.4 Q F0(belo)3.67 E 1.17(w\) named)-.25 F F2 -.27(NA)3.67 -G(ME).27 E F0 1.17(in the conte)3.67 F 1.171(xt of the e)-.15 F -.15(xe) --.15 G 1.171(cuting shell.).15 F 1.171(The standard output of)6.171 F F2 -(command)3.871 E F0(is)4.441 E 2.029 -(connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 218.4 R -.15 +(Arrays)108 283.2 Q F0(belo)3.671 E 1.171(w\) named)-.25 F F2 -.27(NA) +3.671 G(ME).27 E F0 1.171(in the conte)3.671 F 1.171(xt of the e)-.15 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.171(cuting shell.).15 F 1.17(The standard output of) +6.17 F F2(command)3.87 E F0(is)4.44 E 2.029 +(connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)108 295.2 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G 2.029 (cuting shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to).15 F F2 -.27 -(NA)108 230.4 S(ME).27 E F0 3.856([0]. The)B 1.356(standard input of) -3.856 F F2(command)4.056 E F0 1.357 -(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)4.626 F -.15 +(NA)108 307.2 S(ME).27 E F0 3.857([0]. The)B 1.357(standard input of) +3.857 F F2(command)4.057 E F0 1.356 +(is connected via a pipe to a \214le descriptor in the e)4.627 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .103 -(shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to)108 242.4 R F2 -.27 +(shell, and that \214le descriptor is assigned to)108 319.2 R F2 -.27 (NA)2.603 G(ME).27 E F0 2.603([1]. This)B .103 -(pipe is established before an)2.603 F 2.603(yr)-.15 G .103 -(edirections spec-)-2.603 F 1.271(i\214ed by the command \(see)108 254.4 +(pipe is established before an)2.603 F 2.604(yr)-.15 G .104 +(edirections spec-)-2.604 F 1.272(i\214ed by the command \(see)108 331.2 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)3.771 E F0(belo)3.521 E 3.771 (w\). The)-.25 F 1.271(\214le descriptors can be utilized as ar)3.771 F -1.272(guments to)-.18 F .515 -(shell commands and redirections using standard w)108 266.4 R .515 -(ord e)-.1 F 3.015(xpansions. The)-.15 F .515 -(\214le descriptors are not a)3.015 F -.25(va)-.2 G .515(ilable in).25 F -3.636(subshells. The)108 278.4 R 1.136(process ID of the shell spa)3.636 -F 1.137(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.137(cute the coprocess is a) -.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.137(ilable as the v).25 F 1.137(alue of the)-.25 F --.25(va)108 290.4 S(riable).25 E F2 -.27(NA)2.5 G(ME).27 E F0 2.5 -(_PID. The)B F1(wait)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin command may be used to w).2 E +1.271(guments to)-.18 F 1.719 +(shell commands and redirections using standard w)108 343.2 R 1.719 +(ord e)-.1 F 4.219(xpansions. Other)-.15 F 1.72(than those created to e) +4.219 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute).15 E .945 +(command and process substitutions, the \214le descriptors are not a)108 +355.2 R -.25(va)-.2 G .945(ilable in subshells.).25 F .944 +(The process ID of)5.944 F .597(the shell spa)108 367.2 R .597 +(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .597(cute the coprocess is a).15 F -.25 +(va)-.2 G .597(ilable as the v).25 F .597(alue of the v)-.25 F(ariable) +-.25 E F2 -.27(NA)3.097 G(ME).27 E F0 3.097(_PID. The)B F1(wait)3.098 E +F0 -.2(bu)108 379.2 S(iltin command may be used to w).2 E (ait for the coprocess to terminate.)-.1 E .336 -(Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the)108 -307.2 R F1(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .335(command al)2.835 F -.1(wa)-.1 -G .335(ys returns success.).1 F -(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 319.2 Q(xit status of) --.15 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 336 Q -F0 2.697(As)108 348 S .198 +(Since the coprocess is created as an asynchronous command, the)108 396 +R F1(copr)2.836 E(oc)-.18 E F0 .335(command al)2.835 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .335 +(ys returns success.).1 F(The return status of a coprocess is the e)108 +408 Q(xit status of)-.15 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(Shell Function De\214nitions)87 424.8 Q F0 2.697(As)108 436.8 S .198 (hell function is an object that is called lik)-2.697 F 2.698(eas)-.1 G .198(imple command and e)-2.698 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .198 -(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 360 S .5 -.25(ew s)-2.5 -H(et of positional parameters.).25 E -(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2(name)108 376.8 +(cutes a compound command with).15 F 2.5(an)108 448.8 S .5 -.25(ew s) +-2.5 H(et of positional parameters.).25 E +(Shell functions are declared as follo)5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2(name)108 465.6 Q F0(\(\))2.5 E F2(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C -(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A F1(function)108 388.8 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(dir).37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A F1(function)108 477.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 ([\(\)])2.5 E F2(compound\255command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 -.37(re)C(dir) .37 E(ection)-.37 E F0(])A 1.403(This de\214nes a function named)144 -400.8 R F2(name)3.902 E F0 6.402(.T)C 1.402(he reserv)-6.402 F 1.402 +489.6 R F2(name)3.902 E F0 6.402(.T)C 1.402(he reserv)-6.402 F 1.402 (ed w)-.15 F(ord)-.1 E F1(function)3.902 E F0 1.402(is optional.)3.902 F -1.402(If the)6.402 F F1(function)3.902 E F0(reserv)144 412.8 Q .162 +1.402(If the)6.402 F F1(function)3.902 E F0(reserv)144 501.6 Q .162 (ed w)-.15 F .162(ord is supplied, the parentheses are optional.)-.1 F (The)5.162 E F2(body)2.662 E F0 .162(of the function is the compound) -2.662 F(command)144 424.8 Q F2(compound\255command)2.784 E F0(\(see) +2.662 F(command)144 513.6 Q F2(compound\255command)2.784 E F0(\(see) 3.354 E F1 .084(Compound Commands)2.584 F F0(abo)2.584 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -2.584(\). That).15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F2(list)144 436.8 +2.584(\). That).15 F .084(command is usually a)2.584 F F2(list)144 525.6 Q F0 .044(of commands between { and }, b)2.544 F .044(ut may be an)-.2 F 2.544(yc)-.15 G .044(ommand listed under)-2.544 F F1 .044 -(Compound Commands)2.544 F F0(abo)144 448.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.902(,w) +(Compound Commands)2.544 F F0(abo)144 537.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.902(,w) .15 G .402(ith one e)-2.902 F .402(xception: If the)-.15 F F1(function) 2.901 E F0(reserv)2.901 E .401(ed w)-.15 F .401(ord is used, b)-.1 F .401(ut the parentheses are not sup-)-.2 F .047 -(plied, the braces are required.)144 460.8 R F2(compound\255command) +(plied, the braces are required.)144 549.6 R F2(compound\255command) 5.047 E F0 .047(is e)2.547 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .047(cuted whene).15 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G(r).15 E F2(name)2.547 E F0 .047(is speci\214ed as the)2.547 F -1.68(name of a simple command.)144 472.8 R 1.68(When in)6.68 F F2 1.68 +1.68(name of a simple command.)144 561.6 R 1.68(When in)6.68 F F2 1.68 (posix mode)4.18 F F0(,)A F2(name)4.179 E F0 1.679 -(may not be the name of one of the)4.179 F(POSIX)144 484.8 Q F2 .014 +(may not be the name of one of the)4.179 F(POSIX)144 573.6 Q F2 .014 (special b)2.513 F(uiltins)-.2 E F0 5.014(.A)C .314 -.15(ny r)-5.014 H .014(edirections \(see).15 F F3(REDIRECTION)2.514 E F0(belo)2.264 E .014 (w\) speci\214ed when a function is)-.25 F 1.12 -(de\214ned are performed when the function is e)144 496.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 +(de\214ned are performed when the function is e)144 585.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.619(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)3.619 G 1.119 (it status of a function de\214nition is).15 F .217(zero unless a synta\ x error occurs or a readonly function with the same name already e)144 -508.8 R 2.717(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 520.8 S .546(cuted, the e) +597.6 R 2.717(xists. When)-.15 F -.15(exe)144 609.6 S .546(cuted, the e) .15 F .546(xit status of a function is the e)-.15 F .545 (xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 -(cuted in the body).15 F(.)-.65 E(\(See)144 532.8 Q F3(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E +(cuted in the body).15 F(.)-.65 E(\(See)144 621.6 Q F3(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0(belo)2.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G(\)).65 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -(COMMENTS)72 549.6 Q F0 .982(In a non-interacti)108 561.6 R 1.282 -.15 +(COMMENTS)72 638.4 Q F0 .982(In a non-interacti)108 650.4 R 1.282 -.15 (ve s)-.25 H .982(hell, or an interacti).15 F 1.282 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .982(hell in which the).15 F F1(interacti)3.482 E -.1(ve)-.1 G (_comments).1 E F0 .982(option to the)3.482 F F1(shopt)3.482 E F0 -.2 -(bu)108 573.6 S .952(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .952(SHELL B)3.452 F +(bu)108 662.4 S .952(iltin is enabled \(see).2 F F3 .952(SHELL B)3.452 F (UIL)-.09 E .952(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.202 E .952(w\), a w)-.25 F .952(ord be)-.1 F .952(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)3.451 E F0 .951 (causes that w)3.451 F(ord)-.1 E .604 -(and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 585.6 R +(and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored.)108 674.4 R .605(An interacti)5.605 F .905 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .605(hell without the) -.15 F F1(interacti)3.105 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 597.6 Q F0 +.15 F F1(interacti)3.105 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_com-).1 E(ments)108 686.4 Q F0 1.337(option enabled does not allo)3.837 F 3.837(wc)-.25 G 3.836 (omments. The)-3.837 F F1(interacti)3.836 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 1.336(option is on by def)3.836 F 1.336(ault in)-.1 F(interacti)108 -609.6 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F4 -.11(QU)72 626.4 S -.438(OT) -.11 G(ING).438 E F2(Quoting)108 638.4 Q F0 .477(is used to remo)2.977 F -.777 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .477 -(he special meaning of certain characters or w).15 F .477 -(ords to the shell.)-.1 F .478(Quoting can be)5.478 F .185 -(used to disable special treatment for special characters, to pre)108 -650.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .184(ed w)-.15 F .184 -(ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 662.4 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .288(Each of the)108 -679.2 R F2(metac)2.788 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .288 -(listed abo)2.788 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(DEFINITIONS) -2.788 E F0 .288(has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F -(quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 691.2 Q 1.345 -(When the command history e)108 708 R 1.344(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.344 -(acilities are being used \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)3.844 E(OR)-.162 E 3.594 -(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.594 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.594 E 1.344(w\), the) --.25 F F2(history e)108 720 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)2.5 E 2.5(,u) --.4 G(sually)-2.5 E F1(!)2.5 E F0 2.5(,m)C(ust be quoted to pre)-2.5 E --.15(ve)-.25 G(nt history e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(7)197.055 E 0 Cg EP +698.4 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(7)198.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 8 8 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(There are three quoting mechanisms: the)108 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(escape c)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 2.5(,s).73 G -(ingle quotes, and double quotes.)-2.5 E 2.974(An)108 100.8 S .474 -(on-quoted backslash \()-2.974 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(\\)A F0 2.974 -(\)i)C 2.974(st)-2.974 G(he)-2.974 E F1 .474(escape c)2.974 F(har)-.15 E -(acter)-.15 E F0 5.474(.I).73 G 2.974(tp)-5.474 G(reserv)-2.974 E .474 -(es the literal v)-.15 F .474(alue of the ne)-.25 F .475 -(xt character that)-.15 F(follo)108 112.8 Q 1.554(ws, with the e)-.25 F -1.553(xception of <ne)-.15 F 4.053(wline>. If)-.25 F(a)4.053 E F2(\\) -4.053 E F0(<ne)A 1.553 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF -.11(QU)72 84 S -.438(OT).11 G(ING).438 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(Quoting)108 96 Q F0 .477(is used to remo)2.977 F .777 +-.15(ve t)-.15 H .477(he special meaning of certain characters or w).15 +F .477(ords to the shell.)-.1 F .478(Quoting can be)5.478 F .185 +(used to disable special treatment for special characters, to pre)108 +108 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .185(nt reserv).15 F .184(ed w)-.15 F .184 +(ords from being recognized as)-.1 F(such, and to pre)108 120 Q -.15(ve) +-.25 G(nt parameter e).15 E(xpansion.)-.15 E .288(Each of the)108 136.8 +R F2(metac)2.788 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .288(listed abo) +2.788 F .588 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(DEFINITIONS)2.788 E F0 .288 +(has special meaning to the shell and must be)2.538 F +(quoted if it is to represent itself.)108 148.8 Q 1.345 +(When the command history e)108 165.6 R 1.344(xpansion f)-.15 F 1.344 +(acilities are being used \(see)-.1 F F3(HIST)3.844 E(OR)-.162 E 3.594 +(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.594 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.594 E 1.344(w\), the) +-.25 F F2(history e)108 177.6 Q(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)2.5 E 2.5 +(,u)-.4 G(sually)-2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)2.5 E F0 2.5(,m)C +(ust be quoted to pre)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt history e).15 E +(xpansion.)-.15 E(There are three quoting mechanisms: the)108 194.4 Q F2 +(escape c)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 2.5(,s).73 G +(ingle quotes, and double quotes.)-2.5 E 2.974(An)108 211.2 S .474 +(on-quoted backslash \()-2.974 F F4(\\)A F0 2.974(\)i)C 2.974(st)-2.974 +G(he)-2.974 E F2 .474(escape c)2.974 F(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 5.474 +(.I).73 G 2.974(tp)-5.474 G(reserv)-2.974 E .474(es the literal v)-.15 F +.474(alue of the ne)-.25 F .475(xt character that)-.15 F(follo)108 223.2 +Q 1.554(ws, with the e)-.25 F 1.553(xception of <ne)-.15 F 4.053 +(wline>. If)-.25 F(a)4.053 E F4(\\)4.053 E F0(<ne)A 1.553 (wline> pair appears, and the backslash is not itself)-.25 F 1.122 -(quoted, the)108 124.8 R F2(\\)3.622 E F0(<ne)A 1.122 +(quoted, the)108 235.2 R F4(\\)3.622 E F0(<ne)A 1.122 (wline> is treated as a line continuation \(that is, it is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.622(df).15 G 1.123(rom the input stream and)-3.622 F -(ef)108 136.8 Q(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295 -(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 153.6 R .295 +(ef)108 247.2 Q(fecti)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly ignored\).).15 E .295 +(Enclosing characters in single quotes preserv)108 264 R .295 (es the literal v)-.15 F .295(alue of each character within the quotes.) -.25 F 2.795(As)5.295 G(in-)-2.795 E -(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 165.6 Q -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .033 -(Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 182.4 R .034 +(gle quote may not occur between single quotes, e)108 276 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +G 2.5(nw).15 G(hen preceded by a backslash.)-2.5 E .033 +(Enclosing characters in double quotes preserv)108 292.8 R .034 (es the literal v)-.15 F .034 (alue of all characters within the quotes, with the)-.25 F -.15(ex)108 -194.4 S .108(ception of).15 F F2($)2.608 E F0(,)A F2<92>2.608 E F0(,)A -F2(\\)2.608 E F0 2.608(,a)C .107(nd, when history e)-2.608 F .107 -(xpansion is enabled,)-.15 F F2(!)2.607 E F0 5.107(.W)C .107 -(hen the shell is in)-5.107 F F1 .107(posix mode)2.607 F F0 2.607(,t)C -(he)-2.607 E F2(!)2.607 E F0 .107(has no)2.607 F 1.397 -(special meaning within double quotes, e)108 206.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +304.8 S .108(ception of).15 F F4($)2.608 E F0(,)A F4<92>2.608 E F0(,)A +F4(\\)2.608 E F0 2.608(,a)C .107(nd, when history e)-2.608 F .107 +(xpansion is enabled,)-.15 F F4(!)2.607 E F0 5.107(.W)C .107 +(hen the shell is in)-5.107 F F2 .107(posix mode)2.607 F F0 2.607(,t)C +(he)-2.607 E F4(!)2.607 E F0 .107(has no)2.607 F 1.397 +(special meaning within double quotes, e)108 316.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.897(nw).15 G 1.397(hen history e)-3.897 F 1.397(xpansion is enabled.) --.15 F 1.398(The characters)6.398 F F2($)3.898 E F0(and)3.898 E F2<92> +-.15 F 1.398(The characters)6.398 F F4($)3.898 E F0(and)3.898 E F4<92> 3.898 E F0 .045(retain their special meaning within double quotes.)108 -218.4 R .044(The backslash retains its special meaning only when fol-) -5.045 F(lo)108 230.4 Q .601(wed by one of the follo)-.25 F .602 -(wing characters:)-.25 F F2($)3.102 E F0(,)A F2<92>3.102 E F0(,)A F2(") -3.935 E F0(,).833 E F2(\\)3.102 E F0 3.102(,o)C(r)-3.102 E F2(<newline>) +328.8 R .044(The backslash retains its special meaning only when fol-) +5.045 F(lo)108 340.8 Q .601(wed by one of the follo)-.25 F .602 +(wing characters:)-.25 F F4($)3.102 E F0(,)A F4<92>3.102 E F0(,)A F4(") +3.935 E F0(,).833 E F4(\\)3.102 E F0 3.102(,o)C(r)-3.102 E F4(<newline>) 3.102 E F0 5.602(.A)C .602(double quote may be quoted within)-2.5 F .131 -(double quotes by preceding it with a backslash.)108 242.4 R .131 +(double quotes by preceding it with a backslash.)108 352.8 R .131 (If enabled, history e)5.131 F .13(xpansion will be performed unless an) --.15 F F2(!)2.63 E F0 -(appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.)108 254.4 Q -(The backslash preceding the)5 E F2(!)2.5 E F0(is not remo)5 E -.15(ve) --.15 G(d.).15 E(The special parameters)108 271.2 Q F2(*)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 -E F2(@)2.5 E F0(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H -(pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF --.666(PA)2.5 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E -.8(Wo)108 288 -S .211(rds of the form).8 F F2($)2.711 E F0<08>A F1(string)A F0 2.711 -<0861>C .211(re treated specially)-2.711 F 5.211(.T)-.65 G .211(he w) --5.211 F .211(ord e)-.1 F .212(xpands to)-.15 F F1(string)2.712 E F0 -2.712(,w)C .212(ith backslash-escaped char)-2.712 F(-)-.2 E .605 -(acters replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)108 300 R .604 +-.15 F F4(!)2.63 E F0 +(appearing in double quotes is escaped using a backslash.)108 364.8 Q +(The backslash preceding the)5 E F4(!)2.5 E F0(is not remo)5 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G(d.).15 E(The special parameters)108 381.6 Q F4(*)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 +E F4(@)2.5 E F0(ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H +(pecial meaning when in double quotes \(see).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G +(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E -.8(Wo)108 398.4 S .211 +(rds of the form).8 F F4($)2.711 E F0<08>A F2(string)A F0 2.711<0861>C +.211(re treated specially)-2.711 F 5.211(.T)-.65 G .211(he w)-5.211 F +.211(ord e)-.1 F .212(xpands to)-.15 F F2(string)2.712 E F0 2.712(,w)C +.212(ith backslash-escaped char)-2.712 F(-)-.2 E .605 +(acters replaced as speci\214ed by the ANSI C standard.)108 410.4 R .604 (Backslash escape sequences, if present, are decoded)5.605 F(as follo) -108 312 Q(ws:)-.25 E F2(\\a)144 324 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 324 Q F2 -(\\b)144 336 Q F0(backspace)180 336 Q F2(\\e)144 348 Q(\\E)144 360 Q F0 -(an escape character)180 360 Q F2(\\f)144 372 Q F0(form feed)180 372 Q -F2(\\n)144 384 Q F0(ne)180 384 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F2(\\r)144 396 -Q F0(carriage return)180 396 Q F2(\\t)144 408 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 -408 Q F2(\\v)144 420 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 420 S(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\\\)144 -432 Q F0(backslash)180 432 Q F2<5c08>144 444 Q F0(single quote)180 444 Q -F2(\\")144 456 Q F0(double quote)180 456 Q F2(\\?)144 468 Q F0 -(question mark)180 468 Q F2(\\)144 480 Q F1(nnn)A F0 -(the eight-bit character whose v)180 480 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E -(alue)-.25 E F1(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F2(\\x)144 -492 Q F1(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 492 Q -(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F1(HH)2.5 E F0 -(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F2 -(\\u)144 504 Q F1(HHHH)A F0 1.506 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 516 R 1.507 -(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F1(HHHH) -4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 528 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F2 -(\\U)144 540 Q F1(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 552 R .547 -(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F1(HHHHH-) -3.047 E(HHH)180 564 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) --2.5 E F2(\\c)144 576 Q F1(x)A F0 2.5(ac)180 576 S(ontrol-)-2.5 E F1(x)A -F0(character)2.5 E(The e)108 592.8 Q(xpanded result is single-quoted, a\ -s if the dollar sign had not been present.)-.15 E 2.64(Ad)108 609.6 S -.14(ouble-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign \()-2.64 F F2($)A F0 -(")A F1(string)A F0 .14 -("\) will cause the string to be translated according)B .496 -(to the current locale.)108 621.6 R .495(If the current locale is)5.496 -F F2(C)2.995 E F0(or)2.995 E F2(POSIX)2.995 E F0 2.995(,t)C .495 -(he dollar sign is ignored.)-2.995 F .495(If the string is trans-)5.495 -F(lated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.)108 633.6 Q/F4 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -.81(PA)72 650.4 S(RAMETERS).81 E F0(A)108 662.4 Q -F1(par)4.592 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .842(is an entity that stores v)4.072 F -3.342(alues. It)-.25 F .842(can be a)3.342 F F1(name)3.343 E F0 3.343 -(,an).18 G(umber)-3.343 E 3.343(,o)-.4 G 3.343(ro)-3.343 G .843 -(ne of the special characters)-3.343 F .823(listed belo)108 674.4 R -3.323(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.323 E F2 .823(Special P)3.323 F(arameters)-.1 E -F0 5.823(.A)C F1(variable)-2.21 E F0 .823(is a parameter denoted by a) -3.503 F F1(name)3.323 E F0 5.823(.A).18 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .823 -(riable has a).25 F F1(value)108 686.4 Q F0 .368(and zero or more)2.868 -F F1(attrib)2.868 E(utes)-.2 E F0 5.369(.A)C(ttrib)-5.369 E .369 -(utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F2(declar)2.869 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.869 G .369(iltin command \(see).2 F F2(declar)2.869 E(e)-.18 E F0 -(belo)108 698.4 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F0 2.755(Ap)108 715.2 -S .255(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)-2.755 F 2.754 -(alue. The)-.25 F .254(null string is a v)2.754 F .254(alid v)-.25 F -2.754(alue. Once)-.25 F 2.754(av)2.754 G .254(ariable is set, it)-3.004 -F(may be unset only by using the)108 727.2 Q F2(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.5 G(iltin command \(see).2 E F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26) -142.895 E(8)197.055 E 0 Cg EP +108 422.4 Q(ws:)-.25 E F4(\\a)144 434.4 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 434.4 Q +F4(\\b)144 446.4 Q F0(backspace)180 446.4 Q F4(\\e)144 458.4 Q(\\E)144 +470.4 Q F0(an escape character)180 470.4 Q F4(\\f)144 482.4 Q F0 +(form feed)180 482.4 Q F4(\\n)144 494.4 Q F0(ne)180 494.4 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 +G(ine)-2.5 E F4(\\r)144 506.4 Q F0(carriage return)180 506.4 Q F4(\\t) +144 518.4 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 518.4 Q F4(\\v)144 530.4 Q F0 -.15(ve) +180 530.4 S(rtical tab).15 E F4(\\\\)144 542.4 Q F0(backslash)180 542.4 +Q F4<5c08>144 554.4 Q F0(single quote)180 554.4 Q F4(\\")144 566.4 Q F0 +(double quote)180 566.4 Q F4(\\?)144 578.4 Q F0(question mark)180 578.4 +Q F4(\\)144 590.4 Q F2(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 +590.4 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0 +(\(one to three octal digits\))2.5 E F4(\\x)144 602.4 Q F2(HH)A F0 +(the eight-bit character whose v)180 602.4 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E +(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) +-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F4(\\u)144 614.4 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 +1.506(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 626.4 R 1.507 +(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) +4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 638.4 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F4 +(\\U)144 650.4 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 662.4 R .547 +(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) +3.047 E(HHH)180 674.4 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G +(igits\))-2.5 E F4(\\c)144 686.4 Q F2(x)A F0 2.5(ac)180 686.4 S(ontrol-) +-2.5 E F2(x)A F0(character)2.5 E(The e)108 703.2 Q(xpanded result is si\ +ngle-quoted, as if the dollar sign had not been present.)-.15 E 2.64(Ad) +108 720 S .14(ouble-quoted string preceded by a dollar sign \()-2.64 F +F4($)A F0(")A F2(string)A F0 .14 +("\) will cause the string to be translated according)B(GNU Bash 5.0)72 +768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(8)198.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 9 9 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(A)108 84 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(variable)2.79 E F0 -(may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E F1(name)144 100.8 -Q F0(=[)A F1(value)A F0(])A(If)108 117.6 Q F1(value)3.022 E F0 .232 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .496 +(to the current locale.)108 84 R .495(If the current locale is)5.496 F +/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(C)2.995 E F0(or)2.995 E F1(POSIX)2.995 E F0 2.995 +(,t)C .495(he dollar sign is ignored.)-2.995 F .495 +(If the string is trans-)5.495 F +(lated and replaced, the replacement is double-quoted.)108 96 Q/F2 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF -.81(PA)72 112.8 S(RAMETERS).81 E F0(A)108 124.8 Q/F3 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)4.592 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .842 +(is an entity that stores v)4.072 F 3.342(alues. It)-.25 F .842 +(can be a)3.342 F F3(name)3.343 E F0 3.343(,an).18 G(umber)-3.343 E +3.343(,o)-.4 G 3.343(ro)-3.343 G .843(ne of the special characters) +-3.343 F .823(listed belo)108 136.8 R 3.323(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.323 E F1 +.823(Special P)3.323 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 5.823(.A)C F3(variable)-2.21 E +F0 .823(is a parameter denoted by a)3.503 F F3(name)3.323 E F0 5.823(.A) +.18 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .823(riable has a).25 F F3(value)108 148.8 Q F0 +.368(and zero or more)2.868 F F3(attrib)2.868 E(utes)-.2 E F0 5.369(.A)C +(ttrib)-5.369 E .369(utes are assigned using the)-.2 F F1(declar)2.869 E +(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.869 G .369(iltin command \(see).2 F F1(declar) +2.869 E(e)-.18 E F0(belo)108 160.8 Q 2.5(wi)-.25 G(n)-2.5 E/F4 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F5 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F0 2.755(Ap)108 177.6 S .255 +(arameter is set if it has been assigned a v)-2.755 F 2.754(alue. The) +-.25 F .254(null string is a v)2.754 F .254(alid v)-.25 F 2.754 +(alue. Once)-.25 F 2.754(av)2.754 G .254(ariable is set, it)-3.004 F +(may be unset only by using the)108 189.6 Q F1(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 +G(iltin command \(see).2 E F4(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E(A)108 206.4 Q F3(variable)2.79 E F0 +(may be assigned to by a statement of the form)2.68 E F3(name)144 223.2 +Q F0(=[)A F3(value)A F0(])A(If)108 240 Q F3(value)3.022 E F0 .232 (is not gi)2.912 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .232(n, the v).15 F .232 -(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.233 E F1(values)3.023 +(ariable is assigned the null string.)-.25 F(All)5.233 E F3(values)3.023 E F0(under)3.003 E .233(go tilde e)-.18 F .233(xpansion, parameter)-.15 -F .515(and v)108 129.6 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F .515 +F .515(and v)108 252 R .515(ariable e)-.25 F .515 (xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .515 (xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.015(l\().25 G(see) --3.015 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108 -141.6 Q 2.698(w\). If)-.25 F .198(the v)2.698 F .198(ariable has its) --.25 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(integer)2.698 E F0(attrib)2.698 E .198 -(ute set, then)-.2 F F1(value)2.988 E F0 .198(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 -G .199(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .199(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve) --.25 G(n).15 E .902(if the $\(\(...\)\) e)108 153.6 R .902 -(xpansion is not used \(see)-.15 F F3 .901(Arithmetic Expansion)3.401 F -F0(belo)3.401 E 3.401(w\). W)-.25 F .901 -(ord splitting is not performed,)-.8 F 1.178(with the e)108 165.6 R -1.178(xception of)-.15 F F3("$@")3.678 E F0 1.178(as e)3.678 F 1.179 -(xplained belo)-.15 F 3.679(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.679 E F3 1.179(Special P) +-3.015 E F4(EXP)3.015 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)108 264 Q 2.698(w\). If) +-.25 F .198(the v)2.698 F .198(ariable has its)-.25 F F1(integer)2.698 E +F0(attrib)2.698 E .198(ute set, then)-.2 F F3(value)2.988 E F0 .198 +(is e)2.878 F -.25(va)-.25 G .199(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F .199 +(xpression e)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E .902(if the $\(\(...\)\) e) +108 276 R .902(xpansion is not used \(see)-.15 F F1 .901 +(Arithmetic Expansion)3.401 F F0(belo)3.401 E 3.401(w\). W)-.25 F .901 +(ord splitting is not performed,)-.8 F 1.178(with the e)108 288 R 1.178 +(xception of)-.15 F F1("$@")3.678 E F0 1.178(as e)3.678 F 1.179 +(xplained belo)-.15 F 3.679(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.679 E F1 1.179(Special P) 3.679 F(arameters)-.1 E F0 6.179(.P)C 1.179(athname e)-6.329 F 1.179 -(xpansion is not)-.15 F 3.649(performed. Assignment)108 177.6 R 1.149 -(statements may also appear as ar)3.649 F 1.148(guments to the)-.18 F F3 -(alias)3.648 E F0(,)A F3(declar)3.648 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F3(typeset)3.648 -E F0(,)A F3(export)3.648 E F0(,)A F3 -.18(re)108 189.6 S(adonly).18 E F0 -3.288(,a)C(nd)-3.288 E F3(local)3.288 E F0 -.2(bu)3.288 G .788 -(iltin commands \().2 F F1(declar)A(ation)-.15 E F0 3.288 -(commands\). When)3.288 F(in)3.289 E F1 .789(posix mode)3.289 F F0 3.289 +(xpansion is not)-.15 F 3.649(performed. Assignment)108 300 R 1.149 +(statements may also appear as ar)3.649 F 1.148(guments to the)-.18 F F1 +(alias)3.648 E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.648 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(typeset)3.648 +E F0(,)A F1(export)3.648 E F0(,)A F1 -.18(re)108 312 S(adonly).18 E F0 +3.288(,a)C(nd)-3.288 E F1(local)3.288 E F0 -.2(bu)3.288 G .788 +(iltin commands \().2 F F3(declar)A(ation)-.15 E F0 3.288 +(commands\). When)3.288 F(in)3.289 E F3 .789(posix mode)3.289 F F0 3.289 (,t)C .789(hese b)-3.289 F .789(uiltins may)-.2 F 1.496 -(appear in a command after one or more instances of the)108 201.6 R F3 +(appear in a command after one or more instances of the)108 324 R F1 (command)3.996 E F0 -.2(bu)3.996 G 1.496 -(iltin and retain these assignment).2 F(statement properties.)108 213.6 -Q .376(In the conte)108 230.4 R .376 +(iltin and retain these assignment).2 F(statement properties.)108 336 Q +.376(In the conte)108 352.8 R .376 (xt where an assignment statement is assigning a v)-.15 F .376 (alue to a shell v)-.25 F .377(ariable or array inde)-.25 F .377 (x, the +=)-.15 F 1.631 -(operator can be used to append to or add to the v)108 242.4 R(ariable') +(operator can be used to append to or add to the v)108 364.8 R(ariable') -.25 E 4.13(sp)-.55 G(re)-4.13 E 1.63(vious v)-.25 F 4.13(alue. This) --.25 F 1.63(includes ar)4.13 F 1.63(guments to)-.18 F -.2(bu)108 254.4 S -.163(iltin commands such as).2 F F3(declar)2.664 E(e)-.18 E F0 .164 -(that accept assignment statements \()2.664 F F1(declar)A(ation)-.15 E +-.25 F 1.63(includes ar)4.13 F 1.63(guments to)-.18 F -.2(bu)108 376.8 S +.163(iltin commands such as).2 F F1(declar)2.664 E(e)-.18 E F0 .164 +(that accept assignment statements \()2.664 F F3(declar)A(ation)-.15 E F0 2.664(commands\). When)2.664 F .164(+= is)2.664 F .252 -(applied to a v)108 266.4 R .252(ariable for which the)-.25 F F1(inte) +(applied to a v)108 388.8 R .252(ariable for which the)-.25 F F3(inte) 2.752 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.752 E .252(ute has been set,)-.2 -F F1(value)2.752 E F0 .251(is e)2.751 F -.25(va)-.25 G .251 +F F3(value)2.752 E F0 .251(is e)2.751 F -.25(va)-.25 G .251 (luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpres-)-.15 E .05 -(sion and added to the v)108 278.4 R(ariable')-.25 E 2.55(sc)-.55 G .05 +(sion and added to the v)108 400.8 R(ariable')-.25 E 2.55(sc)-.55 G .05 (urrent v)-2.55 F .05(alue, which is also e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.55 (luated. When).25 F .05(+= is applied to an array v)2.55 F(ari-)-.25 E -.459(able using compound assignment \(see)108 290.4 R F3(Arrays)2.959 E +.459(able using compound assignment \(see)108 412.8 R F1(Arrays)2.959 E F0(belo)2.959 E .459(w\), the v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.959(sv)-.55 G .459(alue is not unset \(as it is when using)-3.209 F .265(=\), and ne) -108 302.4 R 2.765(wv)-.25 G .265(alues are appended to the array be) +108 424.8 R 2.765(wv)-.25 G .265(alues are appended to the array be) -3.015 F .265(ginning at one greater than the array')-.15 F 2.765(sm) -.55 G .265(aximum inde)-2.765 F 2.765(x\()-.15 G(for)-2.765 E(inde)108 -314.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.402(da).15 G .902 +436.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.402(da).15 G .902 (rrays\) or added as additional k)-3.402 F -.15(ey)-.1 G<ad76>.15 E .901 (alue pairs in an associati)-.25 F 1.201 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E -5.901(.W)-.65 G .901(hen applied to a string-)-5.901 F -.25(va)108 326.4 -S(lued v).25 E(ariable,)-.25 E F1(value)2.5 E F0(is e)2.5 E +5.901(.W)-.65 G .901(hen applied to a string-)-5.901 F -.25(va)108 448.8 +S(lued v).25 E(ariable,)-.25 E F3(value)2.5 E F0(is e)2.5 E (xpanded and appended to the v)-.15 E(ariable')-.25 E 2.5(sv)-.55 G -(alue.)-2.75 E 3.382(Av)108 343.2 S .882(ariable can be assigned the) --3.632 F F1(namer)3.382 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.382 E .882 -(ute using the)-.2 F F3<ad6e>3.382 E F0 .882(option to the)3.382 F F3 -(declar)3.382 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.383 E F3(local)3.383 E F0 -.2(bu)3.383 -G .883(iltin com-).2 F .316(mands \(see the descriptions of)108 355.2 R -F3(declar)2.816 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.816 E F3(local)2.816 E F0(belo)2.816 -E .316(w\) to create a)-.25 F F1(namer)2.815 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.815(,o)C +(alue.)-2.75 E 3.382(Av)108 465.6 S .882(ariable can be assigned the) +-3.632 F F3(namer)3.382 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.382 E .882 +(ute using the)-.2 F F1<ad6e>3.382 E F0 .882(option to the)3.382 F F1 +(declar)3.382 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.383 E F1(local)3.383 E F0 -.2(bu)3.383 +G .883(iltin com-).2 F .316(mands \(see the descriptions of)108 477.6 R +F1(declar)2.816 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.816 E F1(local)2.816 E F0(belo)2.816 +E .316(w\) to create a)-.25 F F3(namer)2.815 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.815(,o)C 2.815(rar)-2.815 G .315(eference to another v)-2.815 F(ari-)-.25 E 4.04 -(able. This)108 367.2 R(allo)4.04 E 1.54(ws v)-.25 F 1.54 +(able. This)108 489.6 R(allo)4.04 E 1.54(ws v)-.25 F 1.54 (ariables to be manipulated indirectly)-.25 F 6.54(.W)-.65 G(hene)-6.54 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.04(rt).15 G 1.54(he nameref v)-4.04 F 1.54 (ariable is referenced,)-.25 F .54 -(assigned to, unset, or has its attrib)108 379.2 R .54 -(utes modi\214ed \(other than using or changing the)-.2 F F1(namer)3.04 +(assigned to, unset, or has its attrib)108 501.6 R .54 +(utes modi\214ed \(other than using or changing the)-.2 F F3(namer)3.04 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.04 E .54(ute itself\),)-.2 F .352 -(the operation is actually performed on the v)108 391.2 R .352 +(the operation is actually performed on the v)108 513.6 R .352 (ariable speci\214ed by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.852(sv) -.55 G 2.852(alue. A)-3.102 F .352(nameref is)2.852 F .972 -(commonly used within shell functions to refer to a v)108 403.2 R .971 +(commonly used within shell functions to refer to a v)108 525.6 R .971 (ariable whose name is passed as an ar)-.25 F .971(gument to the)-.18 F -2.5(function. F)108 415.2 R(or instance, if a v)-.15 E +2.5(function. F)108 537.6 R(or instance, if a v)-.15 E (ariable name is passed to a shell function as its \214rst ar)-.25 E -(gument, running)-.18 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(declare -n ref=$1)144 433.2 Q -F0 .302(inside the function creates a nameref v)108 451.2 R(ariable)-.25 -E F3 -.18(re)2.803 G(f).18 E F0 .303(whose v)2.803 F .303(alue is the v) +(gument, running)-.18 E/F6 10/Courier@0 SF(declare -n ref=$1)144 555.6 Q +F0 .302(inside the function creates a nameref v)108 573.6 R(ariable)-.25 +E F1 -.18(re)2.803 G(f).18 E F0 .303(whose v)2.803 F .303(alue is the v) -.25 F .303(ariable name passed as the \214rst ar)-.25 F(gu-)-.18 E -3.592(ment. References)108 463.2 R 1.092(and assignments to)3.592 F F3 +3.592(ment. References)108 585.6 R 1.092(and assignments to)3.592 F F1 -.18(re)3.592 G(f).18 E F0 3.592(,a)C 1.092(nd changes to its attrib) -3.592 F 1.092(utes, are treated as references, assign-)-.2 F .143 -(ments, and attrib)108 475.2 R .144(ute modi\214cations to the v)-.2 F -.144(ariable whose name w)-.25 F .144(as passed as)-.1 F F3($1)2.644 E +(ments, and attrib)108 597.6 R .144(ute modi\214cations to the v)-.2 F +.144(ariable whose name w)-.25 F .144(as passed as)-.1 F F1($1)2.644 E F0 5.144(.I)C 2.644(ft)-5.144 G .144(he control v)-2.644 F .144 -(ariable in a)-.25 F F3 -.25(fo)108 487.2 S(r).25 E F0 .868 +(ariable in a)-.25 F F1 -.25(fo)108 609.6 S(r).25 E F0 .868 (loop has the nameref attrib)3.368 F .868(ute, the list of w)-.2 F .867 (ords can be a list of shell v)-.1 F .867 (ariables, and a name reference)-.25 F .509 -(will be established for each w)108 499.2 R .509 +(will be established for each w)108 621.6 R .509 (ord in the list, in turn, when the loop is e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.009 (cuted. Array).15 F -.25(va)3.009 G .509(riables cannot be).25 F(gi)108 -511.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.193(nt).15 G(he)-4.193 E F3(namer)4.193 E(ef) +633.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.193(nt).15 G(he)-4.193 E F1(namer)4.193 E(ef) -.18 E F0(attrib)4.193 E 4.193(ute. Ho)-.2 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.493 -.4(r, n).15 H 1.693(ameref v).4 F 1.692 (ariables can reference array v)-.25 F 1.692(ariables and subscripted) --.25 F .101(array v)108 523.2 R 2.601(ariables. Namerefs)-.25 F .101 -(can be unset using the)2.601 F F3<ad6e>2.602 E F0 .102(option to the) -2.602 F F3(unset)2.602 E F0 -.2(bu)2.602 G 2.602(iltin. Otherwise,).2 F -(if)2.602 E F3(unset)2.602 E F0 .102(is e)2.602 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E -.443(cuted with the name of a nameref v)108 535.2 R .442 +-.25 F .101(array v)108 645.6 R 2.601(ariables. Namerefs)-.25 F .101 +(can be unset using the)2.601 F F1<ad6e>2.602 E F0 .102(option to the) +2.602 F F1(unset)2.602 E F0 -.2(bu)2.602 G 2.602(iltin. Otherwise,).2 F +(if)2.602 E F1(unset)2.602 E F0 .102(is e)2.602 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E +.443(cuted with the name of a nameref v)108 657.6 R .442 (ariable as an ar)-.25 F .442(gument, the v)-.18 F .442 (ariable referenced by the nameref v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E -(will be unset.)108 547.2 Q F3 -.2(Po)87 564 S(sitional P).2 E -(arameters)-.1 E F0(A)108 576 Q F1 .705(positional par)4.455 F(ameter) +(will be unset.)108 669.6 Q F1 -.2(Po)87 686.4 S(sitional P).2 E +(arameters)-.1 E F0(A)108 698.4 Q F3 .705(positional par)4.455 F(ameter) -.15 E F0 .706(is a parameter denoted by one or more digits, other than\ the single digit 0.)3.935 F(Posi-)5.706 E .445 -(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 588 R 2.944(sa)-.55 -G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) -.2 G .444(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 600 Q F3(set)3.333 -E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F .834(Positional parameters\ - may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.833 F(The)5.834 E -(positional parameters are temporarily replaced when a shell function i\ -s e)108 612 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted \(see).15 E F2(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0 -(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.404(When a positional parameter consisting o\ -f more than a single digit is e)108 628.8 R 1.403 -(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F(braces \(see)108 640.8 Q F2(EXP) -2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F3(Special P)87 657.6 Q -(arameters)-.1 E F0 1.674(The shell treats se)108 669.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -1.674(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T)-.65 G 1.675 -(hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to)-6.675 F -(them is not allo)108 681.6 Q(wed.)-.25 E F3(*)108 693.6 Q F0 .224 -(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 693.6 R -.223(When the e)5.224 F .223(xpansion is not within double)-.15 F .662 -(quotes, each positional parameter e)144 705.6 R .662 -(xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.162(ord. In)-.1 F(conte)3.162 E .662 -(xts where it is performed,)-.15 F 1.082(those w)144 717.6 R 1.082 -(ords are subject to further w)-.1 F 1.081(ord splitting and pathname e) --.1 F 3.581(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.081(the e)3.581 F(xpansion)-.15 E -2.548(occurs within double quotes, it e)144 729.6 R 2.549 -(xpands to a single w)-.15 F 2.549(ord with the v)-.1 F 2.549 -(alue of each parameter)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26) -142.895 E(9)197.055 E 0 Cg EP +(tional parameters are assigned from the shell')108 710.4 R 2.944(sa) +-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.944 G .444(uments when it is in).18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G .444(d, and may be reassigned using).1 F(the)108 722.4 Q F1 +(set)3.333 E F0 -.2(bu)3.333 G .833(iltin command.).2 F .834(Positional\ + parameters may not be assigned to with assignment statements.)5.833 F +(The)5.834 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(9)198.45 E 0 +Cg EP %%Page: 10 10 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 3.068 -(separated by the \214rst character of the)144 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(IFS)5.568 E F0 3.068(special v)5.318 F 5.568(ariable. That)-.25 F 3.067 -(is, ")5.568 F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($*)A F0 5.567("i)C 5.567(se)-5.567 -G(qui)-5.567 E -.25(va)-.25 G 3.067(lent to).25 F(")144 96 Q F2($1)A/F3 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF(c)A F2($2)A F3(c)A F2(...)A F0 1.519(", where)B F3 -(c)4.219 E F0 1.519(is the \214rst character of the v)4.329 F 1.52 -(alue of the)-.25 F F1(IFS)4.02 E F0 -.25(va)3.77 G 4.02(riable. If).25 -F F1(IFS)4.02 E F0 1.52(is unset, the)3.77 F .833 -(parameters are separated by spaces.)144 108 R(If)5.833 E F1(IFS)3.333 E -F0 .832(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)3.083 F(ening) --.15 E(separators.)144 120 Q F2(@)108 132 Q F0 .605 -(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 132 R .606 -(When the e)5.605 F .606(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .114 -(ble quotes, each parameter e)144 144 R .114(xpands to a separate w)-.15 -F 2.614(ord. That)-.1 F .113(is, ")2.613 F F2($@)A F0 2.613("i)C 2.613 -(se)-2.613 G(qui)-2.613 E -.25(va)-.25 G .113(lent to ").25 F F2($1)A F0 -2.613("")C F2($2)-2.613 E F0 2.613(".)C(..)-2.613 E .134 -(If the double-quoted e)144 156 R .134(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 F -.135(ord, the e)-.1 F .135(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined) --.15 F .151(with the be)144 168 R .151(ginning part of the original w) --.15 F .151(ord, and the e)-.1 F .15 -(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with)-.15 F .337 -(the last part of the original w)144 180 R 2.837(ord. When)-.1 F .338 -(there are no positional parameters, ")2.837 F F2($@)A F0 2.838("a)C(nd) --2.838 E F2($@)2.838 E F0 -.15(ex)2.838 G(pand).15 E -(to nothing \(i.e., the)144 192 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo)-2.5 E -.15(ve) --.15 G(d\).).15 E F2(#)108 204 Q F0 -(Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)144 204 Q F2 -(?)108 216 Q F0(Expands to the e)144 216 Q +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(positional parame\ +ters are temporarily replaced when a shell function is e)108 84 Q -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted \(see).15 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)2.5 E F0 +(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E 1.404(When a positional parameter consisting o\ +f more than a single digit is e)108 100.8 R 1.403 +(xpanded, it must be enclosed in)-.15 F(braces \(see)108 112.8 Q F1(EXP) +2.5 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(Special P)87 129.6 Q(arameters)-.1 E F0 1.674(The shell treats se)108 +141.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.674(ral parameters specially).15 F 6.675(.T) +-.65 G 1.675(hese parameters may only be referenced; assignment to) +-6.675 F(them is not allo)108 153.6 Q(wed.)-.25 E F2(*)108 165.6 Q F0 +.224(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 165.6 +R .223(When the e)5.224 F .223(xpansion is not within double)-.15 F .662 +(quotes, each positional parameter e)144 177.6 R .662 +(xpands to a separate w)-.15 F 3.162(ord. In)-.1 F(conte)3.162 E .662 +(xts where it is performed,)-.15 F 1.082(those w)144 189.6 R 1.082 +(ords are subject to further w)-.1 F 1.081(ord splitting and pathname e) +-.1 F 3.581(xpansion. When)-.15 F 1.081(the e)3.581 F(xpansion)-.15 E +.914(occurs within double quotes, it e)144 201.6 R .914 +(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .915(ord with the v)-.1 F .915 +(alue of each parameter sepa-)-.25 F .891 +(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 213.6 R F1(IFS)3.39 E F0 .89 +(special v)3.14 F 3.39(ariable. That)-.25 F .89(is, ")3.39 F F2($*)A F0 +3.39("i)C 3.39(se)-3.39 G(qui)-3.39 E -.25(va)-.25 G .89(lent to ").25 F +F2($1)A/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(c)A F2($2)A F3(c)A F2(...)A F0(",)A +(where)144 225.6 Q F3(c)3.532 E F0 .832 +(is the \214rst character of the v)3.642 F .832(alue of the)-.25 F F1 +(IFS)3.332 E F0 -.25(va)3.082 G 3.332(riable. If).25 F F1(IFS)3.332 E F0 +.833(is unset, the parameters are)3.082 F(separated by spaces.)144 237.6 +Q(If)5 E F1(IFS)2.5 E F0 +(is null, the parameters are joined without interv)2.25 E +(ening separators.)-.15 E F2(@)108 249.6 Q F0 .606 +(Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.)144 249.6 R +.605(When the e)5.605 F .605(xpansion occurs within dou-)-.15 F .113 +(ble quotes, each parameter e)144 261.6 R .113(xpands to a separate w) +-.15 F 2.614(ord. That)-.1 F .114(is, ")2.614 F F2($@)A F0 2.614("i)C +2.614(se)-2.614 G(qui)-2.614 E -.25(va)-.25 G .114(lent to ").25 F F2 +($1)A F0 2.614("")C F2($2)-2.614 E F0 2.614(".)C(..)-2.614 E .135 +(If the double-quoted e)144 273.6 R .135(xpansion occurs within a w)-.15 +F .135(ord, the e)-.1 F .134 +(xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined)-.15 F .15(with the be)144 +285.6 R .15(ginning part of the original w)-.15 F .151(ord, and the e) +-.1 F .151(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with)-.15 F .338 +(the last part of the original w)144 297.6 R 2.838(ord. When)-.1 F .337 +(there are no positional parameters, ")2.838 F F2($@)A F0 2.837("a)C(nd) +-2.837 E F2($@)2.837 E F0 -.15(ex)2.837 G(pand).15 E +(to nothing \(i.e., the)144 309.6 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re remo)-2.5 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G(d\).).15 E F2(#)108 321.6 Q F0 +(Expands to the number of positional parameters in decimal.)144 321.6 Q +F2(?)108 333.6 Q F0(Expands to the e)144 333.6 Q (xit status of the most recently e)-.15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 -E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F2<ad>108 228 Q F0 .882 -(Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)144 228 R --.2(vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F2(set)3.381 E F0 -.2(bu)3.381 G -.881(iltin command, or).2 F(those set by the shell itself \(such as the) -144 240 Q F2<ad69>2.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E F2($)108 252 Q F0 .214 -(Expands to the process ID of the shell.)144 252 R .214 +E(ground pipeline.)-.15 E F2<ad>108 345.6 Q F0 .881 +(Expands to the current option \215ags as speci\214ed upon in)144 345.6 +R -.2(vo)-.4 G .881(cation, by the).2 F F2(set)3.382 E F0 -.2(bu)3.382 G +.882(iltin command, or).2 F(those set by the shell itself \(such as the) +144 357.6 Q F2<ad69>2.5 E F0(option\).)2.5 E F2($)108 369.6 Q F0 .214 +(Expands to the process ID of the shell.)144 369.6 R .214 (In a \(\) subshell, it e)5.214 F .214 (xpands to the process ID of the current)-.15 F -(shell, not the subshell.)144 264 Q F2(!)108 276 Q F0 .499(Expands to t\ -he process ID of the job most recently placed into the background, whet\ -her e)144 276 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E -(as an asynchronous command or using the)144 288 Q F2(bg)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(shell, not the subshell.)144 381.6 Q F2(!)108 393.6 Q F0 .499(Expands \ +to the process ID of the job most recently placed into the background, \ +whether e)144 393.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E +(as an asynchronous command or using the)144 405.6 Q F2(bg)2.5 E F0 -.2 (bu)2.5 G(iltin \(see).2 E F1(JOB CONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 E F0(belo)2.25 E -(w\).)-.25 E F2(0)108 300 Q F0 1.691 -(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)144 300 R 1.692 -(This is set at shell initialization.)6.692 F(If)6.692 E F2(bash)4.192 E -F0(is)4.192 E(in)144 312 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.078(dw).1 G .578 -(ith a \214le of commands,)-3.078 F F2($0)3.078 E F0 .578 -(is set to the name of that \214le.)3.078 F(If)5.577 E F2(bash)3.077 E -F0 .577(is started with the)3.077 F F2<ad63>3.077 E F0 .368 -(option, then)144 324 R F2($0)2.869 E F0 .369(is set to the \214rst ar) -2.869 F .369(gument after the string to be e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .369 -(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.369 E(-)-.2 E -(wise, it is set to the \214lename used to in)144 336 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G F2(bash)2.6 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-2.5 H -2.5(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)-2.5 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument zero.).18 E F2(_)108 348 -Q F0 .055(At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to in)144 -348 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .255 -.1(ke t).2 H .054 -(he shell or shell script being e).1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .691 -(as passed in the en)144 360 R .691(vironment or ar)-.4 F .691 -(gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.691 E 3.191(,e)-.65 G .692 -(xpands to the last ar)-3.341 F .692(gument to the)-.18 F(pre)144 372 Q -.571(vious command, after e)-.25 F 3.071(xpansion. Also)-.15 F .571 -(set to the full pathname used to in)3.071 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .77 -.1(ke e) -.2 H .57(ach command).1 F -.15(exe)144 384 S 1.6 -(cuted and placed in the en).15 F 1.6(vironment e)-.4 F 1.6 +(w\).)-.25 E F2(0)108 417.6 Q F0 1.692 +(Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.)144 417.6 R 1.691 +(This is set at shell initialization.)6.692 F(If)6.691 E F2(bash)4.191 E +F0(is)4.191 E(in)144 429.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.077(dw).1 G .577 +(ith a \214le of commands,)-3.077 F F2($0)3.077 E F0 .578 +(is set to the name of that \214le.)3.077 F(If)5.578 E F2(bash)3.078 E +F0 .578(is started with the)3.078 F F2<ad63>3.078 E F0 .369 +(option, then)144 441.6 R F2($0)2.869 E F0 .369 +(is set to the \214rst ar)2.869 F .369(gument after the string to be e) +-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .369(cuted, if one is present.).15 F(Other)5.368 E +(-)-.2 E(wise, it is set to the \214lename used to in)144 453.6 Q -.2 +(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2(bash)2.6 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(sg)-2.5 G -2.15 -.25 +(iv e)-2.5 H 2.5(nb).25 G 2.5(ya)-2.5 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument zero.).18 E +F2(_)108 465.6 Q F0 .054 +(At shell startup, set to the absolute pathname used to in)144 465.6 R +-.2(vo)-.4 G .255 -.1(ke t).2 H .055(he shell or shell script being e).1 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .692(as passed in the en)144 477.6 R .692 +(vironment or ar)-.4 F .691(gument list.)-.18 F(Subsequently)5.691 E +3.191(,e)-.65 G .691(xpands to the last ar)-3.341 F .691(gument to the) +-.18 F(pre)144 489.6 Q .57(vious command, after e)-.25 F 3.07 +(xpansion. Also)-.15 F .571(set to the full pathname used to in)3.071 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G .771 -.1(ke e).2 H .571(ach command).1 F -.15(exe)144 501.6 +S 1.6(cuted and placed in the en).15 F 1.6(vironment e)-.4 F 1.6 (xported to that command.)-.15 F 1.6(When checking mail, this)6.6 F (parameter holds the name of the mail \214le currently being check)144 -396 Q(ed.)-.1 E F2(Shell V)87 412.8 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0(The follo)108 -424.8 Q(wing v)-.25 E(ariables are set by the shell:)-.25 E F2 -.3(BA) -108 441.6 S(SH).3 E F0(Expands to the full \214lename used to in)144 -441.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F2(bash)2.5 E -F0(.)A F2 -.3(BA)108 453.6 S(SHOPTS).3 E F0 2.549(Ac)144 465.6 S .049 -(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-2.549 F .049(Each w) +513.6 Q(ed.)-.1 E F2(Shell V)87 530.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0(The follo)108 +542.4 Q(wing v)-.25 E(ariables are set by the shell:)-.25 E F2 -.3(BA) +108 559.2 S(SH).3 E F0(Expands to the full \214lename used to in)144 +559.2 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 H(his instance of).1 E F2(bash)2.5 E +F0(.)A F2 -.3(BA)108 571.2 S(SHOPTS).3 E F0 2.548(Ac)144 583.2 S .049 +(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-2.548 F .049(Each w) 5.049 F .049(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .049(alid ar)-.25 F .049 -(gument for the)-.18 F F2<ad73>2.548 E F0 1.398(option to the)144 477.6 +(gument for the)-.18 F F2<ad73>2.549 E F0 1.398(option to the)144 595.2 R F2(shopt)3.898 E F0 -.2(bu)3.898 G 1.398(iltin command \(see).2 F F1 1.398(SHELL B)3.898 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.398(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo) -3.648 E 3.898(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.898 E .477(appearing in)144 -489.6 R F1 -.27(BA)2.977 G(SHOPTS).27 E F0 .477(are those reported as) -2.727 F F3(on)3.207 E F0(by)3.217 E F2(shopt)2.977 E F0 5.476(.I)C 2.976 -(ft)-5.476 G .476(his v)-2.976 F .476(ariable is in the en)-.25 F -(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 501.6 Q F2(bash)3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, ea\ -ch shell option in the list will be enabled before reading an)3.141 F -3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142 F(This v)144 513.6 Q -(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F2 -.3(BA)108 525.6 S(SHPID).3 E -F0 .188(Expands to the process ID of the current)144 537.6 R F2(bash) -2.688 E F0 2.687(process. This)2.687 F(dif)2.687 E .187(fers from)-.25 F -F2($$)2.687 E F0 .187(under certain circum-)2.687 F -(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 549.6 Q F2(bash)2.5 -E F0(to be re-initialized.)2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 561.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E -F0 1.195(An associati)144 573.6 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v) -.15 F 1.195(ariable whose members correspond to the internal list of al\ -iases as main-)-.25 F .16(tained by the)144 585.6 R F2(alias)2.66 E F0 --.2(bu)2.66 G 2.66(iltin. Elements).2 F .16 +3.648 E 3.898(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.898 E .476(appearing in)144 +607.2 R F1 -.27(BA)2.976 G(SHOPTS).27 E F0 .476(are those reported as) +2.726 F F3(on)3.206 E F0(by)3.217 E F2(shopt)2.977 E F0 5.477(.I)C 2.977 +(ft)-5.477 G .477(his v)-2.977 F .477(ariable is in the en)-.25 F +(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 619.2 Q F2(bash)3.142 E F0 .642(starts up, ea\ +ch shell option in the list will be enabled before reading an)3.142 F +3.141(ys)-.15 G .641(tartup \214les.)-3.141 F(This v)144 631.2 Q +(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F2 -.3(BA)108 643.2 S(SHPID).3 E +F0 .187(Expands to the process ID of the current)144 655.2 R F2(bash) +2.687 E F0 2.688(process. This)2.688 F(dif)2.688 E .188(fers from)-.25 F +F2($$)2.688 E F0 .188(under certain circum-)2.688 F .548 +(stances, such as subshells that do not require)144 667.2 R F2(bash) +3.048 E F0 .548(to be re-initialized.)3.048 F .548(Assignments to)5.548 +F F1 -.27(BA)3.048 G(SHPID).27 E F0(ha)144 679.2 Q .3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H +2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G 2.5(ect. If).25 F F2 -.3(BA)2.5 G(SHPID).3 E +F0(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) +-2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 691.2 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 1.195(An associati)144 +703.2 R 1.495 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.195(rray v).15 F 1.195(ariable whose m\ +embers correspond to the internal list of aliases as main-)-.25 F .16 +(tained by the)144 715.2 R F2(alias)2.66 E F0 -.2(bu)2.66 G 2.66 +(iltin. Elements).2 F .16 (added to this array appear in the alias list; ho)2.66 F(we)-.25 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G .96 -.4(r, u).15 H(nsetting).4 E 4.503 -(array elements currently does not cause aliases to be remo)144 597.6 R +(array elements currently does not cause aliases to be remo)144 727.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 7.003(df).15 G 4.503(rom the alias list.)-7.003 F(If) -9.503 E F2 -.3(BA)144 609.6 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 -(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E F2 -.3(BA)108 621.6 S(SH_ARGC).3 E F0 .935(An array v)144 633.6 R -.935(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934 -(alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F -F2(bash)3.434 E F0 -.15(exe)144 645.6 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F -.535(The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell functio\ -n or script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 657.6 S .142(cuted with).15 F F2(.) -2.642 E F0(or)2.642 E F2(sour)2.642 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.642(\)i)C 2.642(sa) --2.642 G 2.642(tt)-2.642 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.642 F .141 -(When a subroutine is e)5.141 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .141 -(cuted, the number of).15 F 2.63(parameters passed is pushed onto)144 -669.6 R F1 -.27(BA)5.13 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 -2.63(The shell sets)7.13 F F1 -.27(BA)5.131 G(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 2.631 -(only when in)4.881 F -.15(ex)144 681.6 S(tended deb).15 E -(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 E F2(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E -F0(option to the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E -(w\))-.25 E F2 -.3(BA)108 693.6 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .98(An array v)144 -705.6 R .979(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current) --.25 F F2(bash)3.479 E F0 -.15(exe)3.479 G .979(cution call stack.).15 F -(The)5.979 E .275(\214nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at t\ -he top of the stack; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 717.6 R -1.424(call is at the bottom.)144 729.6 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e) -6.424 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.424 -(cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto).15 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 -768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(10)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +9.503 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(10)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 11 11 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.27(BA)144 84 S(SH_ARGV).27 E/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 2.197 -(The shell sets)6.697 F F1 -.27(BA)4.697 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 2.197 -(only when in e)4.447 F 2.197(xtended deb)-.15 F 2.197 -(ugging mode \(see the)-.2 F(description of the)144 96 Q/F3 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F3(shopt) -2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin belo).2 E(w\))-.25 E F3 -.3(BA)108 108 S -(SH_CMDS).3 E F0 .668(An associati)144 120 R .968 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .668 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.3(BA)144 84 S(SH_ALIASES).3 E F0 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) +-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 96 S(SH_ARGC).3 E F0 .935(An array v)144 108 R .935 +(ariable whose v)-.25 F .934 +(alues are the number of parameters in each frame of the current)-.25 F +F1(bash)3.434 E F0 -.15(exe)144 120 S .535(cution call stack.).15 F .535 +(The number of parameters to the current subroutine \(shell function or\ + script)5.535 F -.15(exe)144 132 S .142(cuted with).15 F F1(.)2.642 E F0 +(or)2.642 E F1(sour)2.642 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.642(\)i)C 2.642(sa)-2.642 G +2.642(tt)-2.642 G .142(he top of the stack.)-2.642 F .141 +(When a subroutine is e)5.141 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .141 +(cuted, the number of).15 F 2.63(parameters passed is pushed onto)144 +144 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)5.13 G(SH_ARGC).27 E/F3 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 2.63(The shell sets)7.13 F F2 -.27(BA)5.131 G +(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 2.631(only when in)4.881 F -.15(ex)144 156 S .284 +(tended deb).15 F .284(ugging mode \(see the description of the)-.2 F F1 +(extdeb)2.784 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .283(option to the)2.783 F F1(shopt)2.783 E +F0 -.2(bu)2.783 G .283(iltin belo).2 F(w\).)-.25 E(Setting)144 168 Q F1 +(extdeb)2.5 E(ug)-.2 E F0(after the shell has started to e)2.5 E -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cute a script may result in inconsistent v).15 E(alues.)-.25 +E F1 -.3(BA)108 180 S(SH_ARGV).3 E F0 .979(An array v)144 192 R .979 +(ariable containing all of the parameters in the current)-.25 F F1(bash) +3.48 E F0 -.15(exe)3.48 G .98(cution call stack.).15 F(The)5.98 E .275(\ +\214nal parameter of the last subroutine call is at the top of the stac\ +k; the \214rst parameter of the initial)144 204 R 1.424 +(call is at the bottom.)144 216 R 1.424(When a subroutine is e)6.424 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.424(cuted, the parameters supplied are pushed onto).15 +F F2 -.27(BA)144 228 S(SH_ARGV).27 E F3(.)A F0 2.197(The shell sets) +6.697 F F2 -.27(BA)4.697 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 2.197(only when in e)4.447 F +2.197(xtended deb)-.15 F 2.197(ugging mode \(see the)-.2 F .965 +(description of the)144 240 R F1(extdeb)3.465 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .966 +(option to the)3.465 F F1(shopt)3.466 E F0 -.2(bu)3.466 G .966 +(iltin belo).2 F 3.466(w\). Setting)-.25 F F1(extdeb)3.466 E(ug)-.2 E F0 +.966(after the shell)3.466 F(has started to e)144 252 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cute a script may result in inconsistent v).15 E(alues.)-.25 E F1 -.3 +(BA)108 264 S(SH_ARGV0).3 E F0 .251(When referenced, this v)144 276 R +.251(ariable e)-.25 F .251 +(xpands to the name of the shell or shell script \(identical to)-.15 F +F1($0)2.75 E F0 2.75(;s)C(ee)-2.75 E 1.224 +(the description of special parameter 0 abo)144 288 R -.15(ve)-.15 G +3.724(\). Assignment).15 F(to)3.724 E F1 -.3(BA)3.724 G(SH_ARGV0).3 E F0 +1.225(causes the v)3.724 F(alue)-.25 E .247 +(assigned to also be assigned to)144 300 R F1($0)2.747 E F0 5.247(.I)C +(f)-5.247 E F1 -.3(BA)2.747 G(SH_ARGV0).3 E F0 .247 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.747 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n) +.15 E(if it is subsequently reset.)144 312 Q F1 -.3(BA)108 324 S +(SH_CMDS).3 E F0 .667(An associati)144 336 R .967 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .667 (rray v).15 F .668(ariable whose members correspond to the internal has\ -h table of commands)-.25 F .195(as maintained by the)144 132 R F3(hash) -2.695 E F0 -.2(bu)2.695 G 2.695(iltin. Elements).2 F .196 +h table of commands)-.25 F .196(as maintained by the)144 348 R F1(hash) +2.696 E F0 -.2(bu)2.696 G 2.696(iltin. Elements).2 F .195 (added to this array appear in the hash table; ho)2.696 F(we)-.25 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G -.4(r,).15 G .852(unsetting array elements currently does no\ -t cause command names to be remo)144 144 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.352(df).15 G -.852(rom the hash)-3.352 F 2.5(table. If)144 156 R F3 -.3(BA)2.5 G +t cause command names to be remo)144 360 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.352(df).15 G +.853(rom the hash)-3.352 F 2.5(table. If)144 372 R F1 -.3(BA)2.5 G (SH_CMDS).3 E F0(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.5 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G -(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F3 -.3(BA)108 168 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E F0 1.242 -(The command currently being e)144 180 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 -(cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 -(cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243(cuting a).15 F +(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 384 S(SH_COMMAND).3 E F0 1.243 +(The command currently being e)144 396 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.243 +(cuted or about to be e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.242 +(cuted, unless the shell is e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.242(cuting a).15 F (command as the result of a trap, in which case it is the command e)144 -192 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 E F3 -.3(BA)108 -204 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar)144 216 Q -(gument to the)-.18 E F3<ad63>2.5 E F0(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -(cation option.).2 E F3 -.3(BA)108 228 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .693 -(An array v)144 240 R .692(ariable whose members are the line numbers i\ -n source \214les where each corresponding)-.25 F .969(member of)144 252 -R F1(FUNCN)3.469 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.1(wa)3.219 G 3.469(si).1 G -1.9 -.4 -(nv o)-3.469 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F3(${B)5.969 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E/F4 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F3(]})A F0 .97 -(is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.672(\214le \()144 264 R F3 -(${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i+1)A F3(]})A F0 17.172(\)w)C(here)-17.172 -E F3(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F3(]})A F0 -.1(wa)17.172 G -17.171(sc).1 G 14.671(alled \(or)-17.171 F F3(${B)144 276 Q(ASH_LINENO[) --.3 E F4($i-1)A F3(]})A F0 .115 -(if referenced within another shell function\).)2.615 F(Use)5.115 E F1 +408 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting at the time of the trap.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)108 +420 S(SH_EXECUTION_STRING).3 E F0(The command ar)144 432 Q +(gument to the)-.18 E F1<ad63>2.5 E F0(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G +(cation option.).2 E F1 -.3(BA)108 444 S(SH_LINENO).3 E F0 .692 +(An array v)144 456 R .692(ariable whose members are the line numbers i\ +n source \214les where each corresponding)-.25 F .97(member of)144 468 R +F2(FUNCN)3.47 E(AME)-.18 E F0 -.1(wa)3.22 G 3.47(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o) +-3.47 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E F1(${B)5.969 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E/F4 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF($i)A F1(]})A F0 .969 +(is the line number in the source)3.469 F 14.671(\214le \()144 480 R F1 +(${B)A(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 17.171(\)w)C(here)-17.171 +E F1(${FUNCN)17.172 E(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)17.172 G +17.172(sc).1 G 14.672(alled \(or)-17.172 F F1(${B)144 492 Q(ASH_LINENO[) +-.3 E F4($i-1)A F1(]})A F0 .115 +(if referenced within another shell function\).)2.615 F(Use)5.115 E F2 (LINENO)2.615 E F0 .115(to obtain the)2.365 F(current line number)144 -288 Q(.)-.55 E F3 -.3(BA)108 300 S(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E --.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 4.07(Ac)144 312 S 1.57(olon-separated list of\ +504 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -.3(BA)108 516 S(SH_LO).3 E(AD)-.4 E(ABLES_P)-.35 E +-.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 4.07(Ac)144 528 S 1.57(olon-separated list of\ directories in which the shell looks for dynamically loadable b)-4.07 F -(uiltins)-.2 E(speci\214ed by the)144 324 Q F3(enable)2.5 E F0(command.) -2.5 E F3 -.3(BA)108 336 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .005(An array v)144 -348 R .005(ariable whose members are assigned by the)-.25 F F3(=~)2.506 -E F0 .006(binary operator to the)2.506 F F3([[)2.506 E F0 .006 -(conditional com-)2.506 F 2.507(mand. The)144 360 R .007 -(element with inde)2.507 F 2.507(x0i)-.15 G 2.507(st)-2.507 G .007 -(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .006(gular e) --.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .997(The element with inde)144 372 R(x)-.15 E -F4(n)3.497 E F0 .997(is the portion of the string matching the)3.497 F -F4(n)3.498 E F0 .998(th parenthesized sube)B(xpres-)-.15 E 2.5 -(sion. This)144 384 R -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is read-only).25 E(.)-.65 E -F3 -.3(BA)108 396 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .126(An array v)144 408 R .125(ar\ +(uiltins)-.2 E(speci\214ed by the)144 540 Q F1(enable)2.5 E F0(command.) +2.5 E F1 -.3(BA)108 552 S(SH_REMA).3 E(TCH)-.95 E F0 .006(An array v)144 +564 R .006(ariable whose members are assigned by the)-.25 F F1(=~)2.506 +E F0 .005(binary operator to the)2.506 F F1([[)2.505 E F0 .005 +(conditional com-)2.505 F 2.506(mand. The)144 576 R .007 +(element with inde)2.506 F 2.507(x0i)-.15 G 2.507(st)-2.507 G .007 +(he portion of the string matching the entire re)-2.507 F .007(gular e) +-.15 F(xpression.)-.15 E .998(The element with inde)144 588 R(x)-.15 E +F4(n)3.498 E F0 .997(is the portion of the string matching the)3.498 F +F4(n)3.497 E F0 .997(th parenthesized sube)B(xpres-)-.15 E 2.5 +(sion. This)144 600 R -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is read-only).25 E(.)-.65 E +F1 -.3(BA)108 612 S(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 .125(An array v)144 624 R .125(ar\ iable whose members are the source \214lenames where the corresponding \ -shell function)-.25 F .78(names in the)144 420 R F1(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME) +shell function)-.25 F .781(names in the)144 636 R F2(FUNCN)3.28 E(AME) -.18 E F0 .78(array v)3.03 F .78(ariable are de\214ned.)-.25 F .78 -(The shell function)5.78 F F3(${FUNCN)3.281 E(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F3(]})A -F0(is)3.281 E(de\214ned in the \214le)144 432 Q F3(${B)2.5 E -(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i)A F3(]})A F0(and called from)2.5 E F3(${B)2.5 E -(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F4($i+1)A F3(]})A F0(.)A F3 -.3(BA)108 444 S -(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 .296 -(Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell en)144 456 R .296 -(vironment when the shell be)-.4 F .296(gins e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting).15 E(in that en)144 468 Q 2.5(vironment. The)-.4 F(initial v) -2.5 E(alue is 0.)-.25 E F3 -.3(BA)108 480 S(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F0 2.644 -(Ar)144 492 S .144(eadonly array v)-2.644 F .144 +(The shell function)5.78 F F1(${FUNCN)3.28 E(AME[)-.2 E F4($i)A F1(]})A +F0(is)3.28 E(de\214ned in the \214le)144 648 Q F1(${B)2.5 E(ASH_SOURCE[) +-.3 E F4($i)A F1(]})A F0(and called from)2.5 E F1(${B)2.5 E(ASH_SOURCE[) +-.3 E F4($i+1)A F1(]})A F0(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 660 S(SH_SUBSHELL).3 E F0 +.296(Incremented by one within each subshell or subshell en)144 672 R +.296(vironment when the shell be)-.4 F .297(gins e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuting).15 E(in that en)144 684 Q 2.5(vironment. The)-.4 F(initial v) +2.5 E(alue is 0.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 696 S(SH_VERSINFO).3 E F0 2.645 +(Ar)144 708 S .145(eadonly array v)-2.645 F .144 (ariable whose members hold v)-.25 F .144 -(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F3(bash)2.645 E F0 5.145 -(.T)C(he)-5.145 E -.25(va)144 504 S -(lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E F3 -.3 -(BA)144 522 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(0)A F3(])A F0(The major v)264 522 Q -(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F4 -.37(re)2.5 G(lease).37 E F0(\).)A F3 -.3 -(BA)144 534 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(1)A F3(])A F0(The minor v)264 534 Q -(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F4(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 E F0(\).)A F3 -.3(BA) -144 546 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(2)A F3(])A F0(The patch le)264 546 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F3 -.3(BA)144 558 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(3)A F3(])A -F0(The b)264 558 Q(uild v)-.2 E(ersion.)-.15 E F3 -.3(BA)144 570 S -(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(4)A F3(])A F0(The release status \(e.g.,)264 570 Q -F4(beta1)2.5 E F0(\).)A F3 -.3(BA)144 582 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(5)A F3 -(])A F0(The v)264 582 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE)-.495 E F2(.)A -F3 -.3(BA)108 594 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F0 -(Expands to a string describing the v)144 606 Q -(ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F3(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F3(COMP_CW)108 -618 Q(ORD)-.1 E F0 .397(An inde)144 630 R 2.897(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.897 E -F3(${COMP_W)2.896 E(ORDS})-.1 E F0 .396(of the w)2.896 F .396 -(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .396(This v)5.396 F -(ari-)-.25 E 1.18(able is a)144 642 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181 -(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.681 -(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.181(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F -1.181(acilities \(see)-.1 F F3(Pr)144 654 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E -F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F3(COMP_KEY)108 666 Q F0(The k)144 678 Q .3 --.15(ey \()-.1 H(or \214nal k).15 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(fak).15 G .3 --.15(ey s)-2.6 H(equence\) used to in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 -H(he current completion function.).1 E F3(COMP_LINE)108 690 Q F0 1.208 -(The current command line.)144 702 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208 -(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.208 -(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.207(xternal com-)-.15 F -2.848(mands in)144 714 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.349(db).1 G 5.349 -(yt)-5.349 G 2.849(he programmable completion f)-5.349 F 2.849 -(acilities \(see)-.1 F F3(Pr)5.349 E 2.849(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F -F0(belo)144 726 Q(w\).)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26) -142.895 E(11)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +(ersion information for this instance of)-.15 F F1(bash)2.644 E F0 5.144 +(.T)C(he)-5.144 E -.25(va)144 720 S +(lues assigned to the array members are as follo).25 E(ws:)-.25 E +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(11)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 12 12 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(COMP_POINT)108 84 Q F0 .667(The inde)144 96 R 3.167(xo)-.15 G 3.167 -(ft)-3.167 G .666(he current cursor position relati)-3.167 F .966 -.15 -(ve t)-.25 H 3.166(ot).15 G .666(he be)-3.166 F .666 -(ginning of the current command.)-.15 F .666(If the)5.666 F .534 +SF -.3(BA)144 84 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(0)A F1(])A F0(The major v)264 84 +Q(ersion number \(the)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)2.5 G +(lease).37 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)144 96 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(1)A F1(])A +F0(The minor v)264 96 Q(ersion number \(the)-.15 E F2(ver)2.5 E(sion)-.1 +E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA)144 108 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(2)A F1(])A F0 +(The patch le)264 108 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(l.).15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 120 S +(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(3)A F1(])A F0(The b)264 120 Q(uild v)-.2 E +(ersion.)-.15 E F1 -.3(BA)144 132 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(4)A F1(])A F0 +(The release status \(e.g.,)264 132 Q F2(beta1)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1 -.3(BA) +144 144 S(SH_VERSINFO[).3 E F0(5)A F1(])A F0(The v)264 144 Q(alue of) +-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(MA)2.5 E(CHTYPE)-.495 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 +SF(.)A F1 -.3(BA)108 156 S(SH_VERSION).3 E F0 +(Expands to a string describing the v)144 168 Q +(ersion of this instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(COMP_CW)108 +180 Q(ORD)-.1 E F0 .396(An inde)144 192 R 2.896(xi)-.15 G(nto)-2.896 E +F1(${COMP_W)2.896 E(ORDS})-.1 E F0 .396(of the w)2.896 F .396 +(ord containing the current cursor position.)-.1 F .397(This v)5.397 F +(ari-)-.25 E 1.181(able is a)144 204 R -.25(va)-.2 G 1.181 +(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.681 +(db).1 G 3.681(yt)-3.681 G 1.18(he programmable completion f)-3.681 F +1.18(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)144 216 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E +F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_KEY)108 228 Q F0(The k)144 240 Q .3 +-.15(ey \()-.1 H(or \214nal k).15 E .3 -.15(ey o)-.1 H 2.5(fak).15 G .3 +-.15(ey s)-2.6 H(equence\) used to in).15 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .2 -.1(ke t).2 +H(he current completion function.).1 E F1(COMP_LINE)108 252 Q F0 1.207 +(The current command line.)144 264 R 1.208(This v)6.208 F 1.208 +(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.208 +(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 1.208(xternal com-)-.15 F +2.849(mands in)144 276 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.349(db).1 G 5.349 +(yt)-5.349 G 2.849(he programmable completion f)-5.349 F 2.849 +(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.349 E 2.848(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F +F0(belo)144 288 Q(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_POINT)108 300 Q F0 .666(The inde) +144 312 R 3.166(xo)-.15 G 3.166(ft)-3.166 G .666 +(he current cursor position relati)-3.166 F .966 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.166 +(ot).15 G .666(he be)-3.166 F .666(ginning of the current command.)-.15 +F .667(If the)5.667 F .535 (current cursor position is at the end of the current command, the v)144 -108 R .535(alue of this v)-.25 F .535(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1 -(${#COMP_LINE})144 120 Q F0 7.006(.T)C 2.006(his v)-7.006 F 2.006 -(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 2.005 -(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 2.005(xternal commands)-.15 -F(in)144 132 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G +324 R .534(alue of this v)-.25 F .534(ariable is equal to)-.25 F F1 +(${#COMP_LINE})144 336 Q F0 7.005(.T)C 2.005(his v)-7.005 F 2.005 +(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 2.006 +(ilable only in shell functions and e).25 F 2.006(xternal commands)-.15 +F(in)144 348 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(db).1 G 2.5(yt)-2.5 G (he programmable completion f)-2.5 E(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E (ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_TYPE)108 -144 Q F0 .041(Set to an inte)144 156 R .041(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corr\ +360 Q F0 .042(Set to an inte)144 372 R .042(ger v)-.15 F .041(alue corr\ esponding to the type of completion attempted that caused a completion) --.25 F .338(function to be called:)144 168 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.5 -(TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F2 -(?)2.837 E F0 2.837(,f)C .337(or listing completions after successi) --2.837 F .637 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(abs,).15 E F2(!)144 180 Q F0 4.091(,f)C -1.591(or listing alternati)-4.091 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.092(so).15 G 4.092 -(np)-4.092 G 1.592(artial w)-4.092 F 1.592(ord completion,)-.1 F F2(@) -4.092 E F0 4.092(,t)C 4.092(ol)-4.092 G 1.592(ist completions if the w) --4.092 F 1.592(ord is not)-.1 F 1.553(unmodi\214ed, or)144 192 R F2(%) -4.053 E F0 4.052(,f)C 1.552(or menu completion.)-4.052 F 1.552(This v) -6.552 F 1.552(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.552 -(ilable only in shell functions and).25 F -.15(ex)144 204 S 2.928 +-.25 F .337(function to be called:)144 384 R F2 -.5(TA)2.837 G(B).5 E F0 +2.837(,f)C .337(or normal completion,)-2.837 F F2(?)2.837 E F0 2.837(,f) +C .337(or listing completions after successi)-2.837 F .638 -.15(ve t) +-.25 H(abs,).15 E F2(!)144 396 Q F0 4.092(,f)C 1.592 +(or listing alternati)-4.092 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.092(so).15 G 4.092(np) +-4.092 G 1.592(artial w)-4.092 F 1.592(ord completion,)-.1 F F2(@)4.092 +E F0 4.092(,t)C 4.092(ol)-4.092 G 1.592(ist completions if the w)-4.092 +F 1.591(ord is not)-.1 F 1.552(unmodi\214ed, or)144 408 R F2(%)4.052 E +F0 4.052(,f)C 1.552(or menu completion.)-4.052 F 1.552(This v)6.552 F +1.552(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.552 +(ilable only in shell functions and).25 F -.15(ex)144 420 S 2.929 (ternal commands in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.429(db).1 G 5.429 (yt)-5.429 G 2.929(he programmable completion f)-5.429 F 2.929 -(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.429 E(ogrammable)-.18 E(Completion)144 -216 Q F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_W)108 228 Q(ORDBREAKS)-.1 E F0 -1.336(The set of characters that the)144 240 R F1 -.18(re)3.836 G -(adline).18 E F0 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.335 -(ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.125(completion. If) -144 252 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)3.125 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .626 -(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.875 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.126(ni).15 G 3.126(fi)-3.126 G 3.126(ti)-3.126 G 3.126(ss)-3.126 G -(ubse-)-3.126 E(quently reset.)144 264 Q F1(COMP_W)108 276 Q(ORDS)-.1 E -F0 .654(An array v)144 288 R .654(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.154 E -F0(belo)3.154 E .654(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F .653(vidual w) --.25 F .653(ords in the current command)-.1 F 4.332(line. The)144 300 R +(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)5.428 E(ogrammable)-.18 E(Completion)144 +432 Q F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COMP_W)108 444 Q(ORDBREAKS)-.1 E F0 +1.335(The set of characters that the)144 456 R F1 -.18(re)3.836 G +(adline).18 E F0 1.336(library treats as w)3.836 F 1.336 +(ord separators when performing w)-.1 F(ord)-.1 E 3.126(completion. If) +144 468 R F3(COMP_W)3.126 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0 .626 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.876 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.125(ni).15 G 3.125(fi)-3.125 G 3.125(ti)-3.125 G 3.125(ss)-3.125 G +(ubse-)-3.125 E(quently reset.)144 480 Q F1(COMP_W)108 492 Q(ORDS)-.1 E +F0 .653(An array v)144 504 R .653(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.153 E +F0(belo)3.153 E .654(w\) consisting of the indi)-.25 F .654(vidual w) +-.25 F .654(ords in the current command)-.1 F 4.333(line. The)144 516 R 1.832(line is split into w)4.332 F 1.832(ords as)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)4.332 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(wo)4.332 G 1.832(uld split it, using).1 F F3 -(COMP_W)4.332 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0(as)4.083 E .832(described abo)144 -312 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.832(.T).15 G .832(his v)-5.832 F .832 -(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .831 -(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.331 -(db).1 G 3.331(yt)-3.331 G .831(he programmable)-3.331 F(completion f) -144 324 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E -F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 336 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .168(An array v) -144 348 R .168(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.668 E F0(belo)2.669 E +(COMP_W)4.332 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E F0(as)4.082 E .831(described abo)144 +528 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.831(.T).15 G .831(his v)-5.831 F .831 +(ariable is a)-.25 F -.25(va)-.2 G .832 +(ilable only in shell functions in).25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.332 +(db).1 G 3.332(yt)-3.332 G .832(he programmable)-3.332 F(completion f) +144 540 Q(acilities \(see)-.1 E F1(Pr)2.5 E(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E +F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(COPR)108 552 Q(OC)-.3 E F0 .169(An array v) +144 564 R .169(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.669 E F0(belo)2.669 E .169 (w\) created to hold the \214le descriptors for output from and input) --.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 360 Q F1(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses) --.18 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(DIRST)108 372 Q -.55(AC) --.9 G(K).55 E F0 2.26(An array v)144 384 R 2.26(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 +-.25 F(to an unnamed coprocess \(see)144 576 Q F1(Copr)2.5 E(ocesses) +-.18 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(DIRST)108 588 Q -.55(AC) +-.9 G(K).55 E F0 2.26(An array v)144 600 R 2.26(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 (Arrays)4.76 E F0(belo)4.76 E 2.26 (w\) containing the current contents of the directory stack.)-.25 F -1.094(Directories appear in the stack in the order the)144 396 R 3.594 -(ya)-.15 G 1.095(re displayed by the)-3.594 F F1(dirs)3.595 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.595 G 3.595(iltin. Assigning).2 F(to)3.595 E 1.432 -(members of this array v)144 408 R 1.432 +1.095(Directories appear in the stack in the order the)144 612 R 3.594 +(ya)-.15 G 1.094(re displayed by the)-3.594 F F1(dirs)3.594 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.594 G 3.594(iltin. Assigning).2 F(to)3.594 E 1.431 +(members of this array v)144 624 R 1.432 (ariable may be used to modify directories already in the stack, b)-.25 -F 1.431(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)144 420 Q F0(and)2.746 E F1(popd)2.746 E +F 1.432(ut the)-.2 F F1(pushd)144 636 Q F0(and)2.746 E F1(popd)2.746 E F0 -.2(bu)2.746 G .246(iltins must be used to add and remo).2 F .546 -.15(ve d)-.15 H 2.746(irectories. Assignment).15 F .246(to this v)2.746 -F(ariable)-.25 E .351(will not change the current directory)144 432 R +F(ariable)-.25 E .35(will not change the current directory)144 648 R 5.35(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.35 E F3(DIRST)2.85 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 .35 -(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.6 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.85 -(ni).15 G(f)-2.85 E(it is subsequently reset.)144 444 Q F1(EUID)108 456 -Q F0 1.103(Expands to the ef)144 456 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 -.15(ve u)-.25 -H 1.103(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G 1.103 +(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.6 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.851 +(ni).15 G(f)-2.851 E(it is subsequently reset.)144 660 Q F1(EPOCHREAL) +108 672 Q(TIME)-.92 E F0 .338 +(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 684 R .337 +(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)144 +696 Q F2(time)2.916 E F0 .416(\(3\)\) as a \215oating point v)B .417 +(alue with micro-second granularity)-.25 F 5.417(.A)-.65 G .417 +(ssignments to)-5.417 F F3(EPOCHRE-)2.917 E(AL)144 708 Q(TIME)-.828 E F0 +1.091(are ignored.)3.341 F(If)6.091 E F3(EPOCHREAL)3.59 E(TIME)-.828 E +F0 1.09(is unset, it loses its special properties, e)3.34 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.59(ni).15 G 3.59(fi)-3.59 G 3.59(ti)-3.59 G(s)-3.59 E +(subsequently reset.)144 720 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15) +144.29 E(12)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 13 13 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(EPOCHSECONDS)108 84 Q F0 .337 +(Each time this parameter is referenced, it e)144 96 R .338 +(xpands to the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch)-.15 F(\(see)144 +108 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(time)4.042 E F0 4.042 +(\(3\)\). Assignments)B(to)4.042 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(EPOCHSECONDS) +4.042 E F0 1.542(are ignored.)3.792 F(If)6.542 E F3(EPOCHSECONDS)4.041 E +F0 1.541(is unset, it)3.791 F(loses its special properties, e)144 120 Q +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G +(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(EUID)108 132 Q F0 1.103(Expands to the ef) +144 132 R(fecti)-.25 E 1.403 -.15(ve u)-.25 H 1.103 +(ser ID of the current user).15 F 3.603(,i)-.4 G 1.103 (nitialized at shell startup.)-3.603 F 1.104(This v)6.103 F 1.104 -(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 468 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 480 Q(AME) --.2 E F0 .479(An array v)144 492 R .479 +(ariable is)-.25 F(readonly)144 144 Q(.)-.65 E F1(FUNCN)108 156 Q(AME) +-.2 E F0 .479(An array v)144 168 R .479 (ariable containing the names of all shell functions currently in the e) -.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .478(cution call stack.).15 F .276 -(The element with inde)144 504 R 2.776(x0i)-.15 G 2.776(st)-2.776 G .276 +(The element with inde)144 180 R 2.776(x0i)-.15 G 2.776(st)-2.776 G .276 (he name of an)-2.776 F 2.777(yc)-.15 G(urrently-e)-2.777 E -.15(xe)-.15 G .277(cuting shell function.).15 F .277(The bottom-most)5.277 F .385 -(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 516 R .384(x\) is)-.15 F/F4 +(element \(the one with the highest inde)144 192 R .384(x\) is)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF("main")2.884 E F0 5.384(.T)C .384(his v)-5.384 F .384 (ariable e)-.25 F .384(xists only when a shell func-)-.15 F .075 -(tion is e)144 528 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.575(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to) +(tion is e)144 204 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.575(cuting. Assignments).15 F(to) 2.575 E F3(FUNCN)2.575 E(AME)-.18 E F0(ha)2.325 E .376 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.576(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.576 G 2.576(ect. If).25 F F3(FUNCN)2.576 E (AME)-.18 E F0 .076(is unset, it loses its)2.326 F -(special properties, e)144 540 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 +(special properties, e)144 216 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E .111(This v)144 -558 R .111(ariable can be used with)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_LINENO) +234 R .111(ariable can be used with)-.25 F F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_LINENO) .3 E F0(and)2.611 E F1 -.3(BA)2.611 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 5.111(.E)C .111 -(ach element of)-5.111 F F1(FUNC-)2.61 E -.2(NA)144 570 S(ME).2 E F0 +(ach element of)-5.111 F F1(FUNC-)2.61 E -.2(NA)144 246 S(ME).2 E F0 1.404(has corresponding elements in)3.904 F F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_LINENO) .3 E F0(and)3.904 E F1 -.3(BA)3.904 G(SH_SOURCE).3 E F0 1.404 -(to describe the)3.904 F .012(call stack.)144 582 R -.15(Fo)5.012 G +(to describe the)3.904 F .012(call stack.)144 258 R -.15(Fo)5.012 G 2.512(ri).15 G(nstance,)-2.512 E F1(${FUNCN)2.512 E(AME[)-.2 E F2($i)A F1(]})A F0 -.1(wa)2.512 G 2.512(sc).1 G .012(alled from the \214le) -2.512 F F1(${B)2.512 E(ASH_SOURCE[)-.3 E F2($i+1)A F1(]})A F0 1.183 -(at line number)144 594 R F1(${B)3.683 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F2($i)A F1 +(at line number)144 270 R F1(${B)3.683 E(ASH_LINENO[)-.3 E F2($i)A F1 (]})A F0 6.183(.T)C(he)-6.183 E F1(caller)3.683 E F0 -.2(bu)3.683 G 1.184(iltin displays the current call stack using).2 F -(this information.)144 606 Q F1(GR)108 618 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.229 -(An array v)144 630 R 1.228(ariable containing the list of groups of wh\ +(this information.)144 282 Q F1(GR)108 294 Q(OUPS)-.3 E F0 1.229 +(An array v)144 306 R 1.228(ariable containing the list of groups of wh\ ich the current user is a member)-.25 F 6.228(.A)-.55 G(ssign-)-6.228 E -.571(ments to)144 642 R F3(GR)3.071 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.822 E .872 +.571(ments to)144 318 R F3(GR)3.071 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0(ha)2.822 E .872 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 3.072(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-3.072 G 3.072(ect. If).25 F F3 (GR)3.072 E(OUPS)-.27 E F0 .572 (is unset, it loses its special properties, e)2.822 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.072(ni).15 G 3.072(fi)-3.072 G 3.072(ti)-3.072 G(s)-3.072 E -(subsequently reset.)144 654 Q F1(HISTCMD)108 666 Q F0 .356 -(The history number)144 678 R 2.856(,o)-.4 G 2.856(ri)-2.856 G(nde) +(subsequently reset.)144 330 Q F1(HISTCMD)108 342 Q F0 .356 +(The history number)144 354 R 2.856(,o)-.4 G 2.856(ri)-2.856 G(nde) -2.856 E 2.856(xi)-.15 G 2.856(nt)-2.856 G .356 (he history list, of the current command.)-2.856 F(If)5.356 E F3 (HISTCMD)2.855 E F0 .355(is unset, it)2.605 F -(loses its special properties, e)144 690 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G +(loses its special properties, e)144 366 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1 -(HOSTN)108 702 Q(AME)-.2 E F0 -(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 714 Q -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(12)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 13 13 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(HOSTTYPE)108 84 Q F0 .222(Automatically set to a string that uniquel\ -y describes the type of machine on which)144 96 R F1(bash)2.723 E F0 -.223(is e)2.723 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 108 R(def) -2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 120 Q F0 1.408(Each\ +(HOSTN)108 378 Q(AME)-.2 E F0 +(Automatically set to the name of the current host.)144 390 Q F1 +(HOSTTYPE)108 402 Q F0 .222(Automatically set to a string that uniquely\ + describes the type of machine on which)144 414 R F1(bash)2.723 E F0 +.223(is e)2.723 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E 2.5(ing. The)144 426 R(def) +2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(LINENO)108 438 Q F0 1.408(Each\ time this parameter is referenced, the shell substitutes a decimal num\ -ber representing the)144 132 R .078(current sequential line number \(st\ -arting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 144 R .079 -(When not in a script or)5.078 F .307(function, the v)144 156 R .307 +ber representing the)144 450 R .078(current sequential line number \(st\ +arting with 1\) within a script or function.)144 462 R .079 +(When not in a script or)5.078 F .307(function, the v)144 474 R .307 (alue substituted is not guaranteed to be meaningful.)-.25 F(If)5.306 E -/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(LINENO)2.806 E F0 .306(is unset, it loses its) -2.556 F(special properties, e)144 168 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5 -(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(MA) -108 180 Q(CHTYPE)-.55 E F0 .898(Automatically set to a string that full\ -y describes the system type on which)144 192 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .899 -(is e)3.398 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .899(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 -204 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(cpu-company-system)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(format. The)2.5 F(def)2.5 E(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(MAPFILE) -108 216 Q F0 .294(An array v)144 228 R .294(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1 -(Arrays)2.794 E F0(belo)2.794 E .294(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F -.293(xt read by the)-.15 F F1(map\214le)2.793 E F0 -.2(bu)2.793 G .293 -(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 240 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F1 -(OLDPWD)108 252 Q F0(The pre)144 264 Q(vious w)-.25 E +F3(LINENO)2.806 E F0 .306(is unset, it loses its)2.556 F +(special properties, e)144 486 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 +G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(MA)108 498 Q +(CHTYPE)-.55 E F0 .898(Automatically set to a string that fully describ\ +es the system type on which)144 510 R F1(bash)3.398 E F0 .899(is e)3.398 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .899(cuting, in).15 F(the standard GNU)144 522 Q F2 +(cpu-company-system)2.5 E F0 2.5(format. The)2.5 F(def)2.5 E +(ault is system-dependent.)-.1 E F1(MAPFILE)108 534 Q F0 .294 +(An array v)144 546 R .294(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)2.794 E F0 +(belo)2.794 E .294(w\) created to hold the te)-.25 F .293 +(xt read by the)-.15 F F1(map\214le)2.793 E F0 -.2(bu)2.793 G .293 +(iltin when no).2 F -.25(va)144 558 S(riable name is supplied.).25 E F1 +(OLDPWD)108 570 Q F0(The pre)144 582 Q(vious w)-.25 E (orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 -(OPT)108 276 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.626(The v)144 288 R 1.627 +(OPT)108 594 Q(ARG)-.9 E F0 1.626(The v)144 606 R 1.627 (alue of the last option ar)-.25 F 1.627(gument processed by the)-.18 F -F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.627(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 -(SHELL)4.127 E -.09(BU)144 300 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) -2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 312 Q F0 1.652(The inde)144 324 R 4.152 +F1(getopts)4.127 E F0 -.2(bu)4.127 G 1.627(iltin command \(see).2 F F3 +(SHELL)4.127 E -.09(BU)144 618 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) +2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OPTIND)108 630 Q F0 1.652(The inde)144 642 R 4.152 (xo)-.15 G 4.152(ft)-4.152 G 1.652(he ne)-4.152 F 1.652(xt ar)-.15 F 1.652(gument to be processed by the)-.18 F F1(getopts)4.151 E F0 -.2(bu) -4.151 G 1.651(iltin command \(see).2 F F2(SHELL)4.151 E -.09(BU)144 336 +4.151 G 1.651(iltin command \(see).2 F F3(SHELL)4.151 E -.09(BU)144 654 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(OSTYPE)108 -348 Q F0 .329(Automatically set to a string that describes the operatin\ -g system on which)144 360 R F1(bash)2.83 E F0 .33(is e)2.83 F -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.83(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 372 Q(ault is system-dependent.) --.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 384 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US).95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 -396 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61 +666 Q F0 .329(Automatically set to a string that describes the operatin\ +g system on which)144 678 R F1(bash)2.83 E F0 .33(is e)2.83 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 2.83(cuting. The).15 F(def)144 690 Q(ault is system-dependent.) +-.1 E F1(PIPEST)108 702 Q -.95(AT)-.9 G(US).95 E F0 .61(An array v)144 +714 R .61(ariable \(see)-.25 F F1(Arrays)3.11 E F0(belo)3.11 E .61 (w\) containing a list of e)-.25 F .61(xit status v)-.15 F .61 -(alues from the processes in)-.25 F(the most-recently-e)144 408 Q -.15 +(alues from the processes in)-.25 F(the most-recently-e)144 726 Q -.15 (xe)-.15 G(cuted fore).15 E -(ground pipeline \(which may contain only a single command\).)-.15 E F1 -(PPID)108 420 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')144 420 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G +(ground pipeline \(which may contain only a single command\).)-.15 E +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(13)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 14 14 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(PPID)108 84 Q F0(The process ID of the shell')144 84 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G 2.5(arent. This)-2.5 F -.25(va)2.5 G(riable is readonly).25 E(.)-.65 E -F1(PWD)108 432 Q F0(The current w)144 432 Q +F1(PWD)108 96 Q F0(The current w)144 96 Q (orking directory as set by the)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 -(RANDOM)108 444 Q F0 .565 -(Each time this parameter is referenced, a random inte)144 456 R .566 +(RANDOM)108 108 Q F0 .565 +(Each time this parameter is referenced, a random inte)144 120 R .566 (ger between 0 and 32767 is generated.)-.15 F(The)5.566 E .01 -(sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a v)144 468 -R .01(alue to)-.25 F F2(RANDOM)2.51 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If) -4.51 E F2(RANDOM)2.51 E F0(is)2.26 E -(unset, it loses its special properties, e)144 480 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(sequence of random numbers may be initialized by assigning a v)144 132 +R .01(alue to)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(RANDOM)2.51 E/F3 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.51 E F2(RANDOM)2.51 E F0(is)2.26 E +(unset, it loses its special properties, e)144 144 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G(ubsequently reset.) --2.5 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 492 Q F0 1.546(The contents of the)144 504 R +-2.5 E F1(READLINE_LINE)108 156 Q F0 1.546(The contents of the)144 168 R F1 -.18(re)4.047 G(adline).18 E F0 1.547(line b)4.047 F(uf)-.2 E(fer) --.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547(or use with)-4.047 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF +-.25 E 4.047(,f)-.4 G 1.547(or use with)-4.047 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 1.547(bind -x)4.047 F F0(\(see)4.047 E F2 1.547(SHELL B)4.047 F(UIL)-.09 -E 1.547(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 516 Q F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -(READLINE_POINT)108 528 Q F0 .314 -(The position of the insertion point in the)144 540 R F1 -.18(re)2.813 G +E 1.547(TIN COM-)-.828 F(MANDS)144 180 Q F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 +(READLINE_POINT)108 192 Q F0 .314 +(The position of the insertion point in the)144 204 R F1 -.18(re)2.813 G (adline).18 E F0 .313(line b)2.813 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 2.813(,f)-.4 G -.313(or use with)-2.813 F F5 .313(bind -x)2.813 F F0(\(see)2.813 E F2 -(SHELL)2.813 E -.09(BU)144 552 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) -2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(REPL)108 564 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 -(Set to the line of input read by the)144 576 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 +.313(or use with)-2.813 F F4 .313(bind -x)2.813 F F0(\(see)2.813 E F2 +(SHELL)2.813 E -.09(BU)144 216 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo) +2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(REPL)108 228 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 +(Set to the line of input read by the)144 240 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command when no ar).2 E(guments are supplied.) --.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 588 Q F0 .795(Each time this parameter is referen\ -ced, the number of seconds since shell in)144 600 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .795 -(cation is returned.).2 F .713(If a v)144 612 R .712 -(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F2(SECONDS)3.212 E F4(,)A F0 .712(the v) +-.18 E F1(SECONDS)108 252 Q F0 .795(Each time this parameter is referen\ +ced, the number of seconds since shell in)144 264 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .795 +(cation is returned.).2 F .713(If a v)144 276 R .712 +(alue is assigned to)-.25 F F2(SECONDS)3.212 E F3(,)A F0 .712(the v) 2.962 F .712(alue returned upon subsequent references is the number)-.25 -F .407(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 624 R .408 +F .407(of seconds since the assignment plus the v)144 288 R .408 (alue assigned.)-.25 F(If)5.408 E F2(SECONDS)2.908 E F0 .408 -(is unset, it loses its special)2.658 F(properties, e)144 636 Q -.15(ve) +(is unset, it loses its special)2.658 F(properties, e)144 300 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fi)-2.5 G 2.5(ti)-2.5 G 2.5(ss)-2.5 G -(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 648 Q F0 3.263(Ac)144 660 S +(ubsequently reset.)-2.5 E F1(SHELLOPTS)108 312 Q F0 3.263(Ac)144 324 S .763(olon-separated list of enabled shell options.)-3.263 F .763(Each w) 5.763 F .763(ord in the list is a v)-.1 F .763(alid ar)-.25 F .763 -(gument for the)-.18 F F1<ad6f>144 672 Q F0 1.173(option to the)3.673 F +(gument for the)-.18 F F1<ad6f>144 336 Q F0 1.173(option to the)3.673 F F1(set)3.673 E F0 -.2(bu)3.673 G 1.173(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 1.174 (SHELL B)3.674 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.174(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.424 E -3.674(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.674 E .02(appearing in)144 684 R F2 -(SHELLOPTS)2.52 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.27 F F3(on)2.749 E F0 -(by)2.759 E F1 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F0 5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G -.019(his v)-2.519 F .019(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E -(when)144 696 Q F1(bash)3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in\ - the list will be enabled before reading an)3.141 F 3.142(ys)-.15 G .642 -(tartup \214les.)-3.142 F(This v)144 708 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E -(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(13)192.055 E 0 -Cg EP -%%Page: 14 14 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(SHL)108 84 Q(VL)-.92 E F0 -(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 96 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -(is started.)2.5 E F1(UID)108 108 Q F0 -(Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 108 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G +3.674(w\). The)-.25 F(options)3.674 E .02(appearing in)144 348 R F2 +(SHELLOPTS)2.52 E F0 .019(are those reported as)2.27 F/F5 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(on)2.749 E F0(by)2.759 E F1 .019(set \255o)2.519 F F0 +5.019(.I)C 2.519(ft)-5.019 G .019(his v)-2.519 F .019 +(ariable is in the en)-.25 F(vironment)-.4 E(when)144 360 Q F1(bash) +3.141 E F0 .642(starts up, each shell option in the list will be enable\ +d before reading an)3.141 F 3.142(ys)-.15 G .642(tartup \214les.)-3.142 +F(This v)144 372 Q(ariable is read-only)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F1(SHL)108 384 Q +(VL)-.92 E F0(Incremented by one each time an instance of)144 396 Q F1 +(bash)2.5 E F0(is started.)2.5 E F1(UID)108 408 Q F0 +(Expands to the user ID of the current user)144 408 Q 2.5(,i)-.4 G (nitialized at shell startup.)-2.5 E(This v)5 E(ariable is readonly)-.25 -E(.)-.65 E .994(The follo)108 124.8 R .994(wing v)-.25 F .994 +E(.)-.65 E .994(The follo)108 424.8 R .994(wing v)-.25 F .994 (ariables are used by the shell.)-.25 F .994(In some cases,)5.994 F F1 (bash)3.494 E F0 .994(assigns a def)3.494 F .994(ault v)-.1 F .993 -(alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 136.8 -Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 -.3(BA)108 153.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 -1.192(The v)144 165.6 R 1.192(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F +(alue to a v)-.25 F(ariable;)-.25 E(these cases are noted belo)108 436.8 +Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 -.3(BA)108 453.6 S(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 +1.192(The v)144 465.6 R 1.192(alue is used to set the shell')-.25 F 3.692(sc)-.55 G 1.193(ompatibility le)-3.692 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.693 (l. See).15 F 1.193(the description of the)3.693 F F1(shopt)3.693 E F0 --.2(bu)3.693 G(iltin).2 E(belo)144 177.6 Q 2.872(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.872 E +-.2(bu)3.693 G(iltin).2 E(belo)144 477.6 Q 2.872(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.872 E F1 .372(SHELL B)2.872 F(UIL)-.1 E .372(TIN COMMANDS)-.92 F F0 .372 (for a description of the v)2.872 F .371(arious compatibility le)-.25 F -(v-)-.25 E .36(els and their ef)144 189.6 R 2.86(fects. The)-.25 F -.25 +(v-)-.25 E .36(els and their ef)144 489.6 R 2.86(fects. The)-.25 F -.25 (va)2.86 G .361(lue may be a decimal number \(e.g., 4.2\) or an inte).25 F .361(ger \(e.g., 42\) corre-)-.15 F 1.751 -(sponding to the desired compatibility le)144 201.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +(sponding to the desired compatibility le)144 501.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.251(l. If).15 F F1 -.3(BA)4.251 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0 1.75 (is unset or set to the empty)5.201 F .578(string, the compatibility le) -144 213.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.078(li).15 G 3.078(ss)-3.078 G .578 +144 513.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.078(li).15 G 3.078(ss)-3.078 G .578 (et to the def)-3.078 F .578(ault for the current v)-.1 F 3.078 (ersion. If)-.15 F F1 -.3(BA)3.078 G(SH_COMP).3 E -.95(AT)-.74 G F0(is) -4.028 E .249(set to a v)144 225.6 R .249(alue that is not one of the v) +4.028 E .249(set to a v)144 525.6 R .249(alue that is not one of the v) -.25 F .248(alid compatibility le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .248 (ls, the shell prints an error message and).15 F 1.119 -(sets the compatibility le)144 237.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.619(lt).15 G +(sets the compatibility le)144 537.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.619(lt).15 G 3.619(ot)-3.619 G 1.119(he def)-3.619 F 1.119(ault for the current v)-.1 F 3.62(ersion. The)-.15 F -.25(va)3.62 G 1.12(lid compatibility le).25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls).15 E .576 -(correspond to the compatibility options accepted by the)144 249.6 R F1 +(correspond to the compatibility options accepted by the)144 549.6 R F1 (shopt)3.075 E F0 -.2(bu)3.075 G .575(iltin described belo).2 F 3.075 -(w\()-.25 G .575(for e)-3.075 F(xam-)-.15 E(ple,)144 261.6 Q F1 +(w\()-.25 G .575(for e)-3.075 F(xam-)-.15 E(ple,)144 561.6 Q F1 (compat42)2.5 E F0(means that 4.2 and 42 are v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E 2.5 (alues\). The)-.25 F(current v)2.5 E(ersion is also a v)-.15 E(alid v) --.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 273.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F0 .505 -(If this parameter is set when)144 285.6 R F1(bash)3.005 E F0 .505(is e) +-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1 -.3(BA)108 573.6 S(SH_ENV).3 E F0 .505 +(If this parameter is set when)144 585.6 R F1(bash)3.005 E F0 .505(is e) 3.005 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .506(cuting a shell script, its v).15 F .506 (alue is interpreted as a \214lename)-.25 F .355 -(containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 297.6 R/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(~/.bashr)2.855 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.354(.T).31 G .354 -(he v)-5.354 F .354(alue of)-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)2.854 G -(SH_ENV).27 E F0 .354(is subjected)2.604 F .525(to parameter e)144 309.6 -R .525(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .525 -(xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(as a \214lename.)144 321.6 Q -F3 -.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F0 +(containing commands to initialize the shell, as in)144 597.6 R F5 +(~/.bashr)2.855 E(c)-.37 E F0 5.354(.T).31 G .354(he v)-5.354 F .354 +(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.27(BA)2.854 G(SH_ENV).27 E F0 .354(is subjected) +2.604 F .525(to parameter e)144 609.6 R .525 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F .525 +(xpansion before being interpreted)-.15 F(as a \214lename.)144 621.6 Q +F2 -.666(PA)5 G(TH)-.189 E F0 (is not used to search for the resultant \214lename.)2.25 E F1 -.3(BA) -108 333.6 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .481(If set to an inte)144 345.6 +108 633.6 S(SH_XTRA).3 E(CEFD)-.55 E F0 .481(If set to an inte)144 645.6 R .481(ger corresponding to a v)-.15 F .481(alid \214le descriptor)-.25 F(,)-.4 E F1(bash)2.98 E F0 .48(will write the trace output gener)2.98 F -(-)-.2 E 3.114(ated when)144 357.6 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF 3.114(set -x) -5.614 F F0 3.114(is enabled to that \214le descriptor)5.614 F 8.114(.T) --.55 G 3.114(he \214le descriptor is closed when)-8.114 F F3 -.27(BA)144 -369.6 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(is unset or assigned a ne) -2.388 F 2.638(wv)-.25 G 2.638(alue. Unsetting)-2.888 F F3 -.27(BA)2.638 -G(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(or assigning it)2.388 F 2.531(the \ -empty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard error) -144 381.6 R 7.531(.N)-.55 G 2.531(ote that setting)-7.531 F F3 -.27(BA) -144 393.6 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .74(to 2 \(the standard error\ - \214le descriptor\) and then unsetting it will result in the)2.991 F -(standard error being closed.)144 405.6 Q F1(CDP)108 417.6 Q -.95(AT) --.74 G(H).95 E F0 1.247(The search path for the)144 429.6 R F1(cd)3.747 -E F0 3.747(command. This)3.747 F 1.248 +(-)-.2 E 3.114(ated when)144 657.6 R F4 3.114(set -x)5.614 F F0 3.114 +(is enabled to that \214le descriptor)5.614 F 8.114(.T)-.55 G 3.114 +(he \214le descriptor is closed when)-8.114 F F2 -.27(BA)144 669.6 S +(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(is unset or assigned a ne)2.388 F +2.638(wv)-.25 G 2.638(alue. Unsetting)-2.888 F F2 -.27(BA)2.638 G +(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .138(or assigning it)2.388 F 2.531(the e\ +mpty string causes the trace output to be sent to the standard error)144 +681.6 R 7.531(.N)-.55 G 2.531(ote that setting)-7.531 F F2 -.27(BA)144 +693.6 S(SH_XTRA).27 E(CEFD)-.495 E F0 .74(to 2 \(the standard error \ +\214le descriptor\) and then unsetting it will result in the)2.991 F +(standard error being closed.)144 705.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(14)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 15 15 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(CDP)108 84 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 1.247(The search path for the) +144 96 R F1(cd)3.747 E F0 3.747(command. This)3.747 F 1.248 (is a colon-separated list of directories in which the)3.747 F 3.796 -(shell looks for destination directories speci\214ed by the)144 441.6 R -F1(cd)6.295 E F0 6.295(command. A)6.295 F 3.795(sample v)6.295 F 3.795 -(alue is)-.25 F F4(".:~:/usr")144 453.6 Q F0(.)A F1(CHILD_MAX)108 465.6 -Q F0 .997(Set the number of e)144 477.6 R .997(xited child status v)-.15 -F .997(alues for the shell to remember)-.25 F 5.997(.B)-.55 G .997 -(ash will not allo)-5.997 F 3.498(wt)-.25 G(his)-3.498 E -.25(va)144 -489.6 S 1.078(lue to be decreased belo).25 F 3.577(waP)-.25 G 1.077 -(OSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum v)-3.577 F 1.077 -(alue \(cur)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(rently 8192\) that this may not e)144 501.6 Q -2.5(xceed. The)-.15 F(minimum v)2.5 E(alue is system-dependent.)-.25 E -F1(COLUMNS)108 513.6 Q F0 .828(Used by the)144 525.6 R F1(select)3.328 E -F0 .829(compound command to determine the terminal width when printing \ -selection)3.328 F 4.507(lists. Automatically)144 537.6 R 2.007 +(shell looks for destination directories speci\214ed by the)144 108 R F1 +(cd)6.295 E F0 6.295(command. A)6.295 F 3.795(sample v)6.295 F 3.795 +(alue is)-.25 F/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(".:~:/usr")144 120 Q F0(.)A F1 +(CHILD_MAX)108 132 Q F0 .997(Set the number of e)144 144 R .997 +(xited child status v)-.15 F .997(alues for the shell to remember)-.25 F +5.997(.B)-.55 G .997(ash will not allo)-5.997 F 3.498(wt)-.25 G(his) +-3.498 E -.25(va)144 156 S 1.078(lue to be decreased belo).25 F 3.577 +(waP)-.25 G 1.077(OSIX-mandated minimum, and there is a maximum v)-3.577 +F 1.077(alue \(cur)-.25 F(-)-.2 E(rently 8192\) that this may not e)144 +168 Q 2.5(xceed. The)-.15 F(minimum v)2.5 E(alue is system-dependent.) +-.25 E F1(COLUMNS)108 180 Q F0 .828(Used by the)144 192 R F1(select) +3.328 E F0 .829(compound command to determine the terminal width when p\ +rinting selection)3.328 F 4.507(lists. Automatically)144 204 R 2.007 (set if the)4.507 F F1(checkwinsize)4.507 E F0 2.006 (option is enabled or in an interacti)4.507 F 2.306 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -2.006(hell upon).15 F(receipt of a)144 549.6 Q F3(SIGWINCH)2.5 E/F5 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(COMPREPL)108 561.6 Q(Y)-.92 E F0 .847 -(An array v)144 573.6 R .848(ariable from which)-.25 F F1(bash)3.348 E -F0 .848(reads the possible completions generated by a shell function) -3.348 F(in)144 585.6 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.785(db).1 G 2.785(yt) --2.785 G .285(he programmable completion f)-2.785 F .285(acility \(see) --.1 F F1(Pr)2.785 E .285(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(belo)2.785 E -2.785(w\). Each)-.25 F(array element contains one possible completion.) -144 597.6 Q F1(EMA)108 609.6 Q(CS)-.55 E F0(If)144 621.6 Q F1(bash)2.535 -E F0 .035(\214nds this v)2.535 F .035(ariable in the en)-.25 F .036 -(vironment when the shell starts with v)-.4 F(alue)-.25 E F4(t)2.536 E +2.006(hell upon).15 F(receipt of a)144 216 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(SIGWINCH)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(COMPREPL)108 228 Q(Y)-.92 E +F0 .847(An array v)144 240 R .848(ariable from which)-.25 F F1(bash) +3.348 E F0 .848 +(reads the possible completions generated by a shell function)3.348 F +(in)144 252 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.785(db).1 G 2.785(yt)-2.785 G +.285(he programmable completion f)-2.785 F .285(acility \(see)-.1 F F1 +(Pr)2.785 E .285(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(belo)2.785 E 2.785 +(w\). Each)-.25 F(array element contains one possible completion.)144 +264 Q F1(EMA)108 276 Q(CS)-.55 E F0(If)144 288 Q F1(bash)2.535 E F0 .035 +(\214nds this v)2.535 F .035(ariable in the en)-.25 F .036 +(vironment when the shell starts with v)-.4 F(alue)-.25 E F2(t)2.536 E F0 2.536(,i)C 2.536(ta)-2.536 G .036(ssumes that the)-2.536 F -(shell is running in an Emacs shell b)144 633.6 Q(uf)-.2 E -(fer and disables line editing.)-.25 E F1(ENV)108 645.6 Q F0(Similar to) -144 645.6 Q F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).27 E F5(;)A F0 +(shell is running in an Emacs shell b)144 300 Q(uf)-.2 E +(fer and disables line editing.)-.25 E F1(ENV)108 312 Q F0(Similar to) +144 312 Q F3 -.27(BA)2.5 G(SH_ENV).27 E F4(;)A F0 (used when the shell is in)2.25 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(di).1 G -2.5(nP)-2.5 G(OSIX mode.)-2.5 E F1(EXECIGNORE)108 657.6 Q F0 2.717(Ac) -144 669.6 S .217(olon-separated list of shell patterns \(see)-2.717 F F1 --.1(Pa)2.717 G(tter).1 E 2.717(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.717 E F0 2.717(\)d)C +2.5(nP)-2.5 G(OSIX mode.)-2.5 E F1(EXECIGNORE)108 324 Q F0 2.717(Ac)144 +336 S .217(olon-separated list of shell patterns \(see)-2.717 F F1 -.1 +(Pa)2.717 G(tter).1 E 2.717(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.717 E F0 2.717(\)d)C .216(e\214ning the list of \214lenames to be)-2.717 F .116 -(ignored by command search using)144 681.6 R F1 -.74(PA)2.616 G(TH)-.21 -E F0 5.116(.F)C .117 +(ignored by command search using)144 348 R F1 -.74(PA)2.616 G(TH)-.21 E +F0 5.116(.F)C .117 (iles whose full pathnames match one of these patterns)-5.116 F 1.433 -(are not considered e)144 693.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.432 +(are not considered e)144 360 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.432 (cutable \214les for the purposes of completion and command e).15 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.432(cution via).15 F F1 -.74(PA)144 705.6 S(TH)-.21 E F0 +(xe)-.15 G 1.432(cution via).15 F F1 -.74(PA)144 372 S(TH)-.21 E F0 2.908(lookup. This)2.908 F .408(does not af)2.908 F .408(fect the beha) -.25 F .408(vior of the)-.2 F F1([)2.908 E F0(,)A F1(test)2.908 E F0 2.908(,a)C(nd)-2.908 E F1([[)2.908 E F0 2.909(commands. Full)2.908 F (pathnames)2.909 E .364(in the command hash table are not subject to)144 -717.6 R F1(EXECIGNORE)2.864 E F0 5.364(.U)C .364(se this v)-5.364 F .364 -(ariable to ignore shared)-.25 F 1.37(library \214les that ha)144 729.6 -R 1.67 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.37(he e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.37 +384 R F1(EXECIGNORE)2.864 E F0 5.364(.U)C .364(se this v)-5.364 F .364 +(ariable to ignore shared)-.25 F 1.37(library \214les that ha)144 396 R +1.67 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.37(he e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.37 (cutable bit set, b).15 F 1.37(ut are not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.37 -(cutable \214les.).15 F 1.37(The pattern matching)6.37 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 -768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(14)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 15 15 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(honors the setting of the)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(extglob)2.5 E -F0(shell option.)2.5 E F1(FCEDIT)108 96 Q F0(The def)144 108 Q -(ault editor for the)-.1 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 -E F1(FIGNORE)108 120 Q F0 2.599(Ac)144 132 S .098 -(olon-separated list of suf)-2.599 F<8c78>-.25 E .098 -(es to ignore when performing \214lename completion \(see)-.15 F/F2 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)2.598 E F0(belo)144 144 Q 2.704(w\). A)-.25 F -.204(\214lename whose suf)2.704 F .205 -(\214x matches one of the entries in)-.25 F F2(FIGNORE)2.705 E F0 .205 -(is e)2.455 F .205(xcluded from the list)-.15 F(of matched \214lenames.) -144 156 Q 2.5(As)5 G(ample v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF -(".o:~")2.5 E F0(.)A F1(FUNCNEST)108 168 Q F0 .231 -(If set to a numeric v)144 180 R .231 +(cutable \214les.).15 F 1.37(The pattern matching)6.37 F +(honors the setting of the)144 408 Q F1(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.) +2.5 E F1(FCEDIT)108 420 Q F0(The def)144 432 Q(ault editor for the)-.1 E +F1(fc)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E F1(FIGNORE)108 444 Q F0 +2.599(Ac)144 456 S .098(olon-separated list of suf)-2.599 F<8c78>-.25 E +.098(es to ignore when performing \214lename completion \(see)-.15 F F3 +(READLINE)2.598 E F0(belo)144 468 Q 2.704(w\). A)-.25 F .204 +(\214lename whose suf)2.704 F .205(\214x matches one of the entries in) +-.25 F F3(FIGNORE)2.705 E F0 .205(is e)2.455 F .205 +(xcluded from the list)-.15 F(of matched \214lenames.)144 480 Q 2.5(As)5 +G(ample v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E F2(".o:~")2.5 E F0(.)A F1(FUNCNEST)108 +492 Q F0 .231(If set to a numeric v)144 504 R .231 (alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting le)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.73(l. Function).15 F(in)2.73 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(-).2 E -(cations that e)144 192 Q(xceed this nesting le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(cations that e)144 516 Q(xceed this nesting le)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(lw).15 G(ill cause the current command to abort.)-2.5 E F1 -(GLOBIGNORE)108 204 Q F0 3.118(Ac)144 216 S .618(olon-separated list of\ - patterns de\214ning the set of \214lenames to be ignored by pathname e) --3.118 F(xpan-)-.15 E 3.132(sion. If)144 228 R 3.132<618c>3.132 G .632 -(lename matched by a pathname e)-3.132 F .632 -(xpansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in)-.15 F F2 -(GLOBIGNORE)144 240 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(it is remo)2.25 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df).15 G(rom the list of matches.)-2.5 E F1 -(HISTCONTR)108 252 Q(OL)-.3 E F0 2.653(Ac)144 264 S .153 -(olon-separated list of v)-2.653 F .153(alues controlling ho)-.25 F -2.653(wc)-.25 G .153(ommands are sa)-2.653 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.653(do).15 -G 2.653(nt)-2.653 G .153(he history list.)-2.653 F .154(If the list) -5.153 F .491(of v)144 276 R .491(alues includes)-.25 F/F5 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(ignor)2.991 E(espace)-.37 E F0 2.991(,l).18 G .491 -(ines which be)-2.991 F .491(gin with a)-.15 F F1(space)2.991 E F0 .49 -(character are not sa)2.991 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.99(di).15 G 2.99(nt)-2.99 -G .49(he his-)-2.99 F .557(tory list.)144 288 R 3.057(Av)5.557 G .557 -(alue of)-3.307 F F5(ignor)3.067 E(edups)-.37 E F0 .557 -(causes lines matching the pre)3.327 F .558 -(vious history entry to not be sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E 2.959 -(Av)144 300 S .459(alue of)-3.209 F F5(ignor)2.969 E(eboth)-.37 E F0 -.459(is shorthand for)3.239 F F5(ignor)2.959 E(espace)-.37 E F0(and) -2.959 E F5(ignor)2.958 E(edups)-.37 E F0 5.458(.A)C -.25(va)-2.5 G .458 -(lue of).25 F F5(er)2.958 E(asedups)-.15 E F0(causes)2.958 E .698 -(all pre)144 312 R .698 +(GLOBIGNORE)108 528 Q F0 2.923(Ac)144 540 S .423(olon-separated list of\ + patterns de\214ning the set of \214le names to be ignored by pathname \ +e)-2.923 F(xpan-)-.15 E 2.948(sion. If)144 552 R 2.948<618c>2.948 G .448 +(le name matched by a pathname e)-2.948 F .447 +(xpansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in)-.15 F F3 +(GLOBIGNORE)144 564 Q F4(,)A F0(it is remo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(df) +.15 G(rom the list of matches.)-2.5 E F1(HISTCONTR)108 576 Q(OL)-.3 E F0 +2.653(Ac)144 588 S .153(olon-separated list of v)-2.653 F .153 +(alues controlling ho)-.25 F 2.653(wc)-.25 G .153(ommands are sa)-2.653 +F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.653(do).15 G 2.653(nt)-2.653 G .153(he history list.) +-2.653 F .154(If the list)5.153 F .491(of v)144 600 R .491 +(alues includes)-.25 F/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ignor)2.991 E(espace)-.37 +E F0 2.991(,l).18 G .491(ines which be)-2.991 F .491(gin with a)-.15 F +F1(space)2.991 E F0 .49(character are not sa)2.991 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.99 +(di).15 G 2.99(nt)-2.99 G .49(he his-)-2.99 F .557(tory list.)144 612 R +3.057(Av)5.557 G .557(alue of)-3.307 F F5(ignor)3.067 E(edups)-.37 E F0 +.557(causes lines matching the pre)3.327 F .558 +(vious history entry to not be sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E 2.926 +(Av)144 624 S .426(alue of)-3.176 F F5(ignor)2.936 E(eboth)-.37 E F0 +.426(is shorthand for)3.206 F F5(ignor)2.926 E(espace)-.37 E F0(and) +2.926 E F5(ignor)2.926 E(edups)-.37 E F0 5.426(.A)C -.25(va)-2.501 G +.425(lue of).25 F F5(er)3.115 E(asedups)-.15 E F0(causes)3.195 E .698 +(all pre)144 636 R .698 (vious lines matching the current line to be remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.198(df).15 G .699(rom the history list before that line is)-3.198 F -(sa)144 324 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.764(d. An).15 F 2.764(yv)-.15 G .264 +(sa)144 648 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.764(d. An).15 F 2.764(yv)-.15 G .264 (alue not in the abo)-3.014 F .563 -.15(ve l)-.15 H .263 -(ist is ignored.).15 F(If)5.263 E F2(HISTCONTR)2.763 E(OL)-.27 E F0 .263 -(is unset, or does not include)2.513 F 2.941(av)144 336 S .441(alid v) +(ist is ignored.).15 F(If)5.263 E F3(HISTCONTR)2.763 E(OL)-.27 E F0 .263 +(is unset, or does not include)2.513 F 2.941(av)144 660 S .441(alid v) -3.191 F .441(alue, all lines read by the shell parser are sa)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.942(do).15 G 2.942(nt)-2.942 G .442 -(he history list, subject to the v)-2.942 F .442(alue of)-.25 F F2 -(HISTIGNORE)144 348 Q F4(.)A F0 1.981(The second and subsequent lines o\ +(he history list, subject to the v)-2.942 F .442(alue of)-.25 F F3 +(HISTIGNORE)144 672 Q F4(.)A F0 1.981(The second and subsequent lines o\ f a multi-line compound command are not)6.482 F -(tested, and are added to the history re)144 360 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G -(rdless of the v).05 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(HISTCONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 E F4(.) -A F1(HISTFILE)108 372 Q F0 .181 -(The name of the \214le in which command history is sa)144 384 R -.15 -(ve)-.2 G 2.681(d\().15 G(see)-2.681 E F2(HIST)2.681 E(OR)-.162 E(Y) +(tested, and are added to the history re)144 684 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G +(rdless of the v).05 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTCONTR)2.5 E(OL)-.27 E F4(.) +A F1(HISTFILE)108 696 Q F0 .181 +(The name of the \214le in which command history is sa)144 708 R -.15 +(ve)-.2 G 2.681(d\().15 G(see)-2.681 E F3(HIST)2.681 E(OR)-.162 E(Y) -.315 E F0(belo)2.431 E 2.682(w\). The)-.25 F(def)2.682 E .182(ault v) --.1 F(alue)-.25 E(is)144 396 Q F5(~/.bash_history)2.5 E F0 5(.I)C 2.5 +-.1 F(alue)-.25 E(is)144 720 Q F5(~/.bash_history)2.5 E F0 5(.I)C 2.5 (fu)-5 G(nset, the command history is not sa)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5 -(dw).15 G(hen a shell e)-2.5 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(HISTFILESIZE)108 408 Q F0 -1.623(The maximum number of lines contained in the history \214le.)144 -420 R 1.622(When this v)6.623 F 1.622(ariable is assigned a)-.25 F -.25 -(va)144 432 S .931(lue, the history \214le is truncated, if necessary) -.25 F 3.432(,t)-.65 G 3.432(oc)-3.432 G .932 -(ontain no more than that number of lines by)-3.432 F(remo)144 444 Q +(dw).15 G(hen a shell e)-2.5 E(xits.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(15)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 16 16 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(HISTFILESIZE)108 84 Q F0 1.623 +(The maximum number of lines contained in the history \214le.)144 96 R +1.622(When this v)6.623 F 1.622(ariable is assigned a)-.25 F -.25(va)144 +108 S .931(lue, the history \214le is truncated, if necessary).25 F +3.432(,t)-.65 G 3.432(oc)-3.432 G .932 +(ontain no more than that number of lines by)-3.432 F(remo)144 120 Q .871(ving the oldest entries.)-.15 F .87(The history \214le is also tru\ ncated to this size after writing it when a)5.871 F 1.244(shell e)144 -456 R 3.744(xits. If)-.15 F 1.244(the v)3.744 F 1.244 +132 R 3.744(xits. If)-.15 F 1.244(the v)3.744 F 1.244 (alue is 0, the history \214le is truncated to zero size.)-.25 F 1.245 -(Non-numeric v)6.244 F 1.245(alues and)-.25 F 1.022(numeric v)144 468 R +(Non-numeric v)6.244 F 1.245(alues and)-.25 F 1.022(numeric v)144 144 R 1.022(alues less than zero inhibit truncation.)-.25 F 1.022 (The shell sets the def)6.022 F 1.022(ault v)-.1 F 1.022(alue to the v) --.25 F 1.021(alue of)-.25 F F1(HISTSIZE)144 480 Q F0(after reading an) -2.5 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F1(HISTIGNORE)108 492 Q F0 -2.657(Ac)144 504 S .157(olon-separated list of patterns used to decide \ +-.25 F 1.021(alue of)-.25 F F1(HISTSIZE)144 156 Q F0(after reading an) +2.5 E 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E F1(HISTIGNORE)108 168 Q F0 +2.657(Ac)144 180 S .157(olon-separated list of patterns used to decide \ which command lines should be sa)-2.657 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.658(do).15 G -2.658(nt)-2.658 G .158(he his-)-2.658 F .708(tory list.)144 516 R .708 +2.658(nt)-2.658 G .158(he his-)-2.658 F .708(tory list.)144 192 R .708 (Each pattern is anchored at the be)5.708 F .707 (ginning of the line and must match the complete line)-.15 F .625 -(\(no implicit `)144 528 R F1(*)A F0 3.125('i)C 3.125(sa)-3.125 G 3.125 +(\(no implicit `)144 204 R F1(*)A F0 3.125('i)C 3.125(sa)-3.125 G 3.125 (ppended\). Each)-3.125 F .626(pattern is tested ag)3.125 F .626 -(ainst the line after the checks speci\214ed by)-.05 F F2(HISTCONTR)144 -540 Q(OL)-.27 E F0 1.793(are applied.)4.043 F 1.793 +(ainst the line after the checks speci\214ed by)-.05 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(HISTCONTR)144 216 Q(OL)-.27 E F0 1.793(are applied.)4.043 F 1.793 (In addition to the normal shell pattern matching characters, `)6.793 F -F1(&)A F0(')A 2.514(matches the pre)144 552 R 2.514(vious history line.) +F1(&)A F0(')A 2.514(matches the pre)144 228 R 2.514(vious history line.) -.25 F(`)7.514 E F1(&)A F0 5.014('m)C 2.514 -(ay be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is)-5.014 F(remo)144 564 +(ay be escaped using a backslash; the backslash is)-5.014 F(remo)144 240 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.353(db).15 G .853(efore attempting a match.)-3.353 F .852(The second and subsequent lines of a multi-line compound)5.852 F -1.269(command are not tested, and are added to the history re)144 576 R +1.269(command are not tested, and are added to the history re)144 252 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.269(rdless of the v).05 F 1.269(alue of)-.25 F F2 -(HISTIGNORE)3.77 E F4(.)A F0 -(The pattern matching honors the setting of the)144 588 Q F1(extglob)2.5 -E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F1(HISTSIZE)108 600 Q F0 1.387 -(The number of commands to remember in the command history \(see)144 612 +(HISTIGNORE)3.77 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +(The pattern matching honors the setting of the)144 264 Q F1(extglob)2.5 +E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F1(HISTSIZE)108 276 Q F0 1.387 +(The number of commands to remember in the command history \(see)144 288 R F2(HIST)3.887 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.637 E 3.887(w\). If) --.25 F(the)3.887 E -.25(va)144 624 S 1.32(lue is 0, commands are not sa) +-.25 F(the)3.887 E -.25(va)144 300 S 1.32(lue is 0, commands are not sa) .25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.82(di).15 G 3.821(nt)-3.82 G 1.321 (he history list.)-3.821 F 1.321(Numeric v)6.321 F 1.321 -(alues less than zero result in)-.25 F -2.15 -.25(ev e)144 636 T .437 +(alues less than zero result in)-.25 F -2.15 -.25(ev e)144 312 T .437 (ry command being sa).25 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.937(do).15 G 2.937(nt)-2.937 G .437(he history list \(there is no limit\).)-2.937 F .436 (The shell sets the def)5.436 F .436(ault v)-.1 F(alue)-.25 E -(to 500 after reading an)144 648 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E -F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)108 660 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .951(If this v)144 672 R .951 +(to 500 after reading an)144 324 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(tartup \214les.)-2.5 E +F1(HISTTIMEFORMA)108 336 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .951(If this v)144 348 R .951 (ariable is set and not null, its v)-.25 F .952 -(alue is used as a format string for)-.25 F F5(strftime)3.452 E F0 .952 -(\(3\) to print the)B .673 -(time stamp associated with each history entry displayed by the)144 684 +(alue is used as a format string for)-.25 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(strftime)3.452 E F0 .952(\(3\) to print the)B .673 +(time stamp associated with each history entry displayed by the)144 360 R F1(history)3.173 E F0 -.2(bu)3.172 G 3.172(iltin. If).2 F .672(this v) 3.172 F .672(ariable is)-.25 F .144 -(set, time stamps are written to the history \214le so the)144 696 R +(set, time stamps are written to the history \214le so the)144 372 R 2.644(ym)-.15 G .144(ay be preserv)-2.644 F .144 (ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F(This)5.145 E(uses the history comment\ - character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)144 708 Q -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(15)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 16 16 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(HOME)108 84 Q F0 1.27 -(The home directory of the current user; the def)144 96 R 1.27(ault ar) + character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)144 384 Q +F1(HOME)108 396 Q F0 1.27 +(The home directory of the current user; the def)144 408 R 1.27(ault ar) -.1 F 1.27(gument for the)-.18 F F1(cd)3.77 E F0 -.2(bu)3.77 G 1.27 -(iltin command.).2 F(The)6.27 E -.25(va)144 108 S(lue of this v).25 E +(iltin command.).2 F(The)6.27 E -.25(va)144 420 S(lue of this v).25 E (ariable is also used when performing tilde e)-.25 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 -(HOSTFILE)108 120 Q F0 1.015 -(Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 132 R/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/hosts)5.181 E F0 1.015 -(that should be read when the shell)5.181 F .551 -(needs to complete a hostname.)144 144 R .551 +(HOSTFILE)108 432 Q F0 1.015 +(Contains the name of a \214le in the same format as)144 444 R F4 +(/etc/hosts)5.181 E F0 1.015(that should be read when the shell)5.181 F +.551(needs to complete a hostname.)144 456 R .551 (The list of possible hostname completions may be changed while)5.551 F -1.058(the shell is running; the ne)144 156 R 1.059 +1.058(the shell is running; the ne)144 468 R 1.059 (xt time hostname completion is attempted after the v)-.15 F 1.059 -(alue is changed,)-.25 F F1(bash)144 168 Q F0 .138 +(alue is changed,)-.25 F F1(bash)144 480 Q F0 .138 (adds the contents of the ne)2.639 F 2.638<778c>-.25 G .138(le to the e) --2.638 F .138(xisting list.)-.15 F(If)5.138 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HOSTFILE)2.638 E F0 .138(is set, b)2.388 F .138(ut has no v)-.2 F .138 -(alue, or)-.25 F .517(does not name a readable \214le,)144 180 R F1 -(bash)3.017 E F0 .517(attempts to read)3.017 F F2(/etc/hosts)4.684 E F0 -.518(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.684 F(name completions.)144 -192 Q(When)5 E F3(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0 -(is unset, the hostname list is cleared.)2.25 E F1(IFS)108 204 Q F0(The) -144 204 Q F2 .556(Internal F)3.636 F .556(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E -F0 .556(that is used for w)3.786 F .556(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .555 -(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 216 S(rds with the) -.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E -(The def)5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`<space><tab><ne)-.74 E -(wline>')-.25 E('.)-.74 E F1(IGNOREEOF)108 228 Q F0 .503 -(Controls the action of an interacti)144 240 R .803 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -.503(hell on receipt of an).15 F F3(EOF)3.003 E F0 .503 +-2.638 F .138(xisting list.)-.15 F(If)5.138 E F2(HOSTFILE)2.638 E F0 +.138(is set, b)2.388 F .138(ut has no v)-.2 F .138(alue, or)-.25 F .517 +(does not name a readable \214le,)144 492 R F1(bash)3.017 E F0 .517 +(attempts to read)3.017 F F4(/etc/hosts)4.684 E F0 .518 +(to obtain the list of possible host-)4.684 F(name completions.)144 504 +Q(When)5 E F2(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(is unset, the hostname list is cleared.) +2.25 E F1(IFS)108 516 Q F0(The)144 516 Q F4 .556(Internal F)3.636 F .556 +(ield Separ)-.45 F(ator)-.15 E F0 .556(that is used for w)3.786 F .556 +(ord splitting after e)-.1 F .555(xpansion and to split lines into)-.15 +F -.1(wo)144 528 S(rds with the).1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(The def)5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E +(`<space><tab><ne)-.74 E(wline>')-.25 E('.)-.74 E F1(IGNOREEOF)108 540 Q +F0 .503(Controls the action of an interacti)144 552 R .803 -.15(ve s) +-.25 H .503(hell on receipt of an).15 F F2(EOF)3.003 E F0 .503 (character as the sole input.)2.753 F .504(If set,)5.504 F .426(the v) -144 252 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F3 +144 564 R .426(alue is the number of consecuti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2 (EOF)3.076 E F0 .426 (characters which must be typed as the \214rst characters)2.676 F .302 -(on an input line before)144 264 R F1(bash)2.802 E F0 -.15(ex)2.802 G +(on an input line before)144 576 R F1(bash)2.802 E F0 -.15(ex)2.802 G 2.802(its. If).15 F .302(the v)2.802 F .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 (xists b)-.15 F .302(ut does not ha)-.2 F .602 -.15(ve a n)-.2 H .302 -(umeric v).15 F .303(alue, or has)-.25 F(no v)144 276 Q(alue, the def) +(umeric v).15 F .303(alue, or has)-.25 F(no v)144 588 Q(alue, the def) -.25 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is 10.)-.25 E(If it does not e)5 E(xist,)-.15 E -F3(EOF)2.5 E F0(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F1 -(INPUTRC)108 288 Q F0 1.436(The \214lename for the)144 300 R F1 -.18(re) +F2(EOF)2.5 E F0(signi\214es the end of input to the shell.)2.25 E F1 +(INPUTRC)108 600 Q F0 1.436(The \214lename for the)144 612 R F1 -.18(re) 3.936 G(adline).18 E F0 1.436(startup \214le, o)3.936 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -1.436(rriding the def).15 F 1.436(ault of)-.1 F F2(~/.inputr)5.602 E(c) --.37 E F0(\(see)5.601 E F3(READLINE)3.935 E F0(belo)144 312 Q(w\).)-.25 -E F1(LANG)108 324 Q F0 1.239(Used to determine the locale cate)144 324 R +1.436(rriding the def).15 F 1.436(ault of)-.1 F F4(~/.inputr)5.602 E(c) +-.37 E F0(\(see)5.601 E F2(READLINE)3.935 E F0(belo)144 624 Q(w\).)-.25 +E F1(LANG)108 636 Q F0 1.239(Used to determine the locale cate)144 636 R 1.239(gory for an)-.15 F 3.739(yc)-.15 G(ate)-3.739 E 1.24 (gory not speci\214cally selected with a v)-.15 F(ariable)-.25 E -(starting with)144 336 Q F1(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_ALL)108 348 Q F0 .974 -(This v)144 360 R .974(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .974 -(rrides the v).15 F .973(alue of)-.25 F F3(LANG)3.473 E F0 .973(and an) +(starting with)144 648 Q F1(LC_)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_ALL)108 660 Q F0 .974 +(This v)144 672 R .974(ariable o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .974 +(rrides the v).15 F .973(alue of)-.25 F F2(LANG)3.473 E F0 .973(and an) 3.223 F 3.473(yo)-.15 G(ther)-3.473 E F1(LC_)3.473 E F0 -.25(va)3.473 G -.973(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 372 Q(.)-.65 E F1 -(LC_COLLA)108 384 Q(TE)-.95 E F0 .411(This v)144 396 R .412(ariable det\ +.973(riable specifying a locale cate-).25 F(gory)144 684 Q(.)-.65 E F1 +(LC_COLLA)108 696 Q(TE)-.95 E F0 .411(This v)144 708 R .412(ariable det\ ermines the collation order used when sorting the results of pathname e) --.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.465(and determines the beha)144 408 R 1.465 +-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E 1.465(and determines the beha)144 720 R 1.465 (vior of range e)-.2 F 1.464(xpressions, equi)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G -1.464(lence classes, and collating sequences).25 F(within pathname e)144 -420 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_CTYPE)108 432 Q F0 -1.935(This v)144 444 R 1.936 +1.464(lence classes, and collating sequences).25 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(16)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 17 17 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(within pathname e) +144 84 Q(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(LC_CTYPE)108 96 Q F0 1.935(This v)144 108 R 1.936 (ariable determines the interpretation of characters and the beha)-.25 F -1.936(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 456 Q -(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_MESSA)108 468 Q(GES)-.55 E -F0(This v)144 480 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\ +1.936(vior of character classes)-.2 F(within pathname e)144 120 Q +(xpansion and pattern matching.)-.15 E F1(LC_MESSA)108 132 Q(GES)-.55 E +F0(This v)144 144 Q(ariable determines the locale used to translate dou\ ble-quoted strings preceded by a)-.25 E F1($)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(LC_NUMERIC) -108 492 Q F0(This v)144 504 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E -(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F1(LC_TIME)108 516 Q F0(This v) -144 528 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E -(gory used for data and time formatting.)-.15 E F1(LINES)108 540 Q F0 -.055(Used by the)144 540 R F1(select)2.555 E F0 .054(compound command t\ +108 156 Q F0(This v)144 168 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E +(gory used for number formatting.)-.15 E F1(LC_TIME)108 180 Q F0(This v) +144 192 Q(ariable determines the locale cate)-.25 E +(gory used for data and time formatting.)-.15 E F1(LINES)108 204 Q F0 +.055(Used by the)144 204 R F1(select)2.555 E F0 .054(compound command t\ o determine the column length for printing selection lists.)2.555 F .264 -(Automatically set if the)144 552 R F1(checkwinsize)2.764 E F0 .264 +(Automatically set if the)144 216 R F1(checkwinsize)2.764 E F0 .264 (option is enabled or in an interacti)2.764 F .565 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .265 -(hell upon receipt of a).15 F F3(SIGWINCH)144 564 Q/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 -SF(.)A F1(MAIL)108 576 Q F0 1.201 -(If this parameter is set to a \214le or directory name and the)144 576 -R F3(MAILP)3.701 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)3.451 G 1.201 +(hell upon receipt of a).15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGWINCH)144 228 Q/F3 +9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(MAIL)108 240 Q F0 1.201 +(If this parameter is set to a \214le or directory name and the)144 240 +R F2(MAILP)3.701 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.25(va)3.451 G 1.201 (riable is not set,).25 F F1(bash)3.701 E F0 -(informs the user of the arri)144 588 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5 +(informs the user of the arri)144 252 Q -.25(va)-.25 G 2.5(lo).25 G 2.5 (fm)-2.5 G(ail in the speci\214ed \214le or Maildir)-2.5 E -(-format directory)-.2 E(.)-.65 E F1(MAILCHECK)108 600 Q F0 .098 -(Speci\214es ho)144 612 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098(ften \(in seconds\)) +(-format directory)-.2 E(.)-.65 E F1(MAILCHECK)108 264 Q F0 .098 +(Speci\214es ho)144 276 R 2.598(wo)-.25 G .098(ften \(in seconds\)) -2.598 F F1(bash)2.598 E F0 .098(checks for mail.)2.598 F .098(The def) 5.098 F .098(ault is 60 seconds.)-.1 F .099(When it is time)5.099 F .224 (to check for mail, the shell does so before displaying the primary pro\ -mpt.)144 624 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223(ariable is unset,)-.25 F -(or set to a v)144 636 Q(alue that is not a number greater than or equa\ -l to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 E F1(MAILP)108 648 Q --.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.99(Ac)144 660 S .49 +mpt.)144 288 R .223(If this v)5.223 F .223(ariable is unset,)-.25 F +(or set to a v)144 300 Q(alue that is not a number greater than or equa\ +l to zero, the shell disables mail checking.)-.25 E F1(MAILP)108 312 Q +-.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 2.99(Ac)144 324 S .49 (olon-separated list of \214lenames to be check)-2.99 F .49 (ed for mail.)-.1 F .49(The message to be printed when mail)5.49 F(arri) -144 672 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.62(si).15 G 2.62(nap)-2.62 G .12(articular \ +144 336 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.62(si).15 G 2.62(nap)-2.62 G .12(articular \ \214le may be speci\214ed by separating the \214lename from the message\ - with a `?'.)-2.62 F(When used in the te)144 684 Q(xt of the message,) + with a `?'.)-2.62 F(When used in the te)144 348 Q(xt of the message,) -.15 E F1($_)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (pands to the name of the current mail\214le.).15 E(Example:)5 E F1 -(MAILP)144 696 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A(ar/mail/bfox?"Y) +(MAILP)144 360 Q -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0(=\010/v)A(ar/mail/bfox?"Y) -.25 E(ou ha)-1.1 E .3 -.15(ve m)-.2 H -(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 708 Q F0 .015 +(ail":~/shell\255mail?"$_ has mail!"\010).15 E F1(Bash)144 372 Q F0 .015 (can be con\214gured to supply a def)2.515 F .015(ault v)-.1 F .015 (alue for this v)-.25 F .015(ariable \(there is no v)-.25 F .015 (alue by def)-.25 F .015(ault\), b)-.1 F(ut)-.2 E(the location of the u\ -ser mail \214les that it uses is system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 720 Q -(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0(\).)A(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(16)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 17 17 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(OPTERR)108 84 Q F0 .39(If set to the v)144 96 R .39(alue 1,)-.25 F F1 -(bash)2.89 E F0 .389(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F1 -(getopts)2.889 E F0 -.2(bu)2.889 G .389(iltin command \(see).2 F/F2 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF .359(SHELL B)144 108 R(UIL)-.09 E .359(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F F0(belo)2.609 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(OPTERR)5.359 E F0 .36 -(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in)2.609 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 120 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.) -.15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 132 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .588 -(The search path for commands.)144 132 R .587 +ser mail \214les that it uses is system dependent \(e.g., /v)144 384 Q +(ar/mail/)-.25 E F1($USER)A F0(\).)A F1(OPTERR)108 396 Q F0 .39 +(If set to the v)144 408 R .39(alue 1,)-.25 F F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .389 +(displays error messages generated by the)2.889 F F1(getopts)2.889 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.889 G .389(iltin command \(see).2 F F2 .359(SHELL B)144 420 R +(UIL)-.09 E .359(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.609 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 +(OPTERR)5.359 E F0 .36(is initialized to 1 each time the shell is in) +2.609 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E(or a shell script is e)144 432 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1 -.74(PA)108 444 S(TH)-.21 E F0 .588 +(The search path for commands.)144 444 R .587 (It is a colon-separated list of directories in which the shell looks) -5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 144 R F2 .471(COMMAND EXECUTION) +5.588 F .471(for commands \(see)144 456 R F2 .471(COMMAND EXECUTION) 2.971 F F0(belo)2.722 E 2.972(w\). A)-.25 F .472 -(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 156 S +(zero-length \(null\) directory name in the)2.972 F -.25(va)144 468 S .536(lue of).25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.036 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .535 (indicates the current directory)2.786 F 5.535(.A)-.65 G .535 (null directory name may appear as tw)-2.5 F 3.035(oa)-.1 G(djacent) --3.035 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 168 R .868 +-3.035 E .867(colons, or as an initial or trailing colon.)144 480 R .868 (The def)5.868 F .868(ault path is system-dependent, and is set by the) --.1 F(administrator who installs)144 180 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C -(common v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF -(/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)144 192 Q -F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 204 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)144 216 R +-.1 F(administrator who installs)144 492 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 5(.A)C +(common v)-2.5 E(alue is)-.25 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF +(/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin)144 504 Q +F0(.)A F1(POSIXL)108 516 Q(Y_CORRECT)-.92 E F0 .471(If this v)144 528 R .471(ariable is in the en)-.25 F .471(vironment when)-.4 F F1(bash)2.971 -E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .472 +E F0 .471(starts, the shell enters)2.971 F/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .472 (posix mode)2.972 F F0 .472(before reading)2.972 F .011 -(the startup \214les, as if the)144 228 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0 +(the startup \214les, as if the)144 540 R F1(\255\255posix)2.511 E F0 (in)2.511 E -.2(vo)-.4 G .011(cation option had been supplied.).2 F .011 -(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 240 Q F1(bash)2.5 -E F0(enables)2.5 E F4(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft) --2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F3(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 252 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 -(If set, the v)144 264 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(If it is set while the shell is)5.011 F(running,)144 552 Q F1(bash)2.5 +E F0(enables)2.5 E F5(posix mode)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C 2.5(si)-2.5 G 2.5(ft) +-2.5 G(he command)-2.5 E F4(set -o posix)2.5 E F0(had been e)2.5 E -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PR)108 564 Q(OMPT_COMMAND)-.3 E F0 +(If set, the v)144 576 Q(alue is e)-.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuted as a command prior to issuing each primary prompt.).15 E F1(PR) -108 276 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676 -(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 288 R .676 +108 588 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.3 E(TRIM)-.4 E F0 .676 +(If set to a number greater than zero, the v)144 600 R .676 (alue is used as the number of trailing directory compo-)-.25 F .923 -(nents to retain when e)144 300 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423 +(nents to retain when e)144 612 R .923(xpanding the)-.15 F F1(\\w)3.423 E F0(and)3.423 E F1(\\W)3.423 E F0 .923(prompt string escapes \(see) 3.423 F F2(PR)3.423 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.173 E(w\).)-.25 E -(Characters remo)144 312 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G -(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS0)108 324 Q F0 1.174(The v) -144 324 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see) +(Characters remo)144 624 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G +(re replaced with an ellipsis.)-2.5 E F1(PS0)108 636 Q F0 1.174(The v) +144 636 R 1.174(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F 1.174(xpanded \(see) -.15 F F2(PR)3.674 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)3.424 E 1.174 (w\) and displayed by interacti)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 336 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PS1)108 348 Q F0 .065(The v)144 348 R +(shells after reading a command and before the command is e)144 648 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(PS1)108 660 Q F0 .065(The v)144 660 R .065(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .065(xpanded \(see)-.15 F F2(PR) 2.565 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(belo)2.315 E .065 -(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 360 R +(w\) and used as the primary prompt)-.25 F 2.5(string. The)144 672 R (def)2.5 E(ault v)-.1 E(alue is `)-.25 E(`)-.74 E F1(\\s\255\\v\\$)A F0 --.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 372 Q F0 .117(The v)144 372 R .117 +-.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(PS2)108 684 Q F0 .117(The v)144 684 R .117 (alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .117(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1) 2.617 E F0 .118(and used as the secondary prompt string.)2.368 F(The) -5.118 E(def)144 384 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G -(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 396 Q F0 1.116(The v)144 396 R 1.115 +5.118 E(def)144 696 Q(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(>)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G +(.).74 E F1(PS3)108 708 Q F0 1.116(The v)144 708 R 1.115 (alue of this parameter is used as the prompt for the)-.25 F F1(select) 3.615 E F0 1.115(command \(see)3.615 F F2 1.115(SHELL GRAM-)3.615 F(MAR) -144 408 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(PS4)108 420 Q F0 .1 -(The v)144 420 R .1(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 F .1 -(xpanded as with)-.15 F F2(PS1)2.6 E F0 .101(and the v)2.35 F .101 -(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1(bash)144 432 Q F0 .292 -(displays during an e)2.792 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .292(cution trace.).15 F -.292(The \214rst character of)5.292 F F2(PS4)2.792 E F0 .291 -(is replicated multiple times, as)2.542 F(necessary)144 444 Q 2.5(,t) --.65 G 2.5(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ls of indirection.).15 E(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0 --.74('')2.5 G(.).74 E F1(SHELL)108 456 Q F0 .663 -(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 468 R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F -.664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If)-.25 F .664 -(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 480 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 E 2.5(sl)-.55 -G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 492 Q(T)-.95 E F0 .827(The v)144 -504 R .826 +144 720 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(17)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 18 18 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(PS4)108 84 Q F0 .1(The v)144 84 R .1(alue of this parameter is e)-.25 +F .1(xpanded as with)-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS1)2.6 E F0 .101 +(and the v)2.35 F .101(alue is printed before each command)-.25 F F1 +(bash)144 96 Q F0 .335(displays during an e)2.835 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .335 +(cution trace.).15 F .335(The \214rst character of the e)5.335 F .335 +(xpanded v)-.15 F .335(alue of)-.25 F F2(PS4)2.834 E F0 .334(is repli-) +2.584 F(cated multiple times, as necessary)144 108 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G 2.5 +(oi)-2.5 G(ndicate multiple le)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ls of indirection.) +.15 E(The def)5 E(ault is `)-.1 E(`)-.74 E F1(+)A F0 -.74('')2.5 G(.).74 +E F1(SHELL)108 120 Q F0 .663(The full pathname to the shell is k)144 132 +R .664(ept in this en)-.1 F .664(vironment v)-.4 F 3.164(ariable. If) +-.25 F .664(it is not set when the shell)3.164 F(starts,)144 144 Q F1 +(bash)2.5 E F0(assigns to it the full pathname of the current user')2.5 +E 2.5(sl)-.55 G(ogin shell.)-2.5 E F1(TIMEFORMA)108 156 Q(T)-.95 E F0 +.827(The v)144 168 R .826 (alue of this parameter is used as a format string specifying ho)-.25 F 3.326(wt)-.25 G .826(he timing information for)-3.326 F .648 -(pipelines pre\214x)144 516 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0 +(pipelines pre\214x)144 180 R .648(ed with the)-.15 F F1(time)3.148 E F0 (reserv)3.148 E .648(ed w)-.15 F .649(ord should be displayed.)-.1 F (The)5.649 E F1(%)3.149 E F0 .649(character introduces)3.149 F .712 -(an escape sequence that is e)144 528 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F +(an escape sequence that is e)144 192 R .711(xpanded to a time v)-.15 F .711(alue or other information.)-.25 F .711(The escape sequences)5.711 F -(and their meanings are as follo)144 540 Q -(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 558 Q F0 2.5 -(Al)194 558 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 570 Q F4(p)A F1 -(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 570 Q F1(%[)144 582 Q F4(p) -A F1(][l]U)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 582 Q -F1(%[)144 594 Q F4(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0 -(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194 594 Q F1(%P)144 606 -Q F0(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 606 Q .87 -(The optional)144 622.8 R F4(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) -3.37 F F4(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87 +(and their meanings are as follo)144 204 Q +(ws; the braces denote optional portions.)-.25 E F1(%%)144 222 Q F0 2.5 +(Al)194 222 S(iteral)-2.5 E F1(%)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%[)144 234 Q/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(p)A F1(][l]R)A F0(The elapsed time in seconds.)194 +234 Q F1(%[)144 246 Q F3(p)A F1(][l]U)A F0 +(The number of CPU seconds spent in user mode.)194 246 Q F1(%[)144 258 Q +F3(p)A F1(][l]S)A F0(The number of CPU seconds spent in system mode.)194 +258 Q F1(%P)144 270 Q F0 +(The CPU percentage, computed as \(%U + %S\) / %R.)194 270 Q .87 +(The optional)144 286.8 R F3(p)3.37 E F0 .87(is a digit specifying the) +3.37 F F3(pr)3.37 E(ecision)-.37 E F0 3.37(,t)C .87 (he number of fractional digits after a decimal)-3.37 F 2.526(point. A) -144 634.8 R -.25(va)2.526 G .025 +144 298.8 R -.25(va)2.526 G .025 (lue of 0 causes no decimal point or fraction to be output.).25 F .025 (At most three places after the)5.025 F .537 -(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 646.8 R .537(alues of)-.25 F F4 +(decimal point may be speci\214ed; v)144 310.8 R .537(alues of)-.25 F F3 (p)3.037 E F0 .537(greater than 3 are changed to 3.)3.037 F(If)5.538 E -F4(p)3.038 E F0 .538(is not speci\214ed,)3.038 F(the v)144 658.8 Q -(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .668(The optional)144 675.6 R F1(l)3.168 E F0 +F3(p)3.038 E F0 .538(is not speci\214ed,)3.038 F(the v)144 322.8 Q +(alue 3 is used.)-.25 E .668(The optional)144 339.6 R F1(l)3.168 E F0 .668(speci\214es a longer format, including minutes, of the form)3.168 F -F4(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F4(SS)A F0(.)A F4(FF)A F0 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va) -3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 687.6 Q F4(p)2.5 E F0 +F3(MM)3.168 E F0(m)A F3(SS)A F0(.)A F3(FF)A F0 3.167(s. The)B -.25(va) +3.167 G(lue).25 E(of)144 351.6 Q F3(p)2.5 E F0 (determines whether or not the fraction is included.)2.5 E 13.364 -(If this v)144 704.4 R 13.364(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865 +(If this v)144 368.4 R 13.364(ariable is not set,)-.25 F F1(bash)15.865 E F0 13.365(acts as if it had the v)15.865 F(alue)-.25 E F1($\010\\nr) -144 716.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113 +144 380.4 Q(eal\\t%3lR\\nuser\\t%3lU\\nsys\\t%3lS\010)-.18 E F0 7.113 (.I)C 4.613(ft)-7.113 G 2.113(he v)-4.613 F 2.113 (alue is null, no timing information is dis-)-.25 F 2.5(played. A)144 -728.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E -(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(17)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 18 18 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(TMOUT)108 84 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 96 R .941 -(alue greater than zero,)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 -.941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 --.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 108 Q F1 -(select)2.811 E F0 .311(command terminates if input does not arri)2.811 -F .61 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.81 E F0 .31 -(seconds when input is com-)2.56 F .885(ing from a terminal.)144 120 R -.885(In an interacti)5.885 F 1.185 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 -F .886(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 -132 S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F -F1(Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that) --.1 F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 -144 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 156 Q F0 .39(If set,)144 168 +392.4 R(trailing ne)2.5 E +(wline is added when the format string is displayed.)-.25 E F1(TMOUT)108 +404.4 Q F0 .941(If set to a v)144 416.4 R .941(alue greater than zero,) +-.25 F F2(TMOUT)3.441 E F0 .941(is treated as the def)3.191 F .941 +(ault timeout for the)-.1 F F1 -.18(re)3.441 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.441 +G(iltin.).2 E(The)144 428.4 Q F1(select)2.811 E F0 .311 +(command terminates if input does not arri)2.811 F .61 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +(fter).15 E F2(TMOUT)2.81 E F0 .31(seconds when input is com-)2.56 F +.885(ing from a terminal.)144 440.4 R .885(In an interacti)5.885 F 1.185 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H .885(hell, the v).15 F .886 +(alue is interpreted as the number of seconds to)-.25 F -.1(wa)144 452.4 +S 1.05(it for a line of input after issuing the primary prompt.).1 F F1 +(Bash)6.05 E F0 1.05(terminates after w)3.55 F 1.05(aiting for that)-.1 +F(number of seconds if a complete line of input does not arri)144 464.4 +Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(TMPDIR)108 476.4 Q F0 .39(If set,)144 488.4 R F1(bash)2.89 E F0 .39(uses its v)2.89 F .39 (alue as the name of a directory in which)-.25 F F1(bash)2.891 E F0 .391 -(creates temporary \214les for the)2.891 F(shell')144 180 Q 2.5(su)-.55 -G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 192 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144 204 R -.531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031(wt)-.25 G .531 +(creates temporary \214les for the)2.891 F(shell')144 500.4 Q 2.5(su) +-.55 G(se.)-2.5 E F1(auto_r)108 512.4 Q(esume)-.18 E F0 .531(This v)144 +524.4 R .531(ariable controls ho)-.25 F 3.031(wt)-.25 G .531 (he shell interacts with the user and job control.)-3.031 F .53 -(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 216 R +(If this v)5.53 F .53(ariable is set,)-.25 F .538(single w)144 536.4 R .538(ord simple commands without redirections are treated as candidates\ - for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 228 S .367(isting stopped job) + for resumption of an)-.1 F -.15(ex)144 548.4 S .367(isting stopped job) .15 F 5.367(.T)-.4 G .366(here is no ambiguity allo)-5.367 F .366 (wed; if there is more than one job be)-.25 F .366(ginning with)-.15 F 1.124(the string typed, the job most recently accessed is selected.)144 -240 R(The)6.125 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.985 E F0 1.125 -(of a stopped job, in this)3.805 F(conte)144 252 Q 1.133 +560.4 R(The)6.125 E F3(name)3.985 E F0 1.125(of a stopped job, in this) +3.805 F(conte)144 572.4 Q 1.133 (xt, is the command line used to start it.)-.15 F 1.133(If set to the v) 6.133 F(alue)-.25 E F3 -.2(ex)3.633 G(act).2 E F0 3.632(,t).68 G 1.132 (he string supplied must)-3.632 F .624 -(match the name of a stopped job e)144 264 R .624(xactly; if set to)-.15 -F F3(substring)3.125 E F0 3.125(,t).22 G .625 +(match the name of a stopped job e)144 584.4 R .624(xactly; if set to) +-.15 F F3(substring)3.125 E F0 3.125(,t).22 G .625 (he string supplied needs to match a)-3.125 F .885 -(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 276 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) +(substring of the name of a stopped job)144 596.4 R 5.884(.T)-.4 G(he) -5.884 E F3(substring)3.724 E F0 -.25(va)3.604 G .884(lue pro).25 F .884 -(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 288 Q F1(%?)3.333 E F0 -.833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 E -F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo) +(vides functionality analogous to)-.15 F(the)144 608.4 Q F1(%?)3.333 E +F0 .833(job identi\214er \(see)5.833 F F2 .834(JOB CONTR)3.334 F(OL)-.27 +E F0(belo)3.084 E 3.334(w\). If)-.25 F .834(set to an)3.334 F 3.334(yo) -.15 G .834(ther v)-3.334 F .834(alue, the supplied string)-.25 F .316 -(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 300 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316 +(must be a pre\214x of a stopped job')144 620.4 R 2.816(sn)-.55 G .316 (ame; this pro)-2.816 F .315(vides functionality analogous to the)-.15 F -F1(%)2.815 E F3(string)A F0(job)2.815 E(identi\214er)144 312 Q(.)-.55 E -F1(histchars)108 324 Q F0 2.069(The tw)144 336 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G 4.57(rt) --4.57 G 2.07(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F 2.07 -(xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F2(HIST)4.57 E(OR) --.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 348 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.466 E 3.716 -(w\). The)-.25 F 1.216(\214rst character is the)3.716 F F3 1.215 +F1(%)2.815 E F3(string)A F0(job)2.815 E(identi\214er)144 632.4 Q(.)-.55 +E F1(histchars)108 644.4 Q F0 2.069(The tw)144 656.4 R 4.57(oo)-.1 G +4.57(rt)-4.57 G 2.07(hree characters which control history e)-4.57 F +2.07(xpansion and tok)-.15 F 2.07(enization \(see)-.1 F F2(HIST)4.57 E +(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E(EXP)144 668.4 Q(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.466 E +3.716(w\). The)-.25 F 1.216(\214rst character is the)3.716 F F3 1.215 (history e)3.715 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(character)3.715 E 3.715(,t)-.4 G 1.215(he character which)-3.715 F .798(signals the start of a history e) -144 360 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B .798 -(second character is the)3.298 F F3(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G -(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 372 Q F0(character)2.74 E 2.74(,w)-.4 G .239 -(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.74 F .239 +144 680.4 R .798(xpansion, normally `)-.15 F F1(!)A F0 3.298('. The)B +.798(second character is the)3.298 F F3(quic)3.298 E 3.298(ks)-.2 G +(ubstitu-)-3.298 E(tion)144 692.4 Q F0(character)2.74 E 2.74(,w)-.4 G +.239(hich is used as shorthand for re-running the pre)-2.74 F .239 (vious command entered, substitut-)-.25 F .575 -(ing one string for another in the command.)144 384 R .575(The def)5.575 -F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .576 +(ing one string for another in the command.)144 704.4 R .575(The def) +5.575 F .575(ault is `)-.1 F F1(^)A F0 3.075('. The)B .576 (optional third character is the)3.076 F .223(character which indicates\ that the remainder of the line is a comment when found as the \214rst \ -char)144 396 R(-)-.2 E 1.293(acter of a w)144 408 R 1.293 +char)144 716.4 R(-)-.2 E 1.293(acter of a w)144 728.4 R 1.293 (ord, normally `)-.1 F F1(#)A F0 3.793('. The)B 1.294 -(history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F .38 -(skipped for the remaining w)144 420 R .38(ords on the line.)-.1 F .379 +(history comment character causes history substitution to be)3.794 F +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(18)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 19 19 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .38 +(skipped for the remaining w)144 84 R .38(ords on the line.)-.1 F .379 (It does not necessarily cause the shell parser to treat)5.379 F -(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 432 Q F1(Arrays)87 448.8 Q(Bash) -108 460.8 Q F0(pro)3.39 E .89(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15(xe) --.15 G 3.39(da).15 G .891(nd associati)-3.39 F 1.191 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.891(rray v).15 F 3.391(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .891 -(ariable may be used as an)-3.641 F(inde)108 472.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.574(da).15 G .074(rray; the)-2.574 F F1(declar)2.574 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.574 G .074(iltin will e).2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 -F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .073(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F -.328(an array)108 484.8 R 2.828(,n)-.65 G .328(or an)-2.828 F 2.828(yr) --.15 G .329(equirement that members be inde)-2.828 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.829(do).15 G 2.829(ra)-2.829 G .329(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F -5.329(.I)-.65 G(nde)-5.329 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(da).15 G .329 -(rrays are refer)-2.829 F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 496.8 R -1.595(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.595 +(the rest of the line as a comment.)144 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +(Arrays)87 112.8 Q(Bash)108 124.8 Q F0(pro)3.39 E .89 +(vides one-dimensional inde)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.39(da).15 G .891 +(nd associati)-3.39 F 1.191 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .891(rray v).15 F 3.391 +(ariables. An)-.25 F 3.391(yv)-.15 G .891(ariable may be used as an) +-3.641 F(inde)108 136.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.574(da).15 G .074(rray; the) +-2.574 F F1(declar)2.574 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.574 G .074(iltin will e) +.2 F .073(xplicitly declare an array)-.15 F 5.073(.T)-.65 G .073 +(here is no maximum limit on the size of)-5.073 F .328(an array)108 +148.8 R 2.828(,n)-.65 G .328(or an)-2.828 F 2.828(yr)-.15 G .329 +(equirement that members be inde)-2.828 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(do).15 G +2.829(ra)-2.829 G .329(ssigned contiguously)-2.829 F 5.329(.I)-.65 G +(nde)-5.329 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.829(da).15 G .329(rrays are refer)-2.829 +F(-)-.2 E 1.595(enced using inte)108 160.8 R 1.595 +(gers \(including arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.595 (xpressions\) and are zero-based; associati)-.15 F 1.895 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.595(rrays are refer).15 F(-)-.2 E(enced using arbitrary strings.)108 -508.8 Q(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G +172.8 Q(Unless otherwise noted, inde)5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G (rray indices must be non-ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .3 -.15 -(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.462(An inde)108 525.6 R -.15(xe) +(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E 2.462(An inde)108 189.6 R -.15(xe) -.15 G 4.962(da).15 G 2.462(rray is created automatically if an)-4.962 F 4.963(yv)-.15 G 2.463(ariable is assigned to using the syntax)-5.213 F -F3(name)4.963 E F0([)A F3(sub-)A(script)108 537.6 Q F0(]=)A F3(value)A -F0 6.549(.T)C(he)-6.549 E F3(subscript)4.389 E F0 1.549 -(is treated as an arithmetic e)4.729 F 1.549(xpression that must e)-.15 -F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.548(luate to a number).25 F 6.548(.T)-.55 G(o)-7.348 -E -.15(ex)108 549.6 S 1.979(plicitly declare an inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G 4.479(da).15 G(rray)-4.479 E 4.48(,u)-.65 G(se)-4.48 E F1(declar)4.48 -E 4.48<65ad>-.18 G(a)-4.48 E F3(name)4.48 E F0(\(see)4.48 E F2 1.98 -(SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.98(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E -(w\).)-.25 E F1(declar)108 561.6 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(a)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 -E F1([)A F3(subscript)A F1(])A F0(is also accepted; the)2.5 E F3 -(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E(Associati)108 578.4 Q .3 -.15 -(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 -G(A)-2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108 595.2 Q .941 -(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941(ariable using the) --.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.44 E F1 -.18(re)3.44 G -(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.44 G 3.44(iltins. Each).2 F(attrib)3.44 E(ute) --.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 607.2 Q(.)-.65 E 1.647 -(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 624 R -F3(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F3(1)A F0 1.647 -(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F3(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.148(,w)C 1.648(here each) --4.148 F F3(value)108 636 Q F0 1.833(is of the form [)4.333 F F3 -(subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(string)A F0 6.833(.I)C(nde)-6.833 E -.15(xe)-.15 +/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)4.963 E F0([)A F2(sub-)A(script)108 201.6 +Q F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0 6.549(.T)C(he)-6.549 E F2(subscript)4.389 E F0 +1.549(is treated as an arithmetic e)4.729 F 1.549(xpression that must e) +-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.548(luate to a number).25 F 6.548(.T)-.55 G(o) +-7.348 E -.15(ex)108 213.6 S 1.979(plicitly declare an inde).15 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 4.479(da).15 G(rray)-4.479 E 4.48(,u)-.65 G(se)-4.48 E F1 +(declar)4.48 E 4.48<65ad>-.18 G(a)-4.48 E F2(name)4.48 E F0(\(see)4.48 E +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.98(SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.98(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(declar)108 225.6 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G +(a)-2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F1([)A F2(subscript)A F1(])A F0 +(is also accepted; the)2.5 E F2(subscript)2.5 E F0(is ignored.)2.5 E +(Associati)108 242.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rrays are created using).15 E +F1(declar)2.5 E 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(A)-2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(.)A(Attrib)108 +259.2 Q .941(utes may be speci\214ed for an array v)-.2 F .941 +(ariable using the)-.25 F F1(declar)3.441 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)3.44 E F1 +-.18(re)3.44 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.44 G 3.44(iltins. Each).2 F +(attrib)3.44 E(ute)-.2 E(applies to all members of an array)108 271.2 Q +(.)-.65 E 1.647 +(Arrays are assigned to using compound assignments of the form)108 288 R +F2(name)4.147 E F0(=)A F1(\()A F0 -.25(va)C(lue).25 E F2(1)A F0 1.647 +(... v)4.147 F(alue)-.25 E F2(n)A F1(\))A F0 4.148(,w)C 1.648(here each) +-4.148 F F2(value)108 300 Q F0 1.833(is of the form [)4.333 F F2 +(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(string)A F0 6.833(.I)C(nde)-6.833 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.333(da).15 G 1.833(rray assignments do not require an)-4.333 F 1.832 -(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F3(string)4.332 E F0(.)A .163 -(When assigning to inde)108 648 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.663(da).15 G .163 +(ything b)-.15 F(ut)-.2 E F2(string)4.332 E F0(.)A .163 +(When assigning to inde)108 312 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.663(da).15 G .163 (rrays, if the optional brack)-2.663 F .163 (ets and subscript are supplied, that inde)-.1 F 2.664(xi)-.15 G 2.664 -(sa)-2.664 G(ssigned)-2.664 E 1.411(to; otherwise the inde)108 660 R +(sa)-2.664 G(ssigned)-2.664 E 1.411(to; otherwise the inde)108 324 R 3.911(xo)-.15 G 3.911(ft)-3.911 G 1.411 (he element assigned is the last inde)-3.911 F 3.91(xa)-.15 G 1.41 -(ssigned to by the statement plus one.)-3.91 F(Inde)108 672 Q -(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E(When assigning to an associati)108 688.8 Q +(ssigned to by the statement plus one.)-3.91 F(Inde)108 336 Q +(xing starts at zero.)-.15 E(When assigning to an associati)108 352.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray).15 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he subscript is required.) --2.5 E .239(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 705.6 R F1(declar) +-2.5 E .239(This syntax is also accepted by the)108 369.6 R F1(declar) 2.739 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.739 G 2.739(iltin. Indi).2 F .24 -(vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F3(name)108 -717.6 Q F0([)A F3(subscript)A F0(]=)A F3(value)A F0 1.917 +(vidual array elements may be assigned to using the)-.25 F F2(name)108 +381.6 Q F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]=)A F2(value)A F0 1.917 (syntax introduced abo)4.417 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.917(.W).15 G 1.917 (hen assigning to an inde)-6.917 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.417(da).15 G(rray) --4.417 E 4.417(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.417 E F3(name)4.777 E F0 1.916(is sub-) -4.597 F .115(scripted by a ne)108 729.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .415 +-4.417 E 4.417(,i)-.65 G(f)-4.417 E F2(name)4.777 E F0 1.916(is sub-) +4.597 F .115(scripted by a ne)108 393.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .415 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.615(,t)-.4 G .115 (hat number is interpreted as relati)-2.615 F .415 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.615(oo).15 G .116(ne greater than the maximum inde)-2.615 F(x)-.15 E -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(18)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 19 19 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(of)108 84 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)3.338 E F0 3.338(,s)C 3.338(on)-3.338 G -2.25 +(of)108 405.6 Q F2(name)3.338 E F0 3.338(,s)C 3.338(on)-3.338 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.338 H(ti).15 E 1.138 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .838 (ndices count back from the end of the array).15 F 3.338(,a)-.65 G .838 (nd an inde)-3.338 F 3.338(xo)-.15 G 3.338<66ad>-3.338 G 3.338(1r)-3.338 -G .838(eferences the last)-3.338 F(element.)108 96 Q(An)108 112.8 Q +G .838(eferences the last)-3.338 F(element.)108 417.6 Q(An)108 434.4 Q 3.575(ye)-.15 G 1.075(lement of an array may be referenced using ${) --3.575 F F1(name)A F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.076 +-3.575 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 3.575(]}. The)B 1.076 (braces are required to a)3.576 F -.2(vo)-.2 G(id).2 E 1.542 -(con\215icts with pathname e)108 124.8 R 4.041(xpansion. If)-.15 F F1 -(subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(@)4.041 E F0(or) -4.041 E F2(*)4.041 E F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e)-.1 F -1.541(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F1(name)4.041 E F0(.)A 1.056 -(These subscripts dif)108 136.8 R 1.056(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 +(con\215icts with pathname e)108 446.4 R 4.041(xpansion. If)-.15 F F2 +(subscript)4.041 E F0(is)4.041 E F1(@)4.041 E F0(or)4.041 E F1(*)4.041 E +F0 4.041(,t)C 1.541(he w)-4.041 F 1.541(ord e)-.1 F 1.541 +(xpands to all members of)-.15 F F2(name)4.041 E F0(.)A 1.056 +(These subscripts dif)108 458.4 R 1.056(fer only when the w)-.25 F 1.057 (ord appears within double quotes.)-.1 F 1.057(If the w)6.057 F 1.057 -(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 148.8 Q F1(name)A F0 .521([*]} e)B +(ord is double-quoted,)-.1 F(${)108 470.4 Q F2(name)A F0 .521([*]} e)B .521(xpands to a single w)-.15 F .521(ord with the v)-.1 F .52 (alue of each array member separated by the \214rst character)-.25 F -1.374(of the)108 160.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.874 E F0 1.374 -(special v)3.624 F 1.375(ariable, and ${)-.25 F F1(name)A F0 1.375 -([@]} e)B 1.375(xpands each element of)-.15 F F1(name)3.875 E F0 1.375 -(to a separate w)3.875 F 3.875(ord. When)-.1 F 2.028 -(there are no array members, ${)108 172.8 R F1(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B -2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F 2.027(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F -2.027(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .758(within a w)108 184.8 R .759 -(ord, the e)-.1 F .759 +1.374(of the)108 482.4 R F3(IFS)3.874 E F0 1.374(special v)3.624 F 1.375 +(ariable, and ${)-.25 F F2(name)A F0 1.375([@]} e)B 1.375 +(xpands each element of)-.15 F F2(name)3.875 E F0 1.375(to a separate w) +3.875 F 3.875(ord. When)-.1 F 2.028(there are no array members, ${)108 +494.4 R F2(name)A F0 2.028([@]} e)B 2.028(xpands to nothing.)-.15 F +2.027(If the double-quoted e)7.028 F 2.027(xpansion occurs)-.15 F .758 +(within a w)108 506.4 R .759(ord, the e)-.1 F .759 (xpansion of the \214rst parameter is joined with the be)-.15 F .759 (ginning part of the original w)-.15 F(ord,)-.1 E .516(and the e)108 -196.8 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\ +518.4 R .516(xpansion of the last parameter is joined with the last par\ t of the original w)-.15 F 3.015(ord. This)-.1 F .515(is analogous)3.015 -F .227(to the e)108 208.8 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 -F F2(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F2(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F2 .228 +F .227(to the e)108 530.4 R .228(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 +F F1(*)2.728 E F0(and)2.728 E F1(@)2.728 E F0(\(see)2.728 E F1 .228 (Special P)2.728 F(arameters)-.1 E F0(abo)2.728 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.728 -(\). ${#).15 F F1(name)A F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 220.8 -S .886(pands to the length of ${).15 F F1(name)A F0([)A F1(subscript)A -F0 3.386(]}. If)B F1(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E F2(*)3.386 E F0(or) -3.386 E F2(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886 -(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .294(ments in the array)108 232.8 -R 5.294(.I)-.65 G 2.794(ft)-5.294 G(he)-2.794 E F1(subscript)3.135 E F0 +(\). ${#).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 542.4 +S .886(pands to the length of ${).15 F F2(name)A F0([)A F2(subscript)A +F0 3.386(]}. If)B F2(subscript)3.386 E F0(is)3.386 E F1(*)3.386 E F0(or) +3.386 E F1(@)3.386 E F0 3.386(,t)C .886(he e)-3.386 F .886 +(xpansion is the number of ele-)-.15 F .294(ments in the array)108 554.4 +R 5.294(.I)-.65 G 2.794(ft)-5.294 G(he)-2.794 E F2(subscript)3.135 E F0 .295(used to reference an element of an inde)3.475 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.795(da).15 G .295(rray e)-2.795 F -.25(va)-.25 G .295 (luates to a number).25 F .629 -(less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 244.8 R .929 -.15(ve t) +(less than zero, it is interpreted as relati)108 566.4 R .929 -.15(ve t) -.25 H 3.128(oo).15 G .628(ne greater than the maximum inde)-3.128 F 3.128(xo)-.15 G 3.128(ft)-3.128 G .628(he array)-3.128 F 3.128(,s)-.65 G 3.128(on)-3.128 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.128 H(ti).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(indices count back from the end of the array)108 256.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G +(indices count back from the end of the array)108 578.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G (nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G (eferences the last element.)-2.5 E .595(Referencing an array v)108 -273.6 R .595(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G +595.2 R .595(ariable without a subscript is equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .595(lent to referencing the array with a subscript of).25 F 2.5(0. An) -108 285.6 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25 -E(alid subscript is le)-.25 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(l, and).05 E F2(bash)2.5 E -F0(will create an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An array v)108 302.4 -Q(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E +108 607.2 R 2.5(yr)-.15 G(eference to a v)-2.5 E(ariable using a v)-.25 +E(alid subscript is le)-.25 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(l, and).05 E F1(bash)2.5 E +F0(will create an array if necessary)2.5 E(.)-.65 E(An array v)108 624 Q +(ariable is considered set if a subscript has been assigned a v)-.25 E 2.5(alue. The)-.25 F(null string is a v)2.5 E(alid v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E -.418(It is possible to obtain the k)108 319.2 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\() +.418(It is possible to obtain the k)108 640.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.918(s\() .15 G .418(indices\) of an array as well as the v)-2.918 F 2.917 -(alues. ${)-.25 F F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0 .417(]} and ${)B F2 -(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 331.2 S .749 -(pand to the indices assigned in array v).15 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(name) +(alues. ${)-.25 F F1(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0 .417(]} and ${)B F1 +(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A F2(*)A F0(]})A -.15(ex)108 652.8 S .749 +(pand to the indices assigned in array v).15 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(name) 3.249 E F0 5.749(.T)C .75 (he treatment when in double quotes is similar to)-5.749 F(the e)108 -343.2 Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F1(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 -E F1(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 360 Q F2(unset)2.767 -E F0 -.2(bu)2.767 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 G -(rrays.)-2.767 E F2(unset)5.267 E F1(name)2.767 E F0([)A F1(subscript)A +664.8 Q(xpansion of the special parameters)-.15 E F2(@)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 +E F2(*)2.5 E F0(within double quotes.)2.5 E(The)108 681.6 Q F1(unset) +2.767 E F0 -.2(bu)2.767 G .267(iltin is used to destro).2 F 2.767(ya)-.1 +G(rrays.)-2.767 E F1(unset)5.267 E F2(name)2.767 E F0([)A F2(subscript)A F0 2.767(]d)C(estro)-2.767 E .267(ys the array element at inde)-.1 F(x) --.15 E F1(sub-)2.766 E(script)108 372 Q F0 6.318(.N)C -2.25 -.15(eg a) --6.318 H(ti).15 E 1.618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.318(ubscripts to inde).15 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 3.818(da).15 G 1.319 -(rrays are interpreted as described abo)-3.818 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 6.319 -(.C).15 G 1.319(are must be tak)-6.319 F 1.319(en to)-.1 F -.2(avo)108 -384 S .298(id unw).2 F .298(anted side ef)-.1 F .298 -(fects caused by pathname e)-.25 F(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(unset)5.298 E F1 -(name)2.797 E F0 2.797(,w)C(here)-2.797 E F1(name)2.797 E F0 .297 -(is an array)2.797 F 2.797(,o)-.65 G(r)-2.797 E F2(unset)2.797 E F1 -(name)108 396 Q F0([)A F1(subscript)A F0(], where)A F1(subscript)2.5 E -F0(is)2.5 E F2(*)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F2(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E(The)108 -412.8 Q F2(declar)3.573 E(e)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(local)3.573 E F0 3.573(,a)C -(nd)-3.573 E F2 -.18(re)3.573 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.573 G 1.073 -(iltins each accept a).2 F F2<ad61>3.573 E F0 1.073 -(option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.574(da).15 G 1.074 -(rray and a)-3.574 F F2<ad41>3.574 E F0 .339 -(option to specify an associati)108 424.8 R .638 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray) +-.15 E F2(sub-)2.766 E(script)108 693.6 Q F0 3.974(,f)C 1.474 +(or both inde)-3.974 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.974(da).15 G 1.474(nd associati) +-3.974 F 1.774 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.974(rrays. Ne).15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti) +.05 E 1.774 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.474(ubscripts to inde).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G 3.975(da).15 G 1.475(rrays are interpreted as)-3.975 F .615 +(described abo)108 705.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.615(.U).15 G .615 +(nsetting the last element of an array v)-5.615 F .614 +(ariable does not unset the v)-.25 F(ariable.)-.25 E F1(unset)5.614 E F2 +(name)3.114 E F0(,)A(where)108 717.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an array)2.5 +E 2.5(,o)-.65 G(r)-2.5 E F1(unset)2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0([)A F2 +(subscript)A F0(], where)A F2(subscript)2.5 E F0(is)2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 +(or)2.5 E F1(@)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C(emo)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G +(he entire array)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15) +144.29 E(19)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 20 20 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .847 +(When using a v)108 84 R .848(ariable name with a subscript as an ar) +-.25 F .848(gument to a command, such as with)-.18 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(unset)3.348 E F0 3.348(,w)C(ithout)-3.348 E .345(using the w)108 96 R +.345(ord e)-.1 F .345(xpansion syntax described abo)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 +G 2.845(,t).15 G .345(he ar)-2.845 F .344 +(gument is subject to pathname e)-.18 F 2.844(xpansion. If)-.15 F(path-) +2.844 E(name e)108 108 Q(xpansion is not desired, the ar)-.15 E +(gument should be quoted.)-.18 E(The)108 124.8 Q F1(declar)3.573 E(e) +-.18 E F0(,)A F1(local)3.573 E F0 3.573(,a)C(nd)-3.573 E F1 -.18(re) +3.573 G(adonly).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.573 G 1.073(iltins each accept a).2 F +F1<ad61>3.573 E F0 1.073(option to specify an inde)3.573 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G 3.574(da).15 G 1.074(rray and a)-3.574 F F1<ad41>3.574 E F0 .339 +(option to specify an associati)108 136.8 R .638 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray) .15 E 5.338(.I)-.65 G 2.838(fb)-5.338 G .338(oth options are supplied,) --2.838 F F2<ad41>2.838 E F0(tak)2.838 E .338(es precedence.)-.1 F(The) -5.338 E F2 -.18(re)2.838 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.838 G(iltin).2 E .44 -(accepts a)108 436.8 R F2<ad61>2.941 E F0 .441 +-2.838 F F1<ad41>2.838 E F0(tak)2.838 E .338(es precedence.)-.1 F(The) +5.338 E F1 -.18(re)2.838 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.838 G(iltin).2 E .44 +(accepts a)108 148.8 R F1<ad61>2.941 E F0 .441 (option to assign a list of w)2.941 F .441 (ords read from the standard input to an array)-.1 F 5.441(.T)-.65 G(he) --5.441 E F2(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F2(declar)2.941 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 -(bu)108 448.8 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E -(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F4 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 465.6 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\ -rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 477.6 R 3.26 +-5.441 E F1(set)2.941 E F0(and)2.941 E F1(declar)2.941 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2 +(bu)108 160.8 S(iltins display array v).2 E(alues in a w)-.25 E +(ay that allo)-.1 E(ws them to be reused as assignments.)-.25 E/F2 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXP)72 177.6 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .76(Expansion is perfo\ +rmed on the command line after it has been split into w)108 189.6 R 3.26 (ords. There)-.1 F .76(are se)3.26 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.26(nk).15 G .76 -(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 489.6 S .369(pansion performed:).15 F F1 -(br)2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .369(tilde e) -2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(par)2.869 E .369 -(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1 .37 -(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 501.6 Q F0(,).24 E F1(arithmetic e) -2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F1(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 -E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F1(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24 -E .419(The order of e)108 518.4 R .419(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .418 +(inds of)-3.26 F -.15(ex)108 201.6 S .369(pansion performed:).15 F/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(br)2.869 E .369(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 +E F3 .369(tilde e)2.869 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3(par)2.869 E .369 +(ameter and variable e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3 .37 +(command sub-)2.869 F(stitution)108 213.6 Q F0(,).24 E F3(arithmetic e) +2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(,).24 E F3(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 +E F0 2.5(,a).22 G(nd)-2.5 E F3(pathname e)2.5 E(xpansion)-.2 E F0(.).24 +E .419(The order of e)108 230.4 R .419(xpansions is: brace e)-.15 F .418 (xpansion; tilde e)-.15 F .418(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .418 -(ariable e)-.25 F .418(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 530.4 S +(ariable e)-.25 F .418(xpansion, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 242.4 S .195(pansion, and command substitution \(done in a left-to-right f).15 F .196(ashion\); w)-.1 F .196(ord splitting; and pathname e)-.1 F(xpan-) --.15 E(sion.)108 542.4 Q .257 -(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 559.2 R -.257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F1(pr)2.757 E .257 +-.15 E(sion.)108 254.4 Q .257 +(On systems that can support it, there is an additional e)108 271.2 R +.257(xpansion a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F3(pr)2.757 E .257 (ocess substitution)-.45 F F0 5.257(.T)C .256(his is per)-5.257 F(-)-.2 -E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 571.2 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G +E(formed at the same time as tilde, parameter)108 283.2 Q 2.5(,v)-.4 G (ariable, and arithmetic e)-2.75 E(xpansion and command substitution.) --.15 E .002(After these e)108 588 R .003 +-.15 E .002(After these e)108 300 R .003 (xpansions are performed, quote characters present in the original w) -.15 F .003(ord are remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.503(du).15 G .003 -(nless the)-2.503 F(y)-.15 E(ha)108 600 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H -(een quoted themselv).15 E(es \()-.15 E F1(quote r)A(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1 -E F0(\).)A 1.487(Only brace e)108 616.8 R 1.487(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.487 -(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.487 -(xpansion can change the number of w)-.15 F 1.486(ords of the)-.1 F -.15 -(ex)108 628.8 S 1.164(pansion; other e).15 F 1.164(xpansions e)-.15 F -1.164(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665 +(nless the)-2.503 F(y)-.15 E(ha)108 312 Q .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H +(een quoted themselv).15 E(es \()-.15 E F3(quote r)A(emo)-.37 E(val)-.1 +E F0(\).)A 1.191(Only brace e)108 328.8 R 1.191(xpansion, w)-.15 F 1.191 +(ord splitting, and pathname e)-.1 F 1.191 +(xpansion can increase the number of w)-.15 F 1.19(ords of the)-.1 F +-.15(ex)108 340.8 S 1.164(pansion; other e).15 F 1.164(xpansions e)-.15 +F 1.164(xpand a single w)-.15 F 1.165(ord to a single w)-.1 F 3.665 (ord. The)-.1 F 1.165(only e)3.665 F 1.165(xceptions to this are the) --.15 F -.15(ex)108 640.8 S(pansions of ").15 E F2($@)A F0 2.5("a)C(nd ") --2.5 E F2(${)A F1(name)A F2([@]})A F0 2.5("a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G -(xplained abo)-2.65 E .3 -.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G -(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F2(Brace Expansion)87 657.6 -Q F1(Br)108.58 669.6 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606 +-.15 F -.15(ex)108 352.8 S 1.245(pansions of ").15 F F1($@)A F0 3.745 +("a)C 1.245(nd ")-3.745 F F1(${)A F3(name)A F1([@]})A F0 1.245 +(", and, in most cases,)B F1($*)3.745 E F0(and)3.745 E F1(${)3.744 E F3 +(name)A F1([*]})A F0 1.244(as e)3.744 F 1.244(xplained abo)-.15 F 1.544 +-.15(ve \()-.15 H(see).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)108 364.8 S +(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\).)A F1(Brace Expansion)87 381.6 +Q F3(Br)108.58 393.6 Q .606(ace e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 .606 (is a mechanism by which arbitrary strings may be generated.)3.346 F -.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 681.6 Q F1 .415 +.606(This mechanism is similar)5.606 F(to)108 405.6 Q F3 .415 (pathname e)2.915 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 2.915(,b)C .415 (ut the \214lenames generated need not e)-3.115 F 2.915(xist. P)-.15 F .415(atterns to be brace e)-.15 F .415(xpanded tak)-.15 F 2.915(et)-.1 G -(he)-2.915 E .152(form of an optional)108 693.6 R F1(pr)2.652 E(eamble) +(he)-2.915 E .151(form of an optional)108 417.6 R F3(pr)2.651 E(eamble) -.37 E F0 2.651(,f).18 G(ollo)-2.651 E .151 (wed by either a series of comma-separated strings or a sequence e)-.25 -F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 705.6 R -.563(wed by an optional)-.25 F F1(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G +F(xpres-)-.15 E .563(sion between a pair of braces, follo)108 429.6 R +.563(wed by an optional)-.25 F F3(postscript)3.063 E F0 5.563(.T).68 G .563(he preamble is pre\214x)-5.563 F .563(ed to each string)-.15 F .659 (contained within the braces, and the postscript is then appended to ea\ -ch resulting string, e)108 717.6 R .658(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.) -108 729.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(19)192.055 E -0 Cg EP -%%Page: 20 20 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .718(Brace e)108 -84 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 F .719(The results of each e) -5.719 F .719(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 -F(preserv)108 96 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF({)A F0(d,c,b)A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C -(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.243(As)108 112.8 S .743(equence e) --3.243 F .743(xpression tak)-.15 F .743(es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.243 E -/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(x)A F1(..)A F2(y)A F1([..)A F2(incr)A F1(]})A -F0 3.243(,w)C(here)-3.243 E F2(x)3.243 E F0(and)3.242 E F2(y)3.242 E F0 -.742(are either inte)3.242 F .742(gers or single characters,)-.15 F(and) -108 124.8 Q F2(incr)3.031 E F0 3.031(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.031 G .532 -(ptional increment, is an inte)-3.032 F(ger)-.15 E 5.532(.W)-.55 G .532 -(hen inte)-5.532 F .532(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .532 -(xpression e)-.15 F .532(xpands to each)-.15 F .078(number between)108 -136.8 R F2(x)2.578 E F0(and)2.578 E F2(y)2.578 E F0 2.578(,i)C(nclusi) --2.578 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.078(.S).15 G .078(upplied inte)-5.078 F .077 -(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F2(0)2.577 E F0 .077 -(to force each term to ha)2.577 F .377 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .014 -(same width.)108 148.8 R .014(When either)5.014 F F2(x)2.514 E F0(or) -2.514 E F2(y)2.514 E F0(be)2.514 E .015(gins with a zero, the shell att\ +ch resulting string, e)108 441.6 R .659(xpanding left to)-.15 F(right.) +108 453.6 Q .719(Brace e)108 470.4 R .719(xpansions may be nested.)-.15 +F .719(The results of each e)5.719 F .719 +(xpanded string are not sorted; left to right order is)-.15 F(preserv) +108 482.4 Q 2.5(ed. F)-.15 F(or e)-.15 E(xample, a)-.15 E F1({)A F0 +(d,c,b)A F1(})A F0 2.5(ee)C(xpands into `ade ace abe'.)-2.65 E 3.242(As) +108 499.2 S .742(equence e)-3.242 F .742(xpression tak)-.15 F .742 +(es the form)-.1 F F1({)3.242 E F3(x)A F1(..)A F3(y)A F1([..)A F3(incr)A +F1(]})A F0 3.242(,w)C(here)-3.242 E F3(x)3.242 E F0(and)3.243 E F3(y) +3.243 E F0 .743(are either inte)3.243 F .743(gers or single characters,) +-.15 F(and)108 511.2 Q F3(incr)3.032 E F0 3.032(,a)C 3.032(no)-3.032 G +.532(ptional increment, is an inte)-3.032 F(ger)-.15 E 5.532(.W)-.55 G +.532(hen inte)-5.532 F .532(gers are supplied, the e)-.15 F .532 +(xpression e)-.15 F .531(xpands to each)-.15 F .077(number between)108 +523.2 R F3(x)2.577 E F0(and)2.577 E F3(y)2.577 E F0 2.577(,i)C(nclusi) +-2.577 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.077(.S).15 G .077(upplied inte)-5.077 F .077 +(gers may be pre\214x)-.15 F .077(ed with)-.15 F F3(0)2.577 E F0 .078 +(to force each term to ha)2.578 F .378 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he).15 E .015 +(same width.)108 535.2 R .015(When either)5.015 F F3(x)2.515 E F0(or) +2.515 E F3(y)2.515 E F0(be)2.515 E .014(gins with a zero, the shell att\ empts to force all generated terms to contain)-.15 F 1.143 -(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 160.8 R +(the same number of digits, zero-padding where necessary)108 547.2 R 6.143(.W)-.65 G 1.143(hen characters are supplied, the e)-6.143 F -(xpression)-.15 E -.15(ex)108 172.8 S 1.064(pands to each character le) -.15 F 1.064(xicographically between)-.15 F F2(x)3.564 E F0(and)3.564 E -F2(y)3.564 E F0 3.564(,i)C(nclusi)-3.564 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.564(,u).15 G -1.064(sing the def)-3.564 F 1.064(ault C locale.)-.1 F(Note)6.064 E .984 -(that both)108 184.8 R F2(x)3.484 E F0(and)3.484 E F2(y)3.484 E F0 .983 -(must be of the same type.)3.484 F .983 +(xpression)-.15 E -.15(ex)108 559.2 S 1.064(pands to each character le) +.15 F 1.064(xicographically between)-.15 F F3(x)3.564 E F0(and)3.564 E +F3(y)3.564 E F0 3.564(,i)C(nclusi)-3.564 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.564(,u).15 G +1.064(sing the def)-3.564 F 1.064(ault C locale.)-.1 F(Note)6.064 E .983 +(that both)108 571.2 R F3(x)3.483 E F0(and)3.483 E F3(y)3.483 E F0 .983 +(must be of the same type.)3.483 F .984 (When the increment is supplied, it is used as the dif)5.983 F(ference) --.25 E(between each term.)108 196.8 Q(The def)5 E -(ault increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate.)-.1 E .581(Brace e)108 213.6 -R .581(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.081(yo)-.15 G .581 -(ther e)-3.081 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.082(yc)-.15 G .582 -(haracters special to other e)-3.082 F(xpansions)-.15 E .016 -(are preserv)108 225.6 R .016(ed in the result.)-.15 F .016 -(It is strictly te)5.016 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)5.016 E F0 .015 -(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.515(ys)-.15 G .015 -(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.515 F(te)108 237.6 Q -(xt of the e)-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.) --.15 E 3.632(Ac)108 254.4 S 1.132(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.632 F 1.132 -(xpansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at leas\ -t one)-.15 F 3.441(unquoted comma or a v)108 266.4 R 3.441 -(alid sequence e)-.25 F 5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441 -(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.44(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755 -(unchanged. A)108 278.4 R F1({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F1(,)2.755 E F0 +-.25 E(between each term.)108 583.2 Q(The def)5 E +(ault increment is 1 or \2551 as appropriate.)-.1 E .582(Brace e)108 600 +R .582(xpansion is performed before an)-.15 F 3.082(yo)-.15 G .581 +(ther e)-3.082 F .581(xpansions, and an)-.15 F 3.081(yc)-.15 G .581 +(haracters special to other e)-3.081 F(xpansions)-.15 E .015 +(are preserv)108 612 R .015(ed in the result.)-.15 F .015 +(It is strictly te)5.015 F(xtual.)-.15 E F1(Bash)5.016 E F0 .016 +(does not apply an)2.516 F 2.516(ys)-.15 G .016 +(yntactic interpretation to the con-)-2.516 F(te)108 624 Q(xt of the e) +-.15 E(xpansion or the te)-.15 E(xt between the braces.)-.15 E 3.633(Ac) +108 640.8 S 1.133(orrectly-formed brace e)-3.633 F 1.132(xpansion must \ +contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least one)-.15 F +3.44(unquoted comma or a v)108 652.8 R 3.441(alid sequence e)-.25 F +5.941(xpression. An)-.15 F 5.941(yi)-.15 G 3.441 +(ncorrectly formed brace e)-5.941 F 3.441(xpansion is left)-.15 F 2.755 +(unchanged. A)108 664.8 R F1({)2.755 E F0(or)2.755 E F1(,)2.755 E F0 .255(may be quoted with a backslash to pre)2.755 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .255 -(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.911 -(sion. T)108 290.4 R 2.911(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.111 G .411 +(nt its being considered part of a brace e).15 F(xpres-)-.15 E 2.91 +(sion. T)108 676.8 R 2.91(oa)-.8 G -.2(vo)-3.11 G .41 (id con\215icts with parameter e).2 F .411(xpansion, the string)-.15 F -F1(${)2.911 E F0 .41(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F -(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)108 302.4 Q 1.476(This construct is typically used \ -as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strings to be generated is) -108 319.2 R(longer than in the abo)108 331.2 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H -(ample:).15 E(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 348 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G -(dist,b).65 E(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 360 Q(cho)144 372 Q -(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e) --.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618(Brace e)108 388.8 R .618 +F1(${)2.911 E F0 .411(is not considered eligible for brace e)2.911 F +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion, and inhibits brace e)108 688.8 Q +(xpansion until the closing)-.15 E F1(})2.5 E F0(.)A 1.476(This constru\ +ct is typically used as shorthand when the common pre\214x of the strin\ +gs to be generated is)108 705.6 R(longer than in the abo)108 717.6 Q .3 +-.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample:).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15) +144.29 E(20)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 21 21 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(mkdir /usr/local/src/bash/{old,ne)144 84 Q -.65(w,)-.25 G(dist,b).65 E +(ugs})-.2 E(or)108 96 Q(cho)144 108 Q(wn root /usr/{ucb/{e)-.25 E +(x,edit},lib/{e)-.15 E(x?.?*,ho)-.15 E(w_e)-.25 E(x}})-.15 E .618 +(Brace e)108 124.8 R .618 (xpansion introduces a slight incompatibility with historical v)-.15 F -.618(ersions of)-.15 F F1(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F1(sh)5.618 E F0 .618 -(does not treat open-)3.118 F .247 -(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 400.8 R 2.747(ya)-.15 G -.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.747 F .248(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .248 -(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.248 E F0(remo)108 412.8 Q -.15 +.618(ersions of)-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(sh)3.118 E F0(.)A F1(sh) +5.618 E F0 .618(does not treat open-)3.118 F .248 +(ing or closing braces specially when the)108 136.8 R 2.748(ya)-.15 G +.247(ppear as part of a w)-2.748 F .247(ord, and preserv)-.1 F .247 +(es them in the output.)-.15 F F1(Bash)5.247 E F0(remo)108 148.8 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G 3.53(sb).15 G 1.03(races from w)-3.53 F 1.03 (ords as a consequence of brace e)-.1 F 3.53(xpansion. F)-.15 F 1.03 (or e)-.15 F 1.03(xample, a w)-.15 F 1.03(ord entered to)-.1 F F1(sh) -3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E F2(\214le{1,2})108 424.8 Q F0 .514 -(appears identically in the output.)3.014 F .515(The same w)5.515 F .515 -(ord is output as)-.1 F F2 .515(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .515(after e) -3.035 F .515(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.015 E F0(.)A .437 -(If strict compatibility with)108 436.8 R F1(sh)2.936 E F0 .436 +3.53 E F0(as)3.53 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le{1,2})108 160.8 Q F0 +.515(appears identically in the output.)3.015 F .515(The same w)5.515 F +.515(ord is output as)-.1 F F2 .514(\214le1 \214le2)4.925 F F0 .514 +(after e)3.034 F .514(xpansion by)-.15 F F1(bash)3.014 E F0(.)A .436 +(If strict compatibility with)108 172.8 R F1(sh)2.936 E F0 .436 (is desired, start)2.936 F F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436(with the)2.936 F F1 -(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .436 -(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 448.8 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1 +(+B)2.936 E F0 .436(option or disable brace e)2.936 F .437 +(xpansion with the)-.15 F F1(+B)108 184.8 Q F0(option to the)2.5 E F1 (set)2.5 E F0(command \(see)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E (UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -.18(Ti) -87 465.6 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.086(If a w)108 477.6 R 1.086(ord be) --.1 F 1.086(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0 -1.087('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(\ +87 201.6 S(lde Expansion).18 E F0 1.087(If a w)108 213.6 R 1.087(ord be) +-.1 F 1.087(gins with an unquoted tilde character \(`)-.15 F F1(~)A F0 +1.086('\), all of the characters preceding the \214rst unquoted)B .185(\ slash \(or all characters, if there is no unquoted slash\) are consider\ -ed a)108 489.6 R F2(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685 -(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .725(in the tilde-pre\ -\214x are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 501.6 R -.726(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2(lo)108 513.6 Q -.523(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.523(.I)C 3.023(ft)-5.523 G .523 +ed a)108 225.6 R F2(tilde-pr)2.685 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.185(.I)C 2.685 +(fn)-5.185 G .185(one of the characters)-2.685 F .726(in the tilde-pre\ +\214x are quoted, the characters in the tilde-pre\214x follo)108 237.6 R +.725(wing the tilde are treated as a possible)-.25 F F2(lo)108 249.6 Q +.522(gin name)-.1 F F0 5.522(.I)C 3.022(ft)-5.522 G .522 (his login name is the null string, the tilde is replaced with the v) --3.023 F .522(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 525.6 Q/F4 -9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.786 E F3(HOME)2.786 E F0 .287 -(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.536 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .287 -(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.287 E(-)-.2 E(w\ +-3.022 F .523(alue of the shell parameter)-.25 F F3(HOME)108 261.6 Q/F4 +9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.787 E F3(HOME)2.787 E F0 .287 +(is unset, the home directory of the user e)2.537 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .286 +(cuting the shell is substituted instead.).15 F(Other)5.286 E(-)-.2 E(w\ ise, the tilde-pre\214x is replaced with the home directory associated \ -with the speci\214ed login name.)108 537.6 Q .093 -(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 554.4 R .092 +with the speci\214ed login name.)108 273.6 Q .092 +(If the tilde-pre\214x is a `~+', the v)108 290.4 R .092 (alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(PWD)2.592 E F0 .092 -(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .092(If the tilde-pre\214x is) -5.092 F 3.403(a`)108 566.4 S .903(~\255', the v)-3.403 F .903 +(replaces the tilde-pre\214x.)2.342 F .093(If the tilde-pre\214x is) +5.093 F 3.404(a`)108 302.4 S .904(~\255', the v)-3.404 F .904 (alue of the shell v)-.25 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(OLDPWD)3.404 E F4(,)A F0 -.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .904(If the characters follo) -5.904 F .904(wing the)-.25 F 1.642 -(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 578.4 R F2(N)4.142 -E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.641 -(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.437(replaced w\ +.904(if it is set, is substituted.)3.154 F .903(If the characters follo) +5.903 F .903(wing the)-.25 F 1.641 +(tilde in the tilde-pre\214x consist of a number)108 314.4 R F2(N)4.141 +E F0 4.142(,o)C 1.642(ptionally pre\214x)-4.142 F 1.642 +(ed by a `+' or a `\255', the tilde-pre\214x is)-.15 F 1.438(replaced w\ ith the corresponding element from the directory stack, as it w)108 -590.4 R 1.438(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.938 E F0 -.2(bu) -108 602.4 S .455(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.955(dw).1 G -.455(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.955 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F -.454(the characters follo)2.954 F .454 +326.4 R 1.437(ould be displayed by the)-.1 F F1(dirs)3.937 E F0 -.2(bu) +108 338.4 S .454(iltin in).2 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.954(dw).1 G +.454(ith the tilde-pre\214x as an ar)-2.954 F 2.954(gument. If)-.18 F +.454(the characters follo)2.954 F .455 (wing the tilde in the tilde-pre\214x)-.25 F (consist of a number without a leading `+' or `\255', `+' is assumed.) -108 614.4 Q(If the login name is in)108 631.2 Q -.25(va)-.4 G +108 350.4 Q(If the login name is in)108 367.2 Q -.25(va)-.4 G (lid, or the tilde e).25 E(xpansion f)-.15 E(ails, the w)-.1 E -(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .166(Each v)108 648 R .167 +(ord is unchanged.)-.1 E .167(Each v)108 384 R .167 (ariable assignment is check)-.25 F .167(ed for unquoted tilde-pre\214x) -.1 F .167(es immediately follo)-.15 F .167(wing a)-.25 F F1(:)2.667 E -F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.667 E F0 5.167(.I)C(n)-5.167 E -.468(these cases, tilde e)108 660 R .468(xpansion is also performed.) --.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)-.65 G .467 -(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F(ments to)108 672 +F0 .167(or the \214rst)2.667 F F1(=)2.666 E F0 5.166(.I)C(n)-5.166 E +.467(these cases, tilde e)108 396 R .467(xpansion is also performed.) +-.15 F(Consequently)5.467 E 2.967(,o)-.65 G .468 +(ne may use \214lenames with tildes in assign-)-2.967 F(ments to)108 408 Q F3 -.666(PA)2.5 G(TH)-.189 E F4(,)A F3(MAILP)2.25 E -.855(AT)-.666 G (H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F3(CDP)2.5 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F4 (,)A F0(and the shell assigns the e)2.25 E(xpanded v)-.15 E(alue.)-.25 E -F1 -.1(Pa)87 688.8 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.605(The `)108 700.8 R -F1($)A F0 4.105('c)C 1.605(haracter introduces parameter e)-4.105 F -1.606(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 4.106 -(xpansion. The)-.15 F .407(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 712.8 R -.407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .406 -(ut serv)-.2 F 2.906(et)-.15 G 2.906(op)-2.906 G(ro-)-2.906 E .032 -(tect the v)108 724.8 R .032(ariable to be e)-.25 F .032 -(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .033 -(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(20)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 21 21 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(of the name.)108 -84 Q 1.19 +F1 -.1(Pa)87 424.8 S(rameter Expansion).1 E F0 1.606(The `)108 436.8 R +F1($)A F0 4.106('c)C 1.606(haracter introduces parameter e)-4.106 F +1.605(xpansion, command substitution, or arithmetic e)-.15 F 4.105 +(xpansion. The)-.15 F .406(parameter name or symbol to be e)108 448.8 R +.407(xpanded may be enclosed in braces, which are optional b)-.15 F .407 +(ut serv)-.2 F 2.907(et)-.15 G 2.907(op)-2.907 G(ro-)-2.907 E .033 +(tect the v)108 460.8 R .033(ariable to be e)-.25 F .033 +(xpanded from characters immediately follo)-.15 F .032 +(wing it which could be interpreted as part)-.25 F(of the name.)108 +472.8 Q 1.189 (When braces are used, the matching ending brace is the \214rst `)108 -100.8 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(})A F0 3.689('n)C 1.189 -(ot escaped by a backslash or within a)-3.689 F 2.15 -(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 112.8 R 2.15 -(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 124.8 S -(pansion.).15 E(${)108 141.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 -E F0(})A 1.205(The v)144 153.6 R 1.205(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.705 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.705 F 1.204 -(The braces are required when)6.204 F F2(par)4.954 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -1.204(is a positional)4.434 F .264 -(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 165.6 R F2(par)4.014 E +489.6 R F1(})A F0 3.69('n)C 1.19(ot escaped by a backslash or within a) +-3.69 F 2.15(quoted string, and not within an embedded arithmetic e)108 +501.6 R 2.15(xpansion, command substitution, or parameter)-.15 F -.15 +(ex)108 513.6 S(pansion.).15 E(${)108 530.4 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(})A 1.204(The v)144 542.4 R 1.204(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.704 E(ameter) +-.15 E F0 1.204(is substituted.)3.704 F 1.204 +(The braces are required when)6.204 F F2(par)4.955 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +1.205(is a positional)4.435 F .264 +(parameter with more than one digit, or when)144 554.4 R F2(par)4.014 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .264(is follo)3.494 F .264 -(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F 2.677 -(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 177.6 R(The)7.677 E F2(par) -5.177 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.676(is a shell parameter as described abo) -5.177 F -.15(ve)-.15 G F1 -.74(PA)144 189.6 S(RAMETERS).74 E F0 2.5(\)o) +(wed by a character which is not to)-.25 F 2.676 +(be interpreted as part of its name.)144 566.4 R(The)7.677 E F2(par) +5.177 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.677(is a shell parameter as described abo) +5.177 F -.15(ve)-.15 G F1 -.74(PA)144 578.4 S(RAMETERS).74 E F0 2.5(\)o) C 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(na)-2.5 G(rray reference \()-2.5 E F1(Arrays)A F0 -(\).)A .346(If the \214rst character of)108 206.4 R F2(par)2.846 E +(\).)A .347(If the \214rst character of)108 595.2 R F2(par)2.846 E (ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is an e)2.846 F .346(xclamation point \()-.15 F F1(!)A F0 .346(\), and)B F2(par)2.846 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is not a) -2.846 F F2(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.847(,i)C 2.847(ti)-2.847 G -(ntroduces)-2.847 E 2.635(al)108 218.4 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.635 H 2.635 -(lo).25 G 2.635(fv)-2.635 G .135(ariable indirection.)-2.885 F F1(Bash) +2.846 F F2(namer)2.846 E(ef)-.37 E F0 2.846(,i)C 2.846(ti)-2.846 G +(ntroduces)-2.846 E 2.634(al)108 607.2 S -2.15 -.25(ev e)-2.634 H 2.634 +(lo).25 G 2.634(fv)-2.634 G .134(ariable indirection.)-2.884 F F1(Bash) 5.134 E F0 .134(uses the v)2.634 F .134(alue of the v)-.25 F .134 -(ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F2(par)2.634 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.134(as the)2.634 F 1.003(name of the v)108 230.4 R 1.003 +(ariable formed from the rest of)-.25 F F2(par)2.635 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.135(as the)2.635 F 1.004(name of the v)108 619.2 R 1.003 (ariable; this v)-.25 F 1.003(ariable is then e)-.25 F 1.003 (xpanded and that v)-.15 F 1.003 -(alue is used in the rest of the substitution,)-.25 F .595 -(rather than the v)108 242.4 R .595(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.095 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.095(itself. This)3.095 F .595(is kno)3.095 F .595 -(wn as)-.25 F F2(indir)3.095 E .595(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.594 -(.I)C(f)-5.594 E F2(par)3.094 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .594(is a nameref,) -3.094 F .477(this e)108 254.4 R .477(xpands to the name of the v)-.15 F -.477(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(par)2.978 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .478 -(instead of performing the complete indi-)2.978 F 2.164(rect e)108 266.4 -R 4.663(xpansion. The)-.15 F -.15(ex)4.663 G 2.163 -(ceptions to this are the e).15 F 2.163(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F1(!)A F2 -(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0 4.663(}a)C 2.163(nd ${)-4.663 F F1(!)A F2 -(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0 2.163(]} described)B(belo)108 278.4 Q 3.8 -.65 -(w. T)-.25 H(he e).65 E(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 E -2.5(wt)-.25 G(he left brace in order to introduce indirection.)-2.5 E -.334(In each of the cases belo)108 295.2 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F2(wor)3.484 E +(alue is used in the rest of the substitution,)-.25 F .257 +(rather than the v)108 631.2 R .257(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.757 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.757(itself. This)2.757 F .257(is kno)2.757 F .257 +(wn as)-.25 F F2(indir)2.757 E .257(ect e)-.37 F(xpansion)-.2 E F0 5.257 +(.T)C .257(he v)-5.257 F .258(alue is subject to tilde)-.25 F -.15(ex) +108 643.2 S 2.767(pansion, parameter e).15 F 2.766 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 5.266 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F F2(par)5.266 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.766(is a)5.266 F +.461(nameref, this e)108 655.2 R .461(xpands to the name of the v)-.15 F +.461(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(par)2.961 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .462 +(instead of performing the com-)2.961 F 2.419(plete indirect e)108 667.2 +R 4.919(xpansion. The)-.15 F -.15(ex)4.919 G 2.418 +(ceptions to this are the e).15 F 2.418(xpansions of ${)-.15 F F1(!)A F2 +(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0 4.918(}a)C 2.418(nd ${)-4.918 F F1(!)A F2 +(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0(]})A .464(described belo)108 679.2 R 4.264 -.65 +(w. T)-.25 H .464(he e).65 F .464 +(xclamation point must immediately follo)-.15 F 2.965(wt)-.25 G .465 +(he left brace in order to introduce indi-)-2.965 F(rection.)108 691.2 Q +.334(In each of the cases belo)108 708 R -.65(w,)-.25 G F2(wor)3.484 E (d)-.37 E F0 .334(is subject to tilde e)2.834 F .334 (xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F .334(xpansion, command substitution,)-.15 -F(and arithmetic e)108 307.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.09 -(When not performing substring e)108 324 R 1.089 +F(and arithmetic e)108 720 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(21)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 22 22 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.089 +(When not performing substring e)108 84 R 1.089 (xpansion, using the forms documented belo)-.15 F 3.589(w\()-.25 G -(e.g.,)-3.589 E F1(:-)3.589 E F0(\),)A F1(bash)3.589 E F0 1.089 -(tests for a)3.589 F(parameter that is unset or null.)108 336 Q(Omittin\ -g the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)5 E -(${)108 352.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1<3aad>A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(}) -A F1 .722(Use Default V)144 364.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 5.722(.I)C(f)-5.722 -E F2(par)4.472 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723(is unset or null, the e)3.952 F -.723(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.563 E(d)-.37 E F0 .723(is substituted.) -3.993 F(Other)5.723 E(-)-.2 E(wise, the v)144 376.8 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2 -(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 388.8 Q F2 -(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 2.005 -(Assign Default V)144 400.8 R(alues)-.92 E F0 7.005(.I)C(f)-7.005 E F2 -(par)5.755 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005(is unset or null, the e)5.235 F -2.004(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.844 E(d)-.37 E F0 2.004 -(is assigned to)5.274 F F2(par)144 412.8 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.278(.T).73 -G .278(he v)-5.278 F .278(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.028 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -.278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .279 +(e.g.,)-3.589 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(:-)3.59 E F0(\),)A F1(bash)3.59 E +F0 1.09(tests for a)3.59 F(parameter that is unset or null.)108 96 Q(Om\ +itting the colon results in a test only for a parameter that is unset.)5 +E(${)108 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1<3aad>A +F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 .723(Use Default V)144 124.8 R(alues)-.92 E +F0 5.723(.I)C(f)-5.723 E F2(par)4.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .723 +(is unset or null, the e)3.953 F .722(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.562 E +(d)-.37 E F0 .722(is substituted.)3.992 F(Other)5.722 E(-)-.2 E +(wise, the v)144 136.8 Q(alue of)-.25 E F2(par)3.75 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(is substituted.)3.23 E(${)108 148.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:=)A F2 +(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 2.004(Assign Default V)144 160.8 R(alues)-.92 +E F0 7.004(.I)C(f)-7.004 E F2(par)5.754 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.005 +(is unset or null, the e)5.234 F 2.005(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)4.845 E +(d)-.37 E F0 2.005(is assigned to)5.275 F F2(par)144 172.8 Q(ameter)-.15 +E F0 5.279(.T).73 G .279(he v)-5.279 F .279(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.029 +E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .278(is then substituted.)3.508 F .278 (Positional parameters and special param-)5.278 F -(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 424.8 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E -(${)108 436.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:?)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A -F1 .535(Display Err)144 448.8 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535 +(eters may not be assigned to in this w)144 184.8 Q(ay)-.1 E(.)-.65 E +(${)108 196.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:?)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A +F1 .535(Display Err)144 208.8 R .535(or if Null or Unset)-.18 F F0 5.535 (.I)C(f)-5.535 E F2(par)4.285 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .535 (is null or unset, the e)3.765 F .535(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.035 E -(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .661(sage to that ef)144 460.8 R -.661(fect if)-.25 F F2(wor)3.501 E(d)-.37 E F0 .662(is not present\) is\ - written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not)3.931 F -(interacti)144 472.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,) +(d)-.37 E F0 .535(\(or a mes-)3.035 F .662(sage to that ef)144 220.8 R +.662(fect if)-.25 F F2(wor)3.502 E(d)-.37 E F0 .661(is not present\) is\ + written to the standard error and the shell, if it is not)3.932 F +(interacti)144 232.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(,e).15 G 2.5(xits. Otherwise,) -2.65 F(the v)2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F2(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 484.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:+)A F2 -(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 .745(Use Alter)144 496.8 R .745(nate V)-.15 F +(is substituted.)2.5 E(${)108 244.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:+)A F2 +(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1 .745(Use Alter)144 256.8 R .745(nate V)-.15 F (alue)-.92 E F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F2(par)4.495 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .745(is null or unset, nothing is substituted, otherwise the e)3.975 F -(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 508.8 Q F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 -(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 520.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:)A F2 -(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 532.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:)A F2 +(xpan-)-.15 E(sion of)144 268.8 Q F2(wor)2.84 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(is substituted.)3.27 E(${)108 280.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:)A F2 +(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0(})A(${)108 292.8 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(:)A F2 (of)A(fset)-.18 E F1(:)A F2(length)A F0(})A F1 .002(Substring Expansion) -144 544.8 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F2(length)2.502 +144 304.8 R F0 5.002(.E)C .002(xpands to up to)-5.002 F F2(length)2.502 E F0 .002(characters of the v)2.502 F .002(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.502 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 .002(starting at the)2.502 F 1.082 -(character speci\214ed by)144 556.8 R F2(of)3.582 E(fset)-.18 E F0 6.082 -(.I)C(f)-6.082 E F2(par)3.582 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.582 E F1(@)3.582 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .002(starting at the)2.502 F 1.081 +(character speci\214ed by)144 316.8 R F2(of)3.581 E(fset)-.18 E F0 6.081 +(.I)C(f)-6.081 E F2(par)3.582 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.582 E F1(@)3.582 E F0 3.582(,a)C 3.582(ni)-3.582 G(nde)-3.582 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.582(da).15 -G 1.082(rray subscripted by)-3.582 F F1(@)3.582 E F0(or)3.581 E F1(*) -3.581 E F0 3.581(,o)C 3.581(ra)-3.581 G(n)-3.581 E(associati)144 568.8 Q +G 1.082(rray subscripted by)-3.582 F F1(@)3.582 E F0(or)3.582 E F1(*) +3.582 E F0 3.582(,o)C 3.582(ra)-3.582 G(n)-3.582 E(associati)144 328.8 Q 1.022 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .722(rray name, the results dif).15 F .722 (fer as described belo)-.25 F 4.522 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F2(length) -3.222 E F0 .722(is omitted, e)3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .043 -(substring of the v)144 580.8 R .043(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.543 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 .042(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.543 F -F2(of)2.542 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .042(and e)2.542 F .042(xtending to the) --.15 F .846(end of the v)144 592.8 R(alue.)-.25 E F2(length)5.846 E F0 +3.222 E F0 .722(is omitted, e)3.222 F .722(xpands to the)-.15 F .042 +(substring of the v)144 340.8 R .042(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.542 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 .043(starting at the character speci\214ed by)2.542 F +F2(of)2.543 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .043(and e)2.543 F .043(xtending to the) +-.15 F .847(end of the v)144 352.8 R(alue.)-.25 E F2(length)5.846 E F0 (and)3.346 E F2(of)3.346 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .846(are arithmetic e)3.346 F -.847(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .847(ARITHMETIC EV) -3.347 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 604.8 Q -(w\).)-.25 E(If)144 628.8 Q F2(of)3.029 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029 +.846(xpressions \(see)-.15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .846(ARITHMETIC EV) +3.346 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(belo)144 364.8 Q +(w\).)-.25 E(If)144 388.8 Q F2(of)3.028 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -.25(eva)3.029 G .529(luates to a number less than zero, the v).25 F .529 (alue is used as an of)-.25 F .529(fset in characters from the)-.25 F -.045(end of the v)144 640.8 R .045(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.546 E(ameter) +.046(end of the v)144 400.8 R .046(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.546 E(ameter) -.15 E F0 5.046(.I)C(f)-5.046 E F2(length)2.546 E F0 -.25(eva)2.546 G .046(luates to a number less than zero, it is interpreted as an).25 F -(of)144 652.8 Q .203(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F -.202(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .202 -(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .557(the e)144 664.8 R -.557(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F2(of)3.057 E(fset)-.18 E -F0 .557(and that result.)3.057 F .558(Note that a ne)5.558 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .858 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .558(set must be).25 -F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 676.8 Q -.2 +(of)144 412.8 Q .202(fset in characters from the end of the v)-.25 F +.202(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.702 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .203 +(rather than a number of characters, and)2.702 F .558(the e)144 424.8 R +.558(xpansion is the characters between)-.15 F F2(of)3.058 E(fset)-.18 E +F0 .558(and that result.)3.058 F .557(Note that a ne)5.557 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .857 -.15(ve o)-.25 H -.25(ff).15 G .557(set must be).25 +F(separated from the colon by at least one space to a)144 436.8 Q -.2 (vo)-.2 G(id being confused with the).2 E F1(:-)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(pansion.).15 E(If)144 700.8 Q F2(par)2.959 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)2.959 -E F1(@)2.959 E F0 2.959(,t)C .459(he result is)-2.959 F F2(length)2.959 -E F0 .459(positional parameters be)2.959 F .458(ginning at)-.15 F F2(of) -2.958 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.458(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G F2(of)3.108 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .095(is tak)144 712.8 R .095 -(en relati)-.1 F .396 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.596(oo).15 G .096 -(ne greater than the greatest positional parameter)-2.596 F 2.596(,s)-.4 -G 2.596(oa)-2.596 G 2.596(no)-2.596 G -.25(ff)-2.596 G .096(set of -1 e) -.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .096(luates to).25 F 1.322 -(the last positional parameter)144 724.8 R 6.322(.I)-.55 G 3.822(ti) --6.322 G 3.822(sa)-3.822 G 3.822(ne)-3.822 G 1.322(xpansion error if) --3.972 F F2(length)3.822 E F0 -.25(eva)3.822 G 1.322 -(luates to a number less than).25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(21)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 22 22 +(pansion.).15 E(If)144 460.8 Q F2(par)2.958 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)2.958 +E F1(@)2.958 E F0 2.958(,t)C .458(he result is)-2.958 F F2(length)2.959 +E F0 .459(positional parameters be)2.959 F .459(ginning at)-.15 F F2(of) +2.959 E(fset)-.18 E F0 5.459(.A)C(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G F2(of)3.109 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .6(is tak)144 472.8 R .6 +(en relati)-.1 F .9 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.1(oo).15 G .6 +(ne greater than the greatest positional parameter)-3.1 F 3.1(,s)-.4 G +3.1(oa)-3.1 G 3.1(no)-3.1 G -.25(ff)-3.1 G .6(set of \2551 e).25 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G(luates).25 E .639(to the last positional parameter)144 484.8 +R 5.639(.I)-.55 G 3.139(ti)-5.639 G 3.139(sa)-3.139 G 3.139(ne)-3.139 G +.639(xpansion error if)-3.289 F F2(length)3.14 E F0 -.25(eva)3.14 G .64 +(luates to a number less than).25 F(zero.)144 496.8 Q(If)144 520.8 Q F2 +(par)3.014 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514(is an inde)3.014 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.014(da).15 G .514(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the) +-3.014 F F2(length)3.014 E F0 .513(members of)3.013 F 1.081 +(the array be)144 532.8 R 1.081(ginning with ${)-.15 F F2(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F0([)A F2(of)A(fset)-.18 E F0 3.581(]}. A)B(ne)3.581 E -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.082 +(is tak)3.582 F 1.082(en relati)-.1 F 1.382 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.582(oo) +.15 G 1.082(ne greater)-3.582 F 1.08(than the maximum inde)144 544.8 R +3.58(xo)-.15 G 3.58(ft)-3.58 G 1.08(he speci\214ed array)-3.58 F 6.079 +(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti)-6.079 G 3.579(sa)-3.579 G 3.579(ne)-3.579 G 1.079 +(xpansion error if)-3.729 F F2(length)3.579 E F0 -.25(eva)3.579 G 1.079 +(luates to a).25 F(number less than zero.)144 556.8 Q(Substring e)144 +580.8 Q(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H +(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E 1.93(Substring inde)144 604.8 +R 1.931(xing is zero-based unless the positional parameters are used, i\ +n which case the)-.15 F(inde)144 616.8 Q .307(xing starts at 1 by def) +-.15 F 2.807(ault. If)-.1 F F2(of)2.807 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .307 +(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.807 F F1($0)2.806 E F0 +.306(is pre\214x)2.806 F(ed)-.15 E(to the list.)144 628.8 Q(${)108 645.6 +Q F1(!)A F2(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(*)A F0(})A(${)108 657.6 Q F1(!)A F2 +(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F1(@)A F0(})A F1 .084(Names matching pr)144 669.6 R +(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.084(.E)C .084(xpands to the names of v)-5.084 F .084 +(ariables whose names be)-.25 F .085(gin with)-.15 F F2(pr)2.585 E +(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.585(,s)C(epa-)-2.585 E .258 +(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 681.6 R F3(IFS)2.758 E F0 +.257(special v)2.507 F 2.757(ariable. When)-.25 F F2(@)2.757 E F0 .257 +(is used and the e)2.757 F .257(xpansion appears)-.15 F +(within double quotes, each v)144 693.6 Q(ariable name e)-.25 E +(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(22)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 23 23 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(zero.)144 84 Q(If) -144 108 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)3.013 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .514 -(is an inde)3.013 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.014(da).15 G .514 -(rray name subscripted by @ or *, the result is the)-3.014 F F1(length) -3.014 E F0 .514(members of)3.014 F 1.082(the array be)144 120 R 1.082 -(ginning with ${)-.15 F F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0([)A F1(of)A(fset)-.18 -E F0 3.582(]}. A)B(ne)3.582 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G F1 -(of)3.732 E(fset)-.18 E F0 1.081(is tak)3.581 F 1.081(en relati)-.1 F -1.381 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.581(oo).15 G 1.081(ne greater)-3.581 F 1.079 -(than the maximum inde)144 132 R 3.579(xo)-.15 G 3.579(ft)-3.579 G 1.079 -(he speci\214ed array)-3.579 F 6.079(.I)-.65 G 3.579(ti)-6.079 G 3.579 -(sa)-3.579 G 3.58(ne)-3.579 G 1.08(xpansion error if)-3.73 F F1(length) -3.58 E F0 -.25(eva)3.58 G 1.08(luates to a).25 F(number less than zero.) -144 144 Q(Substring e)144 168 Q(xpansion applied to an associati)-.15 E -.3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray produces unde\214ned results.).15 E 1.931 -(Substring inde)144 192 R 1.931(xing is zero-based unless the positiona\ -l parameters are used, in which case the)-.15 F(inde)144 204 Q .306 -(xing starts at 1 by def)-.15 F 2.806(ault. If)-.1 F F1(of)2.807 E(fset) --.18 E F0 .307(is 0, and the positional parameters are used,)2.807 F/F2 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF($0)2.807 E F0 .307(is pre\214x)2.807 F(ed)-.15 E -(to the list.)144 216 Q(${)108 232.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2 -(*)A F0(})A(${)108 244.8 Q F2(!)A F1(pr)A(e\214x)-.37 E F2(@)A F0(})A F2 -.085(Names matching pr)144 256.8 R(e\214x)-.18 E F0 5.085(.E)C .084 -(xpands to the names of v)-5.085 F .084(ariables whose names be)-.25 F -.084(gin with)-.15 F F1(pr)2.584 E(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.584(,s)C(epa-) --2.584 E .257(rated by the \214rst character of the)144 268.8 R/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)2.757 E F0 .257(special v)2.507 F 2.757 -(ariable. When)-.25 F F1(@)2.758 E F0 .258(is used and the e)2.758 F -.258(xpansion appears)-.15 F(within double quotes, each v)144 280.8 Q -(ariable name e)-.25 E(xpands to a separate w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 -297.6 Q F2(!)A F1(name)A F0([)A F1(@)A F0(]})A(${)108 309.6 Q F2(!)A F1 -(name)A F0([)A F1(*)A F0(]})A F2 2.036(List of array k)144 321.6 R(eys) --.1 E F0 7.036(.I)C(f)-7.036 E F1(name)4.536 E F0 2.036(is an array v) -4.536 F 2.036(ariable, e)-.25 F 2.036 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)A F0([)A F2(@)A F0(]}) +A(${)108 96 Q F1(!)A F2(name)A F0([)A F2(*)A F0(]})A F1 2.035 +(List of array k)144 108 R(eys)-.1 E F0 7.036(.I)C(f)-7.036 E F2(name) +4.536 E F0 2.036(is an array v)4.536 F 2.036(ariable, e)-.25 F 2.036 (xpands to the list of array indices \(k)-.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G(s\)).15 E -.595(assigned in)144 333.6 R F1(name)3.095 E F0 5.595(.I)C(f)-5.595 E F1 -(name)3.095 E F0 .595(is not an array)3.095 F 3.095(,e)-.65 G .595 -(xpands to 0 if)-3.245 F F1(name)3.095 E F0 .596 -(is set and null otherwise.)3.095 F(When)5.596 E F1(@)144 345.6 Q F0 +.596(assigned in)144 120 R F2(name)3.096 E F0 5.596(.I)C(f)-5.596 E F2 +(name)3.096 E F0 .595(is not an array)3.096 F 3.095(,e)-.65 G .595 +(xpands to 0 if)-3.245 F F2(name)3.095 E F0 .595 +(is set and null otherwise.)3.095 F(When)5.595 E F2(@)144 132 Q F0 (is used and the e)2.5 E(xpansion appears within double quotes, each k) -.15 E .3 -.15(ey ex)-.1 H(pands to a separate w).15 E(ord.)-.1 E(${)108 -362.4 Q F2(#)A F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 374.4 S .471 -(rameter length).1 F F0 5.471(.T)C .471 -(he length in characters of the v)-5.471 F .471(alue of)-.25 F F1(par) -2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .47(is substituted.)2.97 F(If)5.47 E F1(par) -4.22 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 386.4 Q F0(is)4.438 E F2(*)3.708 E F0(or) -3.708 E F2(@)3.708 E F0 3.708(,t)C 1.208(he v)-3.708 F 1.208 +148.8 Q F1(#)A F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F0(})A F1 -.1(Pa)144 160.8 S .47 +(rameter length).1 F F0 5.47(.T)C .471(he length in characters of the v) +-5.47 F .471(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)2.971 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .471 +(is substituted.)2.971 F(If)5.471 E F2(par)4.221 E(ame-)-.15 E(ter)144 +172.8 Q F0(is)4.439 E F1(*)3.709 E F0(or)3.709 E F1(@)3.709 E F0 3.708 +(,t)C 1.208(he v)-3.708 F 1.208 (alue substituted is the number of positional parameters.)-.25 F(If) -6.209 E F1(par)4.959 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.209(is an)4.439 F .349 -(array name subscripted by)144 398.4 R F2(*)2.849 E F0(or)2.849 E F2(@) +6.208 E F2(par)4.958 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.208(is an)4.438 F .348 +(array name subscripted by)144 184.8 R F1(*)2.849 E F0(or)2.849 E F1(@) 2.849 E F0 2.849(,t)C .349(he v)-2.849 F .349 -(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.348 -(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.348 E F1(par)145.25 410.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .455 -(is an inde)3.685 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.955(da).15 G .456 -(rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.955 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756 --.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.956(,t)-.4 G .456 -(hat number is interpreted)-2.956 F .973(as relati)144 422.4 R 1.273 --.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.473(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde) --3.473 F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F1(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -3.472(,s)C 3.472(on)-3.472 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.472 H(ti).15 E 1.272 --.15(ve i)-.25 H .972(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array) -144 434.4 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 -G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 451.2 Q F1 -(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(#)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 463.2 Q F1 -(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(##)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 475.2 +(alue substituted is the number of elements in the array)-.25 F 5.349 +(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.349 E F2(par)145.25 196.8 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 .456 +(is an inde)3.686 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.956(da).15 G .456 +(rray name subscripted by a ne)-2.956 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .756 +-.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E 2.955(,t)-.4 G .455 +(hat number is interpreted)-2.955 F .972(as relati)144 208.8 R 1.272 +-.15(ve t)-.25 H 3.472(oo).15 G .973(ne greater than the maximum inde) +-3.472 F 3.473(xo)-.15 G(f)-3.473 E F2(par)3.473 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +3.473(,s)C 3.473(on)-3.473 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.473 H(ti).15 E 1.273 +-.15(ve i)-.25 H .973(ndices count back).15 F(from the end of the array) +144 220.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 +G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G(eferences the last element.)-2.5 E(${)108 237.6 Q F2 +(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(#)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 249.6 Q F2 +(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(##)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1(Remo)144 261.6 Q 1.396 -.1(ve m)-.1 H 1.196(atching pr).1 F 1.196(e\214x patter)-.18 F -(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F1(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.196 +(n)-.15 E F0 6.196(.T)C(he)-6.196 E F2(wor)4.036 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.196 (is e)4.466 F 1.196(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in path-)-.15 F -.152(name e)144 487.2 R 2.652(xpansion. If)-.15 F .152 -(the pattern matches the be)2.652 F .152(ginning of the v)-.15 F .152 -(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)2.652 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 2.652(,t).73 G .151 -(hen the result of)-2.652 F 1.4(the e)144 499.2 R 1.4(xpansion is the e) --.15 F 1.4(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.4(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)5.15 E(ameter)-.15 -E F0 1.4(with the shortest matching pattern \(the `)4.63 F(`)-.74 E F2 -(#)A F0 -.74('')C .281(case\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `) -144 511.2 R(`)-.74 E F2(##)A F0 1.761 -.74('' c)D .281(ase\) deleted.) -.74 F(If)5.281 E F1(par)4.031 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.511 E F2(@)2.781 E -F0(or)2.781 E F2(*)2.781 E F0 2.781(,t)C .281(he pattern)-2.781 F(remo) -144 523.2 Q -.25(va)-.15 G 3.274(lo).25 G .774 -(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) --3.274 F .774(xpansion is the resul-)-.15 F .402(tant list.)144 535.2 R -(If)5.402 E F1(par)4.152 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .401(is an array v)3.632 F -.401(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.901 E F0(or)2.901 E F2(*) -2.901 E F0 2.901(,t)C .401(he pattern remo)-2.901 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.901 -(lo).25 G(peration)-2.901 E -(is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 547.2 Q -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 564 Q F1(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F2(%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 576 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 -E F2(%%)A F1(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F2(Remo)144 588 Q .346 -.1(ve m)-.1 H -.146(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 E F0 5.146(.T)C(he)-5.146 E F1 -(wor)2.646 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F .147 -(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 600 -S 3.088(pansion. If).15 F .588 -(the pattern matches a trailing portion of the e)3.088 F .588(xpanded v) --.15 F .588(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.088 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 3.088(,t).73 -G .588(hen the)-3.088 F .226(result of the e)144 612 R .226 -(xpansion is the e)-.15 F .226(xpanded v)-.15 F .226(alue of)-.25 F F1 -(par)3.976 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .226 -(with the shortest matching pattern \(the)3.456 F -.74(``)144 624 S F2 -(%).74 E F0 1.522 -.74('' c)D .042 -(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F2(%%)A F0 -1.522 -.74('' c)D .042(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.042 E F1(par)3.792 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.272 E F2(@)2.541 E F0(or)2.541 E F2(*)2.541 E F0 -2.541(,t)C(he)-2.541 E .44(pattern remo)144 636 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.94 -(lo).25 G .441 +.543(name e)144 273.6 R .544(xpansion, and matched ag)-.15 F .544 +(ainst the e)-.05 F .544(xpanded v)-.15 F .544(alue of)-.25 F F2(par) +4.294 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .544(using the rules described)3.774 F(under) +144 285.6 Q F1 -.1(Pa)3.222 G(tter).1 E 3.222(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.222 E +F0(belo)3.222 E 4.522 -.65(w. I)-.25 H 3.222(ft).65 G .721 +(he pattern matches the be)-3.222 F .721(ginning of the v)-.15 F .721 +(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.221 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(,).73 E 1.151 +(then the result of the e)144 297.6 R 1.151(xpansion is the e)-.15 F +1.151(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.151(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.902 E(ameter)-.15 E +F0 1.152(with the shortest matching)4.382 F .184(pattern \(the `)144 +309.6 R(`)-.74 E F1(#)A F0 1.664 -.74('' c)D .184 +(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 E F1(##)A F0 +1.664 -.74('' c)D .184(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)5.183 E F2(par)3.933 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.413 E F1(@)2.683 E F0(or)144 321.6 Q F1(*)3.018 E +F0 3.018(,t)C .518(he pattern remo)-3.018 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.018(lo).25 +G .518 (peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e) --2.94 F .441(xpansion is the)-.15 F .241(resultant list.)144 648 R(If) -5.241 E F1(par)3.991 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .241(is an array v)3.471 F .241 -(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.741 E F0(or)2.74 E F2(*)2.74 E -F0 2.74(,t)C .24(he pattern remo)-2.74 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.74(lo).25 G -(per)-2.74 E(-)-.2 E -(ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 660 -Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 676.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F2(/)A F1(pattern)A F2(/)A F1(string)A F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 688.8 -S(tter).1 E 3.606(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.606 E F0 6.106(.T)C(he)-6.106 -E F1(pattern)3.606 E F0 1.106(is e)3.606 F 1.107 -(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion.)144 700.8 Q F1 -.8(Pa)6.034 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.034 -(is e)3.534 F 1.033(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F1(pattern) -3.533 E F0(ag)3.533 E 1.033(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.033 -(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F1(string)144 712.8 Q F0 5.16(.I)C(f)-5.16 -E F1(pattern)2.66 E F0(be)2.66 E .16(gins with)-.15 F F2(/)2.66 E F0 -2.66(,a)C .161(ll matches of)-2.66 F F1(pattern)2.661 E F0 .161 -(are replaced with)2.661 F F1(string)2.661 E F0 5.161(.N)C .161 -(ormally only the)-5.161 F .807(\214rst match is replaced.)144 724.8 R -(If)5.807 E F1(pattern)3.307 E F0(be)3.307 E .807(gins with)-.15 F F2(#) -3.307 E F0 3.306(,i)C 3.306(tm)-3.306 G .806(ust match at the be)-3.306 -F .806(ginning of the e)-.15 F(xpanded)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(22)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 23 23 +-3.018 F(xpan-)-.15 E 1.122(sion is the resultant list.)144 333.6 R(If) +6.121 E F2(par)4.871 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.121(is an array v)4.351 F +1.121(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)3.621 E F0(or)3.621 E F1(*) +3.621 E F0 3.621(,t)C 1.121(he pattern)-3.621 F(remo)144 345.6 Q -.25 +(va)-.15 G 2.53(lo).25 G .03 +(peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e) +-2.53 F .03(xpansion is the resultant)-.15 F(list.)144 357.6 Q(${)108 +374.4 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(%)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A(${)108 +386.4 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(%%)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(})A F1(Remo) +144 398.4 Q .347 -.1(ve m)-.1 H .147(atching suf\214x patter).1 F(n)-.15 +E F0 5.147(.T)C(he)-5.147 E F2(wor)2.647 E(d)-.37 E F0 .147(is e)2.647 F +.146(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname)-.15 F -.15(ex)144 +410.4 S .458(pansion, and matched ag).15 F .458(ainst the e)-.05 F .458 +(xpanded v)-.15 F .458(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)4.209 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +.459(using the rules described under)3.689 F F1 -.1(Pa)144 422.4 S(tter) +.1 E 4.593(nM)-.15 G(atching)-4.593 E F0(belo)4.593 E 5.892 -.65(w. I) +-.25 H 4.592(ft).65 G 2.092 +(he pattern matches a trailing portion of the e)-4.592 F 2.092 +(xpanded v)-.15 F 2.092(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)144 434.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E +F0 3.15(,t).73 G .65(hen the result of the e)-3.15 F .65 +(xpansion is the e)-.15 F .65(xpanded v)-.15 F .65(alue of)-.25 F F2 +(par)4.4 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .65(with the shortest)3.88 F 1.085 +(matching pattern \(the `)144 446.4 R(`)-.74 E F1(%)A F0 2.565 -.74 +('' c)D 1.084(ase\) or the longest matching pattern \(the `).74 F(`)-.74 +E F1(%%)A F0 2.564 -.74('' c)D 1.084(ase\) deleted.).74 F(If)6.084 E F2 +(par)145.25 458.4 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.389 E F1(@)2.659 E F0(or)2.659 +E F1(*)2.659 E F0 2.659(,t)C .159(he pattern remo)-2.659 F -.25(va)-.15 +G 2.659(lo).25 G .16 +(peration is applied to each positional parameter in turn,)-2.659 F .51 +(and the e)144 470.4 R .51(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If) +5.51 E F2(par)4.259 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .509(is an array v)3.739 F .509 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F1(@)3.009 E F0(or)3.009 E F1(*)3.009 E +F0(,)A .422(the pattern remo)144 482.4 R -.25(va)-.15 G 2.922(lo).25 G +.422(peration is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e) +-2.922 F .423(xpansion is)-.15 F(the resultant list.)144 494.4 Q(${)108 +511.2 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(/)A F2(pattern)A F1(/)A F2(string)A F0 +(})A F1 -.1(Pa)144 523.2 S(tter).1 E 3.607(ns)-.15 G(ubstitution)-3.607 +E F0 6.107(.T)C(he)-6.107 E F2(pattern)3.607 E F0 1.107(is e)3.607 F +1.106(xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F(xpan-) +-.15 E(sion,)144 535.2 Q F2 -.8(Pa)3.7 G -.15(ra).8 G(meter).15 E F0 1.2 +(is e)3.7 F 1.2(xpanded and the longest match of)-.15 F F2(pattern)3.7 E +F0(ag)3.7 E 1.2(ainst its v)-.05 F 1.2(alue is replaced with)-.25 F F2 +(string)144 547.2 Q F0 5.397(.T)C .397 +(he match is performed using the rules described under)-5.397 F F1 -.1 +(Pa)2.896 G(tter).1 E 2.896(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.896 E F0(belo)2.896 E +4.196 -.65(w. I)-.25 H(f).65 E F2(pat-)2.896 E(tern)144 559.2 Q F0(be) +2.569 E .069(gins with)-.15 F F1(/)2.569 E F0 2.569(,a)C .069 +(ll matches of)-2.569 F F2(pattern)2.569 E F0 .069(are replaced with) +2.569 F F2(string)2.57 E F0 5.07(.N)C .07 +(ormally only the \214rst match is)-5.07 F 2.58(replaced. If)144 571.2 R +F2(pattern)2.58 E F0(be)2.58 E .08(gins with)-.15 F F1(#)2.58 E F0 2.58 +(,i)C 2.58(tm)-2.58 G .079(ust match at the be)-2.58 F .079 +(ginning of the e)-.15 F .079(xpanded v)-.15 F .079(alue of)-.25 F F2 +(par)2.579 E(am-)-.15 E(eter)144 583.2 Q F0 5.761(.I)C(f)-5.761 E F2 +(pattern)3.261 E F0(be)3.261 E .761(gins with)-.15 F F1(%)3.261 E F0 +3.261(,i)C 3.261(tm)-3.261 G .761(ust match at the end of the e)-3.261 F +.761(xpanded v)-.15 F .761(alue of)-.25 F F2(par)3.262 E(ameter)-.15 E +F0 5.762(.I)C(f)-5.762 E F2(string)144 595.2 Q F0 .958 +(is null, matches of)3.458 F F2(pattern)3.458 E F0 .958 +(are deleted and the)3.458 F F1(/)3.458 E F0(follo)3.458 E(wing)-.25 E +F2(pattern)3.457 E F0 .957(may be omitted.)3.457 F .957(If the)5.957 F +F1(nocasematch)144 607.2 Q F0 .492 +(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.992 F -.05 +(ga)-.15 G .492(rd to the case of alpha-).05 F .884(betic characters.) +144 619.2 R(If)5.884 E F2(par)4.634 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.114 E F1(@) +3.384 E F0(or)3.383 E F1(*)3.383 E F0 3.383(,t)C .883 +(he substitution operation is applied to each positional)-3.383 F 1.002 +(parameter in turn, and the e)144 631.2 R 1.002 +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)6.002 E F2(par)4.752 E +(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.002(is an array v)4.232 F 1.002(ariable sub-)-.25 F +.159(scripted with)144 643.2 R F1(@)2.659 E F0(or)2.659 E F1(*)2.659 E +F0 2.659(,t)C .159(he substitution operation is applied to each member \ +of the array in turn, and)-2.659 F(the e)144 655.2 Q +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 672 Q F2(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F1(^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 684 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1 +(^^)A F2(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 696 Q F2(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(,)A F2 +(pattern)A F0(})A(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(23)193.45 +E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 24 24 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.25(va)144 84 S -.62(lue of).25 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)3.12 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -5.62(.I)C(f)-5.62 E F1(pattern)3.12 E F0(be)3.12 E .62(gins with)-.15 F -/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(%)3.12 E F0 3.12(,i)C 3.121(tm)-3.12 G .621 -(ust match at the end of the e)-3.121 F .621(xpanded v)-.15 F .621 -(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)144 96 Q(ameter)-.15 E F0 6.254(.I)C(f)-6.254 E -F1(string)3.754 E F0 1.253(is null, matches of)3.753 F F1(pattern)3.753 -E F0 1.253(are deleted and the)3.753 F F2(/)3.753 E F0(follo)3.753 E -(wing)-.25 E F1(pattern)3.753 E F0 1.253(may be)3.753 F 2.731 -(omitted. If)144 108 R(the)2.731 E F2(nocasematch)2.731 E F0 .231 -(shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.731 F -.05 -(ga)-.15 G .232(rd to the).05 F .188(case of alphabetic characters.)144 -120 R(If)5.188 E F1(par)3.938 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)3.418 E F2(@)2.688 E -F0(or)2.688 E F2(*)2.687 E F0 2.687(,t)C .187 -(he substitution operation is applied to each)-2.687 F .445 -(positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 132 R .446 -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 F(If)5.446 E F1(par)4.196 E -(ameter)-.15 E F0 .446(is an array v)3.676 F(ari-)-.25 E .463 -(able subscripted with)144 144 R F2(@)2.963 E F0(or)2.963 E F2(*)2.963 E -F0 2.963(,t)C .462 -(he substitution operation is applied to each member of the array in) --2.963 F(turn, and the e)144 156 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 -E(${)108 172.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${) -108 184.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(^^)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 -196.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A(${)108 208.8 Q -F1(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F2(,,)A F1(pattern)A F0(})A F2 .437 -(Case modi\214cation)144 220.8 R F0 5.437(.T)C .437(his e)-5.437 F .438 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(${)108 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(par)A(ameter)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(,,)A F1 +(pattern)A F0(})A F2 .437(Case modi\214cation)144 96 R F0 5.437(.T)C +.437(his e)-5.437 F .438 (xpansion modi\214es the case of alphabetic characters in)-.15 F F1(par) -2.938 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.438(.T)C(he)-5.438 E F1(pattern)144 232.8 Q -F0 1.407(is e)3.907 F 1.407 +2.938 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 5.438(.T)C(he)-5.438 E F1(pattern)144 108 Q F0 +1.407(is e)3.907 F 1.407 (xpanded to produce a pattern just as in pathname e)-.15 F 3.906 -(xpansion. Each)-.15 F 1.406(character in the)3.906 F -.15(ex)144 244.8 -S 1.231(panded v).15 F 1.231(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.732 E(ameter)-.15 E +(xpansion. Each)-.15 F 1.406(character in the)3.906 F -.15(ex)144 120 S +1.231(panded v).15 F 1.231(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.732 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.232(is tested ag)3.732 F(ainst)-.05 E F1(pattern)3.732 E F0 3.732 (,a)C 1.232(nd, if it matches the pattern, its case is)-3.732 F(con)144 -256.8 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G 2.924(rted. The).15 F .424 +132 Q -.15(ve)-.4 G 2.924(rted. The).15 F .424 (pattern should not attempt to match more than one character)2.924 F 5.424(.T)-.55 G(he)-5.424 E F2(^)2.924 E F0 .424(operator con-)2.924 F --.15(ve)144 268.8 S .61(rts lo).15 F .61(wercase letters matching)-.25 F +-.15(ve)144 144 S .61(rts lo).15 F .61(wercase letters matching)-.25 F F1(pattern)3.11 E F0 .61(to uppercase; the)3.11 F F2(,)3.11 E F0 .61 (operator con)3.11 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .61(rts matching uppercase).15 F -1.548(letters to lo)144 280.8 R 4.047(wercase. The)-.25 F F2(^^)4.047 E -F0(and)4.047 E F2(,,)4.047 E F0 -.15(ex)4.047 G 1.547(pansions con).15 F +1.548(letters to lo)144 156 R 4.047(wercase. The)-.25 F F2(^^)4.047 E F0 +(and)4.047 E F2(,,)4.047 E F0 -.15(ex)4.047 G 1.547(pansions con).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.547(rt each matched character in the e).15 F(xpanded) --.15 E -.25(va)144 292.8 S .633(lue; the).25 F F2(^)3.133 E F0(and)3.133 -E F2(,)3.133 E F0 -.15(ex)3.133 G .633(pansions match and con).15 F -.15 +-.15 E -.25(va)144 168 S .633(lue; the).25 F F2(^)3.133 E F0(and)3.133 E +F2(,)3.133 E F0 -.15(ex)3.133 G .633(pansions match and con).15 F -.15 (ve)-.4 G .634(rt only the \214rst character in the e).15 F .634 -(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.134(alue. If)-.25 F F1(pattern)144 304.8 Q F0 .78 +(xpanded v)-.15 F 3.134(alue. If)-.25 F F1(pattern)144 180 Q F0 .78 (is omitted, it is treated lik)3.28 F 3.28(ea)-.1 G F2(?)A F0 3.28(,w)C .78(hich matches e)-3.28 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .78(ry character).15 F 5.78 (.I)-.55 G(f)-5.78 E F1(par)4.53 E(ameter)-.15 E F0(is)4.01 E F2(@)3.28 E F0(or)3.28 E F2(*)3.28 E F0(,)A .582(the case modi\214cation operatio\ -n is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 316.8 R -(xpansion)-.15 E .469(is the resultant list.)144 328.8 R(If)5.469 E F1 +n is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the e)144 192 R +(xpansion)-.15 E .469(is the resultant list.)144 204 R(If)5.469 E F1 (par)4.218 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .468(is an array v)3.698 F .468 (ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.968 E F0(or)2.968 E F2(*)2.968 E F0 2.968(,t)C .468(he case modi\214ca-)-2.968 F(tion operation is appli\ -ed to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 340.8 Q -(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 357.6 Q F1(par)A(ameter) --.15 E F2(@)A F1(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 369.6 S .86 +ed to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 216 Q +(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E(${)108 232.8 Q F1(par)A(ameter) +-.15 E F2(@)A F1(oper)A(ator)-.15 E F0(})A F2 -.1(Pa)144 244.8 S .86 (rameter transf).1 F(ormation)-.25 E F0 5.86(.T)C .86(he e)-5.86 F .86 (xpansion is either a transformation of the v)-.15 F .86(alue of)-.25 F -F1(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .154(or information about)144 381.6 R F1 +F1(par)3.36 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .154(or information about)144 256.8 R F1 (par)2.654 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .153(itself, depending on the v)2.654 F .153(alue of)-.25 F F1(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 5.153(.E)C(ach)-5.153 E F1(oper)2.653 E(ator)-.15 E F0 .153(is a sin-)2.653 F(gle letter:)144 -393.6 Q F2(Q)144 417.6 Q F0 1.064(The e)180 417.6 R 1.064 +268.8 Q F2(Q)144 292.8 Q F0 1.064(The e)180 292.8 R 1.064 (xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F 1.065(alue of)-.25 F F1(par) 3.565 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.065(quoted in a format that can be)3.565 F -(reused as input.)180 429.6 Q F2(E)144 441.6 Q F0 .441(The e)180 441.6 R +(reused as input.)180 304.8 Q F2(E)144 316.8 Q F0 .441(The e)180 316.8 R .441(xpansion is a string that is the v)-.15 F .441(alue of)-.25 F F1 (par)2.941 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .44(with backslash escape sequences)2.94 F --.15(ex)180 453.6 S(panded as with the).15 E F2($'...)2.5 E(')-.55 E F0 -(quoting mechansim.)2.5 E F2(P)144 465.6 Q F0 1.072(The e)180 465.6 R +-.15(ex)180 328.8 S(panded as with the).15 E F2($'...)2.5 E(')-.55 E F0 +(quoting mechanism.)2.5 E F2(P)144 340.8 Q F0 1.072(The e)180 340.8 R 1.073(xpansion is a string that is the result of e)-.15 F 1.073 (xpanding the v)-.15 F 1.073(alue of)-.25 F F1(par)3.573 E(ameter)-.15 E -F0 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 477.6 Q F2(PR) -2.5 E(OMPTING)-.3 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(A)144 489.6 Q F0 1.138 -(The e)180 489.6 R 1.138 +F0 1.073(as if it)3.573 F(were a prompt string \(see)180 352.8 Q F2(PR) +2.5 E(OMPTING)-.3 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(A)144 364.8 Q F0 1.138 +(The e)180 364.8 R 1.138 (xpansion is a string in the form of an assignment statement or)-.15 F -F2(declar)3.637 E(e)-.18 E F0(command)3.637 E(that, if e)180 501.6 Q +F2(declar)3.637 E(e)-.18 E F0(command)3.637 E(that, if e)180 376.8 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(luated, will recreate).25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 -(with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F2(a)144 513.6 Q F0 -(The e)180 513.6 Q(xpansion is a string consisting of \215ag v)-.15 E +(with its attrib)2.5 E(utes and v)-.2 E(alue.)-.25 E F2(a)144 388.8 Q F0 +(The e)180 388.8 Q(xpansion is a string consisting of \215ag v)-.15 E (alues representing)-.25 E F1(par)2.5 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 1.1 -.55('s a)D -(ttrib).55 E(utes.)-.2 E(If)144 530.4 Q F1(par)5.33 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 +(ttrib).55 E(utes.)-.2 E(If)144 405.6 Q F1(par)5.33 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 (is)4.81 E F2(@)4.08 E F0(or)4.08 E F2(*)4.08 E F0 4.08(,t)C 1.581 (he operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the) --4.08 F -.15(ex)144 542.4 S .347(pansion is the resultant list.).15 F -(If)5.347 E F1(par)4.097 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .346(is an array v)3.577 F -.346(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.846 E F0(or)2.846 E F2(*) -2.846 E F0 2.846(,t)C .346(he case)-2.846 F 1.204(modi\214cation operat\ -ion is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 554.4 -R 1.204(xpansion is the)-.15 F(resultant list.)144 566.4 Q 1.85 -(The result of the e)144 590.4 R 1.849(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F -1.849(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F 1.849(xpansion as described) --.15 F(belo)144 602.4 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(Command Substitution)87 619.2 -Q F1 1.697(Command substitution)108 631.2 R F0(allo)4.197 E 1.697 -(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.698 -(There are tw)6.698 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 643.2 Q F2($\()144 660 Q F1 -(command)A F2(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 672 Q F2<92>144 684 Q F1(command)A F2 -<92>A(Bash)108 700.8 Q F0 .089(performs the e)2.589 F .089 -(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(command)2.589 E F0 -.088(in a subshell en)2.589 F .088(vironment and replacing the command) +-4.08 F -.15(ex)144 417.6 S .13(pansion is the resultant list.).15 F(If) +5.13 E F1(par)3.88 E(ameter)-.15 E F0 .129(is an array v)3.36 F .129 +(ariable subscripted with)-.25 F F2(@)2.629 E F0(or)2.629 E F2(*)2.629 E +F0 2.629(,t)C .129(he oper)-2.629 F(-)-.2 E +(ation is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the e)144 +429.6 Q(xpansion is the resultant list.)-.15 E 1.849 +(The result of the e)144 453.6 R 1.849(xpansion is subject to w)-.15 F +1.849(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F 1.85(xpansion as described)-.15 +F(belo)144 465.6 Q -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(Command Substitution)87 482.4 Q F1 +1.698(Command substitution)108 494.4 R F0(allo)4.198 E 1.697 +(ws the output of a command to replace the command name.)-.25 F 1.697 +(There are tw)6.697 F(o)-.1 E(forms:)108 506.4 Q F2($\()144 523.2 Q F1 +(command)A F2(\))1.666 E F0(or)108 535.2 Q F2<92>144 547.2 Q F1(command) +A F2<92>A(Bash)108 564 Q F0 .088(performs the e)2.588 F .088 +(xpansion by e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(command)2.588 E F0 +.089(in a subshell en)2.589 F .089(vironment and replacing the command) -.4 F .41(substitution with the standard output of the command, with an) -108 712.8 R 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.) --.25 F .41(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .192(lines are not deleted, b) -108 724.8 R .192(ut the)-.2 F 2.692(ym)-.15 G .192(ay be remo)-2.692 F --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.692(dd).15 G .192(uring w)-2.692 F .192(ord splitting.) --.1 F .192(The command substitution)5.192 F F2($\(cat)2.691 E F1(\214le) -2.691 E F2(\))A F0(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(23) -192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 24 24 +108 576 R 2.91(yt)-.15 G .41(railing ne)-2.91 F .41(wlines deleted.)-.25 +F .41(Embedded ne)5.41 F(w-)-.25 E .191(lines are not deleted, b)108 588 +R .192(ut the)-.2 F 2.692(ym)-.15 G .192(ay be remo)-2.692 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.692(dd).15 G .192(uring w)-2.692 F .192(ord splitting.)-.1 F +.192(The command substitution)5.192 F F2($\(cat)2.692 E F1(\214le)2.692 +E F2(\))A F0(can be replaced by the equi)108 600 Q -.25(va)-.25 G +(lent b).25 E(ut f)-.2 E(aster)-.1 E F2($\(<)2.5 E F1(\214le)2.5 E F2 +(\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form of substitution is\ + used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 616.8 R(xcept)-.15 E +.314(when follo)108 628.8 R .314(wed by)-.25 F F2($)2.814 E F0(,)A F2 +<92>2.814 E F0 2.814(,o)C(r)-2.814 E F2(\\)2.814 E F0 5.314(.T)C .315(h\ +e \214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash terminates the command \ +sub-)-5.314 F 3.887(stitution. When)108 640.8 R 1.387(using the $\() +3.887 F F1(command).833 E F0 3.887(\)f)1.666 G 1.386 +(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.887 F 3.886(eu)-.1 G +3.886(pt)-3.886 G 1.386(he com-)-3.886 F +(mand; none are treated specially)108 652.8 Q(.)-.65 E .894 +(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 669.6 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H +.894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F +(quotes with backslashes.)108 681.6 Q .422 +(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 698.4 R .422 +(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .422(xpansion are not performed)-.15 +F(on the results.)108 710.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 +E(24)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 25 25 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(can be replaced by the equi)108 84 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent b).25 E(ut f) --.2 E(aster)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF($\(<)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(\214le)2.5 E F1(\))A F0(.)A 1.724(When the old-style backquote form \ -of substitution is used, backslash retains its literal meaning e)108 -100.8 R(xcept)-.15 E .315(when follo)108 112.8 R .315(wed by)-.25 F F1 -($)2.815 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.815 E F0 2.815(,o)C(r)-2.815 E F1(\\)2.815 E -F0 5.315(.T)C .314(he \214rst backquote not preceded by a backslash ter\ -minates the command sub-)-5.315 F 3.886(stitution. When)108 124.8 R -1.386(using the $\()3.886 F F2(command).833 E F0 3.886(\)f)1.666 G 1.387 -(orm, all characters between the parentheses mak)-3.886 F 3.887(eu)-.1 G -3.887(pt)-3.887 G 1.387(he com-)-3.887 F -(mand; none are treated specially)108 136.8 Q(.)-.65 E .894 -(Command substitutions may be nested.)108 153.6 R 2.494 -.8(To n)5.894 H -.894(est when using the backquoted form, escape the inner back-).8 F -(quotes with backslashes.)108 165.6 Q .422 -(If the substitution appears within double quotes, w)108 182.4 R .422 -(ord splitting and pathname e)-.1 F .423(xpansion are not performed)-.15 -F(on the results.)108 194.4 Q F1(Arithmetic Expansion)87 211.2 Q F0 -1.035(Arithmetic e)108 223.2 R 1.035(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.035 -(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F -1.034(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F -(The format for arithmetic e)108 235.2 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\() -144 252 Q F2 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A F0(The)108 268.8 Q -F2 -.2(ex)2.665 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .165 -(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)2.905 F .166 -(ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F .231 -(treated specially)108 280.8 R 5.231(.A)-.65 G .231(ll tok)-5.231 F .231 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(Arithmetic Expansion)87 84 Q F0 1.034(Arithmetic e)108 96 R 1.034 +(xpansion allo)-.15 F 1.034(ws the e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.034 +(luation of an arithmetic e).25 F 1.035 +(xpression and the substitution of the result.)-.15 F +(The format for arithmetic e)108 108 Q(xpansion is:)-.15 E F1($\(\()144 +124.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F1(\)\))A +F0(The)108 141.6 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.666 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .165 +(is treated as if it were within double quotes, b)2.906 F .165 +(ut a double quote inside the parentheses is not)-.2 F .23 +(treated specially)108 153.6 R 5.23(.A)-.65 G .23(ll tok)-5.23 F .231 (ens in the e)-.1 F .231(xpression under)-.15 F .231(go parameter and v) --.18 F .23(ariable e)-.25 F .23(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.059 -(tution, and quote remo)108 292.8 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.559(l. The).25 F -1.059(result is treated as the arithmetic e)3.559 F 1.06 -(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.56(luated. Arithmetic).25 F --.15(ex)108 304.8 S(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.379(The e)108 321.6 +-.18 F .231(ariable e)-.25 F .231(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.06 +(tution, and quote remo)108 165.6 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.56(l. The).25 F +1.059(result is treated as the arithmetic e)3.56 F 1.059 +(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.559(luated. Arithmetic).25 F +-.15(ex)108 177.6 S(pansions may be nested.).15 E 1.378(The e)108 194.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.378 (luation is performed according to the rules listed belo).25 F 3.878(wu) -.25 G(nder)-3.878 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.378(ARITHMETIC EV)3.878 F (ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 -(If)5.878 E F2 -.2(ex)108 333.6 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E +(If)5.879 E F2 -.2(ex)108 206.4 S(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is in)2.74 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid,).25 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(prints a message indicating f) -2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F1(Pr)87 350.4 Q -(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F2(Pr)108 362.4 Q .405(ocess substitution) +2.5 E(ailure and no substitution occurs.)-.1 E F1(Pr)87 223.2 Q +(ocess Substitution)-.18 E F2(Pr)108 235.2 Q .405(ocess substitution) -.45 F F0(allo)2.905 E .405(ws a process')-.25 F 2.905(si)-.55 G .405 (nput or output to be referred to using a \214lename.)-2.905 F .405 -(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 374.4 Q F1(<\()3.251 E F2 -(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0(or)3.251 E F1(>\()3.251 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E -F0 5.751(.T)C .751(he process)-5.751 F F2(list)3.251 E F0 .751 +(It tak)5.405 F .405(es the form)-.1 F(of)108 247.2 Q F1(<\()3.25 E F2 +(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0(or)3.25 E F1(>\()3.25 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E +F0 5.75(.T)C .751(he process)-5.75 F F2(list)3.251 E F0 .751 (is run asynchronously)3.251 F 3.251(,a)-.65 G .751 -(nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F .147 -(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 386.4 R .148 -(gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 F 2.648 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)2.648 E F1(>\()2.648 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E -F0 .56(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)108 398.4 R .56 +(nd its input or output appears as a \214lename.)-3.251 F .148 +(This \214lename is passed as an ar)108 259.2 R .148 +(gument to the current command as the result of the e)-.18 F 2.647 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F(the)2.647 E F1(>\()2.647 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E +F0 .559(form is used, writing to the \214le will pro)108 271.2 R .559 (vide input for)-.15 F F2(list)3.059 E F0 5.559(.I)C 3.059(ft)-5.559 G -(he)-3.059 E F1(<\()3.059 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 .559 -(form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.059 F(ar)108 410.4 Q .308 +(he)-3.059 E F1(<\()3.06 E F2(list)A F1(\)).833 E F0 .56 +(form is used, the \214le passed as an)3.06 F(ar)108 283.2 Q .309 (gument should be read to obtain the output of)-.18 F F2(list)2.808 E F0 -5.308(.P)C .309(rocess substitution is supported on systems that sup-) --5.308 F(port named pipes \()108 422.4 Q F2(FIFOs)A F0 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(rt) +5.308(.P)C .308(rocess substitution is supported on systems that sup-) +-5.308 F(port named pipes \()108 295.2 Q F2(FIFOs)A F0 2.5(\)o)C 2.5(rt) -2.5 G(he)-2.5 E F1(/de)2.5 E(v/fd)-.15 E F0 -(method of naming open \214les.)2.5 E .897(When a)108 439.2 R -.25(va) --.2 G .896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously wit\ -h parameter and v).25 F .896(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E -(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 451.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 --.75(Wo)87 468 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.142 -(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 480 R 1.143 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.143 -(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 492 Q +(method of naming open \214les.)2.5 E .896(When a)108 312 R -.25(va)-.2 +G .896(ilable, process substitution is performed simultaneously with pa\ +rameter and v).25 F .897(ariable e)-.25 F(xpansion,)-.15 E +(command substitution, and arithmetic e)108 324 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 +-.75(Wo)87 340.8 S(rd Splitting).75 E F0 1.143 +(The shell scans the results of parameter e)108 352.8 R 1.142 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 1.142 +(xpansion that)-.15 F(did not occur within double quotes for)108 364.8 Q F2(wor)2.5 E 2.5(ds)-.37 G(plitting)-2.5 E F0(.).22 E .063 -(The shell treats each character of)108 508.8 R F3(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063 +(The shell treats each character of)108 381.6 R F3(IFS)2.563 E F0 .063 (as a delimiter)2.313 F 2.563(,a)-.4 G .063 (nd splits the results of the other e)-2.563 F .063(xpansions into w) -.15 F(ords)-.1 E .207(using these characters as \214eld terminators.) -108 520.8 R(If)5.207 E F3(IFS)2.707 E F0 .207(is unset, or its v)2.457 F -.207(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(<space><tab><newline>)2.708 E F0 -(,)A .837(the def)108 532.8 R .837(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F1 -(<space>)3.337 E F0(,)A F1(<tab>)3.337 E F0 3.337(,a)C(nd)-3.337 E F1 -(<newline>)3.337 E F0 .836(at the be)3.336 F .836 -(ginning and end of the results of)-.15 F .345(the pre)108 544.8 R .345 +108 393.6 R(If)5.207 E F3(IFS)2.707 E F0 .207(is unset, or its v)2.457 F +.207(alue is e)-.25 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(<space><tab><newline>)2.707 E F0 +(,)A .836(the def)108 405.6 R .836(ault, then sequences of)-.1 F F1 +(<space>)3.336 E F0(,)A F1(<tab>)3.336 E F0 3.336(,a)C(nd)-3.336 E F1 +(<newline>)3.336 E F0 .837(at the be)3.336 F .837 +(ginning and end of the results of)-.15 F .346(the pre)108 417.6 R .345 (vious e)-.25 F .345(xpansions are ignored, and an)-.15 F 2.845(ys)-.15 G .345(equence of)-2.845 F F3(IFS)2.845 E F0 .345 (characters not at the be)2.595 F .345(ginning or end serv)-.15 F(es) --.15 E 1.237(to delimit w)108 556.8 R 3.737(ords. If)-.1 F F3(IFS)3.737 -E F0 1.236(has a v)3.486 F 1.236(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.236 +-.15 E 1.236(to delimit w)108 429.6 R 3.736(ords. If)-.1 F F3(IFS)3.736 +E F0 1.236(has a v)3.486 F 1.236(alue other than the def)-.25 F 1.237 (ault, then sequences of the whitespace characters)-.1 F F1(space)108 -568.8 Q F0(,)A F1(tab)2.506 E F0 2.506(,a)C(nd)-2.506 E F1(newline)2.506 -E F0 .006(are ignored at the be)2.506 F .006(ginning and end of the w) --.15 F .007(ord, as long as the whitespace charac-)-.1 F .921 -(ter is in the v)108 580.8 R .92(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)3.42 E F0(\(an) +441.6 Q F0(,)A F1(tab)2.507 E F0 2.507(,a)C(nd)-2.507 E F1(newline)2.507 +E F0 .007(are ignored at the be)2.507 F .006(ginning and end of the w) +-.15 F .006(ord, as long as the whitespace charac-)-.1 F .92 +(ter is in the v)108 453.6 R .92(alue of)-.25 F F3(IFS)3.42 E F0(\(an) 3.17 E F3(IFS)3.42 E F0 .92(whitespace character\).)3.17 F(An)5.92 E -3.42(yc)-.15 G .92(haracter in)-3.42 F F3(IFS)3.42 E F0 .92(that is not) -3.17 F F3(IFS)3.42 E F0(whitespace,)3.17 E .428(along with an)108 592.8 -R 2.928(ya)-.15 G(djacent)-2.928 E F3(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428 -(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)2.678 F 2.928(As)5.428 G -.428(equence of)-2.928 F F3(IFS)2.928 E F0 .429(whitespace charac-)2.679 -F(ters is also treated as a delimiter)108 604.8 Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 -G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(IFS)2.5 E F0(is null, no w)2.25 E -(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E 1.927(Explicit null ar)108 621.6 R 1.927 -(guments \()-.18 F F1 .833("").833 G F0(or)3.594 E F1 .833<0808>5.26 G -F0 4.427(\)a)C 1.927 +3.42(yc)-.15 G .92(haracter in)-3.42 F F3(IFS)3.42 E F0 .921 +(that is not)3.17 F F3(IFS)3.421 E F0(whitespace,)3.171 E .429 +(along with an)108 465.6 R 2.928(ya)-.15 G(djacent)-2.928 E F3(IFS)2.928 +E F0 .428(whitespace characters, delimits a \214eld.)2.678 F 2.928(As) +5.428 G .428(equence of)-2.928 F F3(IFS)2.928 E F0 .428 +(whitespace charac-)2.678 F(ters is also treated as a delimiter)108 +477.6 Q 5(.I)-.55 G 2.5(ft)-5 G(he v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E F3(IFS)2.5 E +F0(is null, no w)2.25 E(ord splitting occurs.)-.1 E 1.927 +(Explicit null ar)108 494.4 R 1.927(guments \()-.18 F F1 .833("").833 G +F0(or)3.594 E F1 .833<0808>5.26 G F0 4.427(\)a)C 1.927 (re retained and passed to commands as empty strings.)-4.427 F(Unquoted) -6.927 E .484(implicit null ar)108 633.6 R .484 +6.927 E .485(implicit null ar)108 506.4 R .485 (guments, resulting from the e)-.18 F .484 -(xpansion of parameters that ha)-.15 F .785 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.985(ov).15 -G .485(alues, are remo)-3.235 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.985(d. If).15 F(a)2.985 -E 1.572(parameter with no v)108 645.6 R 1.572(alue is e)-.25 F 1.571 -(xpanded within double quotes, a null ar)-.15 F 1.571 -(gument results and is retained and)-.18 F .723 -(passed to a command as an empty string.)108 657.6 R .724 -(When a quoted null ar)5.724 F .724(gument appears as part of a w)-.18 F -.724(ord whose)-.1 F -.15(ex)108 669.6 S .176 +(xpansion of parameters that ha)-.15 F .784 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.984(ov).15 +G .484(alues, are remo)-3.234 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.984(d. If).15 F(a)2.984 +E 1.571(parameter with no v)108 518.4 R 1.571(alue is e)-.25 F 1.571 +(xpanded within double quotes, a null ar)-.15 F 1.572 +(gument results and is retained and)-.18 F .724 +(passed to a command as an empty string.)108 530.4 R .724 +(When a quoted null ar)5.724 F .723(gument appears as part of a w)-.18 F +.723(ord whose)-.1 F -.15(ex)108 542.4 S .175 (pansion is non-null, the null ar).15 F .176(gument is remo)-.18 F -.15 (ve)-.15 G 2.676(d. That).15 F .176(is, the w)2.676 F(ord)-.1 E/F5 10 -/Courier@0 SF -5.167<ad64082008>2.676 F F0(becomes)2.675 E F5<ad64>2.675 -E F0 .175(after w)2.675 F .175(ord split-)-.1 F(ting and null ar)108 -681.6 Q(gument remo)-.18 E -.25(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E(Note that if no e)108 -698.4 Q(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4) -72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(24)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 25 25 +/Courier@0 SF -5.167<ad64082008>2.676 F F0(becomes)2.676 E F5<ad64>2.676 +E F0 .176(after w)2.676 F .176(ord split-)-.1 F(ting and null ar)108 +554.4 Q(gument remo)-.18 E -.25(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E(Note that if no e)108 +571.2 Q(xpansion occurs, no splitting is performed.)-.15 E F1 -.1(Pa)87 +588 S(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .371(After w)108 600 R .371 +(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F1<ad66>2.871 E F0 .371 +(option has been set,)2.871 F F1(bash)2.871 E F0 .37(scans each w)2.87 F +.37(ord for the characters)-.1 F F1(*)2.87 E F0(,)A F1(?)2.87 E F0 2.87 +(,a)C(nd)-2.87 E F1([)2.87 E F0(.)A .677 +(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 612 R .677 +(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F F2(pattern)3.177 E +F0 3.177(,a).24 G .678(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F .562 +(cally sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see)108 624 R +F3 -.09(Pa)3.062 G(tter).09 E 2.812(nM)-.135 G(atching)-2.812 E F0(belo) +2.812 E 3.062(w\). If)-.25 F .561(no matching \214lenames)3.061 F .008 +(are found, and the shell option)108 636 R F1(nullglob)2.508 E F0 .008 +(is not enabled, the w)2.508 F .009(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .009 +(If the)5.009 F F1(nullglob)2.509 E F0 .009(option is)2.509 F .443 +(set, and no matches are found, the w)108 648 R .443(ord is remo)-.1 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.943(d. If).15 F(the)2.942 E F1(failglob)2.942 E F0 .442 +(shell option is set, and no matches are)2.942 F 1.38 +(found, an error message is printed and the command is not e)108 660 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.88(cuted. If).15 F 1.38(the shell option)3.88 F F1 +(nocaseglob)3.88 E F0(is)3.88 E .104 +(enabled, the match is performed without re)108 672 R -.05(ga)-.15 G +.104(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .103 +(When a pattern is used)5.103 F .377(for pathname e)108 684 R .377 +(xpansion, the character)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.878 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 +E F0 .378(at the start of a name or immediately follo)5.378 F .378 +(wing a slash must be)-.25 F 1.354(matched e)108 696 R(xplicitly)-.15 E +3.854(,u)-.65 G 1.354(nless the shell option)-3.854 F F1(dotglob)3.854 E +F0 1.354(is set.)3.854 F 1.354(The \214lenames)6.354 F F1 -.63(``)3.854 +G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0(and)6.354 E F1 -.63(``)3.853 G(..).63 E -.63 +('')-.55 G F0 1.353(must al)6.983 F -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.353(ys be).1 F .485 +(matched e)108 708 R(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.985(,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-3.235 G +2.985(ni).15 G(f)-2.985 E F1(dotglob)2.985 E F0 .485(is set.)2.985 F +.485(In other cases, the)5.485 F F1 -.63(``)2.985 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 +E F0 .486(character is not treated specially)5.485 F 5.486(.W)-.65 G +(hen)-5.486 E .115(matching a pathname, the slash character must al)108 +720 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .114(ys be matched e).1 F .114 +(xplicitly by a slash in the pattern, b)-.15 F .114(ut in)-.2 F +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(25)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 26 26 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.1(Pa)87 84 S(thname Expansion).1 E F0 .37(After w)108 96 R .37 -(ord splitting, unless the)-.1 F F1<ad66>2.87 E F0 .37 -(option has been set,)2.87 F F1(bash)2.87 E F0 .371(scans each w)2.871 F -.371(ord for the characters)-.1 F F1(*)2.871 E F0(,)A F1(?)2.871 E F0 -2.871(,a)C(nd)-2.871 E F1([)2.871 E F0(.)A .678 -(If one of these characters appears, then the w)108 108 R .677 -(ord is re)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .677(rded as a).05 F/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern)3.177 E F0 3.177(,a).24 G .677 -(nd replaced with an alphabeti-)-3.177 F .562 -(cally sorted list of \214lenames matching the pattern \(see)108 120 R -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.09(Pa)3.062 G(tter).09 E 2.812(nM)-.135 G -(atching)-2.812 E F0(belo)2.812 E 3.062(w\). If)-.25 F .562 -(no matching \214lenames)3.062 F .009(are found, and the shell option) -108 132 R F1(nullglob)2.509 E F0 .008(is not enabled, the w)2.509 F .008 -(ord is left unchanged.)-.1 F .008(If the)5.008 F F1(nullglob)2.508 E F0 -.008(option is)2.508 F .442(set, and no matches are found, the w)108 144 -R .442(ord is remo)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.942(d. If).15 F(the)2.943 E F1 -(failglob)2.943 E F0 .443(shell option is set, and no matches are)2.943 -F 1.38(found, an error message is printed and the command is not e)108 -156 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.88(cuted. If).15 F 1.38(the shell option)3.88 F -F1(nocaseglob)3.88 E F0(is)3.88 E .103 -(enabled, the match is performed without re)108 168 R -.05(ga)-.15 G -.104(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F .104 -(When a pattern is used)5.104 F .378(for pathname e)108 180 R .378 -(xpansion, the character)-.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.878 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 -E F0 .378(at the start of a name or immediately follo)5.378 F .377 -(wing a slash must be)-.25 F .578(matched e)108 192 R(xplicitly)-.15 E -3.078(,u)-.65 G .578(nless the shell option)-3.078 F F1(dotglob)3.079 E -F0 .579(is set.)3.079 F .579 -(When matching a pathname, the slash character)5.579 F 1.789(must al)108 -204 R -.1(wa)-.1 G 1.788(ys be matched e).1 F(xplicitly)-.15 E 6.788(.I) --.65 G 4.288(no)-6.788 G 1.788(ther cases, the)-4.288 F F1 -.63(``)4.288 -G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 1.788(character is not treated specially) -6.788 F 6.788(.S)-.65 G 1.788(ee the)-6.788 F .165(description of)108 -216 R F1(shopt)2.665 E F0(belo)2.665 E 2.665(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.665 E F3 -.165(SHELL B)2.665 F(UIL)-.09 E .165(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .166 -(for a description of the)2.415 F F1(nocaseglob)2.666 E F0(,)A F1(null-) -2.666 E(glob)108 228 Q F0(,)A F1(failglob)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1 -(dotglob)2.5 E F0(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 244.8 Q F3(GLOBIGNORE) -2.786 E F0 .286(shell v)2.536 F .285 -(ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214lenames matching a)-.25 -F F2(pattern)2.785 E F0 5.285(.I).24 G(f)-5.285 E F3(GLO-)2.785 E -(BIGNORE)108 256.8 Q F0 2.316(is set, each matching \214lename that als\ -o matches one of the patterns in)4.565 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)4.816 E F0(is) -4.566 E(remo)108 268.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.915(df).15 G 1.415 -(rom the list of matches.)-3.915 F 1.415(If the)6.415 F F1(nocaseglob) -3.915 E F0 1.415(option is set, the matching ag)3.915 F 1.414 -(ainst the patterns in)-.05 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)108 280.8 Q F0 .146 -(is performed without re)2.396 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .146(rd to case.).05 F -.146(The \214lenames)5.146 F F1 -.63(``)2.646 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E -F0(and)5.147 E F1 -.63(``)2.647 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .147 -(are al)5.777 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .147(ys ignored when).1 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)108 -292.8 Q F0 .827(is set and not null.)3.077 F(Ho)5.827 E(we)-.25 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 1.627 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.327 E F0 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .581 +(other matching conte)108 84 R .581 +(xts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described belo) +-.15 F 3.081(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.081 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.09(Pa)3.081 +G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E(Matching)108 96 Q/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 +.073(See the description of)4.573 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shopt)2.573 E +F0(belo)2.573 E 2.573(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.573 E F1 .072(SHELL B)2.572 F +(UIL)-.09 E .072(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .072(for a description of the) +2.322 F F3(nocaseglob)108 108 Q F0(,)A F3(nullglob)2.5 E F0(,)A F3 +(failglob)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F3(dotglob)2.5 E F0 +(shell options.)2.5 E(The)108 124.8 Q F1(GLOBIGNORE)2.63 E F0 .13 +(shell v)2.38 F .131 +(ariable may be used to restrict the set of \214le names matching a)-.25 +F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern)2.631 E F0 5.131(.I).24 G(f)-5.131 E +F1(GLO-)2.631 E(BIGNORE)108 136.8 Q F0 2.015(is set, each matching \214\ +le name that also matches one of the patterns in)4.265 F F1(GLOBIGNORE) +4.515 E F0(is)4.264 E(remo)108 148.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.914(df).15 G +1.414(rom the list of matches.)-3.914 F 1.415(If the)6.415 F F3 +(nocaseglob)3.915 E F0 1.415(option is set, the matching ag)3.915 F +1.415(ainst the patterns in)-.05 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)108 160.8 Q F0 .147 +(is performed without re)2.397 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .147(rd to case.).05 F +.146(The \214lenames)5.146 F F3 -.63(``)2.646 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E +F0(and)5.146 E F3 -.63(``)2.646 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 .146 +(are al)5.776 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .146(ys ignored when).1 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)108 +172.8 Q F0 .827(is set and not null.)3.077 F(Ho)5.827 E(we)-.25 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 1.627 -.4(r, s).15 H(etting).4 E F1(GLOBIGNORE)3.327 E F0 .827(to a non-null v)3.077 F .827(alue has the ef)-.25 F .827(fect of) --.25 F .682(enabling the)108 304.8 R F1(dotglob)3.182 E F0 .682 -(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)3.182 F .682(ginning with a) --.15 F F1 -.63(``)3.182 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .682(will match.) -5.682 F 2.283 -.8(To g)5.683 H .683(et the old).8 F(beha)108 316.8 Q -1.185(vior of ignoring \214lenames be)-.2 F 1.185(ginning with a)-.15 F -F1 -.63(``)3.684 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 3.684(,m)C(ak)-3.684 E(e) --.1 E F1 -.63(``)3.684 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 1.184 -(one of the patterns in)6.184 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.684 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 -SF(.)A F0(The)108 328.8 Q F1(dotglob)3.131 E F0 .631 -(option is disabled when)3.131 F F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.132 E F0 .632 -(is unset.)2.882 F .632(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.632 -F(the)108 340.8 Q F1(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F1 -.1(Pa)108 -357.6 S(tter).1 E 2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F0(An)108 374.4 Q 3.138 -(yc)-.15 G .638(haracter that appears in a pattern, other than the spec\ -ial pattern characters described belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H -(atches).65 E 3.62(itself. The)108 386.4 R 1.12 -(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.)3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G 1.12 -(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12(wing character; the)-.25 F .576 -(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 398.4 R .576 +-.25 F .683(enabling the)108 184.8 R F3(dotglob)3.183 E F0 .682 +(shell option, so all other \214lenames be)3.183 F .682(ginning with a) +-.15 F F3 -.63(``)3.182 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 .682(will match.) +5.682 F 2.282 -.8(To g)5.682 H .682(et the old).8 F(beha)108 196.8 Q +1.184(vior of ignoring \214lenames be)-.2 F 1.184(ginning with a)-.15 F +F3 -.63(``)3.684 G -.55(.').63 G(')-.08 E F0 3.684(,m)C(ak)-3.684 E(e) +-.1 E F3 -.63(``)3.684 G(.*').63 E(')-.63 E F0 1.185 +(one of the patterns in)6.185 F F1(GLOBIGNORE)3.685 E F2(.)A F0(The)108 +208.8 Q F3(dotglob)3.132 E F0 .632(option is disabled when)3.132 F F1 +(GLOBIGNORE)3.132 E F0 .632(is unset.)2.882 F .631 +(The pattern matching honors the setting of)5.632 F(the)108 220.8 Q F3 +(extglob)2.5 E F0(shell option.)2.5 E F3 -.1(Pa)108 237.6 S(tter).1 E +2.5(nM)-.15 G(atching)-2.5 E F0(An)108 254.4 Q 3.138(yc)-.15 G .638(har\ +acter that appears in a pattern, other than the special pattern charact\ +ers described belo)-3.138 F 1.938 -.65(w, m)-.25 H(atches).65 E 3.62 +(itself. The)108 266.4 R 1.12(NUL character may not occur in a pattern.) +3.62 F 3.62(Ab)6.12 G 1.12(ackslash escapes the follo)-3.62 F 1.12 +(wing character; the)-.25 F .576 +(escaping backslash is discarded when matching.)108 278.4 R .576 (The special pattern characters must be quoted if the)5.576 F 3.076(ya) --.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 410.4 Q(.)-.65 E -(The special pattern characters ha)108 427.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1(*)144 444 Q F0 .376(Matches an) -180 444 R 2.876(ys)-.15 G .376(tring, including the null string.)-2.876 -F .376(When the)5.376 F F1(globstar)2.876 E F0 .377 -(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 456 Q F1(*)3.275 E F0 .775 +-.15 G(re)-3.076 E(to be matched literally)108 290.4 Q(.)-.65 E +(The special pattern characters ha)108 307.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3(*)144 324 Q F0 .377(Matches an) +180 324 R 2.877(ys)-.15 G .376(tring, including the null string.)-2.877 +F .376(When the)5.376 F F3(globstar)2.876 E F0 .376 +(shell option is enabled,)2.876 F(and)180 336 Q F3(*)3.275 E F0 .775 (is used in a pathname e)3.275 F .775(xpansion conte)-.15 F .775(xt, tw) --.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 E F1(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775 +-.15 F 3.275(oa)-.1 G(djacent)-3.275 E F3(*)3.275 E F0 3.275(su)C .775 (sed as a single pattern)-3.275 F 1.058(will match all \214les and zero\ - or more directories and subdirectories.)180 468 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 -F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)3.558 E F0(,)A(tw)180 480 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G -(djacent)-2.5 E F1(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C -(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F1(?)144 492 Q F0 -(Matches an)180 492 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 -([...])144 504 Q F0 .579(Matches an)180 504 R 3.079(yo)-.15 G .579 -(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.079 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .578 -(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .684 -(denotes a)180 516 R F2 -.15(ra)3.184 G(ng).15 E 3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr) + or more directories and subdirectories.)180 348 R 1.058(If follo)6.058 +F 1.058(wed by a)-.25 F F3(/)3.558 E F0(,)A(tw)180 360 Q 2.5(oa)-.1 G +(djacent)-2.5 E F3(*)2.5 E F0 2.5(sw)C +(ill match only directories and subdirectories.)-2.5 E F3(?)144 372 Q F0 +(Matches an)180 372 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(ingle character)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F3 +([...])144 384 Q F0 .578(Matches an)180 384 R 3.078(yo)-.15 G .578 +(ne of the enclosed characters.)-3.078 F 3.079(Ap)5.579 G .579 +(air of characters separated by a h)-3.079 F(yphen)-.05 E .685 +(denotes a)180 396 R F4 -.15(ra)3.185 G(ng).15 E 3.184(ee)-.1 G(xpr) -3.384 E(ession)-.37 E F0 3.184(;a)C .984 -.15(ny c)-3.184 H .684 -(haracter that f).15 F .684(alls between those tw)-.1 F 3.185(oc)-.1 G -.685(haracters, inclu-)-3.185 F(si)180 528 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.713(,u).15 -G 1.213(sing the current locale')-3.713 F 3.712(sc)-.55 G 1.212 -(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F 1.212(If the) -6.212 F 1.123(\214rst character follo)180 540 R 1.123(wing the)-.25 F F1 -([)3.623 E F0 1.123(is a)3.623 F F1(!)3.623 E F0 1.124(or a)6.123 F F1 -(^)3.624 E F0 1.124(then an)3.624 F 3.624(yc)-.15 G 1.124 -(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.624 F .895 -(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 552 R .894 -(xpressions is determined by the current locale)-.15 F .375(and the v) -180 564 R .375(alues of the)-.25 F F3(LC_COLLA)2.875 E(TE)-.855 E F0(or) -2.625 E F3(LC_ALL)2.875 E F0 .375(shell v)2.625 F .375 -(ariables, if set.)-.25 F 1.976 -.8(To o)5.376 H .376(btain the tra-).8 -F .068(ditional interpretation of range e)180 576 R .068 -(xpressions, where)-.15 F F1([a\255d])2.568 E F0 .067(is equi)2.567 F --.25(va)-.25 G .067(lent to).25 F F1([abcd])2.567 E F0 2.567(,s)C .067 -(et v)-2.567 F(alue)-.25 E .156(of the)180 588 R F1(LC_ALL)2.656 E F0 -.156(shell v)2.656 F .156(ariable to)-.25 F F1(C)2.657 E F0 2.657(,o)C -2.657(re)-2.657 G .157(nable the)-2.657 F F1(globasciiranges)2.657 E F0 -.157(shell option.)2.657 F(A)5.157 E F1<ad>2.657 E F0(may)2.657 E .193(\ +(haracter that f).15 F .684(alls between those tw)-.1 F 3.184(oc)-.1 G +.684(haracters, inclu-)-3.184 F(si)180 408 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.712(,u).15 +G 1.212(sing the current locale')-3.712 F 3.712(sc)-.55 G 1.212 +(ollating sequence and character set, is matched.)-3.712 F 1.213(If the) +6.213 F 1.124(\214rst character follo)180 420 R 1.124(wing the)-.25 F F3 +([)3.624 E F0 1.124(is a)3.624 F F3(!)3.624 E F0 1.124(or a)6.124 F F3 +(^)3.623 E F0 1.123(then an)3.623 F 3.623(yc)-.15 G 1.123 +(haracter not enclosed is matched.)-3.623 F .894 +(The sorting order of characters in range e)180 432 R .895 +(xpressions is determined by the current locale)-.15 F .376(and the v) +180 444 R .376(alues of the)-.25 F F1(LC_COLLA)2.875 E(TE)-.855 E F0(or) +2.625 E F1(LC_ALL)2.875 E F0 .375(shell v)2.625 F .375 +(ariables, if set.)-.25 F 1.975 -.8(To o)5.375 H .375(btain the tra-).8 +F .067(ditional interpretation of range e)180 456 R .067 +(xpressions, where)-.15 F F3([a\255d])2.567 E F0 .068(is equi)2.568 F +-.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F3([abcd])2.568 E F0 2.568(,s)C .068 +(et v)-2.568 F(alue)-.25 E .157(of the)180 468 R F3(LC_ALL)2.657 E F0 +.157(shell v)2.657 F .157(ariable to)-.25 F F3(C)2.657 E F0 2.657(,o)C +2.657(re)-2.657 G .157(nable the)-2.657 F F3(globasciiranges)2.657 E F0 +.156(shell option.)2.656 F(A)5.156 E F3<ad>2.656 E F0(may)2.656 E .193(\ be matched by including it as the \214rst or last character in the set.) -180 600 R(A)5.193 E F1(])2.693 E F0 .193(may be matched by)2.693 F -(including it as the \214rst character in the set.)180 612 Q -.4(Wi)180 -630 S(thin).4 E F1([)3.07 E F0(and)3.07 E F1(])3.07 E F0(,)A F2 -.15(ch) -3.07 G(ar).15 E .571(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571 -(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 F F1([:)3.071 E F2(class)A F1 -(:])A F0 3.071(,w)C(here)-3.071 E F2(class)3.071 E F0 -(is one of the follo)180 642 Q -(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F1 8.173 -(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 654 R 8.173 -(wer print punct space)-.1 F 5(upper w)180 666 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F F0 -4.289(Ac)180 678 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.289 F 4.289(yc) --.15 G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F1 --.1(wo)4.29 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.29 E -(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 690 Q -.4(Wi) -180 708 S(thin).4 E F1([)4.537 E F0(and)4.537 E F1(])4.537 E F0 4.537 -(,a)C(n)-4.537 E F2 2.037(equivalence class)4.537 F F0 2.036 -(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F1([=)4.536 E F2(c)A F1(=]) -A F0 4.536(,w)C(hich)-4.536 E .125(matches all characters with the same\ - collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 720 R -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(25)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 26 26 +180 480 R(A)5.193 E F3(])2.693 E F0 .194(may be matched by)2.693 F +(including it as the \214rst character in the set.)180 492 Q -.4(Wi)180 +510 S(thin).4 E F3([)3.071 E F0(and)3.071 E F3(])3.071 E F0(,)A F4 -.15 +(ch)3.071 G(ar).15 E .571(acter classes)-.15 F F0 .571 +(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)3.071 F F3([:)3.07 E F4(class)A F3 +(:])A F0 3.07(,w)C(here)-3.07 E F4(class)3.07 E F0(is one of the follo) +180 522 Q(wing classes de\214ned in the POSIX standard:)-.25 E F3 8.173 +(alnum alpha ascii blank cntrl digit graph lo)180 534 R 8.173 +(wer print punct space)-.1 F 5(upper w)180 546 R 5(ord xdigit)-.1 F F0 +4.29(Ac)180 558 S 1.789(haracter class matches an)-4.29 F 4.289(yc)-.15 +G 1.789(haracter belonging to that class.)-4.289 F(The)6.789 E F3 -.1 +(wo)4.289 G(rd).1 E F0(character)4.289 E +(class matches letters, digits, and the character _.)180 570 Q -.4(Wi) +180 588 S(thin).4 E F3([)4.536 E F0(and)4.536 E F3(])4.536 E F0 4.536 +(,a)C(n)-4.536 E F4 2.036(equivalence class)4.536 F F0 2.037 +(can be speci\214ed using the syntax)4.536 F F3([=)4.537 E F4(c)A F3(=]) +A F0 4.537(,w)C(hich)-4.537 E .125(matches all characters with the same\ + collation weight \(as de\214ned by the current locale\) as)180 600 R +(the character)180 612 Q F4(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 630 S(thin).4 E F3 +([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F3(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he syntax)-2.5 E F3([.)2.5 +E F4(symbol)A F3(.])A F0(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F4(symbol) +2.5 E F0(.)A .704(If the)108 646.8 R F3(extglob)3.204 E F0 .705 +(shell option is enabled using the)3.204 F F3(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.205 G .705(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .705(ral e).15 F .705 +(xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .256(are recognized.)108 +658.8 R .256(In the follo)5.256 F .256(wing description, a)-.25 F F4 +(pattern-list)2.755 E F0 .255 +(is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F3(|)2.755 E +F0(.)A(Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo) +108 670.8 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F3(?\()144 694.8 Q F4 +(pattern-list).833 E F3(\)).833 E F0 +(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 706.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E +(26)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 27 27 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(the character)180 -84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(c)2.5 E F0(.)A -.4(Wi)180 102 S(thin).4 E -/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF([)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(])2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C -(he syntax)-2.5 E F2([.)2.5 E F1(symbol)A F2(.])A F0 -(matches the collating symbol)2.5 E F1(symbol)2.5 E F0(.)A .705(If the) -108 118.8 R F2(extglob)3.205 E F0 .705 -(shell option is enabled using the)3.205 F F2(shopt)3.205 E F0 -.2(bu) -3.205 G .704(iltin, se).2 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .704(ral e).15 F .704 -(xtended pattern matching operators)-.15 F .255(are recognized.)108 -130.8 R .255(In the follo)5.255 F .255(wing description, a)-.25 F F1 -(pattern-list)2.755 E F0 .255 -(is a list of one or more patterns separated by a)2.755 F F2(|)2.756 E -F0(.)A(Composite patterns may be formed using one or more of the follo) -108 142.8 Q(wing sub-patterns:)-.25 E F2(?\()144 166.8 Q F1 -(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)).833 E F0 -(Matches zero or one occurrence of the gi)180 178.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(*\()144 190.8 Q F1(pattern-list).833 E F2 -(\)).833 E F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 202.8 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(+\()144 214.8 Q F1 -(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)).833 E F0 -(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 226.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(@\()144 238.8 Q F1(pattern-list).833 E F2 -(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 250.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np) -.15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(!\()144 262.8 Q F1(pattern-list).833 E F2(\)) -.833 E F0(Matches an)180 274.8 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi) --.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F2(Quote Remo)87 291.6 -Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F0 1.113(After the preceding e)108 303.6 R 1.113 -(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F2(\\) -3.613 E F0(,)A F2<08>3.612 E F0 3.612(,a)C(nd)-3.612 E F2(")4.445 E F0 -1.112(that did not result)4.445 F(from one of the abo)108 315.6 Q .3 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(*\()144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern-list).833 E F1(\)).833 E +F0(Matches zero or more occurrences of the gi)180 96 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(+\()144 108 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1 +(\)).833 E F0(Matches one or more occurrences of the gi)180 120 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(@\()144 132 Q F2(pattern-list) +.833 E F1(\)).833 E F0(Matches one of the gi)180 144 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E F1(!\()144 156 Q F2(pattern-list).833 E F1 +(\)).833 E F0(Matches an)180 168 Q(ything e)-.15 E(xcept one of the gi) +-.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(np).15 G(atterns)-2.5 E .968(Complicated e)108 +184.8 R .968(xtended pattern matching ag)-.15 F .968 +(ainst long strings is slo)-.05 F 2.269 -.65(w, e)-.25 H .969 +(specially when the patterns contain).65 F 1.23 +(alternations and the strings contain multiple matches.)108 196.8 R 1.23 +(Using separate matches ag)6.23 F 1.23(ainst shorter strings, or)-.05 F +(using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may be f)108 +208.8 Q(aster)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1(Quote Remo)87 225.6 Q -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 +E F0 1.112(After the preceding e)108 237.6 R 1.112 +(xpansions, all unquoted occurrences of the characters)-.15 F F1(\\) +3.613 E F0(,)A F1<08>3.613 E F0 3.613(,a)C(nd)-3.613 E F1(")4.446 E F0 +1.113(that did not result)4.446 F(from one of the abo)108 249.6 Q .3 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(pansions are remo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E/F3 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 332.4 Q F0 .545 -(Before a command is e)108 344.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 -(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F1 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E +10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(REDIRECTION)72 266.4 Q F0 .545 +(Before a command is e)108 278.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .545 +(cuted, its input and output may be).15 F F2 -.37(re)3.045 G(dir).37 E (ected)-.37 E F0 .545(using a special notation interpreted)3.815 F .405 -(by the shell.)108 356.4 R .405(Redirection allo)5.405 F .405(ws comman\ +(by the shell.)108 290.4 R .405(Redirection allo)5.405 F .405(ws comman\ ds' \214le handles to be duplicated, opened, closed, made to refer to) --.25 F(dif)108 368.4 Q 1.019(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les\ - the command reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.02 -(Redirection may also be)6.02 F .215 -(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 380.4 R -.15 +-.25 F(dif)108 302.4 Q 1.02(ferent \214les, and can change the \214les \ +the command reads from and writes to.)-.25 F 1.019 +(Redirection may also be)6.019 F .215 +(used to modify \214le handles in the current shell e)108 314.4 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G .215(cution en).15 F 2.715(vironment. The)-.4 F(follo)2.715 E -.215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .875(may precede or appear an)108 -392.4 R .875(ywhere within a)-.15 F F1 .875(simple command)3.715 F F0 -.875(or may follo)4.145 F 3.376(wa)-.25 G F1(command)A F0 5.876(.R).77 G -.876(edirections are)-5.876 F(processed in the order the)108 404.4 Q 2.5 +.215(wing redirection operators)-.25 F .876(may precede or appear an)108 +326.4 R .876(ywhere within a)-.15 F F2 .875(simple command)3.715 F F0 +.875(or may follo)4.145 F 3.375(wa)-.25 G F2(command)A F0 5.875(.R).77 G +.875(edirections are)-5.875 F(processed in the order the)108 338.4 Q 2.5 (ya)-.15 G(ppear)-2.5 E 2.5(,f)-.4 G(rom left to right.)-2.5 E .771(Eac\ h redirection that may be preceded by a \214le descriptor number may in\ -stead be preceded by a w)108 421.2 R .771(ord of)-.1 F .292(the form {) -108 433.2 R F1(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293 +stead be preceded by a w)108 355.2 R .772(ord of)-.1 F .293(the form {) +108 367.2 R F2(varname)A F0 2.793(}. In)B .293 (this case, for each redirection operator e)2.793 F .293 -(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.18<618c>108 445.2 S -.679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to)-3.18 F -F1(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679 -(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F1(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 457.2 Q -F0(}, the v)A(alue of)-.25 E F1(varname)2.5 E F0 -(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)2.5 E .283(In the follo)108 -474 R .284(wing descriptions, if the \214le descriptor number is omitte\ -d, and the \214rst character of the redirect-)-.25 F .513 -(ion operator is)108 486 R F2(<)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512 +(xcept >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate)-.15 F 3.179<618c>108 379.2 +S .679(le descriptor greater than or equal to 10 and assign it to)-3.179 +F F2(varname)3.179 E F0 5.679(.I)C 3.179(f>)-5.679 G .679 +(&- or <&- is preceded by {)-3.179 F F2(var)A(-)-.2 E(name)108 391.2 Q +F0 .6(}, the v)B .6(alue of)-.25 F F2(varname)3.1 E F0 .599 +(de\214nes the \214le descriptor to close.)3.1 F .599(If {)5.599 F F2 +(varname)A F0 3.099(}i)C 3.099(ss)-3.099 G .599 +(upplied, the redirection)-3.099 F 1.238(persists be)108 403.2 R 1.238 +(yond the scope of the command, allo)-.15 F 1.238 +(wing the shell programmer to manage the \214le descriptor)-.25 F +(himself.)108 415.2 Q .284(In the follo)108 432 R .283(wing description\ +s, if the \214le descriptor number is omitted, and the \214rst characte\ +r of the redirect-)-.25 F .512(ion operator is)108 444 R F1(<)3.012 E F0 +3.012(,t)C .512 (he redirection refers to the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\).) -3.012 F .512(If the \214rst character of the)5.512 F -(redirection operator is)108 498 Q F2(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C +(redirection operator is)108 456 Q F1(>)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C (he redirection refers to the standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\).) --2.5 E .824(The w)108 514.8 R .824(ord follo)-.1 F .824 -(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .825 -(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .463 -(jected to brace e)108 526.8 R .463(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .462 -(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .462(ariable e)-.25 F .462 -(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .866(metic e)108 538.8 R -.866(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .866(l, pathname e).25 F +-2.5 E .825(The w)108 472.8 R .825(ord follo)-.1 F .824 +(wing the redirection operator in the follo)-.25 F .824 +(wing descriptions, unless otherwise noted, is sub-)-.25 F .462 +(jected to brace e)108 484.8 R .462(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .463 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .463(ariable e)-.25 F .463 +(xpansion, command substitution, arith-)-.15 F .867(metic e)108 496.8 R +.867(xpansion, quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G .867(l, pathname e).25 F .867(xpansion, and w)-.15 F .867(ord splitting.)-.1 F .867(If it e)5.867 -F .867(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 550.8 S(rd,).1 E F2 +F .866(xpands to more than one)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 508.8 S(rd,).1 E F1 (bash)2.5 E F0(reports an error)2.5 E(.)-.55 E -(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 567.6 Q -.15 -(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 584.4 Q F2(>)2.5 -E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F2(>&)A F0(1)A -(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 601.2 -Q F1(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 618 -Q F2(>&)A F0(1)A F2(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527 -(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 634.8 R F1(dirlist)3.027 +(Note that the order of redirections is signi\214cant.)108 525.6 Q -.15 +(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, the command)-2.65 E(ls)144 542.4 Q F1(>)2.5 +E F0(dirlist 2)2.5 E F1(>&)A F0(1)A +(directs both standard output and standard error to the \214le)108 559.2 +Q F2(dirlist)2.5 E F0 2.5(,w).68 G(hile the command)-2.5 E(ls 2)144 576 +Q F1(>&)A F0(1)A F1(>)2.5 E F0(dirlist)2.5 E .527 +(directs only the standard output to \214le)108 592.8 R F2(dirlist)3.027 E F0 3.027(,b).68 G .527(ecause the standard error w)-3.027 F .527 (as duplicated from the standard)-.1 F -(output before the standard output w)108 646.8 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E -F1(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F2(Bash)108 663.6 Q F0 .598(handles se)3.098 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G .598(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya) --.15 G .599(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F -(wing)-.25 E 3.478(table. If)108 675.6 R .978 -(the operating system on which)3.478 F F2(bash)3.478 E F0 .978 -(is running pro)3.478 F .977 +(output before the standard output w)108 604.8 Q(as redirected to)-.1 E +F2(dirlist)2.5 E F0(.).68 E F1(Bash)108 621.6 Q F0 .599(handles se)3.099 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G .599(ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 3.099(ya) +-.15 G .598(re used in redirections, as described in the follo)-3.099 F +(wing)-.25 E 3.477(table. If)108 633.6 R .977 +(the operating system on which)3.477 F F1(bash)3.478 E F0 .978 +(is running pro)3.478 F .978 (vides these special \214les, bash will use them;)-.15 F -(otherwise it will emulate them internally with the beha)108 687.6 Q -(vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F2(/de)144 704.4 Q(v/fd/)-.15 -E F1(fd)A F0(If)180 716.4 Q F1(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E -(ger)-.15 E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F1(fd)2.5 E F0 -(is duplicated.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(26) -192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 27 27 +(otherwise it will emulate them internally with the beha)108 645.6 Q +(vior described belo)-.2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1(/de)144 662.4 Q(v/fd/)-.15 +E F2(fd)A F0(If)180 674.4 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(is a v)2.5 E(alid inte)-.25 E +(ger)-.15 E 2.5<2c8c>-.4 G(le descriptor)-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 +(is duplicated.)2.5 E F1(/de)144 686.4 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0 +(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180 698.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(27)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 28 28 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/stdin)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 0 is duplicated.)180 -96 Q F1(/de)144 108 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 -(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 120 Q F1(/de)144 132 Q(v/stderr) --.15 E F0(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 144 Q F1(/de)144 156 Q -(v/tcp/)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 -168 Q F2(host)2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 -(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497 -(is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(vice name,)180 180 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -(attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E F1(/de)144 -192 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 204 Q F2(host) -2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 +SF(/de)144 84 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0(File descriptor 1 is duplicated.)180 +96 Q F1(/de)144 108 Q(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 +(File descriptor 2 is duplicated.)180 120 Q F1(/de)144 132 Q(v/tcp/)-.15 +E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 144 Q F2 +(host)2.997 E F0 .497(is a v)2.997 F .497 (alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.996 E F0 .496 (is an inte)2.996 F .496(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(vice name,)180 216 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(vice name,)180 156 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(attempts to open the corresponding TCP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E F1(/de)144 +168 Q(v/udp/)-.15 E F2(host)A F1(/)A F2(port)A F0(If)180 180 Q F2(host) +2.996 E F0 .496(is a v)2.996 F .496 +(alid hostname or Internet address, and)-.25 F F2(port)2.997 E F0 .497 +(is an inte)2.997 F .497(ger port number or ser)-.15 F(-)-.2 E +(vice name,)180 192 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 (attempts to open the corresponding UDP sock)2.5 E(et.)-.1 E 2.5(Af)108 -232.8 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f) --2.6 E(ail.)-.1 E .946(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater th\ -an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 249.6 R 3.447(ym)-.15 G .947 -(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.447 F -(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 261.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87 -278.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 +208.8 S(ailure to open or create a \214le causes the redirection to f) +-2.6 E(ail.)-.1 E .947(Redirections using \214le descriptors greater th\ +an 9 should be used with care, as the)108 225.6 R 3.446(ym)-.15 G .946 +(ay con\215ict with \214le)-3.446 F +(descriptors the shell uses internally)108 237.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1(Redir)87 +254.4 Q(ecting Input)-.18 E F0 .391 (Redirection of input causes the \214le whose name results from the e) -108 290.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 -(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 302.4 Q F2 +108 266.4 R .391(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.231 E(d)-.37 E F0 .391 +(to be opened for read-)3.661 F(ing on \214le descriptor)108 278.4 Q F2 (n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(rt)-2.5 G (he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0 (is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E -(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 319.2 Q([)144 336 Q F2 -(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 352.8 Q(ecting Output) --.18 E F0 .174 +(The general format for redirecting input is:)108 295.2 Q([)144 312 Q F2 +(n)A F0(])A F1(<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 328.8 Q(ecting Output) +-.18 E F0 .175 (Redirection of output causes the \214le whose name results from the e) -108 364.8 R .175(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.015 E(d)-.37 E F0 .175 -(to be opened for writ-)3.445 F .825(ing on \214le descriptor)108 376.8 -R F2(n)3.325 E F0 3.325(,o).24 G 3.325(rt)-3.325 G .824 -(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.325 F F2(n)3.684 E F0 -.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .824(If the \214le does not)5.824 F --.15(ex)108 388.8 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E +108 340.8 R .174(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.014 E(d)-.37 E F0 .174 +(to be opened for writ-)3.444 F .824(ing on \214le descriptor)108 352.8 +R F2(n)3.324 E F0 3.324(,o).24 G 3.324(rt)-3.324 G .824 +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-3.324 F F2(n)3.684 E F0 +.824(is not speci\214ed.)3.564 F .825(If the \214le does not)5.825 F +-.15(ex)108 364.8 S(ist it is created; if it does e).15 E (xist it is truncated to zero size.)-.15 E -(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 405.6 Q([)144 422.4 Q -F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .154 -(If the redirection operator is)108 439.2 R F1(>)2.654 E F0 2.654(,a)C -.154(nd the)-2.654 F F1(noclob)2.654 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the) -2.654 F F1(set)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .155 -(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .658(will f)108 451.2 R -.658(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .657 -(ists and is a re).15 F .657(gular \214le.)-.15 F .657(If the redi-) -5.657 F .408(rection operator is)108 463.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C +(The general format for redirecting output is:)108 381.6 Q([)144 398.4 Q +F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .155 +(If the redirection operator is)108 415.2 R F1(>)2.655 E F0 2.655(,a)C +.155(nd the)-2.655 F F1(noclob)2.655 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .154(option to the) +2.654 F F1(set)2.654 E F0 -.2(bu)2.654 G .154 +(iltin has been enabled, the redirection).2 F .657(will f)108 427.2 R +.657(ail if the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .658 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.158 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.158 G .658 +(ists and is a re).15 F .658(gular \214le.)-.15 F .658(If the redi-) +5.658 F .409(rection operator is)108 439.2 R F1(>|)2.909 E F0 2.909(,o)C 2.909(rt)-2.909 G .409(he redirection operator is)-2.909 F F1(>)2.909 E F0 .409(and the)2.909 F F1(noclob)2.909 E(ber)-.1 E F0 .409 -(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.909 G .409 +(option to the)2.909 F F1(set)2.909 E F0 -.2(bu)2.908 G .408 (iltin command).2 F(is not enabled, the redirection is attempted e)108 -475.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by) +451.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214le named by) -2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1 -.25(Ap)87 -492 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .642 -(Redirection of output in this f)108 504 R .642 -(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .641 -(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.481 E(d)-.37 E F0 .641(to be)3.911 F .473 -(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 516 R F2(n)2.973 E F0 +468 S(pending Redir).25 E(ected Output)-.18 E F0 .641 +(Redirection of output in this f)108 480 R .642 +(ashion causes the \214le whose name results from the e)-.1 F .642 +(xpansion of)-.15 F F2(wor)3.482 E(d)-.37 E F0 .642(to be)3.912 F .474 +(opened for appending on \214le descriptor)108 492 R F2(n)2.974 E F0 2.974(,o).24 G 2.974(rt)-2.974 G .474 -(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F2(n)3.334 E F0 -.474(is not speci\214ed.)3.214 F(If)5.474 E(the \214le does not e)108 -528 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E -(The general format for appending output is:)108 544.8 Q([)144 561.6 Q -F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 578.4 Q -(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .249 -(This construct allo)108 590.4 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.974 F F2(n)3.333 E F0 +.473(is not speci\214ed.)3.213 F(If)5.473 E(the \214le does not e)108 +504 Q(xist it is created.)-.15 E +(The general format for appending output is:)108 520.8 Q([)144 537.6 Q +F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>>)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F1(Redir)87 554.4 Q +(ecting Standard Output and Standard Err)-.18 E(or)-.18 E F0 .248 +(This construct allo)108 566.4 R .249(ws both the standard output \(\ \214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le descrip-) -.25 F(tor 2\) to be redirected to the \214le whose name is the e)108 -602.4 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E -(There are tw)108 619.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +578.4 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.).77 E +(There are tw)108 595.2 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (ormats for redirecting standard output and standard error:)-2.5 E F1 -(&>)144 636 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 648 Q F1(>&)144 660 Q F2(wor) -A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 676.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G +(&>)144 612 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(and)108 624 Q F1(>&)144 636 Q F2(wor) +A(d)-.37 E F0(Of the tw)108 652.8 Q 2.5(of)-.1 G (orms, the \214rst is preferred.)-2.5 E(This is semantically equi)5 E --.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 693.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 -E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .114(When using the second form,)108 710.4 R F2(wor) +-.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(>)144 669.6 Q F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(2)2.5 +E F1(>&)A F0(1)A .115(When using the second form,)108 686.4 R F2(wor) 2.614 E(d)-.37 E F0 .114(may not e)2.614 F .114(xpand to a number or) --.15 F F1<ad>2.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.615(td)-2.614 G -.115(oes, other redirection operators)-2.615 F(apply \(see)108 722.4 Q +-.15 F F1<ad>2.614 E F0 5.114(.I)C 2.614(fi)-5.114 G 2.614(td)-2.614 G +.114(oes, other redirection operators)-2.614 F(apply \(see)108 698.4 Q F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E -(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(27)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 28 28 +(w\) for compatibility reasons.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(28)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 29 29 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.25(Ap)87 84 S(pending Standard Output and Standard Err).25 E(or) --.18 E F0 .249(This construct allo)108 96 R .249(ws both the standard o\ +-.18 E F0 .248(This construct allo)108 96 R .249(ws both the standard o\ utput \(\214le descriptor 1\) and the standard error output \(\214le de\ scrip-)-.25 F(tor 2\) to be appended to the \214le whose name is the e) 108 108 Q(xpansion of)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E @@ -3615,31 +3707,31 @@ F0(.).77 E 192 Q F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)2.5 E F0(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 (Her)87 208.8 Q 2.5(eD)-.18 G(ocuments)-2.5 E F0 .33(This type of redir\ ection instructs the shell to read input from the current source until \ -a line containing only)108 220.8 R F2(delimiter)108.35 232.8 Q F0 .615 -(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.845 F .615 +a line containing only)108 220.8 R F2(delimiter)108.35 232.8 Q F0 .614 +(\(with no trailing blanks\) is seen.)3.844 F .615 (All of the lines read up to that point are then used as the stan-)5.615 F(dard input \(or \214le descriptor)108 244.8 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\) for a command.)2.5 E (The format of here-documents is:)108 261.6 Q([)144 278.4 Q F2(n)A F0(]) A F1(<<)A F0([)A F1<ad>A F0(])A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E(her)164 290.4 Q -(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 302.4 Q F0 .301(No parameter and v)108 +(e-document)-.37 E(delimiter)144 302.4 Q F0 .302(No parameter and v)108 319.2 R .302(ariable e)-.25 F .302 -(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .302 +(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic e)-.15 F .301 (xpansion, or pathname e)-.15 F(xpansion)-.15 E .415(is performed on)108 331.2 R F2(wor)2.915 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.415(.I).77 G 2.915(fa)-5.415 G .715 -.15(ny p)-2.915 H .415(art of).15 F F2(wor)3.255 E(d)-.37 E F0 .415 (is quoted, the)3.685 F F2(delimiter)3.265 E F0 .415 (is the result of quote remo)3.645 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.915(lo).25 G(n) --2.915 E F2(wor)2.915 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E .773 +-2.915 E F2(wor)2.915 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E .774 (and the lines in the here-document are not e)108 343.2 R 3.274 -(xpanded. If)-.15 F F2(wor)3.274 E(d)-.37 E F0 .774 -(is unquoted, all lines of the here-document)3.274 F 2.59 +(xpanded. If)-.15 F F2(wor)3.273 E(d)-.37 E F0 .773 +(is unquoted, all lines of the here-document)3.273 F 2.59 (are subjected to parameter e)108 355.2 R 2.59 (xpansion, command substitution, and arithmetic e)-.15 F 2.59 (xpansion, the character)-.15 F(sequence)108 367.2 Q F1(\\<newline>)2.5 E F0(is ignored, and)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0 (must be used to quote the characters)2.5 E F1(\\)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($)2.5 -E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .601 +E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1<92>2.5 E F0(.)A .602 (If the redirection operator is)108 384 R F1(<<\255)3.101 E F0 3.101(,t) C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and\ the line)-3.101 F(containing)108 396 Q F2(delimiter)2.5 E F0 5(.T).73 G @@ -3648,49 +3740,47 @@ C .601(hen all leading tab characters are stripped from input lines and\ -.25 E(ashion.)-.1 E F1(Her)87 412.8 Q 2.5(eS)-.18 G(trings)-2.5 E F0 2.5(Av)108 424.8 S(ariant of here documents, the format is:)-2.75 E([) 144 441.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<<<)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(The)108 458.4 Q -F2(wor)2.894 E(d)-.37 E F0(under)2.894 E .394(goes brace e)-.18 F .393 -(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .393(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .393 -(ariable e)-.25 F .393(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 2.147 -(tution, arithmetic e)108 470.4 R 2.147(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F --.25(va)-.15 G 4.648(l. P).25 F 2.148(athname e)-.15 F 2.148 -(xpansion and w)-.15 F 2.148(ord splitting are not per)-.1 F(-)-.2 E -2.813(formed. The)108 482.4 R .313 -(result is supplied as a single string, with a ne)2.813 F .312 -(wline appended, to the command on its standard)-.25 F -(input \(or \214le descriptor)108 494.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F2(n) -2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 -511.2 Q F0(The redirection operator)108 523.2 Q([)144 540 Q F2(n)A F0(]) -A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .126 +F2(wor)3.291 E(d)-.37 E F0(under)3.291 E .792(goes tilde e)-.18 F .792 +(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .792(ariable e)-.25 F .792 +(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)108 470.4 S +1.188(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 3.687(l. P).25 F +1.187(athname e)-.15 F 1.187(xpansion and w)-.15 F 1.187 +(ord splitting are not performed.)-.1 F 1.187(The result is)6.187 F .374 +(supplied as a single string, with a ne)108 482.4 R .375(wline appended\ +, to the command on its standard input \(or \214le descrip-)-.25 F(tor) +108 494.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(if)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(is speci\214ed\).)2.5 E +F1(Duplicating File Descriptors)87 511.2 Q F0(The redirection operator) +108 523.2 Q([)144 540 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 .127 (is used to duplicate input \214le descriptors.)108 556.8 R(If)5.127 E -F2(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .127 +F2(wor)2.967 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.15(ex)3.397 G .126 (pands to one or more digits, the \214le descriptor denoted).15 F(by)108 -568.8 Q F2(n)3.318 E F0 .458(is made to be a cop)3.198 F 2.958(yo)-.1 G -2.958(ft)-2.958 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.958 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G -2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.297 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.457(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.727 F .149 -(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 580.8 R(If)5.149 E F2(wor) -2.989 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.419 G .149(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.649 E -F0 2.65<2c8c>C .15(le descriptor)-2.65 F F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is closed.) -2.89 F(If)5.15 E F2(n)3.01 E F0 .15(is not speci\214ed,)2.89 F -(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 592.8 Q +568.8 Q F2(n)3.317 E F0 .457(is made to be a cop)3.197 F 2.957(yo)-.1 G +2.957(ft)-2.957 G .457(hat \214le descriptor)-2.957 F 5.457(.I)-.55 G +2.957(ft)-5.457 G .457(he digits in)-2.957 F F2(wor)3.298 E(d)-.37 E F0 +.458(do not specify a \214le descriptor open)3.728 F .15 +(for input, a redirection error occurs.)108 580.8 R(If)5.15 E F2(wor) +2.99 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.42 G .15(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.65 E F0 +2.649<2c8c>C .149(le descriptor)-2.649 F F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149 +(is closed.)2.889 F(If)5.149 E F2(n)3.009 E F0 .149(is not speci\214ed,) +2.889 F(the standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) is used.)108 592.8 Q (The operator)108 609.6 Q([)144 626.4 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(wor)A -(d)-.37 E F0 .444 +(d)-.37 E F0 .443 (is used similarly to duplicate output \214le descriptors.)108 643.2 R -(If)5.444 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .443 -(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.183 F 1.357 -(tor 1\) is used.)108 655.2 R 1.357(If the digits in)6.357 F F2(wor) -4.197 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.358(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\ -utput, a redirection error)4.627 F 2.754(occurs. If)108 667.2 R F2(wor) -3.094 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.524 G .254(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.754 E +(If)5.443 E F2(n)3.304 E F0 .444 +(is not speci\214ed, the standard output \(\214le descrip-)3.184 F 1.358 +(tor 1\) is used.)108 655.2 R 1.358(If the digits in)6.358 F F2(wor) +4.198 E(d)-.37 E F0 1.357(do not specify a \214le descriptor open for o\ +utput, a redirection error)4.628 F 2.753(occurs. If)108 667.2 R F2(wor) +3.093 E(d)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)3.523 G .253(luates to).25 F F1<ad>2.754 E F0 2.754<2c8c>C .254(le descriptor)-2.754 F F2(n)3.114 E F0 .254 (is closed.)2.994 F .254(As a special case, if)5.254 F F2(n)2.754 E F0 -.253(is omitted, and)2.754 F F2(wor)2.753 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)2.753 E -.965(not e)108 679.2 R .965(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1<ad> -3.465 E F0 3.466(,t)C .966 +.254(is omitted, and)2.754 F F2(wor)2.754 E(d)-.37 E F0(does)2.754 E +.966(not e)108 679.2 R .966(xpand to one or more digits or)-.15 F F1<ad> +3.466 E F0 3.466(,t)C .965 (he standard output and standard error are redirected as described) --3.466 F(pre)108 691.2 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(28)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 29 29 +-3.466 F(pre)108 691.2 Q(viously)-.25 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(29)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 30 30 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup @@ -3698,19 +3788,19 @@ BP (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Mo)87 84 Q(ving File Descriptors)-.1 E F0(The redirection operator) 108 96 Q([)144 112.8 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A F1(<&)A F2 -(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 129.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.036(st).15 G .536 -(he \214le descriptor)-3.036 F F2(digit)3.036 E F0 .536 -(to \214le descriptor)3.036 F F2(n)3.036 E F0 3.036(,o).24 G 3.036(rt) --3.036 G .535(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.036 F F2 -(n)3.035 E F0 .535(is not speci-)3.035 F(\214ed.)108 141.6 Q F2(digit)5 +(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 129.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(st).15 G .535 +(he \214le descriptor)-3.035 F F2(digit)3.035 E F0 .535 +(to \214le descriptor)3.035 F F2(n)3.035 E F0 3.035(,o).24 G 3.035(rt) +-3.035 G .536(he standard input \(\214le descriptor 0\) if)-3.035 F F2 +(n)3.036 E F0 .536(is not speci-)3.036 F(\214ed.)108 141.6 Q F2(digit)5 E F0(is closed after being duplicated to)2.5 E F2(n)2.5 E F0(.)A (Similarly)108 158.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he redirection operator)-2.5 E([) 144 175.2 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(>&)A F2(digit)A F1<ad>A F0(mo)108 192 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G 2.785(st).15 G .285(he \214le descriptor)-2.785 F F2 -(digit)2.785 E F0 .285(to \214le descriptor)2.785 F F2(n)2.785 E F0 -2.785(,o).24 G 2.785(rt)-2.785 G .286 -(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.785 F F2(n)2.786 E F0 -.286(is not speci-)2.786 F(\214ed.)108 204 Q F1 +-.15(ve)-.15 G 2.786(st).15 G .286(he \214le descriptor)-2.786 F F2 +(digit)2.786 E F0 .286(to \214le descriptor)2.786 F F2(n)2.786 E F0 +2.786(,o).24 G 2.786(rt)-2.786 G .285 +(he standard output \(\214le descriptor 1\) if)-2.786 F F2(n)2.785 E F0 +.285(is not speci-)2.785 F(\214ed.)108 204 Q F1 (Opening File Descriptors f)87 220.8 Q(or Reading and Writing)-.25 E F0 (The redirection operator)108 232.8 Q([)144 249.6 Q F2(n)A F0(])A F1(<>) A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 @@ -3719,36 +3809,36 @@ A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 1.349(causes the \214le whose name is the e)108 108 278.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o).24 G 2.5(ro)-2.5 G 2.5<6e8c>-2.5 G (le descriptor 0 if)-2.5 E F2(n)2.86 E F0(is not speci\214ed.)2.74 E (If the \214le does not e)5 E(xist, it is created.)-.15 E/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 295.2 Q F2(Aliases)108 307.2 Q F0(allo)3.173 -E 3.173(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.173 F .674 -(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .674 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)72 295.2 Q F2(Aliases)108 307.2 Q F0(allo)3.174 +E 3.174(was)-.25 G .674(tring to be substituted for a w)-3.174 F .674 +(ord when it is used as the \214rst w)-.1 F .673 (ord of a simple command.)-.1 F .394(The shell maintains a list of alia\ -ses that may be set and unset with the)108 319.2 R F1(alias)2.893 E F0 -(and)2.893 E F1(unalias)2.893 E F0 -.2(bu)2.893 G .393(iltin commands).2 -F(\(see)108 331.2 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.979(SHELL B)4.479 F(UIL)-.09 -E 1.979(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.229 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98 -(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.98(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 F -(check)108 343.2 Q .473(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .473 -(If so, that w)5.473 F .472(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .472 -(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .472(The characters)5.472 F F1(/)2.972 E F0(,)A -F1($)2.972 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.972 E F0(,)A(and)108 355.2 Q F1(=)3.611 E F0 -1.111(and an)3.611 F 3.611(yo)-.15 G 3.611(ft)-3.611 G 1.111(he shell) --3.611 F F2(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112 -(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.412 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.112 -(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.62(name. The)108 367.2 R 1.12 -(replacement te)3.62 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G -1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.119 -(The \214rst)6.119 F -.1(wo)108 379.2 S .513(rd of the replacement te).1 -F .513(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .513(ut a w)-.2 F .514 -(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .514(xpanded is)-.15 F -.296(not e)108 391.2 R .296(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296 -(This means that one may alias)5.296 F F1(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F1 -.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .295(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1 -(bash)2.795 E F0 .295(does not try)2.795 F .542(to recursi)108 403.2 R --.15(ve)-.25 G .542(ly e).15 F .542(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F -3.042(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.042 F .543 -(alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.043 E F0 3.043(,t).67 G .543(hen the ne) --3.043 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 415.2 Q(ord follo)-.1 E +ses that may be set and unset with the)108 319.2 R F1(alias)2.894 E F0 +(and)2.894 E F1(unalias)2.894 E F0 -.2(bu)2.894 G .394(iltin commands).2 +F(\(see)108 331.2 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.98(SHELL B)4.48 F(UIL)-.09 E +1.98(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.23 E 4.48(w\). The)-.25 F 1.98 +(\214rst w)4.48 F 1.979(ord of each simple command, if unquoted, is)-.1 +F(check)108 343.2 Q .472(ed to see if it has an alias.)-.1 F .472 +(If so, that w)5.472 F .473(ord is replaced by the te)-.1 F .473 +(xt of the alias.)-.15 F .473(The characters)5.473 F F1(/)2.973 E F0(,)A +F1($)2.973 E F0(,)A F1<92>2.973 E F0(,)A(and)108 355.2 Q F1(=)3.612 E F0 +1.112(and an)3.612 F 3.612(yo)-.15 G 3.612(ft)-3.612 G 1.112(he shell) +-3.612 F F2(metac)3.612 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.112 +(or quoting characters listed abo)3.612 F 1.411 -.15(ve m)-.15 H 1.111 +(ay not appear in an alias).15 F 3.619(name. The)108 367.2 R 1.119 +(replacement te)3.619 F 1.119(xt may contain an)-.15 F 3.619(yv)-.15 G +1.119(alid shell input, including shell metacharacters.)-3.869 F 1.12 +(The \214rst)6.12 F -.1(wo)108 379.2 S .514(rd of the replacement te).1 +F .514(xt is tested for aliases, b)-.15 F .514(ut a w)-.2 F .513 +(ord that is identical to an alias being e)-.1 F .513(xpanded is)-.15 F +.295(not e)108 391.2 R .295(xpanded a second time.)-.15 F .296 +(This means that one may alias)5.295 F F1(ls)2.796 E F0(to)2.796 E F1 +.296(ls \255F)2.796 F F0 2.796(,f)C .296(or instance, and)-2.796 F F1 +(bash)2.796 E F0 .296(does not try)2.796 F .543(to recursi)108 403.2 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G .543(ly e).15 F .543(xpand the replacement te)-.15 F +3.043(xt. If)-.15 F .543(the last character of the alias v)3.043 F .542 +(alue is a)-.25 F F2(blank)3.042 E F0 3.042(,t).67 G .542(hen the ne) +-3.042 F(xt)-.15 E(command w)108 415.2 Q(ord follo)-.1 E (wing the alias is also check)-.25 E(ed for alias e)-.1 E(xpansion.)-.15 E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 432 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0 (command, and remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith the)-2.5 E F1 @@ -3763,59 +3853,59 @@ E(Aliases are created and listed with the)108 432 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0 (shell option is set)3.72 F(using)108 489.6 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 (\(see the description of)2.5 E F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(under)2.5 E F4 (SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 -E .436 +E .435 (The rules concerning the de\214nition and use of aliases are some)108 -506.4 R .435(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.435 E F0(al)2.935 E -.1 -(wa)-.1 G .435(ys reads at least).1 F .337 +506.4 R .436(what confusing.)-.25 F F1(Bash)5.436 E F0(al)2.936 E -.1 +(wa)-.1 G .436(ys reads at least).1 F .338 (one complete line of input before e)108 518.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .338 (cuting an).15 F 2.838(yo)-.15 G 2.838(ft)-2.838 G .338 -(he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .338(Aliases are e)5.338 F .338 -(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.404(ac)108 530.4 S .904 -(ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.404 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404 +(he commands on that line.)-2.838 F .337(Aliases are e)5.337 F .337 +(xpanded when)-.15 F 3.403(ac)108 530.4 S .904 +(ommand is read, not when it is e)-3.403 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.404 (cuted. Therefore,).15 F .904 -(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.161 +(an alias de\214nition appearing on the same line as)3.404 F 1.162 (another command does not tak)108 542.4 R 3.662(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.662 G 1.162(ect until the ne).25 F 1.162(xt line of input is read.)-.15 F -1.162(The commands follo)6.162 F 1.162(wing the)-.25 F .277 +1.161(The commands follo)6.161 F 1.161(wing the)-.25 F .277 (alias de\214nition on that line are not af)108 554.4 R .277 (fected by the ne)-.25 F 2.777(wa)-.25 G 2.777(lias. This)-2.777 F(beha) -2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .698(are e)108 -566.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.198(cuted. Aliases).15 F .698(are e)3.198 F +2.777 E .277(vior is also an issue when functions)-.2 F .699(are e)108 +566.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.199(cuted. Aliases).15 F .699(are e)3.199 F .699(xpanded when a function de\214nition is read, not when the functio\ -n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .613 -(because a function de\214nition is itself a command.)108 578.4 R .612 +n is e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted,).15 E .612 +(because a function de\214nition is itself a command.)108 578.4 R .613 (As a consequence, aliases de\214ned in a function are not)5.612 F -.2 -(av)108 590.4 S .058(ailable until after that function is e)-.05 F -.15 +(av)108 590.4 S .059(ailable until after that function is e)-.05 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 2.558(cuted. T).15 F 2.558(ob)-.8 G 2.558(es)-2.558 G .058 -(afe, al)-2.558 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .059 +(afe, al)-2.558 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .058 (ys put alias de\214nitions on a separate line, and).1 F(do not use)108 602.4 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0(in compound commands.)2.5 E -.15(Fo)108 619.2 S 2.5(ra).15 G(lmost e)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G (ry purpose, aliases are superseded by shell functions.).15 E F3 -(FUNCTIONS)72 636 Q F0 3.468(As)108 648 S .968 -(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.468 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 +(FUNCTIONS)72 636 Q F0 3.467(As)108 648 S .967 +(hell function, de\214ned as described abo)-3.467 F 1.267 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F4 .967(SHELL GRAMMAR)3.467 F/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -.967(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.001(later e)108 660 R --.15(xe)-.15 G 3.501(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\ -ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.501 F .316 +.968(stores a series of commands for)3.217 F 1.002(later e)108 660 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.502(cution. When).15 F 1.002(the name of a shell funct\ +ion is used as a simple command name, the list of com-)3.502 F .315 (mands associated with that function name is e)108 672 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .315 -(cuted in the conte).15 F .315(xt of the current)-.15 F .035 -(shell; no ne)108 684 R 2.535(wp)-.25 G .036 -(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.535 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .036(When a)5.036 -F .64(function is e)108 696 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .64(cuted, the ar).15 F +2.816(cuted. Functions).15 F .316(are e)2.816 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .316 +(cuted in the conte).15 F .316(xt of the current)-.15 F .036 +(shell; no ne)108 684 R 2.536(wp)-.25 G .036 +(rocess is created to interpret them \(contrast this with the e)-2.536 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G .036(cution of a shell script\).).15 F .035(When a)5.035 +F .639(function is e)108 696 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .639(cuted, the ar).15 F .639 (guments to the function become the positional parameters during its e) --.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .532(The special parameter)108 708 R -F1(#)3.032 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.032 F .532 -(Special parameter)5.532 F F1(0)3.033 E F0 .533(is unchanged.)3.033 F -.533(The \214rst ele-)5.533 F(ment of the)108 720 Q F4(FUNCN)2.5 E(AME) +-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cution.).15 E .533(The special parameter)108 708 R +F1(#)3.033 E F0 .532(is updated to re\215ect the change.)3.033 F .532 +(Special parameter)5.532 F F1(0)3.032 E F0 .532(is unchanged.)3.032 F +.532(The \214rst ele-)5.532 F(ment of the)108 720 Q F4(FUNCN)2.5 E(AME) -.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G (riable is set to the name of the function while the function is e).25 E --.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26) -142.895 E(29)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 30 30 +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 +E(30)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 31 31 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup @@ -3824,5518 +3914,5716 @@ BP (All other aspects of the shell e)108 84 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.25 (cution en).15 F 1.25 (vironment are identical between a function and its caller with)-.4 F -1.214(these e)108 96 R 1.214(xceptions: the)-.15 F/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(DEB)3.714 E(UG)-.09 E F0(and)3.464 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(RETURN)3.715 -E F0 1.215(traps \(see the description of the)3.715 F F2(trap)3.715 E F0 --.2(bu)3.715 G 1.215(iltin under).2 F F1(SHELL)3.715 E -.09(BU)108 108 S -(IL).09 E .479(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.729 E .479 +1.215(these e)108 96 R 1.215(xceptions: the)-.15 F/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +(DEB)3.715 E(UG)-.09 E F0(and)3.465 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(RETURN)3.715 +E F0 1.215(traps \(see the description of the)3.715 F F2(trap)3.714 E F0 +-.2(bu)3.714 G 1.214(iltin under).2 F F1(SHELL)3.714 E -.09(BU)108 108 S +(IL).09 E .478(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.728 E .479 (w\) are not inherited unless the function has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.978(nt).15 G(he)-2.978 E F2(trace)2.978 E F0(attrib)2.978 E -.478(ute \(see)-.2 F .42(the description of the)108 120 R F1(declar)2.92 -E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the)-.25 F -F2 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42 -(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F2(set)2.921 E F0 -.2(bu) -108 132 S .072(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F2 +-.25 G 2.979(nt).15 G(he)-2.979 E F2(trace)2.979 E F0(attrib)2.979 E +.479(ute \(see)-.2 F .421(the description of the)108 120 R F1(declar) +2.92 E(e)-.162 E F0 -.2(bu)2.67 G .42(iltin belo).2 F .42(w\) or the) +-.25 F F2 .42(\255o functrace)2.92 F F0 .42 +(shell option has been enabled with the)2.92 F F2(set)2.92 E F0 -.2(bu) +108 132 S .071(iltin \(in which case all functions inherit the).2 F F2 (DEB)2.572 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.572 E F2(RETURN)2.572 E F0 .072 -(traps\), and the)2.572 F F1(ERR)2.571 E F0 .071(trap is not inher)2.321 +(traps\), and the)2.572 F F1(ERR)2.572 E F0 .072(trap is not inher)2.322 F(-)-.2 E(ited unless the)108 144 Q F2(\255o errtrace)2.5 E F0 -(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 160.8 S .655 +(shell option has been enabled.)2.5 E -1.11(Va)108 160.8 S .656 (riables local to the function may be declared with the)1.11 F F2(local) -3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.156 G .656(iltin command.).2 F(Ordinarily)5.656 E -3.156(,v)-.65 G .656(ariables and)-3.406 F(their v)108 172.8 Q -(alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 E(.)-.55 E -(The)108 189.6 Q F2(FUNCNEST)3.529 E F0 -.25(va)3.529 G 1.028 -(riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.028 +3.155 E F0 -.2(bu)3.155 G .655(iltin command.).2 F(Ordinarily)5.655 E +3.155(,v)-.65 G .655(ariables and)-3.405 F .05(their v)108 172.8 R .05 +(alues are shared between the function and its caller)-.25 F 5.051(.I) +-.55 G 2.551(fav)-5.051 G .051(ariable is declared)-2.801 F F2(local) +2.551 E F0 2.551(,t)C .051(he v)-2.551 F(ariable')-.25 E 2.551(sv)-.55 G +(isi-)-2.551 E 1.186(ble scope is restricted to that function and its c\ +hildren \(including the functions it calls\).)108 184.8 R 1.185(Local v) +6.185 F(ariables)-.25 E("shado)108 196.8 Q .154(w" v)-.25 F .154 +(ariables with the same name declared at pre)-.25 F .155(vious scopes.) +-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.155 G 2.655(ri).15 G .155(nstance, a local v)-2.655 F +.155(ariable declared)-.25 F .67(in a function hides a global v)108 +208.8 R .669(ariable of the same name: references and assignments refer\ + to the local v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .688(able, lea)108 220.8 R .688 +(ving the global v)-.2 F .688(ariable unmodi\214ed.)-.25 F .688 +(When the function returns, the global v)5.688 F .688 +(ariable is once ag)-.25 F(ain)-.05 E(visible.)108 232.8 Q .727 +(The shell uses)108 249.6 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .727 +(dynamic scoping)3.227 F F0 .726(to control a v)3.227 F(ariable')-.25 E +3.226(sv)-.55 G .726(isibility within functions.)-3.226 F -.4(Wi)5.726 G +.726(th dynamic scoping,).4 F .007(visible v)108 261.6 R .007 +(ariables and their v)-.25 F .007 +(alues are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused e)-.25 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G .008(cution to reach).15 F .814(the current function.) +108 273.6 R .813(The v)5.814 F .813(alue of a v)-.25 F .813 +(ariable that a function sees depends on its v)-.25 F .813 +(alue within its caller)-.25 F 3.313(,i)-.4 G(f)-3.313 E(an)108 285.6 Q +2.116 -.65(y, w)-.15 H .816 +(hether that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function.).65 +F .817(This is also the v)5.816 F .817(alue that a local)-.25 F -.25(va) +108 297.6 S(riable declaration "shado).25 E(ws", and the v)-.25 E +(alue that is restored when the function returns.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 +314.4 S 2.724(re).15 G .224(xample, if a v)-2.874 F(ariable)-.25 E F3 +(var)2.724 E F0 .223(is declared as local in function)2.724 F F3(func1) +2.723 E F0 2.723(,a)C(nd)-2.723 E F3(func1)2.723 E F0 .223 +(calls another function)2.723 F F3(func2)2.723 E F0(,)A .463 +(references to)108 326.4 R F3(var)2.963 E F0 .463(made from within)2.963 +F F3(func2)2.963 E F0 .463(will resolv)2.963 F 2.964(et)-.15 G 2.964(ot) +-2.964 G .464(he local v)-2.964 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(var)2.964 E F0(from) +2.964 E F3(func1)2.964 E F0 2.964(,s)C(hado)-2.964 E .464(wing an)-.25 F +(y)-.15 E(global v)108 338.4 Q(ariable named)-.25 E F3(var)2.5 E F0(.)A +(The)108 355.2 Q F2(unset)2.983 E F0 -.2(bu)2.983 G .483 +(iltin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a v).2 F .482 +(ariable is local to the current scope,)-.25 F F2(unset)2.982 E F0 .19 +(will unset it; otherwise the unset will refer to the v)108 367.2 R .19 +(ariable found in an)-.25 F 2.69(yc)-.15 G .19 +(alling scope as described abo)-2.69 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.19(.I).15 G(f) +-5.19 E 2.721(av)108 379.2 S .221(ariable at the current local scope is\ + unset, it will remain so until it is reset in that scope or until the \ +func-)-2.971 F .013(tion returns.)108 391.2 R .013 +(Once the function returns, an)5.013 F 2.513(yi)-.15 G .014 +(nstance of the v)-2.513 F .014(ariable at a pre)-.25 F .014 +(vious scope will become visible.)-.25 F .567(If the unset acts on a v) +108 403.2 R .566(ariable at a pre)-.25 F .566(vious scope, an)-.25 F +3.066(yi)-.15 G .566(nstance of a v)-3.066 F .566 +(ariable with that name that had been)-.25 F(shado)108 415.2 Q +(wed will become visible.)-.25 E(The)108 432 Q F2(FUNCNEST)3.528 E F0 +-.25(va)3.528 G 1.028(riable, if set to a numeric v).25 F 1.028 (alue greater than 0, de\214nes a maximum function nesting)-.25 F(le)108 -201.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G +444 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(l. Function).15 F(in)2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G (cations that e).2 E(xceed the limit cause the entire command to abort.) --.15 E .043(If the b)108 218.4 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F2 -.18(re) +-.15 E .044(If the b)108 460.8 R .043(uiltin command)-.2 F F2 -.18(re) 2.543 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .043(is e)2.543 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .043 (cuted in a function, the function completes and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.044(cution resumes with).15 F 1.012(the ne)108 230.4 R 1.012 +.043(cution resumes with).15 F 1.011(the ne)108 472.8 R 1.011 (xt command after the function call.)-.15 F(An)6.011 E 3.511(yc)-.15 G -1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F2(RETURN)3.511 E F0 1.011 -(trap is e)3.511 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .213(before e)108 242.4 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .213(cution resumes.).15 F .213 -(When a function completes, the v)5.213 F .214 +1.011(ommand associated with the)-3.511 F F2(RETURN)3.512 E F0 1.012 +(trap is e)3.512 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E .214(before e)108 484.8 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .214(cution resumes.).15 F .213 +(When a function completes, the v)5.214 F .213 (alues of the positional parameters and the spe-)-.25 F(cial parameter) -108 254.4 Q F2(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E +108 496.8 Q F2(#)2.5 E F0(are restored to the v)2.5 E(alues the)-.25 E 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad prior to the function')-2.5 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe) --2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.359 -(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 271.2 R F2 +-2.65 G(cution.).15 E 1.358 +(Function names and de\214nitions may be listed with the)108 513.6 R F2 <ad66>3.858 E F0 1.358(option to the)3.858 F F2(declar)3.858 E(e)-.18 E -F0(or)3.858 E F2(typeset)3.858 E F0 -.2(bu)3.858 G 1.358(iltin com-).2 F -3.39(mands. The)108 283.2 R F2<ad46>3.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F2 +F0(or)3.859 E F2(typeset)3.859 E F0 -.2(bu)3.859 G 1.359(iltin com-).2 F +3.39(mands. The)108 525.6 R F2<ad46>3.39 E F0 .89(option to)3.39 F F2 (declar)3.39 E(e)-.18 E F0(or)3.39 E F2(typeset)3.39 E F0 .89 (will list the function names only \(and optionally the source)3.39 F -.327(\214le and line number)108 295.2 R 2.827(,i)-.4 G 2.827(ft)-2.827 G -(he)-2.827 E F2(extdeb)2.827 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326 -(shell option is enabled\).)2.827 F .326(Functions may be e)5.326 F .326 -(xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.297(automatically ha)108 307.2 R -1.597 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.297(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F2<ad66>3.797 E -F0 1.297(option to the)3.797 F F2(export)3.798 E F0 -.2(bu)3.798 G 3.798 -(iltin. A).2 F 1.298(function de\214nition may be)3.798 F .161 -(deleted using the)108 319.2 R F2<ad66>2.661 E F0 .161(option to the) -2.661 F F2(unset)2.661 E F0 -.2(bu)2.661 G 2.661(iltin. Note).2 F .16 -(that shell functions and v)2.661 F .16(ariables with the same name)-.25 -F 1.325(may result in multiple identically-named entries in the en)108 -331.2 R 1.325(vironment passed to the shell')-.4 F 3.825(sc)-.55 G 3.825 -(hildren. Care)-3.825 F(should be tak)108 343.2 Q -(en in cases where this may cause a problem.)-.1 E .372 -(Functions may be recursi)108 360 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.371(.T).15 G(he) --5.371 E F2(FUNCNEST)2.871 E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371 +.326(\214le and line number)108 537.6 R 2.826(,i)-.4 G 2.826(ft)-2.826 G +(he)-2.826 E F2(extdeb)2.826 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .326 +(shell option is enabled\).)2.826 F .327(Functions may be e)5.327 F .327 +(xported so that subshells)-.15 F 1.298(automatically ha)108 549.6 R +1.598 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.298(hem de\214ned with the).15 F F2<ad66>3.798 E +F0 1.298(option to the)3.798 F F2(export)3.797 E F0 -.2(bu)3.797 G 3.797 +(iltin. A).2 F 1.297(function de\214nition may be)3.797 F +(deleted using the)108 561.6 Q F2<ad66>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F2 +(unset)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .371(Functions may be recursi) +108 578.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.371(.T).15 G(he)-5.371 E F2(FUNCNEST)2.871 +E F0 -.25(va)2.871 G .371 (riable may be used to limit the depth of the function call).25 F 1.141 -(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 372 R -.2(vo)-.4 G +(stack and restrict the number of function in)108 590.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G 3.641(cations. By).2 F(def)3.641 E 1.141 -(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of)-.1 F(recursi)108 384 Q .3 --.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 -400.8 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 2.298 -(The shell allo)108 412.8 R 2.297(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 2.297 +(ault, no limit is imposed on the number of)-.1 F(recursi)108 602.4 Q .3 +-.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls.).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(ARITHMETIC EV)72 +619.2 Q(ALU)-1.478 E -1.04(AT)-.657 G(ION)1.04 E F0 2.297 +(The shell allo)108 631.2 R 2.297(ws arithmetic e)-.25 F 2.297 (xpressions to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 2.297 -(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F2(let)4.797 E F0 -(and)4.797 E F2(declar)108 424.8 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.683 G .183 +(luated, under certain circumstances \(see the).25 F F2(let)4.798 E F0 +(and)4.798 E F2(declar)108 643.2 Q(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.684 G .183 (iltin commands, the).2 F F2(\(\()2.683 E F0 .183(compound command, and) 2.683 F F2 .183(Arithmetic Expansion)2.683 F F0 2.683(\). Ev)B .183 -(aluation is done in)-.25 F<8c78>108 436.8 Q 1.058(ed-width inte)-.15 F +(aluation is done in)-.25 F<8c78>108 655.2 Q 1.057(ed-width inte)-.15 F 1.057(gers with no check for o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r\215o).15 E 2.357 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 1.057(hough di).65 F 1.057 -(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F(.)-.55 E .828 -(The operators and their precedence, associati)108 448.8 R(vity)-.25 E +(vision by 0 is trapped and \215agged as an error)-.25 F(.)-.55 E .829 +(The operators and their precedence, associati)108 667.2 R(vity)-.25 E 3.329(,a)-.65 G .829(nd v)-3.329 F .829 -(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F .829(The fol-)5.829 F -(lo)108 460.8 Q .44(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F --.15(ve)-.25 G .439(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 F .439(The le) -5.439 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .439(ls are listed in order).15 F -(of decreasing precedence.)108 472.8 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 -489.6 Q F2(++)A F4(id)2.5 E F2<adad>A F0 -.25(va)144 501.6 S -(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 E F2(++)108 513.6 Q F4(id) -A F2<adad>2.5 E F4(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 525.6 S -(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F2 2.5<ad2b>108 537.6 S F0 -(unary minus and plus)144 537.6 Q F2 2.5(!~)108 549.6 S F0 -(logical and bitwise ne)144 549.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F2(**)108 -561.6 Q F0 -.15(ex)144 561.6 S(ponentiation).15 E F2 2.5(*/%)108 573.6 S -F0(multiplication, di)144 573.6 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F2 2.5<2bad> -108 585.6 S F0(addition, subtraction)144 585.6 Q F2(<< >>)108 597.6 Q F0 -(left and right bitwise shifts)144 597.6 Q F2(<= >= < >)108 609.6 Q F0 -(comparison)144 621.6 Q F2(== !=)108 633.6 Q F0(equality and inequality) -144 633.6 Q F2(&)108 645.6 Q F0(bitwise AND)144 645.6 Q F2(^)108 657.6 Q -F0(bitwise e)144 657.6 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F2(|) -108 669.6 Q F0(bitwise OR)144 669.6 Q F2(&&)108 681.6 Q F0(logical AND) -144 681.6 Q F2(||)108 693.6 Q F0(logical OR)144 693.6 Q F4 -.2(ex)108 -705.6 S(pr).2 E F2(?)A F4 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F2(:)A F4 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 -(conditional operator)144 717.6 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26) -142.895 E(30)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 31 31 +(alues are the same as in the C language.)-.25 F .828(The fol-)5.828 F +(lo)108 679.2 Q .439(wing list of operators is grouped into le)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G .439(ls of equal-precedence operators.).15 F .44(The le) +5.44 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .44(ls are listed in order).15 F +(of decreasing precedence.)108 691.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(31)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 32 32 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF 2.5(=*)108 84 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G 2.5(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad> --2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G(<= >>= &= ^= |=)-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 96 Q/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)108 108 S(pr1).2 E F1(,)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G -(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 120 Q .68(Shell v)108 136.8 R .68 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(id)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(++)A F1(id)2.5 E F2 +<adad>A F0 -.25(va)144 96 S(riable post-increment and post-decrement).25 +E F2(++)108 108 Q F1(id)A F2<adad>2.5 E F1(id)A F0 -.25(va)144 120 S +(riable pre-increment and pre-decrement).25 E F2 2.5<ad2b>108 132 S F0 +(unary minus and plus)144 132 Q F2 2.5(!~)108 144 S F0 +(logical and bitwise ne)144 144 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G(tion).05 E F2(**)108 +156 Q F0 -.15(ex)144 156 S(ponentiation).15 E F2 2.5(*/%)108 168 S F0 +(multiplication, di)144 168 Q(vision, remainder)-.25 E F2 2.5<2bad>108 +180 S F0(addition, subtraction)144 180 Q F2(<< >>)108 192 Q F0 +(left and right bitwise shifts)144 192 Q F2(<= >= < >)108 204 Q F0 +(comparison)144 216 Q F2(== !=)108 228 Q F0(equality and inequality)144 +228 Q F2(&)108 240 Q F0(bitwise AND)144 240 Q F2(^)108 252 Q F0 +(bitwise e)144 252 Q(xclusi)-.15 E .3 -.15(ve O)-.25 H(R).15 E F2(|)108 +264 Q F0(bitwise OR)144 264 Q F2(&&)108 276 Q F0(logical AND)144 276 Q +F2(||)108 288 Q F0(logical OR)144 288 Q F1 -.2(ex)108 300 S(pr).2 E F2 +(?)A F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F2(:)A F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E F0 +(conditional operator)144 312 Q F2 2.5(=*)108 324 S 2.5(=/)-2.5 G 2.5 +(=%)-2.5 G 2.5(=+)-2.5 G 2.5<3dad>-2.5 G 2.5(=<)-2.5 G(<= >>= &= ^= |=) +-2.5 E F0(assignment)144 336 Q F1 -.2(ex)108 348 S(pr1).2 E F2(,)2.5 E +F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(comma)144 360 Q .68(Shell v)108 376.8 R .68 (ariables are allo)-.25 F .68(wed as operands; parameter e)-.25 F .68 (xpansion is performed before the e)-.15 F .68(xpression is e)-.15 F --.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.508(ated. W)108 148.8 R 1.008(ithin an e)-.4 -F 1.008(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007 +-.25(va)-.25 G(lu-).25 E 3.507(ated. W)108 388.8 R 1.007(ithin an e)-.4 +F 1.007(xpression, shell v)-.15 F 1.007 (ariables may also be referenced by name without using the parameter) --.25 F -.15(ex)108 160.8 S 1.04(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.54(As)6.04 G -1.04(hell v)-3.54 F 1.04(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25(va) --.25 G 1.041(luates to 0 when referenced by name without).25 F 1.467 -(using the parameter e)108 172.8 R 1.467(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F 1.467 -(The v)6.467 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G 1.466(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E 1.389 -(when it is referenced, or when a v)108 184.8 R 1.389 -(ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.89(nt).15 G(he)-3.89 -E F2(inte)3.89 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)3.89 E 1.39(ute using)-.2 -F F1(declar)3.89 E 3.89(e-)-.18 G(i)-3.89 E F0(is)3.89 E .333 -(assigned a v)108 196.8 R 2.832(alue. A)-.25 F .332(null v)2.832 F .332 -(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .332(luates to 0.).25 F 2.832(As)5.332 G -.332(hell v)-2.832 F .332(ariable need not ha)-.25 F .632 -.15(ve i)-.2 -H(ts).15 E F2(inte)2.832 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)2.832 E .332 -(ute turned on)-.2 F(to be used in an e)108 208.8 Q(xpression.)-.15 E -1.406(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108 -225.6 R 3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.407(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F -(xadecimal.)-.15 E .113(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 237.6 R 2.613(et)-.1 -G .113(he form [)-2.613 F F2(base#)A F0 .112(]n, where the optional)B F2 -(base)2.612 E F0 .112(is a decimal number between 2 and 64)2.612 F .533 -(representing the arithmetic base, and)108 249.6 R F2(n)3.033 E F0 .533 -(is a number in that base.)3.033 F(If)5.534 E F2(base#)3.034 E F0 .534 -(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)3.034 F .513(When specifying)108 -261.6 R F2(n)3.013 E F0 3.013(,t)C .513 -(he digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)-3.013 F .512 -(wercase letters, the uppercase letters,)-.25 F .942 -(@, and _, in that order)108 273.6 R 5.942(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.942 E F2(base) -3.442 E F0 .942(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.442 F .943 +-.25 F -.15(ex)108 400.8 S 1.041(pansion syntax.).15 F 3.541(As)6.041 G +1.041(hell v)-3.541 F 1.041(ariable that is null or unset e)-.25 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G 1.04(luates to 0 when referenced by name without).25 F 1.466 +(using the parameter e)108 412.8 R 1.466(xpansion syntax.)-.15 F 1.467 +(The v)6.466 F 1.467(alue of a v)-.25 F 1.467(ariable is e)-.25 F -.25 +(va)-.25 G 1.467(luated as an arithmetic e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E 1.258 +(when it is referenced, or when a v)108 424.8 R 1.258 +(ariable which has been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.758(nt).15 G(he) +-3.758 E F1(inte)3.758 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib)3.758 E 1.257 +(ute using)-.2 F F2(declar)3.757 E 3.757<65ad>-.18 G(i)-3.757 E F0(is) +3.757 E .332(assigned a v)108 436.8 R 2.832(alue. A)-.25 F .332(null v) +2.832 F .332(alue e)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .332(luates to 0.).25 F 2.832 +(As)5.332 G .332(hell v)-2.832 F .332(ariable need not ha)-.25 F .632 +-.15(ve i)-.2 H(ts).15 E F1(inte)2.832 E -.1(ge)-.4 G(r).1 E F0(attrib) +2.832 E .333(ute turned on)-.2 F(to be used in an e)108 448.8 Q +(xpression.)-.15 E 1.406 +(Constants with a leading 0 are interpreted as octal numbers.)108 465.6 +R 3.906(Al)6.406 G 1.406(eading 0x or 0X denotes he)-3.906 F(xadecimal.) +-.15 E .112(Otherwise, numbers tak)108 477.6 R 2.612(et)-.1 G .112 +(he form [)-2.612 F F1(base#)A F0 .112(]n, where the optional)B F1(base) +2.612 E F0 .113(is a decimal number between 2 and 64)2.612 F .534 +(representing the arithmetic base, and)108 489.6 R F1(n)3.034 E F0 .534 +(is a number in that base.)3.034 F(If)5.533 E F1(base#)3.033 E F0 .533 +(is omitted, then base 10 is used.)3.033 F .512(When specifying)108 +501.6 R F1(n)3.012 E F0 3.012(,t)C .512 +(he digits greater than 9 are represented by the lo)-3.012 F .513 +(wercase letters, the uppercase letters,)-.25 F .943 +(@, and _, in that order)108 513.6 R 5.943(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.943 E F1(base) +3.443 E F0 .942(is less than or equal to 36, lo)3.443 F .942 (wercase and uppercase letters may be used)-.25 F -(interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 285.6 Q -.235(Operators are e)108 302.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .235 +(interchangeably to represent numbers between 10 and 35.)108 525.6 Q +.234(Operators are e)108 542.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G .234 (luated in order of precedence.).25 F(Sub-e)5.234 E .234 -(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .234 -(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 314.4 S +(xpressions in parentheses are e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .235 +(luated \214rst and may).25 F -.15(ove)108 554.4 S (rride the precedence rules abo).15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E/F3 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 331.2 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .255 -(Conditional e)108 343.2 R .255(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F1([[) -2.755 E F0 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F1(test)2.755 E F0(and) -2.755 E F1([)2.756 E F0 -.2(bu)2.756 G .256(iltin commands to test).2 F -.77(\214le attrib)108 355.2 R .77 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)72 571.2 Q(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.219 E F0 .256 +(Conditional e)108 583.2 R .256(xpressions are used by the)-.15 F F2([[) +2.755 E F0 .255(compound command and the)2.755 F F2(test)2.755 E F0(and) +2.755 E F2([)2.755 E F0 -.2(bu)2.755 G .255(iltin commands to test).2 F +.77(\214le attrib)108 595.2 R .77 (utes and perform string and arithmetic comparisons.)-.2 F .77 (Expressions are formed from the follo)5.77 F(wing)-.25 E .426 -(unary or binary primaries.)108 367.2 R F1(Bash)5.426 E F0 .426 +(unary or binary primaries.)108 607.2 R F2(Bash)5.426 E F0 .426 (handles se)2.926 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .426 (ral \214lenames specially when the).15 F 2.926(ya)-.15 G .426 (re used in e)-2.926 F 2.926(xpressions. If)-.15 F .193 -(the operating system on which)108 379.2 R F1(bash)2.693 E F0 .193 +(the operating system on which)108 619.2 R F2(bash)2.693 E F0 .193 (is running pro)2.693 F .193 (vides these special \214les, bash will use them; otherwise it)-.15 F -.589(will emulate them internally with this beha)108 391.2 R .589 -(vior: If an)-.2 F(y)-.15 E F2(\214le)3.089 E F0(ar)3.089 E .589 -(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F2(/de)108 403.2 Q -(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 2.917(,t)C .417(hen \214le descriptor)-2.917 F F2(n) -2.917 E F0 .417(is check)2.917 F 2.917(ed. If)-.1 F(the)2.917 E F2 +.589(will emulate them internally with this beha)108 631.2 R .589 +(vior: If an)-.2 F(y)-.15 E F1(\214le)3.089 E F0(ar)3.089 E .589 +(gument to one of the primaries is of the form)-.18 F F1(/de)108 643.2 Q +(v/fd/n)-.15 E F0 2.916(,t)C .416(hen \214le descriptor)-2.916 F F1(n) +2.917 E F0 .417(is check)2.917 F 2.917(ed. If)-.1 F(the)2.917 E F1 (\214le)2.917 E F0(ar)2.917 E .417 -(gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F F2(/de)2.916 E(v/stdin) --.15 E F0(,)A F2(/de)108 415.2 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F2 +(gument to one of the primaries is one of)-.18 F F1(/de)2.917 E(v/stdin) +-.15 E F0(,)A F1(/de)108 655.2 Q(v/stdout)-.15 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F1 (/de)2.5 E(v/stderr)-.15 E F0 2.5<2c8c>C (le descriptor 0, 1, or 2, respecti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 2.5 -(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .721 +(,i)-.65 G 2.5(sc)-2.5 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed.)-.1 E .722 (Unless otherwise speci\214ed, primaries that operate on \214les follo) -108 432 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .722(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) --3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 444 Q -1.096(When used with)108 462 R F1([[)3.596 E F0 3.596(,t)C(he)-3.596 E -F1(<)3.596 E F0(and)3.595 E F1(>)3.595 E F0 1.095(operators sort le) -3.595 F 1.095(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.095 -E F1(test)3.595 E F0(com-)3.595 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108 -474 Q F1<ad61>108 498 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 498 S(ue if).35 E -F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1<ad62>108 510 Q F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 510 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F1<ad63>108 522 Q F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 522 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F1<ad64>108 534 -Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 534 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F1<ad65>108 546 Q -F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 546 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 -(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1<ad66>108 558 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 -558 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re).15 -E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F1<ad67>108 570 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 -570 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F1<ad68>108 582 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 582 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1<ad6b>108 594 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 594 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +108 672 R 3.221(ws)-.25 G .721(ymbolic links and operate on the tar) +-3.221 F(get)-.18 E(of the link, rather than the link itself.)108 684 Q +1.095(When used with)108 702 R F2([[)3.595 E F0 3.595(,t)C(he)-3.595 E +F2(<)3.595 E F0(and)3.595 E F2(>)3.595 E F0 1.095(operators sort le) +3.595 F 1.095(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 F(The)6.096 +E F2(test)3.596 E F0(com-)3.596 E(mand sorts using ASCII ordering.)108 +714 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(32)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 33 33 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF<ad61>108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 84 +S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1<ad62>108 +96 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 96 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a block special \214le.).15 E F1<ad63>108 108 +Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 108 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a character special \214le.).15 E F1<ad64>108 +120 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 120 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E +F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a directory).15 E(.)-.65 E F1<ad65>108 132 +Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 132 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists.).15 E F1<ad66>108 144 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr) +144 144 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a re) +.15 E(gular \214le.)-.15 E F1<ad67>108 156 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr) +144 156 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is set-group-id.).15 E F1<ad68>108 168 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 168 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1<ad6b>108 180 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 180 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G (ists and its `).15 E(`stick)-.74 E(y')-.15 E 2.5('b)-.74 G(it is set.) --2.5 E F1<ad70>108 606 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 606 S(ue if).35 +-2.5 E F1<ad70>108 192 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 192 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a named pipe \(FIFO\).) -.15 E F1<ad72>108 618 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 618 S(ue if).35 E +.15 E F1<ad72>108 204 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 204 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is readable.).15 E F1<ad73>108 -630 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 630 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E +216 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 216 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and has a size greater than zero.).15 E F1<ad74> -108 642 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 642 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E -F2(fd)4.47 E F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F1<ad75>108 654 -Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 654 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +108 228 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 228 S(ue if \214le descriptor).35 E +F2(fd)4.47 E F0(is open and refers to a terminal.)3.27 E F1<ad75>108 240 +Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 240 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and its set-user).15 E(-id bit is set.)-.2 E F1<ad77> -108 666 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 666 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 -E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F1<ad78>108 678 Q F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 678 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +108 252 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 252 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 +E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is writable.).15 E F1<ad78>108 264 Q F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 264 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 (ex)2.5 G(ists and is e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable.).15 E F1<ad47>108 -690 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 690 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E +276 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 276 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E -.3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F1<ad4c>108 702 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 702 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1<ad4e>108 714 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 714 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(31)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 32 32 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF<ad4f>108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 84 -S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E -(wned by the ef)-.25 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F1 -<ad53>108 96 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 96 S(ue if).35 E F2 -(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F2 -(\214le1)108 108 Q F1(\255ef)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 120 S -(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -(refer to the same de)2.5 E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F2(\214le1) -108 132 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F1(nt)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 144 S -(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is ne)2.5 E -(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E -F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G -(ists and).15 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F2(\214le1)108 156 Q -F0<ad>2.5 E F1(ot)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 168 S(ue if).35 E F2 -(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5 -(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F2 -(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>108 180 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 192 S .262(ue if the shell option).35 F F2(optname)2.992 E -F0 .262(is enabled.)2.942 F .262 +.3 -.15(ve g)-.25 H(roup id.).15 E F1<ad4c>108 288 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 288 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and is a symbolic link.).15 E F1<ad4e>108 300 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 300 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and has been modi\214ed since it w).15 E(as last read.)-.1 E F1 +<ad4f>108 312 Q F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 312 S(ue if).35 E F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and is o).15 E(wned by the ef)-.25 E +(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.25 H(ser id.).15 E F1<ad53>108 324 Q F2 +(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 324 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le)2.5 E F0 -.15 +(ex)2.5 G(ists and is a sock).15 E(et.)-.1 E F2(\214le1)108 336 Q F1 +(\255ef)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 348 S(ue if).35 E F2 +(\214le1)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0(refer to the same de)2.5 +E(vice and inode numbers.)-.25 E F2(\214le1)108 360 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F1(nt) +A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 372 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0 +(is ne)2.5 E(wer \(according to modi\214cation date\) than)-.25 E F2 +(\214le2)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0 +-.15(ex)2.5 G(ists and).15 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F2 +(\214le1)108 384 Q F0<ad>2.5 E F1(ot)A F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 +396 S(ue if).35 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(is older than)2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 +E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5(ri)-2.5 G(f)-2.5 E F2(\214le2)2.5 E F0 -.15(ex)2.5 G +(ists and).15 E F2(\214le1)2.5 E F0(does not.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>108 408 Q F2 +(optname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 420 S .263(ue if the shell option).35 F F2 +(optname)2.992 E F0 .262(is enabled.)2.942 F .262 (See the list of options under the description of the)5.262 F F1<ad6f> -2.763 E F0(option to the)144 204 Q F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1<ad76>108 216 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 --.35(Tr)144 228 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 +2.762 E F0(option to the)144 432 Q F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1<ad76>108 444 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 +-.35(Tr)144 456 S(ue if the shell v).35 E(ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 E F0(is set \(has been assigned a v)2.68 E(alue\).)-.25 E F1<ad52>108 -240 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 252 S(ue if the shell v).35 E +468 Q F2(varname)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 480 S(ue if the shell v).35 E (ariable)-.25 E F2(varname)2.79 E F0(is set and is a name reference.) -2.68 E F1<ad7a>108 264 Q F2(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 276 S +2.68 E F1<ad7a>108 492 Q F2(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 504 S (ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.5 E F0(is zero.)2.5 E F2(string) -108 288 Q F1<ad6e>108 300 Q F2(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 312 S +108 516 Q F1<ad6e>108 528 Q F2(string)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 540 S (ue if the length of).35 E F2(string)2.84 E F0(is non-zero.)2.72 E F2 -(string1)108 328.8 Q F1(==)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E(string1)108 340.8 Q F1 -(=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 352.8 S .862 +(string1)108 556.8 Q F1(==)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E(string1)108 568.8 Q F1 +(=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 580.8 S .861 (ue if the strings are equal.).35 F F1(=)5.861 E F0 .861 -(should be used with the)3.361 F F1(test)3.361 E F0 .861 -(command for POSIX conformance.)3.361 F .446(When used with the)144 -364.8 R F1([[)2.946 E F0 .446 -(command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .747 --.15(ve \()-.15 H F1(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 376.8 Q F0(\).)A F2 -(string1)108 393.6 Q F1(!=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 405.6 S -(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F2(string1)108 422.4 Q F1(<)2.5 -E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 434.4 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E +(should be used with the)3.361 F F1(test)3.361 E F0 .862 +(command for POSIX conformance.)3.362 F .447(When used with the)144 +592.8 R F1([[)2.946 E F0 .446 +(command, this performs pattern matching as described abo)2.946 F .746 +-.15(ve \()-.15 H F1(Compound).15 E(Commands)144 604.8 Q F0(\).)A F2 +(string1)108 621.6 Q F1(!=)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 633.6 S +(ue if the strings are not equal.).35 E F2(string1)108 650.4 Q F1(<)2.5 +E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35(Tr)144 662.4 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts before)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 -E(.)-.65 E F2(string1)108 451.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)144 463.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F2 -(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E F2(ar)108.33 -480 Q(g1)-.37 E F1(OP)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(OP)144 492 Q F0 .385(is one of)2.635 F F1(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F1 -(\255ne)2.885 E F0(,)A F1(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A F1(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A -F1(\255gt)2.885 E F0 2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F1(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385 -(.T)C .385(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F2 -(ar)2.884 E(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, les\ -s than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 504 R -F2(ar)144 516 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r)C(especti)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly) -.15 E(.)-.65 E F2(Ar)6.01 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(g2)-.37 -E F0(may be positi)2.52 E .3 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 2.5(rn).15 G -2.25 -.15 -(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E(gers.)-.15 E/F4 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 532.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 -.614(When a simple command is e)108 544.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614 -(cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .613(wing e)-.25 F .613 +E(.)-.65 E F2(string1)108 679.2 Q F1(>)2.5 E F2(string2)2.5 E F0 -.35 +(Tr)144 691.2 S(ue if).35 E F2(string1)2.5 E F0(sorts after)2.5 E F2 +(string2)2.5 E F0(le)2.5 E(xicographically)-.15 E(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.0) +72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(33)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 34 34 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)108.33 84 Q(g1)-.37 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(OP)2.5 +E F1(ar)2.5 E(g2)-.37 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OP)144 96 Q F0 .385 +(is one of)2.634 F F2(\255eq)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255ne)2.885 E F0(,)A F2 +(\255lt)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255le)2.885 E F0(,)A F2(\255gt)2.885 E F0 +2.885(,o)C(r)-2.885 E F2(\255ge)2.885 E F0 5.385(.T)C .385 +(hese arithmetic binary operators return true if)-5.385 F F1(ar)2.885 E +(g1)-.37 E F0 .845(is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or e\ +qual to, greater than, or greater than or equal to)144 108 R F1(ar)144 +120 Q(g2)-.37 E F0 3.589(,r)C(especti)-3.589 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +(.)-.65 E F1(Ar)7.099 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.589 E F1(ar)3.919 E(g2)-.37 E +F0 1.089(may be positi)3.609 F 1.389 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 3.589(rn).15 G +-2.25 -.15(eg a)-3.589 H(ti).15 E 1.389 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E 3.59 +(gers. When)-.15 F 1.09(used with the)3.59 F F2([[)3.59 E F0(command,) +144 132 Q F1(Ar)4.22 E(g1)-.37 E F0(and)3.21 E F1(Ar)4.22 E(g2)-.37 E F0 +.71(are e)3.23 F -.25(va)-.25 G .71(luated as arithmetic e).25 F 3.209 +(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F3 .709(ARITHMETIC EV)3.209 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-) +-.54 E(TION)144 144 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E/F4 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIMPLE COMMAND EXP)72 160.8 Q(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .613 +(When a simple command is e)108 172.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .614 +(cuted, the shell performs the follo).15 F .614(wing e)-.25 F .614 (xpansions, assignments, and redi-)-.15 F(rections, from left to right.) -108 556.8 Q(1.)108 573.6 Q 1.848(The w)144 573.6 R 1.848 -(ords that the parser has mark)-.1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.849 +108 184.8 Q(1.)108 201.6 Q 1.849(The w)144 201.6 R 1.849 +(ords that the parser has mark)-.1 F 1.848(ed as v)-.1 F 1.848 (ariable assignments \(those preceding the command)-.25 F -(name\) and redirections are sa)144 585.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G -(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 602.4 Q 1.164(The w)144 602.4 R -1.164(ords that are not v)-.1 F 1.164 -(ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 3.663(xpanded. If)-.15 -F(an)3.663 E 3.663(yw)-.15 G 1.163(ords remain)-3.763 F .775(after e)144 -614.4 R .775(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .775(ord is tak)-.1 F .775 +(name\) and redirections are sa)144 213.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(df).15 G +(or later processing.)-2.5 E(2.)108 230.4 Q 1.163(The w)144 230.4 R +1.163(ords that are not v)-.1 F 1.164 +(ariable assignments or redirections are e)-.25 F 3.664(xpanded. If)-.15 +F(an)3.664 E 3.664(yw)-.15 G 1.164(ords remain)-3.764 F .776(after e)144 +242.4 R .776(xpansion, the \214rst w)-.15 F .776(ord is tak)-.1 F .775 (en to be the name of the command and the remaining w)-.1 F(ords)-.1 E -(are the ar)144 626.4 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 643.2 Q -(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 643.2 Q .3 -.15(ve u) +(are the ar)144 254.4 Q(guments.)-.18 E(3.)108 271.2 Q +(Redirections are performed as described abo)144 271.2 Q .3 -.15(ve u) -.15 H(nder).15 E F3(REDIRECTION)2.5 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(4.) -108 660 Q .717(The te)144 660 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F1(=)3.217 E F0 +108 288 Q .716(The te)144 288 R .717(xt after the)-.15 F F2(=)3.217 E F0 .717(in each v)3.217 F .717(ariable assignment under)-.25 F .717 (goes tilde e)-.18 F .717(xpansion, parameter e)-.15 F(xpansion,)-.15 E -.339(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 672 R .339 +.34(command substitution, arithmetic e)144 300 R .339 (xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.839(lb).25 G .339 -(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 684 Q .332 -(If no command name results, the v)108 700.8 R .332 +(efore being assigned to the v)-2.839 F(ari-)-.25 E(able.)144 312 Q .332 +(If no command name results, the v)108 328.8 R .332 (ariable assignments af)-.25 F .332(fect the current shell en)-.25 F -2.832(vironment. Otherwise,)-.4 F(the)2.832 E -.25(va)108 712.8 S .757 +2.833(vironment. Otherwise,)-.4 F(the)2.833 E -.25(va)108 340.8 S .757 (riables are added to the en).25 F .757(vironment of the e)-.4 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .757(cuted command and do not af).15 F .757 -(fect the current shell en)-.25 F(vi-)-.4 E 3.177(ronment. If)108 724.8 -R(an)3.177 E 3.177(yo)-.15 G 3.177(ft)-3.177 G .677 -(he assignments attempts to assign a v)-3.177 F .677 -(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .676(ariable, an error occurs, and)-.25 F -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(32)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 33 33 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(the command e)108 -84 Q(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .149 -(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 100.8 R -.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .15(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.65 -(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 112.8 +(fect the current shell en)-.25 F(vi-)-.4 E 3.176(ronment. If)108 352.8 +R(an)3.176 E 3.176(yo)-.15 G 3.176(ft)-3.176 G .677 +(he assignments attempts to assign a v)-3.176 F .677 +(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .677(ariable, an error occurs, and)-.25 F +(the command e)108 364.8 Q(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 E .15 +(If no command name results, redirections are performed, b)108 381.6 R +.149(ut do not af)-.2 F .149(fect the current shell en)-.25 F 2.649 +(vironment. A)-.4 F(redirection error causes the command to e)108 393.6 Q(xit with a non-zero status.)-.15 E 1.064 -(If there is a command name left after e)108 129.6 R 1.064(xpansion, e) +(If there is a command name left after e)108 410.4 R 1.064(xpansion, e) -.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.064(cution proceeds as described belo).15 F -4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .068(command e)108 -141.6 R 2.568(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.568 F .069 -(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .069 -(xit status of the command)-.15 F .467(is the e)108 153.6 R .466 -(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .466 -(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 165.6 -Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E/F1 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 182.4 Q F0 .546 -(After a command has been split into w)108 194.4 R .547 +4.864 -.65(w. O)-.25 H 1.064(therwise, the).65 F .069(command e)108 +422.4 R 2.569(xits. If)-.15 F .069(one of the e)2.569 F .069 +(xpansions contained a command substitution, the e)-.15 F .068 +(xit status of the command)-.15 F .466(is the e)108 434.4 R .466 +(xit status of the last command substitution performed.)-.15 F .467 +(If there were no command substitutions, the)5.466 F(command e)108 446.4 +Q(xits with a status of zero.)-.15 E F4(COMMAND EXECUTION)72 463.2 Q F0 +.547(After a command has been split into w)108 475.2 R .546 (ords, if it results in a simple command and an optional list of ar)-.1 -F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 206.4 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E +F(gu-)-.18 E(ments, the follo)108 487.2 Q(wing actions are tak)-.25 E (en.)-.1 E .379(If the command name contains no slashes, the shell atte\ -mpts to locate it.)108 223.2 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 +mpts to locate it.)108 504 R .379(If there e)5.379 F .379 (xists a shell function by)-.15 F .246(that name, that function is in) -108 235.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G -.246(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E/F2 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(FUNCTIONS)2.746 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .246 -(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F -(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 247.2 Q 2.5 +108 516 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.746(da).1 G 2.746(sd)-2.746 G .246 +(escribed abo)-2.746 F .546 -.15(ve i)-.15 H(n).15 E F3(FUNCTIONS)2.746 +E F5(.)A F0 .246(If the name does not match a func-)4.746 F +(tion, the shell searches for it in the list of shell b)108 528 Q 2.5 (uiltins. If)-.2 F 2.5(am)2.5 G(atch is found, that b)-2.5 E -(uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .31 -(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 264 R .309 -(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.809 -E F0 .309(searches each element of)2.809 F(the)108 276 Q F2 -.666(PA) -3.162 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.912 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F4(Bash)5.662 E F0 -.663(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.915 -(the full pathnames of e)108 288 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915 -(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F4(hash)4.415 E F0(under)4.415 E F2 1.915 -(SHELL B)4.415 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.914(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)4.164 E -4.414(w\). A)-.25 F(full)4.414 E .719(search of the directories in)108 -300 R F2 -.666(PA)3.219 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .72 -(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)2.969 -F .72(If the)5.72 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for\ - a de\214ned shell function named)108 312 R F4(command_not_f)3.455 E -(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 324 Q F0 5.277(.I)C 2.777(ft)-5.277 G .277 -(hat function e)-2.777 F .277(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G 2.777(dw).1 G .278 -(ith the original command and the original command')-2.777 F 2.778(sa) --.55 G -.18(rg)-2.778 G(uments).18 E .776(as its ar)108 336 R .776 -(guments, and the function')-.18 F 3.275(se)-.55 G .775 -(xit status becomes the e)-3.425 F .775(xit status of the shell.)-.15 F -.775(If that function is not)5.775 F -(de\214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)108 348 Q -(xit status of 127.)-.15 E 1.089(If the search is successful, or if the\ - command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e)108 364.8 R -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.09(cutes the).15 F .198(named program in a separate e)108 -376.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .198(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F -.198(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .197 -(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 388.8 Q +(uiltin is in)-.2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .309 +(If the name is neither a shell function nor a b)108 544.8 R .31 +(uiltin, and contains no slashes,)-.2 F F2(bash)2.81 E F0 .31 +(searches each element of)2.81 F(the)108 556.8 Q F3 -.666(PA)3.163 G(TH) +-.189 E F0 .662(for a directory containing an e)2.913 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.662(cutable \214le by that name.).15 F F2(Bash)5.662 E F0 .662 +(uses a hash table to remember)3.162 F 1.914(the full pathnames of e)108 +568.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.915(cutable \214les \(see).15 F F2(hash)4.415 E +F0(under)4.415 E F3 1.915(SHELL B)4.415 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.915(TIN COMMANDS) +-.828 F F0(belo)4.165 E 4.415(w\). A)-.25 F(full)4.415 E .72 +(search of the directories in)108 580.8 R F3 -.666(PA)3.22 G(TH)-.189 E +F0 .719 +(is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table.)2.97 F +.719(If the)5.719 F .956(search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for\ + a de\214ned shell function named)108 592.8 R F2(command_not_f)3.456 E +(ound_han-)-.25 E(dle)108 604.8 Q F0 6.006(.I)C 3.506(ft)-6.006 G 1.006 +(hat function e)-3.506 F 1.006(xists, it is in)-.15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +(ke).2 G 3.506(di).1 G 3.506(nas)-3.506 G 1.005(eparate e)-3.506 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 1.005(cution en).15 F 1.005 +(vironment with the original command)-.4 F .255 +(and the original command')108 616.8 R 2.755(sa)-.55 G -.18(rg)-2.755 G +.255(uments as its ar).18 F .256(guments, and the function')-.18 F 2.756 +(se)-.55 G .256(xit status becomes the e)-2.906 F .256(xit sta-)-.15 F +.263(tus of that subshell.)108 628.8 R .263(If that function is not de\ +\214ned, the shell prints an error message and returns an e)5.263 F .263 +(xit sta-)-.15 F(tus of 127.)108 640.8 Q 1.089(If the search is success\ +ful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell e) +108 657.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.09(cutes the).15 F .198 +(named program in a separate e)108 669.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .198 +(cution en).15 F 2.698(vironment. Ar)-.4 F .198 +(gument 0 is set to the name gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .197 +(n, and the remain-).15 F(ing ar)108 681.6 Q (guments to the command are set to the ar)-.18 E(guments gi)-.18 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.809(If this e)108 405.6 R +(ve)-.25 G(n, if an).15 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 1.809(If this e)108 698.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.809(cution f).15 F 1.809 (ails because the \214le is not in e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.809 (cutable format, and the \214le is not a directory).15 F 4.309(,i)-.65 G -4.309(ti)-4.309 G(s)-4.309 E .678(assumed to be a)108 417.6 R/F5 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF .678(shell script)3.178 F F0 3.178(,a\214)C .678 +4.309(ti)-4.309 G(s)-4.309 E .678(assumed to be a)108 710.4 R F1 .678 +(shell script)3.178 F F0 3.178(,a\214)C .678 (le containing shell commands.)-3.178 F 3.178(As)5.678 G .678 (ubshell is spa)-3.178 F .677(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .677 (cute it.).15 F(This)5.677 E .329 -(subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)108 429.6 R .329 +(subshell reinitializes itself, so that the ef)108 722.4 R .329 (fect is as if a ne)-.25 F 2.83(ws)-.25 G .33(hell had been in)-2.83 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.83(dt).1 G 2.83(oh)-2.83 G .33 -(andle the script, with)-2.83 F 1.219(the e)108 441.6 R 1.219 +(andle the script, with)-2.83 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15) +144.29 E(34)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 35 35 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.219(the e)108 84 +R 1.219 (xception that the locations of commands remembered by the parent \(see) --.15 F F4(hash)3.719 E F0(belo)3.719 E 3.719(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.719 E F2 -(SHELL)3.719 E -.09(BU)108 453.6 S(IL).09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F3(\))A -F0(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .347(If the program is a \214le be) -108 470.4 R .347(ginning with)-.15 F F4(#!)2.847 E F0 2.847(,t)C .348(h\ +-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(hash)3.719 E F0(belo)3.719 E 3.719(wu)-.25 +G(nder)-3.719 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL)3.719 E -.09(BU)108 96 S(IL) +.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(\))A F0 +(are retained by the child.)2.25 E .347(If the program is a \214le be) +108 112.8 R .347(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#!)2.847 E F0 2.847(,t)C .348(h\ e remainder of the \214rst line speci\214es an interpreter for the pro-) --2.847 F 3.178(gram. The)108 482.4 R .678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +-2.847 F 3.178(gram. The)108 124.8 R .678(shell e)3.178 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .678(cutes the speci\214ed interpreter on operating systems that do not\ handle this e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutable).15 E 1.192(format themselv) -108 494.4 R 3.692(es. The)-.15 F(ar)3.693 E 1.193 +108 136.8 R 3.692(es. The)-.15 F(ar)3.693 E 1.193 (guments to the interpreter consist of a single optional ar)-.18 F 1.193 (gument follo)-.18 F 1.193(wing the)-.25 F 1.131 -(interpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 506.4 R +(interpreter name on the \214rst line of the program, follo)108 148.8 R 1.13(wed by the name of the program, follo)-.25 F 1.13(wed by the)-.25 F -(command ar)108 518.4 Q(guments, if an)-.18 E -.65(y.)-.15 G F1 -(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)72 535.2 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0(The shell has an) -108 547.2 Q F5 -.2(ex)2.5 G(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 E F0 -2.5(,w)C(hich consists of the follo)-2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E<83>108 564 Q -1.405(open \214les inherited by the shell at in)144 564 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -1.406(cation, as modi\214ed by redirections supplied to the).2 F F4 -(exec)3.906 E F0 -.2(bu)144 576 S(iltin).2 E<83>108 592.8 Q -(the current w)144 592.8 Q(orking directory as set by)-.1 E F4(cd)2.5 E -F0(,)A F4(pushd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F4(popd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5 +(command ar)108 160.8 Q(guments, if an)-.18 E -.65(y.)-.15 G/F4 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMAND EXECUTION ENVIR)72 177.6 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 +(The shell has an)108 189.6 Q/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G +(ecution en).2 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 E F0 2.5(,w)C +(hich consists of the follo)-2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E<83>108 206.4 Q 1.405 +(open \214les inherited by the shell at in)144 206.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G +1.406(cation, as modi\214ed by redirections supplied to the).2 F F1 +(exec)3.906 E F0 -.2(bu)144 218.4 S(iltin).2 E<83>108 235.2 Q +(the current w)144 235.2 Q(orking directory as set by)-.1 E F1(cd)2.5 E +F0(,)A F1(pushd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(r)-2.5 E F1(popd)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C 2.5 (ri)-2.5 G(nherited by the shell at in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation).2 E -<83>108 609.6 Q(the \214le creation mode mask as set by)144 609.6 Q F4 +<83>108 252 Q(the \214le creation mode mask as set by)144 252 Q F1 (umask)2.5 E F0(or inherited from the shell')2.5 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G(arent) --2.5 E<83>108 626.4 Q(current traps set by)144 626.4 Q F4(trap)2.5 E F0 -<83>108 643.2 Q .257(shell parameters that are set by v)144 643.2 R .256 -(ariable assignment or with)-.25 F F4(set)2.756 E F0 .256 +-2.5 E<83>108 268.8 Q(current traps set by)144 268.8 Q F1(trap)2.5 E F0 +<83>108 285.6 Q .257(shell parameters that are set by v)144 285.6 R .256 +(ariable assignment or with)-.25 F F1(set)2.756 E F0 .256 (or inherited from the shell')2.756 F 2.756(sp)-.55 G(arent)-2.756 E -(in the en)144 655.2 Q(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 672 Q -(shell functions de\214ned during e)144 672 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(in the en)144 297.6 Q(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 314.4 Q +(shell functions de\214ned during e)144 314.4 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cution or inherited from the shell').15 E 2.5(sp)-.55 G -(arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 688.8 Q -(options enabled at in)144 688.8 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def) -.2 E(ault or with command-line ar)-.1 E(guments\) or by)-.18 E F4(set) -2.5 E F0<83>108 705.6 Q(options enabled by)144 705.6 Q F4(shopt)2.5 E F0 -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(33)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 34 34 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E<83>108 84 Q -(shell aliases de\214ned with)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(alias)2.5 E -F0<83>108 100.8 Q -.25(va)144 100.8 S +(arent in the en)-2.5 E(vironment)-.4 E<83>108 331.2 Q +(options enabled at in)144 331.2 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G(cation \(either by def) +.2 E(ault or with command-line ar)-.1 E(guments\) or by)-.18 E F1(set) +2.5 E F0<83>108 348 Q(options enabled by)144 348 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0<83> +108 364.8 Q(shell aliases de\214ned with)144 364.8 Q F1(alias)2.5 E F0 +<83>108 381.6 Q -.25(va)144 381.6 S (rious process IDs, including those of background jobs, the v).25 E (alue of)-.25 E F1($$)2.5 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd the v)-2.5 E(alue of)-.25 E -/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PPID)2.5 E F0 .426 -(When a simple command other than a b)108 117.6 R .427 -(uiltin or shell function is to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .427 +F2(PPID)2.5 E F0 .426(When a simple command other than a b)108 398.4 R +.427(uiltin or shell function is to be e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .427 (cuted, it is in).15 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.927(di).1 G 2.927(nas) --2.927 G(eparate)-2.927 E -.15(exe)108 129.6 S .134(cution en).15 F .134 +-2.927 G(eparate)-2.927 E -.15(exe)108 410.4 S .134(cution en).15 F .134 (vironment that consists of the follo)-.4 F 2.634(wing. Unless)-.25 F .133(otherwise noted, the v)2.634 F .133(alues are inherited from)-.25 F -(the shell.)108 141.6 Q<83>108 158.4 Q 1.055(the shell')144 158.4 R +(the shell.)108 422.4 Q<83>108 439.2 Q 1.055(the shell')144 439.2 R 3.555(so)-.55 G 1.055(pen \214les, plus an)-3.555 F 3.556(ym)-.15 G 1.056 (odi\214cations and additions speci\214ed by redirections to the com-) --3.556 F(mand)144 170.4 Q<83>108 187.2 Q(the current w)144 187.2 Q -(orking directory)-.1 E<83>108 204 Q(the \214le creation mode mask)144 -204 Q<83>108 220.8 Q .857(shell v)144 220.8 R .857 +-3.556 F(mand)144 451.2 Q<83>108 468 Q(the current w)144 468 Q +(orking directory)-.1 E<83>108 484.8 Q(the \214le creation mode mask)144 +484.8 Q<83>108 501.6 Q .857(shell v)144 501.6 R .857 (ariables and functions mark)-.25 F .857(ed for e)-.1 F .857 (xport, along with v)-.15 F .857(ariables e)-.25 F .857 -(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 232.8 Q(vironment) --.4 E<83>108 249.6 Q .306(traps caught by the shell are reset to the v) -144 249.6 R .307(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.807(sp)-.55 G +(xported for the command,)-.15 F(passed in the en)144 513.6 Q(vironment) +-.4 E<83>108 530.4 Q .306(traps caught by the shell are reset to the v) +144 530.4 R .307(alues inherited from the shell')-.25 F 2.807(sp)-.55 G .307(arent, and traps ignored)-2.807 F(by the shell are ignored)144 -261.6 Q 2.5(Ac)108 278.4 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5 +542.4 Q 2.5(Ac)108 559.2 S(ommand in)-2.5 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5 (di).1 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(his separate en)-2.5 E(vironment cannot af)-.4 E (fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E (vironment.)-.4 E .577(Command substitution, commands grouped with pare\ -ntheses, and asynchronous commands are in)108 295.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 -(ke).2 G 3.077(di).1 G(n)-3.077 E 2.744(as)108 307.2 S .244(ubshell en) --2.744 F .244(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .245 +ntheses, and asynchronous commands are in)108 576 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke) +.2 G 3.077(di).1 G(n)-3.077 E 2.744(as)108 588 S .244(ubshell en)-2.744 +F .244(vironment that is a duplicate of the shell en)-.4 F .245 (vironment, e)-.4 F .245(xcept that traps caught by the shell are)-.15 F -.359(reset to the v)108 319.2 R .358 +.359(reset to the v)108 600 R .358 (alues that the shell inherited from its parent at in)-.25 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 2.858(cation. Builtin).2 F .358(commands that are in)2.858 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .856(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 331.2 -R -.15(xe)-.15 G .856(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.357 +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E .856(as part of a pipeline are also e)108 612 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .856(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.357 (vironment. Changes)-.4 F .857(made to the subshell en)3.357 F(viron-) --.4 E(ment cannot af)108 343.2 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G --.15(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E 1.377(Subshells spa)108 -360 R 1.377(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377 +-.4 E(ment cannot af)108 624 Q(fect the shell')-.25 E 2.5(se)-.55 G -.15 +(xe)-2.65 G(cution en).15 E(vironment.)-.4 E 1.377(Subshells spa)108 +640.8 R 1.377(wned to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.377 (cute command substitutions inherit the v).15 F 1.377(alue of the)-.25 F F1<ad65>3.876 E F0 1.376(option from the parent)3.876 F 2.5(shell. When) -108 372 R(not in)2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix)2.5 E F0(mode,)2.5 -E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(clears the)2.5 E F1<ad65>2.5 E F0 -(option in such subshells.)2.5 E .404(If a command is follo)108 388.8 R -.404(wed by a)-.25 F F1(&)2.904 E F0 .405(and job control is not acti) -2.904 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.905(,t).15 G .405(he def)-2.905 F .405 -(ault standard input for the command)-.1 F .198(is the empty \214le)108 -400.8 R F3(/de)2.698 E(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.198(.O)C .198 -(therwise, the in)-5.198 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.698(dc).1 G .197 -(ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell)-2.698 F -(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 412.8 Q/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF -(ENVIR)72 429.6 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.353(When a program is in)108 441.6 -R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.853(di).1 G 4.853(ti)-4.853 G 4.853(sg) --4.853 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.853 H 4.853(na).25 G 4.853(na)-4.853 G 2.353 -(rray of strings called the)-4.853 F F3(en)4.853 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 -E F0 7.353(.T).68 G 2.354(his is a list of)-7.353 F F3(name)108 453.6 Q -F0<ad>A F3(value)A F0(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F3(name)2.5 E F0(=)A F3 -(value)A F0(.).18 E 1.486(The shell pro)108 470.4 R 1.486(vides se)-.15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.486(ral w).15 F 1.485(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F -3.985(vironment. On)-.4 F(in)3.985 E -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.485 -(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F(wn)-.25 E(en)108 482.4 Q .144(viron\ +108 652.8 R(not in)2.5 E F5(posix)2.5 E F0(mode,)2.5 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(clears the)2.5 E F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(option in such subshells.)2.5 E .404 +(If a command is follo)108 669.6 R .404(wed by a)-.25 F F1(&)2.904 E F0 +.405(and job control is not acti)2.904 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.905(,t).15 G +.405(he def)-2.905 F .405(ault standard input for the command)-.1 F .198 +(is the empty \214le)108 681.6 R F5(/de)2.698 E(v/null)-.15 E F0 5.198 +(.O)C .198(therwise, the in)-5.198 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.698(dc) +.1 G .197(ommand inherits the \214le descriptors of the calling shell) +-2.698 F(as modi\214ed by redirections.)108 693.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 +Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(35)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 36 36 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(ENVIR)72 84 Q(ONMENT)-.329 E F0 2.353 +(When a program is in)108 96 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 4.853(di).1 G +4.853(ti)-4.853 G 4.853(sg)-4.853 G -2.15 -.25(iv e)-4.853 H 4.853(na) +.25 G 4.853(na)-4.853 G 2.353(rray of strings called the)-4.853 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(en)4.853 E(vir)-.4 E(onment)-.45 E F0 7.353(.T).68 G +2.354(his is a list of)-7.353 F F2(name)108 108 Q F0<ad>A F2(value)A F0 +(pairs, of the form)2.5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(=)A F2(value)A F0(.).18 E +1.486(The shell pro)108 124.8 R 1.486(vides se)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +1.486(ral w).15 F 1.485(ays to manipulate the en)-.1 F 3.985 +(vironment. On)-.4 F(in)3.985 E -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.485 +(cation, the shell scans its o).2 F(wn)-.25 E(en)108 136.8 Q .144(viron\ ment and creates a parameter for each name found, automatically marking\ - it for)-.4 F F3 -.2(ex)2.644 G(port).2 E F0 .144(to child pro-)3.324 F -2.704(cesses. Ex)108 494.4 R .203(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F -2.703(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(export)2.703 E F0(and)2.703 E F1(declar) -2.703 E 2.703<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.703 E F0 .203(commands allo)2.703 F 2.703 -(wp)-.25 G(aram-)-2.703 E 1.153 -(eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 506.4 R + it for)-.4 F F2 -.2(ex)2.644 G(port).2 E F0 .144(to child pro-)3.324 F +2.704(cesses. Ex)108 148.8 R .203(ecuted commands inherit the en)-.15 F +2.703(vironment. The)-.4 F/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(export)2.703 E F0(and) +2.703 E F3(declar)2.703 E 2.703<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.703 E F0 .203 +(commands allo)2.703 F 2.703(wp)-.25 G(aram-)-2.703 E 1.153 +(eters and functions to be added to and deleted from the en)108 160.8 R 3.653(vironment. If)-.4 F 1.153(the v)3.653 F 1.154 -(alue of a parameter in the)-.25 F(en)108 518.4 Q .64 +(alue of a parameter in the)-.25 F(en)108 172.8 Q .64 (vironment is modi\214ed, the ne)-.4 F 3.14(wv)-.25 G .64 (alue becomes part of the en)-3.39 F .64(vironment, replacing the old.) --.4 F .64(The en)5.64 F(viron-)-.4 E .58(ment inherited by an)108 530.4 +-.4 F .64(The en)5.64 F(viron-)-.4 E .58(ment inherited by an)108 184.8 R 3.08(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.23 G .58 (cuted command consists of the shell').15 F 3.08(si)-.55 G .58 (nitial en)-3.08 F .58(vironment, whose v)-.4 F .58(alues may be)-.25 F -.301(modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 542.4 R 2.801(yp)-.15 G .301 +.301(modi\214ed in the shell, less an)108 196.8 R 2.801(yp)-.15 G .301 (airs remo)-2.801 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.801(db).15 G 2.801(yt)-2.801 G(he) --2.801 E F1(unset)2.801 E F0 .3(command, plus an)2.8 F 2.8(ya)-.15 G .3 -(dditions via the)-2.8 F F1(export)2.8 E F0(and)2.8 E F1(declar)108 -554.4 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F0(commands.)2.5 E .562(The en)108 -571.2 R .562(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F3 .562(simple command) +-2.801 E F3(unset)2.801 E F0 .3(command, plus an)2.8 F 2.8(ya)-.15 G .3 +(dditions via the)-2.8 F F3(export)2.8 E F0(and)2.8 E F3(declar)108 +208.8 Q 2.5<65ad>-.18 G(x)-2.5 E F0(commands.)2.5 E .562(The en)108 +225.6 R .562(vironment for an)-.4 F(y)-.15 E F2 .562(simple command) 3.402 F F0 .563 (or function may be augmented temporarily by pre\214xing it with)3.833 F -.203(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 583.2 R .502 -.15(ve i) --.15 H(n).15 E F2 -.666(PA)2.702 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -(.)A F0 .202(These assignment statements af)4.702 F .202(fect only the) --.25 F(en)108 595.2 Q(vironment seen by that command.)-.4 E .81(If the) -108 612 R F1<ad6b>3.31 E F0 .81(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F1(set) -3.31 E F0 -.2(bu)3.31 G .81(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F -F3(all)3.64 E F0 .81(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en) -108 624 Q +.203(parameter assignments, as described abo)108 237.6 R .502 -.15(ve i) +-.15 H(n).15 E/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)2.702 G(RAMETERS).666 E/F5 +9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .202(These assignment statements af)4.702 F +.202(fect only the)-.25 F(en)108 249.6 Q +(vironment seen by that command.)-.4 E .81(If the)108 266.4 R F3<ad6b> +3.31 E F0 .81(option is set \(see the)3.31 F F3(set)3.31 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.31 G .81(iltin command belo).2 F .81(w\), then)-.25 F F2(all)3.64 E F0 +.81(parameter assignments are placed in)3.82 F(the en)108 278.4 Q (vironment for a command, not just those that precede the command name.) --.4 E(When)108 640.8 Q F1(bash)3.586 E F0(in)3.586 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 +-.4 E(When)108 295.2 Q F3(bash)3.586 E F0(in)3.586 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1 (ke).2 G 3.586(sa).1 G 3.586(ne)-3.586 G 1.086(xternal command, the v) --3.736 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(_)3.586 E F0 1.085 +-3.736 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(_)3.586 E F0 1.085 (is set to the full \214lename of the command and)3.586 F -(passed to that command in its en)108 652.8 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F4 -(EXIT ST)72 669.6 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .15(The e)108 681.6 R -.15(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .15(cuted command is the v) -.15 F .151(alue returned by the)-.25 F F3(waitpid)2.651 E F0 .151 +(passed to that command in its en)108 307.2 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F1 +(EXIT ST)72 324 Q -1.04(AT)-.986 G(US)1.04 E F0 .15(The e)108 336 R .15 +(xit status of an e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .15(cuted command is the v).15 +F .151(alue returned by the)-.25 F F2(waitpid)2.651 E F0 .151 (system call or equi)2.651 F -.25(va)-.25 G .151(lent func-).25 F 2.848 -(tion. Exit)108 693.6 R .348(statuses f)2.848 F .347 +(tion. Exit)108 348 R .348(statuses f)2.848 F .347 (all between 0 and 255, though, as e)-.1 F .347(xplained belo)-.15 F 1.647 -.65(w, t)-.25 H .347(he shell may use v).65 F .347(alues abo)-.25 -F .647 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 705.6 Q 5.506(.E)-.65 G +F .647 -.15(ve 1)-.15 H(25).15 E(specially)108 360 Q 5.506(.E)-.65 G .506(xit statuses from shell b)-5.506 F .507 (uiltins and compound commands are also limited to this range.)-.2 F (Under)5.507 E(certain circumstances, the shell will use special v)108 -717.6 Q(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(34)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 35 35 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -.15(Fo)108 84 S -3.373(rt).15 G .873(he shell')-3.373 F 3.373(sp)-.55 G .873 +372 Q(alues to indicate speci\214c f)-.25 E(ailure modes.)-.1 E -.15(Fo) +108 388.8 S 3.373(rt).15 G .873(he shell')-3.373 F 3.373(sp)-.55 G .873 (urposes, a command which e)-3.373 F .873(xits with a zero e)-.15 F .873 (xit status has succeeded.)-.15 F .872(An e)5.872 F .872(xit status of) --.15 F .048(zero indicates success.)108 96 R 2.548(An)5.048 G .049 +-.15 F .048(zero indicates success.)108 400.8 R 2.548(An)5.048 G .049 (on-zero e)-2.548 F .049(xit status indicates f)-.15 F 2.549 (ailure. When)-.1 F 2.549(ac)2.549 G .049(ommand terminates on a f) --2.549 F .049(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 108 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(N) -2.5 E F0(,)A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E -(alue of 128+)-.25 E F1(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E .405 -(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 124.8 R +-2.549 F .049(atal sig-)-.1 F(nal)108 412.8 Q F2(N)2.5 E F0(,)A F3(bash) +2.5 E F0(uses the v)2.5 E(alue of 128+)-.25 E F2(N)A F0(as the e)2.5 E +(xit status.)-.15 E .405 +(If a command is not found, the child process created to e)108 429.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .404(cute it returns a status of 127.).15 F .404 -(If a command is)5.404 F(found b)108 136.8 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) --.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 153.6 +(If a command is)5.404 F(found b)108 441.6 Q(ut is not e)-.2 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cutable, the return status is 126.).15 E(If a command f)108 458.4 Q(ails because of an error during e)-.1 E (xpansion or redirection, the e)-.15 E(xit status is greater than zero.) --.15 E .08(Shell b)108 170.4 R .08 -(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F1(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C -2.581(fs)-2.581 G .081(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F1(false)A F0 +-.15 E .08(Shell b)108 475.2 R .08 +(uiltin commands return a status of 0 \()-.2 F F2(true)A F0 2.581(\)i)C +2.581(fs)-2.581 G .081(uccessful, and non-zero \()-2.581 F F2(false)A F0 2.581(\)i)C 2.581(fa)-2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G .081(rror occurs while) --2.581 F(the)108 182.4 Q 2.968(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.118 G 2.968 +-2.581 F(the)108 487.2 Q 2.968(ye)-.15 G -.15(xe)-3.118 G 2.968 (cute. All).15 F -.2(bu)2.968 G .468(iltins return an e).2 F .468 (xit status of 2 to indicate incorrect usage, generally in)-.15 F -.25 -(va)-.4 G .467(lid options or).25 F(missing ar)108 194.4 Q(guments.)-.18 -E F2(Bash)108 211.2 Q F0 .201(itself returns the e)2.701 F .202 +(va)-.4 G .467(lid options or).25 F(missing ar)108 499.2 Q(guments.)-.18 +E F3(Bash)108 516 Q F0 .201(itself returns the e)2.701 F .202 (xit status of the last command e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .202 -(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 223.2 -Q(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F2 -(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G/F3 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGN)72 240 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 252 Q F2 -(bash)3.183 E F0 .683(is interacti)3.183 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.183(,i).15 G -3.183(nt)-3.183 G .683(he absence of an)-3.183 F 3.183(yt)-.15 G .683 -(raps, it ignores)-3.183 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGTERM)3.183 E F0 .682 -(\(so that)2.933 F F2 .682(kill 0)3.182 F F0 .682(does not kill an)3.182 -F(interacti)108 264 Q .757 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .457(hell\), and).15 F F4 -(SIGINT)2.957 E F0 .458(is caught and handled \(so that the)2.707 F F2 -(wait)2.958 E F0 -.2(bu)2.958 G .458(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F .458 -(In all cases,)5.458 F F2(bash)108 276 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGQ)2.5 E -(UIT)-.09 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If job control is in ef)4.5 E -(fect,)-.25 E F2(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4 -(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0 -(Non-b)108 292.8 Q 1.065(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F F2(bash)3.565 E F0 -(ha)3.565 E 1.365 -.15(ve s)-.2 H 1.065(ignal handlers set to the v).15 -F 1.064(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.247(parent. When) -108 304.8 R .747(job control is not in ef)3.247 F .747 +(cuted, unless a syntax error occurs, in which case).15 F(it e)108 528 Q +(xits with a non-zero v)-.15 E 2.5(alue. See)-.25 F(also the)2.5 E F3 +(exit)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command belo).2 E -.65(w.)-.25 G F1 +(SIGN)72 544.8 Q(ALS)-.219 E F0(When)108 556.8 Q F3(bash)3.183 E F0 .683 +(is interacti)3.183 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.183(,i).15 G 3.183(nt)-3.183 G +.683(he absence of an)-3.183 F 3.183(yt)-.15 G .683(raps, it ignores) +-3.183 F F4(SIGTERM)3.183 E F0 .682(\(so that)2.933 F F3 .682(kill 0) +3.182 F F0 .682(does not kill an)3.182 F(interacti)108 568.8 Q .757 -.15 +(ve s)-.25 H .457(hell\), and).15 F F4(SIGINT)2.957 E F0 .458 +(is caught and handled \(so that the)2.707 F F3(wait)2.958 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.958 G .458(iltin is interruptible\).).2 F .458(In all cases,)5.458 F +F3(bash)108 580.8 Q F0(ignores)2.5 E F4(SIGQ)2.5 E(UIT)-.09 E F5(.)A F0 +(If job control is in ef)4.5 E(fect,)-.25 E F3(bash)2.5 E F0(ignores)2.5 +E F4(SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 +E F4(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0(Non-b)108 597.6 Q 1.065 +(uiltin commands run by)-.2 F F3(bash)3.565 E F0(ha)3.565 E 1.365 -.15 +(ve s)-.2 H 1.065(ignal handlers set to the v).15 F 1.064 +(alues inherited by the shell from its)-.25 F 3.247(parent. When)108 +609.6 R .747(job control is not in ef)3.247 F .747 (fect, asynchronous commands ignore)-.25 F F4(SIGINT)3.248 E F0(and) 2.998 E F4(SIGQ)3.248 E(UIT)-.09 E F0 .748(in addi-)2.998 F .653 -(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 316.8 R .653 +(tion to these inherited handlers.)108 621.6 R .653 (Commands run as a result of command substitution ignore the k)5.653 F --.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(generated job control signals)108 328.8 Q F4 +-.15(ey)-.1 G(board-).15 E(generated job control signals)108 633.6 Q F4 (SIGTTIN)2.5 E F5(,)A F4(SIGTT)2.25 E(OU)-.162 E F5(,)A F0(and)2.25 E F4 -(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0 2.045(The shell e)108 345.6 R 2.045 +(SIGTSTP)2.5 E F5(.)A F0 2.045(The shell e)108 650.4 R 2.045 (xits by def)-.15 F 2.045(ault upon receipt of a)-.1 F F4(SIGHUP)4.545 E F5(.)A F0 2.045(Before e)6.545 F 2.045(xiting, an interacti)-.15 F 2.346 --.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.046(hell resends the).15 F F4(SIGHUP)108 357.6 Q F0 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H 2.046(hell resends the).15 F F4(SIGHUP)108 662.4 Q F0 1.005(to all jobs, running or stopped.)3.255 F 1.004 (Stopped jobs are sent)6.005 F F4(SIGCONT)3.504 E F0 1.004 (to ensure that the)3.254 F 3.504(yr)-.15 G(ecei)-3.504 E 1.304 -.15 -(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F4(SIGHUP)108 369.6 Q F5(.)A F0 2.529 -.8(To p) +(ve t)-.25 H(he).15 E F4(SIGHUP)108 674.4 Q F5(.)A F0 2.529 -.8(To p) 5.429 H(re).8 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .93(nt the shell from sending the signal\ to a particular job, it should be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.43(df).15 -G .93(rom the)-3.43 F 1.357(jobs table with the)108 381.6 R F2(diso) +G .93(rom the)-3.43 F 1.357(jobs table with the)108 686.4 R F3(diso) 3.857 E(wn)-.1 E F0 -.2(bu)3.857 G 1.357(iltin \(see).2 F F4 1.356 (SHELL B)3.856 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.356(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.606 E 1.356(w\) or mark)-.25 F 1.356(ed to not recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F4 -(SIGHUP)108 393.6 Q F0(using)2.25 E F2(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A -.166(If the)108 410.4 R F2(huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166 -(shell option has been set with)2.666 F F2(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F2(bash) +(SIGHUP)108 698.4 Q F0(using)2.25 E F3(diso)2.5 E(wn \255h)-.1 E F0(.)A +.166(If the)108 715.2 R F3(huponexit)2.666 E F0 .166 +(shell option has been set with)2.666 F F3(shopt)2.666 E F0(,)A F3(bash) 2.666 E F0 .166(sends a)2.666 F F4(SIGHUP)2.666 E F0 .166 (to all jobs when an interacti)2.416 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(login shell e)108 -422.4 Q(xits.)-.15 E(If)108 439.2 Q F2(bash)3.047 E F0 .547(is w)3.047 F -.546(aiting for a command to complete and recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.046(sas).15 G .546(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap) --3.046 F .662(will not be e)108 451.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .662 -(cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F2(bash)3.163 E +727.2 Q(xits.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(36) +193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 37 37 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(If)108 84 Q/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.047 E F0 .547(is w)3.047 F .546 +(aiting for a command to complete and recei)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.046 +(sas).15 G .546(ignal for which a trap has been set, the trap)-3.046 F +.662(will not be e)108 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .662 +(cuted until the command completes.).15 F(When)5.663 E F1(bash)3.163 E F0 .663(is w)3.163 F .663(aiting for an asynchronous command)-.1 F .99 -(via the)108 463.2 R F2(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin, the rec\ -eption of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F F2 +(via the)108 108 R F1(wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin, the recep\ +tion of a signal for which a trap has been set will cause the).2 F F1 (wait)3.49 E F0 -.2(bu)3.49 G .99(iltin to).2 F -(return immediately with an e)108 475.2 Q +(return immediately with an e)108 120 Q (xit status greater than 128, immediately after which the trap is e)-.15 -E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F3(JOB CONTR)72 492 Q(OL)-.329 E F1 -.25 -(Jo)108 504 S 4.567(bc).25 G(ontr)-4.567 E(ol)-.45 E F0 2.067 -(refers to the ability to selecti)5.077 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.067 -(ly stop \().15 F F1(suspend)A F0 4.567(\)t)C 2.068(he e)-4.567 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 2.068(cution of processes and continue).15 F(\()108 516 Q F1 --.37(re)C(sume).37 E F0 3.202(\)t)C .702(heir e)-3.202 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.702(cution at a later point.).15 F 3.202(Au)5.702 G .702 +E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(JOB CONTR)72 +136.8 Q(OL)-.329 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.25(Jo)108 148.8 S 4.567(bc) +.25 G(ontr)-4.567 E(ol)-.45 E F0 2.067(refers to the ability to selecti) +5.077 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.067(ly stop \().15 F F3(suspend)A F0 4.567(\)t) +C 2.068(he e)-4.567 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.068 +(cution of processes and continue).15 F(\()108 160.8 Q F3 -.37(re)C +(sume).37 E F0 3.202(\)t)C .702(heir e)-3.202 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 +(cution at a later point.).15 F 3.202(Au)5.702 G .702 (ser typically emplo)-3.202 F .702(ys this f)-.1 F .702 (acility via an interacti)-.1 F 1.001 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nterf).15 E(ace) --.1 E(supplied jointly by the operating system k)108 528 Q(ernel')-.1 E -2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 G(nd)-2.5 E -F2(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A .784(The shell associates a)108 544.8 R F1(job) +-.1 E(supplied jointly by the operating system k)108 172.8 Q(ernel')-.1 +E 2.5(st)-.55 G(erminal dri)-2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ra).15 G(nd)-2.5 E +F1(bash)2.5 E F0(.)A .784(The shell associates a)108 189.6 R F3(job) 5.024 E F0 .784(with each pipeline.)3.514 F .784(It k)5.784 F .785 (eeps a table of currently e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .785 -(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .341(listed with the)108 556.8 R F2 -(jobs)2.841 E F0 2.841(command. When)2.841 F F2(bash)2.841 E F0 .341 -(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.841 F F1(bac)2.84 E(kgr)-.2 E -(ound)-.45 E F0 .34(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 568.8 -Q(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 585.6 Q .241(indicating that this job is job n\ +(cuting jobs, which may be).15 F .341(listed with the)108 201.6 R F1 +(jobs)2.841 E F0 2.841(command. When)2.841 F F1(bash)2.841 E F0 .341 +(starts a job asynchronously \(in the)2.841 F F3(bac)2.84 E(kgr)-.2 E +(ound)-.45 E F0 .34(\), it prints a line).77 F(that looks lik)108 213.6 +Q(e:)-.1 E([1] 25647)144 230.4 Q .241(indicating that this job is job n\ umber 1 and that the process ID of the last process in the pipeline ass\ -ociated)108 602.4 R .733(with this job is 25647.)108 614.4 R .732 +ociated)108 247.2 R .733(with this job is 25647.)108 259.2 R .732 (All of the processes in a single pipeline are members of the same job) -5.733 F(.)-.4 E F2(Bash)5.732 E F0(uses)3.232 E(the)108 626.4 Q F1(job) +5.733 F(.)-.4 E F1(Bash)5.732 E F0(uses)3.232 E(the)108 271.2 Q F3(job) 4.24 E F0(abstraction as the basis for job control.)2.73 E 3.062 -.8 -(To f)108 643.2 T 1.462(acilitate the implementation of the user interf) -.7 F 1.463(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the)-.1 F -.871(notion of a)108 655.2 R F1(curr)3.371 E .871(ent terminal pr)-.37 F +(To f)108 288 T 1.462(acilitate the implementation of the user interf).7 +F 1.463(ace to job control, the operating system maintains the)-.1 F +.871(notion of a)108 300 R F3(curr)3.371 E .871(ent terminal pr)-.37 F .871(ocess gr)-.45 F .871(oup ID)-.45 F F0 5.871(.M)C .87 (embers of this process group \(processes whose process)-5.871 F .023 (group ID is equal to the current terminal process group ID\) recei)108 -667.2 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023 -(board-generated signals such as).15 F F4(SIG-)2.523 E(INT)108 679.2 Q -F5(.)A F0 1.347(These processes are said to be in the)5.847 F F1(for) -3.846 E -.4(eg)-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F1(Bac)6.926 E -(kgr)-.2 E(ound)-.45 E F0 1.346(processes are those whose process)4.616 -F .145(group ID dif)108 691.2 R .145(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146 +312 R .323 -.15(ve k)-.25 H -.15(ey).05 G .023 +(board-generated signals such as).15 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG-)2.523 E +(INT)108 324 Q/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.347 +(These processes are said to be in the)5.847 F F3(for)3.846 E -.4(eg) +-.37 G -.45(ro).4 G(und).45 E F0(.).77 E F3(Bac)6.926 E(kgr)-.2 E(ound) +-.45 E F0 1.346(processes are those whose process)4.616 F .145 +(group ID dif)108 336 R .145(fers from the terminal')-.25 F .146 (s; such processes are immune to k)-.55 F -.15(ey)-.1 G .146 (board-generated signals.).15 F .146(Only fore-)5.146 F .16 -(ground processes are allo)108 703.2 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F -2.66(,i)-.4 G 2.66(ft)-2.66 G .16(he user so speci\214es with)-2.66 F/F6 -10/Courier@0 SF .16(stty tostop)2.66 F F0 2.66(,w)C .16(rite to the ter) --2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.051(minal. Background)108 715.2 R .551 +(ground processes are allo)108 348 R .16(wed to read from or)-.25 F 2.66 +(,i)-.4 G 2.66(ft)-2.66 G .16(he user so speci\214es with)-2.66 F/F6 10 +/Courier@0 SF .16(stty tostop)2.66 F F0 2.66(,w)C .16(rite to the ter) +-2.66 F(-)-.2 E 3.051(minal. Background)108 360 R .551 (processes which attempt to read from \(write to when)3.051 F F6 .551 (stty tostop)3.051 F F0 .552(is in ef)3.052 F .552(fect\) the)-.25 F -2.098(terminal are sent a)108 727.2 R F4 2.098(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)4.598 F -(OU\))-.162 E F0 2.098(signal by the k)4.348 F(ernel')-.1 E 4.598(st) --.55 G 2.098(erminal dri)-4.598 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.898 -.4(r, w).15 H -2.098(hich, unless caught,).4 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26) -142.895 E(35)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 36 36 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(suspends the process.)108 84 Q 1.087(If the operating system on which) -108 100.8 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.587 E F0 1.088 +.718(terminal are sent a)108 372 R F4 .718(SIGTTIN \(SIGTT)3.218 F(OU\)) +-.162 E F0 .718(signal by the k)2.968 F(ernel')-.1 E 3.217(st)-.55 G +.717(erminal dri)-3.217 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.517 -.4(r, w).15 H .717 +(hich, unless caught, sus-).4 F(pends the process.)108 384 Q 1.087 +(If the operating system on which)108 400.8 R F1(bash)3.587 E F0 1.088 (is running supports job control,)3.588 F F1(bash)3.588 E F0 1.088 -(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8(Ty)108 112.8 S -.302(ping the).8 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(suspend)3.142 E F0 .302 -(character \(typically)3.572 F F1(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301 +(contains f)3.588 F 1.088(acilities to use it.)-.1 F -.8(Ty)108 412.8 S +.302(ping the).8 F F3(suspend)3.142 E F0 .302(character \(typically) +3.572 F F1(^Z)2.801 E F0 2.801(,C)C .301 (ontrol-Z\) while a process is running causes that process to be)-2.801 -F 2.142(stopped and returns control to)108 124.8 R F1(bash)4.642 E F0 -7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F2 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0 +F 2.142(stopped and returns control to)108 424.8 R F1(bash)4.642 E F0 +7.142(.T)C 2.142(yping the)-7.942 F F3 2.142(delayed suspend)4.992 F F0 2.143(character \(typically)5.413 F F1(^Y)4.643 E F0 4.643(,C)C (ontrol-Y\))-4.643 E .021(causes the process to be stopped when it atte\ mpts to read input from the terminal, and control to be returned)108 -136.8 R(to)108 148.8 Q F1(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892 +436.8 R(to)108 448.8 Q F1(bash)3.392 E F0 5.892(.T)C .892 (he user may then manipulate the state of this job, using the)-5.892 F F1(bg)3.392 E F0 .892(command to continue it in the)3.392 F .895 -(background, the)108 160.8 R F1(fg)3.395 E F0 .895 +(background, the)108 460.8 R F1(fg)3.395 E F0 .895 (command to continue it in the fore)3.395 F .895(ground, or the)-.15 F F1(kill)3.395 E F0 .894(command to kill it.)3.395 F(A)5.894 E F1(^Z) -3.394 E F0(tak)3.394 E(es)-.1 E(ef)108 172.8 Q .948(fect immediately) +3.394 E F0(tak)3.394 E(es)-.1 E(ef)108 472.8 Q .948(fect immediately) -.25 F 3.448(,a)-.65 G .948(nd has the additional side ef)-3.448 F .948 (fect of causing pending output and typeahead to be dis-)-.25 F(carded.) -108 184.8 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 201.6 R .777 +108 484.8 Q .777(There are a number of w)108 501.6 R .777 (ays to refer to a job in the shell.)-.1 F .777(The character)5.777 F F1 -(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 213.6 -Q F2(jobspec)A F0 3.457(\). Job)B(number)3.457 E F2(n)3.817 E F0 .957 +(%)3.277 E F0 .777(introduces a job speci\214cation)3.277 F(\()108 513.6 +Q F3(jobspec)A F0 3.457(\). Job)B(number)3.457 E F3(n)3.817 E F0 .957 (may be referred to as)3.697 F F1(%n)3.457 E F0 5.957(.A)C .957 (job may also be referred to using a pre\214x of the)-2.5 F .59(name us\ ed to start it, or using a substring that appears in its command line.) -108 225.6 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F1(%ce)3.09 E -F0 .59(refers to a)3.09 F(stopped)108 237.6 Q F1(ce)3.463 E F0(job)3.463 +108 525.6 R -.15(Fo)5.59 G 3.09(re).15 G(xample,)-3.24 E F1(%ce)3.09 E +F0 .59(refers to a)3.09 F(stopped)108 537.6 Q F1(ce)3.463 E F0(job)3.463 E 5.963(.I)-.4 G 3.463(fap)-5.963 G .963 (re\214x matches more than one job,)-3.463 F F1(bash)3.463 E F0 .963 (reports an error)3.463 F 5.963(.U)-.55 G(sing)-5.963 E F1(%?ce)3.463 E F0 3.464(,o)C 3.464(nt)-3.464 G .964(he other)-3.464 F .087 -(hand, refers to an)108 249.6 R 2.587(yj)-.15 G .087 +(hand, refers to an)108 549.6 R 2.587(yj)-.15 G .087 (ob containing the string)-2.587 F F1(ce)2.587 E F0 .087 (in its command line.)2.587 F .087 -(If the substring matches more than one)5.087 F(job,)108 261.6 Q F1 +(If the substring matches more than one)5.087 F(job,)108 561.6 Q F1 (bash)2.518 E F0 .018(reports an error)2.518 F 5.018(.T)-.55 G .018 (he symbols)-5.018 F F1(%%)2.518 E F0(and)2.518 E F1(%+)2.518 E F0 .018 (refer to the shell')2.518 F 2.518(sn)-.55 G .018(otion of the)-2.518 F -F2(curr)2.518 E .018(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.518(,w).23 G .018(hich is) --2.518 F .495(the last job stopped while it w)108 273.6 R .495 +F3(curr)2.518 E .018(ent job)-.37 F F0 2.518(,w).23 G .018(hich is) +-2.518 F .495(the last job stopped while it w)108 573.6 R .495 (as in the fore)-.1 F .495(ground or started in the background.)-.15 F -(The)5.494 E F2(pr)4.244 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .494(ious job).15 F F0 .494 -(may be)3.224 F .787(referenced using)108 285.6 R F1<25ad>3.287 E F0 +(The)5.494 E F3(pr)4.244 E -.15(ev)-.37 G .494(ious job).15 F F0 .494 +(may be)3.224 F .787(referenced using)108 585.6 R F1<25ad>3.287 E F0 5.787(.I)C 3.287(ft)-5.787 G .787(here is only a single job,)-3.287 F F1 (%+)3.287 E F0(and)3.287 E F1<25ad>3.287 E F0 .788 (can both be used to refer to that job)3.287 F 5.788(.I)-.4 G(n)-5.788 E -.257(output pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)108 297.6 R F1 +.257(output pertaining to jobs \(e.g., the output of the)108 597.6 R F1 (jobs)2.756 E F0 .256(command\), the current job is al)2.756 F -.1(wa) -.1 G .256(ys \215agged with a).1 F F1(+)2.756 E F0(,)A .41(and the pre) -108 309.6 R .41(vious job with a)-.25 F F1<ad>2.91 E F0 5.41(.A)C .411 +108 609.6 R .41(vious job with a)-.25 F F1<ad>2.91 E F0 5.41(.A)C .411 (single % \(with no accompan)-2.5 F .411 (ying job speci\214cation\) also refers to the cur)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(rent job)108 321.6 Q(.)-.4 E .444 -(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 338.4 R +(rent job)108 621.6 Q(.)-.4 E .444 +(Simply naming a job can be used to bring it into the fore)108 638.4 R (ground:)-.15 E F1(%1)2.943 E F0 .443(is a synon)2.943 F .443(ym for) -.15 F F1 -.63(``)2.943 G .443(fg %1').63 F(')-.63 E F0 2.943(,b)C (ringing)-2.943 E 1.472(job 1 from the background into the fore)108 -350.4 R 3.972(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F1 -.63(``)3.973 G 1.473 +650.4 R 3.972(ground. Similarly)-.15 F(,)-.65 E F1 -.63(``)3.973 G 1.473 (%1 &').63 F(')-.63 E F0 1.473(resumes job 1 in the background,)3.973 F -(equi)108 362.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1') -.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .131(The shell learns immediately whene)108 379.2 +(equi)108 662.4 Q -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(bg %1') +.63 E(')-.63 E F0(.)A .131(The shell learns immediately whene)108 679.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.631(raj).15 G .131(ob changes state.)-2.631 F (Normally)5.131 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)2.631 E F0 -.1(wa)2.63 G .13 (its until it is about to print a).1 F .157 -(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 391.2 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G +(prompt before reporting changes in a job')108 691.2 R 2.657(ss)-.55 G .157(tatus so as to not interrupt an)-2.657 F 2.658(yo)-.15 G .158 (ther output.)-2.658 F .158(If the)5.158 F F1<ad62>2.658 E F0 .158 -(option to)2.658 F(the)108 403.2 Q F1(set)2.648 E F0 -.2(bu)2.648 G .148 +(option to)2.658 F(the)108 703.2 Q F1(set)2.648 E F0 -.2(bu)2.648 G .148 (iltin command is enabled,).2 F F1(bash)2.648 E F0 .148 (reports such changes immediately)2.648 F 5.147(.A)-.65 G .447 -.15 -(ny t)-5.147 H .147(rap on).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGCHLD)2.647 E F0 -.147(is e)2.397 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted for each child that e)108 -415.2 Q(xits.)-.15 E .032(If an attempt to e)108 432 R(xit)-.15 E F1 -(bash)2.532 E F0 .032(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.532 F 2.533 -(,i)-.4 G 2.533(ft)-2.533 G(he)-2.533 E F1(checkjobs)2.533 E F0 .033 -(shell option has been enabled)2.533 F 2.02(using the)108 444 R F1 -(shopt)4.52 E F0 -.2(bu)4.52 G 2.02 -(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F 2.019 -(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F1(checkjobs)4.519 E F0 2.019 +(ny t)-5.147 H .147(rap on).15 F F4(SIGCHLD)2.647 E F0 .147(is e)2.397 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted for each child that e)108 715.2 Q(xits.) +-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(37)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 38 38 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .032 +(If an attempt to e)108 84 R(xit)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.532 +E F0 .032(is made while jobs are stopped \(or)2.532 F 2.533(,i)-.4 G +2.533(ft)-2.533 G(he)-2.533 E F1(checkjobs)2.533 E F0 .033 +(shell option has been enabled)2.533 F 2.02(using the)108 96 R F1(shopt) +4.52 E F0 -.2(bu)4.52 G 2.02(iltin, running\), the shell prints a w).2 F +2.019(arning message, and, if the)-.1 F F1(checkjobs)4.519 E F0 2.019 (option is)4.519 F .458(enabled, lists the jobs and their statuses.)108 -456 R(The)5.458 E F1(jobs)2.958 E F0 .459 +108 R(The)5.458 E F1(jobs)2.958 E F0 .459 (command may then be used to inspect their status.)2.958 F .459(If a) -5.459 F .604(second attempt to e)108 468 R .604 +5.459 F .604(second attempt to e)108 120 R .604 (xit is made without an interv)-.15 F .604 (ening command, the shell does not print another w)-.15 F(arning,)-.1 E -(and an)108 480 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E/F4 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 496.8 Q(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .644(When e)108 -508.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 -E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)3.144 E F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F -F3(PS1)3.145 E F0 .645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F .315 -(and the secondary prompt)108 520.8 R F3(PS2)2.815 E F0 .315 -(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.565 F F1(Bash)5.314 E -F0(displays)2.814 E F1(PS0)2.814 E F0(after)2.814 E .049 -(it reads a command b)108 532.8 R .049(ut before e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.049(cuting it.).15 F F1(Bash)5.049 E F0(allo)2.549 E .05 -(ws these prompt strings to be customized by inserting)-.25 F 2.5(an)108 -544.8 S(umber of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded \ -as follo)-2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 556.8 Q F0 -(an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 556.8 Q F1(\\d)144 568.8 Q F0 -(the date in "W)180 568.8 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E -(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F1(\\D{)144 580.8 Q F2(format)A F1(})A F0(the)180 -592.8 Q F2(format)3.927 E F0 1.427(is passed to)3.927 F F2(strftime) -3.927 E F0 1.427 +(and an)108 132 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(topped jobs are terminated.)-2.5 E .644 +(When the shell is w)108 148.8 R .644 +(aiting for a job or process using the)-.1 F F1(wait)3.145 E F0 -.2(bu) +3.145 G .645(iltin, and job control is enabled,).2 F F1(wait)3.145 E F0 +(will)3.145 E .428(return when the job changes state. The)108 160.8 R F1 +<ad66>2.928 E F0 .428(option will force)2.928 F F1(wait)2.928 E F0 .428 +(to w)2.928 F .428(ait until the job or process terminates)-.1 F +(before returning.)108 172.8 Q/F2 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)72 189.6 Q +(OMPTING)-.329 E F0 .644(When e)108 201.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .644 +(cuting interacti).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E(,)-.65 E F1(bash)3.144 E +F0 .645(displays the primary prompt)3.145 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS1) +3.145 E F0 .645(when it is ready to read a command,)2.895 F .428 +(and the secondary prompt)108 213.6 R F3(PS2)2.928 E F0 .427 +(when it needs more input to complete a command.)2.678 F F1(Bash)5.427 E +F0(displays)2.927 E F3(PS0)2.927 E F0(after)2.677 E .037 +(it reads a command b)108 225.6 R .037(ut before e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.037(cuting it.).15 F F1(Bash)5.037 E F0(displays)2.537 E F3(PS4)2.538 E +F0 .038(as described abo)2.288 F .338 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .038 +(efore tracing each com-).15 F 1.122(mand when the)108 237.6 R F1<ad78> +3.622 E F0 1.122(option is enabled.)3.622 F F1(Bash)6.122 E F0(allo) +3.622 E 1.122(ws these prompt strings to be customized by inserting a) +-.25 F(number of backslash-escaped special characters that are decoded \ +as follo)108 249.6 Q(ws:)-.25 E F1(\\a)144 261.6 Q F0 +(an ASCII bell character \(07\))180 261.6 Q F1(\\d)144 273.6 Q F0 +(the date in "W)180 273.6 Q(eekday Month Date" format \(e.g., "T)-.8 E +(ue May 26"\))-.45 E F1(\\D{)144 285.6 Q/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(format) +A F1(})A F0(the)180 297.6 Q F4(format)3.926 E F0 1.426(is passed to) +3.926 F F4(strftime)3.926 E F0 1.427 (\(3\) and the result is inserted into the prompt string; an)B(empty)180 -604.8 Q F2(format)2.5 E F0 +309.6 Q F4(format)2.5 E F0 (results in a locale-speci\214c time representation.)2.5 E -(The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 616.8 Q F0 -(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 616.8 Q F1(\\h)144 628.8 Q F0 -(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 628.8 Q(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 640.8 -Q F0(the hostname)180 640.8 Q F1(\\j)144 652.8 Q F0 -(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 652.8 Q F1(\\l) -144 664.8 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 664.8 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G -(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 676.8 Q F0(ne)180 676.8 Q -(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 688.8 Q F0(carriage return)180 688.8 Q F1(\\s) -144 700.8 Q F0(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 700.8 Q F1($0) +(The braces are required)5 E F1(\\e)144 321.6 Q F0 +(an ASCII escape character \(033\))180 321.6 Q F1(\\h)144 333.6 Q F0 +(the hostname up to the \214rst `.)180 333.6 Q(')-.7 E F1(\\H)144 345.6 +Q F0(the hostname)180 345.6 Q F1(\\j)144 357.6 Q F0 +(the number of jobs currently managed by the shell)180 357.6 Q F1(\\l) +144 369.6 Q F0(the basename of the shell')180 369.6 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G +(erminal de)-2.5 E(vice name)-.25 E F1(\\n)144 381.6 Q F0(ne)180 381.6 Q +(wline)-.25 E F1(\\r)144 393.6 Q F0(carriage return)180 393.6 Q F1(\\s) +144 405.6 Q F0(the name of the shell, the basename of)180 405.6 Q F1($0) 2.5 E F0(\(the portion follo)2.5 E(wing the \214nal slash\))-.25 E F1 -(\\t)144 712.8 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 -712.8 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(36)192.055 E 0 Cg -EP -%%Page: 37 37 +(\\t)144 417.6 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 +417.6 Q F1(\\T)144 429.6 Q F0 +(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 429.6 Q F1(\\@)144 +441.6 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 441.6 Q F1(\\A) +144 453.6 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 453.6 Q F1 +(\\u)144 465.6 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 465.6 Q F1(\\v) +144 477.6 Q F0(the v)180 477.6 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 +(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 489.6 Q F0(the release of)180 489.6 Q +F1(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 501.6 Q F0 .116 +(the current w)180 501.6 R .116(orking directory)-.1 F 2.616(,w)-.65 G +(ith)-2.616 E F3($HOME)2.616 E F0(abbre)2.366 E .115 +(viated with a tilde \(uses the v)-.25 F .115(alue of the)-.25 F F3(PR) +180 513.6 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E +F1(\\W)144 525.6 Q F0(the basename of the current w)180 525.6 Q +(orking directory)-.1 E 2.5(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F3($HOME)2.5 E F0 +(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 537.6 Q F0 +(the history number of this command)180 537.6 Q F1(\\#)144 549.6 Q F0 +(the command number of this command)180 549.6 Q F1(\\$)144 561.6 Q F0 +(if the ef)180 561.6 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E +F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 573.6 Q F4 +(nnn)A F0(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 573.6 Q F4 +(nnn)2.5 E F1(\\\\)144 585.6 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 585.6 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1 +(\\[)144 597.6 Q F0(be)180 597.6 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing\ + characters, which could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F +(control sequence into the prompt)180 609.6 Q F1(\\])144 621.6 Q F0 +(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 621.6 Q .12 +(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 638.4 R +.119(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F 1.585(positi\ +on in the history list, which may include commands restored from the hi\ +story \214le \(see)108 650.4 R F3(HIST)4.085 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0 +(belo)108 662.4 Q .541(w\), while the command number is the position in\ + the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .54 +(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 674.4 R +.546(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.546 F .546 +(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F +.352(tion, arithmetic e)108 686.4 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F +-.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F F1 +(pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .351(shell option \(see the)2.852 +F(description of the)108 698.4 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E +F3(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).) +-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(38)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 39 39 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(\\T)144 84 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour HH:MM:SS format)180 84 Q -F1(\\@)144 96 Q F0(the current time in 12-hour am/pm format)180 96 Q F1 -(\\A)144 108 Q F0(the current time in 24-hour HH:MM format)180 108 Q F1 -(\\u)144 120 Q F0(the username of the current user)180 120 Q F1(\\v)144 -132 Q F0(the v)180 132 Q(ersion of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -(\(e.g., 2.00\))2.5 E F1(\\V)144 144 Q F0(the release of)180 144 Q F1 -(bash)2.5 E F0 2.5(,v)C(ersion + patch le)-2.65 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(l\().15 G(e.g., 2.00.0\))-2.5 E F1(\\w)144 156 Q F0 .115(the current w) -180 156 R .115(orking directory)-.1 F 2.615(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.615 E/F2 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF($HOME)2.615 E F0(abbre)2.365 E .116 -(viated with a tilde \(uses the v)-.25 F .116(alue of the)-.25 F F2(PR) -180 168 Q(OMPT_DIR)-.27 E(TRIM)-.36 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable\)).25 E -F1(\\W)144 180 Q F0(the basename of the current w)180 180 Q -(orking directory)-.1 E 2.5(,w)-.65 G(ith)-2.5 E F2($HOME)2.5 E F0 -(abbre)2.25 E(viated with a tilde)-.25 E F1(\\!)144 192 Q F0 -(the history number of this command)180 192 Q F1(\\#)144 204 Q F0 -(the command number of this command)180 204 Q F1(\\$)144 216 Q F0 -(if the ef)180 216 Q(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve U)-.25 H(ID is 0, a).15 E -F1(#)2.5 E F0 2.5(,o)C(therwise a)-2.5 E F1($)2.5 E(\\)144 228 Q/F3 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0 -(the character corresponding to the octal number)180 228 Q F3(nnn)2.5 E -F1(\\\\)144 240 Q F0 2.5(ab)180 240 S(ackslash)-2.5 E F1(\\[)144 252 Q -F0(be)180 252 Q 1.257(gin a sequence of non-printing characters, which \ -could be used to embed a terminal)-.15 F -(control sequence into the prompt)180 264 Q F1(\\])144 276 Q F0 -(end a sequence of non-printing characters)180 276 Q .119 -(The command number and the history number are usually dif)108 292.8 R -.12(ferent: the history number of a command is its)-.25 F 1.585(positio\ -n in the history list, which may include commands restored from the his\ -tory \214le \(see)108 304.8 R F2(HIST)4.084 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0 -(belo)108 316.8 Q .541(w\), while the command number is the position in\ - the sequence of commands e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .541 -(cuted during the cur).15 F(-)-.2 E .546(rent shell session.)108 328.8 R -.546(After the string is decoded, it is e)5.546 F .546 -(xpanded via parameter e)-.15 F .546(xpansion, command substitu-)-.15 F -.351(tion, arithmetic e)108 340.8 R .352(xpansion, and quote remo)-.15 F --.25(va)-.15 G .352(l, subject to the v).25 F .352(alue of the)-.25 F F1 -(pr)2.852 E(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 .352(shell option \(see the)2.852 -F(description of the)108 352.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0(command under)2.5 E -F2(SHELL B)2.5 E(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).) --.25 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)72 369.6 Q F0 .151 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)72 84 Q F0 .15 (This is the library that handles reading input when using an interacti) -108 381.6 R .45 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .15(hell, unless the).15 F F1 -(\255\255noediting)2.65 E F0(option)2.65 E 1.208(is gi)108 393.6 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.708(na).15 G 3.708(ts)-3.708 G 1.208(hell in)-3.708 F -.2 -(vo)-.4 G 3.708(cation. Line).2 F 1.208 -(editing is also used when using the)3.708 F F1<ad65>3.709 E F0 1.209 -(option to the)3.709 F F1 -.18(re)3.709 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.709 G -3.709(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 405.6 Q .851 +108 96 R .451 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .151(hell, unless the).15 F/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(\255\255noediting)2.651 E F0(option)2.651 E 1.209 +(is gi)108 108 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.709(na).15 G 3.709(ts)-3.709 G 1.209 +(hell in)-3.709 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 3.709(cation. Line).2 F 1.208 +(editing is also used when using the)3.709 F F2<ad65>3.708 E F0 1.208 +(option to the)3.708 F F2 -.18(re)3.708 G(ad).18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.708 G +3.708(iltin. By).2 F(def)108 120 Q .851 (ault, the line editing commands are similar to those of Emacs.)-.1 F -3.351(Av)5.851 G .851(i-style line editing interf)-3.351 F .851 -(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 417.6 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 +3.351(Av)5.851 G .851(i-style line editing interf)-3.351 F .852 +(ace is also)-.1 F -.2(av)108 132 S 3.35(ailable. Line)-.05 F .85 (editing can be enabled at an)3.35 F 3.35(yt)-.15 G .85(ime using the) --3.35 F F1 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F1 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0 -.85(options to the)3.35 F F1(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E -(\(see)108 429.6 Q F2 .763(SHELL B)3.263 F(UIL)-.09 E .763(TIN COMMANDS) --.828 F F0(belo)3.013 E 3.263(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot)-.8 G .763(urn of) --3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763 -(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F1(+o)3.262 E -(emacs)108 441.6 Q F0(or)2.5 E F1(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F1 -(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(Readline Notation)87 458.4 Q +-3.35 F F2 .85(\255o emacs)3.35 F F0(or)3.35 E F2 .85(\255o vi)3.35 F F0 +.85(options to the)3.35 F F2(set)3.35 E F0 -.2(bu)3.35 G(iltin).2 E +(\(see)108 144 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .762(SHELL B)3.262 F(UIL)-.09 E +.762(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.012 E 3.262(w\). T)-.25 F 3.263(ot) +-.8 G .763(urn of)-3.263 F 3.263(fl)-.25 G .763 +(ine editing after the shell is running, use the)-3.263 F F2(+o)3.263 E +(emacs)108 156 Q F0(or)2.5 E F2(+o vi)2.5 E F0(options to the)2.5 E F2 +(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F2(Readline Notation)87 172.8 Q F0 .463(In this section, the Emacs-style notation is used to denote k) -108 470.4 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) -2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A -1.153(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 482.4 R(Similarly)6.153 E(,) --.65 E F3(meta)4.033 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153(ys are denoted by M\255) --.05 F F3 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.652(,s)C 3.652(oM)-3.652 G 1.152 -(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.652 F(\(On)6.152 E -.1(ke)108 494.4 S .83 -(yboards without a)-.05 F F3(meta)3.71 E F0 -.1(ke)3.59 G 2.13 -.65 -(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F3(x)A F0 .83(means ESC)3.33 F F3(x)3.33 E F0 3.33 -(,i)C .831(.e., press the Escape k)-3.33 F 1.131 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .831 -(hen the).15 F F3(x)4.101 E F0 -.1(ke)3.861 G 4.631 -.65(y. T)-.05 H -.831(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .6(ESC the)108 506.4 R F3 .6(meta pr)3.1 F -(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.6(.T)C .6(he combination M\255C\255)-5.6 F F3(x)A F0 -.599(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F3(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp) --3.099 G .599(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .899 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .599 -(hen hold).15 F(the Control k)108 518.4 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H -(hile pressing the).15 E F3(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)) -.65 E .619(Readline commands may be gi)108 535.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119 -(nn).15 G(umeric)-3.119 E F3(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G -.619(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.62 E(ho) -108 547.2 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.419 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.119(ti).4 G -3.119(st)-3.119 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 +108 184.8 R -.15(ey)-.1 G(strok).15 E 2.963(es. Control)-.1 F -.1(ke) +2.963 G .463(ys are denoted by C\255)-.05 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.1 +(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0(,)A 1.152(e.g., C\255n means Control\255N.)108 196.8 R +(Similarly)6.152 E(,)-.65 E F4(meta)4.032 E F0 -.1(ke)3.913 G 1.153 +(ys are denoted by M\255)-.05 F F4 -.1(ke)C(y)-.2 E F0 3.653(,s)C 3.653 +(oM)-3.653 G 1.153(\255x means Meta\255X.)-3.653 F(\(On)6.153 E -.1(ke) +108 208.8 S .831(yboards without a)-.05 F F4(meta)3.711 E F0 -.1(ke) +3.591 G 2.131 -.65(y, M)-.05 H<ad>.65 E F4(x)A F0 .831(means ESC)3.331 F +F4(x)3.331 E F0 3.331(,i)C .83(.e., press the Escape k)-3.331 F 1.13 +-.15(ey t)-.1 H .83(hen the).15 F F4(x)4.1 E F0 -.1(ke)3.86 G 4.63 -.65 +(y. T)-.05 H .83(his mak).65 F(es)-.1 E .599(ESC the)108 220.8 R F4 .599 +(meta pr)3.099 F(e\214x)-.37 E F0 5.599(.T)C .599 +(he combination M\255C\255)-5.599 F F4(x)A F0 .599 +(means ESC\255Control\255)3.099 F F4(x)A F0 3.099(,o)C 3.099(rp)-3.099 G +.6(ress the Escape k)-3.099 F .9 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .6(hen hold).15 F +(the Control k)108 232.8 Q .3 -.15(ey w)-.1 H(hile pressing the).15 E F4 +(x)3.27 E F0 -.1(ke)3.03 G -.65(y.)-.05 G(\)).65 E .62 +(Readline commands may be gi)108 249.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.119(nn).15 G +(umeric)-3.119 E F4(ar)3.119 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.119(,w).27 G .619 +(hich normally act as a repeat count.)-3.119 F(Sometimes,)5.619 E(ho)108 +261.6 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.418 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.118(ti).4 G +3.119(st)-3.118 G .619(he sign of the ar)-3.119 F .619 (gument that is signi\214cant.)-.18 F -.15(Pa)5.619 G .619(ssing a ne) .15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .919 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .619 -(ument to a command that).18 F 1.018(acts in the forw)108 559.2 R 1.018 -(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F1(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C -1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.019 -(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.019 E(mands whose beha)108 571.2 Q +(ument to a command that).18 F 1.019(acts in the forw)108 273.6 R 1.018 +(ard direction \(e.g.,)-.1 F F2(kill\255line)3.518 E F0 3.518(\)c)C +1.018(auses that command to act in a backw)-3.518 F 1.018 +(ard direction.)-.1 F(Com-)6.018 E(mands whose beha)108 285.6 Q (vior with ar)-.2 E(guments de)-.18 E(viates from this are noted belo) --.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .812(When a command is described as)108 588 R F3 +-.25 E -.65(w.)-.25 G .811(When a command is described as)108 302.4 R F4 (killing)3.311 E F0(te)3.311 E .811(xt, the te)-.15 F .811 -(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .811 -(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.311(l\().25 G F3 -(yank-)-3.311 E(ing)108 600 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 F -.029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F3 +(xt deleted is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.311(df).15 G .812 +(or possible future retrie)-3.311 F -.25(va)-.25 G 3.312(l\().25 G F4 +(yank-)-3.312 E(ing)108 314.4 Q F0 2.529(\). The)B .029(killed te)2.529 +F .029(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.529(di).15 G 2.529(na)-2.529 G F4 .029(kill ring)B F0 5.029(.C)C(onsecuti)-5.029 E .329 -.15(ve k)-.25 H .029(ills cause the te).15 F .029(xt to be accumulated into one unit,) --.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 612 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F .567 -(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567 +-.15 F .567(which can be yank)108 326.4 R .567(ed all at once.)-.1 F +.567(Commands which do not kill te)5.567 F .567 (xt separate the chunks of te)-.15 F .567(xt on the kill)-.15 F(ring.) -108 624 Q F1(Readline Initialization)87 640.8 Q F0 .091(Readline is cus\ -tomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 652.8 -R F3(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .092 -(name of this \214le)2.591 F .197(is tak)108 664.8 R .196(en from the v) --.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F F2(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0 -.25(va)2.446 G +108 338.4 Q F2(Readline Initialization)87 355.2 Q F0 .091(Readline is c\ +ustomized by putting commands in an initialization \214le \(the)108 +367.2 R F4(inputr)2.591 E(c)-.37 E F0 2.591(\214le\). The)2.591 F .091 +(name of this \214le)2.591 F .196(is tak)108 379.2 R .196(en from the v) +-.1 F .196(alue of the)-.25 F F3(INPUTRC)2.696 E F0 -.25(va)2.446 G 2.696(riable. If).25 F .196(that v)2.696 F .196 -(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F3(~/.inputr)2.696 -E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .196(hen a)-5.196 F 1.034(program which us\ +(ariable is unset, the def)-.25 F .196(ault is)-.1 F F4(~/.inputr)2.696 +E(c)-.37 E F0 5.196(.W).31 G .197(hen a)-5.196 F 1.034(program which us\ es the readline library starts up, the initialization \214le is read, a\ -nd the k)108 676.8 R 1.335 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.035(indings and).15 F -.25 -(va)108 688.8 S 1.15(riables are set.).25 F 1.15(There are only a fe) -6.15 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.149 -(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.149 E .736 -(lines are ignored.)108 700.8 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737 -(ginning with a)-.15 F F1(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737 -(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)-.15 F F1($)3.237 E F0 .737 -(indicate conditional)3.237 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 712.8 R +nd the k)108 391.2 R 1.334 -.15(ey b)-.1 H 1.034(indings and).15 F -.25 +(va)108 403.2 S 1.149(riables are set.).25 F 1.149(There are only a fe) +6.149 F 3.649(wb)-.25 G 1.149(asic constructs allo)-3.649 F 1.15 +(wed in the readline initialization \214le.)-.25 F(Blank)6.15 E .737 +(lines are ignored.)108 415.2 R .737(Lines be)5.737 F .737 +(ginning with a)-.15 F F2(#)3.237 E F0 .737(are comments.)3.237 F .737 +(Lines be)5.737 F .737(ginning with a)-.15 F F2($)3.237 E F0 .736 +(indicate conditional)3.236 F 2.5(constructs. Other)108 427.2 R (lines denote k)2.5 E .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings and v).15 E -(ariable settings.)-.25 E .987(The def)108 729.6 R .987(ault k)-.1 F --.15(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F3(inputr) -3.497 E(c)-.37 E F0 3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987 -(programs that use this library may)3.487 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(37)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 38 38 +(ariable settings.)-.25 E .986(The def)108 444 R .986(ault k)-.1 F -.15 +(ey)-.1 G .987(-bindings may be changed with an).15 F F4(inputr)3.497 E +(c)-.37 E F0 3.487(\214le. Other)3.797 F .987 +(programs that use this library may)3.487 F(add their o)108 456 Q +(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 472.8 S 2.5(re).15 G +(xample, placing)-2.65 E(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 489.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 +G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(or)108 501.6 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 +513.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 525.6 +Q F4(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G +(\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute the readline command).15 E F4 +(univer)2.5 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument)-.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.261(The follo) +108 542.4 R 1.261(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F +F4 -.4(RU)3.761 G(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F4(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F4 +(ESC)3.761 E F0(,).72 E F4(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F4(NEWLINE)3.76 E F0 +(,).73 E F4(RET)3.76 E F0(,)1.27 E F4(RETURN)108 554.4 Q F0(,)1.1 E F4 +(SPC)2.5 E F0(,).72 E F4(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G +(nd)-2.5 E F4 -.5(TA)2.5 G(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209 +(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 571.2 R .209(ws k)-.25 +F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G 2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209 +(ound to a string that is inserted when the k)-2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i) +-.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 583.2 Q F4(macr)2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A F2 +(Readline K)87 600 Q(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366 +(The syntax for controlling k)108 612 R .666 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .366 +(indings in the).15 F F4(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 .366 +(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366(All that is required is the name of the) +5.366 F .263(command or the te)108 624 R .264(xt of a macro and a k)-.15 +F .564 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .264(equence to which it should be bound.).15 F +.264(The name may be speci-)5.264 F .853(\214ed in one of tw)108 636 R +3.353(ow)-.1 G .853(ays: as a symbolic k)-3.453 F 1.153 -.15(ey n)-.1 H +.853(ame, possibly with).15 F F4(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or)3.353 E F4 +(Contr)3.353 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)3.353 E .853(es, or as a k)-.15 +F -.15(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 648 Q .16(When using the form)108 664.8 R +F2 -.1(ke)2.66 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F4(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.66 +E F4(macr)2.66 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F4 -.1(ke)2.66 G(yname)-.2 E F0 .161 +(is the name of a k)2.84 F .461 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .161(pelled out in Eng-) +.15 F 2.5(lish. F)108 676.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E(Control-u: uni) +144 700.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E +(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 712.8 Q(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E +(Control-o: "> output")144 724.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15) +144.29 E(39)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 40 40 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(add their o)108 84 -Q(wn commands and bindings.)-.25 E -.15(Fo)108 100.8 S 2.5(re).15 G -(xample, placing)-2.65 E(M\255Control\255u: uni)144 117.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 -G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(or)108 129.6 Q(C\255Meta\255u: uni)144 -141.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E(into the)108 153.6 -Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.51 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.1(wo)2.81 G -(uld mak).1 E 2.5(eM)-.1 G(\255C\255u e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cute the readline command).15 E F1(univer)2.5 E(sal\255ar)-.1 E(gument) --.37 E F0(.).68 E 1.26(The follo)108 170.4 R 1.261 -(wing symbolic character names are recognized:)-.25 F F1 -.4(RU)3.761 G -(BOUT).4 E F0(,)1.27 E F1(DEL)3.761 E F0(,).53 E F1(ESC)3.761 E F0(,).72 -E F1(LFD)3.761 E F0(,).28 E F1(NEWLINE)3.761 E F0(,).73 E F1(RET)3.761 E -F0(,)1.27 E F1(RETURN)108 182.4 Q F0(,)1.1 E F1(SPC)2.5 E F0(,).72 E F1 -(SP)2.5 E -.3(AC)-.9 G(E).3 E F0 2.5(,a).73 G(nd)-2.5 E F1 -.5(TA)2.5 G -(B).5 E F0(.).27 E .209(In addition to command names, readline allo)108 -199.2 R .209(ws k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.709(st).15 G 2.709(ob)-2.709 G -2.709(eb)-2.709 G .209(ound to a string that is inserted when the k) --2.709 F .509 -.15(ey i)-.1 H(s).15 E(pressed \(a)108 211.2 Q F1(macr) -2.5 E(o)-.45 E F0(\).)A/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Readline K)87 228 Q -(ey Bindings)-.25 E F0 .366(The syntax for controlling k)108 240 R .666 --.15(ey b)-.1 H .366(indings in the).15 F F1(inputr)2.876 E(c)-.37 E F0 -.366(\214le is simple.)3.176 F .366 -(All that is required is the name of the)5.366 F .264(command or the te) -108 252 R .264(xt of a macro and a k)-.15 F .564 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .264 -(equence to which it should be bound.).15 F .263(The name may be speci-) -5.264 F .853(\214ed in one of tw)108 264 R 3.353(ow)-.1 G .853 -(ays: as a symbolic k)-3.453 F 1.153 -.15(ey n)-.1 H .853 -(ame, possibly with).15 F F1(Meta\255)3.353 E F0(or)3.353 E F1(Contr) -3.353 E(ol\255)-.45 E F0(pre\214x)3.353 E .853(es, or as a k)-.15 F -.15 -(ey)-.1 G(sequence.)108 276 Q .161(When using the form)108 292.8 R F2 --.1(ke)2.661 G(yname).1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.661 -E F1(macr)2.661 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F1 -.1(ke)2.661 G(yname)-.2 E F0 .16 -(is the name of a k)2.84 F .46 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .16(pelled out in Eng-) -.15 F 2.5(lish. F)108 304.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E(Control-u: uni) -144 328.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E -(Meta-Rubout: backw)144 340.8 Q(ard-kill-w)-.1 E(ord)-.1 E -(Control-o: "> output")144 352.8 Q .698(In the abo)108 369.6 R .998 -.15 -(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E F1(C\255u)3.038 E F0 .698 -(is bound to the function)3.448 F F2(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve)-.1 G -(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(,)A F1(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698 -(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion)108 381.6 Q F2 -(backward\255kill\255w)2.759 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.759(,a)C(nd)-2.759 E F1 -(C\255o)2.599 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.939 F .258 -(xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te)108 -393.6 Q(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0 -(into the line\).)2.5 E .055(In the second form,)108 410.4 R F2("k)2.555 -E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.555 E F1(macr) -2.555 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.556 E .056 -(fers from)-.25 F F2 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.556 E .356 -.15 -(ve i)-.15 H 2.556(nt).15 G .056(hat strings)-2.556 F 1.284 -(denoting an entire k)108 422.4 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\ +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .699(In the abo) +108 84 R .998 -.15(ve ex)-.15 H(ample,).15 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(C\255u)3.038 E F0 .698(is bound to the function)3.448 F/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(uni)3.198 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E +F0(,)A F1(M\255DEL)3.878 E F0 .698(is bound to the func-)3.728 F(tion) +108 96 Q F2(backward\255kill\255w)2.758 E(ord)-.1 E F0 2.758(,a)C(nd) +-2.758 E F1(C\255o)2.598 E F0 .258(is bound to run the macro e)2.938 F +.259(xpressed on the right hand side \(that is, to)-.15 F(insert the te) +108 108 Q(xt)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF 6(>o)2.5 G(utput)-6 E F0 +(into the line\).)2.5 E .056(In the second form,)108 124.8 R F2("k)2.556 +E(eyseq")-.1 E F0(:)A F1(function\255name).833 E F0(or)2.556 E F1(macr) +2.556 E(o)-.45 E F0(,)A F2 -.1(ke)2.556 G(yseq).1 E F0(dif)2.555 E .055 +(fers from)-.25 F F2 -.1(ke)2.555 G(yname).1 E F0(abo)2.555 E .355 -.15 +(ve i)-.15 H 2.555(nt).15 G .055(hat strings)-2.555 F 1.284 +(denoting an entire k)108 136.8 R 1.584 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.284(equence m\ ay be speci\214ed by placing the sequence within double quotes.).15 F -(Some)6.284 E .385(GNU Emacs style k)108 434.4 R .685 -.15(ey e)-.1 H -.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .386 -(xample, b)-.15 F .386(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F -(are not recognized.)108 446.4 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 470.4 Q -.15(ve) +(Some)6.284 E .386(GNU Emacs style k)108 148.8 R .686 -.15(ey e)-.1 H +.385(scapes can be used, as in the follo).15 F .385(wing e)-.25 F .385 +(xample, b)-.15 F .385(ut the symbolic character names)-.2 F +(are not recognized.)108 160.8 Q("\\C\255u": uni)144 184.8 Q -.15(ve) -.25 G(rsal\255ar).15 E(gument)-.18 E -("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 482.4 Q -("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 494.4 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .315 -(In this e)108 511.2 R(xample,)-.15 E F1(C\255u)2.655 E F0 .315(is ag) -3.065 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F2(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 +("\\C\255x\\C\255r": re\255read\255init\255\214le)144 196.8 Q +("\\e[11~": "Function K)144 208.8 Q .3 -.15(ey 1)-.25 H(").15 E .314 +(In this e)108 225.6 R(xample,)-.15 E F1(C\255u)2.654 E F0 .314(is ag) +3.064 F .315(ain bound to the function)-.05 F F2(uni)2.815 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 .315(C\255x C\255r)5.155 F F0 -.314(is bound to the func-)3.544 F(tion)108 523.2 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G +.315(is bound to the func-)3.545 F(tion)108 237.6 Q F2 -.18(re)2.5 G <ad72>.18 E(ead\255init\255\214le)-.18 E F0 2.5(,a)C(nd)-2.5 E F1 (ESC [ 1 1 ~)3.01 E F0(is bound to insert the te)3.94 E(xt)-.15 E F3 (Function Key 1)2.5 E F0(.)A -(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 540 Q F2 -<5c43ad>144 552 Q F0(control pre\214x)180 552 Q F2<5c4dad>144 564 Q F0 -(meta pre\214x)180 564 Q F2(\\e)144 576 Q F0(an escape character)180 576 -Q F2(\\\\)144 588 Q F0(backslash)180 588 Q F2(\\")144 600 Q F0 -(literal ")180 600 Q F2<5c08>144 612 Q F0(literal \010)180 612 Q(In add\ -ition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslas\ -h escapes is a)108 628.8 Q -.25(va)-.2 G(ilable:).25 E F2(\\a)144 640.8 -Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 640.8 Q F2(\\b)144 652.8 Q F0(backspace)180 -652.8 Q F2(\\d)144 664.8 Q F0(delete)180 664.8 Q F2(\\f)144 676.8 Q F0 -(form feed)180 676.8 Q F2(\\n)144 688.8 Q F0(ne)180 688.8 Q(wline)-.25 E -F2(\\r)144 700.8 Q F0(carriage return)180 700.8 Q F2(\\t)144 712.8 Q F0 -(horizontal tab)180 712.8 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 -E(38)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 39 39 +(The full set of GNU Emacs style escape sequences is)108 254.4 Q F2 +<5c43ad>144 266.4 Q F0(control pre\214x)180 266.4 Q F2<5c4dad>144 278.4 +Q F0(meta pre\214x)180 278.4 Q F2(\\e)144 290.4 Q F0 +(an escape character)180 290.4 Q F2(\\\\)144 302.4 Q F0(backslash)180 +302.4 Q F2(\\")144 314.4 Q F0(literal ")180 314.4 Q F2<5c08>144 326.4 Q +F0(literal \010)180 326.4 Q(In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape s\ +equences, a second set of backslash escapes is a)108 343.2 Q -.25(va)-.2 +G(ilable:).25 E F2(\\a)144 355.2 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 355.2 Q F2(\\b) +144 367.2 Q F0(backspace)180 367.2 Q F2(\\d)144 379.2 Q F0(delete)180 +379.2 Q F2(\\f)144 391.2 Q F0(form feed)180 391.2 Q F2(\\n)144 403.2 Q +F0(ne)180 403.2 Q(wline)-.25 E F2(\\r)144 415.2 Q F0(carriage return)180 +415.2 Q F2(\\t)144 427.2 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 427.2 Q F2(\\v)144 +439.2 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 439.2 S(rtical tab).15 E F2(\\)144 451.2 Q F1 +(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 451.2 Q +(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F1(nnn)2.5 E F0 +(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F2(\\x)144 463.2 Q F1(HH)A F0 +(the eight-bit character whose v)180 463.2 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E +(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F1(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) +-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.142(When entering the te)108 +480 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indi\ +cate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .089(Unquoted te)108 492 R .089 +(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F .09(In the macro body)5.089 +F 2.59(,t)-.65 G .09(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.59 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G(are e)108 504 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F(will quote an)2.5 E +2.5(yo)-.15 G(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E +(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E F2(Bash)108 520.8 Q F0(allo)2.93 E .43 +(ws the current readline k)-.25 F .73 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429 +(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F2(bind)2.929 E F0 +-.2(bu)2.929 G .429(iltin command.).2 F .045 +(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 532.8 R .345 -.15 +(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F2<ad6f>2.546 E F0 .046 +(option to the)2.546 F F2(set)2.546 E F0 -.2(bu)2.546 G .046 +(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 544.8 Q/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E +(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F2 +(Readline V)87 561.6 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .044(Readline has v)108 573.6 +R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F +(vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043 +(riable may be set in the).25 F F1(inpu-)2.553 E(tr)108 585.6 Q(c)-.37 E +F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F2(set)144 602.4 Q F1 +(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0 .79(Except where noted, readline v)108 +619.2 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F +(alues)-.25 E F2(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F2(Off)3.29 E F0 .79 +(\(without re)3.29 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-) +5.79 E .449(nized v)108 631.2 R .448(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F +.448(When a v)5.448 F .448(ariable v)-.25 F .448 +(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .448(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-) +-.25 F(ti)108 643.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .467(\), and "1" are equi).15 F +-.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F2(On)2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468 +(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468 +(lent to).25 F F2(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .468(he v)-5.468 F .468 +(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 655.2 S(lues are:) +.25 E F2(bell\255style \(audible\))108 672 Q F0 .011 +(Controls what happens when readline w)144 684 R .011 +(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .01(If set to)5.01 F F2(none)2.51 +E F0 2.51(,r)C .01(eadline ne)-2.51 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E .94 +(rings the bell.)144 696 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F2(visible)3.44 E F0 +3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25(va) +-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F2(audible)3.44 E F0(,)A +(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 708 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G(ell.) +-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(40)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 41 41 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(\\v)144 84 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 84 S(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\)144 96 Q/F2 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 96 Q -(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0 -(\(one to three digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 108 Q F2(HH)A F0 -(the eight-bit character whose v)180 108 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E -(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) --.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E 1.141(When entering the te)108 -124.8 R 1.141(xt of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to in\ -dicate a macro de\214nition.)-.15 F .09(Unquoted te)108 136.8 R .09 -(xt is assumed to be a function name.)-.15 F .089(In the macro body) -5.089 F 2.589(,t)-.65 G .089(he backslash escapes described abo)-2.589 F --.15(ve)-.15 G(are e)108 148.8 Q 2.5(xpanded. Backslash)-.15 F -(will quote an)2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G(ther character in the macro te)-2.5 E -(xt, including " and \010.)-.15 E F1(Bash)108 165.6 Q F0(allo)2.929 E -.429(ws the current readline k)-.25 F .729 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .429 -(indings to be displayed or modi\214ed with the).15 F F1(bind)2.93 E F0 --.2(bu)2.93 G .43(iltin command.).2 F .046 -(The editing mode may be switched during interacti)108 177.6 R .346 -.15 -(ve u)-.25 H .046(se by using the).15 F F1<ad6f>2.545 E F0 .045 -(option to the)2.545 F F1(set)2.545 E F0 -.2(bu)2.545 G .045 -(iltin command).2 F(\(see)108 189.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)2.5 E -(UIL)-.09 E(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 E F0(belo)2.25 E(w\).)-.25 E F1 -(Readline V)87 206.4 Q(ariables)-.92 E F0 .043(Readline has v)108 218.4 -R .043(ariables that can be used to further customize its beha)-.25 F -(vior)-.2 E 5.043(.A)-.55 G -.25(va)-2.5 G .043 -(riable may be set in the).25 F F2(inpu-)2.554 E(tr)108 230.4 Q(c)-.37 E -F0(\214le with a statement of the form)2.81 E F1(set)144 247.2 Q F2 -(variable\255name value)2.5 E F0 .79(Except where noted, readline v)108 -264 R .79(ariables can tak)-.25 F 3.29(et)-.1 G .79(he v)-3.29 F(alues) --.25 E F1(On)3.29 E F0(or)3.29 E F1(Off)3.29 E F0 .79(\(without re)3.29 -F -.05(ga)-.15 G .79(rd to case\).).05 F(Unrecog-)5.79 E .448(nized v) -108 276 R .448(ariable names are ignored.)-.25 F .448(When a v)5.448 F -.448(ariable v)-.25 F .448(alue is read, empty or null v)-.25 F .449 -(alues, "on" \(case-insensi-)-.25 F(ti)108 288 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .468 -(\), and "1" are equi).15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(On) -2.968 E F0 5.468(.A)C .468(ll other v)-5.468 F .468(alues are equi)-.25 -F -.25(va)-.25 G .468(lent to).25 F F1(Off)2.968 E F0 5.468(.T)C .467 -(he v)-5.468 F .467(ariables and their def)-.25 F(ault)-.1 E -.25(va)108 -300 S(lues are:).25 E F1(bell\255style \(audible\))108 316.8 Q F0 .01 -(Controls what happens when readline w)144 328.8 R .011 -(ants to ring the terminal bell.)-.1 F .011(If set to)5.011 F F1(none) -2.511 E F0 2.511(,r)C .011(eadline ne)-2.511 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(r).15 E -.94(rings the bell.)144 340.8 R .94(If set to)5.94 F F1(visible)3.44 E -F0 3.44(,r)C .94(eadline uses a visible bell if one is a)-3.44 F -.25 -(va)-.2 G 3.44(ilable. If).25 F .94(set to)3.44 F F1(audible)3.44 E F0 -(,)A(readline attempts to ring the terminal')144 352.8 Q 2.5(sb)-.55 G -(ell.)-2.5 E F1(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 364.8 Q F0 -.055(If set to)144 376.8 R F1(On)2.555 E F0 2.555(,r)C .056(eadline att\ -empts to bind the control characters treated specially by the k)-2.555 F -(ernel')-.1 E 2.556(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.556 E(nal dri)144 388.8 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G 2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va) --.25 G(lents.).25 E F1(blink\255matching\255par)108 400.8 Q(en \(Off\)) --.18 E F0 .21(If set to)144 412.8 R F1(On)2.71 E F0 2.71(,r)C .21 +SF(bind\255tty\255special\255chars \(On\))108 84 Q F0 .056(If set to)144 +96 R F1(On)2.556 E F0 2.556(,r)C .056(eadline attempts to bind the cont\ +rol characters treated specially by the k)-2.556 F(ernel')-.1 E 2.555 +(st)-.55 G(ermi-)-2.555 E(nal dri)144 108 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(rt).15 G +2.5(ot)-2.5 G(heir readline equi)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lents.).25 E F1 +(blink\255matching\255par)108 120 Q(en \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .21(If set to) +144 132 R F1(On)2.71 E F0 2.71(,r)C .21 (eadline attempts to brie\215y mo)-2.71 F .51 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .21 (he cursor to an opening parenthesis when a closing).15 F -(parenthesis is inserted.)144 424.8 Q F1(color)108 436.8 Q +(parenthesis is inserted.)144 144 Q F1(color)108 156 Q (ed\255completion\255pr)-.18 E(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .515(If set to) -144 448.8 R F1(On)3.015 E F0 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing completions, r\ -eadline displays the common pre\214x of the set of possible)-3.015 F -2.936(completions using a dif)144 460.8 R 2.936(ferent color)-.25 F -7.936(.T)-.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F 2.935 -(en from the v)-.1 F 2.935(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LS_COLORS)144 472.8 Q -F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(color)108 484.8 Q -(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.579(If set to)144 496.8 R F1(On)4.079 E -F0 4.079(,r)C 1.579(eadline displays possible completions using dif) --4.079 F 1.58(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5 -(type. The)144 508.8 R(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v) --.1 E(alue of the)-.25 E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 -E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 520.8 Q(`#')-.63 E('\)) --.63 E F0 .885(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 532.8 R -F1(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .884(command is e)3.384 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.384(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.384 E(mand is bound to)144 544.8 Q F1 +144 168 R F1(On)3.015 E F0 3.015(,w)C .515(hen listing completions, rea\ +dline displays the common pre\214x of the set of possible)-3.015 F 2.935 +(completions using a dif)144 180 R 2.935(ferent color)-.25 F 7.936(.T) +-.55 G 2.936(he color de\214nitions are tak)-7.936 F 2.936 +(en from the v)-.1 F 2.936(alue of the)-.25 F F1(LS_COLORS)144 192 Q F0 +(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(color)108 204 Q +(ed\255stats \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.58(If set to)144 216 R F1(On)4.08 E F0 +4.08(,r)C 1.579(eadline displays possible completions using dif)-4.08 F +1.579(ferent colors to indicate their \214le)-.25 F 2.5(type. The)144 +228 R(color de\214nitions are tak)2.5 E(en from the v)-.1 E(alue of the) +-.25 E F1(LS_COLORS)2.5 E F0(en)2.5 E(vironment v)-.4 E(ariable.)-.25 E +F1(comment\255begin \(`)108 240 Q(`#')-.63 E('\))-.63 E F0 .884 +(The string that is inserted when the readline)144 252 R F1 +(insert\255comment)3.385 E F0 .885(command is e)3.385 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.385(cuted. This).15 F(com-)3.385 E(mand is bound to)144 264 Q F1 (M\255#)2.5 E F0(in emacs mode and to)2.5 E F1(#)2.5 E F0 -(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255display\255width \(-1\))108 -556.8 Q F0 1.453(The number of screen columns used to display possible \ -matches when performing completion.)144 568.8 R .194(The v)144 580.8 R +(in vi command mode.)2.5 E F1(completion\255display\255width \(\2551\)) +108 276 Q F0 1.453(The number of screen columns used to display possibl\ +e matches when performing completion.)144 288 R .193(The v)144 300 R .193(alue is ignored if it is less than 0 or greater than the terminal \ -screen width.)-.25 F 2.693(Av)5.193 G .193(alue of 0 will)-2.943 F -(cause matches to be displayed one per line.)144 592.8 Q(The def)5 E -(ault v)-.1 E(alue is -1.)-.25 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 604.8 Q -(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 616.8 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(,r)C(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255\ -insensiti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1 -(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 628.8 Q F0 .093(If set to)144 -640.8 R F1(On)2.593 E F0 2.593(,a)C(nd)-2.593 E F1(completion\255ignor) -2.593 E(e\255case)-.18 E F0 .093(is enabled, readline treats h)2.593 F -.093(yphens \()-.05 F F2<ad>A F0 2.593(\)a)C .094(nd underscores)-2.593 -F(\()144 652.8 Q F2(_)A F0 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G(qui)-2.5 E -.25(va) --.25 G(lent when performing case\255insensiti).25 E .3 -.15(ve \214)-.25 -H(lename matching and completion.).15 E F1(completion\255pr)108 664.8 Q -(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 .829(The length in charact\ -ers of the common pre\214x of a list of possible completions that is di\ -splayed)144 676.8 R 1.274(without modi\214cation.)144 688.8 R 1.274 -(When set to a v)6.274 F 1.274(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x) --.25 F 1.275(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 700.8 S(lue are rep\ -laced with an ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(39)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 40 40 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 84 Q F0 .53 -(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 96 R .529 -(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .56(erated by the) -144 108 R F1(possible\255completions)3.06 E F0 3.06(command. It)3.06 F -.561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.061(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.061 E .561(ger v) --.15 F .561(alue greater than or)-.25 F .783(equal to zero.)144 120 R +screen width.)-.25 F 2.694(Av)5.194 G .194(alue of 0 will)-2.944 F +(cause matches to be displayed one per line.)144 312 Q(The def)5 E +(ault v)-.1 E(alue is \2551.)-.25 E F1(completion\255ignor)108 324 Q +(e\255case \(Off\))-.18 E F0(If set to)144 336 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,r)C +(eadline performs \214lename matching and completion in a case\255insen\ +siti)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.25 H(ashion.).05 E F1 +(completion\255map\255case \(Off\))108 348 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 360 R +F1(On)2.593 E F0 2.593(,a)C(nd)-2.593 E F1(completion\255ignor)2.593 E +(e\255case)-.18 E F0 .093(is enabled, readline treats h)2.593 F .093 +(yphens \()-.05 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF<ad>A F0 2.593(\)a)C .093 +(nd underscores)-2.593 F(\()144 372 Q F2(_)A F0 2.5(\)a)C 2.5(se)-2.5 G +(qui)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent when performing case\255insensiti).25 E +.3 -.15(ve \214)-.25 H(lename matching and completion.).15 E F1 +(completion\255pr)108 384 Q(e\214x\255display\255length \(0\))-.18 E F0 +.829(The length in characters of the common pre\214x of a list of possi\ +ble completions that is displayed)144 396 R 1.275 +(without modi\214cation.)144 408 R 1.275(When set to a v)6.275 F 1.274 +(alue greater than zero, common pre\214x)-.25 F 1.274 +(es longer than this)-.15 F -.25(va)144 420 S(lue are replaced with an \ +ellipsis when displaying possible completions.).25 E F1 +(completion\255query\255items \(100\))108 432 Q F0 .529 +(This determines when the user is queried about vie)144 444 R .53 +(wing the number of possible completions gen-)-.25 F .561(erated by the) +144 456 R F1(possible\255completions)3.061 E F0 3.061(command. It)3.061 +F .561(may be set to an)3.061 F 3.06(yi)-.15 G(nte)-3.06 E .56(ger v) +-.15 F .56(alue greater than or)-.25 F .782(equal to zero.)144 468 R .783(If the number of possible completions is greater than or equal to \ -the v)5.783 F .782(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 132 S .237 +the v)5.782 F .783(alue of this)-.25 F -.25(va)144 480 S .237 (riable, the user is ask).25 F .237(ed whether or not he wishes to vie) -.1 F 2.737(wt)-.25 G .237(hem; otherwise the)-2.737 F 2.737(ya)-.15 G -.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 144 Q F1(con)108 156 -Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .613(If set to)144 168 R F1(On) -3.113 E F0 3.113(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.113 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613 -(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .912 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H .612(equence by).15 F .541 +.237(re simply listed)-2.737 F(on the terminal.)144 492 Q F1(con)108 504 +Q -.1(ve)-.4 G(rt\255meta \(On\)).1 E F0 .612(If set to)144 516 R F1(On) +3.112 E F0 3.112(,r)C .613(eadline will con)-3.112 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .613 +(rt characters with the eighth bit set to an ASCII k).15 F .913 -.15 +(ey s)-.1 H .613(equence by).15 F .541 (stripping the eighth bit and pre\214xing an escape character \(in ef) -144 180 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.542(meta pr)3.042 F(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 192 Q F0 2.5(\). The)B(def)2.5 E -(ault is)-.1 E F2(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut readline will set it to)-2.7 E -F2(Of)2.5 E(f)-.18 E F0(if the locale contains eight-bit characters.)2.5 -E F1(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 204 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 216 R -F1(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038 +144 528 R .541(fect, using escape as the)-.25 F F2 .541(meta pr)3.041 F +(e-)-.37 E<8c78>144 540 Q F0 2.5(\). The)B(def)2.5 E(ault is)-.1 E F2 +(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut readline will set it to)-2.7 E F2(Of)2.5 E(f) +-.18 E F0(if the locale contains eight-bit characters.)2.5 E F1 +(disable\255completion \(Off\))108 552 Q F0 .038(If set to)144 564 R F1 +(On)2.538 E F0 2.538(,r)C .038(eadline will inhibit w)-2.538 F .038 (ord completion.)-.1 F .038 (Completion characters will be inserted into the)5.038 F(line as if the) -144 228 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0 -(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 240 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.21 -(When set to)144 252 R F1(On)3.71 E F0 3.71(,o)C 3.71(no)-3.71 G 1.211 -(perating systems that indicate the)-3.71 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.211 +144 576 Q 2.5(yh)-.15 G(ad been mapped to)-2.5 E F1(self-insert)2.5 E F0 +(.)A F1(echo\255contr)108 588 Q(ol\255characters \(On\))-.18 E F0 1.211 +(When set to)144 600 R F1(On)3.711 E F0 3.711(,o)C 3.711(no)-3.711 G +1.211(perating systems that indicate the)-3.711 F 3.711(ys)-.15 G 1.21 (upport it, readline echoes a character)-3.711 F -(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 264 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board.).15 E F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 276 Q F0 .142 -(Controls whether readline be)144 288 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F -.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F2(Emacs)2.641 E F0 -(or)2.641 E F2(vi)2.641 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.141 E F0 -(can be set to either)144 300 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(enable\255brack)108 312 Q(eted\255paste \(Off\))-.1 E F0 1.221 -(When set to)144 324 R F1(On)3.721 E F0 3.721(,r)C 1.221 +(corresponding to a signal generated from the k)144 612 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G +(board.).15 E F1(editing\255mode \(emacs\))108 624 Q F0 .141 +(Controls whether readline be)144 636 R .141(gins with a set of k)-.15 F +.441 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .141(indings similar to).15 F F2(Emacs)2.642 E F0 +(or)2.642 E F2(vi)2.642 E F0(.)A F1(editing\255mode)5.142 E F0 +(can be set to either)144 648 Q F1(emacs)2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(vi)2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 660 Q F0 .518(If the)144 672 +R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.018 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.018 G +.517(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the) +.25 F .622 +(last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is acti)144 684 +R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.622(.T).15 G .622(he v)-5.622 F .622(alue is e)-.25 F +.622(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.122(ea)-.1 G -.1(ke)144 696 S 3.34(yb)-.05 G +.839(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x)-3.34 F +.839(es and backslash escape sequences is)-.15 F -.2(av)144 708 S 2.798 +(ailable. Use)-.05 F .298(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.798 F .298 +(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which)-.15 F +(can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.) +144 720 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(41)193.45 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 42 42 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(enable\255brack)108 84 Q(eted\255paste \(Off\))-.1 E F0 1.222 +(When set to)144 96 R F1(On)3.721 E F0 3.721(,r)C 1.221 (eadline will con\214gure the terminal in a w)-3.721 F 1.221 (ay that will enable it to insert each)-.1 F .353 -(paste into the editing b)144 336 R(uf)-.2 E .353(fer as a single strin\ -g of characters, instead of treating each character as if)-.25 F .543 -(it had been read from the k)144 348 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.043(board. This) -.15 F .543(can pre)3.043 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .544 +(paste into the editing b)144 108 R(uf)-.2 E .353(fer as a single strin\ +g of characters, instead of treating each character as if)-.25 F .544 +(it had been read from the k)144 120 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.043(board. This) +.15 F .543(can pre)3.043 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .543 (nt pasted characters from being interpreted as).15 F(editing commands.) -144 360 Q F1(enable\255k)108 372 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .893 -(When set to)144 384 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893 +144 132 Q F1(enable\255k)108 144 Q(eypad \(Off\))-.1 E F0 .892 +(When set to)144 156 R F1(On)3.393 E F0 3.393(,r)C .893 (eadline will try to enable the application k)-3.393 F -.15(ey)-.1 G -.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .892(Some sys-)5.893 F -(tems need this to enable the arro)144 396 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 -G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 408 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64 -(When set to)144 420 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 +.893(pad when it is called.).15 F .893(Some sys-)5.893 F +(tems need this to enable the arro)144 168 Q 2.5(wk)-.25 G -.15(ey)-2.6 +G(s.).15 E F1(enable\255meta\255k)108 180 Q(ey \(On\))-.1 E F0 .64 +(When set to)144 192 R F1(On)3.14 E F0 3.14(,r)C .64 (eadline will try to enable an)-3.14 F 3.14(ym)-.15 G .64 (eta modi\214er k)-3.14 F .94 -.15(ey t)-.1 H .64 -(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 432 Q +(he terminal claims to support).15 F(when it is called.)144 204 Q (On man)5 E 2.5(yt)-.15 G(erminals, the meta k)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.5(su).15 G(sed to send eight-bit characters.)-2.5 E F1 -(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 444 Q F0(If set to)144 456 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 +(expand\255tilde \(Off\))108 216 Q F0(If set to)144 228 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(ilde e)-2.5 E(xpansion is performed when readline attempts w) --.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 468 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 -(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.339(If set to)144 480 R F1(On) -3.839 E F0 3.839(,t)C 1.338(he history code attempts to place point at \ -the same location on each history line)-3.839 F(retrie)144 492 Q -.15 +-.15 E(ord completion.)-.1 E F1(history\255pr)108 240 Q(eser)-.18 E -.1 +(ve)-.1 G(\255point \(Off\)).1 E F0 1.338(If set to)144 252 R F1(On) +3.838 E F0 3.838(,t)C 1.338(he history code attempts to place point at \ +the same location on each history line)-3.838 F(retrie)144 264 Q -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(dw).15 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(pr)2.5 E -.15(ev)-.18 G (ious-history).15 E F0(or)2.5 E F1(next-history)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(history\255size \(unset\))108 504 Q F0 .948 -(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 516 R -.15(ve)-.2 G -3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.)-3.448 F .949 -(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.449(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.599 E .483 -(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 528 R 2.983(we)-.25 G .483 -(ntries are sa)-2.983 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .482(set to a v) -2.983 F .482(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .277 -(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 540 R .277(By def)5.277 F -.278(ault, the number of history entries is set to the v)-.1 F .278 -(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 552 Q F1(HISTSIZE)3.411 E F0 .911(shell v)3.411 -F 3.411(ariable. If)-.25 F .911(an attempt is made to set)3.411 F F2 -(history\255size)3.41 E F0 .91(to a non-numeric v)3.41 F(alue,)-.25 E -(the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.)144 564 Q F1 -(horizontal\255scr)108 576 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .448 -(When set to)144 588 R F1(On)2.948 E F0 2.948(,m)C(ak)-2.948 E .448 -(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .449 +(history\255size \(unset\))108 276 Q F0 .949 +(Set the maximum number of history entries sa)144 288 R -.15(ve)-.2 G +3.448(di).15 G 3.448(nt)-3.448 G .948(he history list.)-3.448 F .948 +(If set to zero, an)5.948 F 3.448(ye)-.15 G(xisting)-3.598 E .482 +(history entries are deleted and no ne)144 300 R 2.982(we)-.25 G .483 +(ntries are sa)-2.982 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.983(d. If).15 F .483(set to a v) +2.983 F .483(alue less than zero, the num-)-.25 F .278 +(ber of history entries is not limited.)144 312 R .277(By def)5.278 F +.277(ault, the number of history entries is set to the v)-.1 F .277 +(alue of)-.25 F(the)144 324 Q F1(HISTSIZE)3.41 E F0 .91(shell v)3.41 F +3.41(ariable. If)-.25 F .911(an attempt is made to set)3.41 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(history\255size)3.411 E F0 .911(to a non-numeric v) +3.411 F(alue,)-.25 E +(the maximum number of history entries will be set to 500.)144 336 Q F1 +(horizontal\255scr)108 348 Q(oll\255mode \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .449 +(When set to)144 360 R F1(On)2.949 E F0 2.949(,m)C(ak)-2.949 E .448 +(es readline use a single line for display)-.1 F 2.948(,s)-.65 G .448 (crolling the input horizontally on a)-2.948 F 1.194(single screen line\ when it becomes longer than the screen width rather than wrapping to a\ - ne)144 600 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 612 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 624 -Q F0 1.061(If set to)144 636 R F1(On)3.561 E F0 3.561(,r)C 1.062(eadlin\ + ne)144 372 R(w)-.25 E(line.)144 384 Q F1(input\255meta \(Off\))108 396 +Q F0 1.062(If set to)144 408 R F1(On)3.562 E F0 3.562(,r)C 1.061(eadlin\ e will enable eight-bit input \(that is, it will not strip the eighth b\ -it from the)-3.561 F .336(characters it reads\), re)144 648 R -.05(ga) +it from the)-3.562 F .335(characters it reads\), re)144 420 R -.05(ga) -.15 G .335(rdless of what the terminal claims it can support.).05 F -.335(The name)5.335 F F1(meta\255\215ag)2.835 E F0(is)2.835 E 2.864(as) -144 660 S(ynon)-2.864 E .364(ym for this v)-.15 F 2.864(ariable. The) +.336(The name)5.336 F F1(meta\255\215ag)2.836 E F0(is)2.836 E 2.865(as) +144 432 S(ynon)-2.865 E .365(ym for this v)-.15 F 2.864(ariable. The) -.25 F(def)2.864 E .364(ault is)-.1 F F2(Of)2.864 E(f)-.18 E F0 2.864 -(,b)C .364(ut readline will set it to)-3.064 F F2(On)2.864 E F0 .365 -(if the locale contains)2.865 F(eight-bit characters.)144 672 Q F1 -(isear)108 684 Q(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\)) +(,b)C .364(ut readline will set it to)-3.064 F F2(On)2.864 E F0 .364 +(if the locale contains)2.864 F(eight-bit characters.)144 444 Q F1 +(isear)108 456 Q(ch\255terminators \(`)-.18 E(`C\255[C\255J')-.63 E('\)) -.63 E F0 .439(The string of characters that should terminate an increm\ -ental search without subsequently e)144 696 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E -.934(ing the character as a command.)144 708 R .935(If this v)5.935 F -.935(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.435(nav).15 G .935 -(alue, the characters)-3.685 F F2(ESC)3.435 E F0(and)144 720 Q F2 -(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(40)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 41 41 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.1(ke)108 84 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.021 -(Set the current readline k)144 96 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F -2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021 -(map names is).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 2.02 -(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.52 F(d,)-.37 E .068 -(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 108 R F0 2.568(,a)C +ental search without subsequently e)144 468 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cut-).15 E +.935(ing the character as a command.)144 480 R .935(If this v)5.935 F +.935(ariable has not been gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.434(nav).15 G .934 +(alue, the characters)-3.684 F F2(ESC)3.434 E F0(and)144 492 Q F2 +(C\255J)2.5 E F0(will terminate an incremental search.)2.5 E F1 -.1(ke) +108 504 S(ymap \(emacs\)).1 E F0 2.02(Set the current readline k)144 516 +R -.15(ey)-.1 G 4.521(map. The).15 F 2.021(set of v)4.521 F 2.021 +(alid k)-.25 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.021(map names is).15 F F2 2.021 +(emacs, emacs\255standar)4.521 F(d,)-.37 E .069 +(emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255command)144 528 R F0 2.568(,a)C (nd)-2.568 E F2(vi\255insert)2.568 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)5.068 E F0 .068 (is equi)2.568 F -.25(va)-.25 G .068(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command) -2.569 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.569 E F0 1.544(is equi)144 120 R -.25(va)-.25 -G 1.544(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C +2.568 E F0(;)A F2(emacs)2.568 E F0 1.543(is equi)144 540 R -.25(va)-.25 +G 1.543(lent to).25 F F2(emacs\255standar)4.044 E(d)-.37 E F0 6.544(.T)C 1.544(he def)-6.544 F 1.544(ault v)-.1 F 1.544(alue is)-.25 F F2(emacs) 4.044 E F0 4.044(;t).27 G 1.544(he v)-4.044 F 1.544(alue of)-.25 F F1 -(editing\255mode)4.043 E F0(also)4.043 E(af)144 132 Q(fects the def)-.25 -E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1 -(emacs\255mode\255string \(@\))108 144 Q F0 .051(This string is display\ -ed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when emacs ed\ -iting)144 156 R .293(mode is acti)144 168 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 5.293(.T).15 -G .293(he v)-5.293 F .293(alue is e)-.25 F .293(xpanded lik)-.15 F 2.793 -(eak)-.1 G .593 -.15(ey b)-2.893 H .293 -(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control).15 F(pre\214x)144 180 -Q .601(es and backslash escape sequences is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 3.101 -(ilable. Use).25 F .601(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)3.101 F .602 -(gin and end)-.15 F .019(sequences of non-printing characters, which ca\ -n be used to embed a terminal control sequence into)144 192 R -(the mode string.)144 204 Q F1 -.1(ke)108 216 S(yseq\255timeout \(500\)) -.1 E F0 .367(Speci\214es the duration)144 228 R F2 -.37(re)2.867 G -(adline).37 E F0 .367(will w)2.867 F .367 -(ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .668 -.15(ey s) --.1 H(equence).15 E 1.356(\(one that can form a complete k)144 240 R +(editing\255mode)4.044 E F0(also)4.044 E(af)144 552 Q(fects the def)-.25 +E(ault k)-.1 E -.15(ey)-.1 G(map.).15 E F1 -.1(ke)108 564 S +(yseq\255timeout \(500\)).1 E F0 .368(Speci\214es the duration)144 576 R +F2 -.37(re)2.867 G(adline).37 E F0 .367(will w)2.867 F .367 +(ait for a character when reading an ambiguous k)-.1 F .667 -.15(ey s) +-.1 H(equence).15 E 1.356(\(one that can form a complete k)144 588 R 1.656 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.356(equence using the input read so f).15 F(ar) --.1 E 3.856(,o)-.4 G 3.856(rc)-3.856 G 1.355(an tak)-3.856 F 3.855(ea) --.1 G(dditional)-3.855 E .32(input to complete a longer k)144 252 R .62 +-.1 E 3.856(,o)-.4 G 3.856(rc)-3.856 G 1.356(an tak)-3.856 F 3.856(ea) +-.1 G(dditional)-3.856 E .32(input to complete a longer k)144 600 R .62 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 2.82(equence\). If).15 F .32(no input is recei)2.82 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(dw).15 G .32(ithin the timeout,)-2.82 F F2 -.37(re) -2.82 G(adline).37 E F0(will)2.82 E .907(use the shorter b)144 264 R .907 +2.82 G(adline).37 E F0(will)2.82 E .906(use the shorter b)144 612 R .907 (ut complete k)-.2 F 1.207 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 3.407(equence. The).15 F -.25 -(va)3.407 G .907(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .906 -(alue of)-.25 F .05(1000 means that)144 276 R F2 -.37(re)2.55 G(adline) +(va)3.407 G .907(lue is speci\214ed in milliseconds, so a v).25 F .907 +(alue of)-.25 F .05(1000 means that)144 624 R F2 -.37(re)2.55 G(adline) .37 E F0 .05(will w)2.55 F .05(ait one second for additional input.)-.1 F .05(If this v)5.05 F .05(ariable is set to a v)-.25 F(alue)-.25 E .051 -(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 288 R(alue,)-.25 +(less than or equal to zero, or to a non-numeric v)144 636 R(alue,)-.25 E F2 -.37(re)2.551 G(adline).37 E F0 .051(will w)2.551 F .051 -(ait until another k)-.1 F .351 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.551(sp).15 G(ressed) --2.551 E(to decide which k)144 300 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H -(equence to complete.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 312 Q(ectories \(On\)) --.18 E F0(If set to)144 324 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C +(ait until another k)-.1 F .352 -.15(ey i)-.1 H 2.552(sp).15 G(ressed) +-2.552 E(to decide which k)144 648 Q .3 -.15(ey s)-.1 H +(equence to complete.).15 E F1(mark\255dir)108 660 Q(ectories \(On\)) +-.18 E F0(If set to)144 672 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,c)C (ompleted directory names ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a s)-.2 H(lash appended.) -.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 336 Q F0(If set to)144 -348 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) +.15 E F1(mark\255modi\214ed\255lines \(Off\))108 684 Q F0(If set to)144 +696 Q F1(On)2.5 E F0 2.5(,h)C(istory lines that ha)-2.5 E .3 -.15(ve b) -.2 H(een modi\214ed are displayed with a preceding asterisk \().15 E F1 -(*)A F0(\).)A F1(mark\255symlink)108 360 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E -(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 .175(If set to)144 372 R F1(On)2.675 E F0 -2.675(,c)C .175 +(*)A F0(\).)A(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(42)193.45 E 0 +Cg EP +%%Page: 43 43 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(mark\255symlink)108 84 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories \(Off\))-.18 E F0 +.175(If set to)144 96 R F1(On)2.675 E F0 2.675(,c)C .175 (ompleted names which are symbolic links to directories ha)-2.675 F .475 --.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 384 +-.15(ve a s)-.2 H .175(lash appended \(sub-).15 F(ject to the v)144 108 Q(alue of)-.25 E F1(mark\255dir)2.5 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(\).)A F1 -(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 396 Q F0 .193(This v)144 408 R -.193(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.693 E F0 2.693(,c)C .192 -(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.693 F .192 -(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.692('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.692 E .456 -(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 420 R .456 +(match\255hidden\255\214les \(On\))108 120 Q F0 .192(This v)144 132 R +.192(ariable, when set to)-.25 F F1(On)2.692 E F0 2.692(,c)C .192 +(auses readline to match \214les whose names be)-2.692 F .193 +(gin with a `.)-.15 F 2.693('\()-.7 G(hidden)-2.693 E .457 +(\214les\) when performing \214lename completion.)144 144 R .456 (If set to)5.456 F F1(Off)2.956 E F0 2.956(,t)C .456(he leading `.) --2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .457(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F -(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 432 Q F1 -(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 444 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 -1.586(If set to)144 456 R F1(On)4.086 E F0 4.086(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ +-2.956 F 2.956('m)-.7 G .456(ust be supplied by the)-2.956 F +(user in the \214lename to be completed.)144 156 Q F1 +(menu\255complete\255display\255pr)108 168 Q(e\214x \(Off\))-.18 E F0 +1.585(If set to)144 180 R F1(On)4.085 E F0 4.085(,m)C 1.585(enu complet\ ion displays the common pre\214x of the list of possible completions) --4.086 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 468 Q -(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 480 Q F0 -.506(If set to)144 492 R F1(On)3.006 E F0 3.006(,r)C .507(eadline will \ +-4.085 F(\(which may be empty\) before c)144 192 Q +(ycling through the list.)-.15 E F1(output\255meta \(Off\))108 204 Q F0 +.507(If set to)144 216 R F1(On)3.007 E F0 3.007(,r)C .507(eadline will \ display characters with the eighth bit set directly rather than as a me\ -ta-)-3.006 F(pre\214x)144 504 Q .885(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .884 -(The def)5.884 F .884(ault is)-.1 F F2(Of)3.384 E(f)-.18 E F0 3.384(,b)C -.884(ut readline will set it to)-3.584 F F2(On)3.384 E F0 .884 -(if the locale contains)3.384 F(eight-bit characters.)144 516 Q F1 -(page\255completions \(On\))108 528 Q F0 .808(If set to)144 540 R F1(On) -3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F2(mor) -3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808 +ta-)-3.007 F(pre\214x)144 228 Q .884(ed escape sequence.)-.15 F .884 +(The def)5.884 F .884(ault is)-.1 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(Of)3.384 E +(f)-.18 E F0 3.384(,b)C .884(ut readline will set it to)-3.584 F F2(On) +3.384 E F0 .885(if the locale contains)3.384 F(eight-bit characters.)144 +240 Q F1(page\255completions \(On\))108 252 Q F0 .809(If set to)144 264 +R F1(On)3.308 E F0 3.308(,r)C .808(eadline uses an internal)-3.308 F F2 +(mor)3.308 E(e)-.37 E F0(-lik)A 3.308(ep)-.1 G .808 (ager to display a screenful of possible comple-)-3.308 F -(tions at a time.)144 552 Q F1 -(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 564 Q F0 1.319 -(If set to)144 576 R F1(On)3.819 E F0 3.819(,r)C 1.318(eadline will dis\ -play completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical)-3.819 -F(order)144 588 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25 -E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 600 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E -F0 .698(If set to)144 612 R F1(On)3.198 E F0 3.198(,r)C .699 +(tions at a time.)144 276 Q F1 +(print\255completions\255horizontally \(Off\))108 288 Q F0 1.318 +(If set to)144 300 R F1(On)3.818 E F0 3.818(,r)C 1.319(eadline will dis\ +play completions with matches sorted horizontally in alphabetical)-3.818 +F(order)144 312 Q 2.5(,r)-.4 G(ather than do)-2.5 E(wn the screen.)-.25 +E F1 -2.29 -.18(re v)108 324 T(ert\255all\255at\255newline \(Off\)).08 E +F0 .699(If set to)144 336 R F1(On)3.199 E F0 3.199(,r)C .699 (eadline will undo all changes to history lines before returning when) --3.198 F F1(accept\255line)3.199 E F0(is)3.199 E -.15(exe)144 624 S +-3.199 F F1(accept\255line)3.198 E F0(is)3.198 E -.15(exe)144 348 S 2.686(cuted. By).15 F(def)2.686 E .186 (ault, history lines may be modi\214ed and retain indi)-.1 F .186 -(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)144 636 S(adline) -.18 E F0(.)A F1(sho)108 648 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E -F0 .303(This alters the def)144 660 R .303(ault beha)-.1 F .304 +(vidual undo lists across calls to)-.25 F F1 -.18(re)144 360 S(adline) +.18 E F0(.)A F1(sho)108 372 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous \(Off\))-.1 E +F0 .304(This alters the def)144 384 R .304(ault beha)-.1 F .304 (vior of the completion functions.)-.2 F .304(If set to)5.304 F F1(On) -2.804 E F0 2.804(,w)C .304(ords which ha)-2.904 F .604 -.15(ve m)-.2 H +2.804 E F0 2.803(,w)C .303(ords which ha)-2.903 F .603 -.15(ve m)-.2 H (ore).15 E 1.264(than one possible completion cause the matches to be l\ -isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 672 R(bell.)144 684 Q F1 -(sho)108 696 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.345 -(This alters the def)144 708 R 5.345(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 -(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.346(ashion similar to) --.1 F F1(sho)144 720 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.691(.I)C -4.191(fs)-6.691 G 1.691(et to)-4.191 F F1(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691 +isted immediately instead of ringing the)144 396 R(bell.)144 408 Q F1 +(sho)108 420 Q(w\255all\255if\255unmodi\214ed \(Off\))-.1 E F0 5.346 +(This alters the def)144 432 R 5.346(ault beha)-.1 F 5.345 +(vior of the completion functions in a f)-.2 F 5.345(ashion similar to) +-.1 F F1(sho)144 444 Q(w\255all\255if\255ambiguous)-.1 E F0 6.69(.I)C +4.19(fs)-6.69 G 1.691(et to)-4.19 F F1(On)4.191 E F0 4.191(,w)C 1.691 (ords which ha)-4.291 F 1.991 -.15(ve m)-.2 H 1.691 -(ore than one possible completion).15 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(41)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 42 42 +(ore than one possible completion).15 F 1.04(without an)144 456 R 3.54 +(yp)-.15 G 1.039 +(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.54 F +3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.039(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the match\ +es to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 468 Q F1 +(sho)108 480 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\))-.18 E F0 1.021 +(If set to)144 492 R F1(On)3.521 E F0 3.521(,a)C 1.022 +(dd a string to the be)-3.521 F 1.022 +(ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi)-.15 F +(command, or vi insertion.)144 504 Q(The mode strings are user)5 E +(-settable \(e.g.,)-.2 E F2(emacs\255mode\255string)2.5 E F0(\).)A F1 +(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 516 Q F0 .095(If set to)144 528 R +F1(On)2.595 E F0 2.595(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.595 F .095 +(ault completion beha)-.1 F .094 +(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 540 Q +2.545(so)-.55 G .045(nly acti)-2.545 F .345 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046 +(hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.546(ord. If)-.1 +F .046(enabled, readline does not)2.546 F 1.394(insert characters from \ +the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 552 R +1.394(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 564 Q +(ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F1 +(vi\255cmd\255mode\255string \(\(cmd\)\))108 576 Q F0 .517(If the)144 +588 R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 -.25(va)3.017 G +.518(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the) +.25 F .475(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti) +144 600 R .775 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .475(nd in command mode.).15 F .475 +(The v)5.475 F(alue)-.25 E 1.235(is e)144 612 R 1.235(xpanded lik)-.15 F +3.735(eak)-.1 G 1.535 -.15(ey b)-3.835 H 1.236 +(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F 1.236 +(es and backslash)-.15 F .315(escape sequences is a)144 624 R -.25(va) +-.2 G 2.815(ilable. Use).25 F .314(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.815 F +.314(gin and end sequences of non-print-)-.15 F(ing characters, which c\ +an be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.) +144 636 Q F1(vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 648 Q F0 .517 +(If the)144 660 R F2(show\255mode\255in\255pr)3.017 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 +-.25(va)3.017 G .518 +(riable is enabled, this string is displayed immediately before the).25 +F .186(last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is acti)144 +672 R .486 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .186(nd in insertion mode.).15 F .186(The v) +5.186 F .186(alue is)-.25 F -.15(ex)144 684 S 1.929(panded lik).15 F +4.429(eak)-.1 G 2.229 -.15(ey b)-4.529 H 1.929 +(inding, so the standard set of meta- and control pre\214x).15 F 1.93 +(es and backslash)-.15 F .315(escape sequences is a)144 696 R -.25(va) +-.2 G 2.815(ilable. Use).25 F .314(the \\1 and \\2 escapes to be)2.815 F +.314(gin and end sequences of non-print-)-.15 F(ing characters, which c\ +an be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string.) +144 708 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(43)193.45 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 44 44 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.039(without an) -144 84 R 3.539(yp)-.15 G 1.039 -(ossible partial completion \(the possible completions don')-3.539 F -3.539(ts)-.18 G 1.04(hare a common pre\214x\))-3.539 F(cause the matche\ -s to be listed immediately instead of ringing the bell.)144 96 Q/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(sho)108 108 Q(w\255mode\255in\255pr)-.1 E(ompt \(Off\)) --.18 E F0 1.019(If set to)144 120 R F1(On)3.519 E F0 3.519(,a)C 1.018 -(dd a character to the be)-3.519 F 1.018 -(ginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs)-.15 F -(\(@\), vi command \(:\) or vi insertion \(+\).)144 132 Q F1 -(skip\255completed\255text \(Off\))108 144 Q F0 .094(If set to)144 156 R -F1(On)2.594 E F0 2.594(,t)C .095(his alters the def)-2.594 F .095 -(ault completion beha)-.1 F .095 -(vior when inserting a single match into the line.)-.2 F(It')144 168 Q -2.546(so)-.55 G .046(nly acti)-2.546 F .346 -.15(ve w)-.25 H .046 -(hen performing completion in the middle of a w).15 F 2.545(ord. If)-.1 -F .045(enabled, readline does not)2.545 F 1.394(insert characters from \ -the completion that match characters after point in the w)144 180 R -1.395(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, so portions of the w)144 192 Q -(ord follo)-.1 E(wing the cursor are not duplicated.)-.25 E F1 -(vi\255cmd\255mode\255string \(\(cmd\)\))108 204 Q F0 1.198(This string\ - is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt wh\ -en vi editing)144 216 R .521(mode is acti)144 228 R .821 -.15(ve a)-.25 -H .522(nd in command mode.).15 F .522(The v)5.522 F .522(alue is e)-.25 -F .522(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.022(eak)-.1 G .822 -.15(ey b)-3.122 H .522 -(inding, so the standard).15 F .87(set of meta- and control pre\214x)144 -240 R .869(es and backslash escape sequences is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G -3.369(ilable. Use).25 F .869(the \\1 and \\2)3.369 F .386(escapes to be) -144 252 R .386(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which \ -can be used to embed a ter)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(minal control sequence into the mode string.)144 264 Q F1 -(vi\255ins\255mode\255string \(\(ins\)\))108 276 Q F0 1.198(This string\ - is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt wh\ -en vi editing)144 288 R .782(mode is acti)144 300 R 1.083 -.15(ve a)-.25 -H .783(nd in insertion mode.).15 F .783(The v)5.783 F .783(alue is e) --.25 F .783(xpanded lik)-.15 F 3.283(eak)-.1 G 1.083 -.15(ey b)-3.383 H -.783(inding, so the standard).15 F .87 -(set of meta- and control pre\214x)144 312 R .869 -(es and backslash escape sequences is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 3.369 -(ilable. Use).25 F .869(the \\1 and \\2)3.369 F .386(escapes to be)144 -324 R .386(gin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which can \ -be used to embed a ter)-.15 F(-)-.2 E -(minal control sequence into the mode string.)144 336 Q F1 -(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 348 Q F0 .847(If set to)144 360 R F1(On) +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(visible\255stats \(Off\))108 84 Q F0 .846(If set to)144 96 R F1(On) 3.346 E F0 3.346(,ac)C .846(haracter denoting a \214le')-3.346 F 3.346 (st)-.55 G .846(ype as reported by)-3.346 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF (stat)3.346 E F0 .846(\(2\) is appended to the \214lename)B -(when listing possible completions.)144 372 Q F1 -(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 388.8 Q F0 .05 -(Readline implements a f)108 400.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ -he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .097 -(which allo)108 412.8 R .097(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 +(when listing possible completions.)144 108 Q F1 +(Readline Conditional Constructs)87 124.8 Q F0 .05 +(Readline implements a f)108 136.8 R .05(acility similar in spirit to t\ +he conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor)-.1 F .096 +(which allo)108 148.8 R .096(ws k)-.25 F .396 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .096 (indings and v).15 F .096 -(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .096 -(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 424.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 -(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 441.6 Q F0(The)144 441.6 Q F1($if)2.962 -E F0 .462(construct allo)2.962 F .463(ws bindings to be made based on t\ -he editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F .478 -(or the application using readline.)144 453.6 R .477(The te)5.477 F .477 -(xt of the test e)-.15 F .477 -(xtends to the end of the line; no characters)-.15 F -(are required to isolate it.)144 465.6 Q F1(mode)144 482.4 Q F0(The)180 -482.4 Q F1(mode=)3.711 E F0 1.211(form of the)3.711 F F1($if)3.711 E F0 -(directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711(su).15 G 1.211 -(sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F 3.065 -(mode. This)180 494.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the)3.065 F -F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565(command, for instance, to) -3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 506.4 R F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E -(d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx)3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735 -(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F(out in emacs mode.)180 518.4 -Q F1(term)144 535.2 Q F0(The)180 535.2 Q F1(term=)3.197 E F0 .696 +(ariable settings to be performed as the result of tests.)-.25 F .097 +(There are four parser)5.096 F(directi)108 160.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(su).15 G(sed.)-2.5 E F1($if)108 177.6 Q F0(The)144 177.6 Q F1($if)2.963 +E F0 .463(construct allo)2.963 F .462(ws bindings to be made based on t\ +he editing mode, the terminal being used,)-.25 F +(or the application using readline.)144 189.6 Q(The te)5 E +(xt of the test, after an)-.15 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(omparison operator)-2.5 E +(,)-.4 E -.15(ex)146.5 201.6 S(tends to the end of the line; unless oth\ +erwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it.).15 E F1(mode) +144 218.4 Q F0(The)180 218.4 Q F1(mode=)3.711 E F0 1.211(form of the) +3.711 F F1($if)3.711 E F0(directi)3.711 E 1.511 -.15(ve i)-.25 H 3.711 +(su).15 G 1.211(sed to test whether readline is in emacs or vi)-3.711 F +3.065(mode. This)180 230.4 R .565(may be used in conjunction with the) +3.065 F F1 .565(set k)3.065 F(eymap)-.1 E F0 .565 +(command, for instance, to)3.065 F .735(set bindings in the)180 242.4 R +F2(emacs\255standar)3.235 E(d)-.37 E F0(and)3.235 E F2(emacs\255ctlx) +3.235 E F0 -.1(ke)3.235 G .735(ymaps only if readline is starting)-.05 F +(out in emacs mode.)180 254.4 Q F1(term)144 271.2 Q F0(The)180 271.2 Q +F1(term=)3.197 E F0 .696 (form may be used to include terminal-speci\214c k)3.197 F .996 -.15 -(ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 547.2 R +(ey b)-.1 H .696(indings, perhaps to bind).15 F .654(the k)180 283.2 R .954 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .654(equences output by the terminal').15 F 3.154 (sf)-.55 G .654(unction k)-3.154 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 3.154(s. The).15 F -.1 -(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 559.2 Q F1(=)3.232 +(wo)3.154 G .654(rd on the right side of).1 F(the)180 295.2 Q F1(=)3.232 E F0 .732(is tested ag)3.232 F .732(ainst both the full name of the ter\ minal and the portion of the terminal)-.05 F(name before the \214rst)180 -571.2 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0 +307.2 Q F1<ad>2.5 E F0 5(.T)C(his allo)-5 E(ws)-.25 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0 (to match both)2.74 E F2(sun)2.84 E F0(and)2.74 E F2(sun\255cmd)2.5 E F0 -2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1(application)144 588 Q F0(The)180 600 -Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 .503 +2.5(,f).77 G(or instance.)-2.5 E F1 -.1(ve)144 324 S(rsion).1 E F0(The) +180 336 Q F1 -.1(ve)3.108 G(rsion).1 E F0 .608 +(test may be used to perform comparisons ag)3.108 F .609 +(ainst speci\214c readline v)-.05 F(ersions.)-.15 E(The)180 348 Q F1 -.1 +(ve)3.929 G(rsion).1 E F0 -.15(ex)3.929 G 1.428 +(pands to the current readline v).15 F 3.928(ersion. The)-.15 F 1.428 +(set of comparison operators)3.928 F(includes)180 360 Q F1(=)2.605 E F0 +2.605(,\()C(and)-2.605 E F1(==)2.606 E F0(\),)A F1(!=)2.606 E F0(,)A F1 +(<=)2.606 E F0(,)A F1(>=)2.606 E F0(,)A F1(<)2.606 E F0 2.606(,a)C(nd) +-2.606 E F1(>)2.606 E F0 5.106(.T)C .106(he v)-5.106 F .106 +(ersion number supplied on the right side)-.15 F 1.472 +(of the operator consists of a major v)180 372 R 1.471(ersion number) +-.15 F 3.971(,a)-.4 G 3.971(no)-3.971 G 1.471 +(ptional decimal point, and an)-3.971 F .766(optional minor v)180 384 R +.766(ersion \(e.g.,)-.15 F F1(7.1)3.266 E F0 .766(\). If the minor v)B +.766(ersion is omitted, it is assumed to be)-.15 F F1(0)3.267 E F0(.)A +1.756(The operator may be separated from the string)180 396 R F1 -.1(ve) +4.255 G(rsion).1 E F0 1.755(and from the v)4.255 F 1.755(ersion number) +-.15 F(ar)180 408 Q(gument by whitespace.)-.18 E F1(application)144 +424.8 Q F0(The)180 436.8 Q F1(application)3.003 E F0 .503 (construct is used to include application-speci\214c settings.)3.003 F .503(Each program)5.503 F .114(using the readline library sets the)180 -612 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 +448.8 R F2 .114(application name)2.614 F F0 2.614(,a)C .114 (nd an initialization \214le can test for a)-2.614 F .5(particular v)180 -624 R 3(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3 F .801 -.15 +460.8 R 3(alue. This)-.25 F .501(could be used to bind k)3 F .801 -.15 (ey s)-.1 H .501(equences to functions useful for a spe-).15 F .397 -(ci\214c program.)180 636 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 +(ci\214c program.)180 472.8 R -.15(Fo)5.397 G 2.896(ri).15 G .396 (nstance, the follo)-2.896 F .396(wing command adds a k)-.25 F .696 -.15 -(ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 648 Q -(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A F1($if)180 672 Q F0 -(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 684 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w)-.25 -E(ord)-.1 E("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 696 Q F1($endif)180 708 Q -F0(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(42)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 43 43 +(ey s)-.1 H .396(equence that quotes the).15 F(current or pre)180 484.8 +Q(vious w)-.25 E(ord in)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(:)A F1($if)180 508.8 Q F0 +(Bash)2.5 E 2.5(#Q)180 520.8 S(uote the current or pre)-2.5 E(vious w) +-.25 E(ord)-.1 E("\\C\255xq": "\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")180 532.8 Q F1($endif)180 +544.8 Q F2(variable)144 561.6 Q F0(The)180 573.6 Q F2(variable)3.776 E +F0 1.276(construct pro)3.776 F 1.276 +(vides simple equality tests for readline v)-.15 F 1.277(ariables and v) +-.25 F(alues.)-.25 E .08(The permitted comparison operators are)180 +585.6 R F2(=)2.579 E F0(,)A F2(==)2.579 E F0 2.579(,a)C(nd)-2.579 E F2 +(!=)2.579 E F0 5.079(.T)C .079(he v)-5.079 F .079 +(ariable name must be sepa-)-.25 F .98(rated from the comparison operat\ +or by whitespace; the operator may be separated from)180 597.6 R .13 +(the v)180 609.6 R .13(alue on the right hand side by whitespace.)-.25 F +.129(Both string and boolean v)5.129 F .129(ariables may be)-.25 F +(tested. Boolean v)180 621.6 Q(ariables must be tested ag)-.25 E +(ainst the v)-.05 E(alues)-.25 E F2(on)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(of)2.5 E(f) +-.18 E F0(.)A F1($endif)108 638.4 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre) +144 638.4 Q(vious e)-.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0 +(command.)2.5 E F1($else)108 655.2 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the) +144 655.2 Q F1($if)2.5 E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 672 +Q F0 .356(This directi)144 684 R .656 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .356 +(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .357 +(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F) +144 696 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 +-.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E F2(/etc/inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1 +($include)144 720 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 E F0(GNU Bash 5.0)72 +768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(44)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 45 45 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF($endif)108 84 Q F0(This command, as seen in the pre)144 84 Q(vious e) --.25 E(xample, terminates an)-.15 E F1($if)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 -($else)108 100.8 Q F0(Commands in this branch of the)144 100.8 Q F1($if) -2.5 E F0(directi)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(re e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted if the test f).15 E(ails.)-.1 E F1($include)108 117.6 Q F0 .356 -(This directi)144 129.6 R .656 -.15(ve t)-.25 H(ak).15 E .356 -(es a single \214lename as an ar)-.1 F .357 -(gument and reads commands and bindings from that)-.18 F 2.5(\214le. F) -144 141.6 R(or e)-.15 E(xample, the follo)-.15 E(wing directi)-.25 E .3 --.15(ve w)-.25 H(ould read).05 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(/etc/inputr)2.5 -E(c)-.37 E F0(:)A F1($include)144 165.6 Q F2(/etc/inputr)5.833 E(c)-.37 -E F1(Sear)87 182.4 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .835(Readline pro)108 194.4 R .835 +SF(Sear)87 84 Q(ching)-.18 E F0 .835(Readline pro)108 96 R .835 (vides commands for searching through the command history \(see)-.15 F -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.334 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.084 E -.834(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 206.4 Q -(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E F2(incr)2.51 E -(emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F2(non-incr)2.5 E(emental)-.37 E F0(.).51 -E .697(Incremental searches be)108 223.2 R .697 +/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.334 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F0(belo)3.084 E +.834(w\) for lines)-.25 F(containing a speci\214ed string.)108 108 Q +(There are tw)5 E 2.5(os)-.1 G(earch modes:)-2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(incr)2.51 E(emental)-.37 E F0(and)3.01 E F3(non-incr)2.5 E(emental) +-.37 E F0(.).51 E .697(Incremental searches be)108 124.8 R .697 (gin before the user has \214nished typing the search string.)-.15 F .698(As each character of the)5.698 F .113 -(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 235.2 R .112 +(search string is typed, readline displays the ne)108 136.8 R .112 (xt entry from the history matching the string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.112(.A)-.55 G(n)-5.112 E .542 -(incremental search requires only as man)108 247.2 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G +(incremental search requires only as man)108 148.8 R 3.042(yc)-.15 G .542(haracters as needed to \214nd the desired history entry)-3.042 F 5.542(.T)-.65 G .542(he char)-5.542 F(-)-.2 E .224 -(acters present in the v)108 259.2 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear) +(acters present in the v)108 160.8 R .224(alue of the)-.25 F F1(isear) 2.724 E(ch-terminators)-.18 E F0 -.25(va)2.724 G .224 (riable are used to terminate an incremental search.).25 F .66 -(If that v)108 271.2 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 +(If that v)108 172.8 R .66(ariable has not been assigned a v)-.25 F .66 (alue the Escape and Control-J characters will terminate an incre-)-.25 -F .097(mental search.)108 283.2 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\ +F .097(mental search.)108 184.8 R .096(Control-G will abort an incremen\ tal search and restore the original line.)5.097 F .096 (When the search is)5.096 F(terminated, the history entry containing th\ -e search string becomes the current line.)108 295.2 Q 2.938 -.8(To \214) -108 312 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type Con\ -trol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.339(This will)6.339 F .675 -(search backw)108 324 R .675(ard or forw)-.1 F .675 +e search string becomes the current line.)108 196.8 Q 2.938 -.8(To \214) +108 213.6 T 1.339(nd other matching entries in the history list, type C\ +ontrol-S or Control-R as appropriate.).8 F 1.339(This will)6.339 F .675 +(search backw)108 225.6 R .675(ard or forw)-.1 F .675 (ard in the history for the ne)-.1 F .674 (xt entry matching the search string typed so f)-.15 F(ar)-.1 E 5.674 -(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.674 G .174(other k)108 336 R .474 -.15(ey s)-.1 H -.174 +(.A)-.55 G -.15(ny)-5.674 G .174(other k)108 237.6 R .474 -.15(ey s)-.1 +H .174 (equence bound to a readline command will terminate the search and e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .175(cute that command.).15 F -.15(Fo)5.175 G(r).15 E -.541(instance, a)108 348 R F2(ne)3.041 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541 +.541(instance, a)108 249.6 R F3(ne)3.041 E(wline)-.15 E F0 .541 (will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby e)3.041 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .54(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 360 Q -.653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 376.8 R -.653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653(ontrol-Rs are typed without an) +(xe)-.15 G .54(cuting the command from the).15 F(history list.)108 261.6 +Q .653(Readline remembers the last incremental search string.)108 278.4 +R .653(If tw)5.653 F 3.153(oC)-.1 G .653(ontrol-Rs are typed without an) -3.153 F 3.153(yi)-.15 G(nterv)-3.153 E(en-)-.15 E -(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 388.8 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G +(ing characters de\214ning a ne)108 290.4 Q 2.5(ws)-.25 G (earch string, an)-2.5 E 2.5(yr)-.15 G(emembered search string is used.) -2.5 E .567(Non-incremental searches read the entire search string befo\ -re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 405.6 R(The searc\ +re starting to search for matching history lines.)108 307.2 R(The searc\ h string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the cur\ -rent line.)108 417.6 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 434.4 Q F0 1.391 -(The follo)108 446.4 R 1.391 +rent line.)108 319.2 Q F1(Readline Command Names)87 336 Q F0 1.391 +(The follo)108 348 R 1.391 (wing is a list of the names of the commands and the def)-.25 F 1.391 (ault k)-.1 F 1.691 -.15(ey s)-.1 H 1.391(equences to which the).15 F -3.892(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.892 E 2.622(bound. Command)108 458.4 R .122 +3.892(ya)-.15 G(re)-3.892 E 2.622(bound. Command)108 360 R .122 (names without an accompan)2.622 F .122(ying k)-.15 F .421 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .121(equence are unbound by def).15 F 2.621(ault. In)-.1 F .121 -(the follo)2.621 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 470.4 Q F2(point)3.41 E -F0 .91(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.41 F F2(mark)3.411 E +(the follo)2.621 F(wing)-.25 E(descriptions,)108 372 Q F3(point)3.41 E +F0 .91(refers to the current cursor position, and)3.41 F F3(mark)3.411 E F0 .911(refers to a cursor position sa)3.411 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.411(db) -.15 G 3.411(yt)-3.411 G(he)-3.411 E F1(set\255mark)108 482.4 Q F0 2.5 +.15 G 3.411(yt)-3.411 G(he)-3.411 E F1(set\255mark)108 384 Q F0 2.5 (command. The)2.5 F(te)2.5 E -(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F2 -.37(re) -2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 499.2 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 -E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 511.2 Q F0(Mo)144 523.2 Q .3 +(xt between the point and mark is referred to as the)-.15 E F3 -.37(re) +2.5 G(gion)-.03 E F0(.)A F1(Commands f)87 400.8 Q(or Mo)-.25 E(ving)-.1 +E(beginning\255of\255line \(C\255a\))108 412.8 Q F0(Mo)144 424.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he start of the current line.)-2.5 E F1 -(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 535.2 Q F0(Mo)144 547.2 Q .3 -.15 +(end\255of\255line \(C\255e\))108 436.8 Q F0(Mo)144 448.8 Q .3 -.15 (ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the line.)-2.5 E F1 -.25(fo)108 -559.2 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 571.2 Q .3 -.15(ve f) +460.8 S(rward\255char \(C\255f\)).25 E F0(Mo)144 472.8 Q .3 -.15(ve f) -.15 H(orw).15 E(ard a character)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 583.2 Q F0(Mo)144 595.2 Q .3 -.15(ve b) --.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 607.2 S(rward\255w) -.25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 619.2 Q .823 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) +(backward\255char \(C\255b\))108 484.8 Q F0(Mo)144 496.8 Q .3 -.15(ve b) +-.15 H(ack a character).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)108 508.8 S(rward\255w) +.25 E(ord \(M\255f\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 520.8 Q .823 -.15(ve f)-.15 H(orw) .15 E .523(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .523(xt w)-.15 F 3.023(ord. W) -.1 F .522(ords are composed of alphanumeric characters \(let-)-.8 F -(ters and digits\).)144 631.2 Q F1(backward\255w)108 643.2 Q -(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 655.2 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 +(ters and digits\).)144 532.8 Q F1(backward\255w)108 544.8 Q +(ord \(M\255b\))-.1 E F0(Mo)144 556.8 Q 1.71 -.15(ve b)-.15 H 1.41 (ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F 1.41(vious w)-.25 F 3.91 (ord. W)-.1 F 1.41(ords are composed of alphanumeric)-.8 F -(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 667.2 Q F1(shell\255f)108 679.2 -Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 691.2 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +(characters \(letters and digits\).)144 568.8 Q F1(shell\255f)108 580.8 +Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 592.8 Q .784 -.15(ve f)-.15 H (orw).15 E .484(ard to the end of the ne)-.1 F .484(xt w)-.15 F 2.984 (ord. W)-.1 F .484(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharac-) --.8 F(ters.)144 703.2 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E -(43)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 44 44 +-.8 F(ters.)144 604.8 Q F1(shell\255backward\255w)108 616.8 Q(ord)-.1 E +F0(Mo)144 628.8 Q .908 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .609 +(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609(vious w)-.25 F 3.109 +(ord. W)-.1 F .609(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F +(metacharacters.)144 640.8 Q F1(pr)108 652.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G +(ious\255scr).15 E(een\255line)-.18 E F0 .891(Attempt to mo)144 664.8 R +1.191 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .891(oint to the same ph).15 F .891 +(ysical screen column on the pre)-.05 F .89(vious ph)-.25 F .89 +(ysical screen line.)-.05 F .87(This will not ha)144 676.8 R 1.17 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H .87(he desired ef).15 F .87 +(fect if the current Readline line does not tak)-.25 F 3.37(eu)-.1 G +3.37(pm)-3.37 G .87(ore than one)-3.37 F(ph)144 688.8 Q(ysical line or \ +if point is not greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen w\ +idth.)-.05 E F1(next\255scr)108 700.8 Q(een\255line)-.18 E F0 .638 +(Attempt to mo)144 712.8 R .938 -.15(ve p)-.15 H .638 +(oint to the same ph).15 F .637(ysical screen column on the ne)-.05 F +.637(xt ph)-.15 F .637(ysical screen line. This)-.05 F .008(will not ha) +144 724.8 R .309 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .009(he desired ef).15 F .009 +(fect if the current Readline line does not tak)-.25 F 2.509(eu)-.1 G +2.509(pm)-2.509 G .009(ore than one ph)-2.509 F(ysical)-.05 E +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(45)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 46 46 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(shell\255backward\255w)108 84 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Mo)144 96 Q .908 -.15 -(ve b)-.15 H .609(ack to the start of the current or pre).15 F .609 -(vious w)-.25 F 3.109(ord. W)-.1 F .609 -(ords are delimited by non-quoted shell)-.8 F(metacharacters.)144 108 Q -F1(clear\255scr)108 120 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 .993 -(Clear the screen lea)144 132 R .993 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .772(line or if t\ +he length of the current Readline line is not greater than the length o\ +f the prompt plus)144 84 R(the screen width.)144 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(clear\255scr)108 108 Q(een \(C\255l\))-.18 E F0 .993 +(Clear the screen lea)144 120 R .993 (ving the current line at the top of the screen.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.993 G .993(th an ar).4 F .993(gument, refresh the)-.18 F -(current line without clearing the screen.)144 144 Q F1 -.18(re)108 156 +(current line without clearing the screen.)144 132 Q F1 -.18(re)108 144 S(draw\255curr).18 E(ent\255line)-.18 E F0(Refresh the current line.)144 -168 Q F1(Commands f)87 184.8 Q(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E -(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 196.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .158 -(Accept the line re)144 208.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .158 +156 Q F1(Commands f)87 172.8 Q(or Manipulating the History)-.25 E +(accept\255line \(Newline, Retur)108 184.8 Q(n\))-.15 E F0 .159 +(Accept the line re)144 196.8 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .159 (rdless of where the cursor is.).05 F .158(If this line is non-empty) -5.158 F 2.659(,a)-.65 G .159(dd it to the history list)-2.659 F .699 -(according to the state of the)144 220.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF +5.158 F 2.658(,a)-.65 G .158(dd it to the history list)-2.658 F .699 +(according to the state of the)144 208.8 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF (HISTCONTR)3.199 E(OL)-.27 E F0 -.25(va)2.949 G 3.199(riable. If).25 F .699(the line is a modi\214ed history line, then)3.199 F -(restore the history line to its original state.)144 232.8 Q F1(pr)108 -244.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0 -(Fetch the pre)144 256.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 -E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 268.8 -Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 280.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 +(restore the history line to its original state.)144 220.8 Q F1(pr)108 +232.8 Q -.15(ev)-.18 G(ious\255history \(C\255p\)).15 E F0 +(Fetch the pre)144 244.8 Q(vious command from the history list, mo)-.25 +E(ving back in the list.)-.15 E F1(next\255history \(C\255n\))108 256.8 +Q F0(Fetch the ne)144 268.8 Q(xt command from the history list, mo)-.15 E(ving forw)-.15 E(ard in the list.)-.1 E F1 -(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 292.8 Q F0(Mo)144 304.8 Q .3 +(beginning\255of\255history \(M\255<\))108 280.8 Q F0(Mo)144 292.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he \214rst line in the history)-2.5 E(.) --.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 316.8 Q F0(Mo)144 328.8 Q +-.65 E F1(end\255of\255history \(M\255>\))108 304.8 Q F0(Mo)144 316.8 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 2.5(ot).15 G(he end of the input history)-2.5 E 2.5 (,i)-.65 G(.e., the line currently being entered.)-2.5 E F1 -2.29 -.18 -(re v)108 340.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 -1.47(Search backw)144 352.8 R 1.471 -(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F 1.471 +(re v)108 328.8 T(erse\255sear).08 E(ch\255history \(C\255r\))-.18 E F0 +1.471(Search backw)144 340.8 R 1.471 +(ard starting at the current line and mo)-.1 F 1.47 (ving `up' through the history as necessary)-.15 F(.)-.65 E -(This is an incremental search.)144 364.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 376.8 S -(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.132 -(Search forw)144 388.8 R 1.132(ard starting at the current line and mo) --.1 F 1.131(ving `do)-.15 F 1.131(wn' through the history as necessary) --.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 400.8 Q F1 -(non\255incr)108 412.8 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H -(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .164(Search backw) -144 424.8 R .164(ard through the history starting at the current line u\ -sing a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 436.8 S -(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 448.8 Q +(This is an incremental search.)144 352.8 Q F1 -.25(fo)108 364.8 S +(rward\255sear).25 E(ch\255history \(C\255s\))-.18 E F0 1.131 +(Search forw)144 376.8 R 1.131(ard starting at the current line and mo) +-.1 F 1.132(ving `do)-.15 F 1.132(wn' through the history as necessary) +-.25 F(.)-.65 E(This is an incremental search.)144 388.8 Q F1 +(non\255incr)108 400.8 Q(emental\255r)-.18 E -2.3 -.15(ev e)-.18 H +(rse\255sear).15 E(ch\255history \(M\255p\))-.18 E F0 .165(Search backw) +144 412.8 R .164(ard through the history starting at the current line u\ +sing a non-incremental search for)-.1 F 2.5(as)144 424.8 S +(tring supplied by the user)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(non\255incr)108 436.8 Q (emental\255f)-.18 E(orward\255sear)-.25 E(ch\255history \(M\255n\))-.18 -E F0 1.354(Search forw)144 460.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \ +E F0 1.353(Search forw)144 448.8 R 1.354(ard through the history using \ a non-incremental search for a string supplied by the)-.1 F(user)144 -472.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 484.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward) --.25 E F0 .248(Search forw)144 496.8 R .249(ard through the history for\ +460.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1(history\255sear)108 472.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward) +-.25 E F0 .249(Search forw)144 484.8 R .249(ard through the history for\ the string of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F -(and the point.)144 508.8 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1 -(history\255sear)108 520.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .951(Search backw) -144 532.8 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters b\ -etween the start of the current)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 544.8 Q -(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 556.8 Q -2.5(g\()-.1 G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 -568.8 R .622(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622 -(vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F -.622(vious line\))-.25 F .795(at point.)144 580.8 R -.4(Wi)5.795 G .794 -(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.294 E F0 3.294 -(,i).24 G .794(nsert the)-3.294 F F3(n)3.294 E F0 .794(th w)B .794 -(ord from the pre)-.1 F .794(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .794 -(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 592.8 Q .291(vious command be)-.25 F .291 +(and the point.)144 496.8 Q(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1 +(history\255sear)108 508.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .95(Search backw) +144 520.8 R .951(ard through the history for the string of characters b\ +etween the start of the current)-.1 F(line and the point.)144 532.8 Q +(This is a non-incremental search.)5 E F1(history\255substring\255sear) +108 544.8 Q(ch\255backward)-.18 E F0 .951(Search backw)144 556.8 R .951 +(ard through the history for the string of characters between the start\ + of the current)-.1 F .007(line and the current cursor position \(the) +144 568.8 R/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(point)2.507 E F0 2.507(\). The)B +.007(search string may match an)2.507 F .007(ywhere in a history)-.15 F +2.5(line. This)144 580.8 R(is a non-incremental search.)2.5 E F1 +(history\255substring\255sear)108 592.8 Q(ch\255f)-.18 E(orward)-.25 E +F0 .249(Search forw)144 604.8 R .249(ard through the history for the st\ +ring of characters between the start of the current line)-.1 F .318 +(and the point.)144 616.8 R .319(The search string may match an)5.318 F +.319(ywhere in a history line.)-.15 F .319(This is a non-incremental) +5.319 F(search.)144 628.8 Q F1(yank\255nth\255ar)108 640.8 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 +G<4dad43ad7929>-2.5 E F0 .622(Insert the \214rst ar)144 652.8 R .622 +(gument to the pre)-.18 F .622(vious command \(usually the second w)-.25 +F .622(ord on the pre)-.1 F .622(vious line\))-.25 F .794(at point.)144 +664.8 R -.4(Wi)5.794 G .794(th an ar).4 F(gument)-.18 E F3(n)3.294 E F0 +3.294(,i).24 G .794(nsert the)-3.294 F F3(n)3.294 E F0 .794(th w)B .794 +(ord from the pre)-.1 F .794(vious command \(the w)-.25 F .795 +(ords in the)-.1 F(pre)144 676.8 Q .292(vious command be)-.25 F .292 (gin with w)-.15 F .291(ord 0\).)-.1 F 2.791(An)5.291 G -2.25 -.15(eg a) -2.791 H(ti).15 E .591 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .291 -(ument inserts the).18 F F3(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B .292 -(ord from the end of)-.1 F .282(the pre)144 604.8 R .282(vious command.) --.25 F .282(Once the ar)5.282 F(gument)-.18 E F3(n)2.781 E F0 .281 -(is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .281 -(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F3(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 616.8 Q -(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)108 628.8 Q -2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F -1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.307 -(Insert the last ar)144 640.8 R 1.307(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307 -(vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.308(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.308 -(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 652.8 S .204(th a numeric ar) -.4 F .204(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 H .204(actly lik).15 F -(e)-.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 5.203(.S)C(uccessi) --5.203 E .503 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .203(alls to).15 F F1(yank\255last\255ar) -2.703 E(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 664.8 Q .806 -.15(ve b)-.15 H .507 -(ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507 -(ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E -1.397(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 676.8 R(An)6.396 E -3.896(yn)-.15 G 1.396(umeric ar)-3.896 F 1.396 -(gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F 1.696 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls) -.15 E .491(determines the direction to mo)144 688.8 R .791 -.15(ve t) --.15 H .491(hrough the history).15 F 5.492(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .792 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .492 -(ument switches the direction).18 F .494 -(through the history \(back or forw)144 700.8 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F -.494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494 -(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 -712.8 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E -(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(44)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 45 45 +(ument inserts the).18 F F3(n)2.791 E F0 .291(th w)B .291 +(ord from the end of)-.1 F .281(the pre)144 688.8 R .281(vious command.) +-.25 F .281(Once the ar)5.281 F(gument)-.18 E F3(n)2.781 E F0 .281 +(is computed, the ar)2.781 F .281(gument is e)-.18 F .282 +(xtracted as if the "!)-.15 F F3(n)A F0(")A(history e)144 700.8 Q +(xpansion had been speci\214ed.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(46)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 47 47 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 84 Q F0 .622 -(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 96 R .622 -(This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .623 -(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 108 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5 +SF(yank\255last\255ar)108 84 Q 2.5(g\()-.1 G -1.667(M\255. ,)-2.5 F +-1.667(M\255_ \))2.5 F F0 1.308(Insert the last ar)144 96 R 1.308 +(gument to the pre)-.18 F 1.307(vious command \(the last w)-.25 F 1.307 +(ord of the pre)-.1 F 1.307(vious history entry\).)-.25 F -.4(Wi)144 108 +S .203(th a numeric ar).4 F .203(gument, beha)-.18 F .504 -.15(ve ex)-.2 +H .204(actly lik).15 F(e)-.1 E F1(yank\255nth\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0 +5.204(.S)C(uccessi)-5.204 E .504 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .204(alls to).15 F F1 +(yank\255last\255ar)2.704 E(g)-.1 E F0(mo)144 120 Q .807 -.15(ve b)-.15 +H .507(ack through the history list, inserting the last w).15 F .507 +(ord \(or the w)-.1 F .507(ord speci\214ed by the ar)-.1 F(gument)-.18 E +1.396(to the \214rst call\) of each line in turn.)144 132 R(An)6.396 E +3.896(yn)-.15 G 1.396(umeric ar)-3.896 F 1.397 +(gument supplied to these successi)-.18 F 1.697 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(alls) +.15 E .492(determines the direction to mo)144 144 R .792 -.15(ve t)-.15 +H .492(hrough the history).15 F 5.491(.A)-.65 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G +(ti).05 E .791 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G .491 +(ument switches the direction).18 F .494 +(through the history \(back or forw)144 156 R 2.994(ard\). The)-.1 F +.494(history e)2.994 F .494(xpansion f)-.15 F .494 +(acilities are used to e)-.1 F .494(xtract the last)-.15 F -.1(wo)144 +168 S(rd, as if the "!$" history e).1 E(xpansion had been speci\214ed.) +-.15 E F1(shell\255expand\255line \(M\255C\255e\))108 180 Q F0 .623 +(Expand the line as the shell does.)144 192 R .622 +(This performs alias and history e)5.622 F .622 +(xpansion as well as all of the)-.15 F(shell w)144 204 Q(ord e)-.1 E 2.5 (xpansions. See)-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)2.5 E(OR)-.162 E 2.25 (YE)-.315 G(XP)-2.25 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)2.25 E 2.5(wf)-.25 G (or a description of history e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 -(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 120 Q F0 .939 -(Perform history e)144 132 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +(history\255expand\255line \(M\255^\))108 216 Q F0 .938 +(Perform history e)144 228 R .939(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F (See)5.939 E F2(HIST)3.439 E(OR)-.162 E 3.189(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.189 E -(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.438(wf)-.25 G .938(or a descrip-) --3.438 F(tion of history e)144 144 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space) -108 156 Q F0 1.626(Perform history e)144 168 R 1.626 -(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)6.627 E F2 -(HIST)4.127 E(OR)-.162 E 3.877(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.877 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0 -(belo)144 180 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)-2.5 E -(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 192 Q F0 .395 -(Perform alias e)144 204 R .395(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F -(See)5.395 E F2(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .694 -.15(ve f)-.15 H -.394(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 216 Q F1 -(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 228 Q F0 -(Perform history and alias e)144 240 Q(xpansion on the current line.) --.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 252 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M) -.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 264 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for) +(ANSION)-.666 E F0(belo)3.189 E 3.439(wf)-.25 G .939(or a descrip-) +-3.439 F(tion of history e)144 240 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(magic\255space) +108 252 Q F0 1.627(Perform history e)144 264 R 1.627 +(xpansion on the current line and insert a space.)-.15 F(See)6.626 E F2 +(HIST)4.126 E(OR)-.162 E 3.876(YE)-.315 G(XP)-3.876 E(ANSION)-.666 E F0 +(belo)144 276 Q 2.5(wf)-.25 G(or a description of history e)-2.5 E +(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(alias\255expand\255line)108 288 Q F0 .394 +(Perform alias e)144 300 R .394(xpansion on the current line.)-.15 F +(See)5.395 E F2(ALIASES)2.895 E F0(abo)2.645 E .695 -.15(ve f)-.15 H +.395(or a description of alias e).15 F(xpan-)-.15 E(sion.)144 312 Q F1 +(history\255and\255alias\255expand\255line)108 324 Q F0 +(Perform history and alias e)144 336 Q(xpansion on the current line.) +-.15 E F1(insert\255last\255ar)108 348 Q(gument \(M\255.)-.1 E 2.5(,M) +.833 G -1.667(\255_ \))-2.5 F F0 2.5(As)144 360 S(ynon)-2.5 E(ym for) -.15 E F1(yank\255last\255ar)2.5 E(g)-.1 E F0(.)A F1 -(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 276 Q F0 .947 -(Accept the current line for e)144 288 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 -(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.248 -.15 -(ve t)-.25 H 3.448(ot).15 G .948(he current line from the)-3.448 F -(history for editing.)144 300 Q(An)5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(ument is ignored.).18 E F1 -(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255xC\255e\))108 312 Q F0(In)144 -324 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.226 -.1(ke a).2 H 3.526(ne).1 G 1.026 +(operate\255and\255get\255next \(C\255o\))108 372 Q F0 .948 +(Accept the current line for e)144 384 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .948 +(cution and fetch the ne).15 F .948(xt line relati)-.15 F 1.247 -.15 +(ve t)-.25 H 3.447(ot).15 G .947(he current line from the)-3.447 F .729 +(history for editing.)144 396 R 3.229(An)5.729 G .729(umeric ar)-3.229 F +.729 +(gument, if supplied, speci\214es the history entry to use instead of) +-.18 F(the current line.)144 408 Q F1 +(edit\255and\255execute\255command \(C\255x C\255e\))108 420 Q F0(In)144 +432 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.226 -.1(ke a).2 H 3.526(ne).1 G 1.026 (ditor on the current command line, and e)-3.526 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.026 (cute the result as shell commands.).15 F F1(Bash)6.026 E F0 -(attempts to in)144 336 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2($VISU)2.6 E(AL) +(attempts to in)144 444 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F2($VISU)2.6 E(AL) -.54 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F2($EDIT)2.25 E(OR)-.162 E F3(,)A F0 (and)2.25 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(emacs)2.5 E F0(as the editor)2.5 E 2.5(,i)-.4 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(hat order)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1(Commands f)87 -352.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E(ext)-.92 E F4(end\255of\255\214le)108 364.8 +460.8 Q(or Changing T)-.25 E(ext)-.92 E F4(end\255of\255\214le)108 472.8 Q F1(\(usually C\255d\))2.5 E F0 .798 -(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 376.8 R .799 +(The character indicating end-of-\214le as set, for e)144 484.8 R .799 (xample, by)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(stty)3.299 E F0 5.799(.I)C 3.299 (ft)-5.799 G .799(his character is read when)-3.299 F .592 -(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 388.8 R +(there are no characters on the line, and point is at the be)144 496.8 R .592(ginning of the line, Readline interprets it)-.15 F -(as the end of input and returns)144 400.8 Q F2(EOF)2.5 E F3(.)A F1 -(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 412.8 Q F0 .441 -(Delete the character at point.)144 424.8 R .442 +(as the end of input and returns)144 508.8 Q F2(EOF)2.5 E F3(.)A F1 +(delete\255char \(C\255d\))108 520.8 Q F0 .441 +(Delete the character at point.)144 532.8 R .442 (If this function is bound to the same character as the tty)5.441 F F1 -(EOF)2.942 E F0(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 436.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s) +(EOF)2.942 E F0(char)2.942 E(-)-.2 E(acter)144 544.8 Q 2.5(,a)-.4 G(s) -2.5 E F1(C\255d)2.5 E F0(commonly is, see abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve f)-.15 H (or the ef).15 E(fects.)-.25 E F1(backward\255delete\255char \(Rubout\)) -108 448.8 Q F0 .553(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 460.8 R +108 556.8 Q F0 .553(Delete the character behind the cursor)144 568.8 R 5.553(.W)-.55 G .553(hen gi)-5.553 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.053(nan).15 G .553 (umeric ar)-3.053 F .552(gument, sa)-.18 F .852 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .552 -(he deleted te).15 F .552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 472.8 Q F1 --.25(fo)108 484.8 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473 -(Delete the character under the cursor)144 496.8 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474 +(he deleted te).15 F .552(xt on)-.15 F(the kill ring.)144 580.8 Q F1 +-.25(fo)108 592.8 S(rward\255backward\255delete\255char).25 E F0 .473 +(Delete the character under the cursor)144 604.8 R 2.973(,u)-.4 G .474 (nless the cursor is at the end of the line, in which case the)-2.973 F -(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 508.8 Q F1 -(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 520.8 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144 -532.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279 +(character behind the cursor is deleted.)144 616.8 Q F1 +(quoted\255insert \(C\255q, C\255v\))108 628.8 Q F0 .779(Add the ne)144 +640.8 R .779(xt character typed to the line v)-.15 F 3.279 (erbatim. This)-.15 F .779(is ho)3.279 F 3.279(wt)-.25 G 3.279(oi)-3.279 G .779(nsert characters lik)-3.279 F(e)-.1 E F1(C\255q)3.278 E F0 3.278 -(,f)C(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 544.8 S(ample.).15 E F1 -(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 556.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 -(Insert a tab character)144 568.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1 -(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 580.8 Q F0 -(Insert the character typed.)144 592.8 Q F1 -(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 604.8 Q F0 .321 -(Drag the character before point forw)144 616.8 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .322 -(ving point forw)-.15 F .322(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182 -(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 -628.8 R 3.682(oc)-.1 G 1.182(haracters before point.)-3.682 F(Ne)6.182 E --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 640.8 Q(guments ha)-.18 E -.3 -.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1 -(transpose\255w)108 652.8 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144 -664.8 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo) --.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.524(rt).15 G .024(hat w) --2.524 F .024(ord as well.)-.1 F .024(If point)5.024 F -(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 676.8 Q 2.5 -(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 688.8 Q -(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 -700.8 R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698 -(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 712.8 S(rd, b).1 -E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 -Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(45)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 46 46 +(,f)C(or)-3.278 E -.15(ex)144 652.8 S(ample.).15 E F1 +(tab\255insert \(C\255v T)108 664.8 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 +(Insert a tab character)144 676.8 Q(.)-.55 E F1 +(self\255insert \(a, b, A, 1, !, ...\))108 688.8 Q F0 +(Insert the character typed.)144 700.8 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(47)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 48 48 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(do)108 84 Q(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 96 Q -1.647(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147 +SF(transpose\255chars \(C\255t\))108 84 Q F0 .321 +(Drag the character before point forw)144 96 R .321(ard o)-.1 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.821(rt).15 G .321(he character at point, mo)-2.821 F .322 +(ving point forw)-.15 F .322(ard as well.)-.1 F 1.182 +(If point is at the end of the line, then this transposes the tw)144 108 +R 3.682(oc)-.1 G 1.182(haracters before point.)-3.682 F(Ne)6.182 E -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ar)144 120 Q(guments ha)-.18 E .3 +-.15(ve n)-.2 H 2.5(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.5 G(ect.).25 E F1 +(transpose\255w)108 132 Q(ords \(M\255t\))-.1 E F0 .023(Drag the w)144 +144 R .023(ord before point past the w)-.1 F .023(ord after point, mo) +-.1 F .023(ving point o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.524(rt).15 G .024(hat w) +-2.524 F .024(ord as well.)-.1 F .024(If point)5.024 F +(is at the end of the line, this transposes the last tw)144 156 Q 2.5 +(ow)-.1 G(ords on the line.)-2.6 E F1(upcase\255w)108 168 Q +(ord \(M\255u\))-.1 E F0 1.699(Uppercase the current \(or follo)144 180 +R 1.698(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.198(ord. W)-.1 F 1.698(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.998 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.698 +(ument, uppercase the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 192 S(rd, b).1 E +(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(do)108 204 Q +(wncase\255w)-.1 E(ord \(M\255l\))-.1 E F0(Lo)144 216 Q 1.647 +(wercase the current \(or follo)-.25 F 1.647(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.147 (ord. W)-.1 F 1.648(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 1.948 -.15 (ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.648(ument, lo).18 F 1.648(wercase the pre) --.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 108 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 --.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 120 Q -(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 132 +-.25 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 228 S(rd, b).1 E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 +-.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1(capitalize\255w)108 240 Q +(ord \(M\255c\))-.1 E F0 1.975(Capitalize the current \(or follo)144 252 R 1.974(wing\) w)-.25 F 4.474(ord. W)-.1 F 1.974(ith a ne)-.4 F -.05(ga) -.15 G(ti).05 E 2.274 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.974 -(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 144 S(rd, b).1 -E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 156 -S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 168 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15 +(ument, capitalize the pre).18 F(vious)-.25 E -.1(wo)144 264 S(rd, b).1 +E(ut do not mo)-.2 E .3 -.15(ve p)-.15 H(oint.).15 E F1 -.1(ove)108 276 +S(rwrite\255mode).1 E F0 -.8(To)144 288 S .437(ggle o).8 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .437(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4(Wi)5.437 G .437(th an e).4 F .437 (xplicit positi)-.15 F .738 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .438(umeric ar).15 F .438 (gument, switches to o)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .438(rwrite mode.).15 F -.4 -(Wi)144 180 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 +(Wi)144 300 S .781(th an e).4 F .781(xplicit non-positi)-.15 F 1.081 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .781(umeric ar).15 F .781 (gument, switches to insert mode.)-.18 F .78(This command af)5.781 F -(fects)-.25 E(only)144 192 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi) +(fects)-.25 E(only)144 312 Q F1(emacs)4.394 E F0(mode;)4.394 E F1(vi) 4.394 E F0 1.894(mode does o)4.394 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.894(rwrite dif).15 F(ferently)-.25 E 6.894(.E)-.65 G 1.894(ach call to)-6.894 F/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF -.37(re)4.395 G(adline\(\)).37 E F0 1.895 -(starts in insert)4.395 F 3.969(mode. In)144 204 R -.15(ove)3.969 G +(starts in insert)4.395 F 3.969(mode. In)144 324 R -.15(ove)3.969 G 1.469(rwrite mode, characters bound to).15 F F1(self\255insert)3.969 E F0 1.468(replace the te)3.969 F 1.468(xt at point rather than)-.15 F -.957(pushing the te)144 216 R .957(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958 +.957(pushing the te)144 336 R .957(xt to the right.)-.15 F .958 (Characters bound to)5.957 F F1(backward\255delete\255char)3.458 E F0 -.958(replace the character)3.458 F(before point with a space.)144 228 Q +.958(replace the character)3.458 F(before point with a space.)144 348 Q (By def)5 E(ault, this command is unbound.)-.1 E F1(Killing and Y)87 -244.8 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 256.8 Q F0 -(Kill the te)144 268.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 280.8 Q F0(Kill backw) -144 292.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 -(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 304.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 316.8 +364.8 Q(anking)-.85 E(kill\255line \(C\255k\))108 376.8 Q F0 +(Kill the te)144 388.8 Q(xt from point to the end of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(backward\255kill\255line \(C\255x Rubout\))108 400.8 Q F0(Kill backw) +144 412.8 Q(ard to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E F1 +(unix\255line\255discard \(C\255u\))108 424.8 Q F0(Kill backw)144 436.8 Q(ard from point to the be)-.1 E(ginning of the line.)-.15 E (The killed te)5 E(xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt) --2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 328.8 Q F0 +-2.5 G(he kill-ring.)-2.5 E F1(kill\255whole\255line)108 448.8 Q F0 (Kill all characters on the current line, no matter where point is.)144 -340.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 352.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729 -(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 364.8 R .728 +460.8 Q F1(kill\255w)108 472.8 Q(ord \(M\255d\))-.1 E F0 .729 +(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 484.8 R .728 (ord, or if between w)-.1 F .728(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F .728 -(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 376.8 S +(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 496.8 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -.25(fo)2.5 G -(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 388.8 Q -(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 400.8 Q(ord behind point.) +(rward\255w).25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(backward\255kill\255w)108 508.8 Q +(ord \(M\255Rubout\))-.1 E F0(Kill the w)144 520.8 Q(ord behind point.) -.1 E -.8(Wo)5 G(rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1 -(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 412.8 Q -(ord)-.1 E F0 .728(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 424.8 +(backward\255w)2.5 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255kill\255w)108 532.8 Q +(ord)-.1 E F0 .728(Kill from point to the end of the current w)144 544.8 R .729(ord, or if between w)-.1 F .729(ords, to the end of the ne)-.1 F -.729(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 436.8 S +.729(xt w)-.15 F(ord.)-.1 E -.8(Wo)144 556.8 S (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 E F1(shell\255f)2.5 E (orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(shell\255backward\255kill\255w) -108 448.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 460.8 R 3.025 +108 568.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 3.025(Kill the w)144 580.8 R 3.025 (ord behind point.)-.1 F -.8(Wo)8.025 G 3.025 (rd boundaries are the same as those used by).8 F F1(shell\255back-) -5.525 E(ward\255w)144 472.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 484.8 Q -(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 496.8 R .364 +5.525 E(ward\255w)144 592.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(unix\255w)108 604.8 Q +(ord\255rubout \(C\255w\))-.1 E F0 .364(Kill the w)144 616.8 R .364 (ord behind point, using white space as a w)-.1 F .365(ord boundary)-.1 F 5.365(.T)-.65 G .365(he killed te)-5.365 F .365(xt is sa)-.15 F -.15 (ve)-.2 G 2.865(do).15 G 2.865(nt)-2.865 G(he)-2.865 E(kill-ring.)144 -508.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 520.8 Q F0 .167(Kill the w) -144 532.8 R .166 +628.8 Q F1(unix\255\214lename\255rubout)108 640.8 Q F0 .167(Kill the w) +144 652.8 R .166 (ord behind point, using white space and the slash character as the w) --.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 544.8 Q +-.1 F .166(ord boundaries.)-.1 F(The)5.166 E(killed te)144 664.8 Q (xt is sa)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(do).15 G 2.5(nt)-2.5 G(he kill-ring.) --2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 556.8 Q F0 -(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 568.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108 -580.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 592.8 Q(xt in the current re) --.15 E(gion.)-.15 E F1(copy\255r)108 604.8 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E -F0(Cop)144 616.8 Q 2.5(yt)-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E -(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(copy\255backward\255w)108 628.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 640.8 Q 4.8(yt) --.1 G 2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E -(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301 -(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 -652.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 664.8 Q(orward\255w)-.25 E -(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 676.8 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008(he w)-4.508 F 2.008 -(ord follo)-.1 F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 -E 7.007(.T)-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007 -(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G -(ward\255w)144 688.8 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 700.8 Q -F0 -1(Ya)144 712.8 S(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E -(fer at point.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(46) -192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 47 47 +-2.5 E F1(delete\255horizontal\255space \(M\255\\\))108 676.8 Q F0 +(Delete all spaces and tabs around point.)144 688.8 Q F1(kill\255r)108 +700.8 Q(egion)-.18 E F0(Kill the te)144 712.8 Q(xt in the current re) +-.15 E(gion.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(48) +193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 49 49 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 84 Q F0 -(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 96 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 +SF(copy\255r)108 84 Q(egion\255as\255kill)-.18 E F0(Cop)144 96 Q 2.5(yt) +-.1 G(he te)-2.5 E(xt in the re)-.15 E(gion to the kill b)-.15 E(uf)-.2 +E(fer)-.25 E(.)-.55 E F1(copy\255backward\255w)108 108 Q(ord)-.1 E F0 +(Cop)144 120 Q 4.8(yt)-.1 G 2.3(he w)-4.8 F 2.3 +(ord before point to the kill b)-.1 F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.301(.T)-.55 +G 2.301(he w)-7.301 F 2.301(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 +(back-)4.801 E(ward\255w)144 132 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(copy\255f)108 144 +Q(orward\255w)-.25 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Cop)144 156 Q 4.508(yt)-.1 G 2.008 +(he w)-4.508 F 2.008(ord follo)-.1 F 2.008(wing point to the kill b)-.25 +F(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 7.007(.T)-.55 G 2.007(he w)-7.007 F 2.007 +(ord boundaries are the same as)-.1 F F1 -.25(fo)4.507 G -.37(r-).25 G +(ward\255w)144 168 Q(ord)-.1 E F0(.)A F1(yank \(C\255y\))108 180 Q F0 -1 +(Ya)144 192 S(nk the top of the kill ring into the b)1 E(uf)-.2 E +(fer at point.)-.25 E F1(yank\255pop \(M\255y\))108 204 Q F0 +(Rotate the kill ring, and yank the ne)144 216 Q 2.5(wt)-.25 G 2.5 (op. Only)-2.5 F -.1(wo)2.5 G(rks follo).1 E(wing)-.25 E F1(yank)2.5 E -F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 112.8 Q -(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 124.8 Q +F0(or)2.5 E F1(yank\255pop)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(Numeric Ar)87 232.8 Q +(guments)-.1 E(digit\255ar)108 244.8 Q (gument \(M\2550, M\2551, ..., M\255\255\))-.1 E F0 .367 -(Add this digit to the ar)144 136.8 R .367 +(Add this digit to the ar)144 256.8 R .367 (gument already accumulating, or start a ne)-.18 F 2.867(wa)-.25 G -.18 (rg)-2.867 G 2.867(ument. M\255\255).18 F .367(starts a ne)2.867 F -.05 -(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 148.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G -(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 160.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 -E F0 .779(This is another w)144 172.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F +(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)144 268.8 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G +(ument.).18 E F1(uni)108 280.8 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 +E F0 .779(This is another w)144 292.8 R .779(ay to specify an ar)-.1 F 3.279(gument. If)-.18 F .779(this command is follo)3.279 F .778 (wed by one or more digits,)-.25 F 1.376 (optionally with a leading minus sign, those digits de\214ne the ar)144 -184.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 -196.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) +304.8 R 3.876(gument. If)-.18 F 1.376(the command is fol-)3.876 F(lo)144 +316.8 Q 1.17(wed by digits, e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(uni) 3.67 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(rsal\255ar).1 E(gument)-.1 E F0(ag)3.67 E 1.17 (ain ends the numeric ar)-.05 F 1.17(gument, b)-.18 F 1.17(ut is other) --.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 208.8 R .898 +-.2 F(-)-.2 E .898(wise ignored.)144 328.8 R .898 (As a special case, if this command is immediately follo)5.898 F .898 (wed by a character that is)-.25 F 1.23 -(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 220.8 R 1.23 +(neither a digit nor minus sign, the ar)144 340.8 R 1.23 (gument count for the ne)-.18 F 1.23(xt command is multiplied by four) --.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 232.8 R .822 +-.15 F(.)-.55 E .822(The ar)144 352.8 R .822 (gument count is initially one, so e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .823 (cuting this function the \214rst time mak).15 F .823(es the ar)-.1 F -(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 244.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5 +(gument)-.18 E(count four)144 364.8 Q 2.5(,as)-.4 G(econd time mak)-2.5 E(es the ar)-.1 E(gument count sixteen, and so on.)-.18 E F1(Completing) -87 261.6 Q(complete \(T)108 273.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137 -(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 285.6 R 1.137 +87 381.6 Q(complete \(T)108 393.6 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 1.137 +(Attempt to perform completion on the te)144 405.6 R 1.137 (xt before point.)-.15 F F1(Bash)6.137 E F0 1.137 -(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 297.6 Q .532(xt as a v) +(attempts completion treating the)3.637 F(te)144 417.6 Q .532(xt as a v) -.15 F .532(ariable \(if the te)-.25 F .532(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with) -.15 F F1($)3.033 E F0 .533(\), username \(if the te)B .533(xt be)-.15 F .533(gins with)-.15 F F1(~)3.033 E F0 .533(\), hostname \(if the)B(te) -144 309.6 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701 +144 429.6 Q .702(xt be)-.15 F .702(gins with)-.15 F F1(@)3.202 E F0 .701 (\), or command \(including aliases and functions\) in turn.)B .701 (If none of these pro-)5.701 F -(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 321.6 Q F1 -(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 333.6 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 345.6 Q(xt before point.) --.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 357.6 Q F0 .783 -(Insert all completions of the te)144 369.6 R .783 +(duces a match, \214lename completion is attempted.)144 441.6 Q F1 +(possible\255completions \(M\255?\))108 453.6 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 465.6 Q(xt before point.) +-.15 E F1(insert\255completions \(M\255*\))108 477.6 Q F0 .783 +(Insert all completions of the te)144 489.6 R .783 (xt before point that w)-.15 F .783(ould ha)-.1 F 1.083 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .783(een generated by).15 F F1(possible\255com-)3.283 E(pletions)144 -381.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 393.6 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144 -405.6 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629 +501.6 Q F0(.)A F1(menu\255complete)108 513.6 Q F0 .929(Similar to)144 +525.6 R F1(complete)3.429 E F0 3.429(,b)C .929(ut replaces the w)-3.629 F .929(ord to be completed with a single match from the list of)-.1 F -1.193(possible completions.)144 417.6 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15 +1.193(possible completions.)144 537.6 R 1.193(Repeated e)6.193 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.193(cution of).15 F F1(menu\255complete)3.694 E F0 1.194 (steps through the list of possible)3.694 F .829 -(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 429.6 R .828 +(completions, inserting each match in turn.)144 549.6 R .828 (At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung)5.828 F .727 -(\(subject to the setting of)144 441.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 +(\(subject to the setting of)144 561.6 R F1(bell\255style)3.227 E F0 3.227(\)a)C .727(nd the original te)-3.227 F .727(xt is restored.)-.15 F .727(An ar)5.727 F .727(gument of)-.18 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)3.227 E F0(mo)3.227 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(s).15 E F2(n)3.228 E F0 1.73 -(positions forw)144 453.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F +(positions forw)144 573.6 R 1.73(ard in the list of matches; a ne)-.1 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E 2.03 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg).15 G 1.73 (ument may be used to mo).18 F 2.03 -.15(ve b)-.15 H(ackw).15 E(ard)-.1 -E(through the list.)144 465.6 Q(This command is intended to be bound to) +E(through the list.)144 585.6 Q(This command is intended to be bound to) 5 E F1 -.9(TA)2.5 G(B).9 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut is unbound by def)-2.7 E -(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 477.6 Q F0 .82 -(Identical to)144 489.6 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82 +(ault.)-.1 E F1(menu\255complete\255backward)108 597.6 Q F0 .82 +(Identical to)144 609.6 R F1(menu\255complete)3.32 E F0 3.32(,b)C .82 (ut mo)-3.52 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.32(sb).15 G(ackw)-3.32 E .82 (ard through the list of possible completions, as if)-.1 F F1 -(menu\255complete)144 501.6 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 +(menu\255complete)144 621.6 Q F0(had been gi)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5 (nan).15 G -2.25 -.15(eg a)-2.5 H(ti).15 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H -.18(rg) .15 G 2.5(ument. This).18 F(command is unbound by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E -F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 513.6 Q F0 .234 -(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 525.6 R +F1(delete\255char\255or\255list)108 633.6 Q F0 .234 +(Deletes the character under the cursor if not at the be)144 645.6 R .234(ginning or end of the line \(lik)-.15 F(e)-.1 E F1(delete\255char) -2.734 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 537.6 R -.15 +2.734 E F0(\).)A .425(If at the end of the line, beha)144 657.6 R -.15 (ve)-.2 G 2.925(si).15 G .425(dentically to)-2.925 F F1 (possible\255completions)2.925 E F0 5.425(.T)C .425 -(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 549.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 561.6 Q F0 -(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 573.6 Q(xt before point.) --.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 585.6 Q -F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 597.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E F1 -(complete\255user)108 609.6 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 621.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user) -108 633.6 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 645.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108 -657.6 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 -669.6 Q(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E -F1(possible\255v)108 681.6 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E -F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 693.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 -(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 705.6 Q F0 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 717.6 Q -(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 -Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(47)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 48 48 +(his command is unbound)-5.425 F(by def)144 669.6 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 +(complete\255\214lename \(M\255/\))108 681.6 Q F0 +(Attempt \214lename completion on the te)144 693.6 Q(xt before point.) +-.15 E F1(possible\255\214lename\255completions \(C\255x /\))108 705.6 Q +F0(List the possible completions of the te)144 717.6 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a \214lename.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 +768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(49)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 50 50 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 84 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 96 Q +SF(complete\255user)108 84 Q(name \(M\255~\))-.15 E F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 96 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(possible\255user) +108 108 Q(name\255completions \(C\255x ~\))-.15 E F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 120 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a username.)-.15 E F1(complete\255v)108 +132 Q(ariable \(M\255$\))-.1 E F0(Attempt completion on the te)144 144 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 +(possible\255v)108 156 Q(ariable\255completions \(C\255x $\))-.1 E F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 168 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a shell v)-.15 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1 +(complete\255hostname \(M\255@\))108 180 Q F0 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 192 Q +(xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 +(possible\255hostname\255completions \(C\255x @\))108 204 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 216 Q (xt before point, treating it as a hostname.)-.15 E F1 -(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 108 Q F0 .581 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 120 R .581 +(complete\255command \(M\255!\))108 228 Q F0 .581 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 240 R .581 (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 F .58 -(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 132 R +(Command comple-)5.58 F .715(tion attempts to match the te)144 252 R .715(xt ag)-.15 F .715(ainst aliases, reserv)-.05 F .715(ed w)-.15 F .715(ords, shell functions, shell b)-.1 F .715(uiltins, and)-.2 F -(\214nally e)144 144 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +(\214nally e)144 264 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cutable \214lenames, in that order).15 E(.)-.55 E F1 -(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 156 Q F0 -(List the possible completions of the te)144 168 Q +(possible\255command\255completions \(C\255x !\))108 276 Q F0 +(List the possible completions of the te)144 288 Q (xt before point, treating it as a command name.)-.15 E F1 -(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 180 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425 -(Attempt completion on the te)144 192 R .425 +(dynamic\255complete\255history \(M\255T)108 300 Q(AB\))-.9 E F0 .425 +(Attempt completion on the te)144 312 R .425 (xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .425(xt ag)-.15 F .424 (ainst lines from the history list)-.05 F -(for possible completion matches.)144 204 Q F1(dab)108 216 Q(br)-.1 E +(for possible completion matches.)144 324 Q F1(dab)108 336 Q(br)-.1 E -.15(ev)-.18 G(\255expand).15 E F0 .61 -(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 228 R .611 +(Attempt menu completion on the te)144 348 R .611 (xt before point, comparing the te)-.15 F .611(xt ag)-.15 F .611 (ainst lines from the his-)-.05 F -(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 240 Q F1 -(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 252 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\ +(tory list for possible completion matches.)144 360 Q F1 +(complete\255into\255braces \(M\255{\))108 372 Q F0 .4(Perform \214lena\ me completion and insert the list of possible completions enclosed with\ -in braces so)144 264 R(the list is a)144 276 Q -.25(va)-.2 G +in braces so)144 384 R(the list is a)144 396 Q -.25(va)-.2 G (ilable to the shell \(see).25 E F1(Brace Expansion)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 292.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 -E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 304.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) -.833 E F0(Be)144 316.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1 -.25(Ke)87 412.8 S(yboard Macr).25 E(os)-.18 +E(start\255kbd\255macr)108 424.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x \()-2.5 E(\)) +.833 E F0(Be)144 436.8 Q(gin sa)-.15 E (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G -(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 328.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G -(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 340.8 Q +(board macro.).15 E F1(end\255kbd\255macr)108 448.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G +(C\255x \))-2.5 E(\)).833 E F0(Stop sa)144 460.8 Q (ving the characters typed into the current k)-.2 E -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro and store the de\214nition.).15 E F1 -(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 352.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 -E F0(Re-e)144 364.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey) +(call\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 472.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(C\255x e\))-2.5 +E F0(Re-e)144 484.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G .999(cute the last k).15 F -.15(ey) -.1 G .999(board macro de\214ned, by making the characters in the macro\ - appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 376.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 -E F1(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 388.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E -F0(Print the last k)144 400.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G + appear as if).15 F(typed at the k)144 496.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(board.).15 +E F1(print\255last\255kbd\255macr)108 508.8 Q 2.5(o\()-.18 G(\))-2.5 E +F0(Print the last k)144 520.8 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G (board macro de\214ned in a format suitable for the).15 E/F2 10 /Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr)2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1 -(Miscellaneous)87 417.6 Q -.18(re)108 429.6 S<ad72>.18 E +(Miscellaneous)87 537.6 Q -.18(re)108 549.6 S<ad72>.18 E (ead\255init\255\214le \(C\255x C\255r\))-.18 E F0 1.777 -(Read in the contents of the)144 441.6 R F2(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0 +(Read in the contents of the)144 561.6 R F2(inputr)4.277 E(c)-.37 E F0 1.776(\214le, and incorporate an)4.276 F 4.276(yb)-.15 G 1.776 (indings or v)-4.276 F 1.776(ariable assignments)-.25 F(found there.)144 -453.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 465.6 Q F0 3.248 -(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 477.6 R +573.6 Q F1(abort \(C\255g\))108 585.6 Q F0 3.248 +(Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal')144 597.6 R 5.749(sb)-.55 G 3.249(ell \(subject to the setting of)-5.749 F F1 -(bell\255style)144 489.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255upper)108 501.6 Q -(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255a, M\255b, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.) -C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.756(If the meta\214ed character)144 513.6 R F2(x) -4.256 E F0 1.755(is lo)4.256 F 1.755 -(wercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)-.25 F -(uppercase character)144 525.6 Q(.)-.55 E F1(pr)108 537.6 Q -(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0(Metafy the ne)144 549.6 Q -(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0 -(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 561.6 Q F0 -(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 573.6 Q F1 --2.29 -.18(re v)108 585.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095 -(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 597.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095 +(bell\255style)144 609.6 Q F0(\).)A F1(do\255lo)108 621.6 Q(wer)-.1 E +(case\255v)-.18 E(ersion \(M\255A, M\255B, M\255)-.1 E F2(x)A F1 2.5(,.) +C(..\))-2.5 E F0 1.739(If the meta\214ed character)144 633.6 R F2(x) +4.239 E F0 1.739 +(is uppercase, run the command that is bound to the corresponding)4.239 +F(meta\214ed lo)144 645.6 Q(wercase character)-.25 E 5(.T)-.55 G +(he beha)-5 E(vior is unde\214ned if)-.2 E F2(x)2.5 E F0(is already lo) +2.5 E(wercase.)-.25 E F1(pr)108 657.6 Q(e\214x\255meta \(ESC\))-.18 E F0 +(Metafy the ne)144 669.6 Q(xt character typed.)-.15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 +SF(ESC)5 E F1(f)2.25 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F1 +(Meta\255f)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(undo \(C\255_, C\255x C\255u\))108 681.6 Q F0 +(Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.)144 693.6 Q F1 +-2.29 -.18(re v)108 705.6 T(ert\255line \(M\255r\)).08 E F0 1.095 +(Undo all changes made to this line.)144 717.6 R 1.095(This is lik)6.095 F 3.595(ee)-.1 G -.15(xe)-3.745 G 1.095(cuting the).15 F F1(undo)3.595 E F0 1.095(command enough times to)3.595 F -(return the line to its initial state.)144 609.6 Q F1 -(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 621.6 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 633.6 Q +(return the line to its initial state.)144 729.6 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(50)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 51 51 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(tilde\255expand \(M\255&\))108 84 Q F0(Perform tilde e)144 96 Q (xpansion on the current w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E F1 -(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 645.6 Q F0 -(Set the mark to the point.)144 657.6 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E +(set\255mark \(C\255@, M\255<space>\))108 108 Q F0 +(Set the mark to the point.)144 120 Q(If a numeric ar)5 E (gument is supplied, the mark is set to that position.)-.18 E F1 -(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 669.6 Q F0(Sw) -144 681.6 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 +(exchange\255point\255and\255mark \(C\255x C\255x\))108 132 Q F0(Sw)144 +144 Q .283(ap the point with the mark.)-.1 F .283 (The current cursor position is set to the sa)5.283 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.782(dp).15 G .282(osition, and the old)-2.782 F(cursor position is sa) -144 693.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 -(character\255sear)108 705.6 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.035(Ac)144 -717.6 S .535(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.035 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.035(dt).15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535 +144 156 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(da).15 G 2.5(st)-2.5 G(he mark.)-2.5 E F1 +(character\255sear)108 168 Q(ch \(C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.035(Ac)144 180 S +.535(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.035 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.035(dt) +.15 G 3.035(ot)-3.035 G .535(he ne)-3.035 F .535 (xt occurrence of that character)-.15 F 5.536(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05 (ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .836 -.15(ve c)-.25 H(ount).15 E(searches for pre) -144 729.6 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(48)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 49 49 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(character\255sear)108 84 Q(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 -3.544(Ac)144 96 S 1.044(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.544 F -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G 3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044 +144 192 Q(vious occurrences.)-.25 E F1(character\255sear)108 204 Q +(ch\255backward \(M\255C\255]\))-.18 E F0 3.544(Ac)144 216 S 1.044 +(haracter is read and point is mo)-3.544 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.544(dt).15 G +3.544(ot)-3.544 G 1.044(he pre)-3.544 F 1.044 (vious occurrence of that character)-.25 F 6.043(.A)-.55 G(ne)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 108 Q F1 -(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 120 Q F0 1.826 -(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 132 R 2.126 -.15(ey s) +(count searches for subsequent occurrences.)144 228 Q F1 +(skip\255csi\255sequence)108 240 Q F0 1.826 +(Read enough characters to consume a multi-k)144 252 R 2.126 -.15(ey s) -.1 H 1.827(equence such as those de\214ned for k).15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G -4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 144 R .791 +4.327(sl).15 G(ik)-4.327 E(e)-.1 E .791(Home and End.)144 264 R .791 (Such sequences be)5.791 F .791 (gin with a Control Sequence Indicator \(CSI\), usually ESC\255[.)-.15 F -.331(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 156 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831 +.331(If this sequence is bound to "\\[", k)144 276 R -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.831 (sp).15 G .331(roducing such sequences will ha)-2.831 F .632 -.15(ve n) -.2 H 2.832(oe).15 G -.25(ff)-2.832 G .332(ect unless e).25 F(xplic-) -.15 E .026(itly bound to a readline command, instead of inserting stra\ -y characters into the editing b)144 168 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T) --.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 180 Q(ault, b)-.1 E +y characters into the editing b)144 288 R(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.026(.T) +-.55 G(his)-5.026 E(is unbound by def)144 300 Q(ault, b)-.1 E (ut usually bound to ESC\255[.)-.2 E F1(insert\255comment \(M\255#\))108 -192 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 204 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v) +312 Q F0 -.4(Wi)144 324 S .48(thout a numeric ar).4 F .48(gument, the v) -.18 F .481(alue of the readline)-.25 F F1(comment\255begin)2.981 E F0 --.25(va)2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 216 Q .245 +-.25(va)2.981 G .481(riable is inserted at the).25 F(be)144 336 Q .245 (ginning of the current line.)-.15 F .245(If a numeric ar)5.245 F .244 (gument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if)-.18 F .321 -(the characters at the be)144 228 R .321 +(the characters at the be)144 348 R .321 (ginning of the line do not match the v)-.15 F .321(alue of)-.25 F F1 (comment\255begin)2.821 E F0 2.822(,t)C .322(he v)-2.822 F .322(alue is) --.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 240 R F1 +-.25 F .832(inserted, otherwise the characters in)144 360 R F1 (comment\255begin)3.332 E F0 .831(are deleted from the be)3.332 F .831 (ginning of the line.)-.15 F 1.468 -(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 252 R 1.468 +(In either case, the line is accepted as if a ne)144 372 R 1.468 (wline had been typed.)-.25 F 1.469(The def)6.469 F 1.469(ault v)-.1 F -1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 264 Q F0 .84 +1.469(alue of)-.25 F F1(com-)3.969 E(ment\255begin)144 384 Q F0 .84 (causes this command to mak)3.34 F 3.339(et)-.1 G .839 (he current line a shell comment.)-3.339 F .839(If a numeric ar)5.839 F -(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 276 Q -.15 +(gu-)-.18 E(ment causes the comment character to be remo)144 396 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G(d, the line will be e).15 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 288 Q -(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144 300 R .791 +(cuted by the shell.).15 E F1(glob\255complete\255w)108 408 Q +(ord \(M\255g\))-.1 E F0 .791(The w)144 420 R .791 (ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .792 -(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 312 +(xpansion, with an asterisk implicitly)-.15 F 2.5(appended. This)144 432 R(pattern is used to generate a list of matching \214lenames for possib\ -le completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 324 Q(ord \(C\255x *\)) --.1 E F0 .176(The w)144 336 R .176 +le completions.)2.5 E F1(glob\255expand\255w)108 444 Q(ord \(C\255x *\)) +-.1 E F0 .176(The w)144 456 R .176 (ord before point is treated as a pattern for pathname e)-.1 F .176 (xpansion, and the list of matching \214le-)-.15 F .516 -(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 348 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 +(names is inserted, replacing the w)144 468 R 3.016(ord. If)-.1 F 3.016 (an)3.016 G .516(umeric ar)-3.016 F .516 (gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended)-.18 F(before pathname e) -144 360 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) -108 372 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 384 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F +144 480 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(glob\255list\255expansions \(C\255x g\)) +108 492 Q F0 .923(The list of e)144 504 R .923(xpansions that w)-.15 F .923(ould ha)-.1 F 1.223 -.15(ve b)-.2 H .923(een generated by).15 F F1 (glob\255expand\255w)3.423 E(ord)-.1 E F0 .923(is displayed, and)3.423 F -.872(the line is redra)144 396 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G +.872(the line is redra)144 516 R 3.372(wn. If)-.15 F 3.372(an)3.372 G .872(umeric ar)-3.372 F .872 (gument is supplied, an asterisk is appended before pathname)-.18 F -.15 -(ex)144 408 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 420 Q F0 .627 -(Print all of the functions and their k)144 432 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H +(ex)144 528 S(pansion.).15 E F1(dump\255functions)108 540 Q F0 .627 +(Print all of the functions and their k)144 552 R .927 -.15(ey b)-.1 H .626(indings to the readline output stream.).15 F .626(If a numeric ar) 5.626 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 444 Q +(ment is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)144 564 Q (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(inputr) -2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 456 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 -1.799(Print all of the settable readline v)144 468 R 1.799 +2.5 E(c)-.37 E F0(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255v)108 576 Q(ariables)-.1 E F0 +1.799(Print all of the settable readline v)144 588 R 1.799 (ariables and their v)-.25 F 1.8(alues to the readline output stream.) --.25 F 1.8(If a)6.8 F .305(numeric ar)144 480 R .304 +-.25 F 1.8(If a)6.8 F .305(numeric ar)144 600 R .304 (gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .304 -(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 492 Q(c)-.37 E F0 -(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 504 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .592 -(Print all of the readline k)144 516 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 +(ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)144 612 Q(c)-.37 E F0 +(\214le.)2.5 E F1(dump\255macr)108 624 Q(os)-.18 E F0 .592 +(Print all of the readline k)144 636 R .892 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .592 (equences bound to macros and the strings the).15 F 3.093(yo)-.15 G -3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 528 Q +3.093(utput. If)-3.093 F 3.093(an)3.093 G(umeric)-3.093 E(ar)144 648 Q .528(gument is supplied, the output is formatted in such a w)-.18 F .528 (ay that it can be made part of an)-.1 F F2(inputr)3.027 E(c)-.37 E F0 -(\214le.)144 540 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 552 Q -(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 564 Q +(\214le.)144 660 Q F1(display\255shell\255v)108 672 Q +(ersion \(C\255x C\255v\))-.1 E F0(Display v)144 684 Q (ersion information about the current instance of)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 580.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108 -592.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 +F0(.)A F1(Pr)87 700.8 Q(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0 .146(When w)108 +712.8 R .147(ord completion is attempted for an ar)-.1 F .147 (gument to a command for which a completion speci\214cation \(a)-.18 F -F2(compspec)108 604.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329 +F2(compspec)108 724.8 Q F0 3.829(\)h)C 1.329 (as been de\214ned using the)-3.829 F F1(complete)3.829 E F0 -.2(bu) 3.829 G 1.329(iltin \(see).2 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.329(SHELL B)3.829 F(UIL)-.09 E 1.329(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)3.579 E 1.328(w\), the) --.25 F(programmable completion f)108 616.8 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2 -(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .497 -(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 633.6 R .497 -(If the command w)5.497 F .498 -(ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .234(the be)108 -645.6 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 -(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F F1<ad45>2.733 E F0 .233(option to) -2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F .233(If a comp-) -5.233 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, the compspec is \ -used to generate the list of possible completions)108 657.6 R .823 -(for the w)108 669.6 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823(the command w)3.323 F -.822(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the full pathname is search\ -ed for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 681.6 R .367(no compspec is found fo\ -r the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214nd a compspec for the po\ -rtion)2.866 F(follo)108 693.6 Q .299(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298 -(If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.299 F 2.798(yc)-.15 -G .298(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.798 F F1<ad44>2.798 E F0(option to) -108 705.6 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E -.817(Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of\ - matching w)108 722.4 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817 -(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E -(49)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 50 50 +-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(51)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 52 52 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(found, the def)108 -84 Q(ault)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)2.5 E F0 -(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .464 -(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 100.8 R +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(programmable completion f)108 84 Q(acilities are in)-.1 E -.2(vo)-.4 G +-.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E .497(First, the command name is identi\214ed.)108 +100.8 R .497(If the command w)5.497 F .498 +(ord is the empty string \(completion attempted at)-.1 F .234(the be)108 +112.8 R .233(ginning of an empty line\), an)-.15 F 2.733(yc)-.15 G .233 +(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.733 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad45>2.733 E +F0 .233(option to)2.733 F F1(complete)2.733 E F0 .233(is used.)2.733 F +.233(If a comp-)5.233 F .481(spec has been de\214ned for that command, \ +the compspec is used to generate the list of possible completions)108 +124.8 R .823(for the w)108 136.8 R 3.323(ord. If)-.1 F .823 +(the command w)3.323 F .822(ord is a full pathname, a compspec for the \ +full pathname is searched for)-.1 F 2.866(\214rst. If)108 148.8 R .367(\ +no compspec is found for the full pathname, an attempt is made to \214n\ +d a compspec for the portion)2.866 F(follo)108 160.8 Q .299 +(wing the \214nal slash.)-.25 F .298 +(If those searches do not result in a compspec, an)5.299 F 2.798(yc)-.15 +G .298(ompspec de\214ned with the)-2.798 F F1<ad44>2.798 E F0(option to) +108 172.8 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0(is used as the def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E +.817(Once a compspec has been found, it is used to generate the list of\ + matching w)108 189.6 R 3.317(ords. If)-.1 F 3.317(ac)3.317 G .817 +(ompspec is not)-3.317 F(found, the def)108 201.6 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash) +2.5 E F0(completion as described abo)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 +E F1(Completing)2.5 E F0(is performed.)2.5 E .464 +(First, the actions speci\214ed by the compspec are used.)108 218.4 R .463(Only matches which are pre\214x)5.464 F .463(ed by the w)-.15 F -.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 112.8 R .595 +.463(ord being)-.1 F .595(completed are returned.)108 230.4 R .595 (When the)5.595 F F1<ad66>3.095 E F0(or)3.095 E F1<ad64>3.095 E F0 .596 (option is used for \214lename or directory name completion, the)3.095 F -(shell v)108 124.8 Q(ariable)-.25 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)2.5 E -F0(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 141.6 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 +(shell v)108 242.4 Q(ariable)-.25 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)2.5 E +F0(is used to \214lter the matches.)2.25 E(An)108 259.2 Q 4.084(yc)-.15 G 1.584(ompletions speci\214ed by a pathname e)-4.084 F 1.584 (xpansion pattern to the)-.15 F F1<ad47>4.084 E F0 1.584 -(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 153.6 S +(option are generated ne)4.084 F 4.084(xt. The)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 271.2 S .554(rds generated by the pattern need not match the w).1 F .555 (ord being completed.)-.1 F(The)5.555 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.055 E F0 .555 (shell v)2.805 F(ari-)-.25 E -(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 165.6 Q(ut the)-.2 E F2 -(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 182.4 Q -.321(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18 -F F1<ad57>2.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F .32 +(able is not used to \214lter the matches, b)108 283.2 Q(ut the)-.2 E F2 +(FIGNORE)2.5 E F0 -.25(va)2.25 G(riable is used.).25 E(Ne)108 300 Q .321 +(xt, the string speci\214ed as the ar)-.15 F .321(gument to the)-.18 F +F1<ad57>2.821 E F0 .32(option is considered.)2.821 F .32 (The string is \214rst split using the)5.32 F .412(characters in the)108 -194.4 R F2(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412 +312 R F2(IFS)2.912 E F0 .412(special v)2.662 F .412 (ariable as delimiters.)-.25 F .412(Shell quoting is honored.)5.412 F .413(Each w)5.412 F .413(ord is then e)-.1 F(xpanded)-.15 E .092 -(using brace e)108 206.4 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 +(using brace e)108 324 R .092(xpansion, tilde e)-.15 F .092 (xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .092(ariable e)-.25 F .091 -(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.396(metic e)108 -218.4 R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H -(nder).15 E F2(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 -1.396(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 -230.4 Q .51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21 -(rd Splitting).75 F F0 5.21(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.21 F .209 +(xpansion, command substitution, and arith-)-.15 F 1.396(metic e)108 336 +R 1.396(xpansion, as described abo)-.15 F 1.696 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder) +.15 E F2(EXP)3.896 E(ANSION)-.666 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 1.396 +(The results are split using the rules described)5.896 F(abo)108 348 Q +.51 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.71 G .21(rd Splitting).75 F +F0 5.21(.T)C .209(he results of the e)-5.21 F .209 (xpansion are pre\214x-matched ag)-.15 F .209(ainst the w)-.05 F .209 -(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 242.4 Q +(ord being com-)-.1 F(pleted, and the matching w)108 360 Q (ords become the possible completions.)-.1 E 1.237 -(After these matches ha)108 259.2 R 1.537 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.237 +(After these matches ha)108 376.8 R 1.537 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.237 (een generated, an).15 F 3.737(ys)-.15 G 1.238 (hell function or command speci\214ed with the)-3.737 F F1<ad46>3.738 E -F0(and)3.738 E F1<ad43>3.738 E F0 3.376(options is in)108 271.2 R -.2 +F0(and)3.738 E F1<ad43>3.738 E F0 3.376(options is in)108 388.8 R -.2 (vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 5.875(d. When).1 F 3.375 (the command or function is in)5.875 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.375 (d, the).1 F F2(COMP_LINE)5.875 E F3(,)A F2(COMP_POINT)5.625 E F3(,)A F2 -(COMP_KEY)108 283.2 Q F3(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F2(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25 +(COMP_KEY)108 400.8 Q F3(,)A F0(and)2.407 E F2(COMP_TYPE)2.657 E F0 -.25 (va)2.407 G .157(riables are assigned v).25 F .157 (alues as described abo)-.25 F .457 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 .158 (Shell V)2.658 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 5.158(.I)C(f)-5.158 E 3.486(as)108 -295.2 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G +412.8 S .986(hell function is being in)-3.486 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .986(d, the).1 F F2(COMP_W)3.486 E(ORDS)-.09 E F0(and)3.236 E F2 (COMP_CW)3.486 E(ORD)-.09 E F0 -.25(va)3.236 G .986 (riables are also set.).25 F(When)5.985 E .346 -(the function or command is in)108 307.2 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .346 +(the function or command is in)108 424.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .346 (d, the \214rst ar).1 F .346(gument \()-.18 F F1($1)A F0 2.847(\)i)C 2.847(st)-2.847 G .347(he name of the command whose ar)-2.847 F(guments) --.18 E .264(are being completed, the second ar)108 319.2 R .264 +-.18 E .264(are being completed, the second ar)108 436.8 R .264 (gument \()-.18 F F1($2)A F0 2.764(\)i)C 2.764(st)-2.764 G .264(he w) -2.764 F .263(ord being completed, and the third ar)-.1 F .263 -(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.763(\)i)C(s)-2.763 E .628(the w)108 331.2 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.763(\)i)C(s)-2.763 E .628(the w)108 448.8 R .628(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .629 (ord being completed on the current command line.)-.1 F .629 -(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .715(completions ag)108 343.2 R +(No \214ltering of the generated)5.629 F .715(completions ag)108 460.8 R .715(ainst the w)-.05 F .714(ord being completed is performed; the func\ tion or command has complete free-)-.1 F(dom in generating the matches.) -108 355.2 Q(An)108 372 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437(unction speci\214ed with) --2.937 F F1<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G -2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437(function may use an)2.937 F -2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437(he shell f)-2.937 F .438 -(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 384 Q F1(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2(bu) -2.957 G .457(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 -.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og) -.65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456 -(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F2(COMPREPL)108 396 -Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 E(Ne) -108 412.8 Q .08(xt, an)-.15 F 2.58(yc)-.15 G .08 +108 472.8 Q(An)108 489.6 Q 2.937(yf)-.15 G .437 +(unction speci\214ed with)-2.937 F F1<ad46>2.937 E F0 .437(is in)2.937 F +-.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.937<648c>.1 G 2.937(rst. The)-2.937 F .437 +(function may use an)2.937 F 2.937(yo)-.15 G 2.937(ft)-2.937 G .437 +(he shell f)-2.937 F .438(acilities, including)-.1 F(the)108 501.6 Q F1 +(compgen)2.957 E F0 -.2(bu)2.957 G .457(iltin described belo).2 F 1.756 +-.65(w, t)-.25 H 2.956(og).65 G .456(enerate the matches.)-2.956 F .456 +(It must put the possible completions in the)5.456 F F2(COMPREPL)108 +513.6 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable, one per array element.)-.25 +E(Ne)108 530.4 Q .08(xt, an)-.15 F 2.58(yc)-.15 G .08 (ommand speci\214ed with the)-2.58 F F1<ad43>2.58 E F0 .081 (option is in)2.581 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.581(di).1 G 2.581(na) -2.581 G 2.581(ne)-2.581 G -.4(nv)-2.581 G .081(ironment equi).4 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G .081(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859(stitution. It)108 424.8 +(va)-.25 G .081(lent to command sub-).25 F 2.859(stitution. It)108 542.4 R .359(should print a list of completions, one per line, to the standar\ d output.)2.859 F .358(Backslash may be used)5.359 F(to escape a ne)108 -436.8 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .376 -(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 453.6 R +554.4 Q(wline, if necessary)-.25 E(.)-.65 E .376 +(After all of the possible completions are generated, an)108 571.2 R 2.877<798c>-.15 G .377(lter speci\214ed with the)-2.877 F F1<ad58>2.877 -E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 465.6 R +E F0 .377(option is applied to the)2.877 F 3.182(list. The)108 583.2 R .682(\214lter is a pattern as used for pathname e)3.182 F .681 (xpansion; a)-.15 F F1(&)3.181 E F0 .681 (in the pattern is replaced with the te)3.181 F .681(xt of)-.15 F .522 -(the w)108 477.6 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G +(the w)108 595.2 R .522(ord being completed.)-.1 F 3.022(Al)5.522 G (iteral)-3.022 E F1(&)3.022 E F0 .523 (may be escaped with a backslash; the backslash is remo)3.022 F -.15(ve) --.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 489.6 R +-.15 G 3.023(db).15 G(efore)-3.023 E .85(attempting a match.)108 607.2 R (An)5.85 E 3.35(yc)-.15 G .849 (ompletion that matches the pattern will be remo)-3.35 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.349(df).15 G .849(rom the list.)-3.349 F 3.349(Al)5.849 G(eading) --3.349 E F1(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 501.6 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764 +-3.349 E F1(!)3.349 E F0(ne)108 619.2 Q -.05(ga)-.15 G .764 (tes the pattern; in this case an).05 F 3.264(yc)-.15 G .764 (ompletion not matching the pattern will be remo)-3.264 F -.15(ve)-.15 G -3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.265 E F1(nocase-)3.265 E(match)108 513.6 Q F0 +3.264(d. If).15 F(the)3.265 E F1(nocase-)3.265 E(match)108 631.2 Q F0 (shell option is enabled, the match is performed without re)2.5 E -.05 (ga)-.15 G(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 E(Finally)108 -530.4 Q 3.087(,a)-.65 G .887 -.15(ny p)-3.087 H .587(re\214x and suf).15 -F .587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F1<ad50>3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E -F1<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587(options are added to each member of the com-) -3.087 F(pletion list, and the result is returned to the readline comple\ -tion code as the list of possible completions.)108 542.4 Q .246 -(If the pre)108 559.2 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an) --.25 F 2.747(ym)-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir) -2.747 F(names)-.15 E F0 .247(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F -F1(complete)108 571.2 Q F0(when the compspec w)2.5 E +648 Q 3.087(,a)-.65 G .887 -.15(ny p)-3.087 H .587(re\214x and suf).15 F +.587(\214x speci\214ed with the)-.25 F F1<ad50>3.087 E F0(and)3.087 E F1 +<ad53>3.087 E F0 .587(options are added to each member of the com-)3.087 +F(pletion list, and the result is returned to the readline completion c\ +ode as the list of possible completions.)108 660 Q .246(If the pre)108 +676.8 R .247(viously-applied actions do not generate an)-.25 F 2.747(ym) +-.15 G .247(atches, and the)-2.747 F F1 .247(\255o dir)2.747 F(names) +-.15 E F0 .247(option w)2.747 F .247(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete) +108 688.8 Q F0(when the compspec w)2.5 E (as de\214ned, directory name completion is attempted.)-.1 E .462 -(If the)108 588 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.962 F F0 .462(option w)2.962 -F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462 +(If the)108 705.6 R F1 .462(\255o plusdirs)2.962 F F0 .462(option w) +2.962 F .462(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)2.962 E F0 .462 (when the compspec w)2.962 F .462(as de\214ned, directory name com-)-.1 -F(pletion is attempted and an)108 600 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G -(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E .559 -(By def)108 616.8 R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.059(ri).15 G 3.059(tg)-3.059 G .56 +F(pletion is attempted and an)108 717.6 Q 2.5(ym)-.15 G +(atches are added to the results of the other actions.)-2.5 E +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(52)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 53 53 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .559(By def)108 84 +R .559(ault, if a compspec is found, whate)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.059 +(ri).15 G 3.059(tg)-3.059 G .56 (enerates is returned to the completion code as the full set)-3.059 F -.632(of possible completions.)108 628.8 R .632(The def)5.632 F(ault)-.1 -E F1(bash)3.132 E F0 .631 +.632(of possible completions.)108 96 R .632(The def)5.632 F(ault)-.1 E +/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)3.132 E F0 .631 (completions are not attempted, and the readline def)3.131 F .631 -(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .558(name completion is disabled.)108 640.8 R -.558(If the)5.558 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w) -3.059 F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.059 E F0 .559 -(when the compspec)3.059 F -.1(wa)108 652.8 S 3.172(sd).1 G .672 +(ault of \214le-)-.1 F .558(name completion is disabled.)108 108 R .558 +(If the)5.558 F F1 .559(\255o bashdefault)3.059 F F0 .559(option w)3.059 +F .559(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.059 E F0 .559 +(when the compspec)3.059 F -.1(wa)108 120 S 3.172(sd).1 G .672 (e\214ned, the)-3.172 F F1(bash)3.172 E F0(def)3.172 E .671 (ault completions are attempted if the compspec generates no matches.) --.1 F .671(If the)5.671 F F1<ad6f>3.171 E(default)108 664.8 Q F0 1.207 +-.1 F .671(If the)5.671 F F1<ad6f>3.171 E(default)108 132 Q F0 1.207 (option w)3.706 F 1.207(as supplied to)-.1 F F1(complete)3.707 E F0 1.207(when the compspec w)3.707 F 1.207(as de\214ned, readline')-.1 F 3.707(sd)-.55 G(ef)-3.707 E 1.207(ault completion)-.1 F -(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108 -676.8 Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.) -2.5 E .245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is \ -desired, the programmable completion func-)108 693.6 R .632(tions force\ - readline to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links\ - to directories, subject)108 705.6 R 2.762(to the v)108 717.6 R 2.762 +(will be performed if the compspec \(and, if attempted, the def)108 144 +Q(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(completions\) generate no matches.)2.5 E +.245(When a compspec indicates that directory name completion is desire\ +d, the programmable completion func-)108 160.8 R .632(tions force readl\ +ine to append a slash to completed names which are symbolic links to di\ +rectories, subject)108 172.8 R 2.762(to the v)108 184.8 R 2.762 (alue of the)-.25 F F1(mark\255dir)5.262 E(ectories)-.18 E F0 2.761 (readline v)5.262 F 2.761(ariable, re)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G 2.761 -(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.261 E(link)108 729.6 +(rdless of the setting of the).05 F F1(mark-sym-)5.261 E(link)108 196.8 Q(ed\255dir)-.1 E(ectories)-.18 E F0(readline v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(50)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 51 51 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .19 -(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108 84 R -.191(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.33 -(tion with a def)108 96 R 1.33(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 F/F1 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.33(complete -D)3.83 F F0 6.33(.I)C(t')-6.33 E 3.83 -(sp)-.55 G 1.33(ossible for shell functions e)-3.83 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.33(cuted as).15 F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion\ - should be retried by returning an e)108 108 R .93(xit status of 124.) --.15 F .93(If a)5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the c\ -ompspec associated with the command on which completion is)108 120 R -.665(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 132 R .666 +.19(There is some support for dynamically modifying completions.)108 +213.6 R .191(This is most useful when used in combina-)5.191 F 1.172 +(tion with a def)108 225.6 R 1.172(ault completion speci\214ed with)-.1 +F F1 1.172(complete \255D)3.672 F F0 6.172(.I)C(t')-6.172 E 3.672(sp) +-.55 G 1.172(ossible for shell functions e)-3.672 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.172 +(cuted as).15 F .93(completion handlers to indicate that completion sho\ +uld be retried by returning an e)108 237.6 R .93(xit status of 124.)-.15 +F .93(If a)5.93 F .1(shell function returns 124, and changes the compsp\ +ec associated with the command on which completion is)108 249.6 R .665 +(being attempted \(supplied as the \214rst ar)108 261.6 R .666 (gument when the function is e)-.18 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .666 (cuted\), programmable completion).15 F .084(restarts from the be)108 -144 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc)-.25 -G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .083(This allo)5.083 F .083 -(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 156 Q(uilt dynamically as c\ -ompletion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2 E -.15 -(Fo)108 172.8 S 2.636(ri).15 G .137 +273.6 R .084(ginning, with an attempt to \214nd a ne)-.15 F 2.584(wc) +-.25 G .084(ompspec for that command.)-2.584 F .083(This allo)5.083 F +.083(ws a set of)-.25 F(completions to be b)108 285.6 Q(uilt dynamicall\ +y as completion is attempted, rather than being loaded all at once.)-.2 +E -.15(Fo)108 302.4 S 2.636(ri).15 G .137 (nstance, assuming that there is a library of compspecs, each k)-2.636 F .137(ept in a \214le corresponding to the name of)-.1 F -(the command, the follo)108 184.8 Q(wing def)-.25 E +(the command, the follo)108 314.4 Q(wing def)-.25 E (ault completion function w)-.1 E(ould load completions dynamically:)-.1 -E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 201.6 Q({)108 213.6 Q 6 -(.")144 225.6 S +E/F2 10/Courier@0 SF(_completion_loader\(\))108 331.2 Q({)108 343.2 Q 6 +(.")144 355.2 S (/etc/bash_completion.d/$1.sh" >/dev/null 2>&1 && return 124)-6 E(})108 -237.6 Q(complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default)108 -249.6 Q/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 278.4 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 -.372(When the)108 290.4 R F1 .372(\255o history)2.872 F F0 .372 +367.2 Q(complete -D -F _completion_loader -o bashdefault -o default)108 +379.2 Q/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 408 Q(OR)-.197 E(Y)-.383 E F0 +.372(When the)108 420 R F1 .372(\255o history)2.872 F F0 .372 (option to the)2.872 F F1(set)2.872 E F0 -.2(bu)2.872 G .372 (iltin is enabled, the shell pro).2 F .371(vides access to the)-.15 F/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .371(command history)2.871 F F0(,)A .304 -(the list of commands pre)108 302.4 R .304(viously typed.)-.25 F .304 +(the list of commands pre)108 432 R .304(viously typed.)-.25 F .304 (The v)5.304 F .304(alue of the)-.25 F/F5 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTSIZE) 2.804 E F0 -.25(va)2.554 G .305(riable is used as the number of com-).25 -F .43(mands to sa)108 314.4 R .73 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.93(nah).15 G .43 +F .43(mands to sa)108 444 R .73 -.15(ve i)-.2 H 2.93(nah).15 G .43 (istory list.)-2.93 F .43(The te)5.43 F .429(xt of the last)-.15 F F5 (HISTSIZE)2.929 E F0 .429(commands \(def)2.679 F .429(ault 500\) is sa) -.1 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.929(d. The).15 F(shell)2.929 E .287 (stores each command in the history list prior to parameter and v)108 -326.4 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F5(EXP)2.787 E -(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 338.4 -S 4.066(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.066 F 1.565 +456 R .287(ariable e)-.25 F .287(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F5(EXP)2.787 E +(ANSION)-.666 E F0(abo)2.537 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -.2(bu)108 468 S +4.066(ta).2 G 1.565(fter history e)-4.066 F 1.565 (xpansion is performed, subject to the v)-.15 F 1.565 (alues of the shell v)-.25 F(ariables)-.25 E F5(HISTIGNORE)4.065 E F0 -(and)3.815 E F5(HISTCONTR)108 350.4 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) -A F0 .082 +(and)3.815 E F5(HISTCONTR)108 480 Q(OL)-.27 E/F6 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A +F0 .082 (On startup, the history is initialized from the \214le named by the v) -108 367.2 R(ariable)-.25 E F5(HISTFILE)2.583 E F0(\(def)2.333 E(ault)-.1 +108 496.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F5(HISTFILE)2.583 E F0(\(def)2.333 E(ault)-.1 E F4(~/.bash_history)2.583 E F0(\).)A .315(The \214le named by the v)108 -379.2 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F5(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315 +508.8 R .315(alue of)-.25 F F5(HISTFILE)2.815 E F0 .315 (is truncated, if necessary)2.565 F 2.815(,t)-.65 G 2.815(oc)-2.815 G .315(ontain no more than the number of)-2.815 F .658 -(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 391.2 R .658(alue of)-.25 F F5 +(lines speci\214ed by the v)108 520.8 R .658(alue of)-.25 F F5 (HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F6(.)A F0(If)5.158 E F1(HISTFILESIZE)3.158 E F0 -.659(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)3.158 F -.25(va)108 403.2 S +.659(is unset, or set to null, a non-numeric)3.158 F -.25(va)108 532.8 S .142(lue, or a numeric v).25 F .142 (alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 F .142 -(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 415.2 Q 1.604 +(When the history \214le is read, lines)5.142 F(be)108 544.8 Q 1.604 (ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F 1.604 -(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-)-.25 F .098 -(stamps for the preceding history line.)108 427.2 R .098 -(These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.098 F -.098(alue of)-.25 F(the)108 439.2 Q F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.558 E(T)-.855 E -F0 -.25(va)3.309 G 3.559(riable. When).25 F 3.559(as)3.559 G 1.059 +(wed immediately by a digit are interpreted as time-)-.25 F .151 +(stamps for the follo)108 556.8 R .151(wing history line.)-.25 F .151 +(These timestamps are optionally displayed depending on the v)5.151 F +.15(alue of)-.25 F(the)108 568.8 Q F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.558 E(T)-.855 E F0 +-.25(va)3.309 G 3.559(riable. When).25 F 3.559(as)3.559 G 1.059 (hell with history enabled e)-3.559 F 1.059(xits, the last)-.15 F F5 ($HISTSIZE)3.559 E F0 1.059(lines are)3.309 F .159 -(copied from the history list to)108 451.2 R F5($HISTFILE)2.659 E F6(.)A +(copied from the history list to)108 580.8 R F5($HISTFILE)2.659 E F6(.)A F0 .159(If the)4.659 F F1(histappend)2.658 E F0 .158 (shell option is enabled \(see the description of)2.658 F F1(shopt)108 -463.2 Q F0(under)2.581 E F5 .081(SHELL B)2.581 F(UIL)-.09 E .081 +592.8 Q F0(under)2.581 E F5 .081(SHELL B)2.581 F(UIL)-.09 E .081 (TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)2.332 E .082 (w\), the lines are appended to the history \214le, otherwise the)-.25 F -.197(history \214le is o)108 475.2 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(rwritten. If) +.197(history \214le is o)108 604.8 R -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(rwritten. If) .15 F F5(HISTFILE)2.697 E F0 .196(is unset, or if the history \214le is\ unwritable, the history is not sa)2.447 F -.15(ve)-.2 G(d.).15 E .583 -(If the)108 487.2 R F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.083 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.834 +(If the)108 616.8 R F5(HISTTIMEFORMA)3.083 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.834 G .584 (riable is set, time stamps are written to the history \214le, mark).25 -F .584(ed with the his-)-.1 F 1.148(tory comment character)108 499.2 R +F .584(ed with the his-)-.1 F 1.148(tory comment character)108 628.8 R 3.648(,s)-.4 G 3.648(ot)-3.648 G(he)-3.648 E 3.648(ym)-.15 G 1.147 (ay be preserv)-3.648 F 1.147(ed across shell sessions.)-.15 F 1.147 (This uses the history comment)6.147 F 1.376 -(character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 511.2 +(character to distinguish timestamps from other history lines.)108 640.8 R 1.377(After sa)6.377 F 1.377(ving the history)-.2 F 3.877(,t)-.65 G 1.377(he history \214le is)-3.877 F .757 -(truncated to contain no more than)108 523.2 R F5(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E +(truncated to contain no more than)108 652.8 R F5(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 3.257(lines. If)3.007 F F5(HISTFILESIZE)3.257 E F0 .757 -(is unset, or set to null, a non-)3.007 F(numeric v)108 535.2 Q +(is unset, or set to null, a non-)3.007 F(numeric v)108 664.8 Q (alue, or a numeric v)-.25 E (alue less than zero, the history \214le is not truncated.)-.25 E .298 -(The b)108 552 R .298(uiltin command)-.2 F F1(fc)2.798 E F0(\(see)2.798 -E F5 .298(SHELL B)2.798 F(UIL)-.09 E .298(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo) -2.549 E .299(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15(xe) --.15 G(-).15 E .472(cute a portion of the history list.)108 564 R(The) -5.472 E F1(history)2.972 E F0 -.2(bu)2.972 G .471 +(The b)108 681.6 R .298(uiltin command)-.2 F F1(fc)2.798 E F0(\(see) +2.798 E F5 .298(SHELL B)2.798 F(UIL)-.09 E .298(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 +(belo)2.549 E .299(w\) may be used to list or edit and re-e)-.25 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E .472(cute a portion of the history list.)108 693.6 R +(The)5.472 E F1(history)2.972 E F0 -.2(bu)2.972 G .471 (iltin may be used to display or modify the history list and).2 F .001 -(manipulate the history \214le.)108 576 R .001 +(manipulate the history \214le.)108 705.6 R .001 (When using command-line editing, search commands are a)5.001 F -.25(va) --.2 G .002(ilable in each edit-).25 F(ing mode that pro)108 588 Q -(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E 1.486(The shell allo)108 604.8 -R 1.486(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986(rw).15 G 1.486 -(hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 G 3.986(nt) --3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.485 E F5(HISTCONTR)3.985 -E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.735 E F5(HISTIGNORE)108 616.8 Q F0 -.25(va)2.707 G -.457(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .758 -.15(ve o) --.2 H .458(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.458 E F1 -(cmdhist)108 628.8 Q F0 .75 +-.2 G .002(ilable in each edit-).25 F(ing mode that pro)108 717.6 Q +(vide access to the history list.)-.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(53)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 54 54 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.486 +(The shell allo)108 84 R 1.486(ws control o)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.986 +(rw).15 G 1.486(hich commands are sa)-3.986 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.986(do).15 +G 3.986(nt)-3.986 G 1.486(he history list.)-3.986 F(The)6.485 E/F1 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTCONTR)3.985 E(OL)-.27 E F0(and)3.735 E F1 +(HISTIGNORE)108 96 Q F0 -.25(va)2.707 G .457 +(riables may be set to cause the shell to sa).25 F .758 -.15(ve o)-.2 H +.458(nly a subset of the commands entered.).15 F(The)5.458 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(cmdhist)108 108 Q F0 .75 (shell option, if enabled, causes the shell to attempt to sa)3.25 F 1.05 -.15(ve e)-.2 H .75(ach line of a multi-line command in).15 F 1.077 -(the same history entry)108 640.8 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 +(the same history entry)108 120 R 3.577(,a)-.65 G 1.077 (dding semicolons where necessary to preserv)-3.577 F 3.577(es)-.15 G -1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F1(lithist)3.577 E F0 -.374(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 652.8 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 -H .374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .373 +1.077(yntactic correctness.)-3.577 F(The)6.077 E F2(lithist)3.577 E F0 +.374(shell option causes the shell to sa)108 132 R .674 -.15(ve t)-.2 H +.374(he command with embedded ne).15 F .373 (wlines instead of semicolons.)-.25 F .373(See the)5.373 F .318 -(description of the)108 664.8 R F1(shopt)2.818 E F0 -.2(bu)2.818 G .318 -(iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F5 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F +(description of the)108 144 R F2(shopt)2.818 E F0 -.2(bu)2.818 G .318 +(iltin belo).2 F 2.818(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.818 E F1 .318(SHELL B)2.818 F (UIL)-.09 E .318(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0 .319 -(for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108 -676.8 Q F3(HIST)72 693.6 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE)-.383 G(XP)-2.738 E -(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .611(The shell supports a history e)108 705.6 R .611 -(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F .61 -(xpansion in)-.15 F F1(csh.)3.11 E F0 .61(This section)5.61 F .87 -(describes what syntax features are a)108 717.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G 3.371 -(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .871 +(for information on setting and)2.568 F(unsetting shell options.)108 156 +Q/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)72 172.8 Q(OR)-.197 E 2.738(YE)-.383 G +(XP)-2.738 E(ANSION)-.81 E F0 .611(The shell supports a history e)108 +184.8 R .611(xpansion feature that is similar to the history e)-.15 F +.61(xpansion in)-.15 F F2(csh)3.11 E F0 5.61(.T)C .61(his section)-5.61 +F .87(describes what syntax features are a)108 196.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G +3.371(ilable. This).25 F .871(feature is enabled by def)3.371 F .871 (ault for interacti)-.1 F 1.171 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .871(hells, and).15 F -2.014(can be disabled using the)108 729.6 R F1(+H)4.514 E F0 2.014 -(option to the)4.514 F F1(set)4.514 E F0 -.2(bu)4.514 G 2.014 -(iltin command \(see).2 F F5 2.013(SHELL B)4.513 F(UIL)-.09 E 2.013 -(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E -(51)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 52 52 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(belo)108 84 Q 2.5 -(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H -(hells do not perform history e).15 E(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E -1.305(History e)108 100.8 R 1.305(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(or\ -ds from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repea\ -t)-.1 F .21(commands, insert the ar)108 112.8 R .21(guments to a pre) --.18 F .209 +2.014(can be disabled using the)108 208.8 R F2(+H)4.514 E F0 2.014 +(option to the)4.514 F F2(set)4.514 E F0 -.2(bu)4.514 G 2.014 +(iltin command \(see).2 F F1 2.013(SHELL B)4.513 F(UIL)-.09 E 2.013 +(TIN COMMANDS)-.828 F F0(belo)108 220.8 Q 2.5(w\). Non-interacti)-.25 F +.3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells do not perform history e).15 E +(xpansion by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E 1.305(History e)108 237.6 R 1.305 +(xpansions introduce w)-.15 F 1.306(ords from the history list into the\ + input stream, making it easy to repeat)-.1 F .21 +(commands, insert the ar)108 249.6 R .21(guments to a pre)-.18 F .209 (vious command into the current input line, or \214x errors in pre)-.25 -F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 124.8 Q(.)-.65 E 1.163(History e)108 -141.6 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line i\ -s read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 153.6 S 3.2 -(rds. It).1 F(tak)3.2 E .7(es place in tw)-.1 F 3.2(op)-.1 G 3.2 -(arts. The)-3.2 F .7 -(\214rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during) -3.2 F 4.367(substitution. The)108 165.6 R 1.868(second is to select por\ -tions of that line for inclusion into the current one.)4.367 F 1.868 -(The line)6.868 F .663(selected from the history is the)108 177.6 R/F1 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ev)3.163 G(ent).15 E F0 3.163(,a)C .663 -(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-3.163 F F1(wor) -3.162 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.662(.V)C(arious)-6.772 E F1(modi\214er)108 189.6 -Q(s)-.1 E F0 .226(are a)2.726 F -.25(va)-.2 G .226 -(ilable to manipulate the selected w).25 F 2.726(ords. The)-.1 F .227 -(line is brok)2.726 F .227(en into w)-.1 F .227(ords in the same f)-.1 F -(ashion)-.1 E .352(as when reading input, so that se)108 201.6 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F1(metac)2.852 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 .351 -(-separated w)B .351(ords surrounded by quotes are considered)-.1 F .624 -(one w)108 213.6 R 3.124(ord. History)-.1 F -.15(ex)3.124 G .624 -(pansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e).15 F .625 -(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.125(,w)-.4 G(hich)-3.125 E(is)108 225.6 Q -/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)3.511 E F0 .178(by def)3.511 F 2.678 -(ault. Only)-.1 F .178(backslash \()2.678 F F2(\\).833 E F0 2.678(\)a) -.833 G .178(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-2.678 F .177 -(xpansion character)-.15 F 2.677(,b)-.4 G .177(ut the his-)-2.877 F .67 -(tory e)108 237.6 R .67(xpansion character is also treated as quoted if\ - it immediately precedes the closing double quote in a)-.15 F -(double-quoted string.)108 249.6 Q(Se)108 266.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 +F(vious)-.25 E(commands quickly)108 261.6 Q(.)-.65 E 1.163(History e)108 +278.4 R 1.163(xpansion is performed immediately after a complete line i\ +s read, before the shell breaks it into)-.15 F -.1(wo)108 290.4 S .252 +(rds, and is performed on each line indi).1 F .251 +(vidually without taking quoting on pre)-.25 F .251 +(vious lines into account.)-.25 F(It)5.251 E(tak)108 302.4 Q .145 +(es place in tw)-.1 F 2.645(op)-.1 G 2.646(arts. The)-2.645 F .146(\214\ +rst is to determine which line from the history list to use during subs\ +titution.)2.646 F .766(The second is to select portions of that line fo\ +r inclusion into the current one.)108 314.4 R .766 +(The line selected from the)5.766 F .253(history is the)108 326.4 R/F4 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ev)2.753 G(ent).15 E F0 2.753(,a)C .253 +(nd the portions of that line that are acted upon are)-2.753 F F4(wor) +2.753 E(ds)-.37 E F0 5.253(.V)C(arious)-6.363 E F4(modi\214er)2.754 E(s) +-.1 E F0 .254(are a)2.754 F -.25(va)-.2 G(il-).25 E .539 +(able to manipulate the selected w)108 338.4 R 3.039(ords. The)-.1 F +.538(line is brok)3.038 F .538(en into w)-.1 F .538(ords in the same f) +-.1 F .538(ashion as when reading)-.1 F .572(input, so that se)108 350.4 +R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral).15 E F4(metac)3.072 E(har)-.15 E(acter)-.15 E F0 +.572(-separated w)B .572(ords surrounded by quotes are considered one w) +-.1 F 3.073(ord. His-)-.1 F .356(tory e)108 362.4 R .355 +(xpansions are introduced by the appearance of the history e)-.15 F .355 +(xpansion character)-.15 F 2.855(,w)-.4 G .355(hich is)-2.855 F F2(!) +3.688 E F0 .355(by def)3.688 F(ault.)-.1 E .79(Only backslash \()108 +374.4 R F2(\\).833 E F0 3.29(\)a).833 G .79 +(nd single quotes can quote the history e)-3.29 F .79 +(xpansion character)-.15 F 3.291(,b)-.4 G .791(ut the history e)-3.491 F +(xpansion)-.15 E .789(character is also treated as quoted if it immedia\ +tely precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted)108 386.4 R +(string.)108 398.4 Q(Se)108 415.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G .03 (ral characters inhibit history e).15 F .03 (xpansion if found immediately follo)-.15 F .03(wing the history e)-.25 -F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 278.4 T -3.162(ni).25 G 3.162(fi)-3.162 G 3.162(ti)-3.162 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G +F .03(xpansion character)-.15 F(,)-.4 E -2.15 -.25(ev e)108 427.2 T +3.163(ni).25 G 3.163(fi)-3.163 G 3.162(ti)-3.163 G 3.162(su)-3.162 G .662(nquoted: space, tab, ne)-3.162 F .662(wline, carriage return, and) -.25 F F2(=)3.162 E F0 5.662(.I)C 3.162(ft)-5.662 G(he)-3.162 E F2 -(extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F2(\()3.163 E -F0(will also inhibit e)108 290.4 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 307.2 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .11(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F2(shopt)2.61 E -F0 -.2(bu)2.61 G .109(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .109 -(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.142(If the)108 319.2 R F2 +(extglob)3.162 E F0 .662(shell option is enabled,)3.162 F F2(\()3.162 E +F0(will also inhibit e)108 439.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(Se)108 456 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .109(ral shell options settable with the).15 F F2(shopt)2.609 +E F0 -.2(bu)2.609 G .11(iltin may be used to tailor the beha).2 F .11 +(vior of history e)-.2 F(xpansion.)-.15 E 1.143(If the)108 468 R F2 (histv)3.643 E(erify)-.1 E F0 1.143 (shell option is enabled \(see the description of the)3.643 F F2(shopt) 3.643 E F0 -.2(bu)3.643 G 1.143(iltin belo).2 F 1.143(w\), and)-.25 F F2 --.18(re)3.643 G(adline).18 E F0(is)3.643 E .461(being used, history sub\ -stitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 331.2 R -5.46(.I)-.55 G .46(nstead, the e)-5.46 F .46(xpanded line)-.15 F 1.515 -(is reloaded into the)108 343.2 R F2 -.18(re)4.015 G(adline).18 E F0 -1.515(editing b)4.015 F(uf)-.2 E 1.516(fer for further modi\214cation.) --.25 F(If)6.516 E F2 -.18(re)4.016 G(adline).18 E F0 1.516 -(is being used, and the)4.016 F F2(histr)108 355.2 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 -1.202(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202 +-.18(re)3.643 G(adline).18 E F0(is)3.642 E .461(being used, history sub\ +stitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser)108 480 R +5.461(.I)-.55 G .461(nstead, the e)-5.461 F .461(xpanded line)-.15 F +1.516(is reloaded into the)108 492 R F2 -.18(re)4.016 G(adline).18 E F0 +1.516(editing b)4.016 F(uf)-.2 E 1.516(fer for further modi\214cation.) +-.25 F(If)6.516 E F2 -.18(re)4.015 G(adline).18 E F0 1.515 +(is being used, and the)4.015 F F2(histr)108 504 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 1.202 +(shell option is enabled, a f)3.702 F 1.202 (ailed history substitution will be reloaded into the)-.1 F F2 -.18(re) -3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 367.2 S -.25(ff).2 G -1.16(er for correction.).25 F(The)6.16 E F2<ad70>3.66 E F0 1.16 -(option to the)3.66 F F2(history)3.66 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.161 -(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 379.2 -S .056(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.056 E F2<ad73>2.556 -E F0 .056(option to the)2.556 F F2(history)2.555 E F0 -.2(bu)2.555 G -.055(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F -(end of the history list without actually e)108 391.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.702 G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.702 E -.2(bu)108 516 S -.25(ff).2 G +1.161(er for correction.).25 F(The)6.161 E F2<ad70>3.661 E F0 1.161 +(option to the)3.661 F F2(history)3.661 E F0 -.2(bu)3.661 G 1.16 +(iltin command may be used to see what a history).2 F -.15(ex)108 528 S +.055(pansion will do before using it.).15 F(The)5.055 E F2<ad73>2.555 E +F0 .055(option to the)2.555 F F2(history)2.556 E F0 -.2(bu)2.556 G .056 +(iltin may be used to add commands to the).2 F +(end of the history list without actually e)108 540 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G (cuting them, so that the).15 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re a)-2.5 E -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 408 R 2.2 +(ilable for subsequent recall.).25 E 2.2(The shell allo)108 556.8 R 2.2 (ws control of the v)-.25 F 2.2(arious characters used by the history e) --.25 F 2.2(xpansion mechanism \(see the)-.15 F 1.147(description of)108 -420 R F2(histchars)3.647 E F0(abo)3.647 E 1.447 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder) -.15 E F2 1.147(Shell V)3.647 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 3.646(\). The)B 1.146 +-.25 F 2.2(xpansion mechanism \(see the)-.15 F 1.146(description of)108 +568.8 R F2(histchars)3.646 E F0(abo)3.646 E 1.446 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder) +.15 E F2 1.146(Shell V)3.646 F(ariables)-.92 E F0 3.646(\). The)B 1.147 (shell uses the history comment character to)3.646 F -(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 432 Q F2 -(Ev)87 448.8 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .204(An e)108 460.8 R -.15(ve) +(mark history timestamps when writing the history \214le.)108 580.8 Q F2 +(Ev)87 597.6 Q(ent Designators)-.1 E F0 .205(An e)108 609.6 R -.15(ve) -.25 G .204(nt designator is a reference to a command line entry in the\ - history list.).15 F .205(Unless the reference is abso-)5.204 F(lute, e) -108 472.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5 -(ot).15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F2(!)108 489.6 -Q F0 1.608(Start a history substitution, e)144 489.6 R 1.608 + history list.).15 F .204(Unless the reference is abso-)5.204 F(lute, e) +108 621.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nts are relati).15 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.5 +(ot).15 G(he current position in the history list.)-2.5 E F2(!)108 638.4 +Q F0 1.607(Start a history substitution, e)144 638.4 R 1.607 (xcept when follo)-.15 F 1.607(wed by a)-.25 F F2(blank)4.107 E F0 4.107 -(,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.607(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F -(\(when the)144 501.6 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F0 +(,n)C -.25(ew)-4.107 G 1.608(line, carriage return, = or \().25 F +(\(when the)144 650.4 Q F2(extglob)2.5 E F0 (shell option is enabled using the)2.5 E F2(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin\).).2 E F2(!)108 513.6 Q F1(n)A F0(Refer to command line)144 -513.6 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 525.6 Q F1(n)A F0 -(Refer to the current command minus)144 525.6 Q F1(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2 -(!!)108 537.6 Q F0(Refer to the pre)144 537.6 Q(vious command.)-.25 E -(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F2(!)108 549.6 Q F1(string) +(iltin\).).2 E F2(!)108 662.4 Q F4(n)A F0(Refer to command line)144 +662.4 Q F4(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2<21ad>108 674.4 Q F4(n)A F0 +(Refer to the current command minus)144 674.4 Q F4(n)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F2 +(!!)108 686.4 Q F0(Refer to the pre)144 686.4 Q(vious command.)-.25 E +(This is a synon)5 E(ym for `!\2551'.)-.15 E F2(!)108 698.4 Q F4(string) A F0 .865(Refer to the most recent command preceding the current positi\ -on in the history list starting with)144 549.6 R F1(string)144 561.6 Q -F0(.).22 E F2(!?)108 573.6 Q F1(string)A F2([?])A F0 1.503(Refer to the\ - most recent command preceding the current position in the history list\ - containing)144 585.6 R F1(string)144 597.6 Q F0 5(.T).22 G(he trailing) --5 E F2(?)2.5 E F0(may be omitted if)2.5 E F1(string)2.84 E F0(is follo) -2.72 E(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 E(wline.)-.25 E/F3 12/Times-Bold@0 -SF(^)108 614.6 Q F1(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F1(string2)-5 I F3(^)5 I F0 -.783(Quick substitution.)144 621.6 R .783(Repeat the pre)5.783 F .784 -(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F1(string1)3.624 E F0(with)3.284 E F1 -(string2)3.284 E F0 5.784(.E).02 G(qui)-5.784 E -.25(va)-.25 G .784 -(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 633.6 S(!!:s/).74 E F1(string1)A F0(/)A F1 -(string2)A F0(/')A 2.5('\()-.74 G(see)-2.5 E F2(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0 -(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F2(!#)108 645.6 Q F0 -(The entire command line typed so f)144 645.6 Q(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F2 --.75(Wo)87 662.4 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 674.4 S 1.314 -(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e) --.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F2(:)3.814 E F0 1.313 -(separates the e)3.813 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.313(nt speci\214cation).15 F -.529(from the w)108 686.4 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G -3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529 -(ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F2(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F2 -($)3.029 E F0(,)A F2(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F2<ad>3.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r) --3.029 E F2(%)3.029 E F0 5.53(.W)C(ords)-6.33 E 1.301 -(are numbered from the be)108 698.4 R 1.301 -(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F 1.3 -(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)6.3 G 1.3(rds are).8 F -(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 710.4 Q -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(52)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 53 53 +on in the history list starting with)144 698.4 R F4(string)144 710.4 Q +F0(.).22 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(54)193.45 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 55 55 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF 2.5(0\()108 84 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 96 Q 2.5 -(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E/F2 -10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)108.36 108 Q F0(The)144 108 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w) -A(ord.)-.1 E F1(^)108 120 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 120 Q 2.5 -(gument. That)-.18 F(is, w)2.5 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 132 Q F0 .063 -(The last w)144 132 R 2.563(ord. This)-.1 F .063(is usually the last ar) -2.563 F .064(gument, b)-.18 F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064 -(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F .064(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 -144 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E F1(%)108 156 Q F0(The w)144 156 Q -(ord matched by the most recent `?)-.1 E F2(string)A F0(?' search.)A F2 -(x)108.77 168 Q F1<ad>A F2(y)A F0 2.5(Ar)144 168 S(ange of w)-2.5 E -(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2(y)A F0 2.5('a)C(bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E -F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*)108 180 Q F0 .316(All of the w)144 180 R .316 -(ords b)-.1 F .316(ut the zeroth.)-.2 F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F -.315(ym for `)-.15 F F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815('. It)B .315 -(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*)2.815 E F0 .315(if there is)2.815 F -(just one w)144 192 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F1(x*)108 204 Q F0 -(Abbre)144 204 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<78ad>108 216 Q -F0(Abbre)144 216 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1 -(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E(ord.)-.1 E(If a w)108 -232.8 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E --.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1(Modi\214ers)87 249.6 Q F0 .183 -(After the optional w)108 261.6 R .183(ord designator)-.1 F 2.683(,t)-.4 -G .184(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.683 F -.184(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 273.6 Q F1(h) -108 290.4 Q F0(Remo)144 290.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H +SF(!?)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(string)A F1([?])A F0 1.503(Refer\ + to the most recent command preceding the current position in the histo\ +ry list containing)144 96 R F2(string)144 108 Q F0 5(.T).22 G +(he trailing)-5 E F1(?)2.5 E F0(may be omitted if)2.5 E F2(string)2.84 E +F0(is follo)2.72 E(wed immediately by a ne)-.25 E(wline.)-.25 E/F3 12 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(^)108 125 Q F2(string1)-5 I F3(^)5 I F2(string2)-5 I F3 +(^)5 I F0 .784(Quick substitution.)144 132 R .784(Repeat the pre)5.784 F +.784(vious command, replacing)-.25 F F2(string1)3.624 E F0(with)3.283 E +F2(string2)3.283 E F0 5.783(.E).02 G(qui)-5.783 E -.25(va)-.25 G .783 +(lent to).25 F -.74(``)144 144 S(!!:s/).74 E F2(string1)A F0(/)A F2 +(string2)A F0(/')A 2.5('\()-.74 G(see)-2.5 E F1(Modi\214ers)2.5 E F0 +(belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1(!#)108 156 Q F0 +(The entire command line typed so f)144 156 Q(ar)-.1 E(.)-.55 E F1 -.75 +(Wo)87 172.8 S(rd Designators).75 E F0 -.8(Wo)108 184.8 S 1.313 +(rd designators are used to select desired w).8 F 1.314(ords from the e) +-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nt. A).15 F F1(:)3.814 E F0 1.314 +(separates the e)3.814 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.314(nt speci\214cation).15 F +.53(from the w)108 196.8 R .529(ord designator)-.1 F 5.529(.I)-.55 G +3.029(tm)-5.529 G .529(ay be omitted if the w)-3.029 F .529 +(ord designator be)-.1 F .529(gins with a)-.15 F F1(^)3.029 E F0(,)A F1 +($)3.029 E F0(,)A F1(*)3.029 E F0(,)A F1<ad>3.029 E F0 3.029(,o)C(r) +-3.029 E F1(%)3.029 E F0 5.529(.W)C(ords)-6.329 E 1.3 +(are numbered from the be)108 208.8 R 1.3 +(ginning of the line, with the \214rst w)-.15 F 1.301 +(ord being denoted by 0 \(zero\).)-.1 F -.8(Wo)6.301 G 1.301(rds are).8 +F(inserted into the current line separated by single spaces.)108 220.8 Q +F1 2.5(0\()108 237.6 S(zer)-2.5 E(o\))-.18 E F0(The zeroth w)144 249.6 Q +2.5(ord. F)-.1 F(or the shell, this is the command w)-.15 E(ord.)-.1 E +F2(n)108.36 261.6 Q F0(The)144 261.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(th w)A(ord.)-.1 E +F1(^)108 273.6 Q F0(The \214rst ar)144 273.6 Q 2.5(gument. That)-.18 F +(is, w)2.5 E(ord 1.)-.1 E F1($)108 285.6 Q F0 .064(The last w)144 285.6 +R 2.564(ord. This)-.1 F .064(is usually the last ar)2.564 F .064 +(gument, b)-.18 F .064(ut will e)-.2 F .064(xpand to the zeroth w)-.15 F +.063(ord if there is only)-.1 F(one w)144 297.6 Q(ord in the line.)-.1 E +F1(%)108 309.6 Q F0(The w)144 309.6 Q(ord matched by the most recent `?) +-.1 E F2(string)A F0(?' search.)A F2(x)108.77 321.6 Q F1<ad>A F2(y)A F0 +2.5(Ar)144 321.6 S(ange of w)-2.5 E(ords; `\255)-.1 E F2(y)A F0 2.5('a)C +(bbre)-2.5 E(viates `0\255)-.25 E F2(y)A F0('.)A F1(*)108 333.6 Q F0 +.315(All of the w)144 333.6 R .315(ords b)-.1 F .315(ut the zeroth.)-.2 +F .315(This is a synon)5.315 F .315(ym for `)-.15 F F2(1\255$)A F0 2.815 +('. It)B .315(is not an error to use)2.815 F F1(*)2.816 E F0 .316 +(if there is)2.816 F(just one w)144 345.6 Q(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G(nt; the empty string is returned in that case.).15 E F1(x*)108 +357.6 Q F0(Abbre)144 357.6 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +<78ad>108 369.6 Q F0(Abbre)144 369.6 Q(viates)-.25 E F2(x\255$)2.5 E F0 +(lik)2.5 E(e)-.1 E F1(x*)2.5 E F0 2.5(,b)C(ut omits the last w)-2.7 E +(ord.)-.1 E(If a w)108 386.4 Q(ord designator is supplied without an e) +-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt speci\214cation, the pre).15 E +(vious command is used as the e)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt.).15 E F1 +(Modi\214ers)87 403.2 Q F0 .184(After the optional w)108 415.2 R .184 +(ord designator)-.1 F 2.684(,t)-.4 G .183 +(here may appear a sequence of one or more of the follo)-2.684 F .183 +(wing modi\214ers,)-.25 F(each preceded by a `:'.)108 427.2 Q F1(h)108 +444 Q F0(Remo)144 444 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H (railing \214lename component, lea).15 E(ving only the head.)-.2 E F1(t) -108 302.4 Q F0(Remo)144 302.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H +108 456 Q F0(Remo)144 456 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H (ll leading \214lename components, lea).15 E(ving the tail.)-.2 E F1(r) -108 314.4 Q F0(Remo)144 314.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E +108 468 Q F0(Remo)144 468 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing suf).15 E (\214x of the form)-.25 E F2(.xxx)2.5 E F0 2.5(,l)C(ea)-2.5 E -(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 326.4 Q F0(Remo)144 326.4 Q .3 -.15 -(ve a)-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 -338.4 Q F0(Print the ne)144 338.4 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E -(ut do not e)-.2 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 350.4 Q F0 -(Quote the substituted w)144 350.4 Q -(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 362.4 Q F0 -(Quote the substituted w)144 362.4 Q(ords as with)-.1 E F1(q)2.5 E F0 -2.5(,b)C(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks)2.5 E F0(and ne) -2.5 E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 374.4 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E -F1(/)A F0(Substitute)144 386.4 Q F2(ne)3.082 E(w)-.15 E F0 .221 -(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.032 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221(in the e) +(ving the basename.)-.2 E F1(e)108 480 Q F0(Remo)144 480 Q .3 -.15(ve a) +-.15 H(ll b).15 E(ut the trailing suf)-.2 E(\214x.)-.25 E F1(p)108 492 Q +F0(Print the ne)144 492 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(ommand b)-2.5 E(ut do not e)-.2 +E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cute it.).15 E F1(q)108 504 Q F0 +(Quote the substituted w)144 504 Q +(ords, escaping further substitutions.)-.1 E F1(x)108 516 Q F0 +(Quote the substituted w)144 516 Q(ords as with)-.1 E F1(q)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(,b)C(ut break into w)-2.7 E(ords at)-.1 E F1(blanks)2.5 E F0(and ne)2.5 +E(wlines.)-.25 E F1(s/)108 528 Q F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A +F0(Substitute)144 540 Q F2(ne)3.081 E(w)-.15 E F0 .221 +(for the \214rst occurrence of)3.031 F F2(old)2.951 E F0 .221(in the e) 3.491 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .221(nt line.).15 F(An)5.221 E 2.721(yd)-.15 G -.221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .616(of /.)144 398.4 R .617 +.221(elimiter can be used in place)-2.721 F .617(of /.)144 552 R .617 (The \214nal delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e) -5.616 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .617(The delimiter may)5.617 -F .666(be quoted in)144 410.4 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne) -3.526 E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666 +5.617 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .617(nt line.).15 F .616(The delimiter may)5.616 +F .666(be quoted in)144 564 R F2(old)3.396 E F0(and)3.936 E F2(ne)3.526 +E(w)-.15 E F0 .666(with a single backslash.)3.476 F .666 (If & appears in)5.666 F F2(ne)3.166 E(w)-.15 E F0 3.166(,i).31 G 3.166 (ti)-3.166 G 3.166(sr)-3.166 G .666(eplaced by)-3.166 F F2(old)3.166 E -F0 5.666(.A).77 G .274(single backslash will quote the &.)144 422.4 R -(If)5.274 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544 -F F2(old)3.005 E F0 .275(substituted, or)3.545 F 2.775(,i)-.4 G 2.775 -(fn)-2.775 G 2.775(op)-2.775 G(re)-2.775 E(vi-)-.25 E -(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 434.4 Q F2(string) -2.84 E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1 -(&)108 446.4 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 446.4 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E -F1(g)108 458.4 Q F0 .398(Cause changes to be applied o)144 458.4 R -.15 -(ve)-.15 G 2.898(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.898 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398 -(nt line.).15 F .397(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A -F0 2.897('\()C(e.g.,)-2.897 E(`)144 470.4 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2 -(ne)A(w)-.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.218('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.718('. If)B 1.218 -(used with `)3.718 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.219 -(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .09 -(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 482.4 R --.15(ve)-.25 G .089(nt line.).15 F(An)5.089 E F1(a)2.589 E F0 .089 -(may be used as a synon)2.589 F .089(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 494.4 Q F0 -(.)A F1(G)108 506.4 Q F0(Apply the follo)144 506.4 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s) -A F0 2.5('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(nt line.).15 E/F3 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 523.2 Q -(UIL)-.11 E(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .062 -(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 535.2 R .062(uiltin command documen\ -ted in this section as accepting options preceded by)-.2 F F1<ad>108 -547.2 Q F0(accepts)2.534 E F1<adad>2.534 E F0 .034 -(to signify the end of the options.)2.534 F(The)5.034 E F1(:)2.534 E F0 -(,)A F1(true)2.534 E F0(,)A F1(false)2.534 E F0 2.534(,a)C(nd)-2.534 E -F1(test)2.534 E F0 -.2(bu)2.534 G .033(iltins do not accept options and) -.2 F 1.548(do not treat)108 559.2 R F1<adad>4.048 E F0(specially)4.048 E -6.549(.T)-.65 G(he)-6.549 E F1(exit)4.049 E F0(,)A F1(logout)4.049 E F0 -(,)A F1 -.18(re)4.049 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0(,)A F1(br)4.049 E(eak)-.18 -E F0(,)A F1(continue)4.049 E F0(,)A F1(let)4.049 E F0 4.049(,a)C(nd) --4.049 E F1(shift)4.049 E F0 -.2(bu)4.049 G 1.549(iltins accept and).2 F -.261(process ar)108 571.2 R .261(guments be)-.18 F .261(ginning with) --.15 F F1<ad>2.761 E F0 .261(without requiring)2.761 F F1<adad>2.761 E -F0 5.261(.O)C .261(ther b)-5.261 F .26(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .26 -(guments b)-.18 F .26(ut are not)-.2 F 1.154 -(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar)108 583.2 R 1.154 -(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>3.654 E F0 1.154 -(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154(lid options and require).25 F F1 -<adad>3.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108 595.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt this interpretation.).15 E F1(:)108 613.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A -(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .452(No ef)144 625.2 R .452 -(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F(xpanding) --.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .451(and performing an)3.221 F -2.951(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.951 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 637.2 R -(return status is zero.)2.5 E F1(.)110.5 654 Q F2(\214lename)6.666 E F0 -([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 666 Q(ce)-.18 E F2 -(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02 -(Read and e)144 678 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F2 -(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02 -(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.458 -(status of the last command e)144 690 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.458(cuted from) -.15 F F2(\214lename)3.958 E F0 6.458(.I).18 G(f)-6.458 E F2(\214lename) -5.868 E F0 1.458(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.138 F .608 -(names in)144 702 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 -.608(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F2(\214lename) -3.108 E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)-5.608 F F4 --.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .833(need not be e)144 714 R -.15(xe)-.15 -G 3.333(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.333 E F0 .832(is not in)3.333 F F2 -.832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .832 -(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .981 -(\214le is found in)144 726 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F1(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18 -E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F1(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 -(iltin command is turned of).2 F .982(f, the)-.25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 -Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(53)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 54 54 +F0 5.666(.A).77 G .275(single backslash will quote the &.)144 576 R(If) +5.275 E F2(old)3.004 E F0 .274(is null, it is set to the last)3.544 F F2 +(old)3.004 E F0 .274(substituted, or)3.544 F 2.774(,i)-.4 G 2.774(fn) +-2.774 G 2.774(op)-2.774 G(re)-2.774 E(vi-)-.25 E +(ous history substitutions took place, the last)144 588 Q F2(string)2.84 +E F0(in a)2.72 E F1(!?)2.5 E F2(string)A F1([?])A F0(search.)5 E F1(&) +108 600 Q F0(Repeat the pre)144 600 Q(vious substitution.)-.25 E F1(g) +108 612 Q F0 .397(Cause changes to be applied o)144 612 R -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.897(rt).15 G .398(he entire e)-2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .398(nt line.) +.15 F .398(This is used in conjunction with `)5.398 F F1(:s)A F0 2.898 +('\()C(e.g.,)-2.898 E(`)144 624 Q F1(:gs/)A F2(old)A F1(/)A F2(ne)A(w) +-.15 E F1(/)A F0 1.219('\) or `)B F1(:&)A F0 3.719('. If)B 1.219 +(used with `)3.719 F F1(:s)A F0 1.218(', an)B 3.718(yd)-.15 G 1.218 +(elimiter can be used in place of /, and the \214nal)-3.718 F .089 +(delimiter is optional if it is the last character of the e)144 636 R +-.15(ve)-.25 G .09(nt line.).15 F(An)5.09 E F1(a)2.59 E F0 .09 +(may be used as a synon)2.59 F .09(ym for)-.15 F F1(g)144 648 Q F0(.)A +F1(G)108 660 Q F0(Apply the follo)144 660 Q(wing `)-.25 E F1(s)A F0 2.5 +('m)C(odi\214er once to each w)-2.5 E(ord in the e)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(nt line.).15 E/F4 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SHELL B)72 676.8 Q(UIL)-.11 E +(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063(Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 688.8 +R .062(uiltin command documented in this section as accepting options p\ +receded by)-.2 F F1<ad>108 700.8 Q F0(accepts)3.077 E F1<adad>3.077 E F0 +.577(to signify the end of the options.)3.077 F(The)5.577 E F1(:)3.077 E +F0(,)A F1(true)3.077 E F0(,)A F1(false)3.077 E F0 3.077(,a)C(nd)-3.077 E +F1(test)3.077 E F0(/)A F1([)A F0 -.2(bu)3.077 G .577 +(iltins do not accept options).2 F .462(and do not treat)108 712.8 R F1 +<adad>2.961 E F0(specially)2.961 E 5.461(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.461 E F1(exit) +2.961 E F0(,)A F1(logout)2.961 E F0(,)A F1 -.18(re)2.961 G(tur).18 E(n) +-.15 E F0(,)A F1(br)2.961 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F1(continue)2.961 E F0(,)A +F1(let)2.961 E F0 2.961(,a)C(nd)-2.961 E F1(shift)2.961 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.961 G .461(iltins accept and).2 F .26(process ar)108 724.8 R .26 +(guments be)-.18 F .26(ginning with)-.15 F F1<ad>2.76 E F0 .261 +(without requiring)2.76 F F1<adad>2.761 E F0 5.261(.O)C .261(ther b) +-5.261 F .261(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .261(guments b)-.18 F .261 +(ut are not)-.2 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(55)193.45 +E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 56 56 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.666(PA)144 84 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.363 F .112 -(If an)5.112 F(y)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 -E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F 2.612(yb)-.15 G .112 -(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F2(\214lename)144 96 Q F0 -1.697(is e)4.196 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.197(cuted. Otherwise).15 F 1.697 -(the positional parameters are unchanged.)4.197 F 1.697(If the)6.697 F -/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad54>4.197 E F0 1.697(option is)4.197 F(enabled,) -144 108 Q F3(sour)3.618 E(ce)-.18 E F0 1.118(inherits an)3.618 F 3.618 -(yt)-.15 G 1.118(rap on)-3.618 F F3(DEB)3.618 E(UG)-.1 E F0 3.618(;i)C -3.618(fi)-3.618 G 3.618(ti)-3.618 G 3.618(sn)-3.618 G 1.118(ot, an) --3.618 F(y)-.15 E F3(DEB)3.617 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.117(trap string is sa) -3.617 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.617(da).15 G(nd)-3.617 E .36 -(restored around the call to)144 120 R F3(sour)2.86 E(ce)-.18 E F0 2.86 -(,a)C(nd)-2.86 E F3(sour)2.86 E(ce)-.18 E F0 .36(unsets the)2.86 F F3 -(DEB)2.86 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .36(trap while it e)2.86 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.86 -(cutes. If).15 F F3<ad54>2.86 E F0(is)2.86 E 1.435 -(not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)144 132 R F3(DEB)3.935 E +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.154 +(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar)108 84 R 1.154 +(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad> +3.654 E F0 1.154(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154 +(lid options and require).25 F F1<adad>3.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108 96 +Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E F1(:)108 114 Q F0([)2.5 E +/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 126 R +.451(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F +(xpanding)-.15 E F2(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452(and performing an) +3.222 F 2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 +138 R(return status is zero.)2.5 E F1(.)110.5 154.8 Q F2(\214lename) +6.666 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F1(sour)108 166.8 Q(ce) +-.18 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02 +(Read and e)144 178.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F2 +(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02 +(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.458 +(status of the last command e)144 190.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.458 +(cuted from).15 F F2(\214lename)3.958 E F0 6.458(.I).18 G(f)-6.458 E F2 +(\214lename)5.868 E F0 1.458(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.138 F +.608(names in)144 202.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 +E F0 .608(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F2 +(\214lename)3.108 E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in) +-5.608 F F3 -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .832(need not be e)144 214.8 +R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.332(cutable. When).15 F F1(bash)3.332 E F0 .832 +(is not in)3.332 F F2 .832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .833 +(he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .982 +(\214le is found in)144 226.8 R F3 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F4 9 +/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F1(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18 +E F0 .981(option to the)3.481 F F1(shopt)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 +(iltin command is turned of).2 F .981(f, the)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)144 +238.8 S(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(is not searched.)2.362 F .112(If an)5.112 F +(y)-.15 E F2(ar)2.612 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .112(are supplied, the)2.612 F +2.612(yb)-.15 G .112(ecome the positional parameters when)-2.612 F F2 +(\214lename)144 250.8 Q F0 1.697(is e)4.197 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.197 +(cuted. Otherwise).15 F 1.697(the positional parameters are unchanged.) +4.197 F 1.697(If the)6.697 F F1<ad54>4.197 E F0 1.696(option is)4.197 F +(enabled,)144 262.8 Q F1(sour)3.617 E(ce)-.18 E F0 1.117(inherits an) +3.617 F 3.617(yt)-.15 G 1.117(rap on)-3.617 F F1(DEB)3.617 E(UG)-.1 E F0 +3.618(;i)C 3.618(fi)-3.618 G 3.618(ti)-3.618 G 3.618(sn)-3.618 G 1.118 +(ot, an)-3.618 F(y)-.15 E F1(DEB)3.618 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.118 +(trap string is sa)3.618 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.618(da).15 G(nd)-3.618 E .36 +(restored around the call to)144 274.8 R F1(sour)2.86 E(ce)-.18 E F0 +2.86(,a)C(nd)-2.86 E F1(sour)2.86 E(ce)-.18 E F0 .36(unsets the)2.86 F +F1(DEB)2.86 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .36(trap while it e)2.86 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.86 +(cutes. If).15 F F1<ad54>2.86 E F0(is)2.86 E 1.435 +(not set, and the sourced \214le changes the)144 286.8 R F1(DEB)3.935 E (UG)-.1 E F0 1.435(trap, the ne)3.935 F 3.935(wv)-.25 G 1.435 -(alue is retained when)-4.185 F F3(sour)3.935 E(ce)-.18 E F0 3.762 -(completes. The)144 144 R 1.262 -(return status is the status of the last command e)3.762 F 1.263 -(xited within the script \(0 if no)-.15 F(commands are e)144 156 Q -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted\), and f).15 E(alse if)-.1 E F2(\214lename)4.41 E F0 -(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F3(alias)108 172.8 Q F0([)2.5 E -F3<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..]) --2.5 E F3(Alias)144 184.8 Q F0 2.725(with no ar)5.225 F 2.724 -(guments or with the)-.18 F F3<ad70>5.224 E F0 2.724 -(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F3(alias)5.224 E -F2(name)144 196.8 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F +(alue is retained when)-4.185 F F1(sour)3.935 E(ce)-.18 E F0 3.763 +(completes. The)144 298.8 R 1.262 +(return status is the status of the last command e)3.763 F 1.262 +(xited within the script \(0 if no)-.15 F(commands are e)144 310.8 Q +-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted\), and f).15 E(alse if)-.1 E F2(\214lename)4.41 E +F0(is not found or cannot be read.)2.68 E F1(alias)108 327.6 Q F0([)2.5 +E F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C +(..])-2.5 E F1(Alias)144 339.6 Q F0 2.724(with no ar)5.224 F 2.724 +(guments or with the)-.18 F F1<ad70>5.224 E F0 2.724 +(option prints the list of aliases in the form)5.224 F F1(alias)5.225 E +F2(name)144 351.6 Q F0(=)A F2(value)A F0 .58(on standard output.)3.08 F .58(When ar)5.58 F .58 (guments are supplied, an alias is de\214ned for each)-.18 F F2(name) -3.08 E F0(whose)144 208.8 Q F2(value)2.509 E F0 .009(is gi)2.509 F -.15 +3.08 E F0(whose)144 363.6 Q F2(value)2.508 E F0 .009(is gi)2.508 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.509(n. A).15 F .009(trailing space in)2.509 F F2(value) 2.509 E F0 .009(causes the ne)2.509 F .009(xt w)-.15 F .009 -(ord to be check)-.1 F .008(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .579 -(tution when the alias is e)144 220.8 R 3.079(xpanded. F)-.15 F .579 +(ord to be check)-.1 F .009(ed for alias substi-)-.1 F .579 +(tution when the alias is e)144 375.6 R 3.079(xpanded. F)-.15 F .579 (or each)-.15 F F2(name)3.079 E F0 .579(in the ar)3.079 F .579 -(gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)3.079 E F0 .579(is sup-)3.079 -F 1.314(plied, the name and v)144 232.8 R 1.314 -(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F3(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314 -(returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.313(is gi)3.814 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 3.813(nf).15 G(or)-3.813 E -(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 244.8 Q F3(bg)108 261.6 Q F0([) -2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .744(Resume each suspended job)144 -273.6 R F2(jobspec)3.244 E F0 .745 -(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.244 F F3(&)3.245 E -F0 5.745(.I)C(f)-5.745 E F2(job-)4.985 E(spec)144 285.6 Q F0 .672 -(is not present, the shell')3.482 F 3.172(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the) --3.172 F F2(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F3 -(bg)5.671 E F2(jobspec)4.911 E F0 .671(returns 0 unless run)3.481 F .418 -(when job control is disabled or)144 297.6 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 -(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.919(ys)-.15 G -(peci\214ed)-2.919 E F2(jobspec)2.919 E F0 -.1(wa)2.919 G 2.919(sn).1 G -(ot)-2.919 E(found or w)144 309.6 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 -E F3(bind)108 326.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 -2.5(][)C F3(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F0(])A F3(bind)108 338.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3 -<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad71>-2.5 E F2 -(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad75>-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C -F3<ad72>-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F3(bind)108 350.4 Q F0 -([)2.5 E F3<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F3<ad66>2.5 E F2 -(\214lename)2.5 E F3(bind)108 362.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 -G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F3<ad78>2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -(shell\255command)A F3(bind)108 374.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke) +(gument list for which no)-.18 F F2(value)3.079 E F0 .578(is sup-)3.078 +F 1.313(plied, the name and v)144 387.6 R 1.314 +(alue of the alias is printed.)-.25 F F1(Alias)6.314 E F0 1.314 +(returns true unless a)3.814 F F2(name)3.814 E F0 1.314(is gi)3.814 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.814(nf).15 G(or)-3.814 E +(which no alias has been de\214ned.)144 399.6 Q F1(bg)108 416.4 Q F0([) +2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(...])2.5 E .745(Resume each suspended job)144 +428.4 R F2(jobspec)3.245 E F0 .745 +(in the background, as if it had been started with)3.245 F F1(&)3.244 E +F0 5.744(.I)C(f)-5.744 E F2(job-)4.984 E(spec)144 440.4 Q F0 .671 +(is not present, the shell')3.481 F 3.171(sn)-.55 G .672(otion of the) +-3.171 F F2(curr)3.172 E .672(ent job)-.37 F F0 .672(is used.)3.172 F F1 +(bg)5.672 E F2(jobspec)4.912 E F0 .672(returns 0 unless run)3.482 F .419 +(when job control is disabled or)144 452.4 R 2.919(,w)-.4 G .419 +(hen run with job control enabled, an)-2.919 F 2.918(ys)-.15 G +(peci\214ed)-2.918 E F2(jobspec)2.918 E F0 -.1(wa)2.918 G 2.918(sn).1 G +(ot)-2.918 E(found or w)144 464.4 Q(as started without job control.)-.1 +E F1(bind)108 481.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 +2.5(][)C F1(\255lpsvPSVX)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 493.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad71>-2.5 E F2 +(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1<ad72>-2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(])A F1(bind)108 505.2 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F1<ad66>2.5 E F2 +(\214lename)2.5 E F1(bind)108 517.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 +G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F1<ad78>2.5 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 +(shell\255command)A F1(bind)108 529.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke) 2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -(function\255name)A F3(bind)108 386.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke) +(function\255name)A F1(bind)108 541.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6d>A F2 -.1(ke) 2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(])A F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(:)A F2 -.37(re)C -(adline\255command).37 E F0 .239(Display current)144 398.4 R F3 -.18(re) -2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.739 G 2.739(ya)-.05 G .239 -(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.739 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .238 -(equence to a).15 F F3 -.18(re)2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 .238(function or) -2.738 F .475(macro, or set a)144 410.4 R F3 -.18(re)2.975 G(adline).18 E -F0 -.25(va)2.975 G 2.975(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F -.476(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .476(ould appear in)-.1 F F2 -(.inputr)144 422.4 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.984(,b).31 G .484 -(ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.184 F -.483(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5 -(re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 434.4 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 -E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F3<ad6d>144 -446.4 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 458.4 Q F2 -.1(ke)5.158 G -(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.658(as the k)5.348 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af) -.15 F 2.659(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.659 E -F2 -.1(ke)180 470.4 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.193(names are)5.883 F F2 3.193 -(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.693 F 3.192 +(adline\255command).37 E F0 .238(Display current)144 553.2 R F1 -.18(re) +2.738 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.738 G 2.738(ya)-.05 G .239 +(nd function bindings, bind a k)-2.738 F .539 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .239 +(equence to a).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.739 G(adline).18 E F0 .239(function or) +2.739 F .476(macro, or set a)144 565.2 R F1 -.18(re)2.976 G(adline).18 E +F0 -.25(va)2.976 G 2.976(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F +.475(gument is a command as it w)-.18 F .475(ould appear in)-.1 F F2 +(.inputr)144 577.2 Q(c)-.37 E F0 2.983(,b).31 G .484 +(ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.183 F +.484(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5 +(re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 589.2 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 +E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6d>144 +601.2 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(ymap)-.2 E F0(Use)180 613.2 Q F2 -.1(ke)5.159 G +(ymap)-.2 E F0 2.659(as the k)5.349 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.658(map to be af) +.15 F 2.658(fected by the subsequent bindings.)-.25 F(Acceptable)7.658 E +F2 -.1(ke)180 625.2 S(ymap)-.2 E F0 3.192(names are)5.882 F F2 3.192 +(emacs, emacs\255standar)5.692 F 3.193 (d, emacs\255meta, emacs\255ctlx, vi, vi\255mo)-.37 F(ve)-.1 E(,)-.1 E -(vi\255command)180 482.4 Q F0 4.113(,a)C(nd)-4.113 E F2(vi\255insert) -4.113 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)6.613 E F0 1.613(is equi)4.113 F -.25(va)-.25 G +(vi\255command)180 637.2 Q F0 4.114(,a)C(nd)-4.114 E F2(vi\255insert) +4.114 E F0(.).68 E F2(vi)6.614 E F0 1.613(is equi)4.114 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.613(lent to).25 F F2(vi\255command)4.113 E F0(\()4.113 E F2(vi\255mo)A -(ve)-.1 E F0 1.614(is also a syn-)4.114 F(on)180 494.4 Q(ym\);)-.15 E F2 +(ve)-.1 E F0 1.613(is also a syn-)4.113 F(on)180 649.2 Q(ym\);)-.15 E F2 (emacs)2.5 E F0(is equi)2.5 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E F2 -(emacs\255standar)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F3<ad6c>144 506.4 Q F0 -(List the names of all)180 506.4 Q F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -(functions.)2.5 E F3<ad70>144 518.4 Q F0(Display)180 518.4 Q F3 -.18(re) +(emacs\255standar)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1<ad6c>144 661.2 Q F0 +(List the names of all)180 661.2 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 +(functions.)2.5 E F1<ad70>144 673.2 Q F0(Display)180 673.2 Q F1 -.18(re) 2.5 G(adline).18 E F0(function names and bindings in such a w)2.5 E -(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F3<ad50>144 530.4 -Q F0(List current)180 530.4 Q F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -(function names and bindings.)2.5 E F3<ad73>144 542.4 Q F0(Display)180 -542.4 Q F3 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 +(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad50>144 685.2 +Q F0(List current)180 685.2 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 +(function names and bindings.)2.5 E F1<ad73>144 697.2 Q F0(Display)180 +697.2 Q F1 -.18(re)3.655 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)3.655 G 3.655(ys)-.05 G 1.155(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-3.655 F 3.655(yo) --.15 G 1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 554.4 S 2.5(yt).1 G -(hat the)-2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F3<ad53>144 566.4 Q -F0(Display)180 566.4 Q F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5 -(ys)-.05 G(equences bound to macros and the strings the)-2.5 E 2.5(yo) --.15 G(utput.)-2.5 E F3<ad76>144 578.4 Q F0(Display)180 578.4 Q F3 -.18 -(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E -(alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G -(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F3<ad56>144 590.4 Q F0(List current)180 590.4 Q -F3 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E -(alues.)-.25 E F3<ad66>144 602.4 Q F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(Read k)180 -614.4 Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A -F3<ad71>144 626.4 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(Query about which k)180 638.4 Q --.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H -(he named).1 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F3<ad75>144 650.4 Q F2(function) -2.5 E F0(Unbind all k)180 662.4 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(sb).15 G -(ound to the named)-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F3<ad72>144 674.4 Q -F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(Remo)180 686.4 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .3 --.15(ny c).15 H(urrent binding for).15 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 -(.)A F3<ad78>144 698.4 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F3(:)A F2 -(shell\255command)A F0(Cause)180 710.4 Q F2(shell\255command)4.325 E F0 -1.825(to be e)4.325 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.825(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve) --.25 G(r).15 E F2 -.1(ke)4.325 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 1.825(is entered.)4.325 F -(When)6.825 E F2(shell\255com-)4.325 E(mand)180 722.4 Q F0 1.765(is e) -4.265 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F F1 -(READLINE_LINE)4.265 E F0 -.25(va)4.015 G 1.765 -(riable to the contents of the).25 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(54)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 55 55 +-.15 G 1.155(utput in such a)-3.655 F -.1(wa)180 709.2 S 2.5(yt).1 G +(hat the)-2.5 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G(an be re-read.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 +Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(56)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 57 57 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.18(re)180 84 S(adline).18 E F0 1.353(line b)3.852 F(uf)-.2 E 1.353 -(fer and the)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_POINT)3.853 E F0 -.25 -(va)3.603 G 1.353(riable to the current location of the).25 F 2.012 -(insertion point.)180 96 R 2.011(If the e)7.012 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.011 -(cuted command changes the v).15 F 2.011(alue of)-.25 F F2 -(READLINE_LINE)4.511 E F0(or)4.261 E F2(READLINE_POINT)180 108 Q/F3 9 +SF<ad53>144 84 Q F0(Display)180 84 Q F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 +-.1(ke)2.5 G 2.5(ys)-.05 G(equences bound to macros and the strings the) +-2.5 E 2.5(yo)-.15 G(utput.)-2.5 E F1<ad76>144 96 Q F0(Display)180 96 Q +F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E +(alues in such a w)-.25 E(ay that the)-.1 E 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(an be re-read.)-2.5 E F1<ad56>144 108 Q F0(List current)180 108 Q F1 +-.18(re)2.5 G(adline).18 E F0 -.25(va)2.5 G(riable names and v).25 E +(alues.)-.25 E F1<ad66>144 120 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lename)2.5 +E F0(Read k)180 132 Q .3 -.15(ey b)-.1 H(indings from).15 E F2 +(\214lename)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 144 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 +(Query about which k)180 156 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5(si).15 G -1.9 -.4(nv o) +-2.5 H .2 -.1(ke t).4 H(he named).1 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75> +144 168 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0(Unbind all k)180 180 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G 2.5 +(sb).15 G(ound to the named)-2.5 E F2(function)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad72>144 +192 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F0(Remo)180 204 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.15 H +.3 -.15(ny c).15 H(urrent binding for).15 E F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E +F0(.)A F1<ad78>144 216 Q F2 -.1(ke)2.5 G(yseq)-.2 E F1(:)A F2 +(shell\255command)A F0(Cause)180 228 Q F2(shell\255command)4.325 E F0 +1.825(to be e)4.325 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.825(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G(r).15 E F2 -.1(ke)4.325 G(yseq)-.2 E F0 1.825(is entered.)4.325 F +(When)6.825 E F2(shell\255com-)4.325 E(mand)180 240 Q F0 1.764(is e) +4.264 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.765(cuted, the shell sets the).15 F/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE_LINE)4.265 E F0 -.25(va)4.015 G 1.765 +(riable to the contents of the).25 F F1 -.18(re)180 252 S(adline).18 E +F0 1.353(line b)3.853 F(uf)-.2 E 1.353(fer and the)-.25 F F3 +(READLINE_POINT)3.853 E F0 -.25(va)3.603 G 1.353 +(riable to the current location of the).25 F 2.011(insertion point.)180 +264 R 2.011(If the e)7.011 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.011 +(cuted command changes the v).15 F 2.011(alue of)-.25 F F3 +(READLINE_LINE)4.512 E F0(or)4.262 E F3(READLINE_POINT)180 276 Q/F4 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(those ne)2.25 E 2.5(wv)-.25 G -(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F1<ad58>144 120 -Q F0 .829(List all k)180 120 R 1.129 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829 +(alues will be re\215ected in the editing state.)-2.75 E F1<ad58>144 288 +Q F0 .83(List all k)180 288 R 1.13 -.15(ey s)-.1 H .829 (equences bound to shell commands and the associated commands in a for) -.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 132 Q(The return v) -144 148.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 +.15 F(-)-.2 E(mat that can be reused as input.)180 300 Q(The return v) +144 316.8 Q(alue is 0 unless an unrecognized option is gi)-.25 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G 2.5(no).15 G 2.5(ra)-2.5 G 2.5(ne)-2.5 G(rror occurred.)-2.5 -E F1(br)108 165.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 -(])A .055(Exit from within a)144 177.6 R F1 -.25(fo)2.555 G(r).25 E F0 -(,)A F1(while)2.555 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E -F1(select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F4(n)2.555 E F0 .055 -(is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F4(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G -(ls.).15 E F4(n)5.414 E F0 .054(must be)2.794 F/F5 10/Symbol SF<b3>2.554 -E F0(1.)2.554 E(If)144 189.6 Q F4(n)3.074 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ - number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.954 F 2.715 -(xited. The)-.15 F .215(return v)2.715 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144 -201.6 Q F4(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2 -(bu)108 218.4 S(iltin).2 E F4(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E -F4(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 230.4 Q .793 -(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .793(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F4 +E F1(br)108 333.6 Q(eak)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .054 +(Exit from within a)144 345.6 R F1 -.25(fo)2.554 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1 +(while)2.554 E F0(,)A F1(until)2.555 E F0 2.555(,o)C(r)-2.555 E F1 +(select)2.555 E F0 2.555(loop. If)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0 .055 +(is speci\214ed, break)2.555 F F2(n)2.555 E F0(le)2.555 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +(ls.).15 E F2(n)5.415 E F0 .055(must be)2.795 F/F5 10/Symbol SF<b3>2.555 +E F0(1.)2.555 E(If)144 357.6 Q F2(n)3.075 E F0 .215(is greater than the\ + number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are e)2.955 F 2.714 +(xited. The)-.15 F .214(return v)2.714 F(alue)-.25 E(is 0 unless)144 +369.6 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0(is not greater than or equal to 1.)2.5 E F1 -.2 +(bu)108 386.4 S(iltin).2 E F2(shell\255b)2.5 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0([)2.5 E +F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A(Ex)144 398.4 Q .792 +(ecute the speci\214ed shell b)-.15 F .792(uiltin, passing it)-.2 F F2 (ar)3.293 E(guments)-.37 E F0 3.293(,a).27 G .793(nd return its e)-3.293 -F .792(xit status.)-.15 F .792(This is useful)5.792 F .615 +F .793(xit status.)-.15 F .793(This is useful)5.793 F .616 (when de\214ning a function whose name is the same as a shell b)144 -242.4 R .616(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 -254.4 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0 +410.4 R .615(uiltin, retaining the functionality of)-.2 F .57(the b)144 +422.4 R .57(uiltin within the function.)-.2 F(The)5.57 E F1(cd)3.07 E F0 -.2(bu)3.07 G .57(iltin is commonly rede\214ned this w).2 F(ay)-.1 E -5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 266.4 Q(alse if)-.1 -E F4(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E -(uiltin command.)-.2 E F1(caller)108 283.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F4 -.2(ex)C(pr) -.2 E F0(])A .253(Returns the conte)144 295.2 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F +5.57(.T)-.65 G .57(he return status)-5.57 F(is f)144 434.4 Q(alse if)-.1 +E F2(shell\255b)2.84 E(uiltin)-.2 E F0(is not a shell b)2.74 E +(uiltin command.)-.2 E F1(caller)108 451.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)C(pr) +.2 E F0(])A .254(Returns the conte)144 463.2 R .254(xt of an)-.15 F 2.754(ya)-.15 G(cti)-2.754 E .554 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .254 (ubroutine call \(a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.754 E F0(or)2.754 E F1(sour)144 307.2 Q -(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G 2.825(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F4 -.2 -(ex)2.825 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.825 E F0 .324 +.254(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)2.753 E F0(or)2.753 E F1(sour)144 475.2 Q +(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.824 G 2.824(iltins\). W).2 F(ithout)-.4 E F2 -.2 +(ex)2.824 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.824 E F0 .324 (displays the line number and source \214lename of the current)2.824 F -.253(subroutine call.)144 319.2 R .253(If a non-ne)5.253 F -.05(ga)-.15 -G(ti).05 E .553 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 -F F4 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.753 E F0 .254 -(displays the line number)2.754 F 2.754(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.754 E 1.327(rou\ +.254(subroutine call.)144 487.2 R .254(If a non-ne)5.254 F -.05(ga)-.15 +G(ti).05 E .554 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(nte).15 E .253(ger is supplied as)-.15 +F F2 -.2(ex)2.753 G(pr).2 E F0(,)A F1(caller)2.753 E F0 .253 +(displays the line number)2.753 F 2.753(,s)-.4 G(ub-)-2.753 E 1.327(rou\ tine name, and source \214le corresponding to that position in the curr\ -ent e)144 331.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.327(cution call stack.).15 F(This e) -144 343.2 Q(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 E .001 -(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F .001(The current frame is frame) -5.001 F 3.02(0. The)144 355.2 R .52(return v)3.02 F .52 -(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .519 -(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F4 -.2(ex)3.019 G(pr).2 E F0 .519 -(does not corre-)3.019 F(spond to a v)144 367.2 Q -(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F1(cd)108 384 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -<ad4c>A F0(|[)A F1<ad50>A F0([)2.5 E F1<ad65>A F0(]] [\255@]] [)A F4 -(dir)A F0(])A .321(Change the current directory to)144 396 R F4(dir) -2.821 E F0 5.321(.i)C(f)-5.321 E F4(dir)2.821 E F0 .322 -(is not supplied, the v)2.821 F .322(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HOME)2.822 E -F0 .322(shell v)2.572 F .322(ariable is)-.25 F 1.036(the def)144 408 R -3.536(ault. An)-.1 F 3.536(ya)-.15 G 1.035(dditional ar)-3.536 F 1.035 -(guments follo)-.18 F(wing)-.25 E F4(dir)3.535 E F0 1.035(are ignored.) -3.535 F 1.035(The v)6.035 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(CDP)3.535 E -.855(AT)-.666 -G(H).855 E F0(de\214nes)3.285 E .849 -(the search path for the directory containing)144 420 R F4(dir)3.349 E -F0 3.35(:e).73 G .85(ach directory name in)-3.35 F F2(CDP)3.35 E -.855 -(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .85(is searched for)3.1 F F4(dir)144 432 Q F0 -5.665(.A)C(lternati)-5.665 E .965 -.15(ve d)-.25 H .665 -(irectory names in).15 F F2(CDP)3.165 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 -.665(are separated by a colon \(:\).)2.915 F 3.165(An)5.665 G .664 -(ull directory name)-3.165 F(in)144 444 Q F2(CDP)4.162 E -.855(AT)-.666 -G(H).855 E F0 1.662(is the same as the current directory)3.912 F 4.162 +ent e)144 499.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.328(cution call stack.).15 F .001 +(This e)144 511.2 R .001(xtra information may be used, for e)-.15 F .001 +(xample, to print a stack trace.)-.15 F(The current frame is frame)5 E +3.019(0. The)144 523.2 R .519(return v)3.019 F .519 +(alue is 0 unless the shell is not e)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .52 +(cuting a subroutine call or).15 F F2 -.2(ex)3.02 G(pr).2 E F0 .52 +(does not corre-)3.02 F(spond to a v)144 535.2 Q +(alid position in the call stack.)-.25 E F1(cd)108 552 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +<ad4c>A F0(|[)A F1<ad50>A F0([)2.5 E F1<ad65>A F0(]] [\255@]] [)A F2 +(dir)A F0(])A .322(Change the current directory to)144 564 R F2(dir) +2.822 E F0 5.322(.i)C(f)-5.322 E F2(dir)2.822 E F0 .321 +(is not supplied, the v)2.822 F .321(alue of the)-.25 F F3(HOME)2.821 E +F0 .321(shell v)2.571 F .321(ariable is)-.25 F 1.035(the def)144 576 R +3.535(ault. An)-.1 F 3.535(ya)-.15 G 1.035(dditional ar)-3.535 F 1.035 +(guments follo)-.18 F(wing)-.25 E F2(dir)3.535 E F0 1.035(are ignored.) +3.535 F 1.036(The v)6.035 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(CDP)3.536 E -.855(AT)-.666 +G(H).855 E F0(de\214nes)3.286 E .85 +(the search path for the directory containing)144 588 R F2(dir)3.35 E F0 +3.35(:e).73 G .849(ach directory name in)-3.35 F F3(CDP)3.349 E -.855 +(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .849(is searched for)3.099 F F2(dir)144 600 Q F0 +5.664(.A)C(lternati)-5.664 E .964 -.15(ve d)-.25 H .665 +(irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.165 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 +.665(are separated by a colon \(:\).)2.915 F 3.165(An)5.665 G .665 +(ull directory name)-3.165 F(in)144 612 Q F3(CDP)4.163 E -.855(AT)-.666 +G(H).855 E F0 1.663(is the same as the current directory)3.913 F 4.162 (,i)-.65 G 1.662(.e., `)-4.162 F(`)-.74 E F1(.)A F0 -.74('')C 6.662(.I) -.74 G(f)-6.662 E F4(dir)4.513 E F0(be)4.893 E 1.663 -(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F2(CDP)144 456 Q -.855(AT)-.666 G -(H).855 E F0 .191(is not used.)2.441 F(The)5.191 E F1<ad50>2.691 E F0 -.191(option causes)2.691 F F1(cd)2.691 E F0 .191(to use the ph)2.691 F -.19(ysical directory structure by resolving)-.05 F 1.12 -(symbolic links while tra)144 468 R -.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F4(dir) -3.62 E F0 1.12(and before processing instances of)3.62 F F4(..)3.62 E F0 -(in)3.62 E F4(dir)3.62 E F0 1.12(\(see also the)3.62 F F1<ad50>3.62 E F0 -.395(option to the)144 480 R F1(set)2.895 E F0 -.2(bu)2.895 G .395 +.74 G(f)-6.662 E F2(dir)4.512 E F0(be)4.892 E 1.662 +(gins with a slash \(/\), then)-.15 F F3(CDP)144 624 Q -.855(AT)-.666 G +(H).855 E F0 .19(is not used.)2.44 F(The)5.191 E F1<ad50>2.691 E F0 .191 +(option causes)2.691 F F1(cd)2.691 E F0 .191(to use the ph)2.691 F .191 +(ysical directory structure by resolving)-.05 F 1.12 +(symbolic links while tra)144 636 R -.15(ve)-.2 G(rsing).15 E F2(dir) +3.62 E F0 1.12(and before processing instances of)3.62 F F2(..)3.62 E F0 +(in)3.62 E F2(dir)3.62 E F0 1.12(\(see also the)3.62 F F1<ad50>3.62 E F0 +.395(option to the)144 648 R F1(set)2.895 E F0 -.2(bu)2.895 G .395 (iltin command\); the).2 F F1<ad4c>2.895 E F0 .395 (option forces symbolic links to be follo)2.895 F .395(wed by resolv-) --.25 F .443(ing the link after processing instances of)144 492 R F4(..) -2.943 E F0(in)2.943 E F4(dir)2.943 E F0 5.443(.I)C(f)-5.443 E F4(..) -2.943 E F0 .443(appears in)2.943 F F4(dir)2.943 E F0 2.943(,i)C 2.943 -(ti)-2.943 G 2.944(sp)-2.943 G .444(rocessed by remo)-2.944 F(ving)-.15 -E .744(the immediately pre)144 504 R .744(vious pathname component from) --.25 F F4(dir)3.244 E F0 3.244(,b)C .744(ack to a slash or the be)-3.244 -F .744(ginning of)-.15 F F4(dir)3.244 E F0(.)A 1.465(If the)144 516 R F1 -<ad65>3.965 E F0 1.465(option is supplied with)3.965 F F1<ad50>3.965 E -F0 3.965(,a)C 1.465(nd the current w)-3.965 F 1.466 -(orking directory cannot be successfully)-.1 F .468 -(determined after a successful directory change,)144 528 R F1(cd)2.968 E -F0 .468(will return an unsuccessful status.)2.968 F .467(On systems) -5.467 F .336(that support it, the)144 540 R F1<ad40>2.836 E F0 .336 -(option presents the e)2.836 F .336(xtended attrib)-.15 F .337 +-.25 F .444(ing the link after processing instances of)144 660 R F2(..) +2.943 E F0(in)2.943 E F2(dir)2.943 E F0 5.443(.I)C(f)-5.443 E F2(..) +2.943 E F0 .443(appears in)2.943 F F2(dir)2.943 E F0 2.943(,i)C 2.943 +(ti)-2.943 G 2.943(sp)-2.943 G .443(rocessed by remo)-2.943 F(ving)-.15 +E .744(the immediately pre)144 672 R .744(vious pathname component from) +-.25 F F2(dir)3.244 E F0 3.244(,b)C .744(ack to a slash or the be)-3.244 +F .744(ginning of)-.15 F F2(dir)3.244 E F0(.)A 1.466(If the)144 684 R F1 +<ad65>3.966 E F0 1.466(option is supplied with)3.966 F F1<ad50>3.965 E +F0 3.965(,a)C 1.465(nd the current w)-3.965 F 1.465 +(orking directory cannot be successfully)-.1 F .467 +(determined after a successful directory change,)144 696 R F1(cd)2.968 E +F0 .468(will return an unsuccessful status.)2.968 F .468(On systems) +5.468 F .337(that support it, the)144 708 R F1<ad40>2.837 E F0 .336 +(option presents the e)2.836 F .336(xtended attrib)-.15 F .336 (utes associated with a \214le as a directory)-.2 F(.)-.65 E .71(An ar) -144 552 R .71(gument of)-.18 F F1<ad>3.21 E F0 .71(is con)3.21 F -.15 -(ve)-.4 G .71(rted to).15 F F2($OLDPWD)3.21 E F0 .71 +144 720 R .71(gument of)-.18 F F1<ad>3.21 E F0 .71(is con)3.21 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .71(rted to).15 F F3($OLDPWD)3.21 E F0 .71 (before the directory change is attempted.)2.96 F .71(If a non-)5.71 F -.106(empty directory name from)144 564 R F2(CDP)2.606 E -.855(AT)-.666 G -(H).855 E F0 .107(is used, or if)2.356 F F1<ad>2.607 E F0 .107 -(is the \214rst ar)2.607 F .107(gument, and the directory change)-.18 F -.038(is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)144 576 R 2.538(ww) --.25 G .038(orking directory is written to the standard output.)-2.638 F -(The return v)144 588 Q(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 E -(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1(command)108 -604.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255pVv)A F0(])A F4(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F4 -(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 616.8 Q F4(command)2.764 E F0(with) -3.334 E F4(ar)2.894 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .065 -(suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.834 F .065(Only b)5.065 -F .065(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .502(commands found in the)144 628.8 R -F2 -.666(PA)3.002 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.752 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F1<ad70>3.002 E F0 .502(option is gi) -3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .501(n, the search for).15 F F4(command)3.201 E -F0(is)3.771 E .399(performed using a def)144 640.8 R .399(ault v)-.1 F -.399(alue for)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)2.899 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .4 -(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If) -5.4 E .175(either the)144 652.8 R F1<ad56>2.675 E F0(or)2.675 E F1<ad76> -2.675 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.675 F F4(command) -2.875 E F0 .174(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.174 E F1<ad76>2.674 E F0 .174 -(option causes)2.674 F 3.317(as)144 664.8 S .817(ingle w)-3.317 F .817 -(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G --.1(ke).2 G F4(command)3.618 E F0 .818(to be displayed; the)4.088 F F1 -<ad56>144 676.8 Q F0 .25(option produces a more v)2.75 F .25 -(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.25 F F1<ad56>2.749 E F0(or) -2.749 E F1<ad76>2.749 E F0 .249(option is supplied, the e)2.749 F .249 -(xit status)-.15 F 1.004(is 0 if)144 688.8 R F4(command)3.704 E F0 -.1 -(wa)4.274 G 3.504(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.504 F 1.005 -(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F4 -(command)144.2 700.8 Q F0 1.599(cannot be found, the e)4.869 F 1.599 -(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.598 -(xit status of the)-.15 F F1(command)4.098 E F0 -.2(bu)144 712.8 S -(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F4(command)2.5 E F0(.).77 E -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(55)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 56 56 +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(57)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 58 58 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(compgen)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(option)A F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(wor)-2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0(])A .012 -(Generate possible completion matches for)144 96 R F2(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 -E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F2(option)2.513 E F0 .013 -(s, which may be an)B 2.513(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.513 E .982 -(accepted by the)144 108 R F1(complete)3.482 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 -(iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F1<ad70>3.481 E F0(and) -3.481 E F1<ad72>3.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .981(nd write the matches to the) --3.481 F .13(standard output.)144 120 R .13(When using the)5.13 F F1 -<ad46>2.63 E F0(or)2.63 E F1<ad43>2.631 E F0 .131(options, the v)2.631 F -.131(arious shell v)-.25 F .131(ariables set by the program-)-.25 F -(mable completion f)144 132 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)-.2 G +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .107 +(empty directory name from)144 84 R/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CDP)2.607 E +-.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .107(is used, or if)2.357 F/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad>2.607 E F0 .106(is the \214rst ar)2.607 F .106 +(gument, and the directory change)-.18 F .038 +(is successful, the absolute pathname of the ne)144 96 R 2.538(ww)-.25 G +.038(orking directory is written to the standard output.)-2.638 F +(The return v)144 108 Q(alue is true if the directory w)-.25 E +(as successfully changed; f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F2(command)108 +124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255pVv)A F0(])A/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command) +2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Run)144 136.8 Q F3 +(command)2.765 E F0(with)3.335 E F3(ar)2.895 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .065 +(suppressing the normal shell function lookup.)2.835 F .064(Only b)5.064 +F .064(uiltin commands or)-.2 F .501(commands found in the)144 148.8 R +F1 -.666(PA)3.001 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .502(are e)2.751 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.002(cuted. If).15 F(the)3.002 E F2<ad70>3.002 E F0 .502(option is gi) +3.002 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .502(n, the search for).15 F F3(command)3.202 E +F0(is)3.772 E .4(performed using a def)144 160.8 R .4(ault v)-.1 F .4 +(alue for)-.25 F F1 -.666(PA)2.9 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .399 +(that is guaranteed to \214nd all of the standard utilities.)2.649 F(If) +5.399 E .174(either the)144 172.8 R F2<ad56>2.674 E F0(or)2.674 E F2 +<ad76>2.674 E F0 .175(option is supplied, a description of)2.674 F F3 +(command)2.875 E F0 .175(is printed.)3.445 F(The)5.175 E F2<ad76>2.675 E +F0 .175(option causes)2.675 F 3.318(as)144 184.8 S .818(ingle w)-3.318 F +.817(ord indicating the command or \214lename used to in)-.1 F -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G F3(command)3.617 E F0 .817(to be displayed; the)4.087 +F F2<ad56>144 196.8 Q F0 .249(option produces a more v)2.749 F .249 +(erbose description.)-.15 F .249(If the)5.249 F F2<ad56>2.749 E F0(or) +2.749 E F2<ad76>2.75 E F0 .25(option is supplied, the e)2.75 F .25 +(xit status)-.15 F 1.005(is 0 if)144 208.8 R F3(command)3.705 E F0 -.1 +(wa)4.275 G 3.505(sf).1 G 1.005(ound, and 1 if not.)-3.505 F 1.004 +(If neither option is supplied and an error occurred or)6.005 F F3 +(command)144.2 220.8 Q F0 1.598(cannot be found, the e)4.868 F 1.599 +(xit status is 127.)-.15 F 1.599(Otherwise, the e)6.599 F 1.599 +(xit status of the)-.15 F F2(command)4.099 E F0 -.2(bu)144 232.8 S +(iltin is the e).2 E(xit status of)-.15 E F3(command)2.5 E F0(.).77 E F2 +(compgen)108 249.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F3(wor)-2.5 E(d) +-.37 E F0(])A .013(Generate possible completion matches for)144 261.6 R +F3(wor)2.513 E(d)-.37 E F0 .013(according to the)2.513 F F3(option)2.513 +E F0 .013(s, which may be an)B 2.512(yo)-.15 G(ption)-2.512 E .981 +(accepted by the)144 273.6 R F2(complete)3.481 E F0 -.2(bu)3.481 G .981 +(iltin with the e).2 F .981(xception of)-.15 F F2<ad70>3.481 E F0(and) +3.481 E F2<ad72>3.481 E F0 3.481(,a)C .982(nd write the matches to the) +-3.481 F .131(standard output.)144 285.6 R .131(When using the)5.131 F +F2<ad46>2.631 E F0(or)2.631 E F2<ad43>2.631 E F0 .131(options, the v) +2.631 F .13(arious shell v)-.25 F .13(ariables set by the program-)-.25 +F(mable completion f)144 297.6 Q(acilities, while a)-.1 E -.25(va)-.2 G (ilable, will not ha).25 E .3 -.15(ve u)-.2 H(seful v).15 E(alues.)-.25 -E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 156 R .352 +E .352(The matches will be generated in the same w)144 321.6 R .352 (ay as if the programmable completion code had gen-)-.1 F .02(erated th\ em directly from a completion speci\214cation with the same \215ags.)144 -168 R(If)5.02 E F2(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only)2.52 -F(those completions matching)144 180 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 -(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 204 Q +333.6 R(If)5.02 E F3(wor)2.52 E(d)-.37 E F0 .02(is speci\214ed, only) +2.52 F(those completions matching)144 345.6 Q F3(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F0 +(will be displayed.)2.5 E(The return v)144 369.6 Q (alue is true unless an in)-.25 E -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F1 -(complete)108 220.8 Q F0([)3.729 E F1(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.729(][)C -F1<ad6f>-3.729 E F2(comp-option)3.729 E F0 3.729(][)C F1(\255DE)-3.729 E -F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad41>-3.728 E F2(action)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad47> --3.728 E F2(globpat)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad57>-3.728 E F2(wor)3.728 -E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.728(][)C F1<ad46>-3.728 E F2(func-)3.728 E(tion)108 -232.8 Q F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 244.8 Q -F1<ad58>A F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad50>-2.5 E F2(pr)2.5 E -(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F2(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(]) -A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(name ...)A F0(])A F1(complete \255pr)108 -256.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255DE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.633(Specify ho)144 268.8 R 3.133(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.133 G .633 -(uments to each).18 F F2(name)3.133 E F0 .633(should be completed.)3.133 -F .634(If the)5.634 F F1<ad70>3.134 E F0 .634 -(option is supplied, or if no)3.134 F .14(options are supplied, e)144 -280.8 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 -F .139(ay that allo)-.1 F .139(ws them to be)-.25 F .31 -(reused as input.)144 292.8 R(The)5.31 E F1<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31 -(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.81(sac).15 G .31 -(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F2(name)2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C -1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E F2(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.347 -(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 304.8 R(The)6.347 E -F1<ad44>3.847 E F0 1.346(option indicates that the remaining options) -3.847 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 316.8 R(`def)-.74 E +(lid option is supplied, or no matches were generated.).25 E F2 +(complete)108 386.4 Q F0([)3.728 E F2(\255abcdefgjksuv)A F0 3.728(][)C +F2<ad6f>-3.728 E F3(comp-option)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F2(\255DE)-3.728 E +F0 3.728(][)C F2<ad41>-3.728 E F3(action)3.728 E F0 3.728(][)C F2<ad47> +-3.728 E F3(globpat)3.728 E F0 3.729(][)C F2<ad57>-3.729 E F3(wor)3.729 +E(dlist)-.37 E F0 3.729(][)C F2<ad46>-3.729 E F3(func-)3.729 E(tion)108 +398.4 Q F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad43>-2.5 E F3(command)2.5 E F0(])A([)144 410.4 Q +F2<ad58>A F3(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad50>-2.5 E F3(pr)2.5 E +(e\214x)-.37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad53>-2.5 E F3(suf)2.5 E<8c78>-.18 E F0(]) +A F3(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3(name ...)A F0(])A F2(complete \255pr)108 +422.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255DE)A F0 2.5(][)C F3(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E +.634(Specify ho)144 434.4 R 3.134(wa)-.25 G -.18(rg)-3.134 G .634 +(uments to each).18 F F3(name)3.134 E F0 .634(should be completed.)3.134 +F .633(If the)5.634 F F2<ad70>3.133 E F0 .633 +(option is supplied, or if no)3.133 F .139(options are supplied, e)144 +446.4 R .139(xisting completion speci\214cations are printed in a w)-.15 +F .14(ay that allo)-.1 F .14(ws them to be)-.25 F .31(reused as input.) +144 458.4 R(The)5.31 E F2<ad72>2.81 E F0 .31(option remo)2.81 F -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.81(sac).15 G .31(ompletion speci\214cation for each)-2.81 F F3 +(name)2.81 E F0 2.81(,o)C 1.11 -.4(r, i)-2.81 H 2.81(fn).4 G(o)-2.81 E +F3(name)2.81 E F0(s)A 1.346 +(are supplied, all completion speci\214cations.)144 470.4 R(The)6.347 E +F2<ad44>3.847 E F0 1.347(option indicates that the remaining options) +3.847 F .5(and actions should apply to the `)144 482.4 R(`def)-.74 E (ault')-.1 E 3('c)-.74 G .5 (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on)-3 F 3.455(ac)144 -328.8 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955 -(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F1<ad45>3.455 E F0 .955 -(option indicates that)3.455 F .064 -(the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 340.8 R -(`empty')-.74 E 2.565('c)-.74 G .065 -(ommand completion; that is, comple-)-2.565 F -(tion attempted on a blank line.)144 352.8 Q 1.438 +494.4 S .955(ommand for which no completion has pre)-3.455 F .955 +(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)5.955 E F2<ad45>3.455 E F0 .955 +(option indicates that)3.455 F .065 +(the remaining options and actions should apply to `)144 506.4 R +(`empty')-.74 E 2.564('c)-.74 G .064 +(ommand completion; that is, comple-)-2.564 F +(tion attempted on a blank line.)144 518.4 Q 1.437 (The process of applying these completion speci\214cations when w)144 -376.8 R 1.437(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144 -388.8 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1(Pr)2.5 E -(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .555 -(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 412.8 R .855 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555 +542.4 R 1.438(ord completion is attempted is)-.1 F(described abo)144 +554.4 Q .3 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(Pr)2.5 E +(ogrammable Completion)-.18 E F0(.)A .556 +(Other options, if speci\214ed, ha)144 578.4 R .856 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .555 (he follo).15 F .555(wing meanings.)-.25 F .555(The ar)5.555 F .555 -(guments to the)-.18 F F1<ad47>3.056 E F0(,)A F1<ad57>3.056 E F0 3.056 -(,a)C(nd)-3.056 E F1<ad58>3.056 E F0 .723(options \(and, if necessary) -144 424.8 R 3.223(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.223 E F1<ad50>3.223 E F0(and)3.223 E -F1<ad53>3.223 E F0 .722 -(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.223 F(xpan-)-.15 E -(sion before the)144 436.8 Q F1(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F1<ad6f>144 448.8 Q -F2(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 460.8 Q F2(comp-option)2.79 E F0 .291 +(guments to the)-.18 F F2<ad47>3.055 E F0(,)A F2<ad57>3.055 E F0 3.055 +(,a)C(nd)-3.055 E F2<ad58>3.055 E F0 .722(options \(and, if necessary) +144 590.4 R 3.222(,t)-.65 G(he)-3.222 E F2<ad50>3.222 E F0(and)3.222 E +F2<ad53>3.222 E F0 .723 +(options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E +(sion before the)144 602.4 Q F2(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E F2<ad6f>144 614.4 Q +F3(comp-option)2.5 E F0(The)184 626.4 Q F3(comp-option)2.791 E F0 .291 (controls se)2.791 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .291(ral aspects of the compspec') .15 F 2.791(sb)-.55 G(eha)-2.791 E .291(vior be)-.2 F .291 -(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 472.8 Q F2 -(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F1(bashdefault)184 484.8 Q F0 -.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 496.8 R(ault)-.1 E F1(bash)2.781 E +(yond the simple)-.15 F(generation of completions.)184 638.4 Q F3 +(comp-option)5 E F0(may be one of:)2.5 E F2(bashdefault)184 650.4 Q F0 +.281(Perform the rest of the def)224 662.4 R(ault)-.1 E F2(bash)2.781 E F0 .281(completions if the compspec generates no)2.781 F(matches.)224 -508.8 Q F1(default)184 520.8 Q F0 2.875(Use readline')224 520.8 R 5.375 -(sd)-.55 G(ef)-5.375 E 2.876 +674.4 Q F2(default)184 686.4 Q F0 2.876(Use readline')224 686.4 R 5.376 +(sd)-.55 G(ef)-5.376 E 2.875 (ault \214lename completion if the compspec generates no)-.1 F(matches.) -224 532.8 Q F1(dir)184 544.8 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name c\ -ompletion if the compspec generates no matches.)224 556.8 Q F1 -(\214lenames)184 568.8 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 580.8 S .137(ll readline that th\ -e compspec generates \214lenames, so it can perform an).7 F 2.636<798c> --.15 G(le-)-2.636 E .134(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 592.8 R -2.634(ea)-.1 G .134(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-) --2.634 F .45(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 -604.8 R .45(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 616.8 Q -F1(noquote)184 628.8 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 628.8 S .814 -(ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 F -3.314(ya)-.15 G .815(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F -(\214lenames is the def)224 640.8 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nosort)184 652.8 Q -F0 -.7(Te)224 652.8 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible comp\ -letions alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F1(nospace)184 664.8 Q F0 -.7(Te) -224 664.8 S .22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22 -(ault\) to w)-.1 F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 -676.8 Q F1(plusdirs)184 688.8 Q F0 1.985(After an)224 688.8 R 4.485(ym) --.15 G 1.985 -(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F -.584(completion is attempted and an)224 700.8 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 -(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 -712.8 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(56)192.055 E 0 Cg -EP -%%Page: 57 57 +224 698.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(58)193.45 E 0 +Cg EP +%%Page: 59 59 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF<ad41>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 96 Q F2 -(action)2.5 E F0(may be one of the follo)2.5 E +SF(dir)184 84 Q(names)-.15 E F0(Perform directory name completion if th\ +e compspec generates no matches.)224 96 Q F1(\214lenames)184 108 Q F0 +-.7(Te)224 120 S .137(ll readline that the compspec generates \214lenam\ +es, so it can perform an).7 F 2.637<798c>-.15 G(le-)-2.637 E .134 +(name\255speci\214c processing \(lik)224 132 R 2.634(ea)-.1 G .134 +(dding a slash to directory names, quoting spe-)-2.634 F .45 +(cial characters, or suppressing trailing spaces\).)224 144 R .45 +(Intended to be used with shell)5.45 F(functions.)224 156 Q F1(noquote) +184 168 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 168 S .814 +(ll readline not to quote the completed w).7 F .814(ords if the)-.1 F +3.314(ya)-.15 G .814(re \214lenames \(quoting)-3.314 F +(\214lenames is the def)224 180 Q(ault\).)-.1 E F1(nosort)184 192 Q F0 +-.7(Te)224 192 S(ll readline not to sort the list of possible completio\ +ns alphabetically).7 E(.)-.65 E F1(nospace)184 204 Q F0 -.7(Te)224 204 S +.22(ll readline not to append a space \(the def).7 F .22(ault\) to w)-.1 +F .22(ords completed at the end)-.1 F(of the line.)224 216 Q F1 +(plusdirs)184 228 Q F0 1.985(After an)224 228 R 4.485(ym)-.15 G 1.985 +(atches de\214ned by the compspec are generated, directory name)-4.485 F +.583(completion is attempted and an)224 240 R 3.084(ym)-.15 G .584 +(atches are added to the results of the other)-3.084 F(actions.)224 252 +Q F1<ad41>144 264 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(action)2.5 E F0(The)184 276 +Q F2(action)2.5 E F0(may be one of the follo)2.5 E (wing to generate a list of possible completions:)-.25 E F1(alias)184 -108 Q F0(Alias names.)224 108 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad61> -2.5 E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 120 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 132 Q -(ariable names.)-.25 E F1(binding)184 144 Q(Readline)224 144 Q F0 -.1 -(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 156 S(iltin) -.2 E F0(Names of shell b)224 156 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 168 -Q F0(Command names.)224 180 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad63>2.5 -E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 192 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 204 Q -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 216 -Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 228 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 -240 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)224 240 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 -252 Q F0(Names of e)224 252 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) +288 Q F0(Alias names.)224 288 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad61> +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(arrayv)184 300 Q(ar)-.1 E F0(Array v)224 312 Q +(ariable names.)-.25 E F1(binding)184 324 Q(Readline)224 324 Q F0 -.1 +(ke)2.5 G 2.5(yb)-.05 G(inding names.)-2.5 E F1 -.2(bu)184 336 S(iltin) +.2 E F0(Names of shell b)224 336 Q(uiltin commands.)-.2 E +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(command)184 348 +Q F0(Command names.)224 360 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad63>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(dir)184 372 Q(ectory)-.18 E F0(Directory names.)224 384 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad64>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(disabled)184 396 +Q F0(Names of disabled shell b)224 408 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(enabled)184 +420 Q F0(Names of enabled shell b)224 420 Q(uiltins.)-.2 E F1(export)184 +432 Q F0(Names of e)224 432 Q(xported shell v)-.15 E 2.5(ariables. May) -.25 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(\214le)184 -264 Q F0(File names.)224 264 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad66> -2.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 276 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 288 -Q F1(gr)184 300 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)224 300 Q +444 Q F0(File names.)224 444 Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad66> +2.5 E F0(.)A F1(function)184 456 Q F0(Names of shell functions.)224 468 +Q F1(gr)184 480 Q(oup)-.18 E F0(Group names.)224 480 Q (May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad67>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(helptopic)184 -312 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 324 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 336 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 348 +492 Q F0(Help topics as accepted by the)224 504 Q F1(help)2.5 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(hostname)184 516 Q F0(Hostnames, as tak)224 528 Q(en from the \214le speci\214ed by the)-.1 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 360 Q F0 -(Job names, if job control is acti)224 360 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G -(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F1<ad6a>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 372 S -(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 384 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) +(HOSTFILE)2.5 E F0(shell v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(job)184 540 Q F0 +(Job names, if job control is acti)224 540 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 5(.M).15 G +(ay also be speci\214ed as)-5 E F1<ad6a>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ke)184 552 S +(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Shell reserv)224 564 Q(ed w)-.15 E 2.5(ords. May) -.1 F(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(running)184 -396 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 396 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 408 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)224 408 -Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad73>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 420 -Q F0 -1.11(Va)224 420 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F1<ad6f>2.5 +576 Q F0(Names of running jobs, if job control is acti)224 576 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1(ser)184 588 Q(vice)-.1 E F0(Service names.)224 588 +Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad73>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 600 +Q F0 -1.11(Va)224 600 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1 -(shopt)184 432 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 432 Q F1 -(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 444 Q F0 -(Signal names.)224 444 Q F1(stopped)184 456 Q F0 -(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 456 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -(.).15 E F1(user)184 468 Q F0(User names.)224 468 Q -(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 480 S -(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 480 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F -(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad43>144 492 Q F2 -(command)2.5 E(command)184 504 Q F0 1.055(is e)3.555 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -1.055(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 +(shopt)184 612 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 612 Q F1 +(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1(signal)184 624 Q F0 +(Signal names.)224 624 Q F1(stopped)184 636 Q F0 +(Names of stopped jobs, if job control is acti)224 636 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G +(.).15 E F1(user)184 648 Q F0(User names.)224 648 Q +(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(va)184 660 S +(riable).1 E F0(Names of all shell v)224 660 Q 2.5(ariables. May)-.25 F +(also be speci\214ed as)2.5 E F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad43>144 672 Q F2 +(command)2.5 E(command)184 684 Q F0 1.056(is e)3.556 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +1.056(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 1.056 (vironment, and its output is used as the possible)-.4 F(completions.) -184 516 Q F1<ad46>144 528 Q F2(function)2.5 E F0 .114 -(The shell function)184 540 R F2(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F +184 696 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(59)193.45 E 0 Cg +EP +%%Page: 60 60 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF<ad46>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(function)2.5 E F0 .113 +(The shell function)184 96 R F2(function)2.614 E F0 .114(is e)2.614 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .114(cuted in the current shell en).15 F 2.614 -(vironment. When)-.4 F .113(the func-)2.613 F .816(tion is e)184 552 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .816(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .816(gument \()-.18 F F1 -($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .817 +(vironment. When)-.4 F .114(the func-)2.614 F .817(tion is e)184 108 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .817(cuted, the \214rst ar).15 F .817(gument \()-.18 F F1 +($1)A F0 3.316(\)i)C 3.316(st)-3.316 G .816 (he name of the command whose ar)-3.316 F(guments)-.18 E 1.407 -(are being completed, the second ar)184 564 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1 +(are being completed, the second ar)184 120 R 1.407(gument \()-.18 F F1 ($2)A F0 3.907(\)i)C 3.907(st)-3.907 G 1.407(he w)-3.907 F 1.407 -(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .103(third ar)184 576 R .103 -(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.603(\)i)C 2.603(st)-2.603 G .103(he w) --2.603 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .104 -(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .102(mand line.)184 588 R -.102(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.102 F --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.601(df).15 G .101(rom the v)-2.601 F .101(alue of the) --.25 F F3(COMPREPL)184 600 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 E(ariable.)-.25 E -F1<ad47>144 612 Q F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.007(The pathname e)184 624 R -1.007(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507 E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F -1.008(xpanded to generate the possible comple-)-.15 F(tions.)184 636 Q -F1<ad50>144 648 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr)184 660 Q(e\214x)-.37 E -F0 .535(is added at the be)3.035 F .534 +(ord being completed, and the)-.1 F .104(third ar)184 132 R .104 +(gument \()-.18 F F1($3)A F0 2.604(\)i)C 2.604(st)-2.604 G .104(he w) +-2.604 F .104(ord preceding the w)-.1 F .103 +(ord being completed on the current com-)-.1 F .101(mand line.)184 144 R +.101(When it \214nishes, the possible completions are retrie)5.101 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.602(df).15 G .102(rom the v)-2.602 F .102(alue of the) +-.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMPREPL)184 156 Q(Y)-.828 E F0(array v)2.25 +E(ariable.)-.25 E F1<ad47>144 168 Q F2(globpat)2.5 E F0 1.008 +(The pathname e)184 180 R 1.008(xpansion pattern)-.15 F F2(globpat)3.507 +E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.007(xpanded to generate the possible comple-) +-.15 F(tions.)184 192 Q F1<ad50>144 204 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(e\214x)-.37 E(pr) +184 216 Q(e\214x)-.37 E F0 .534(is added at the be)3.034 F .534 (ginning of each possible completion after all other options ha)-.15 F --.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 672 Q F1<ad53>144 684 Q F2(suf)2.5 E -<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 684 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0 +-.15(ve)-.2 G(been applied.)184 228 Q F1<ad53>144 240 Q F2(suf)2.5 E +<8c78>-.18 E(suf)184 240 Q<8c78>-.18 E F0 (is appended to each possible completion after all other options ha)2.5 -E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 696 Q F2(wor)2.5 E -(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 708 Q F2(wor)3.639 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 -(is split using the characters in the)3.639 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.14 -(special v)3.39 F 1.14(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.008 -(each resultant w)184 720 R 2.008(ord is e)-.1 F 4.508(xpanded. The)-.15 -F 2.007(possible completions are the members of the)4.508 F -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(57)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 58 58 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E -(resultant list which match the w)184 84 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E/F1 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad58>144 96 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lterpat)2.5 -E(\214lterpat)184 108 Q F0 .455(is a pattern as used for pathname e) -2.955 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F .456 -(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 -(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 120 R 1.596 -(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 132 Q F2(\214lterpat) -3.204 E F0 .704(is remo)3.204 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.204(df).15 G .704 -(rom the list.)-3.204 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0 -(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.205 E F0(ne)3.205 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .705 -(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 144 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G +E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 252 Q F2(wor)2.5 E +(dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 264 Q F2(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 +(is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139 +(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F .98 +(each resultant w)184 276 R .98(ord is e)-.1 F 3.481(xpanded. Shell)-.15 +F .981(quoting is honored within)3.481 F F2(wor)3.481 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 +3.481(,i)C 3.481(no)-3.481 G .981(rder to)-3.481 F(pro)184 288 Q .766 +(vide a mechanism for the w)-.15 F .765 +(ords to contain shell metacharacters or characters in the)-.1 F -.25 +(va)184 300 S 1.964(lue of).25 F F3(IFS)4.464 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.) +A F0 1.964 +(The possible completions are the members of the resultant list which) +6.464 F(match the w)184 312 Q(ord being completed.)-.1 E F1<ad58>144 324 +Q F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E(\214lterpat)184 336 Q F0 .456 +(is a pattern as used for pathname e)2.956 F 2.956(xpansion. It)-.15 F +.455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 +(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 348 R 1.596 +(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 360 Q F2(\214lterpat) +3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704 +(rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0 +(in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .704 +(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 372 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G (ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .467(The return v)144 160.8 R .467 +-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 388.8 R .466 (alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466 -(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.966 E F0 -(or)2.966 E F1<ad72>2.966 E F0 .466(is sup-)2.966 F 1.361 -(plied without a)144 172.8 R F2(name)3.861 E F0(ar)3.861 E 1.361 -(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.662 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H -1.362(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 184.8 Q F0 +(lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.967 E F0 +(or)2.967 E F1<ad72>2.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362 +(plied without a)144 400.8 R F2(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361 +(gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H +1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 412.8 Q F0 (for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E (xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E -F1(compopt)108 201.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1(compopt)108 429.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 213.6 R +(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 441.6 R F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0 -.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .725 -(completion if no)144 225.6 R F2(name)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa)C .725 -(re supplied.)-3.225 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) -C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .726 -(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 237.6 Q F2(name) -3.224 E F0 .724(or the current completion.)3.224 F .724(The possible v) +.447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .726 +(completion if no)144 453.6 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726 +(re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) +C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725 +(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 465.6 Q F2(name) +3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v) 5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 -F .723(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.223 E(plete)144 249.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) -2.797 G .297(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he) +F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 477.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) +2.798 G .298(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he) -5.297 E F1<ad44>2.797 E F0 .297 (option indicates that the remaining options should apply to)2.797 F -1.228(the `)144 261.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.728('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ +1.227(the `)144 489.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \ -no)-3.728 F 2.177(completion has pre)144 273.6 R 2.177 -(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.177 E F1<ad45>4.677 E F0 2.178 -(option indicates that the remaining options)4.678 F(should apply to `) -144 285.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G +no)-3.727 F 2.178(completion has pre)144 501.6 R 2.178 +(viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.178 E F1<ad45>4.678 E F0 2.177 +(option indicates that the remaining options)4.677 F(should apply to `) +144 513.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)-2.5 -E 1.388(The return v)144 309.6 R 1.388(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F --.25(va)-.4 G 1.387 +E 1.387(The return v)144 537.6 R 1.387(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.388 (lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the).25 F -(options for a)144 321.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(options for a)144 549.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 (for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E -(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 338.4 Q F0([) -2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.753(Resume the ne)144 350.4 R 1.753 +(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 566.4 Q F0([) +2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 578.4 R 1.754 (xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)-4.254 E F1 -(select)4.254 E F0 4.254(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.614 E F0 1.754 -(is speci\214ed,)4.494 F 1.209(resume at the)144 362.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0 -1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F3 10 +(select)4.254 E F0 4.253(loop. If)4.254 F F2(n)4.613 E F0 1.753 +(is speci\214ed,)4.493 F 1.208(resume at the)144 590.4 R F2(n)3.709 E F0 +1.209(th enclosing loop.)B F2(n)6.569 E F0 1.209(must be)3.949 F/F5 10 /Symbol SF<b3>3.709 E F0 3.709(1. If)3.709 F F2(n)4.069 E F0 1.209 -(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .513 -(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 374.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.013('l)-.74 G .513(oop\) is resumed.)-3.013 F .514 -(The return v)5.514 F .514(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.014 E F0(is) -3.014 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 386.4 Q F1(declar)108 403.2 +(is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .514 +(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 602.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.014('l)-.74 G .514(oop\) is resumed.)-3.014 F .513 +(The return v)5.513 F .513(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.013 E F0(is) +3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 614.4 Q F1(declar)108 631.2 Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1 -(typeset)108 415.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +(typeset)108 643.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 <ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(..])-2.5 E 1.265(Declare v)144 427.2 R 1.265(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F -1.565 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.265(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no) +(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 655.2 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F +1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no) 3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.764(nt).15 G 1.264(hen display the v)-3.764 F 1.264(alues of)-.25 F --.25(va)144 439.2 S 3.482(riables. The).25 F F1<ad70>3.482 E F0 .982 -(option will display the attrib)3.482 F .982(utes and v)-.2 F .983 -(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.483 E F0 5.983(.W).18 G(hen)-5.983 E F1 -<ad70>3.483 E F0 .983(is used)3.483 F(with)144 451.2 Q F2(name)2.775 E -F0(ar)2.775 E .275(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F1 -<ad66>2.775 E F0(and)2.775 E F1<ad46>2.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .274 -(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When)5.274 E F1<ad70>2.774 E F0 .274(is supplied) -2.774 F(without)144 463.2 Q F2(name)4.813 E F0(ar)4.813 E 2.313 -(guments, it will display the attrib)-.18 F 2.314(utes and v)-.2 F 2.314 -(alues of all v)-.25 F 2.314(ariables ha)-.25 F 2.314(ving the)-.2 F -(attrib)144 475.2 Q 1.182(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.) --.2 F 1.181(If no other options are supplied with)6.182 F F1<ad70>3.681 -E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.681 E(e)-.18 E F0 .62(will display the attrib)144 -487.2 R .62(utes and v)-.2 F .62(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.12 +G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F +-.25(va)144 667.2 S 3.483(riables. The).25 F F1<ad70>3.483 E F0 .983 +(option will display the attrib)3.483 F .983(utes and v)-.2 F .982 +(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.482 E F0 5.982(.W).18 G(hen)-5.982 E F1 +<ad70>3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 679.2 Q F2(name)2.774 E +F0(ar)2.774 E .274(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F1 +<ad66>2.775 E F0(and)2.775 E F1<ad46>2.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .275 +(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When)5.275 E F1<ad70>2.775 E F0 .275(is supplied) +2.775 F(without)144 691.2 Q F2(name)4.814 E F0(ar)4.814 E 2.314 +(guments, it will display the attrib)-.18 F 2.314(utes and v)-.2 F 2.313 +(alues of all v)-.25 F 2.313(ariables ha)-.25 F 2.313(ving the)-.2 F +(attrib)144 703.2 Q 1.181(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.) +-.2 F 1.182(If no other options are supplied with)6.181 F F1<ad70>3.682 +E F0(,)A F1(declar)3.682 E(e)-.18 E F0 .62(will display the attrib)144 +715.2 R .62(utes and v)-.2 F .62(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.12 (ariables. The)-.25 F F1<ad66>3.12 E F0 .62 -(option will restrict the display)3.12 F 1.291(to shell functions.)144 -499.2 R(The)6.291 E F1<ad46>3.791 E F0 1.291(option inhibits the displa\ -y of function de\214nitions; only the function)3.791 F .948 -(name and attrib)144 511.2 R .948(utes are printed.)-.2 F .948(If the) -5.948 F F1(extdeb)3.448 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .948 +(option will restrict the display)3.12 F 1.29(to shell functions.)144 +727.2 R(The)6.29 E F1<ad46>3.79 E F0 1.291(option inhibits the display \ +of function de\214nitions; only the function)3.791 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 +Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(60)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 61 61 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .948 +(name and attrib)144 84 R .948(utes are printed.)-.2 F .948(If the)5.948 +F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(extdeb)3.448 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .948 (shell option is enabled using)3.448 F F1(shopt)3.448 E F0 3.448(,t)C .948(he source)-3.448 F 1.69(\214le name and line number where each)144 -523.2 R F2(name)4.19 E F0 1.69(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)4.19 -F(The)6.69 E F1<ad46>4.19 E F0(option)4.19 E(implies)144 535.2 Q F1 -<ad66>3.891 E F0 6.391(.T)C(he)-6.391 E F1<ad67>3.891 E F0 1.391 -(option forces v)3.891 F 1.391 +96 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)4.19 E F0 1.69 +(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)4.19 F(The)6.69 E F1<ad46>4.19 E F0 +(option)4.19 E(implies)144 108 Q F1<ad66>3.892 E F0 6.392(.T)C(he)-6.392 +E F1<ad67>3.892 E F0 1.391(option forces v)3.892 F 1.391 (ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(when)144 547.2 Q F1(declar)4.383 E(e)-.18 E F0 1.883 -(is e)4.383 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.883(cuted in a shell function.).15 F -1.882(It is ignored in all other cases.)6.883 F 1.882(The follo)6.882 F -(wing)-.25 E .793(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 559.2 -R .794(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .794(ute or to gi)-.2 -F 1.094 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 571.2 Q(utes:)-.2 E -F1<ad61>144 583.2 Q F0(Each)180 583.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 -E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1 -(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad41>144 595.2 Q -F0(Each)180 595.2 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a) --.25 H(rray v).15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad66>144 607.2 Q F0(Use function names only) -180 607.2 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad69>144 619.2 Q F0 .558(The v)180 619.2 R .558 +(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(when)144 120 Q F1(declar)4.382 E(e)-.18 E F0 1.882 +(is e)4.382 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.882(cuted in a shell function.).15 F +1.883(It is ignored in all other cases.)6.882 F 1.883(The follo)6.883 F +(wing)-.25 E .794(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 132 R +.794(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .793(ute or to gi)-.2 F +1.093 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 144 Q(utes:)-.2 E F1 +<ad61>144 156 Q F0(Each)180 156 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 +E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad41>144 168 Q F0(Each)180 +168 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray v) +.15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +(\).).15 E F1<ad66>144 180 Q F0(Use function names only)180 180 Q(.)-.65 +E F1<ad69>144 192 Q F0 .557(The v)180 192 R .558 (ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 -(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .557 -(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 631.2 Q F0(abo) -2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v) --2.5 E(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 643.2 Q -F0 .909(When the v)180 643.2 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +(va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .558 +(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 204 Q F0(abo)2.25 +E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v)-2.5 E +(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 216 Q F0 .91 +(When the v)180 216 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 (alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .91(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 655.2 R -(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad6e>144 667.2 -Q F0(Gi)180 667.2 Q 1.62 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.82 E F0 -(the)3.82 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 +G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 228 R +(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad6e>144 240 Q +F0(Gi)180 240 Q 1.619 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.819 E F0(the) +3.819 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 (ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E -1.518(That other v)180 679.2 R 1.518(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 -F 1.519(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)4.019 E F0 6.519(.A)C 1.519 -(ll references, assignments, and)-6.519 F(attrib)180 691.2 Q .227 +1.519(That other v)180 252 R 1.519(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F +1.518(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)4.018 E F0 6.518(.A)C 1.518 +(ll references, assignments, and)-6.518 F(attrib)180 264 Q .226 (ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F2(name)2.726 E F0 2.726(,e)C .226 (xcept those using or changing the)-2.876 F F1<ad6e>2.726 E F0(attrib) -2.726 E .226(ute itself, are)-.2 F .808(performed on the v)180 703.2 R -.808(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55('s v)D -3.308(alue. The).3 F .809(nameref attrib)3.309 F .809(ute cannot be)-.2 -F(applied to array v)180 715.2 Q(ariables.)-.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(58)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 59 59 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF<ad72>144 84 Q F0(Mak)180 84 Q(e)-.1 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name) -5.047 E F0 5.047(sr)C(eadonly)-5.047 E 7.547(.T)-.65 G 2.546 -(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.547 F 2.546 -(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 96 Q F1 -<ad74>144 108 Q F0(Gi)180 108 Q .729 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name) -2.929 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E 2.929 -(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 E(UG) --.1 E F0(and)2.93 E F1(RETURN)2.93 E F0(traps from the calling shell.) -180 120 Q(The trace attrib)5 E(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E -(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 132 Q F0 .91(When the v)180 132 R .909 -(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909 -(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .909(rted to upper).15 F -(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 144 R(lo)2.5 E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E -(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad78>144 156 Q F0(Mark)180 156 Q F2(name)2.5 -E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E -(vironment.)-.4 E .12(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 172.8 R -2.62(ft)-.25 G .12(he attrib)-2.62 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F -.121(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.621 E F0 .121(may not be used)2.621 F -.645(to destro)144 184.8 R 3.145(ya)-.1 G 3.145(na)-3.145 G .645(rray v) --3.145 F .645(ariable and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo) -3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.144 -(ute. When)-.2 F .644(used in a func-)3.144 F(tion,)144 196.8 Q F1 +2.726 E .227(ute itself, are)-.2 F .809(performed on the v)180 276 R +.809(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55('s v)D +3.308(alue. The).3 F .808(nameref attrib)3.308 F .808(ute cannot be)-.2 +F(applied to array v)180 288 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad72>144 300 Q F0 +(Mak)180 300 Q(e)-.1 E F2(name)5.046 E F0 5.046(sr)C(eadonly)-5.046 E +7.546(.T)-.65 G 2.546(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.546 F +2.547(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 312 +Q F1<ad74>144 324 Q F0(Gi)180 324 Q .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2 +(name)2.93 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E +2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 +E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.929 E F1(RETURN)2.929 E F0 +(traps from the calling shell.)180 336 Q(The trace attrib)5 E +(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 348 +Q F0 .909(When the v)180 348 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +(alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 360 R(lo)2.5 +E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad78>144 372 Q +F0(Mark)180 372 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E +(xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .121 +(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 388.8 R 2.621(ft)-.25 G .121 +(he attrib)-2.621 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .12 +(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.62 E F0 .12(may not be used)2.62 F .644 +(to destro)144 400.8 R 3.144(ya)-.1 G 3.144(na)-3.144 G .644(rray v) +-3.144 F .644(ariable and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo) +3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.145 +(ute. When)-.2 F .645(used in a func-)3.145 F(tion,)144 412.8 Q F1 (declar)2.835 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.835 E F1(typeset)2.835 E F0(mak)2.835 E 2.835(ee)-.1 G(ach)-2.835 E F2(name)2.835 E F0 .335 (local, as with the)2.835 F F1(local)2.835 E F0 .335 -(command, unless the)2.835 F F1<ad67>2.835 E F0(option)2.835 E 1.283 -(is supplied.)144 208.8 R 1.283(If a v)6.283 F 1.283 +(command, unless the)2.835 F F1<ad67>2.835 E F0(option)2.835 E 1.282 +(is supplied.)144 424.8 R 1.282(If a v)6.282 F 1.283 (ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.283(wed by =)-.25 F F2(value)A F0 3.783 -(,t)C 1.283(he v)-3.783 F 1.283(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.282 -(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)3.782 E F0(.)A .926(When using)144 -220.8 R F1<ad61>3.426 E F0(or)3.426 E F1<ad41>3.426 E F0 .927 -(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)3.426 F .927 -(ariables, additional)-.25 F(attrib)144 232.8 Q .592(utes do not tak)-.2 +(,t)C 1.283(he v)-3.783 F 1.283(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.283 +(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)3.783 E F0(.)A .927(When using)144 +436.8 R F1<ad61>3.427 E F0(or)3.427 E F1<ad41>3.427 E F0 .926 +(and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)3.427 F .926 +(ariables, additional)-.25 F(attrib)144 448.8 Q .592(utes do not tak)-.2 F 3.092(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.092 G .592 (ect until subsequent assignments.).25 F .592(The return v)5.592 F .592 (alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .429 (option is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using) -144 244.8 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .429(\255f foo=bar)2.929 F F0 2.929(,a)C -2.929(na)-2.929 G .429(ttempt is)-2.929 F .063(made to assign a v)144 -256.8 R .063(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .062 -(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .062 +144 460.8 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .428(\255f foo=bar)2.929 F F0 2.928(,a)C +2.928(na)-2.928 G .428(ttempt is)-2.928 F .062(made to assign a v)144 +472.8 R .062(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .063 +(ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .063 (alue to an array v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .102 -(able without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 268.8 R F1 +(able without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 484.8 R F1 (Arrays)2.602 E F0(abo)2.602 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .102(\), one of the).15 F -F2(names)2.602 E F0 .102(is not a)2.602 F -.25(va)144 280.8 S .172 +F2(names)2.602 E F0 .101(is not a)2.602 F -.25(va)144 496.8 S .171 (lid shell v).25 F .171(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 -F 2.671(fr)-.25 G .171(eadonly status for a readonly v)-2.671 F .171 -(ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 292.8 R 3.46(fa) +F 2.671(fr)-.25 G .171(eadonly status for a readonly v)-2.671 F .172 +(ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 508.8 R 3.46(fa) -.25 G .96(rray status for an array v)-3.46 F .96 -(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 304.8 Q +(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 520.8 Q (xistent function with)-.15 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 321.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F1 -(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 333.6 S .329 +(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 537.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F1 +(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 549.6 S .328 (thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) -.4 F .328(The def)5.328 F .328(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 -(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 345.6 R 1.238 -(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 357.6 Q -F0 2.003(command; the)4.504 F F1(popd)4.503 E F0 2.003(command remo) +.4 F .329(The def)5.329 F .329(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 +(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 561.6 R 1.238 +(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 573.6 Q +F0 2.003(command; the)4.503 F F1(popd)4.503 E F0 2.003(command remo) 4.503 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.503(se).15 G 2.003(ntries from the list.)-4.503 -F 2.003(The current directory is)7.003 F(al)144 369.6 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G -(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F1<ad63>144 381.6 Q F0 -(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 381.6 Q -F1<ad6c>144 393.6 Q F0 .881 -(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 393.6 R .882 +F 2.003(The current directory is)7.003 F(al)144 585.6 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G +(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F1<ad63>144 597.6 Q F0 +(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 597.6 Q +F1<ad6c>144 609.6 Q F0 .882 +(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 609.6 R .881 (ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180 -405.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad70>144 417.6 Q F0 -(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 417.6 Q F1<ad76> -144 429.6 Q F0 .273(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \ -pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 429.6 R 2.772(xi)-.15 G 2.772 -(nt)-2.772 G(he)-2.772 E(stack.)180 441.6 Q F1(+)144 453.6 Q F2(n)A F0 -1.564(Displays the)180 453.6 R F2(n)4.064 E F0 1.565 -(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.565(wn by)-.25 F F1 -(dirs)4.065 E F0 1.565(when in)4.065 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 465.6 Q F1<ad>144 477.6 Q F2 -(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)180 477.6 R F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 +621.6 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad70>144 633.6 Q F0 +(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 633.6 Q F1<ad76> +144 645.6 Q F0 .272(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \ +pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 645.6 R 2.773(xi)-.15 G 2.773 +(nt)-2.773 G(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 657.6 Q F1(+)144 669.6 Q F2(n)A F0 +1.565(Displays the)180 669.6 R F2(n)4.065 E F0 1.565 +(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.564(wn by)-.25 F F1 +(dirs)4.064 E F0 1.564(when in)4.064 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 681.6 Q F1<ad>144 693.6 Q F2 +(n)A F0 1.194(Displays the)180 693.6 R F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 (th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 489.6 Q .257(The return v)144 -506.4 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 -(lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) -.15 F(tory stack.)144 518.4 Q F1(diso)108 535.2 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad68>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)-2.5 E F0 -(... |)2.5 E F2(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 547.2 S .122 -(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(jobspec) -4.362 E F0 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H -2.622(obs. If).15 F F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .121(is not present, and)2.932 -F .096(neither the)144 559.2 R F1<ad61>2.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F -F1<ad72>2.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F2(curr)2.596 E -.096(ent job)-.37 F F0 .096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F1 -<ad68>2.596 E F0 .096(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each) -.15 F F2(jobspec)145.74 571.2 Q F0 .586(is not remo)3.396 F -.15(ve)-.15 -G 3.086(df).15 G .585(rom the table, b)-3.086 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F -.585(ed so that)-.1 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .585 -(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 583.2 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F4(SIGHUP)A/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962 -(If no)5.462 F F2(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F1 -<ad61>3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15 -H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.359(jobs; the)144 595.2 R F1 -<ad72>3.859 E F0 1.359(option without a)3.859 F F2(jobspec)5.599 E F0 -(ar)4.169 E 1.358(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F -1.358(The return)6.358 F -.25(va)144 607.2 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2 -(jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E -F1(echo)108 624 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g) --.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .424(Output the)144 636 R F2(ar)2.924 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 -(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .308 -(error occurs.)144 648 R(If)5.308 E F1<ad6e>2.808 E F0 .308 -(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.808 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 -F .307(If the)5.308 F F1<ad65>2.807 E F0 .307(option is gi)2.807 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G .307(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.348(pretation of the follo)144 -660 R 1.348(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) -6.348 E F1<ad45>3.849 E F0 1.349(option disables the)3.849 F 1.055 -(interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 672 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.555(no).15 G 3.555(ns)-3.555 G 1.055(ystems where the)-3.555 F 3.554 -(ya)-.15 G 1.054(re interpreted by def)-3.554 F(ault.)-.1 E(The)144 684 -Q F1(xpg_echo)3.458 E F0 .959 -(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.458 -F F1(echo)3.459 E F0 -.15(ex)3.459 G(pands).15 E .716 -(these escape characters by def)144 696 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.716 E F0 -.716(does not interpret)3.216 F F1<adad>3.216 E F0 .715 -(to mean the end of options.)3.216 F F1(echo)5.715 E F0 -(interprets the follo)144 708 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(59)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 60 60 +(without options, starting with zero.)180 705.6 Q 1.707(The return v)144 +722.4 R 1.707(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.707 +(lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)4.207 E F0(inde)4.206 E -.15(xe) +-.15 G 4.206(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-4.206 G 1.706(ond the end of the).15 F +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(61)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 62 62 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(\\a)144 84 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 84 Q F1(\\b)144 96 Q F0(backspace) -180 96 Q F1(\\c)144 108 Q F0(suppress further output)180 108 Q F1(\\e) -144 120 Q(\\E)144 132 Q F0(an escape character)180 132 Q F1(\\f)144 144 -Q F0(form feed)180 144 Q F1(\\n)144 156 Q F0(ne)180 156 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G -(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 168 Q F0(carriage return)180 168 Q F1(\\t)144 180 -Q F0(horizontal tab)180 180 Q F1(\\v)144 192 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 192 S -(rtical tab).15 E F1(\\\\)144 204 Q F0(backslash)180 204 Q F1(\\0)144 -216 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(nnn)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v) -180 216 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0 -(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1(\\x)144 228 Q F2(HH)A F0 -(the eight-bit character whose v)180 228 Q(alue is the he)-.25 E -(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh) --.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1(\\u)144 240 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 -1.506(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 252 R 1.507 -(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.507(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) -4.007 E F0(\(one to four he)180 264 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 -(\\U)144 276 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .548 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 288 R .547 -(alue is the he)-.25 F .547(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) -3.047 E(HHH)180 300 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\)) --2.5 E F1(enable)108 316.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad61>A F0 2.5(][)C F1 -(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad66>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .277(Enable and disable b)144 328.8 R +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(directory stack.) +144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(diso)108 100.8 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad68>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(jobspec)-2.5 E F0(... |)2.5 E F2(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 +112.8 S .121(thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2 +(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j) +-.25 H 2.622(obs. If).15 F F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122 +(is not present, and)2.932 F .096(neither the)144 124.8 R F1<ad61>2.596 +E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F F1<ad72>2.596 E F0 .096 +(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F2(curr)2.596 E .096(ent job)-.37 F F0 +.096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F1<ad68>2.596 E F0 .096 +(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each).15 F F2(jobspec) +145.74 136.8 Q F0 .585(is not remo)3.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.085(df).15 G +.585(rom the table, b)-3.085 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F .585(ed so that)-.1 +F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .586 +(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 148.8 R -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F3(SIGHUP)A/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962 +(If no)5.462 F F2(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F1 +<ad61>3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15 +H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.358(jobs; the)144 160.8 R F1 +<ad72>3.858 E F0 1.358(option without a)3.858 F F2(jobspec)5.598 E F0 +(ar)4.169 E 1.359(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F +1.359(The return)6.359 F -.25(va)144 172.8 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2 +(jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E +F1(echo)108 189.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .425(Output the)144 201.6 R F2(ar)2.925 E(g)-.37 E +F0 .424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 +(wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .307 +(error occurs.)144 213.6 R(If)5.307 E F1<ad6e>2.807 E F0 .307 +(is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.807 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 +F .308(If the)5.308 F F1<ad65>2.808 E F0 .308(option is gi)2.808 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G .308(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.349(pretation of the follo)144 +225.6 R 1.348(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) +6.348 E F1<ad45>3.848 E F0 1.348(option disables the)3.848 F 1.054 +(interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 237.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.555(no).15 G 3.555(ns)-3.555 G 1.055(ystems where the)-3.555 F 3.555 +(ya)-.15 G 1.055(re interpreted by def)-3.555 F(ault.)-.1 E(The)144 +249.6 Q F1(xpg_echo)3.459 E F0 .959 +(shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.459 +F F1(echo)3.458 E F0 -.15(ex)3.458 G(pands).15 E .715 +(these escape characters by def)144 261.6 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.715 E +F0 .716(does not interpret)3.215 F F1<adad>3.216 E F0 .716 +(to mean the end of options.)3.216 F F1(echo)5.716 E F0 +(interprets the follo)144 273.6 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F1(\\a) +144 285.6 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 285.6 Q F1(\\b)144 297.6 Q F0 +(backspace)180 297.6 Q F1(\\c)144 309.6 Q F0(suppress further output)180 +309.6 Q F1(\\e)144 321.6 Q(\\E)144 333.6 Q F0(an escape character)180 +333.6 Q F1(\\f)144 345.6 Q F0(form feed)180 345.6 Q F1(\\n)144 357.6 Q +F0(ne)180 357.6 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 369.6 Q F0 +(carriage return)180 369.6 Q F1(\\t)144 381.6 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 +381.6 Q F1(\\v)144 393.6 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 393.6 S(rtical tab).15 E F1 +(\\\\)144 405.6 Q F0(backslash)180 405.6 Q F1(\\0)144 417.6 Q F2(nnn)A +F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 417.6 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 +E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1 +(\\x)144 429.6 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 429.6 Q +(alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0 +(\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1 +(\\u)144 441.6 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 1.507 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 453.6 R 1.506 +(alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) +4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 465.6 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 +(\\U)144 477.6 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 489.6 R .547 +(alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) +3.048 E(HHH)180 501.6 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G +(igits\))-2.5 E F1(enable)108 518.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad61>A F0 2.5(][)C +F1(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad66>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .278(Enable and disable b)144 530.4 R .278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278 -(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .834 -(the same name as a shell b)144 340.8 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 +(uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .833 +(the same name as a shell b)144 542.4 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 3.333(nt).15 G(hough)-3.333 E .989 -(the shell normally searches for b)144 352.8 R .989 -(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F1<ad6e>3.489 E F0 .99 -(is used, each)3.49 F F2(name)3.49 E F0 .99(is dis-)3.49 F 1.582 -(abled; otherwise,)144 364.8 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.) +(ve)-.25 G 3.334(nt).15 G(hough)-3.334 E .99 +(the shell normally searches for b)144 554.4 R .989 +(uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F1<ad6e>3.489 E F0 .989 +(is used, each)3.489 F F2(name)3.489 E F0 .989(is dis-)3.489 F 1.581 +(abled; otherwise,)144 566.4 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.) 4.082 F -.15(Fo)6.582 G 4.082(re).15 G 1.582(xample, to use the)-4.232 F -F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 -SF -.666(PA)4.081 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .08(instead of the shell b)144 376.8 R -.08(uiltin v)-.2 F .08(ersion, run)-.15 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .081 -(enable -n test)2.58 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F1<ad66>2.581 E F0 .081 -(option means to load the ne)2.581 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 388.8 S 1.525 -(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.385 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F +F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F F3 -.666(PA)4.082 +G(TH)-.189 E F0 .081(instead of the shell b)144 578.4 R .081(uiltin v) +-.2 F .081(ersion, run)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .081(enable -n test) +2.581 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F1<ad66>2.58 E F0 .08 +(option means to load the ne)2.58 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 590.4 S 1.524 +(iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.384 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F F2(\214lename)4.024 E F0 4.024(,o).18 G 4.024(ns)-4.024 G 1.524 -(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 400.8 Q F1<ad64> -2.866 E F0 .366(option will delete a b)2.866 F .366(uiltin pre)-.2 F -.366(viously loaded with)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.867 E F0 5.367(.I)C 2.867(fn) --5.367 G(o)-2.867 E F2(name)2.867 E F0(ar)2.867 E .367(guments are gi) --.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .367(n, or).15 F .399(if the)144 412.8 R F1<ad70> -2.899 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399 +(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 602.4 Q F1<ad64> +2.867 E F0 .367(option will delete a b)2.867 F .367(uiltin pre)-.2 F +.367(viously loaded with)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.866 E F0 5.366(.I)C 2.866(fn) +-5.366 G(o)-2.866 E F2(name)2.866 E F0(ar)2.866 E .366(guments are gi) +-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .366(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 614.4 R F1<ad70> +2.898 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399 (uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.399 G .399(th no other option ar).4 -F .398(guments, the)-.18 F .098(list consists of all enabled shell b)144 -424.8 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098 -(is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .099(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F -(If)5.099 E F1<ad61>2.599 E F0 1.917 -(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 436.8 R 1.916 -(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.878 -(enabled. If)144 448.8 R F1<ad73>2.878 E F0 .379 -(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.878 F F2(special) -2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.879 G 2.879(iltins. The).2 F .379(return v)2.879 F -(alue)-.25 E .995(is 0 unless a)144 460.8 R F2(name)3.855 E F0 .994 -(is not a shell b)3.675 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne) --.2 F 3.494(wb)-.25 G .994(uiltin from a shared)-3.694 F(object.)144 -472.8 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 489.6 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 -E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 501.6 Q F2(ar)3.17 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.17(sa)C .671 -(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.17 F .671 -(This command is then read)5.671 F .495(and e)144 513.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495 +F .399(guments, the)-.18 F .099(list consists of all enabled shell b)144 +626.4 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098 +(is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .098(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F +(If)5.098 E F1<ad61>2.598 E F0 1.916 +(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 638.4 R 1.916 +(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.879 +(enabled. If)144 650.4 R F1<ad73>2.879 E F0 .379 +(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.879 F F2(special) +2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.878 G 2.878(iltins. The).2 F .378(return v)2.878 F +(alue)-.25 E .994(is 0 unless a)144 662.4 R F2(name)3.854 E F0 .994 +(is not a shell b)3.674 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne) +-.2 F 3.495(wb)-.25 G .995(uiltin from a shared)-3.695 F(object.)144 +674.4 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 691.2 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 +E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 703.2 Q F2(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C +.671(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F +.67(This command is then read)5.67 F .495(and e)144 715.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 +G .495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495 (xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 (ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no) --2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 525.6 Q -(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1 -(exec)108 542.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2 -(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments) --.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 554.4 Q F2(command)3.005 E F0 .305 -(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.575 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 -(wp)-.25 G .306(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.306 E F2(ar)3.136 E -(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.076 E .177(the ar)144 566.4 R .177 -(guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G -(he)-2.676 E F1<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176 -(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .176 -(ginning of)-.15 F .499(the zeroth ar)144 578.4 R .499(gument passed to) --.18 F F2(command)2.999 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2 -(lo)2.999 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.5 E F1<ad63>3 E F0 -.5(option causes)3 F F2(com-)3.2 E(mand)144 590.4 Q F0 .639(to be e) -3.909 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 -(vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.138 E F0 .638 -(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.498 E F0 .638(as the) -3.318 F 1.077(zeroth ar)144 602.4 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 -1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) -.15 F(non-interacti)144 614.4 Q .877 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .577(hell e).15 F -.577(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.077 E F0 .577 -(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .576(In that case, it returns f)5.577 -F(ail-)-.1 E 2.505(ure. An)144 626.4 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s) --.25 H .005(hell returns f).15 F .005(ailure if the \214le cannot be e) --.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.505(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)2.705 E F0 .005 -(is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 638.4 Q 3.037(yr)-.15 G .537 -(edirections tak)-3.037 F 3.036(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.036 G .536 -(ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 F .536 -(If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 650.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G -(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 667.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -(])A .095(Cause the shell to e)144 667.2 R .095(xit with a status of) --.15 F F2(n)2.595 E F0 5.095(.I)C(f)-5.095 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .096 -(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .096(xit status is that of the last command) --.15 F -.15(exe)144 679.2 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E F3(EXIT)2.5 -E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E -F1(export)108 696 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 -E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0(]] ...)A(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(60)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 61 61 +-2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 727.2 Q +(guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(62)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 63 63 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(export \255p)108 84 Q F0 .257(The supplied)144 96 R/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257 -(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257 -(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.626 -(commands. If)144 108 R(the)2.626 E F1<ad66>2.626 E F0 .127 -(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the).15 F F2(names)2.987 E -F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no)5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E -F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70> -144 120 Q F0 .048(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.548 F -.048(xported v)-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F1 -<ad6e>2.547 E F0 .047(option causes the)2.547 F -.15(ex)144 132 S 1.446 +SF(exec)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E +F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 96 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306 +(is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 +(wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E +(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 108 R .176(guments to) +-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G(he)-2.676 E F1 +<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176 +(option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177 +(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 120 R .5(gument passed to)-.18 F +F2(command)3 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2(lo)2.999 E +(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.499 E F1<ad63>2.999 E F0 .499 +(option causes)2.999 F F2(com-)3.199 E(mand)144 132 Q F0 .638(to be e) +3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 +(vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.138 E F0 .638 +(is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the) +3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 144 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 1.077 +(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a).15 F +(non-interacti)144 156 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F .576 +(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.076 E F0 .577 +(shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577 +F(ail-)-.1 E 3.32(ure. An)144 168 R(interacti)3.32 E 1.12 -.15(ve s)-.25 +H .82(hell returns f).15 F .82(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 3.32(cuted. A).15 F .82(subshell e)3.32 F .82 +(xits uncondi-)-.15 F .287(tionally if)144 180 R F1(exec)2.787 E F0 -.1 +(fa)2.787 G 2.787(ils. If).1 F F2(command)2.987 E F0 .287 +(is not speci\214ed, an)3.557 F 2.788(yr)-.15 G .288(edirections tak) +-2.788 F 2.788(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.788 G .288(ect in the current shell,) +.25 F(and the return status is 0.)144 192 Q +(If there is a redirection error)5 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G +(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 208.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +(])A .096(Cause the shell to e)144 208.8 R .096(xit with a status of) +-.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095 +(is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command) +-.15 F -.15(exe)144 220.8 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G +(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 237.6 Q F0([)2.5 +E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E +F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 249.6 Q F0 .256(The supplied)144 261.6 R +F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F +.257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627(commands. If)144 273.6 R(the)2.627 E F1 +<ad66>2.627 E F0 .127(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the) +.15 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no) +5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126 +(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>144 285.6 Q F0 .048 +(option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F .048(xported v) +-.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F1<ad6e>2.548 E F0 +.048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 297.6 S 1.447 (port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447 (rom each)-3.947 F F2(name)3.947 E F0 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G 1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d) --.37 E F0 3.947(,t)C(he)-3.947 E -.25(va)144 144 S .742(lue of the v).25 -F .742(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.242 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 -(export)5.742 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .741 -(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .741(lid option is) -.25 F .031(encountered, one of the)144 156 R F2(names)2.531 E F0 .031 -(is not a v)2.531 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 -F F1<ad66>2.532 E F0 .032(is supplied with a)2.532 F F2(name)2.892 E F0 -(that)2.712 E(is not a function.)144 168 Q F1(fc)108 184.8 Q F0([)2.5 E -F1<ad65>A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +-.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 309.6 S .741(lue of the v) +.25 F .741(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.241 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 +(export)5.741 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .742 +(xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .742(lid option is) +.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 321.6 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032 +(is not a v)2.532 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 +F F1<ad66>2.531 E F0 .031(is supplied with a)2.531 F F2(name)2.891 E F0 +(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 333.6 Q F1(fc)108 350.4 Q F0([)2.5 +E F1<ad65>A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 <8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)108 -196.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .432 -(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 208.8 R F2<8c72> -4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .431 -(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .141(edits and re-e)144 -220.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .141(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) +362.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .431 +(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 374.4 R F2<8c72> +4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .432 +(from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144 +386.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) .45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F2(last)2.731 E F0 .141 (may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be) -144 232.8 Q .311(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde) --.15 F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .31(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F --.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .61 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .314 -(is used as an of)144 244.8 R .314 -(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F(If)5.314 E F2(last)2.905 -E F0 .315(is not speci\214ed it is set to the cur)3.495 F(-)-.2 E .949 -(rent command for listing \(so that)144 256.8 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .948 +144 398.4 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 +F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .19 +(is used as an of)144 410.4 R .19 +(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F(If)5.19 E F2(last)2.779 +E F0 .189(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the cur)3.369 F(-)-.2 E .948 +(rent command for listing \(so that)144 422.4 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .948 (fc \255l \25510)3.448 F F0 .948(prints the last 10 commands\) and to) -3.448 F F2<8c72>5.358 E(st)-.1 E F0(other)4.128 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. If) -144 268.8 R F2<8c72>4.41 E(st)-.1 E F0 -(is not speci\214ed it is set to the pre)3.18 E -(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 292.8 +3.448 F F2<8c72>5.359 E(st)-.1 E F0(other)4.129 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. If) +144 434.4 R F2<8c72>4.41 E(st)-.1 E F0 +(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the pre)3.18 E +(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 458.4 Q F1<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022 (option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E F1<ad72>2.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 -(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 304.8 R .438(If the) +(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 470.4 R .438(If the) 5.438 F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 (n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E -.334(the editor gi)144 316.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.834(nb).15 G(y)-2.834 E -F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .335(is in)3.014 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835 +.335(the editor gi)144 482.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E +F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835 (do).1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 -F(If)5.335 E F2(ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is not gi)3.015 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(n,).15 E .631(the v)144 328.8 R .631(alue of the)-.25 F/F4 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 -.25(va)2.881 G .631 -(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 F F4(EDIT)3.131 E(OR) --.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F4(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 .63(is not set.)2.88 F .63 -(If nei-)5.63 F .95(ther v)144 340.8 R .95(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi) -5.116 E F0 .95(is used.)5.116 F .951 -(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.95 F --.15(exe)144 352.8 S(cuted.).15 E .789(In the second form,)144 376.8 R +F(If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 494.4 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E +F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 +F F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 .631 +(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .951(ther v)144 506.4 R .951 +(ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)5.117 E F0 .951(is used.)5.117 F .95 +(When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.951 F +-.15(exe)144 518.4 S(cuted.).15 E .788(In the second form,)144 542.4 R F2(command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 (cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)3.288 E F0 .788 -(is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.288 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.788 -E(mand)144 388.8 Q F0 .346(is intepreted the same as)2.846 F F2<8c72> -2.847 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.847 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.347(.A).15 G .347 -(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F3 .347(r='fc \255s')2.847 F F0 -2.847(,s)C 2.847(ot)-2.847 G(hat)-2.847 E(typing)144 400.8 Q F3 7.166 -(rc)3.666 G(c)-7.166 E F0 1.166(runs the last command be)3.666 F 1.166 -(ginning with)-.15 F F3(cc)3.666 E F0 1.165(and typing)3.666 F F3(r) -3.665 E F0(re-e)3.665 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.165(cutes the last com-).15 F -(mand.)144 412.8 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 -436.8 R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 +(is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.789 +E(mand)144 554.4 Q F0 .172(is interpreted the same as)2.672 F F2<8c72> +2.672 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.672 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.172(.A).15 G .171 +(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F4 .171(r='fc \255s')2.671 F F0 +2.671(,s)C 2.671(ot)-2.671 G(hat)-2.671 E(typing)144 566.4 Q F4 7.165 +(rc)3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166 +(ginning with)-.15 F F4(cc)3.666 E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F4(r) +3.666 E F0(re-e)3.666 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.166(cutes the last com-).15 F +(mand.)144 578.4 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 +602.4 R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 (lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 -E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .455(specify history lines out of range.)144 448.8 +E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 614.4 R .454(If the)5.454 F F1<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454 -(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .454(alue is the v)-.25 F .454 -(alue of the)-.25 F .787(last command e)144 460.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .787 -(cuted or f).15 F .788 +(option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455 +(alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 626.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 +(cuted or f).15 F .787 (ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F -.788(If the)5.788 F 1.136 +.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135 (second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 -472.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.135(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.835 E F0 1.135 -(does not)4.405 F(specify a v)144 484.8 Q +638.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136 +(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 650.4 Q (alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E -(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 501.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume) -144 513.6 Q F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.223 F 1.413 +(ailure.)-.1 E F1(fg)108 667.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume) +144 679.2 Q F2(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413 (ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413 (he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 -1.414(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 525.6 Q 3.117(sn)-.55 G -.617(otion of the)-3.117 F F2(curr)3.117 E .617(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 -(is used.)3.117 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .616 -(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 537.6 Q -.362(ground, or f)-.15 F .362 -(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .363 -(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F2(jobspec)145.74 549.6 Q +1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 691.2 Q 3.116(sn)-.55 G +.616(otion of the)-3.116 F F2(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617 +(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617 +(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 703.2 Q +.363(ground, or f)-.15 F .363 +(ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362 +(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F2(jobspec)145.74 715.2 Q F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0 (speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E(as started without job control.)-.1 E -F1(getopts)108 566.4 Q F2(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(gs) --.37 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 578.4 Q F0 .793 -(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.294 F F2 -(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .149 -(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 590.4 R .15 -(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .15(xpected to ha)-.15 F .45 --.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 602.4 Q .579 -(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .578 +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(63)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 64 64 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(getopts)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(optstring name)2.5 E F0([) +2.5 E F2(ar)A(gs)-.37 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 96 Q F0 .793 +(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F2 +(optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15 +(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 108 R .149 +(wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449 +-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 120 Q .578 +(gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579 (The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665 -(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 614.4 R 1.665 +(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 132 R 1.665 (Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts) -4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .797 -(option in the shell v)144 626.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)3.297 E F0 -3.297(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.297 E F2(name)3.657 E F0 .797 -(if it does not e)3.477 F .796(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.296(xo)-.15 G -3.296(ft)-3.296 G .796(he ne)-3.296 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 638.4 Q .085 -(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPTIND)2.585 -E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F4(OPTIND)4.585 E F0 .085 -(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .846 -(or a shell script is in)144 650.4 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 +4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .796 +(option in the shell v)144 144 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)3.296 E F0 3.296 +(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.296 E F2(name)3.657 E F0 .797(if it does not e) +3.477 F .797(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.297(xo)-.15 G 3.297(ft)-3.297 G +.797(he ne)-3.297 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 156 Q .085 +(gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)2.585 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND) +4.585 E F0 .085(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .845 +(or a shell script is in)144 168 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 (d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F1 -(getopts)3.345 E F0 .845(places that ar)3.345 F(gument)-.18 E .803 -(into the v)144 662.4 R(ariable)-.25 E F4(OPT)3.303 E(ARG)-.81 E F5(.)A -F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.303 F F4(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .804 -(automatically; it must be manually)3.054 F .294 -(reset between multiple calls to)144 674.4 R F1(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 +(getopts)3.346 E F0 .846(places that ar)3.346 F(gument)-.18 E .804 +(into the v)144 180 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)3.304 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0 +.803(The shell does not reset)5.304 F F3(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .803 +(automatically; it must be manually)3.053 F .293 +(reset between multiple calls to)144 192 R F1(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 (within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F -2.793(ws)-.25 G .293(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 686.4 -Q 2.043(When the end of options is encountered,)144 710.4 R F1(getopts) -4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.044 -(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F4(OPTIND)144 722.4 Q F0 +2.793(ws)-.25 G .294(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 204 Q +2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 228 R F1(getopts)4.543 +E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043 +(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F3(OPTIND)144 240 Q F0 (is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G (he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 -(is set to ?.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(61) -192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 62 62 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(getopts)144 84 Q F0 2.393 -(normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.893 F 2.392 -(ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.392(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.892 -(ni).15 G(n)-4.892 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)4.892 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,) -.27 E F1(getopts)144 96 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 -120 Q F0 1.165(can report errors in tw)3.665 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665 -(ays. If)-3.765 F 1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F2(optstring) -3.895 E F0 1.166(is a colon,)3.886 F F2(silent)4.006 E F0(error)4.346 E -1.071(reporting is used.)144 132 R 1.071 -(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.071 F --.25(va)-.4 G 1.07(lid options or).25 F .393(missing option ar)144 144 R -.393(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable)-.25 -E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394 -(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 156 Q --.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E -F2(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .667(If an in)144 180 R --.25(va)-.4 G .667(lid option is seen,).25 F F1(getopts)3.167 E F0 .667 -(places ? into)3.167 F F2(name)3.527 E F0 .666 -(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .399(and unsets)144 -192 R F3(OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(If)4.899 E -F1(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399 +(is set to ?.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 264 Q F0 2.392 +(normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.892 F 2.392 +(ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.393(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.893 +(ni).15 G(n)-4.893 E F2(ar)4.893 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F1(getopts)144 +276 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 300 Q F0 1.166 +(can report errors in tw)3.666 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665(ays. If)-3.765 F +1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F2(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.165 +(is a colon,)3.885 F F2(silent)4.005 E F0(error)4.345 E 1.07 +(reporting is used.)144 312 R 1.071 +(In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.07 F +-.25(va)-.4 G 1.071(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 324 +R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F(ariable) +-.25 E F3(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F +(will be displayed, e)144 336 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 +G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E F2(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.) +2.72 E .666(If an in)144 360 R -.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,) +.25 F F1(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667(places ? into)3.167 F F2(name)3.527 E +F0 .667(and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .4 +(and unsets)144 372 R F3(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F1 +(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399 (is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F3(OPT)2.899 -E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .4(and no)2.65 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144 204 -Q 1.242(If a required ar)144 228 R 1.242(gument is not found, and)-.18 F -F1(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F1 -(?).833 E F0 3.741(\)i).833 G 3.741(sp)-3.741 G 1.241(laced in)-3.741 F -F2(name)144 240 Q F0(,).18 E F3(OPT)2.734 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .234 -(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.484 F(If)5.234 E F1 -(getopts)2.734 E F0 .235(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F1(:).833 E -F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 252 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F3(OPT) -2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F1 -(getopts)144 276 Q F0 .902 +E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F(diagnostic message is printed.)144 +384 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 408 R 1.241(gument is not found, and) +-.18 F F1(getopts)3.741 E F0 1.241(is not silent, a question mark \() +3.741 F F1(?).833 E F0 3.742(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242 +(laced in)-3.742 F F2(name)144 420 Q F0(,).18 E F3(OPT)2.735 E(ARG)-.81 +E F0 .234(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.485 F(If) +5.234 E F1(getopts)2.734 E F0 .234(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F1 +(:).833 E F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 432 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 +E F3(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 +E F1(getopts)144 456 Q F0 .902 (returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) -3.402 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .901(alse if the end of)-.1 F -(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 288 Q F1(hash)108 304.8 +3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F +(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 468 Q F1(hash)108 484.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .858 -(Each time)144 316.8 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4 +(Each time)144 496.8 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F2(name) 3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956 -(the directories in)144 328.8 R F1($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 +(the directories in)144 508.8 R F1($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 .956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 -(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .242(If the)144 340.8 -R F1<ad70>2.742 E F0 .243 -(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.742 F F2 -(\214lename)4.653 E F0 .243(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F 1.712 -(of the command.)144 352.8 R(The)6.712 E F1<ad72>4.212 E F0 1.711 -(option causes the shell to for)4.212 F 1.711 -(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)6.711 E F1<ad64>4.211 E F0 -.833(option causes the shell to for)144 364.8 R .833 +(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .243(If the)144 520.8 +R F1<ad70>2.743 E F0 .243 +(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.743 F F2 +(\214lename)4.653 E F0 .242(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F 1.711 +(of the command.)144 532.8 R(The)6.711 E F1<ad72>4.211 E F0 1.711 +(option causes the shell to for)4.211 F 1.712 +(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)6.712 E F1<ad64>4.212 E F0 +.833(option causes the shell to for)144 544.8 R .833 (get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F2(name)3.333 E F0 5.833(.I) C 3.333(ft)-5.833 G(he)-3.333 E F1<ad74>3.333 E F0 .833(option is sup-) -3.333 F .704(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 376.8 R F2(name) -3.204 E F0 .703(corresponds is printed.)3.204 F .703(If multiple)5.703 F -F2(name)3.203 E F0(ar)3.203 E(guments)-.18 E .795(are supplied with)144 -388.8 R F1<ad74>3.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F2(name)3.295 E F0 +3.333 F .703(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 556.8 R F2(name) +3.204 E F0 .704(corresponds is printed.)3.204 F .704(If multiple)5.704 F +F2(name)3.204 E F0(ar)3.204 E(guments)-.18 E .795(are supplied with)144 +568.8 R F1<ad74>3.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F2(name)3.295 E F0 .795(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.295 F(The)5.795 E F1 <ad6c>3.295 E F0 .795(option causes)3.295 F .934 (output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 -400.8 R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .934(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.934(n, or if).15 F(only)144 412.8 Q F1<ad6c>2.821 E F0 .321 -(is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)2.821 F -.322(The return status is true)5.322 F(unless a)144 424.8 Q F2(name)2.86 +580.8 R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .935(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.935(n, or if).15 F(only)144 592.8 Q F1<ad6c>2.822 E F0 .322 +(is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)2.822 F +.321(The return status is true)5.321 F(unless a)144 604.8 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.) -.25 E F1(help)108 441.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .867(Display helpful information about b)144 -453.6 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 -.866(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.366 E F0(gi)3.366 E -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.366(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.366 E .306(help on all commands matching)144 -465.6 R F2(pattern)2.806 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307 -(therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .307 -(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 477.6 Q F1 -<ad64>144 489.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 489.6 Q F2 -(pattern)2.5 E F1<ad6d>144 501.6 Q F0(Display the description of each) -180 501.6 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G -(ormat)-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 513.6 Q F0 -(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 513.6 Q F2(pattern)2.5 -E F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 530.4 Q F2 -(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 547.2 Q F2(n)A F1(])A -(history \255c)108 559.2 Q(history \255d)108 571.2 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset) --.18 E F1(history \255anrw)108 583.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A -F1(history \255p)108 595.2 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5 -(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 607.2 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) --.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 -619.2 S .752 +.25 E F1(help)108 621.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2 +(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .866(Display helpful information about b)144 +633.6 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 +.867(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.367 E F0(gi)3.367 E -.15(ve)-.25 +G 3.367(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.367 E .307(help on all commands matching)144 +645.6 R F2(pattern)2.807 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307 +(therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .306 +(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 657.6 Q F1 +<ad64>144 669.6 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 669.6 Q F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F1<ad6d>144 681.6 Q F0(Display the description of each) +180 681.6 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G +(ormat)-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 693.6 Q F0 +(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 693.6 Q F2(pattern)2.5 +E F0(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 710.4 Q F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E +(64)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 65 65 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(history [)108 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F1(])A(history \255c) +108 96 Q(history \255d)108 108 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F1 +(history \255d)108 120 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0<ad>A F2(end)A F1 +(history \255anrw)108 132 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A F1 +(history \255p)108 144 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.) +-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 156 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E +F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 168 S .752 (th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F -.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.251 E F0(ha)3.251 E -.15(ve)-.2 -G .38(been modi\214ed.)144 631.2 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F +.752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.252 E F0(ha)3.252 E -.15(ve)-.2 +G .381(been modi\214ed.)144 180 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 -(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(HISTTIMEFOR-) -2.881 E(MA)144 643.2 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .265 -(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.515 F F2 -(strftime)2.764 E F0 .264(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.019 -(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 655.2 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G +(lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.88 E(MA)144 192 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .264 +(is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.514 F F2 +(strftime)2.765 E F0 .265(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.02 +(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 204 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G 3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019 (ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176 -(time stamp and the history line.)144 667.2 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) +(time stamp and the history line.)144 216 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) 2.676 E F0 .176 (is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F -(not, the v)144 679.2 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.) -2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 691.2 Q F0 -(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 691.2 Q F1 -<ad64>144 703.2 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -(Delete the history entry at position)180 715.2 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 -E F0(.)A(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(62)192.055 E 0 -Cg EP -%%Page: 63 63 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF<ad61>144 84 Q F0 .564(Append the `)180 84 R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E -3.064('h)-.74 G .564(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.064 F .565 -(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 96 Q +(not, the v)144 228 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.)2.25 +E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 240 Q F0 +(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 240 Q F1<ad64> +144 252 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .39 +(Delete the history entry at position)180 264 R F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 +E F0 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389(is ne)2.889 +F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.889(,i).15 G 2.889(ti)-2.889 +G 2.889(si)-2.889 G .389(nterpreted as relati)-2.889 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.598(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 276 R -.05 +(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .599 +(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 288 Q 2.5(,a) +-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G +(efers to the current)-2.5 E F1(history -d)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 +<ad64>144 300 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0<ad>A F2(end)A F0 .758 +(Delete the history entries between positions)180 312 R F2(start)3.258 E +F0(and)3.257 E F2(end)3.257 E F0 3.257(,i)C(nclusi)-3.257 E -.15(ve)-.25 +G 5.757(.P).15 G(ositi)-5.757 E 1.057 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .757(nd ne).15 F +-.05(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)180 324 Q .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(alues for)-.1 E +F2(start)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(end)2.5 E F0 +(are interpreted as described abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1<ad61> +144 336 Q F0 .564(Append the `)180 336 R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.064('h) +-.74 G .564(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.064 F .565 +(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 348 Q (ginning of the current)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E -(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1<ad6e>144 108 Q +(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1<ad6e>144 360 Q F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214le\ - into the current history list.)180 108 R .772 -(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 120 R + into the current history list.)180 360 R .772 +(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 372 R .773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E -(sion.)180 132 Q F1<ad72>144 144 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \ -\214le and append them to the current history list.)180 144 Q F1<ad77> -144 156 Q F0(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 -156 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G -(ontents.)-2.5 E F1<ad70>144 168 Q F0 .626 -(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 168 R(wing)-.25 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625 -(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180 -180 R .475(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 -E F2(ar)2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F -(normal history e)180 192 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 204 Q F0 .363 -(Store the)180 204 R F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 +(sion.)180 384 Q F1<ad72>144 396 Q F0(Read the contents of the history \ +\214le and append them to the current history list.)180 396 Q F1<ad77> +144 408 Q F0(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 +408 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G +(ontents.)-2.5 E F1<ad70>144 420 Q F0 .626 +(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 420 R(wing)-.25 E F2(ar) +3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625(and display the result on the standard)3.125 F +2.975(output. Does)180 432 R .475 +(not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar) +2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F +(normal history e)180 444 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 456 Q F0 .363 +(Store the)180 456 R F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 (in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362 -(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 216 Q -.15(ve) +(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 468 Q -.15(ve) -.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 -(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 232.8 R/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T)-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 +(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 484.8 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T) +-.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 (riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) -.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 244.8 R .669 +.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 496.8 R .669 (ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668 -(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 256.8 R .956 +(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 508.8 R .956 (ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956 (wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F 1.796 -(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 268.8 R 1.795 +(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 520.8 R 1.795 (wing history entry)-.25 F 6.795(.T)-.65 G 1.795(he return v)-6.795 F -1.795(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 280.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .768(lid \ +1.795(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 532.8 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .768(lid \ option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the his\ -tory \214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)144 292.8 Q(fset) +tory \214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)144 544.8 Q(fset) -.18 E F0 1.032(is supplied as an ar)3.532 F 1.031(gument to)-.18 F F1 <ad64>3.531 E F0 3.531(,o)C 3.531(rt)-3.531 G 1.031(he history e)-3.531 F 1.031(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F 1.031(gument to)-.18 F F1 -<ad70>3.531 E F0 -.1(fa)144 304.8 S(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108 321.6 Q F0([) +<ad70>3.531 E F0 -.1(fa)144 556.8 S(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108 573.6 Q F0([) 2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F1 -(jobs \255x)108 333.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 -E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 345.6 Q .3 -.15 +(jobs \255x)108 585.6 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 +E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 597.6 Q .3 -.15 (ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 357.6 Q F0 -(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 357.6 Q F1 -<ad6e>144 369.6 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha) -180 369.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 -F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 381.6 Q F1<ad70> -144 393.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 393.6 Q 2.5(sp) --.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 405.6 Q F0 -(Display only running jobs.)180 405.6 Q F1<ad73>144 417.6 Q F0 -(Display only stopped jobs.)180 417.6 Q(If)144 434.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.554 +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 609.6 Q F0 +(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 609.6 Q F1 +<ad6e>144 621.6 Q F0 .193(Display information only about jobs that ha) +180 621.6 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 +F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 633.6 Q F1<ad70> +144 645.6 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 645.6 Q 2.5(sp) +-.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 657.6 Q F0 +(Display only running jobs.)180 657.6 Q F1<ad73>144 669.6 Q F0 +(Display only stopped jobs.)180 669.6 Q(If)144 686.4 Q F2(jobspec)4.554 E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .314 (n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313(.T) --.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 446.4 Q -.25 +-.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 698.4 Q -.25 (va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 -E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 463.2 R F1 +E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 715.2 R F1 <ad78>2.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0 .394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in) 3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .395 -(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 475.2 Q +(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 727.2 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar) 2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E -F1(kill)108 492 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1 -<ad6e>2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1<ad>2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1 -(kill \255l)108 504 Q F0(|)A F1<ad4c>A F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 -E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .12(Send the signal named by)144 -516 R F2(sigspec)2.96 E F0(or)2.93 E F2(signum)2.96 E F0 .119 -(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.869 E F0(or)3.389 E F2 -(jobspec)2.619 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.459 E F0(is)2.929 E .318 -(either a case-insensiti)144 528 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .318 -(ignal name such as).15 F F3(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 .319 -(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319 -(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 540 Q F2(signum)4.189 E F0 +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(65)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 66 66 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(kill)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sigspec) +2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1<ad6e>2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1<ad>2.5 E F2 +(sigspec)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1(kill \255l)108 96 Q F0(|)A F1<ad4c>A F0([)2.5 E F2 +(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .12 +(Send the signal named by)144 108 R F2(sigspec)2.96 E F0(or)2.93 E F2 +(signum)2.96 E F0 .119(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.869 E +F0(or)3.389 E F2(jobspec)2.619 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.459 E F0(is) +2.929 E .318(either a case-insensiti)144 120 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +.318(ignal name such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 +.319(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319 +(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 132 Q F2(signum)4.189 E F0 1.349(is a signal number)4.169 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec) 4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0 -1.348(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.348 E(ar)144 552 Q .522(gument of)-.18 F +1.348(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.348 E(ar)144 144 Q .522(gument of)-.18 F F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)5.523 F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when).18 F F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523(n, the names) -.15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 564 R .28 +.15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 156 R .28 (guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E F2 --.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 576 Q .377(gument to)-.18 F F1 +-.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 168 Q .377(gument to)-.18 F F1 <ad6c>2.877 E F0 .378 (is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.877 F .378 -(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 588 R +(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 180 R (The)5.962 E F1<ad4c>3.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va)-.25 G .962(lent to).25 F F1<ad6c>3.462 E F0(.)A F1(kill)5.962 E F0 .962 (returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E -(successfully sent, or f)144 600 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1 -E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 616.8 Q F2 +(successfully sent, or f)144 192 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1 +E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 208.8 Q F2 (ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 -628.8 Q F2(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 .196(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197 +220.8 Q F2(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 .196(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197 (xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .197(luated \(see).25 F F3 .197 (ARITHMETIC EV)2.697 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo) -2.447 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(\). If).15 F(the last)144 640.8 Q F2(ar) +2.447 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(\). If).15 F(the last)144 232.8 Q F2(ar) 2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0 -(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 657.6 Q F0([)2.5 +(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 249.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 669.6 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F +(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 261.6 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 .06(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F2(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he) --5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 681.6 Q 3.152(yo) +-5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 273.6 Q 3.152(yo) -.15 G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F1(declar) 3.152 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .653 (is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 -693.6 Q F2(name)3.282 E F0 .422(to ha)3.102 F .722 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H +285.6 Q F2(name)3.282 E F0 .422(to ha)3.102 F .722 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .422(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F (If)5.421 E F2(name)2.921 E F0 .421(is \255, the set)2.921 F 1.461 -(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 705.6 R F1 +(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 297.6 R F1 (local)3.961 E F0 1.462(is in)3.961 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 1.462 -(d: shell options changed).1 F 1.563(using the)144 717.6 R F1(set)4.063 +(d: shell options changed).1 F 1.563(using the)144 309.6 R F1(set)4.063 E F0 -.2(bu)4.063 G 1.563 (iltin inside the function are restored to their original v).2 F 1.562 -(alues when the function)-.25 F 3.743(returns. W)144 729.6 R 1.243 +(alues when the function)-.25 F 3.743(returns. W)144 321.6 R 1.243 (ith no operands,)-.4 F F1(local)3.743 E F0 1.243 (writes a list of local v)3.743 F 1.244 -(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.244(It is an)6.244 F -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(63)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 64 64 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .42(error to use) -144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(local)2.92 E F0 .42 +(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.244(It is an)6.244 F .42 +(error to use)144 333.6 R F1(local)2.92 E F0 .42 (when not within a function.)2.92 F .42(The return status is 0 unless) 5.42 F F1(local)2.92 E F0 .42(is used outside a)2.92 F(function, an in) -144 96 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)2.86 E F0 -(is supplied, or)2.68 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.) --.25 E F1(logout)108 112.8 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 112.8 Q F1 -(map\214le)108 129.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad64>A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C -F1<ad6e>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E -F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad73>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F0 -2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2 -(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 -2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 141.6 S(adarray) -.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1<ad64>A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6e>-2.5 E F2 -(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 -<ad73>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1 -<ad75>-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k) --.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr) --2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0(])A .35 -(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 153.6 R -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F2(arr)2.851 E -(ay)-.15 E F0 2.851(,o).32 G 2.851(rf)-2.851 G .351 -(rom \214le descriptor)-2.851 F F2(fd)2.851 E F0 1.249(if the)144 165.6 -R F1<ad75>3.749 E F0 1.249(option is supplied.)3.749 F 1.249(The v)6.249 -F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249 -(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 E F2(arr)3.748 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.248(.O)C -1.248(ptions, if supplied,)-6.248 F(ha)144 177.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad64>144 189.6 Q F0 -(The \214rst character of)180 189.6 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0 -(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 -E F1<ad6e>144 201.6 Q F0(Cop)180 201.6 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost) --2.5 E F2(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count)2.5 E F0 -(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1<ad4f>144 213.6 Q F0(Be)180 213.6 Q -(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x) --.15 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi) --.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 225.6 Q F0 -(Discard the \214rst)180 225.6 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1 -<ad74>144 237.6 Q F0(Remo)180 237.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15 +144 345.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is supplied, or) +2.68 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(logout) +108 362.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 362.4 Q F1(map\214le)108 379.2 Q +F0([)2.5 E F1<ad64>A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6e>-2.5 E F2(count) +2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad73> +-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75> +-2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E +F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E +(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 391.2 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +<ad64>A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6e>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5 +(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad73>-2.5 E F2 +(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2 +(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][) +C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(])A .179(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 403.2 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.679(da).15 G .179(rray v)-2.679 F(ariable)-.25 E F2 +(arr)2.68 E(ay)-.15 E F0 2.68(,o).32 G 2.68(rf)-2.68 G .18 +(rom \214le descriptor)-2.68 F F2(fd)4.65 E F0 1.249(if the)144 415.2 R +F1<ad75>3.749 E F0 1.249(option is supplied.)3.749 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F +(ariable)-.25 E F3(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 +E F2(arr)3.748 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.248(.O)C 1.248(ptions, if supplied,) +-6.248 F(ha)144 427.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad64>144 439.2 Q F0 .91 +(The \214rst character of)180 439.2 R F2(delim)3.41 E F0 .911 +(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)3.41 F 3.411 +(wline. If)-.25 F F2(delim)180 451.2 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1 +(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character) +2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad6e>144 463.2 Q F0(Cop)180 463.2 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5 +(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F2(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count) +2.5 E F0(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1<ad4f>144 475.2 Q F0(Be)180 +475.2 Q(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 +E(x)-.15 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5 +(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 487.2 Q F0 +(Discard the \214rst)180 487.2 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1 +<ad74>144 499.2 Q F0(Remo)180 499.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15 E F2(delim)2.5 E F0(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E -(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 249.6 Q F0 -(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 249.6 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1<ad43>144 261.6 Q F0(Ev)180 -261.6 Q(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2 +(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 511.2 Q F0 +(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 511.2 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 +(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1<ad43>144 523.2 Q F0(Ev)180 +523.2 Q(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2 (quantum)2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F1<ad63>2.5 E F0 -(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F1<ad63>144 273.6 -Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 273.6 Q -F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 290.4 Q F1<ad43>2.967 E F0 -.467(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F1<ad63>2.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 +(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F1<ad63>144 535.2 +Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 535.2 Q +F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 552 Q F1<ad43>2.968 E F0 .467 +(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F1<ad63>2.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 (he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2 (callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 -(luated, it is sup-).25 F .262(plied the inde)144 302.4 R 2.762(xo)-.15 -G 2.762(ft)-2.762 G .262(he ne)-2.762 F .261(xt array element to be ass\ -igned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .274 -(as additional ar)144 314.4 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.274 E(k)-.2 E -F0 .274(is e)2.774 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 -(luated after the line is read b).25 F .275 -(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 326.4 Q -(If not supplied with an e)144 343.2 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 +(luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 564 R 2.761(xo)-.15 G +2.761(ft)-2.761 G .261(he ne)-2.761 F .262(xt array element to be assig\ +ned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .275 +(as additional ar)144 576 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E +F0 .275(is e)2.775 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 +(luated after the line is read b).25 F .274 +(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 588 Q +(If not supplied with an e)144 604.8 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 (map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 -(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F1(map\214le)144 360 Q F0 1.906 -(returns successfully unless an in)4.406 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.905 -(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.905(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F2(arr) -4.405 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.405 E(in)144 372 Q -.25(va)-.4 G +(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F1(map\214le)144 621.6 Q F0 1.905 +(returns successfully unless an in)4.405 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.905 +(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.906(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F2(arr) +4.406 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.406 E(in)144 633.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G (lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 (is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E -F1(popd)108 388.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 400.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799 -(se).15 G .299(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.799 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G -.299(th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 -G .3(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.479(stack, and performs a)144 -412.8 R F1(cd)3.979 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.979 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479 -(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.478 -(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.778 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.478(he follo).15 -F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 424.8 Q F1<ad6e>144 436.8 Q F0 .551 -(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 436.8 R .551 +F1(popd)108 650.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 662.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(se) +.15 G .3(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.8 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G .299 +(th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 G +.299(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.478(stack, and performs a)144 +674.4 R F1(cd)3.978 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.978 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479 +(op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.479 +(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.779 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.479(he follo).15 +F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 686.4 Q F1<ad6e>144 698.4 Q F0 .551 +(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 698.4 R .551 (ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F -(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 448.8 Q F1(+)144 460.8 Q F2(n)A -F0(Remo)180 460.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E -F0 .14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 -F F1(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180 -472.8 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0 -(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,) --.65 E F4(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F1<ad>144 484.8 Q F2(n)A F0 -(Remo)180 484.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.759(st).15 G(he)-3.759 E F2(n)3.759 E -F0 1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.26(wn by) --.25 F F1(dirs)3.76 E F0 3.76(,s)C 1.26(tarting with)-3.76 F 2.5 -(zero. F)180 496.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F4(popd -0)2.5 E F0 -(remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 -E F4(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .644(If the)144 -513.6 R F1(popd)3.144 E F0 .644(command is successful, a)3.144 F F1 -(dirs)3.143 E F0 .643(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.) -3.143 F F1(popd)5.643 E F0 .415(returns f)144 525.6 R .415 -(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .415 -(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.916 -(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.916 E .416(xistent direc-)-.15 F -(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 537.6 Q -(ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 554.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad76>A F2(var)2.5 E F0 -(])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.437 -(Write the formatted)144 566.4 R F2(ar)3.937 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437 -(to the standard output under the control of the)3.937 F F2(format)3.936 -E F0 6.436(.T)C(he)-6.436 E F1<ad76>3.936 E F0 .126 -(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 578.4 R(ariable) +(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 710.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(66)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 67 67 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(+)144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(Remo)180 84 Q -.15(ve)-.15 +G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E F0 .14 +(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F F1 +(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180 96 +S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0(remo) +2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E +F3(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F1<ad>144 108 Q F2(n)A F0(Remo)180 +108 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 E F2(n)3.76 E F0 1.259 +(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.259(wn by)-.25 F +F1(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)-3.759 F 2.5(zero. F) +180 120 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F3(popd -0)2.5 E F0(remo)2.5 E -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E F3(popd -1)2.5 +E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .643(If the)144 136.8 R F1(popd) +3.143 E F0 .643(command is successful, a)3.143 F F1(dirs)3.143 E F0 .644 +(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.)3.143 F F1(popd)5.644 +E F0 .416(returns f)144 148.8 R .416(alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G +.415(lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.915 +(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.915 E .415(xistent direc-)-.15 F +(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 160.8 Q +(ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad76>A F2(var)2.5 E F0 +(])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.436 +(Write the formatted)144 189.6 R F2(ar)3.936 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437 +(to the standard output under the control of the)3.936 F F2(format)3.937 +E F0 6.437(.T)C(he)-6.437 E F1<ad76>3.937 E F0 .126 +(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 201.6 R(ariable) -.25 E F2(var)2.626 E F0 .126(rather than being printed to the standard) -2.626 F(output.)144 590.4 Q(The)144 614.4 Q F2(format)3.018 E F0 .517(i\ +2.626 F(output.)144 213.6 Q(The)144 237.6 Q F2(format)3.017 E F0 .517(i\ s a character string which contains three types of objects: plain chara\ -cters, which are)3.018 F .704(simply copied to standard output, charact\ -er escape sequences, which are con)144 626.4 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .704 +cters, which are)3.017 F .704(simply copied to standard output, charact\ +er escape sequences, which are con)144 249.6 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703 (rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\ -\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 638.4 R .036 -(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 650.4 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 -5.531(.I)C 3.031(na)-5.531 G .531(ddition to the standard)-3.031 F F2 -(printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B F1(printf)3.032 -E F0 .532(interprets the follo)3.032 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 662.4 Q -(xtensions:)-.15 E F1(%b)144 674.4 Q F0(causes)180 674.4 Q F1(printf) -2.596 E F0 .096(to e)2.596 F .096 +\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 261.6 R .037 +(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 273.6 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 +5.532(.I)C 3.032(na)-5.532 G .532(ddition to the standard)-3.032 F F2 +(printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B F1(printf)3.031 +E F0 .531(interprets the follo)3.031 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 285.6 Q +(xtensions:)-.15 E F1(%b)144 297.6 Q F0(causes)180 297.6 Q F1(printf) +2.595 E F0 .096(to e)2.595 F .096 (xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F2(ar) -2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .095(in the)2.595 F(same w)180 686.4 Q(ay as) --.1 E F1(echo \255e)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%q)144 698.4 Q F0(causes)180 698.4 Q +2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .096(in the)2.596 F(same w)180 309.6 Q(ay as) +-.1 E F1(echo \255e)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%q)144 321.6 Q F0(causes)180 321.6 Q F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F2(ar)2.51 E (gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F -(input.)180 710.4 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(64) -192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 65 65 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(%\()144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0(causes)180 -96 Q F1(printf)4.404 E F0 1.904 -(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.404 F F2(datefmt) -4.404 E F0 1.903(as a format)4.404 F .38(string for)180 108 R F2 +(input.)180 333.6 Q F1(%\()144 345.6 Q F2(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0(causes) +180 357.6 Q F1(printf)4.403 E F0 1.904 +(to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.403 F F2(datefmt) +4.404 E F0 1.904(as a format)4.404 F .381(string for)180 369.6 R F2 (strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F2(ar) 2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381 -(ger representing the number)-.15 F .458(of seconds since the epoch.)180 -120 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.458 H .458(special ar)3.758 F .458(gument v)-.18 F -.458(alues may be used: -1 represents the)-.25 F .847 -(current time, and -2 represents the time the shell w)180 132 R .847 -(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.348(d. If).1 F .848(no ar)3.348 -F .848(gument is speci-)-.18 F .355(\214ed, con)180 144 R -.15(ve)-.4 G -.355(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.855(sa).15 G 2.855(si)-2.855 G -2.855(f-)-2.855 G 2.855(1h)-2.855 G .354(ad been gi)-2.855 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.854(n. This).15 F .354(is an e)2.854 F .354 -(xception to the usual)-.15 F F1(printf)2.854 E F0(beha)180 156 Q(vior) --.2 E(.)-.55 E(Ar)144 172.8 Q .463(guments to non-string format speci\ -\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .464 -(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.259(minus sign is allo)144 184.8 -R 1.259 +(ger representing the number)-.15 F .292(of seconds since the epoch.)180 +381.6 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.293 H .293(special ar)3.593 F .293(gument v)-.18 F +.293(alues may be used: \2551 represents the)-.25 F .694 +(current time, and \2552 represents the time the shell w)180 393.6 R +.693(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.193(d. If).1 F .693(no ar) +3.193 F .693(gument is speci-)-.18 F .21(\214ed, con)180 405.6 R -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .21(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.71(sa).15 G 2.71(si)-2.71 +G 2.71<66ad>-2.71 G 2.71(1h)-2.71 G .21(ad been gi)-2.71 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 2.71(n. This).15 F .21(is an e)2.71 F .21(xception to the usual)-.15 F +F1(printf)2.71 E F0(beha)180 417.6 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E(Ar)144 434.4 Q +.464(guments to non-string format speci\214ers are treated as C constan\ +ts, e)-.18 F .463(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.258 +(minus sign is allo)144 446.4 R 1.259 (wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) --.25 F 1.258(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 196.8 Q(alue of the follo) --.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 213.6 Q F2(format)3.423 E -F0 .923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.423 F F2(ar)3.423 +-.25 F 1.259(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 458.4 Q(alue of the follo) +-.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 475.2 Q F2(format)3.424 E +F0 .923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.424 F F2(ar)3.423 E(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F2(format) -3.423 E F0 .924(requires more)3.424 F F2(ar)144 225.6 Q(guments)-.37 E -F0 .033(than are supplied, the e)2.534 F .033 +3.423 E F0 .923(requires more)3.423 F F2(ar)144 487.2 Q(guments)-.37 E +F0 .033(than are supplied, the e)2.533 F .033 (xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si) -.15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .033(alue or null string,) --.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 237.6 Q(The return v)5 E +.15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .034(alue or null string,) +-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 499.2 Q(The return v)5 E (alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(pushd) -108 254.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C -<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 266.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 -2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .639(Adds a directory to the top of the d\ -irectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 278.4 R 3.14(wt) --.25 G .64(op of the)-3.14 F .417(stack the current w)144 290.4 R .416 +108 516 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C +<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 528 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5 +(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .64(Adds a directory to the top of the direc\ +tory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 540 R 3.139(wt)-.25 +G .639(op of the)-3.139 F .416(stack the current w)144 552 R .416 (orking directory)-.1 F 5.416(.W)-.65 G .416(ith no ar)-5.816 F (guments,)-.18 E F1(pushd)2.916 E F0 -.15(ex)2.916 G .416 -(changes the top tw).15 F 2.916(od)-.1 G(irectories)-2.916 E 1.625 -(and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 302.4 R 6.625 -(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.625 G 1.625(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.925 --.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.625(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 314.4 Q -F1<ad6e>144 326.4 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory \ -when rotating or adding directories to the)180 326.4 R -(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 338.4 Q F1(+)144 -350.4 Q F2(n)A F0 1.267(Rotates the stack so that the)180 350.4 R F2(n) -3.767 E F0 1.268(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B -1.268(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 362.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C -(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1<ad>144 374.4 Q F2(n)A F0 -.92(Rotates the stack so that the)180 374.4 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 +(changes the top tw).15 F 2.917(od)-.1 G(irectories)-2.917 E 1.625 +(and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 564 R 6.625(.A) +-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.625 G 1.625(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.925 -.15 +(ve t)-.2 H 1.625(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 576 Q F1 +<ad6e>144 588 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory when\ + rotating or adding directories to the)180 588 R +(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 600 Q F1(+)144 612 Q +F2(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)180 612 R F2(n)3.768 E F0 +1.267(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.267 +(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 624 Q F0 2.5(,s)C +(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1<ad>144 636 Q F2(n)A F0 .92 +(Rotates the stack so that the)180 636 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 (th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 -F F1(dirs)180 386.4 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.) --2.5 E F2(dir)144.35 398.4 Q F0(Adds)180 398.4 Q F2(dir)3.137 E F0 .287 -(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.517 F 2.788(wc) --.25 G .288(urrent w)-2.788 F .288(orking directory as)-.1 F -(if it had been supplied as the ar)180 410.4 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F1 -(cd)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .489(If the)144 427.2 R F1(pushd) -2.989 E F0 .489(command is successful, a)2.989 F F1(dirs)2.988 E F0 .488 -(is performed as well.)2.988 F .488(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F -F1(pushd)2.988 E F0 1.039(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 439.2 R F2(dir) -3.889 E F0 -.1(fa)4.269 G 3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,) --.4 F F1(pushd)3.54 E F0 1.04(returns 0 unless the directory)3.54 F .847 -(stack is empty)144 451.2 R 3.347(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.347 E .847(xistent\ +F F1(dirs)180 648 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 +E F2(dir)144.35 660 Q F0(Adds)180 660 Q F2(dir)3.138 E F0 .288 +(to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.518 F 2.787(wc) +-.25 G .287(urrent w)-2.787 F .287(orking directory as)-.1 F +(if it had been supplied as the ar)180 672 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F1(cd) +2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .488(If the)144 688.8 R F1(pushd)2.988 +E F0 .488(command is successful, a)2.988 F F1(dirs)2.988 E F0 .488 +(is performed as well.)2.988 F .489(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F +F1(pushd)2.989 E F0 1.04(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 700.8 R F2(dir) +3.89 E F0 -.1(fa)4.27 G 3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)-.4 +F F1(pushd)3.539 E F0 1.039(returns 0 unless the directory)3.539 F .846 +(stack is empty)144 712.8 R 3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.346 E .847(xistent\ directory stack element is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the) --.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 463.2 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 -E(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108 480 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .844 -(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 492 R .845 -(orking directory)-.1 F 5.845(.T)-.65 G .845 -(he pathname printed contains no)-5.845 F .182(symbolic links if the)144 -504 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 .181 +-.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 724.8 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 +E(ails.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(67)193.45 E 0 +Cg EP +%%Page: 68 68 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(pwd)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .845 +(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 96 R .845 +(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844 +(he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144 +108 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 .181 (\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1(set) -2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .181(iltin command is).2 F 3.263(enabled. If) -144 516 R(the)3.263 E F1<ad4c>3.263 E F0 .763 -(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.263 -F .764(The return)5.764 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ - reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 528 R -.25(va) --.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 540 Q F1 -.18(re)108 556.8 S(ad) -.18 E F0([)3.816 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad61>-3.816 E F2(aname) -3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad64>-3.816 E F2(delim)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1 -<ad69>-3.816 E F2(te)3.816 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad6e>-3.816 E F2 -(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad4e>-3.817 E F2(nc) -3.817 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad70>-3.817 E F2(pr)3.817 E -(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad74>-3.817 E F2(timeout)3.817 E F0 3.817 -(][)C F1<ad75>-3.817 E F2(fd)3.817 E F0(])A([)108 568.8 Q F2(name)A F0 -(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from the \ -\214le descriptor)144 580.8 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar) -3.016 F .516(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 592.8 Q F1<ad75>3.847 E F0 1.347 -(option, split into w)3.847 F 1.347(ords as described abo)-.1 F 1.648 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)3.848 G 1.348(rd Splitting).75 F -F0 3.848(,a)C 1.348(nd the \214rst w)-3.848 F 1.348(ord is)-.1 F 1.465 -(assigned to the \214rst)144 604.8 R F2(name)3.965 E F0 3.965(,t).18 G +2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264(enabled. If) +144 120 R(the)3.264 E F1<ad4c>3.264 E F0 .763 +(option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264 +F .763(The return)5.763 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ + reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 132 R -.25(va) +-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 144 Q F1 -.18(re)108 160.8 S(ad) +.18 E F0([)3.817 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad61>-3.817 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(aname)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad64>-3.817 E F2 +(delim)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad69>-3.817 E F2(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 +3.817(][)C F1<ad6e>-3.817 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816 +(][)C F1<ad4e>-3.816 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1 +<ad70>-3.816 E F2(pr)3.816 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad74>-3.816 E +F2(timeout)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad75>-3.816 E F2(fd)3.816 E F0(])A +([)108 172.8 Q F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the s\ +tandard input, or from the \214le descriptor)144 184.8 R F2(fd)3.016 E +F0 .516(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 196.8 Q +F1<ad75>3.848 E F0 1.348(option, split into w)3.848 F 1.348 +(ords as described abo)-.1 F 1.647 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75 +(Wo)3.847 G 1.347(rd Splitting).75 F F0 3.847(,a)C 1.347 +(nd the \214rst w)-3.847 F 1.347(ord is)-.1 F 1.465 +(assigned to the \214rst)144 208.8 R F2(name)3.965 E F0 3.965(,t).18 G 1.465(he second w)-3.965 F 1.465(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)3.965 E F0 3.965(,a).18 G 1.465(nd so on.)-3.965 F 1.465(If there are more)6.465 -F -.1(wo)144 616.8 S 1.112(rds than names, the remaining w).1 F 1.112 +F -.1(wo)144 220.8 S 1.112(rds than names, the remaining w).1 F 1.112 (ords and their interv)-.1 F 1.112 -(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)144 628.8 Q F0 -5.723(.I).18 G 3.223(ft)-5.723 G .723(here are fe)-3.223 F .723(wer w) --.25 F .722 +(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)144 232.8 Q F0 +5.722(.I).18 G 3.222(ft)-5.722 G .722(here are fe)-3.222 F .722(wer w) +-.25 F .723 (ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are)-.1 -F .531(assigned empty v)144 640.8 R 3.031(alues. The)-.25 F .531 -(characters in)3.031 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.031 E F0 .532 -(are used to split the line into w)2.781 F .532(ords using the same)-.1 -F .197(rules the shell uses for e)144 652.8 R .197 +F .532(assigned empty v)144 244.8 R 3.032(alues. The)-.25 F .532 +(characters in)3.032 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.032 E F0 .531 +(are used to split the line into w)2.782 F .531(ords using the same)-.1 +F .197(rules the shell uses for e)144 256.8 R .197 (xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .497 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 --.75(Wo)2.697 G .197(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.697(\). The)B .196 -(backslash charac-)2.697 F .156(ter \()144 664.8 R F1(\\)A F0 2.656(\)m) -C .156(ay be used to remo)-2.656 F .457 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .457 -.15(ny s) -.15 H .157(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .157 +-.75(Wo)2.697 G .197(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.697(\). The)B .197 +(backslash charac-)2.697 F .157(ter \()144 268.8 R F1(\\)A F0 2.657(\)m) +C .157(ay be used to remo)-2.657 F .457 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .457 -.15(ny s) +.15 H .157(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .156 (xt character read and for line continu-)-.15 F 2.5(ation. Options,)144 -676.8 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 688.8 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.05(The w) -180 700.8 R 1.049 +280.8 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 292.8 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.049 +(The w)180 304.8 R 1.049 (ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) --.25 E F2(aname)3.549 E F0 3.549(,s).18 G 1.049(tarting at 0.)-3.549 F -F2(aname)180.33 712.8 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 --.25(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 -(ar)2.5 E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(65)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 66 66 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF<ad64>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(delim)2.5 E F0 -(The \214rst character of)180 96 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0 -(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E -F1<ad65>144 108 Q F0 .372 -(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 108 R F1 -.18(re) -2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE) -2.873 E F0(abo)2.623 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G -(sed)-2.873 E .218(to obtain the line.)180 120 R .218 +-.25 E F2(aname)3.55 E F0 3.55(,s).18 G 1.05(tarting at 0.)-3.55 F F2 +(aname)180.33 316.8 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25 +(ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 +E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1<ad64>144 328.8 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0 +1.318(The \214rst character of)180 340.8 R F2(delim)3.818 E F0 1.317 +(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)3.818 F 3.817 +(wline. If)-.25 F F2(delim)180 352.8 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1 +-.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 +(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 +<ad65>144 364.8 Q F0 .372 +(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 364.8 R F1 -.18 +(re)2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo) +2.623 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E +.218(to obtain the line.)180 376.8 R .218 (Readline uses the current \(or def)5.218 F .218 (ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E -(acti)180 132 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings.)-2.5 E F1 -<ad69>144 144 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)180 144 Q F1 -.18(re)2.715 G -(adline).18 E F0 .216(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te) -2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E -.216(fer before edit-)-.25 F(ing be)180 156 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144 -168 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 180 S(ad).18 E F0 -1.395(returns after reading)3.895 F F2(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 -1.395(characters rather than w)3.895 F 1.394 -(aiting for a complete line of)-.1 F(input, b)180 192 Q -(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 -E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 -<ad4e>144 204 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 216 S(ad) -.18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769 -E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27 +(acti)180 388.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings, b)-2.5 E +(ut uses Readline')-.2 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ef)-2.5 E +(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F1<ad69>144 400.8 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt) +-.2 E F0(If)180 400.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216 +(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216 +(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .216(fer before edit-) +-.25 F(ing be)180 412.8 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144 424.8 Q F2(nc)2.5 E +(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 436.8 S(ad).18 E F0 1.395 +(returns after reading)3.895 F F2(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395 +(characters rather than w)3.895 F 1.394(aiting for a complete line of) +-.1 F(input, b)180 448.8 Q(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than) +-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 +(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad4e>144 +460.8 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 472.8 S(ad).18 E +F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769 E +(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27 (aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275 -(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 228 R F1 -.18(re)2.775 -G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274(Delimiter characters encoun-) -5.274 F 1.002 -(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 240 R -F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc)3.503 -E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .609(characters are read.)180 252 R .608 +(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 484.8 R F1 -.18(re) +2.775 G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274 +(Delimiter characters encoun-)5.274 F 1.002 +(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 496.8 +R F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc) +3.503 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .609(characters are read.)180 508.8 R .608 (The result is not split on the characters in)5.609 F F1(IFS)3.108 E F0 -3.108(;t)C .608(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 264 S .669 +3.108(;t)C .608(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 520.8 S .669 (riable is assigned e).25 F .669 (xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .67 -(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1<ad72>180 276 Q F0(option belo) -2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1<ad70>144 288 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 E F0(Display) -180 300 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161(on standard error)3.661 F -3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne)-3.661 F 1.161 -(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 312 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5 -(nput. The)-2.5 F +(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1<ad72>180 532.8 Q F0 +(option belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1<ad70>144 544.8 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 +E F0(Display)180 556.8 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161 +(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne) +-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 568.8 Q +2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F (prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1 -<ad72>144 324 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) -180 324 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544(he backslash is considered to be part of) --5.543 F(the line.)180 336 Q(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G -(ackslash-ne)-2.5 E(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.) --.25 E F1<ad73>144 348 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 348 Q +<ad72>144 580.8 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) +180 580.8 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544 +(he backslash is considered to be part of)-5.543 F(the line.)180 592.8 Q +(In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.5 E +(wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 +604.8 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 604.8 Q (If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1 -<ad74>144 360 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 372 Q F1 -.18(re)2.929 G -(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F .428 +<ad74>144 616.8 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 628.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.929 +G(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F .428 (ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .56 -(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 384 R F2(timeout)3.061 E F0 -(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number) -3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 396 Q +(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 640.8 R F2(timeout)3.061 E +F0(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number) +3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 652.8 Q (wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\ g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 -408 R .506(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 420 R .59 +664.8 R .506(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 676.8 R .59 (gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.59 E F1 -.18(re)3.09 G(ad).18 E F0 .589 (times out,)3.09 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589 -(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 432 S(riable) -.25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27 -(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77 -F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G -(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 444 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a) --.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.12(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor) -.25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180 -456 R -.15(ex)2.5 G(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e) -.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E F1<ad75>144 468 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 468 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .476 -(If no)144 484.8 R F2(names)3.336 E F0 .476 +(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 688.8 S +(riable).25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 +.27(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately) +2.77 F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 +G(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 700.8 R 1.12 +(xit status is 0 if input is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.12 +(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12 +(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180 712.8 R -.15(ex)2.5 G +(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e).15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(68)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 69 69 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF<ad75>144 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(fd)2.5 E F0 +(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 84 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .476 +(If no)144 100.8 R F2(names)3.336 E F0 .476 (are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)3.246 F(ariable)-.25 E -F3(REPL)2.977 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .477(The e)4.977 -F .477(xit status is zero,)-.15 F .773 -(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 496.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.273 G(ad) +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)2.977 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A +F0 .477(The e)4.977 F .477(xit status is zero,)-.15 F .773 +(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 112.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.273 G(ad) .18 E F0 .772 (times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a)3.273 F --.25(va)144 508.8 S 2.004 +-.25(va)144 124.8 S 2.004 (riable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v).25 F 2.005 (ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.005(lid \214le).25 F -(descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 520.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad75> -2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 537.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A +(descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 136.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad75> +2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 153.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A -(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 549.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 165.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G (n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v) -.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77 -(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144 561.6 R +(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144 177.6 R 1.096(If the)6.096 F F1<ad66>3.596 E F0 1.097 (option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2 -(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 573.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) +(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 189.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) -.1 F F1<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 (ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) -3.334 F F1<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) --.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 585.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276 +-.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 201.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276 (rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.276 F F1<ad41>3.277 E F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F2(name) -3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 597.6 R -.15(ve) +3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 213.6 R -.15(ve) -.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>3.021 E F0 .521 (option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F .521(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ -to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 609.6 R(The)5.296 E F1 +to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 225.6 R(The)5.296 E F1 <ad70>2.796 E F0(option)2.796 E .786 (causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.) -144 621.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 -633.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) +144 237.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 +249.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) -3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor) 3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in) -5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the) -144 645.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) +144 261.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) -.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26 -(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 657.6 Q F0 -(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 674.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 -E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 686.4 R +(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 273.6 Q F0 +(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 290.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 +E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 302.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 (alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(to its caller)2.761 F 5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .597 -(the return status is that of the last command e)144 698.4 R -.15(xe) +(the return status is that of the last command e)144 314.4 R -.15(xe) -.15 G .596(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.596(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.596 E F1 -.18(re)3.096 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .596(is e)3.096 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G(cuted).15 E 1.238(by a trap handler)144 710.4 R 3.738(,t)-.4 G 1.238 +G(cuted).15 E 1.238(by a trap handler)144 326.4 R 3.738(,t)-.4 G 1.238 (he last command used to determine the status is the last command e) --3.738 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.067(before the trap handler)144 -722.4 R 6.067(.i)-.55 G(f)-6.067 E F1 -.18(re)3.567 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E -F0 1.067(is e)3.567 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.067(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB) -3.567 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.067(trap, the last command used to)3.567 F -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(66)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 67 67 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .389 -(determine the status is the last command e)144 84 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .389 -(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re) -2.89 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)2.89 G 2.89(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o) --2.89 H -.1(ke).4 G(d.).1 E(If)144 96 Q F1 -.18(re)2.584 G(tur).18 E(n) --.15 E F0 .084(is used outside a function, b)2.584 F .084(ut during e) --.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .084(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)2.584 E -F0(\()5.084 E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.583(\)c)C .083(ommand, it)-2.583 -F .588(causes the shell to stop e)144 108 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .588 -(cuting that script and return either).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n) -3.448 E F0 .589(or the e)3.329 F .589(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F -.326(mand e)144 120 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .326 -(cuted within the script as the e).15 F .326(xit status of the script.) --.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .325(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F -.325(alue is)-.25 F .444(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 132 R .444 +-3.738 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.033(before the trap handler)144 +338.4 R 6.033(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.033 E F1 -.18(re)3.533 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E +F0 1.033(is e)3.533 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.033(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB) +3.532 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.032(trap, the last command used to)3.532 F .389 +(determine the status is the last command e)144 350.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.389(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.89 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)2.89 G 2.89(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.89 H -.1(ke).4 +G(d.).1 E(If)144 362.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.584 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .084 +(is used outside a function, b)2.584 F .084(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .084(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)2.584 E F0(\()5.084 E +F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.583(\)c)C .083(ommand, it)-2.583 F .588 +(causes the shell to stop e)144 374.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .588 +(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .589 +(or the e)3.329 F .589(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .326(mand e) +144 386.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .326(cuted within the script as the e).15 F +.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .325 +(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .325(alue is)-.25 F .444 +(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 398.4 R .444 (The return status is non-zero if)5.444 F F1 -.18(re)2.945 G(tur).18 E (n)-.15 E F0 .445(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.945 F(gu-)-.18 E .381 -(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 144 R -.15(xe) --.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E F1 -(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.38(.A)C .68 -.15(ny c)-5.38 H(om-).15 E -.749(mand associated with the)144 156 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749 +(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 410.4 R -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E +F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.38(.A)C .68 -.15(ny c)-5.38 H(om-).15 E +.749(mand associated with the)144 422.4 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749 (trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .75(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 168 Q F1 -(set)108 184.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C +G .75(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 434.4 Q F1 +(set)108 451.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E -F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 196.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 +F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 463.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E -(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 208.8 S .836 +(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 475.2 S .836 (thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F .835(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784 -(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 220.8 +(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 487.2 R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .784 -(riables cannot be).25 F 2.912(reset. In)144 232.8 R F2(posix)2.912 E F0 +(riables cannot be).25 F 2.912(reset. In)144 499.2 R F2(posix)2.912 E F0 .412(mode, only shell v)2.912 F .412(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .412 (The output is sorted according to the current)5.412 F 3.53 -(locale. When)144 244.8 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F +(locale. When)144 511.2 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F 3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.531(utes. An) -.2 F 3.531(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.531 G 1.031(uments remaining).18 F -1.624(after option processing are treated as v)144 256.8 R 1.623 +1.624(after option processing are treated as v)144 523.2 R 1.623 (alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in)-.25 F(order) -144 268.8 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A +144 535.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 --.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 280.8 Q -F0 1.377(Each v)184 280.8 R 1.377 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 547.2 Q +F0 1.377(Each v)184 547.2 R 1.377 (ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) -.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.378(xport attrib)-.15 F -1.378(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 292.8 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15 -E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1<ad62>144 304.8 Q F0 .132 -(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 304.8 R +1.378(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 559.2 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15 +E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1<ad62>144 571.2 Q F0 .132 +(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 571.2 R 2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E -(primary prompt.)184 316.8 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) --.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1<ad65>144 328.8 Q F0 -.087(Exit immediately if a)184 328.8 R F2(pipeline)2.587 E F0 .087 +(primary prompt.)184 583.2 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) +-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1<ad65>144 595.2 Q F0 +.087(Exit immediately if a)184 595.2 R F2(pipeline)2.587 E F0 .087 (\(which may consist of a single)2.587 F F2 .088(simple command)2.588 F -F0 .088(\), a)B F2(list)2.588 E F0 2.588(,o)C(r)-2.588 E(a)184 340.8 Q -F2 1.521(compound command)4.021 F F0(\(see)4.021 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -1.521(SHELL GRAMMAR)4.021 F F0(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e) -.15 F 1.521(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .079 -(The shell does not e)184 352.8 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F -.08(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 364.8 Q +F0 .088(\), a)B F2(list)2.588 E F0 2.588(,o)C(r)-2.588 E(a)184 607.2 Q +F2 1.521(compound command)4.021 F F0(\(see)4.021 E F3 1.521 +(SHELL GRAMMAR)4.021 F F0(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e).15 F +1.521(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .079(The shell does not e)184 +619.2 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .08 +(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 631.2 Q 1.655(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F1(until)4.155 E F0 -.1(ke)4.155 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.654 (wing the)-.25 F F1(if)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F1(elif)4.154 E F0(reserv) -4.154 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 376.8 S .581(rds, part of an).1 F 3.081(yc) +4.154 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 643.2 S .581(rds, part of an).1 F 3.081(yc) -.15 G .581(ommand e)-3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F1 (&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F1(||)3.081 E F0 .582(list e)3.082 F .582 -(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .918(the \214nal)184 388.8 R +(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .918(the \214nal)184 655.2 R F1(&&)3.418 E F0(or)3.418 E F1(||)3.418 E F0 3.418(,a)C 1.218 -.15(ny c) -3.418 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .917 (ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.417(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.417 E --.25(va)184 400.8 S .66(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .66 +-.25(va)184 667.2 S .66(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .66 (rted with).15 F F1(!)3.16 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .661 (ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.113 -(non-zero status because a command f)184 412.8 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F +(non-zero status because a command f)184 679.2 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F F1<ad65>3.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.112 -(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .177(not e)184 424.8 R 2.677 +(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .177(not e)184 691.2 R 2.677 (xit. A)-.15 F .177(trap on)2.677 F F1(ERR)2.677 E F0 2.677(,i)C 2.678 (fs)-2.677 G .178(et, is e)-2.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .178 (cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.678(xits. This)-.15 F .178 -(option applies to)2.678 F .618(the shell en)184 436.8 R .617 +(option applies to)2.678 F .618(the shell en)184 703.2 R .617 (vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .617(vironment separately \(see) --.4 F F3 .617(COMMAND EXE-)3.117 F .642(CUTION ENVIR)184 448.8 R(ONMENT) +-.4 F F3 .617(COMMAND EXE-)3.117 F .642(CUTION ENVIR)184 715.2 R(ONMENT) -.27 E F0(abo)2.893 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .643 (\), and may cause subshells to e).15 F .643(xit before e)-.15 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .643(cuting all).15 F(the commands in the subshell.)184 460.8 -Q 2.042(If a compound command or shell function e)184 478.8 R -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.042(cutes in a conte).15 F 2.042(xt where)-.15 F F1<ad65>4.542 -E F0 2.042(is being)4.542 F 1.435(ignored, none of the commands e)184 -490.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.436 +(xe)-.15 G .643(cuting all).15 F(the commands in the subshell.)184 727.2 +Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(69)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 70 70 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 2.042 +(If a compound command or shell function e)184 84 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.042 +(cutes in a conte).15 F 2.042(xt where)-.15 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +<ad65>4.542 E F0 2.042(is being)4.542 F 1.435 +(ignored, none of the commands e)184 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.436 (cuted within the compound command or function).15 F .194 -(body will be af)184 502.8 R .194(fected by the)-.25 F F1<ad65>2.694 E -F0 .193(setting, e)2.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.693(ni).15 G(f)-2.693 E F1 +(body will be af)184 108 R .194(fected by the)-.25 F F1<ad65>2.694 E F0 +.193(setting, e)2.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.693(ni).15 G(f)-2.693 E F1 <ad65>2.693 E F0 .193(is set and a command returns a f)2.693 F(ailure) --.1 E 3.39(status. If)184 514.8 R 3.39(ac)3.39 G .89 +-.1 E 3.39(status. If)184 120 R 3.39(ac)3.39 G .89 (ompound command or shell function sets)-3.39 F F1<ad65>3.39 E F0 .89 (while e)3.39 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .89(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt)-.15 E -(where)184 526.8 Q F1<ad65>3.154 E F0 .654 +(where)184 132 Q F1<ad65>3.154 E F0 .654 (is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.154 F .953 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .953 -.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .653(ect until the compound command).25 F -(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 538.8 Q F1 -<ad66>144 550.8 Q F0(Disable pathname e)184 550.8 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 -<ad68>144 562.8 Q F0 2.238(Remember the location of commands as the)184 -562.8 R 4.738(ya)-.15 G 2.239(re look)-4.738 F 2.239(ed up for e)-.1 F +(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 144 Q F1 +<ad66>144 156 Q F0(Disable pathname e)184 156 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 +<ad68>144 168 Q F0 2.238(Remember the location of commands as the)184 +168 R 4.738(ya)-.15 G 2.239(re look)-4.738 F 2.239(ed up for e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 4.739(cution. This).15 F(is)4.739 E(enabled by def)184 -574.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad6b>144 586.8 Q F0 .514(All ar)184 586.8 R .514 +180 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad6b>144 192 Q F0 .514(All ar)184 192 R .514 (guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18 F .513(vironment for a)-.4 F -(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 598.8 Q F1 -<ad6d>144 610.8 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)184 610.8 R .148 +(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 204 Q F1 +<ad6d>144 216 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)184 216 R .148 (Job control is enabled.)5.148 F .149(This option is on by def)5.148 F .149(ault for interacti)-.1 F .449 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .651 -(on systems that support it \(see)184 622.8 R F3 .651(JOB CONTR)3.151 F -(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151(\). All).15 F .65 -(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .678(process group.)184 634.8 R -.679(When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containin\ -g its)5.678 F -.15(ex)184 646.8 S(it status.).15 E F1<ad6e>144 658.8 Q -F0 .653(Read commands b)184 658.8 R .653(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .653(cute them.).15 F .652 +(on systems that support it \(see)184 228 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .651 +(JOB CONTR)3.151 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151 +(\). All).15 F .65(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .678 +(process group.)184 240 R .679(When a background job completes, the she\ +ll prints a line containing its)5.678 F -.15(ex)184 252 S(it status.).15 +E F1<ad6e>144 264 Q F0 .653(Read commands b)184 264 R .653(ut do not e) +-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cute them.).15 F .652 (This may be used to check a shell script for)5.653 F(syntax errors.)184 -670.8 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 -E F1<ad6f>144 682.8 Q F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)184 694.8 Q F2 -(option\255name)2.5 E F0(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1 -(allexport)184 706.8 Q F0(Same as)224 718.8 Q F1<ad61>2.5 E F0(.)A -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(67)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 68 68 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(braceexpand)184 84 Q F0(Same as)224 96 Q F1<ad42>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(emacs)184 108 Q F0 .089(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf) -224 108 R 2.589(ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 -E .95(when the shell is interacti)224 120 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G -.95(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F1(\255\255noediting) -3.45 E F0 2.5(option. This)224 132 R(also af)2.5 E -(fects the editing interf)-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G -(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(err)184 144 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)224 144 Q -F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(errtrace)184 156 Q F0(Same as)224 156 Q F1<ad45> -2.5 E F0(.)A F1(functrace)184 168 Q F0(Same as)224 180 Q F1<ad54>2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(hashall)184 192 Q F0(Same as)224 192 Q F1<ad68>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(histexpand)184 204 Q F0(Same as)224 216 Q F1<ad48>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(history)184 228 Q F0 .586(Enable command history)224 228 R 3.087(,a) +276 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E +F1<ad6f>144 288 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The) +184 300 Q F3(option\255name)2.5 E F0(can be one of the follo)2.5 E +(wing:)-.25 E F1(allexport)184 312 Q F0(Same as)224 324 Q F1<ad61>2.5 E +F0(.)A F1(braceexpand)184 336 Q F0(Same as)224 348 Q F1<ad42>2.5 E F0(.) +A F1(emacs)184 360 Q F0 .089 +(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)224 360 R 2.589 +(ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95 +(when the shell is interacti)224 372 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95 +(nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F1(\255\255noediting)3.45 E +F0 2.5(option. This)224 384 R(also af)2.5 E(fects the editing interf) +-.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(err) +184 396 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)224 396 Q F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(errtrace)184 408 Q F0(Same as)224 408 Q F1<ad45>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(functrace)184 420 Q F0(Same as)224 432 Q F1<ad54>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(hashall)184 444 Q F0(Same as)224 444 Q F1<ad68>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(histexpand)184 456 Q F0(Same as)224 468 Q F1<ad48>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(history)184 480 Q F0 .586(Enable command history)224 480 R 3.087(,a) -.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 -H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F3 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 240 Q +H(nder).15 E F2(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF +(.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 492 Q (ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(ignor)184 -252 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.657(The ef)224 264 R 1.657 -(fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10) +504 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.657(The ef)224 516 R 1.657 +(fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10) 4.156 E F0 1.656(had been e)4.156 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224 -276 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).) -.15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 288 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 300 Q F1 -<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 312 Q F0(Same as)224 312 Q F1<ad6d>2.5 -E F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 324 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 336 Q F1<ad43>2.5 -E F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 348 Q F0(Same as)224 348 Q F1<ad6e>2.5 E F0(.)A -F1(noglob)184 360 Q F0(Same as)224 360 Q F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog) -184 372 Q F0(Currently ignored.)224 372 Q F1(notify)184 384 Q F0 -(Same as)224 384 Q F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 396 Q F0(Same as) -224 396 Q F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)184 408 Q F0(Same as)224 408 Q -F1<ad74>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(ph)184 420 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)224 420 Q -F1<ad50>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(pipefail)184 432 Q F0 1.029 -(If set, the return v)224 432 R 1.029(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F -1.03(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 444 +528 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).) +.15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 540 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 552 Q F1 +<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 564 Q F0(Same as)224 564 Q F1<ad6d>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 576 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 588 Q F1<ad43>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 600 Q F0(Same as)224 600 Q F1<ad6e>2.5 E F0(.)A +F1(noglob)184 612 Q F0(Same as)224 612 Q F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog) +184 624 Q F0(Currently ignored.)224 624 Q F1(notify)184 636 Q F0 +(Same as)224 636 Q F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 648 Q F0(Same as) +224 648 Q F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)184 660 Q F0(Same as)224 660 Q +F1<ad74>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(ph)184 672 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)224 672 Q +F1<ad50>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(pipefail)184 684 Q F0 1.029 +(If set, the return v)224 684 R 1.029(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F +1.03(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 696 R 1.136 (xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) --.15 F -.15(ex)224 456 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G -(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 468 Q F0 -2.09(Change the beha)224 468 R 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0 -2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091 -(fers from the)-.25 F 1.212(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 -480 R/F5 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.212(posix mode)B F0 3.712(\). See)B F2 -1.212(SEE ALSO)3.712 F F0(belo)3.462 E(w)-.25 E 2.306 -(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 492 R 4.807(wp)-.25 G +-.15 F -.15(ex)224 708 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G +(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(70)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 71 71 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(posix)184 84 Q F0 2.09(Change the beha)224 84 R 2.091(vior of)-.2 F +F1(bash)4.591 E F0 2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif) +-.1 F 2.091(fers from the)-.25 F 1.212 +(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 96 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF 1.212(posix mode)B F0 3.712(\). See)B/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.212 +(SEE ALSO)3.712 F F0(belo)3.462 E(w)-.25 E 2.306 +(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 108 R 4.807(wp)-.25 G 2.307(osix mode af)-4.807 F 2.307(fects bash')-.25 F(s)-.55 E(beha)224 -504 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F1(pri)184 516 Q(vileged)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 -528 Q F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 540 S(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)224 -540 Q F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 552 Q F0 1.466 -(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 552 R 3.965(ace. This) +120 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F1(pri)184 132 Q(vileged)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 +144 Q F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 156 S(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)224 +156 Q F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 168 Q F0 1.466 +(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 168 R 3.965(ace. This) -.1 F 1.465(also af)3.965 F 1.465(fects the editing)-.25 F(interf)224 -564 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1 -(xtrace)184 576 Q F0(Same as)224 576 Q F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 594 Q -F1<ad6f>3.052 E F0 .552(is supplied with no)3.052 F F5(option\255name) +180 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1 +(xtrace)184 192 Q F0(Same as)224 192 Q F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 210 Q +F1<ad6f>3.052 E F0 .552(is supplied with no)3.052 F F2(option\255name) 3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .553 (alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.553 E F1(+o)184 -606 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F F5(option\255name)3.572 E F0 +222 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F F2(option\255name)3.572 E F0 3.572(,a)C 1.071(series of)-.001 F F1(set)3.571 E F0 1.071 (commands to recreate the current)3.571 F -(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 618 Q F1<ad70> -144 630 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 630 S 1.071(rn on).45 F F5(privile)4.821 E -.1 +(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 234 Q F1<ad70> +144 246 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 246 S 1.071(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.821 E -.1 (ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.341 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F -F2($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F2($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.072 +F3($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.072 (\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.501 -(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 642 R 1.5 -(vironment, and the)-.4 F F2(SHELLOPTS)4 E F3(,)A F2 -.27(BA)184 654 S -(SHOPTS).27 E F3(,)A F2(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F3(,)A F0 -(and)2.774 E F2(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F0 -.25(va)2.774 G .524 -(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F -(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 666 R .38 +(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 258 R 1.5 +(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 +-.27(BA)184 270 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) +.855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.774 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F0 -.25(va)2.774 G +.524(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F +(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 282 R .38 (If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u) -.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461 -(user \(group\) id, and the)184 678 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461 +(user \(group\) id, and the)184 294 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461 (option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462 -(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 690 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395 +(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 306 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395 (ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1<ad70> 2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 -E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 702 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G +E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 318 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G .386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886 F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F -(set to the real user and group ids.)184 714 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(68)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 69 69 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF<ad74>144 84 Q F0(Exit after reading and e)184 84 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuting one command.).15 E F1<ad75>144 96 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 96 S .044 -(eat unset v).35 F .044(ariables and parameters other than the special \ -parameters "@" and "*" as an)-.25 F .182 -(error when performing parameter e)184 108 R 2.682(xpansion. If)-.15 F --.15(ex)2.682 G .183(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 -E .746(able or parameter)184 120 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746 +(set to the real user and group ids.)184 330 Q F1<ad74>144 342 Q F0 +(Exit after reading and e)184 342 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.) +.15 E F1<ad75>144 354 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 354 S .044(eat unset v).35 F .044 +(ariables and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*" \ +as an)-.25 F .182(error when performing parameter e)184 366 R 2.682 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.682 G .183 +(pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 E .746 +(able or parameter)184 378 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746 (he shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-3.246 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184 -132 Q F1<ad76>144 144 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)184 144 Q 2.5 -(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 156 Q F0 .315(After e)184 156 R -.315(xpanding each)-.15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF .315(simple command) -2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case) -2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236 -(or arithmetic)184 168 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236 -(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of) --.25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PS4)3.736 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 -(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 180 Q +390 Q F1<ad76>144 402 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)184 402 Q 2.5 +(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 414 Q F0 .315(After e)184 414 R +.315(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25 +(fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,) +2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 +426 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F +1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0 +(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 438 Q (xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1 -<ad42>144 192 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)184 192 R 2.578 +<ad42>144 450 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)184 450 R 2.578 (xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 5.079(\). This).15 F 2.579(is on by)5.079 F(def)184 204 Q -(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 216 Q F0 .214(If set,)184 216 R F1(bash)2.714 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.079(\). This).15 F 2.579(is on by)5.079 F(def)184 462 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 474 Q F0 .214(If set,)184 474 R F1(bash)2.714 E F0 .214(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 (xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0 2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F -3.053(tors. This)184 228 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 +3.053(tors. This)184 486 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 (rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-) -.15 F(tor)184 240 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -<ad45>144 252 Q F0 .104(If set, an)184 252 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104 +.15 F(tor)184 498 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +<ad45>144 510 Q F0 .104(If set, an)184 510 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104 (rap on)-2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103 (is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604 -F .838(mands e)184 264 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 +F .838(mands e)184 522 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839 -(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 276 Q F1 -<ad48>144 288 Q F0(Enable)184 288 Q F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532 +(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 534 Q F1 +<ad48>144 546 Q F0(Enable)184 546 Q F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532 (style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532 -F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 300 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 312 Q F0 .959 -(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 312 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 +F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 558 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 570 Q F0 .959 +(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 570 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 (ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96 (cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.46 E F0 2.822 -(that change the current w)184 324 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822 +(that change the current w)184 582 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822 (.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.821 -(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 336 R(def)2.685 +(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 594 R(def)2.685 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186 (ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F -(mands which change the current directory)184 348 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144 -360 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 360 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 +(mands which change the current directory)184 606 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144 +618 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 618 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 (DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89 (are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 -(substitutions, and commands e)184 372 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 +(substitutions, and commands e)184 630 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 (cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E -(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 384 Q F0 -(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 396 Q -F0 .401(If no ar)184 396 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G +(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 642 Q F0 +(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 654 Q +F0 .401(If no ar)184 654 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F -(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 408 Q F2 +(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 666 Q F2 (ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G (ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad>144 -420 Q F0 1.944(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 420 R +678 Q F0 1.944(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 678 R F2(ar)4.444 E(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.445(ea)-4.444 G -1.945(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 432 R +1.945(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 690 R F1<ad78>3.446 E F0(and)3.446 E F1<ad76>3.446 E F0 .945 (options are turned of)3.446 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .945(there are no) 3.445 F F2(ar)3.445 E(g)-.37 E F0 .945(s, the positional)B -(parameters remain unchanged.)184 444 Q .425(The options are of)144 -460.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 +(parameters remain unchanged.)184 702 Q .425(The options are of)144 +718.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 (ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 (Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178 -(to be turned of)144 472.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 +(to be turned of)144 730.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 (options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) --.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066 -(current set of options may be found in)144 484.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 -5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 -(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F -(is encountered.)144 496.8 Q F1(shift)108 513.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 525.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0 -.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G -.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 537.6 Q F1($#)2.582 -E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082 -(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to) -.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06 -(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 549.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 -.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F -(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56 -(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 561.6 R -.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0 -.144(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0 -(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 573.6 Q F1(shopt)108 590.4 Q F0([) +-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(71)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 72 72 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E .066 +(current set of options may be found in)144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF +<24ad>2.566 E F0 5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa) +-.1 G .066(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F +(is encountered.)144 96 Q F1(shift)108 112.8 Q F0([)2.5 E/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 +124.8 R F2(n)2.929 E F0 .429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....) +2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G .428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F +(bers)144 136.8 Q F1($#)2.582 E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#) +2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082 +(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H +.083(umber less than or equal to).15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f) +-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 148.8 +R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06 +(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06 +(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143 +(positional parameters are not changed.)144 160.8 R .144 +(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0 .144 +(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0 +(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 172.8 Q F1(shopt)108 189.6 Q F0([) 2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname) --2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 602.4 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639 +-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 201.6 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639 (alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E 5.639(.T)-.55 G .639(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .374 -(listed belo)144 614.4 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H +(listed belo)144 213.6 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H 2.874(ft).4 G(he)-2.874 E F1<ad6f>2.874 E F0 .375 (option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 F F1<ad6f>2.875 E F0 .375(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.875 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F 3.326(mand. W)144 626.4 R .826 +(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F 3.326(mand. W)144 225.6 R .826 (ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F1<ad70>3.326 E F0 .825 (option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an)3.326 F -.945(indication of whether or not each is set.)144 638.4 R(The)5.945 E -F1<ad70>3.445 E F0 .945(option causes output to be displayed in a form) -3.445 F(that may be reused as input.)144 650.4 Q(Other options ha)5 E .3 --.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 662.4 Q -F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 662.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 -674.4 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)180 674.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -<ad71>144 686.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the \ -return status indicates whether the)180 686.4 R F2(optname)2.503 E F0 -(is)2.503 E .255(set or unset.)180 698.4 R .255(If multiple)5.255 F F2 -(optname)2.755 E F0(ar)2.755 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F1<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.756(,t)C .256 -(he return status is zero if)-2.756 F(all)180 710.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E -F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(69)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 70 70 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF<ad6f>144 84 Q F0(Restricts the v)180 84 Q(alues of)-.25 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(optname)2.5 E F0(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E -F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin.).2 E .625(If either)144 100.8 R F1<ad73>3.125 E F0(or)3.124 E F1 -<ad75>3.124 E F0 .624(is used with no)3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar) -3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124 E F0(sho)3.124 E .624 -(ws only those options which are)-.25 F 2.233(set or unset, respecti)144 -112.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U)-.65 G 2.234 -(nless otherwise noted, the)-7.234 F F1(shopt)4.734 E F0 2.234 -(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 124.8 Q(ault.)-.1 E -1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 141.6 R -F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.544(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.)4.044 F -.696 +.551(indication of whether or not each is set; if)144 237.6 R F2 +(optnames)3.052 E F0 .552 +(are supplied, the output is restricted to those)3.052 F 2.55 +(options. The)144 249.6 R F1<ad70>2.55 E F0 .049(option causes output t\ +o be displayed in a form that may be reused as input.)2.55 F(Other)5.049 +E(options ha)144 261.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 273.6 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 +273.6 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 285.6 Q F0 +(Disable \(unset\) each)180 285.6 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 +297.6 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\ +tus indicates whether the)180 297.6 R F2(optname)2.504 E F0(is)2.504 E +.256(set or unset.)180 309.6 R .256(If multiple)5.256 F F2(optname)2.756 +E F0(ar)2.756 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G +(ith)-2.756 E F1<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255 +(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F(all)180 321.6 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E +F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 333.6 Q F0 +(Restricts the v)180 333.6 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0 +(to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 +E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .624(If either)144 350.4 R F1 +<ad73>3.124 E F0(or)3.124 E F1<ad75>3.124 E F0 .624(is used with no) +3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124 +E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F 2.234 +(set or unset, respecti)144 362.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U) +-.65 G 2.234(nless otherwise noted, the)-7.234 F F1(shopt)4.734 E F0 +2.234(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 374.4 Q(ault.) +-.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 +391.2 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.) +4.045 F .696 (When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) -144 153.6 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .696 -(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 165.6 Q(The list of)144 182.4 Q F1(shopt) -2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 200.4 Q F0 .2 -(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 200.4 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .199(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment to the)184 212.4 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F +144 403.2 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695 +(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 415.2 Q(The list of)144 432 Q F1(shopt) +2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(assoc_expand_once)144 450 Q F0 1.944 +(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 462 R -.25(va)-.25 G 1.945 +(luation of associati).25 F 2.245 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.945 +(rray subscripts during).15 F .857(arithmetic e)184 474 R .857 +(xpression e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .857(luation and while e).25 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .857(cuting b).15 F .857(uiltins that can perform v)-.2 F +(ariable)-.25 E(assignments.)184 486 Q F1(autocd)144 498 Q F0 .199 +(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 498 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E +(ment to the)184 510 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F (option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E -F1(cdable_v)144 224.4 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .155(If set, an ar)184 236.4 R .155 -(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.655 E F0 -.2(bu)2.655 G .156 +F1(cdable_v)144 522 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 534 R .156 +(gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.656 E F0 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155 (iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F -(name of a v)184 248.4 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E -(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 260.4 Q F0 +(name of a v)184 546 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E +(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 558 Q F0 1.055 (If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)184 -260.4 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.987 -(corrected. The)184 272.4 R 1.487(errors check)3.987 F 1.487 -(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.988(,a) --.4 G(nd)-3.988 E .77(one character too man)184 284.4 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) +558 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988 +(corrected. The)184 570 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487 +(ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a) +-.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .77(one character too man)184 582 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) -.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77 (orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F -(the command proceeds.)184 296.4 Q -(This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) -.15 E F1(checkhash)144 308.4 Q F0 .736(If set,)184 320.4 R F1(bash)3.236 -E F0 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.236 F .737 -(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 -332.4 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E -(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 344.4 -Q F0 .449(If set,)184 356.4 R F1(bash)2.949 E F0 .449 -(lists the status of an)2.949 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .448 -(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .448(xiting an interacti)-.15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.438(shell. If)184 368.4 R(an)3.438 E 3.438(yj)-.15 G -.938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.438 F .938 -(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .939(xit is)-.15 F 2.203 -(attempted without an interv)184 380.4 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 -F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.703 E(al)184 392.4 Q -.1(wa) --.1 G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G -(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 404.4 Q F0 .796(If set,)184 -416.4 R F1(bash)3.296 E F0 .796(checks the windo)3.296 F 3.296(ws)-.25 G -.797(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.296 F 3.297(,u)-.65 G -.797(pdates the)-3.297 F -.25(va)184 428.4 S(lues of).25 E F3(LINES)2.5 -E F0(and)2.25 E F3(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist) -144 440.4 Q F0 1.202(If set,)184 440.4 R F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202 -(attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202 -(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F(entry)184 -452.4 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E -(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 464.4 -Q F0 .419(If set,)184 476.4 R F1(bash)2.919 E F0 .419(changes its beha) -2.919 F .419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .42 -(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar)-.15 F(guments)-.18 E .462(to the) -184 488.4 R F1([[)2.962 E F0 .462(conditional command')2.962 F(s)-.55 E -F1(=~)2.962 E F0 .462 -(operator and locale-speci\214c string comparison when)2.962 F .71 -(using the)184 500.4 R F1([[)3.21 E F0 .71(conditional command')3.21 F -(s)-.55 E F1(<)3.21 E F0(and)3.21 E F1(>)3.21 E F0 3.21(operators. Bash) -3.21 F -.15(ve)3.21 G .71(rsions prior to bash-4.1).15 F .821 -(use ASCII collation and)184 512.4 R F2(str)3.321 E(cmp)-.37 E F0 .821 -(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale').19 F 3.32(sc)-.55 G -(ollation)-3.32 E(sequence and)184 524.4 Q F2(str)2.5 E(coll)-.37 E F0 -(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat32)144 536.4 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 548.4 R F1 -(bash)3.909 E F0 1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v) --.2 F 1.41(ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F .423 -(string comparison when using the)184 560.4 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422 -(conditional command')2.922 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)2.922 E F0(and)2.922 E F1(>) -2.922 E F0 .422(operators \(see pre-)2.922 F .48 -(vious item\) and the ef)184 572.4 R .481 -(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .481(Bash v)5.481 F .481 -(ersions 3.2 and earlier)-.15 F(continue with the ne)184 584.4 Q -(xt command in the list after one terminates due to an interrupt.)-.15 E -F1(compat40)144 596.4 Q F0 1.41(If set,)184 608.4 R F1(bash)3.91 E F0 -1.41(changes its beha)3.91 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.409 -(ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 2.007 -(string comparison when using the)184 620.4 R F1([[)4.507 E F0 2.008 -(conditional command')4.507 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)4.508 E F0(and)4.508 E F1(>) -4.508 E F0 2.008(operators \(see)4.508 F .77(description of)184 632.4 R -F1(compat31)3.27 E F0 3.269(\)a)C .769(nd the ef)-3.269 F .769 -(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .769(Bash v)5.769 F -(ersions)-.15 E .086 -(4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell recei)184 644.4 R -.15 -(ve)-.25 G 2.587(dt).15 G .087(he interrupt; pre)-2.587 F .087(vious v) --.25 F .087(ersions con-)-.15 F(tinue with the ne)184 656.4 Q -(xt command in the list.)-.15 E F1(compat41)144 668.4 Q F0 1.484 -(If set,)184 680.4 R F1(bash)3.984 E F0 3.984(,w)C 1.484(hen in)-3.984 F -F2(posix)3.984 E F0 1.483 -(mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter)3.984 F -.15 -(ex)184 692.4 S .958(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.958(.T)-.55 -G .959(he single quotes must match \(an e)-5.958 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.459 -(nn).15 G .959(umber\) and)-3.459 F .59 -(the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 -704.4 R .59(This is the beha)5.59 F .59(vior of)-.2 F .589 -(posix mode through v)184 716.4 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def) -5.589 F .589(ault bash beha)-.1 F .589(vior remains as in pre)-.2 F .59 -(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 728.4 Q(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 -Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(70)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 71 71 +(the command proceeds.)184 594 Q(This option is only used by interacti)5 +E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(checkhash)144 606 Q F0 .737 +(If set,)184 618 R F1(bash)3.237 E F0 .736 +(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.237 F .736 +(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 630 +Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E +(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 642 Q +F0 .448(If set,)184 654 R F1(bash)2.948 E F0 .448 +(lists the status of an)2.948 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .449 +(topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .449(xiting an interacti)-.15 +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.439(shell. If)184 666 R(an)3.439 E 3.439(yj)-.15 G +.938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.439 F .938 +(xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .938(xit is)-.15 F 2.203 +(attempted without an interv)184 678 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 F +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.704 E(al)184 690 Q -.1(wa)-.1 +G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G +(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 702 Q F0 1.09(If set,)184 +714 R F1(bash)3.59 E F0 1.09(checks the windo)3.59 F 3.59(ws)-.25 G 1.09 +(ize after each e)-3.59 F 1.09(xternal \(non-b)-.15 F 1.09 +(uiltin\) command and, if)-.2 F(necessary)184 726 Q 2.5(,u)-.65 G +(pdates the v)-2.5 E(alues of)-.25 E F3(LINES)2.5 E F0(and)2.25 E F3 +(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(72)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 73 73 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(compat42)144 84 Q F0 1.797(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)4.297 E F0 1.796 +SF(cmdhist)144 84 Q F0 1.202(If set,)184 84 R F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202 +(attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202 +(ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F(entry)184 +96 Q 6.133(.T)-.65 G 1.133(his allo)-6.133 F 1.133 +(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 F 1.132 +(This option is enabled by)6.132 F(def)184 108 Q .613(ault, b)-.1 F .613 +(ut only has an ef)-.2 F .614 +(fect if command history is enabled, as described abo)-.25 F .914 -.15 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HIST)184 120 Q(OR)-.162 E +(Y)-.315 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(compat31)144 132 Q F0 .42 +(If set,)184 144 R F1(bash)2.92 E F0 .42(changes its beha)2.92 F .419 +(vior to that of v)-.2 F .419(ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar)-.15 +F(guments)-.18 E .461(to the)184 156 R F1([[)2.961 E F0 .462 +(conditional command')2.962 F(s)-.55 E F1(=~)2.962 E F0 .462 +(operator and locale-speci\214c string comparison when)2.962 F .71 +(using the)184 168 R F1([[)3.21 E F0 .71(conditional command')3.21 F(s) +-.55 E F1(<)3.21 E F0(and)3.21 E F1(>)3.21 E F0 3.21(operators. Bash) +3.21 F -.15(ve)3.21 G .71(rsions prior to bash-4.1).15 F .82 +(use ASCII collation and)184 180 R/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(str)3.321 E +(cmp)-.37 E F0 .821(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale') +.19 F 3.321(sc)-.55 G(ollation)-3.321 E(sequence and)184 192 Q F4(str) +2.5 E(coll)-.37 E F0(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat32)144 204 Q F0 1.41(If set,) +184 216 R F1(bash)3.91 E F0 1.41(changes its beha)3.91 F 1.409 +(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.409 +(ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F .422 +(string comparison when using the)184 228 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422 +(conditional command')2.922 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)2.922 E F0(and)2.922 E F1(>) +2.923 E F0 .423(operators \(see pre-)2.923 F .481 +(vious item\) and the ef)184 240 R .481 +(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .48(Bash v)5.481 F .48 +(ersions 3.2 and earlier)-.15 F(continue with the ne)184 252 Q +(xt command in the list after one terminates due to an interrupt.)-.15 E +F1(compat40)144 264 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 276 R F1(bash)3.909 E F0 +1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.41 +(ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 2.008 +(string comparison when using the)184 288 R F1([[)4.508 E F0 2.007 +(conditional command')4.508 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)4.507 E F0(and)4.507 E F1(>) +4.507 E F0 2.007(operators \(see)4.507 F .769(description of)184 300 R +F1(compat31)3.269 E F0 3.269(\)a)C .769(nd the ef)-3.269 F .769 +(fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .77(Bash v)5.77 F(ersions) +-.15 E .087(4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell recei)184 +312 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.586(dt).15 G .086(he interrupt; pre)-2.586 F .086 +(vious v)-.25 F .086(ersions con-)-.15 F(tinue with the ne)184 324 Q +(xt command in the list.)-.15 E F1(compat41)144 336 Q F0 1.483(If set,) +184 348 R F1(bash)3.983 E F0 3.983(,w)C 1.483(hen in)-3.983 F F4(posix) +3.983 E F0 1.484 +(mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter)3.983 F -.15 +(ex)184 360 S .959(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.959(.T)-.55 G +.958(he single quotes must match \(an e)-5.959 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.458 +(nn).15 G .958(umber\) and)-3.458 F .59 +(the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 372 +R .59(This is the beha)5.59 F .59(vior of)-.2 F .59 +(posix mode through v)184 384 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def) +5.589 F .589(ault bash beha)-.1 F .589(vior remains as in pre)-.2 F .589 +(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 396 Q F1(compat42)144 408 Q +F0 1.796(If set,)184 420 R F1(bash)4.296 E F0 1.796 (does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution w) -4.296 F(ord)-.1 E -.15(ex)184 108 S(pansion using quote remo).15 E -.25 -(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F1(compat43)144 120 Q F0 .14(If set,)184 132 R F1 -(bash)2.64 E F0 .14(does not print a w)2.64 F .141 -(arning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted com-)-.1 F .913 -(pound array assignment as an ar)184 144 R .913(gument to)-.18 F F1 -(declar)3.412 E(e)-.18 E F0 3.412(,m)C(ak)-3.412 E .912(es w)-.1 F .912 -(ord e)-.1 F .912(xpansion errors non-)-.15 F -.1(fa)184 156 S .352 +4.296 F(ord)-.1 E -.15(ex)184 432 S(pansion using quote remo).15 E -.25 +(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F1(compat43)144 444 Q F0 .141(If set,)184 456 R F1 +(bash)2.641 E F0 .141(does not print a w)2.641 F .14 +(arning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted com-)-.1 F .912 +(pound array assignment as an ar)184 468 R .912(gument to)-.18 F F1 +(declar)3.413 E(e)-.18 E F0 3.413(,m)C(ak)-3.413 E .913(es w)-.1 F .913 +(ord e)-.1 F .913(xpansion errors non-)-.15 F -.1(fa)184 480 S .353 (tal errors that cause the current command to f).1 F .353(ail \(the def) --.1 F .353(ault beha)-.1 F .353(vior is to mak)-.2 F 2.853(et)-.1 G(hem) --2.853 E -.1(fa)184 168 S 1.058(tal errors that cause the shell to e).1 -F 1.057(xit\), and does not reset the loop state when a shell)-.15 F -.374(function is e)184 180 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .374(cuted \(this allo).15 F -(ws)-.25 E F1(br)2.874 E(eak)-.18 E F0(or)2.875 E F1(continue)2.875 E F0 -.375(in a shell function to af)2.875 F .375(fect loops in)-.25 F -(the caller')184 192 Q 2.5(sc)-.55 G(onte)-2.5 E(xt\).)-.15 E F1 -(complete_fullquote)144 204 Q F0 .654(If set,)184 216 R F1(bash)3.153 E -F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214lenames and directory na\ -mes when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.524(forming completion.)184 228 R 1.524 -(If not set,)6.524 F F1(bash)4.024 E F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -4.024(sm).15 G 1.524(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F -2.667(from the set of characters that will be quoted in completed \214l\ -enames when these)184 240 R .028(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 -252 R .028(ariable references in w)-.25 F .029(ords to be completed.)-.1 -F .029(This means)5.029 F 1.073(that dollar signs in v)184 264 R 1.073 +-.1 F .352(ault beha)-.1 F .352(vior is to mak)-.2 F 2.852(et)-.1 G(hem) +-2.852 E -.1(fa)184 492 S 1.057(tal errors that cause the shell to e).1 +F 1.058(xit\), and does not reset the loop state when a shell)-.15 F +.375(function is e)184 504 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .375(cuted \(this allo).15 F +(ws)-.25 E F1(br)2.875 E(eak)-.18 E F0(or)2.875 E F1(continue)2.875 E F0 +.374(in a shell function to af)2.875 F .374(fect loops in)-.25 F +(the caller')184 516 Q 2.5(sc)-.55 G(onte)-2.5 E(xt\).)-.15 E F1 +(compat44)144 528 Q F0 .441(If set,)184 540 R F1(bash)2.941 E F0(sa) +2.942 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.942(st).15 G .442(he positional parameters to B) +-2.942 F .442(ASH_ARGV and B)-.35 F .442(ASH_ARGC before)-.35 F(the)184 +552 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re used, re)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G +(rdless of whether or not e).05 E(xtended deb)-.15 E +(ugging mode is enabled.)-.2 E F1(complete_fullquote)144 564 Q F0 .654 +(If set,)184 576 R F1(bash)3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharact\ +ers in \214lenames and directory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.524 +(forming completion.)184 588 R 1.524(If not set,)6.524 F F1(bash)4.024 E +F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524 +(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F 2.667(from the set of c\ +haracters that will be quoted in completed \214lenames when these)184 +600 R .028(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 612 R .028 +(ariable references in w)-.25 F .029(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .029 +(This means)5.029 F 1.073(that dollar signs in v)184 624 R 1.073 (ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073 (xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25 -(ev e)184 276 T 1.922 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.422 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 +(ev e)184 636 T 1.922 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.422 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 (ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F 6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.123(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 (only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184 -288 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 300 Q +648 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 660 Q (ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E -(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F1(dir)144 312 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .486 -(If set,)184 324 R F1(bash)2.986 E F0 .486 +(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F1(dir)144 672 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .486 +(If set,)184 684 R F1(bash)2.986 E F0 .486 (replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F .487(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .18(ing \214lename completion.)184 -336 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.18 F +696 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.18 F (uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.179(.I)-.55 G 2.679(fn)-5.179 G(ot)-2.679 E(set,) -184 348 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G -(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 360 Q F0 .858(If set,)184 -360 R F1(bash)3.358 E F0 .858 +184 708 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G +(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E +(73)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 74 74 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(dirspell)144 84 Q F0 .858(If set,)184 84 R F1(bash)3.358 E F0 .858 (attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.358 F .859 (ord completion if)-.1 F -(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 372 Q(xist.)-.15 E -F1(dotglob)144 384 Q F0(If set,)184 384 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0 -(includes \214lenames be)2.5 E(ginning with a `.)-.15 E 2.5('i)-.7 G 2.5 -(nt)-2.5 G(he results of pathname e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F1(execfail) -144 396 Q F0 1.387(If set, a non-interacti)184 396 R 1.687 -.15(ve s) --.25 H 1.386(hell will not e).15 F 1.386(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.386(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 408 Q -(gument to the)-.18 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E -(An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 -E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 420 Q F0 -.716(If set, aliases are e)184 432 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 -F 1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E -/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .717(This option is enabled)5.217 F -(by def)184 444 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) -.15 E F1(extdeb)144 456 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 .672(If set at shell in)184 468 R --.2(vo)-.4 G .672(cation, arrange to e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .671 -(cute the deb).15 F .671(ugger pro\214le before the shell starts,)-.2 F -.22(identical to the)184 480 R F1<adad646562>2.72 E(ugger)-.2 E F0 2.721 -(option. If)2.721 F .221(set after in)2.721 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .221 -(cation, beha).2 F .221(vior intended for use by)-.2 F(deb)184 492 Q -(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 504 Q F0(The)220 504 Q F1<ad46>4.251 -E F0 1.751(option to the)4.251 F F1(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu) +(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 96 Q(xist.)-.15 E +F1(dotglob)144 108 Q F0 .165(If set,)184 108 R F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165 +(includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665('i) +-.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F +(xpansion.)-.15 E(The \214lenames)184 120 Q F1 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.').63 +G(')-.08 E F0(and)5 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 +(must al)5.63 E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys be matched e).1 E(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.5 +(,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-2.75 G 2.5(ni).15 G(f)-2.5 E F1(dotglob)2.5 E F0 +(is set.)2.5 E F1(execfail)144 132 Q F0 1.386(If set, a non-interacti) +184 132 R 1.686 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.386(hell will not e).15 F 1.386 +(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.387 +(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 144 Q(gument to the)-.18 +E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(An interacti)5 E .3 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 +-.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 156 Q F0 .717 +(If set, aliases are e)184 168 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F +1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E +/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .716(This option is enabled)5.217 F +(by def)184 180 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) +.15 E F1(extdeb)144 192 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 .671(If set at shell in)184 204 R +-.2(vo)-.4 G .671(cation, arrange to e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .671 +(cute the deb).15 F .672(ugger pro\214le before the shell starts,)-.2 F +.221(identical to the)184 216 R F1<adad646562>2.721 E(ugger)-.2 E F0 +2.721(option. If)2.721 F .221(set after in)2.721 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .221 +(cation, beha).2 F .22(vior intended for use by)-.2 F(deb)184 228 Q +(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 240 Q F0(The)220 240 Q F1<ad46>4.25 +E F0 1.75(option to the)4.25 F F1(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu) 4.251 G 1.751(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F -(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 516 Q -(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 528 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)220 -528 R F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F -1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 540 -Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 552 Q F0 .841 -(If the command run by the)220 552 R F1(DEB)3.341 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841 -(trap returns a v)3.341 F .84(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 -(exe)220 564 S .488 +(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 252 Q +(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 264 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)220 +264 R F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F +1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 276 +Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 288 Q F0 .84 +(If the command run by the)220 288 R F1(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841 +(trap returns a v)3.341 F .841(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 +(exe)220 300 S .488 (cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1 -(sour)220 576 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(sour)220 312 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G (iltins\), the shell simulates a call to).2 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F0(.)A F1(4.)184 588 Q F2 -.27(BA)220 588 S(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 -(and)3.154 E F2 -.27(BA)3.404 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904 -(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 600 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 612 Q F0 1.637(Function tracing is ena\ -bled: command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)220 612 R -(shells in)220 624 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1 +(n)-.15 E F0(.)A F1(4.)184 324 Q F2 -.27(BA)220 324 S(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 +(and)3.153 E F2 -.27(BA)3.403 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904 +(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 336 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 348 Q F0 1.637(Function tracing is ena\ +bled: command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)220 348 R +(shells in)220 360 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1 (\()2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 (inherit the)2.5 E F1(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0 -(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.)184 636 Q F0 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: comman\ -d substitution, shell functions, and subshells)220 636 R(in)220 648 Q +(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.)184 372 Q F0 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: comman\ +d substitution, shell functions, and subshells)220 372 R(in)220 384 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F4(command) 2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.)2.5 E F1 -(extglob)144 660 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)184 660 R .4 +(extglob)144 396 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)184 396 R .4 (xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u) --.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 672 Q -F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 684 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 696 R +-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 408 Q +F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 420 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 432 R F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F4(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973 E F0(")A F4(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within) -4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F4(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G -(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 708 Q -(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q -(2016 August 26)142.895 E(71)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 72 72 +(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 444 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 456 Q F0 +1.425(If set, patterns which f)184 456 R 1.425 +(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.424 +(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 468 S(pansion error).15 E(.) +-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 480 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 +.936(If set, the suf)184 492 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) +-.15 F F2(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w) +-.25 F .937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 504 R .32 +(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32 +(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.947 +(pletions. See)184 516 R F2 .447(SHELL V)2.947 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0 +(abo)2.697 E .747 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F2 +(FIGNORE)2.948 E F3(.)A F0 .448(This option is)4.948 F(enabled by def) +184 528 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 540 Q F0 2.519 +(If set, range e)184 552 R 2.519 +(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.518(et e)-.1 F 2.518 +(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F2 -.09(Pa)5.018 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E +(Matching)184 564 Q F0(abo)2.964 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.214(\)b).15 G(eha) +-3.214 E 1.014 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214 G 3.214 +(nt)-3.214 G .714(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.) +-3.214 F 1.02(That is, the current locale')184 576 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G 1.02 +(ollating sequence is not tak)-3.52 F 1.02(en into account, so)-.1 F F1 +(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .956(collate between)184 588 R F1(A) +3.456 E F0(and)3.456 E F1(B)3.456 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper)-3.457 F +.957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .957 +(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 600 Q(.)-.55 E +F1(globstar)144 612 Q F0 .519(If set, the pattern)184 612 R F1(**)3.019 +E F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F .518 +(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .431 +(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 624 R .431 +(If the pattern is follo)5.431 F .432(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.932 E F0 +2.932(,o)C .432(nly directories)-2.932 F(and subdirectories match.)184 +636 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 648 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\ +en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 660 Q F1(histappend)144 +672 Q F0 .676 +(If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 +684 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTFILE)3.176 E F0 -.25(va)2.926 G +(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 696 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2018 March 15)144.29 E(74)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 75 75 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F (Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(failglob)144 84 Q F0 1.424(If set, patterns which f)184 84 R 1.425 -(ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.425 -(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 96 S(pansion error).15 E(.) --.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 108 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.937(If set, the suf)184 120 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) --.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936 -(ariable cause w)-.25 F .936(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32 -(when performing w)184 132 R .32(ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32(he ignored w)-2.82 F .32 -(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.948(pletions. See)184 144 R F2 -.448(SHELL V)2.948 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0(abo)2.698 E .748 -.15(ve f) --.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F2(FIGNORE)2.947 E/F3 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .447(This option is)4.947 F(enabled by def)184 -156 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 168 Q F0 2.518(If set, range e) -184 180 R 2.519(xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.519 -(et e)-.1 F 2.519(xpressions \(see)-.15 F F2 -.09(Pa)5.019 G(tter).09 E -(n)-.135 E(Matching)184 192 Q F0(abo)2.965 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.215(\)b) -.15 G(eha)-3.215 E 1.015 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214 -G 3.214(nt)-3.214 G .714 -(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.)-3.214 F 1.02 -(That is, the current locale')184 204 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G 1.02 -(ollating sequence is not tak)-3.52 F 1.02(en into account, so)-.1 F F1 -(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .957(collate between)184 216 R F1(A) -3.457 E F0(and)3.457 E F1(B)3.457 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper)-3.457 F -.957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .956 -(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 228 Q(.)-.55 E -F1(globstar)144 240 Q F0 .518(If set, the pattern)184 240 R F1(**)3.018 -E F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F .519 -(xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .432 -(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 252 R .431 -(If the pattern is follo)5.432 F .431(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.931 E F0 -2.931(,o)C .431(nly directories)-2.931 F(and subdirectories match.)184 -264 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 276 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\ -en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 288 Q F1(histappend)144 -300 Q F0 .676 -(If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 -312 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTFILE)3.177 E F0 -.25(va)2.927 G -(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 324 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 336 Q(eedit)-.18 -E F0 .576(If set, and)184 348 R F1 -.18(re)3.076 G(adline).18 E F0 .575 -(is being used, a user is gi)3.076 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .575 -(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .575(ailed his-)-.1 F -(tory substitution.)184 360 Q F1(histv)144 372 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .402 -(If set, and)184 384 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403 +SF(histr)144 84 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 .575(If set, and)184 96 R F1 -.18(re) +3.075 G(adline).18 E F0 .575(is being used, a user is gi)3.075 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .576(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F +.576(ailed his-)-.1 F(tory substitution.)184 108 Q F1(histv)144 120 Q +(erify)-.1 E F0 .403(If set, and)184 132 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 +E F0 .403 (is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) -2.903 F .662(passed to the shell parser)184 396 R 5.662(.I)-.55 G .661 -(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.662 F F1 -.18(re)3.161 -G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.161 E -.2(bu)184 408 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E +2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 144 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662 +(nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.661 F F1 -.18(re)3.162 +G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 156 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E 2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1 -(hostcomplete)144 420 Q F0 1.181(If set, and)184 432 R F1 -.18(re)3.681 -G(adline).18 E F0 1.181(is being used,)3.681 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.182 -(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.682 F 1.381(when a w)184 -444 R 1.381(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 -(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.88 E F0(under)3.88 E -F2(READLINE)3.88 E F0(abo)184 456 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F -(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 468 Q F0(If set,) -184 480 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F2(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0 -(to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e) -.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(inherit_err)144 492 Q(exit)-.18 E F0 .219 -(If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 504 R .219(alue of the) --.25 F F1(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F0 .22(option, instead of unsetting) -2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 516 Q 2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F -(option is enabled when)2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)2.5 E -F0(is enabled.)2.5 E F1(interacti)144 528 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E -F0 .33(If set, allo)184 540 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33 -(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33 -(ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967 -(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 552 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25 -H .967(hell \(see).15 F F2(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15 -G 3.467(\). This).15 F .968(option is)3.468 F(enabled by def)184 564 Q -(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 576 Q F0 .066 -(If set, and job control is not acti)184 576 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566(,t) +(hostcomplete)144 168 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 180 R F1 -.18(re)3.682 +G(adline).18 E F0 1.182(is being used,)3.682 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.181 +(will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.681 F 1.38(when a w)184 +192 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 +(is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.881 E F0(under)3.881 E +/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(READLINE)3.881 E F0(abo)184 204 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G +2.5(\). This).15 F(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 +216 Q F0(If set,)184 228 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F2(SIGHUP) +2.5 E F0(to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H +(ogin shell e).15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(inherit_err)144 240 Q(exit)-.18 E F0 +.22(If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 252 R .219 +(alue of the)-.25 F F1(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F0 .219 +(option, instead of unsetting)2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 264 Q +2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F(option is enabled when)2.5 E/F3 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)2.5 E F0(is enabled.)2.5 E F1(interacti) +144 276 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 .33(If set, allo)184 288 R 2.83 +(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 +.33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33(ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F +.967(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 300 R 1.267 -.15(ve s) +-.25 H .967(hell \(see).15 F F2(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G 3.467(\). This).15 F .967(option is)3.467 F(enabled by def)184 +312 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 324 Q F0 .066 +(If set, and job control is not acti)184 324 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566(,t) .15 G .066(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted in the background in the current shell en) -184 588 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 600 Q F0 .654(If set, and the) -184 600 R F1(cmdhist)3.154 E F0 .654 +184 336 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 348 Q F0 .655(If set, and the) +184 348 R F1(cmdhist)3.155 E F0 .654 (option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G -3.155(dt).15 G 3.155(ot)-3.155 G .655(he history)-3.155 F -(with embedded ne)184 612 Q +3.154(dt).15 G 3.154(ot)-3.154 G .654(he history)-3.154 F +(with embedded ne)184 360 Q (wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1 -(login_shell)144 624 Q F0 .486 +(localv)144 372 Q(ar_inherit)-.1 E F0 .421(If set, local v)184 384 R +.422(ariables inherit the v)-.25 F .422(alue and attrib)-.25 F .422 +(utes of a v)-.2 F .422(ariable of the same name that)-.25 F -.15(ex)184 +396 S .174(ists at a pre).15 F .174(vious scope before an)-.25 F 2.673 +(yn)-.15 G .673 -.25(ew va)-2.673 H .173(lue is assigned.).25 F .173 +(The nameref attrib)5.173 F .173(ute is not)-.2 F(inherited.)184 408 Q +F1(login_shell)144 420 Q F0 .486 (The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 -636 R F2(INV)2.986 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.736 E -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.986(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 648 S(lue may not be changed.).25 -E F1(mailwar)144 660 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .814(If set, and a \214le that)184 -672 R F1(bash)3.314 E F0 .815 -(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.314 F --.1(wa)184 684 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E -(`The mail in)-.74 E F4(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i) --.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 696 -Q F0 .325(If set, and)184 708 R F1 -.18(re)2.825 G(adline).18 E F0 .325 -(is being used,)2.825 F F1(bash)2.824 E F0 .324 -(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.824 G(TH)-.189 E -F0 .324(for possible)2.574 F -(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 720 Q -(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(72)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 73 73 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF(nocaseglob)144 84 Q F0 .436(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)2.936 E F0 .436 -(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.936 F .737 -.15(ve f)-.25 -H .437(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 108 S +432 R F2(INV)2.987 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.737 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.987(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 444 S(lue may not be changed.).25 +E F1(mailwar)144 456 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .815(If set, and a \214le that)184 +468 R F1(bash)3.315 E F0 .814 +(is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.315 F +-.1(wa)184 480 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E +(`The mail in)-.74 E F3(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i) +-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 492 +Q F0 .324(If set, and)184 504 R F1 -.18(re)2.824 G(adline).18 E F0 .324 +(is being used,)2.824 F F1(bash)2.824 E F0 .324 +(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.825 G(TH)-.189 E +F0 .325(for possible)2.575 F +(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 516 Q F1 +(nocaseglob)144 528 Q F0 .437(If set,)184 540 R F1(bash)2.937 E F0 .436 +(matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.937 F .736 -.15(ve f)-.25 +H .436(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 552 S (pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 120 Q F0 1.194(If set,)184 -132 R F1(bash)3.694 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) -3.694 F 1.493 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.193(ashion when performing matching).05 -F .551(while e)184 144 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0 +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 564 Q F0 1.193(If set,)184 +576 R F1(bash)3.693 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) +3.693 F 1.494 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.194(ashion when performing matching).05 +F .551(while e)184 588 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0 (or)3.051 E F1([[)3.051 E F0 .551 (conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051 F -.1 -(wo)184 156 S .623(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering possib\ -le completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 168 Q F1 -(nullglob)144 180 Q F0 .854(If set,)184 192 R F1(bash)3.354 E F0(allo) -3.354 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa) -3.355 G .855(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.355 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.355 -(\)t).15 G(o)-3.355 E -.15(ex)184 204 S +(wo)184 600 S .622(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering possib\ +le completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 612 Q F1 +(nullglob)144 624 Q F0 .855(If set,)184 636 R F1(bash)3.355 E F0(allo) +3.355 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa) +3.354 G .854(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.354 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.354 +(\)t).15 G(o)-3.354 E -.15(ex)184 648 S (pand to a null string, rather than themselv).15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 -216 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .677(If set, the programmable completion f)184 -228 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.176 E .676 -(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.176 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -(are enabled.)184 240 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 -(pr)144 252 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.447 -(If set, prompt strings under)184 264 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F -1.448(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 276 -S .171(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G .17 -(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F/F2 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.67 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.42 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -(.).15 E(This option is enabled by def)184 288 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re) -144 300 S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 +660 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .676(If set, the programmable completion f)184 +672 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.177 E .677 +(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.177 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E +(are enabled.)184 684 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 +(pr)144 696 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.448 +(If set, prompt strings under)184 708 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F +1.447(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 720 +S .17(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G .17 +(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F F2(PR)2.671 E +(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.421 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 +768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(75)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 76 76 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E +(This option is enabled by def)184 84 Q(ault.)-.1 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF -.18(re)144 96 S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 (The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) -184 312 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 324 Q 2.86 -(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.86 G .36(lue may not be changed.).25 F .36 +184 108 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo) +184 120 Q 2.86(w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.86 G .36 +(lue may not be changed.).25 F .36 (This is not reset when the startup \214les are e)5.36 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -(-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 336 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E +(-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 132 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E -F1(shift_v)144 348 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .501(If set, the)184 360 R F1 -(shift)3.001 E F0 -.2(bu)3.001 G .501 -(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .502 -(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 372 Q F1(sour) -144 384 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .771(If set, the)184 396 R F1(sour)3.271 E -(ce)-.18 E F0(\()3.271 E F1(.)A F0 3.271(\)b)C .771(uiltin uses the v) --3.471 F .771(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.27 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .77 -(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.02 F(\214le supplied as an ar) -184 408 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.) --.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 420 Q F0(If set, the)184 432 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 --.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 -E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend)108 448.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A 1.001 -(Suspend the e)144 460.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.001 -(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.501(sa).15 G -F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.502(signal. A)3.252 F 1.002(login shell cannot be) -3.502 F .023(suspended; the)144 472.8 R F1<ad66>2.523 E F0 .023 -(option can be used to o)2.523 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .022 -(rride this and force the suspension.).15 F .022(The return status is) -5.022 F 2.5(0u)144 484.8 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E +F1(shift_v)144 144 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .502(If set, the)184 156 R F1 +(shift)3.002 E F0 -.2(bu)3.002 G .501 +(iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .501 +(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 168 Q F1(sour) +144 180 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .77(If set, the)184 192 R F1(sour)3.27 E(ce) +-.18 E F0(\()3.27 E F1(.)A F0 3.27(\)b)C .77(uiltin uses the v)-3.47 F +.771(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.271 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .771 +(to \214nd the directory containing the)3.021 F +(\214le supplied as an ar)184 204 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F +(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 216 Q F0 +(If set, the)184 228 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E +(xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend) +108 244.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A 1.002(Suspend the e)144 256.8 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.002(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 3.501(sa).15 G F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.501(signal. A)3.251 F 1.001 +(login shell cannot be)3.501 F .022(suspended; the)144 268.8 R F1<ad66> +2.522 E F0 .022(option can be used to o)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .022 +(rride this and force the suspension.).15 F .023(The return status is) +5.023 F 2.5(0u)144 280.8 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5 -E F1(test)108 501.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([) -108 513.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .877 -(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 513.6 R .878 -(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .878 -(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 525.6 +E F1(test)108 297.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([) +108 309.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .878 +(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 309.6 R .877 +(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .877 +(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 321.6 S(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53 (ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03 -(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 3.079 -(primaries described abo)144 537.6 R 3.379 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E -F2(CONDITION)5.579 E 3.079(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -(.)A F1(test)7.579 E F0 3.08(does not accept an)5.58 F(y)-.15 E -(options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 549.6 Q(gument of)-.18 -E F1<adad>2.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .786 -(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 567.6 R .785 -(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.411 -(dence. The)144 579.6 R -.25(eva)3.411 G .911 -(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .912(guments; see belo)-.18 F -4.712 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .912(perator precedence is).65 F -(used when there are \214v)144 591.6 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G -(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 603.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E -F0 -.35(Tr)180 603.6 S(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 -E(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 615.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 -.26(Returns the v)180 615.6 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 +(gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 3.08 +(primaries described abo)144 333.6 R 3.38 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 +(CONDITION)5.58 E 3.079(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A +F1(test)7.579 E F0 3.079(does not accept an)5.579 F(y)-.15 E +(options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 345.6 Q(gument of)-.18 +E F1<adad>2.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .785 +(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 363.6 R .786 +(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.412 +(dence. The)144 375.6 R -.25(eva)3.412 G .912 +(luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .911(guments; see belo)-.18 F +4.711 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .911(perator precedence is).65 F +(used when there are \214v)144 387.6 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G +(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 399.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E +F0 -.35(Tr)180 399.6 S(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 +E(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 411.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 +.26(Returns the v)180 411.6 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E F0 5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 -(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 627.6 Q F3 -.2 -(ex)144 639.6 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 --.35(Tr)180 651.6 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 -E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 663.6 S +(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 423.6 Q F3 -.2 +(ex)144 435.6 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 +-.35(Tr)180 447.6 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 +E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 459.6 S (pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E F1(o)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 -675.6 S(ue if either).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.2 -(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 692.4 Q F0(and)2.5 E +471.6 S(ue if either).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.2 +(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 488.4 Q F0(and)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E (xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E -(guments.)-.18 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(73) -192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 74 74 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 2.5(0a)144 84 S --.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e)180 96 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.) --.1 E 2.5(1a)144 108 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 120 Q +(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 506.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) +180 518.4 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 530.4 S -.18 +(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 542.4 Q (xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 -E 2.5(2a)144 132 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar)180 -144 R .37(gument is)-.18 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C -.37(he e)-2.87 F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 -F .37(gument is null.)-.18 F .38(If the \214rst ar)180 156 R .38 -(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .679 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDI-)2.879 E(TION)180 -168 Q .552(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 .552 -(the e)2.802 F .552(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F -.552(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 180 Q +E 2.5(2a)144 554.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) +180 566.4 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 +F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 +(gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 578.4 R .38 +(gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .68 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 590.4 Q .553 +(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 .552(the e)2.802 F .552 +(xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .552 +(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 602.4 Q (alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E -(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 192 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 204 R .236 +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 614.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 626.4 R .236 (wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 (If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855 -(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 216 R 1.155 -.15(ve u) --.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F3(,)A -F0(the)3.105 E .579(result of the e)180 228 R .578(xpression is the res\ -ult of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F(guments) --.18 E 1.332(as operands.)180 240 R(The)6.332 E F1<ad61>3.832 E F0(and) -3.832 E F1<ad6f>3.832 E F0 1.333 +(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 638.4 R 1.155 -.15 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F +F4(,)A F0(the)3.104 E .578(result of the e)180 650.4 R .578(xpression i\ +s the result of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F +(guments)-.18 E 1.333(as operands.)180 662.4 R(The)6.333 E F1<ad61>3.833 +E F0(and)3.833 E F1<ad6f>3.832 E F0 1.332 (operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558 -(three ar)180 252 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 F -.558(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F .558 -(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F(o-ar)-.1 -E(gument)-.18 E .52(test using the second and third ar)180 264 R 3.021 -(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .521(gument is e)-.18 F -(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.021 E F0 .521(and the third)3.021 F(ar)180 276 Q -.485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.985 E F0 2.985(,t)C .485 -(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485(gument test of the second ar)-.18 -F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E(wise, the e)180 288 Q -(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 300 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(uments).18 E .384(If the \214rst ar)180 312 R .384(gument is)-.18 F F1 -(!)2.884 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 -G .385(tion of the three-ar).05 F .385(gument e)-.18 F .385 -(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.648(posed of the remaining ar)180 324 R 4.147 -(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.647 -(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luated).25 E -(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 336 Q -.15(ve) --.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 348 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments)-.18 -E 1.635(The e)180 360 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va) --.25 G 1.635(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F -(abo)180 372 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 390 Q F1(test) -2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 -E F1(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E -(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F1(times)108 406.8 Q F0 -1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\ - processes run from the shell.)144 406.8 R(The return status is 0.)144 -418.8 Q F1(trap)108 435.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E -/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F4(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...]) -2.5 E .702(The command)144 447.6 R F4(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0 .702 -(is to be read and e)3.422 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 -(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.203(ss).15 G -(ignal\(s\))-3.203 E F4(sigspec)3.203 E F0 5.703(.I).31 G(f)-5.703 E F4 -(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.423 E .609(absent \(and there is a single) -144 459.6 R F4(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F1<ad>3.108 E +(three ar)180 674.4 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 +F .558(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F +.558(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F +(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .521(test using the second and third ar)180 +686.4 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .52 +(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.02 E F0 .52(and the third)3.02 +F(ar)180 698.4 Q .485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.985 E F0 +2.985(,t)C .485(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485 +(gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E +(wise, the e)180 710.4 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.0) +72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(76)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 77 77 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 2.5(4a)144 84 S +-.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .385(If the \214rst ar)180 96 R .385 +(gument is)-.18 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(!)2.885 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385 +(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .384(tion of the three-ar) +.05 F .384(gument e)-.18 F .384(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.647 +(posed of the remaining ar)180 108 R 4.147(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F +1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.648(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 +G(luated).25 E(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 +120 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 132 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 +E(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 144 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e) +-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635 +(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 156 +Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 174 Q F1(test)2.5 E F0(or) +2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 +E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 +E F1(times)108 190.8 Q F0 1.229(Print the accumulated user and system t\ +imes for the shell and for processes run from the shell.)144 190.8 R +(The return status is 0.)144 202.8 Q F1(trap)108 219.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0 +(])A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .703(The command)144 231.6 R F2(ar) +3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0 .703(is to be read and e)3.423 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 +(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.202(ss).15 G +(ignal\(s\))-3.202 E F2(sigspec)3.202 E F0 5.702(.I).31 G(f)-5.702 E F2 +(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.422 E .608(absent \(and there is a single) +144 243.6 R F2(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F1<ad>3.108 E F0 3.108(,e)C .608 (ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F -.658(\(the v)144 471.6 R .658(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) --.25 F(If)5.658 E F4(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .659 -(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F4(sigspec) -144.34 483.6 Q F0 .581 -(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in)3.391 F -.2(vo)-.4 G --.1(ke).2 G 3.08(s. If).1 F F4(ar)3.41 E(g)-.37 E F0 .58 -(is not present and)3.3 F F1<ad70>3.08 E F0(has)3.08 E 1.214 -(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 495.6 R -F4(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.215(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.215(If no ar)6.215 -F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 507.6 R F1<ad70>3.36 +.659(\(the v)144 255.6 R .659(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) +-.25 F(If)5.658 E F2(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .658 +(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F2(sigspec) +144.34 267.6 Q F0 .58(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in) +3.39 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.081(s. If).1 F F2(ar)3.411 E(g)-.37 E +F0 .581(is not present and)3.301 F F1<ad70>3.081 E F0(has)3.081 E 1.215 +(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 279.6 R +F2(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.214(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.214(If no ar)6.214 +F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 291.6 R F1<ad70>3.36 E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F1(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 (prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83 -(signal. The)144 519.6 R F1<ad6c>2.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ -to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F -4.311(bers. Each)144 531.6 R F4(sigspec)4.651 E F0 1.811 -(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.621 F F4(signal.h)A F0 1.81 -(>, or a signal number)B 6.81(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.81 E -(names are case insensiti)144 543.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E -F2(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.648(If a)144 561.6 R F4 -(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F2(EXIT)4.148 E F0 1.648 -(\(0\) the command)3.898 F F4(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e)4.369 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.649(xit from the shell.)-.15 F -1.649(If a)6.649 F F4(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F2(DEB)144 573.6 Q -(UG)-.09 E F3(,)A F0 1.168(the command)3.418 F F4(ar)3.998 E(g)-.37 E F0 -1.168(is e)3.888 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve) --.25 G(ry).15 E F4 1.167(simple command)3.667 F F0(,)A F4(for)3.667 E F0 -(command,)3.667 E F4(case)3.667 E F0(com-)3.667 E(mand,)144 585.6 Q F4 -(select)2.646 E F0 .146(command, e)2.646 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .146 -(ry arithmetic).15 F F4(for)2.646 E F0 .147 -(command, and before the \214rst command e)2.646 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .147 -(cutes in a).15 F .146(shell function \(see)144 597.6 R F2 .146 -(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.646 F F0(abo)2.396 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.646(\). Refer).15 -F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F1(extdeb)2.645 E(ug)-.2 E F0 -.145(option to)2.645 F(the)144 609.6 Q F1(shopt)3.2 E F0 -.2(bu)3.2 G .7 -(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F1(DEB)3.2 E(UG) --.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F4(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E F2 -(RETURN)3.2 E F3(,)A F0 .701(the com-)2.951 F(mand)144 621.6 Q F4(ar) -3.474 E(g)-.37 E F0 .644(is e)3.364 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643 +(signal. The)144 303.6 R F1<ad6c>2.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ +to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F 4.31 +(bers. Each)144 315.6 R F2(sigspec)4.65 E F0 1.811 +(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.62 F F2(signal.h)A F0 1.811 +(>, or a signal number)B 6.811(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.811 E +(names are case insensiti)144 327.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.649 +(If a)144 345.6 R F2(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F3(EXIT)4.149 E F0 +1.649(\(0\) the command)3.899 F F2(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e) +4.369 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.648(xit from the shell.) +-.15 F 1.648(If a)6.648 F F2(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F3(DEB)144 +357.6 Q(UG)-.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 1.167(the command)3.417 F +F2(ar)3.997 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.167(is e)3.887 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167 +(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F2 1.168(simple command) +3.667 F F0(,)A F2(for)3.668 E F0(command,)3.668 E F2(case)3.668 E F0 +(com-)3.668 E(mand,)144 369.6 Q F2(select)2.647 E F0 .147(command, e) +2.647 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .147(ry arithmetic).15 F F2(for)2.647 E F0 .146 +(command, and before the \214rst command e)2.647 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .146 +(cutes in a).15 F .145(shell function \(see)144 381.6 R F3 .145 +(SHELL GRAMMAR)2.645 F F0(abo)2.395 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.646(\). Refer).15 +F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F1(extdeb)2.646 E(ug)-.2 E F0 +.146(option to)2.646 F(the)144 393.6 Q F1(shopt)3.201 E F0 -.2(bu)3.201 +G .7(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F1(DEB)3.2 E +(UG)-.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F2(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E +F3(RETURN)3.2 E F4(,)A F0 .7(the com-)2.95 F(mand)144 405.6 Q F2(ar) +3.473 E(g)-.37 E F0 .643(is e)3.363 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643 (cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.643(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)3.143 E F0(or)3.143 E F1(sour)3.143 E(ce) --.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.143 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 633.6 Q -.15(xe) --.15 G(cuting.).15 E .96(If a)144 651.6 R F4(sigspec)3.8 E F0(is)3.77 E -F2(ERR)3.46 E F3(,)A F0 .96(the command)3.21 F F4(ar)3.791 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.961(is e)3.681 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .961(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.461(rap).15 G .961(ipeline \(which may consist of a)-3.461 F .185(sin\ -gle simple command\), a list, or a compound command returns a non\255ze\ -ro e)144 663.6 R .184(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .451(the follo)144 -675.6 R .451(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.451 E F2(ERR)2.951 E F0 .451 -(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451(cuted if the f).15 F .452 -(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .388 -(mand list immediately follo)144 687.6 R .388(wing a)-.25 F F1(while) -2.888 E F0(or)2.888 E F1(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 -(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F4(if)2.897 E F0 .387 -(statement, part)4.847 F .777(of a command e)144 699.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.644(cuted with the).15 F F1(.)3.144 E F0(or)3.144 E F1(sour)3.144 E(ce) +-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.144 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 417.6 Q -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuting.).15 E .961(If a)144 435.6 R F2(sigspec)3.801 E F0(is) +3.771 E F3(ERR)3.461 E F4(,)A F0 .961(the command)3.211 F F2(ar)3.791 E +(g)-.37 E F0 .961(is e)3.681 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .961(cuted whene).15 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.461(ra).15 G .96(pipeline \(which may consist of a) +-.001 F .185(single simple command\), a list, or a compound command ret\ +urns a non\255zero e)144 447.6 R .185(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .452 +(the follo)144 459.6 R .452(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.452 E F3(ERR) +2.952 E F0 .451(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451 +(cuted if the f).15 F .451(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .387 +(mand list immediately follo)144 471.6 R .387(wing a)-.25 F F1(while) +2.887 E F0(or)2.887 E F1(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 +(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F2(if)2.898 E F0 .388 +(statement, part)4.848 F .778(of a command e)144 483.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .778(cuted in a).15 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.278 E F0 .778 (list e)3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778 -(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.278 E F0 -3.278(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.278 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 711.6 R +(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F1(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F1(||)3.277 E F0 +3.277(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.277 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 495.6 R 1.28(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v) -3.78 F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F -F1(!)3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 723.6 Q +F1(!)3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 507.6 Q (yed by the)-.15 E F1(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F1<ad65>A F0 2.5 -(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(74) -192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 75 75 +(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E 1.095 +(Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 +525.6 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 +(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 537.6 R .662 +(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .662(vironment when one is) +-.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 549.6 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an) +-.1 E(y)-.15 E F2(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid; otherwise).25 E F1(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F1(type)108 +566.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2 +(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 578.4 S .174 +(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.674 E F2(name) +3.034 E F0 -.1(wo)2.854 G .173 +(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .173(If the)5.173 F +F1<ad74>144 590.4 Q F0 .842(option is used,)3.342 F F1(type)3.342 E F0 +.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F2(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E +F2 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F2(function)3.343 E F0 +(,).24 E F2 -.2(bu)3.343 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.343(,o).24 G(r)-3.343 E F2 +(\214le)5.253 E F0(if)3.523 E F2(name)144.36 602.4 Q F0 .087 +(is an alias, shell reserv)2.767 F .087(ed w)-.15 F .087 +(ord, function, b)-.1 F .086(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.086(.I)-.65 G 2.586(ft)-5.086 G(he)-2.586 E F2 +(name)2.946 E F0 .086(is not)2.766 F .118 +(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 614.4 R .118 +(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .119(If the)5.119 F +F1<ad70>2.619 E F0 .119(option is used,)2.619 F F1(type)2.619 E F0 .855 +(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 626.4 R .855 +(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F2(name)3.715 E F0 +.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .64(mand name, or nothing if)144 +638.4 R/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .64(type -t name)3.14 F F0 -.1(wo)3.14 G .641 +(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)3.141 E F0 5.641(.T).18 G(he)-5.641 E F1 +<ad50>3.141 E F0 .641(option forces a)3.141 F F3 -.666(PA)3.141 G(TH) +-.189 E F0 .113(search for each)144 650.4 R F2(name)2.613 E F0 2.613(,e) +C -.15(ve)-2.863 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F5 .113(type -t name)2.613 +F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F2(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113 +(.I).18 G 2.613(fa)-5.113 G .112(command is hashed,)-.001 F F1<ad70> +2.612 E F0(and)144 662.4 Q F1<ad50>3.23 E F0 .73(print the hashed v)3.23 +F .731 +(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 +F F3 -.666(PA)3.231 G(TH)-.189 E F4(.)A F0 .731(If the)5.231 F F1<ad61> +144 674.4 Q F0 1.749(option is used,)4.249 F F1(type)4.248 E F0 1.748 +(prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.748 +(cutable named).15 F F2(name)4.248 E F0 6.748(.T).18 G(his)-6.748 E .744 +(includes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144 686.4 R F1<ad70> +3.244 E F0 .744(option is not also used.)3.244 F .744 +(The table of hashed)5.744 F 1.223(commands is not consulted when using) +144 698.4 R F1<ad61>3.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F1<ad66>3.723 E F0 +1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .325(with the) +144 710.4 R F1(command)2.825 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G(iltin.).2 E F1(type) +5.325 E F0 .325(returns true if all of the ar)2.825 F .326 +(guments are found, f)-.18 F .326(alse if an)-.1 F 2.826(ya)-.15 G .326 +(re not)-2.826 F(found.)144 722.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15) +144.29 E(77)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 78 78 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.095 -(Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 -84 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 -(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 96 R .662 -(alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .661(vironment when one is) --.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 108 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)-.1 -E(y)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25 -(va)-.4 G(lid; otherwise).25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(trap)2.5 E F0 -(returns true.)2.5 E F2(type)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255aftpP)A F0(]) -A F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 136.8 S -.173(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.673(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.673 E F1 -(name)3.033 E F0 -.1(wo)2.853 G .174 -(uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .174(If the)5.174 F -F2<ad74>144 148.8 Q F0 .843(option is used,)3.343 F F2(type)3.343 E F0 -.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F1(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E -F1 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F1(function)3.343 E F0 -(,).24 E F1 -.2(bu)3.342 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.342(,o).24 G(r)-3.342 E F1 -(\214le)5.252 E F0(if)3.522 E F1(name)144.36 160.8 Q F0 .086 -(is an alias, shell reserv)2.766 F .086(ed w)-.15 F .086 -(ord, function, b)-.1 F .087(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.087(.I)-.65 G 2.587(ft)-5.087 G(he)-2.587 E F1 -(name)2.947 E F0 .087(is not)2.767 F .119 -(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 172.8 R .118 -(xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .118(If the)5.118 F -F2<ad70>2.618 E F0 .118(option is used,)2.618 F F2(type)2.618 E F0 .855 -(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 184.8 R .855 -(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F1(name)3.715 E F0 -.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .641(mand name, or nothing if) -144 196.8 R/F3 10/Courier@0 SF .641(type -t name)3.141 F F0 -.1(wo)3.141 -G .641(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)3.14 E F0 5.64(.T).18 G(he)-5.64 E -F2<ad50>3.14 E F0 .64(option forces a)3.14 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666 -(PA)3.14 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .112(search for each)144 208.8 R F1(name)2.612 -E F0 2.612(,e)C -.15(ve)-2.862 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F3 .113 -(type -t name)2.613 F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F1 -(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I).18 G 2.613(fac)-5.113 G .113 -(ommand is hashed,)-2.613 F F2<ad70>2.613 E F0(and)144 220.8 Q F2<ad50> -3.231 E F0 .731(print the hashed v)3.231 F .73 -(alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 -F F4 -.666(PA)3.23 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .73(If the) -5.23 F F2<ad61>144 232.8 Q F0 1.748(option is used,)4.248 F F2(type) -4.248 E F0 1.748(prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.748(cutable named).15 F F1(name)4.249 E F0 6.749(.T).18 G -(his)-6.749 E .744(includes aliases and functions, if and only if the) -144 244.8 R F2<ad70>3.244 E F0 .744(option is not also used.)3.244 F -.743(The table of hashed)5.744 F 1.223 -(commands is not consulted when using)144 256.8 R F2<ad61>3.723 E F0 -6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F2<ad66>3.723 E F0 1.223 -(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .326(with the)144 -268.8 R F2(command)2.826 E F0 -.2(bu)2.826 G(iltin.).2 E F2(type)5.326 E -F0 .326(returns true if all of the ar)2.826 F .325(guments are found, f) --.18 F .325(alse if an)-.1 F 2.825(ya)-.15 G .325(re not)-2.825 F -(found.)144 280.8 Q F2(ulimit)108 297.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2 -(\255HSabcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPT)A F0([)2.5 E F1(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 -309.6 Q .243(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.743(rt).15 G .243 -(he resources a)-2.743 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 +SF(ulimit)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255HSabcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPT)A F0([) +2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 96 Q .244 +(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.744(rt).15 G .244 +(he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 (ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F -.944(that allo)144 321.6 R 3.444(ws)-.25 G .944(uch control.)-3.444 F -(The)5.944 E F2<ad48>3.444 E F0(and)3.444 E F2<ad53>3.444 E F0 .943 +.943(that allo)144 108 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F(The) +5.943 E F1<ad48>3.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F1<ad53>3.444 E F0 .944 (options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) -144 333.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.708(nr).15 G 2.708(esource. A)-2.708 F .208 -(hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\ -ft limit may)2.708 F .426(be increased up to the v)144 345.6 R .426 -(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .425(If neither)5.426 F F2<ad48>2.925 E -F0(nor)2.925 E F2<ad53>2.925 E F0 .425 -(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.925 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 -357.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F1(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 +144 120 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208(\ +hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a sof\ +t limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 132 R .425 +(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F1<ad48>2.926 E +F0(nor)2.926 E F1<ad53>2.926 E F0 .426 +(is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.926 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 +144 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F2(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 (can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F -.742(of the special v)144 369.6 R(alues)-.25 E F2(hard)3.242 E F0(,)A F2 -(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F2(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) +.741(of the special v)144 156 R(alues)-.25 E F1(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F1 +(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F1(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78 -(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 381.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E -5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F1(limit)3.37 E F0 .78 +(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 168 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F2(limit)3.37 E F0 .78 (is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25 -F .499(resource is printed, unless the)144 393.6 R F2<ad48>2.999 E F0 -.499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .498 +F .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 180 R F1<ad48>2.999 E F0 .499 +(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .499 (more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F -(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 405.6 Q 2.5 -(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F2 -<ad61>144 417.6 Q F0(All current limits are reported)180 417.6 Q F2 -<ad62>144 429.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 429.6 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E -(fer size)-.25 E F2<ad63>144 441.6 Q F0 -(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 441.6 Q F2<ad64>144 453.6 -Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 453.6 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se) --2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F2<ad65>144 465.6 Q F0 -(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 465.6 Q F2<ad66>144 -477.6 Q F0 -(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180 -477.6 Q F2<ad69>144 489.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180 -489.6 Q F2<ad6b>144 501.6 Q F0 -(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 501.6 Q F2 -<ad6c>144 513.6 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 513.6 Q -(ed into memory)-.1 E F2<ad6d>144 525.6 Q F0 -(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 525.6 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G -(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F2<ad6e>144 537.6 Q F0 .791(Th\ -e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) -180 537.6 R 3.291(wt)-.25 G .791(his v)-3.291 F .791(alue to)-.25 F -(be set\))180 549.6 Q F2<ad70>144 561.6 Q F0 -(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 561.6 Q F2 -<ad71>144 573.6 Q F0 -(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 573.6 Q F2 -<ad72>144 585.6 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 585.6 -Q F2<ad73>144 597.6 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 597.6 Q F2<ad74>144 -609.6 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 609.6 Q F2 -<ad75>144 621.6 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 621.6 Q -.25 -(va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F2<ad76>144 633.6 Q F0 .47 -(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 633.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 -(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 -645.6 Q F2<ad78>144 657.6 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 -657.6 Q F2<ad50>144 669.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 -669.6 Q F2<ad54>144 681.6 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)180 681.6 Q -(If)144 698.4 Q F1(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.468(n, and the).15 F F2<ad61>2.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 -F F1(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 -(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .045 -(no option is gi)144 710.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .045(n, then).15 F F2<ad66> -2.545 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 -(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .044(xcept for)-.15 F F2 -<ad74>2.544 E F0 2.544(,w)C .044(hich is)-2.544 F 1.588(in seconds;)144 -722.4 R F2<ad70>4.088 E F0 4.089(,w)C 1.589 -(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)-4.089 F F2<ad50>4.089 E F0(,)A F2 -<ad54>4.089 E F0(,)A F2<ad62>4.089 E F0(,)A F2<ad6b>4.089 E F0(,)A F2 -<ad6e>4.089 E F0 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F2<ad75>4.089 E F0 4.089(,w)C -1.589(hich are)-4.089 F(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E -(75)192.055 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 76 76 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E 1.439(unscaled v) -144 84 R 1.439(alues; and, when in Posix mode,)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 -SF<ad63>3.939 E F0(and)3.939 E F1<ad66>3.939 E F0 3.939(,w)C 1.438 -(hich are in 512-byte increments.)-3.939 F(The)6.438 E .404 -(return status is 0 unless an in)144 96 R -.25(va)-.4 G .404 -(lid option or ar).25 F .404 +(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 192 Q 2.5(alue. Other) +-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 204 +Q F0(All current limits are reported)180 204 Q F1<ad62>144 216 Q F0 +(The maximum sock)180 216 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E(fer size)-.25 E F1<ad63> +144 228 Q F0(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 228 Q F1<ad64> +144 240 Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 240 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G +(ata se)-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F1<ad65>144 252 Q F0 +(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 252 Q F1<ad66>144 264 Q +F0(The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180 +264 Q F1<ad69>144 276 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180 276 +Q F1<ad6b>144 288 Q F0 +(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 288 Q F1<ad6c> +144 300 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 300 Q(ed into memory) +-.1 E F1<ad6d>144 312 Q F0(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 312 Q +2.5(ys)-.15 G(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 324 Q +F0 .791(The maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do\ + not allo)180 324 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F +(be set\))180 336 Q F1<ad70>144 348 Q F0 +(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 348 Q F1 +<ad71>144 360 Q F0(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues) +180 360 Q F1<ad72>144 372 Q F0 +(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 372 Q F1<ad73>144 384 Q +F0(The maximum stack size)180 384 Q F1<ad74>144 396 Q F0 +(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 396 Q F1<ad75>144 408 Q +F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 408 Q -.25(va)-.2 G +(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 420 Q F0 .47 +(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 420 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 +(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 432 +Q F1<ad78>144 444 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 444 Q F1 +<ad50>144 456 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 456 Q F1 +<ad54>144 468 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)180 468 Q(If)144 484.8 +Q F2(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .468(n, and the) +.15 F F1<ad61>2.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 F F2(limit)2.968 +E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 +(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .044 +(no option is gi)144 496.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F1<ad66> +2.544 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 +(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F1 +<ad74>2.545 E F0 2.545(,w)C .045(hich is)-2.545 F 1.589(in seconds;)144 +508.8 R F1<ad70>4.089 E F0 4.089(,w)C 1.589 +(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)-4.089 F F1<ad50>4.089 E F0(,)A F1 +<ad54>4.089 E F0(,)A F1<ad62>4.089 E F0(,)A F1<ad6b>4.089 E F0(,)A F1 +<ad6e>4.089 E F0 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F1<ad75>4.089 E F0 4.088(,w)C +1.588(hich are)-4.088 F 1.438(unscaled v)144 520.8 R 1.438 +(alues; and, when in Posix mode,)-.25 F F1<ad63>3.939 E F0(and)3.939 E +F1<ad66>3.939 E F0 3.939(,w)C 1.439(hich are in 512-byte increments.) +-3.939 F(The)6.439 E .404(return status is 0 unless an in)144 532.8 R +-.25(va)-.4 G .404(lid option or ar).25 F .404 (gument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting)-.18 F 2.5(an)144 -108 S .5 -.25(ew l)-2.5 H(imit.).25 E F1(umask)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 -<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A .2(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 136.8 -R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2 +544.8 S .5 -.25(ew l)-2.5 H(imit.).25 E F1(umask)108 561.6 Q F0([)2.5 E +F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A +.2(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 573.6 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 +5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2 (gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ -pted by)144 148.8 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 -160.8 Q F2(mode)3.263 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.063 F .382 +pted by)144 585.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 +597.6 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 (alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382 (option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 -(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 172.8 R .547 +(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 609.6 R .547 (ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G (he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2 -(mode)144.38 184.8 Q F0 .552 -(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.232 -F .551(The return status is 0 if the)5.551 F(mode w)144 196.8 Q +(mode)144.38 621.6 Q F0 .551 +(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231 +F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 633.6 Q (as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E (gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1 -(unalias)108 213.6 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 -(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 225.6 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) +(unalias)108 650.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 +(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 662.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) 4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E F1<ad61>4.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155 -F(remo)144 237.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E +F(remo)144 674.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E (alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0 -(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 254.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1 +(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 691.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1 (fv)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...]) -2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 266.4 S 3.828(re).15 G(ach)-3.828 E F2(name)3.828 E F0 -3.828(,r).18 G(emo)-3.828 E 1.628 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.328 +2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 703.2 S 3.827(re).15 G(ach)-3.827 E F2(name)3.827 E F0 +3.827(,r).18 G(emo)-3.827 E 1.627 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.327 (he corresponding v).15 F 1.327(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.327 -(If the)6.327 F F1<ad76>3.827 E F0 1.327(option is gi)3.827 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 1.327(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 278.4 Q F0 1.55 -(refers to a shell v)4.23 F 1.551(ariable, and that v)-.25 F 1.551 -(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.051(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) -4.051 G 1.551(riables may not be).25 F 4.642(unset. If)144 290.4 R F1 -<ad66>4.642 E F0 2.142(is speci\214ed, each)4.642 F F2(name)5.001 E F0 +(If the)6.327 F F1<ad76>3.828 E F0 1.328(option is gi)3.828 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 1.328(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 715.2 Q F0 1.551 +(refers to a shell v)4.231 F 1.551(ariable, and that v)-.25 F 1.551 +(ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.05(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) +4.05 G 1.55(riables may not be).25 F 4.641(unset. If)144 727.2 R F1 +<ad66>4.641 E F0 2.141(is speci\214ed, each)4.641 F F2(name)5.001 E F0 2.141(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is)4.821 -F(remo)144 302.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.537(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F1<ad6e> -2.537 E F0 .037(option is supplied, and)2.537 F F2(name)2.537 E F0 .037 -(is a v)2.537 F .037(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.537 E(ef)-.37 E -F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.538 E .492 -(be unset rather than the v)144 314.4 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25 -F F1<ad6e>5.492 E F0 .492(has no ef)2.992 F .492(fect if the)-.25 F F1 -<ad66>2.992 E F0 .492(option is supplied.)2.992 F .492(If no)5.492 F .22 -(options are supplied, each)144 326.4 R F2(name)2.72 E F0 .22 -(refers to a v)2.72 F .221(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .221 -(ariable by that name, an)-.25 F 2.721(yf)-.15 G(unc-)-2.721 E 1.189 -(tion with that name is unset.)144 338.4 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F -1.189(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.688(df).15 G -1.188(rom the en)-3.688 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.205 -(passed to subsequent commands.)144 350.4 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706 +F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E(78)193.45 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 79 79 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F +(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E(remo)144 84 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.538(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6e> +2.537 E F0 .037(option is supplied, and)2.537 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(name)2.537 E F0 .037(is a v)2.537 F .037(ariable with the)-.25 F F2 +(namer)2.537 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.537 E F0 +(will)2.537 E .492(be unset rather than the v)144 96 R .492 +(ariable it references.)-.25 F F1<ad6e>5.492 E F0 .492(has no ef)2.992 F +.492(fect if the)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.992 E F0 .492(option is supplied.) +2.992 F .493(If no)5.493 F .221(options are supplied, each)144 108 R F2 +(name)2.721 E F0 .221(refers to a v)2.721 F .22 +(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .22(ariable by that name, an)-.25 F +2.72(yf)-.15 G(unc-)-2.72 E 1.188(tion with that name is unset.)144 120 +R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F 1.189(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F +-.15(ve)-.15 G 3.689(df).15 G 1.189(rom the en)-3.689 F(vironment)-.4 E +3.206(passed to subsequent commands.)144 132 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706 (yo)-.15 G(f)-5.706 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)5.706 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 -E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)5.456 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)5.456 E -F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 362.4 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.348 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN) -4.348 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.348 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.348 E +E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)5.455 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)5.455 E +F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 144 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.347 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN) +4.347 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.347 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.348 E F3(DIRST)4.598 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 2.098(are unset, the)4.348 -F 4.597(yl)-.15 G 2.097(ose their special)-4.597 F(properties, e)144 -374.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 -G(re subsequently reset.)-2.5 E(The e)5 E(xit status is true unless a) --.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 391.2 Q -F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C F2 2.5(n.)-2.5 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8 -(Wa)144 403.2 S .026(it for each speci\214ed child process and return i\ -ts termination status.).8 F(Each)5.027 E F2(n)2.887 E F0 .027 -(may be a process ID)2.767 F .256 -(or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 415.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 -G .256(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.756(sp)-.55 G .256 -(ipeline are w)-2.756 F .256(aited for)-.1 F 5.256(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.256 E -F2(n)3.116 E F0 .317(is not gi)144 427.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .317 -(n, all currently acti).15 F .618 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .318 -(hild processes are w).15 F .318(aited for)-.1 F 2.818(,a)-.4 G .318 -(nd the return status is zero.)-2.818 F .318(If the)5.318 F F1<ad6e>144 -439.2 Q F0 .362(option is supplied,)2.862 F F1(wait)2.862 E F0 -.1(wa) -2.862 G .362(its for an).1 F 2.862(yj)-.15 G .362 -(ob to terminate and returns its e)-2.862 F .361(xit status.)-.15 F(If) -5.361 E F2(n)3.221 E F0(speci\214es)3.101 E 2.595(an)144 451.2 S(on-e) --2.595 E .095(xistent process or job, the return status is 127.)-.15 F -.096(Otherwise, the return status is the e)5.095 F .096(xit status)-.15 -F(of the last process or job w)144 463.2 Q(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E/F5 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(RESTRICTED SHELL)72 480 Q F0(If)108 492 Q F1(bash) -4.397 E F0 1.897(is started with the name)4.397 F F1(rbash)4.397 E F0 -4.397(,o)C 4.397(rt)-4.397 G(he)-4.397 E F1<ad72>4.397 E F0 1.896 -(option is supplied at in)4.397 F -.2(vo)-.4 G 1.896 -(cation, the shell becomes).2 F 3.445(restricted. 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2.5(Ad)108 489.6 S(escription of the b)-2.5 E(ug beha)-.2 E(viour)-.2 +E 2.5(As)108 501.6 S(hort script or `recipe' which e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 +G(rcises the b).15 E(ug)-.2 E F1(bashb)108.27 518.4 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 (inserts the \214rst three items automatically into the template it pro) 2.72 E(vides for \214ling a b)-.15 E(ug report.)-.2 E(Comments and b)108 -710.4 Q(ug reports concerning this manual page should be directed to)-.2 -E F4 -.15(ch)2.5 G(et.r).15 E(ame)-.15 E(y@case)-.3 E(.edu)-.15 E F0(.) -.25 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 E(77)192.055 E 0 Cg -EP -%%Page: 78 78 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 137.14(SH\(1\) General).35 F -(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)139.64 G(SH\(1\)).35 E/F1 10.95 -/Times-Bold@0 SF -.11(BU)72 84 S(GS).11 E F0(It')108 96 Q 2.5(st)-.55 G -(oo big and too slo)-2.5 E -.65(w.)-.25 G 1.869 -(There are some subtle dif)108 112.8 R 1.869(ferences between)-.25 F/F2 -10/Times-Bold@0 SF(bash)4.369 E F0 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`a ; b ; c' a\ -re not handled gracefully when)108 175.2 R .39 -(process suspension is attempted.)108 187.2 R .389 -(When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.39 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .389(cutes the ne).15 F .389(xt com-)-.15 F .192 -(mand in the sequence.)108 199.2 R .192(It suf)5.192 F .192(\214ces to \ -place the sequence of commands between parentheses to force it into a) --.25 F(subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)108 211.2 Q(Array v)108 -228 Q(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E -(There may be only one acti)108 244.8 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H -(oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash 4.4)72 768 Q(2016 August 26)142.895 -E(78)192.055 E 0 Cg EP +re not handled gracefully when)108 643.2 R .389 +(process suspension is attempted.)108 655.2 R .389 +(When a process is stopped, the shell immediately e)5.389 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G .39(cutes the ne).15 F .39(xt com-)-.15 F .193(mand in the sequence.) +108 667.2 R .192(It suf)5.193 F .192(\214ces to place the sequence of c\ +ommands between parentheses to force it into a)-.25 F +(subshell, which may be stopped as a unit.)108 679.2 Q(Array v)108 696 Q +(ariables may not \(yet\) be e)-.25 E(xported.)-.15 E +(There may be only one acti)108 712.8 Q .3 -.15(ve c)-.25 H +(oprocess at a time.).15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2018 March 15)144.29 E +(80)193.45 E 0 Cg EP %%Trailer end %%EOF diff --git a/doc/bashref.dvi b/doc/bashref.dvi Binary files differindex 6b4fc491..f79cc8ed 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.dvi +++ b/doc/bashref.dvi diff --git a/doc/bashref.html b/doc/bashref.html index 8c2eabf0..f494f344 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.html +++ b/doc/bashref.html @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html> <!-- This text is a brief description of the features that are present in -the Bash shell (version 4.4, 7 September 2016). +the Bash shell (version 5.0, 15 March 2018). -This is Edition 4.4, last updated 7 September 2016, +This is Edition 5.0, last updated 15 March 2018, of The GNU Bash Reference Manual, -for Bash, Version 4.4. +for Bash, Version 5.0. -Copyright (C) 1988-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1988-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or @@ -15,8 +15,9 @@ any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". --> -<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.1, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ --> +<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.5, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ --> <head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <title>Bash Reference Manual</title> <meta name="description" content="Bash Reference Manual"> @@ -24,7 +25,6 @@ A copy of the license is included in the section entitled <meta name="resource-type" content="document"> <meta name="distribution" content="global"> <meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo"> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <link href="#Top" rel="start" title="Top"> <link href="#Indexes" rel="index" title="Indexes"> <link href="#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents"> @@ -284,12 +284,12 @@ Next: <a href="#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Previou <h1 class="top">Bash Features</h1> <p>This text is a brief description of the features that are present in -the Bash shell (version 4.4, 7 September 2016). +the Bash shell (version 5.0, 15 March 2018). The Bash home page is <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/">http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/</a>. </p> -<p>This is Edition 4.4, last updated 7 September 2016, +<p>This is Edition 5.0, last updated 15 March 2018, of <cite>The GNU Bash Reference Manual</cite>, -for <code>Bash</code>, Version 4.4. +for <code>Bash</code>, Version 5.0. </p> <p>Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has @@ -861,7 +861,7 @@ present, are decoded as follows: </p></dd> <dt><code>\<var>nnn</var></code></dt> <dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value <var>nnn</var> -(one to three digits) +(one to three octal digits) </p></dd> <dt><code>\x<var>HH</var></code></dt> <dd><p>the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value <var>HH</var> @@ -1051,8 +1051,13 @@ the time information. <p>If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (see <a href="#Lists">Lists</a>), the shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete. </p> -<p>Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell -(see <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a>). The exit +<p>Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell, which is a +separate process (see <a href="#Command-Execution-Environment">Command Execution Environment</a>). +If the <code>lastpipe</code> option is enabled using the <code>shopt</code> builtin +(see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>), +the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process. +</p> +<p>The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the pipeline, unless the <code>pipefail</code> option is enabled (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>). @@ -1111,7 +1116,7 @@ associativity. </pre></div> <p><var>command2</var> is executed if, and only if, <var>command1</var> -returns an exit status of zero. +returns an exit status of zero (success). </p> <p>An <small>OR</small> list has the form </p><div class="example"> @@ -1144,7 +1149,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Coprocesses" accesskey="n" rel="next">Coprocesses</a>, Previous: </td></tr> </table> -<p>Compound commands are the shell programming constructs. +<p>Compound commands are the shell programming language constructs. Each construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator. Any redirections (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>) associated with a compound command @@ -1211,13 +1216,15 @@ in <var>consequent-commands</var>, or zero if none was executed. <pre class="example">for <var>name</var> [ [in [<var>words</var> …] ] ; ] do <var>commands</var>; done </pre></div> -<p>Expand <var>words</var>, and execute <var>commands</var> once for each member +<p>Expand <var>words</var> (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>), and execute <var>commands</var> +once for each member in the resultant list, with <var>name</var> bound to the current member. If ‘<samp>in <var>words</var></samp>’ is not present, the <code>for</code> command executes the <var>commands</var> once for each positional parameter that is set, as if ‘<samp>in "$@"</samp>’ had been specified (see <a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a>). -The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. +</p> +<p>The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. If there are no items in the expansion of <var>words</var>, no commands are executed, and the return status is zero. </p> @@ -1295,6 +1302,8 @@ zero if no condition tested true. <p><code>case</code> will selectively execute the <var>command-list</var> corresponding to the first <var>pattern</var> that matches <var>word</var>. +The match is performed according +to the rules described below in <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>. If the <code>nocasematch</code> shell option (see the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case @@ -1306,7 +1315,9 @@ as a <var>clause</var>. </p> <p>Each clause must be terminated with ‘<samp>;;</samp>’, ‘<samp>;&</samp>’, or ‘<samp>;;&</samp>’. The <var>word</var> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command -substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before matching is +substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal +(see <a href="#Shell-Parameter-Expansion">Shell Parameter Expansion</a>) +before matching is attempted. Each <var>pattern</var> undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. </p> @@ -1467,7 +1478,7 @@ if there is a sequence of characters in the value consisting of any number, including zero, of space characters, zero or one instances of ‘<samp>a</samp>’, then a ‘<samp>b</samp>’: </p><div class="example"> -<pre class="example">[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]] +<pre class="example">[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*?(a)b ]] </pre></div> <p>That means values like ‘<samp>aab</samp>’ and ‘<samp> aaaaaab</samp>’ will match, as @@ -1482,7 +1493,7 @@ expressions while paying attention to the shell’s quote removal. Using a shell variable to store the pattern decreases these problems. For example, the following is equivalent to the above: </p><div class="example"> -<pre class="example">pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b' +<pre class="example">pattern='[[:space:]]*?(a)b' [[ $line =~ $pattern ]] </pre></div> @@ -1633,7 +1644,8 @@ This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the command (see <a href="#Redirections">Redirections</a>). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using standard word expansions. -The file descriptors are not available in subshells. +Other than those created to execute command and process substitutions, +the file descriptors are not available in subshells. </p> <p>The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is available as the value of the variable <code>NAME</code>_PID. @@ -1744,7 +1756,7 @@ Adding the <samp>-k</samp> option <p>Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in parallel, similar to ‘<samp>cat file | bash</samp>’. It is not uncommon to take a list of filenames, create a series of shell -commands to operate on them, and feed that list of commnds to a shell. +commands to operate on them, and feed that list of commands to a shell. Parallel can speed this up. Assuming that <samp>file</samp> contains a list of shell commands, one per line, </p> @@ -1865,7 +1877,66 @@ before the <code>return</code>. </p> <p>Variables local to the function may be declared with the <code>local</code> builtin. These variables are visible only to -the function and the commands it invokes. +the function and the commands it invokes. This is particularly +important when a shell function calls other functions. +</p> +<p>Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at +previous scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function +hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments +refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified. +When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. +</p> +<p>The shell uses <var>dynamic scoping</var> to control a variable’s visibility +within functions. +With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their values +are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused execution +to reach the current function. +The value of a variable that a function sees depends +on its value within its caller, if any, whether that caller is +the "global" scope or another shell function. +This is also the value that a local variable +declaration "shadows", and the value that is restored when the function +returns. +</p> +<p>For example, if a variable <var>var</var> is declared as local in function +<var>func1</var>, and <var>func1</var> calls another function <var>func2</var>, +references to <var>var</var> made from within <var>func2</var> will resolve to the +local variable <var>var</var> from <var>func1</var>, shadowing any global variable +named <var>var</var>. +</p> +<p>The following script demonstrates this behavior. +When executed, the script displays +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">In func2, var = func1 local +</pre></div> + +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">func1() +{ + local var='func1 local' + func2 +} + +func2() +{ + echo "In func2, var = $var" +} + +var=global +func1 +</pre></div> + +<p>The <code>unset</code> builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a +variable is local to the current scope, <code>unset</code> will unset it; +otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope +as described above. +If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will remain so +until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns. +Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous +scope will become visible. +If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a +variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible. </p> <p>Function names and definitions may be listed with the <samp>-f</samp> option to the <code>declare</code> (<code>typeset</code>) @@ -1878,10 +1949,6 @@ Functions may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with the <samp>-f</samp> option to the <code>export</code> builtin (see <a href="#Bourne-Shell-Builtins">Bourne Shell Builtins</a>). -Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result -in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the -shell’s children. -Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. </p> <p>Functions may be recursive. The <code>FUNCNEST</code> variable may be used to limit the depth of the @@ -2208,10 +2275,11 @@ original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves (<var>quote removal</var>). </p> <p>Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion -can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions +can increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions of -<code>"$@"</code> (see <a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a>) and <code>"${<var>name</var>[@]}"</code> +<code>"$@"</code> and <code>$*</code> (see <a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a>), and +<code>"${<var>name</var>[@]}"</code> and <code>${<var>name</var>[*]}</code> (see <a href="#Arrays">Arrays</a>). </p> <p>After all expansions, <code>quote removal</code> (see <a href="#Quote-Removal">Quote Removal</a>) @@ -2271,8 +2339,6 @@ and any characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is strictly textual. Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. -To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string ‘<samp>${</samp>’ -is not considered eligible for brace expansion. </p> <p>A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid @@ -2282,7 +2348,8 @@ Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. <p>A { or ‘<samp>,</samp>’ may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string ‘<samp>${</samp>’ -is not considered eligible for brace expansion. +is not considered eligible for brace expansion, +and inhibits brace expansion until the closing ‘<samp>}</samp>’.. </p> <p>This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the @@ -2419,6 +2486,8 @@ Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the value of <var>parameter</var> itself. This is known as <code>indirect expansion</code>. +The value is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. If <var>parameter</var> is a nameref, this expands to the name of the variable referenced by <var>parameter</var> instead of performing the complete indirect expansion. @@ -2647,8 +2716,8 @@ array, and an index of -1 references the last element. <dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>#<var>word</var>}</code></dt> <dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>##<var>word</var>}</code></dt> <dd><p>The <var>word</var> -is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename -expansion (see <a href="#Filename-Expansion">Filename Expansion</a>). If the pattern matches +is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to the rules +described below (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>). If the pattern matches the beginning of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var>, then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of <var>parameter</var> with the shortest matching pattern (the ‘<samp>#</samp>’ case) or the @@ -2664,8 +2733,9 @@ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. </dd> <dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>%<var>word</var>}</code></dt> <dt><code>${<var>parameter</var>%%<var>word</var>}</code></dt> -<dd><p>The <var>word</var> is expanded to produce a pattern just as in -filename expansion. +<dd><p>The <var>word</var> +is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to the rules +described below (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>). If the pattern matches If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of <var>parameter</var>, then the result of the expansion is the value of <var>parameter</var> with the shortest matching pattern (the ‘<samp>%</samp>’ case) @@ -2685,6 +2755,8 @@ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. filename expansion. <var>Parameter</var> is expanded and the longest match of <var>pattern</var> against its value is replaced with <var>string</var>. +The match is performed according to the rules described below +(see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>). If <var>pattern</var> begins with ‘<samp>/</samp>’, all matches of <var>pattern</var> are replaced with <var>string</var>. Normally only the first match is replaced. If <var>pattern</var> begins with ‘<samp>#</samp>’, it must match at the beginning @@ -2745,7 +2817,7 @@ format that can be reused as input. </p></dd> <dt><code>E</code></dt> <dd><p>The expansion is a string that is the value of <var>parameter</var> with backslash -escape sequences expanded as with the <code>$'…'</code> quoting mechansim. +escape sequences expanded as with the <code>$'…'</code> quoting mechanism. </p></dd> <dt><code>P</code></dt> <dd><p>The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of @@ -2974,18 +3046,23 @@ without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. <p>When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character ‘<samp>.</samp>’ at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option <code>dotglob</code> is set. -When matching a filename, the slash character must always be -matched explicitly. +The filenames ‘<samp>.</samp>’ and ‘<samp>..</samp>’ must always be matched explicitly, +even if <code>dotglob</code> is set. In other cases, the ‘<samp>.</samp>’ character is not treated specially. </p> +<p>When matching a filename, the slash character must always be +matched explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching +contexts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described +below (see <a href="#Pattern-Matching">Pattern Matching</a>). +</p> <p>See the description of <code>shopt</code> in <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>, for a description of the <code>nocaseglob</code>, <code>nullglob</code>, <code>failglob</code>, and <code>dotglob</code> options. </p> <p>The <code>GLOBIGNORE</code> -shell variable may be used to restrict the set of filenames matching a +shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a pattern. If <code>GLOBIGNORE</code> -is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in +is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in <code>GLOBIGNORE</code> is removed from the list of matches. If the <code>nocaseglob</code> option is set, the matching against the patterns in <code>GLOBIGNORE</code> is performed without regard to case. @@ -3110,6 +3187,12 @@ sub-patterns: </p></dd> </dl> +<p>Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, +especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings +contain multiple matches. +Using separate matches against shorter strings, or using arrays of +strings instead of a single long string, may be faster. +</p> <hr> <a name="Quote-Removal"></a> <div class="header"> @@ -3154,6 +3237,9 @@ In this case, for each redirection operator except than 10 and assign it to {<var>varname</var>}. If >&- or <&- is preceded by {<var>varname</var>}, the value of <var>varname</var> defines the file descriptor to close. +If {<var>varname</var>} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond +the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage +the file descriptor himself. </p> <p>In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is @@ -3358,7 +3444,7 @@ natural fashion. </pre></div> <p>The <var>word</var> undergoes -brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is supplied as a single string, @@ -3534,9 +3620,10 @@ A full search of the directories in <code>$PATH</code> is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function named <code>command_not_found_handle</code>. -If that function exists, it is invoked with the original command and +If that function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment +with the original command and the original command’s arguments as its arguments, and the function’s -exit status becomes the exit status of the shell. +exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit status of 127. @@ -3894,7 +3981,7 @@ facilities (see <a href="#Programmable-Completion-Builtins">Programmable Complet <p>Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting options preceded by ‘<samp>-</samp>’ accepts ‘<samp>--</samp>’ to signify the end of the options. -The <code>:</code>, <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, and <code>test</code> +The <code>:</code>, <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, and <code>test</code>/<code>[</code> builtins do not accept options and do not treat ‘<samp>--</samp>’ specially. The <code>exit</code>, <code>logout</code>, <code>return</code>, <code>break</code>, <code>continue</code>, <code>let</code>, @@ -4061,6 +4148,7 @@ cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless the <code>execfail</code> shell option is enabled. In that case, it returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. +A subshell exits unconditionally if <code>exec</code> fails. If no <var>command</var> is specified, redirections may be used to affect the current shell environment. If there are no redirection errors, the return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero. @@ -4173,7 +4261,7 @@ The <samp>-d</samp> option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each <var>name</var>. If the <samp>-t</samp> option is supplied, the full pathname to which each <var>name</var> corresponds is printed. If multiple <var>name</var> arguments are -supplied with <samp>-t</samp> the <var>name</var> is printed before the hashed +supplied with <samp>-t</samp>, the <var>name</var> is printed before the hashed full pathname. The <samp>-l</samp> option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. @@ -4238,7 +4326,7 @@ If <var>n</var> is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the last command executed in the function. If <code>return</code> is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler. -if <code>return</code> is executed during a <code>DEBUG</code> trap, the last command +If <code>return</code> is executed during a <code>DEBUG</code> trap, the last command used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap handler before <code>return</code> was invoked. <code>return</code> may also be used to terminate execution of a script @@ -4326,7 +4414,7 @@ expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments. </p> </dd> <dt>1 argument</dt> -<dd><p>The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null. +<dd><p>The expression is true if, and only if, the argument is not null. </p> </dd> <dt>2 arguments</dt> @@ -5004,6 +5092,8 @@ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: <dt><code>-d</code></dt> <dd><p>The first character of <var>delim</var> is used to terminate each input line, rather than newline. +If <var>delim</var> is the empty string, <code>mapfile</code> will terminate a line +when it reads a NUL character. </p></dd> <dt><code>-n</code></dt> <dd><p>Copy at most <var>count</var> lines. If <var>count</var> is 0, all lines are copied. @@ -5022,7 +5112,7 @@ The default index is 0. <dd><p>Read lines from file descriptor <var>fd</var> instead of the standard input. </p></dd> <dt><code>-C</code></dt> -<dd><p>Evaluate <var>callback</var> each time <var>quantum</var>P lines are read. +<dd><p>Evaluate <var>callback</var> each time <var>quantum</var> lines are read. The <samp>-c</samp> option specifies <var>quantum</var>. </p></dd> <dt><code>-c</code></dt> @@ -5142,12 +5232,14 @@ Other <var>name</var> arguments are ignored. <dt><code>-d <var>delim</var></code></dt> <dd><p>The first character of <var>delim</var> is used to terminate the input line, rather than newline. +If <var>delim</var> is the empty string, <code>read</code> will terminate a line +when it reads a NUL character. </p> </dd> <dt><code>-e</code></dt> <dd><p>Readline (see <a href="#Command-Line-Editing">Command Line Editing</a>) is used to obtain the line. Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously -active) editing settings. +active) editing settings, but uses Readline’s default filename completion. </p> </dd> <dt><code>-i <var>text</var></code></dt> @@ -5816,7 +5908,8 @@ The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the <samp>-o</samp> option is used, those available with the <samp>-o</samp> option to the <code>set</code> builtin command (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>). With no options, or with the <samp>-p</samp> option, a list of all settable -options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set. +options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set; +if <var>optnames</var> are supplied, the output is restricted to those options. The <samp>-p</samp> option causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other options have the following meanings: @@ -5859,6 +5952,12 @@ option. </p> <p>The list of <code>shopt</code> options is: </p><dl compact="compact"> +<dt><code>assoc_expand_once</code></dt> +<dd><p>If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of associative array +subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation and while executing +builtins that can perform variable assignments. +</p> +</dd> <dt><code>autocd</code></dt> <dd><p>If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if it were the argument to the <code>cd</code> command. @@ -5896,8 +5995,8 @@ The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. </p> </dd> <dt><code>checkwinsize</code></dt> -<dd><p>If set, Bash checks the window size after each command - and, if necessary, updates the values of +<dd><p>If set, Bash checks the window size after each external (non-builtin) +command and, if necessary, updates the values of <code>LINES</code> and <code>COLUMNS</code>. </p> </dd> @@ -5906,6 +6005,8 @@ The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line command in the same history entry. This allows easy re-editing of multi-line commands. +This option is enabled by default, but only has an effect if command +history is enabled (see <a href="#Bash-History-Facilities">Bash History Facilities</a>). </p> </dd> <dt><code>compat31</code></dt> @@ -5966,6 +6067,12 @@ loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows <code>break</code> or <code>continue</code> in a shell function to affect loops in the caller’s context). </p> </dd> +<dt><code>compat44</code></dt> +<dd><p>If set, Bash +saves the positional parameters to BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC before they are +used, regardless of whether or not extended debugging mode is enabled. +</p> +</dd> <dt><code>complete_fullquote</code></dt> <dd><p>If set, Bash quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when @@ -6001,6 +6108,8 @@ if the directory name initially supplied does not exist. <dt><code>dotglob</code></dt> <dd><p>If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a ‘.’ in the results of filename expansion. +The filenames ‘<samp>.</samp>’ and ‘<samp>..</samp>’ must always be matched explicitly, +even if <code>dotglob</code> is set. </p> </dd> <dt><code>execfail</code></dt> @@ -6148,6 +6257,12 @@ option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. </p> </dd> +<dt><code>localvar_inherit</code></dt> +<dd><p>If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a variable of +the same name that exists at a previous scope before any new value is +assigned. The <var>nameref</var> attribute is not inherited. +</p> +</dd> <dt><code>login_shell</code></dt> <dd><p>The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (see <a href="#Invoking-Bash">Invoking Bash</a>). @@ -6378,6 +6493,8 @@ sequences that are expanded before <code>PS1</code> is displayed. <a name="index-PS2"></a> </dt> <dd><p>The secondary prompt string. The default value is ‘<samp>> </samp>’. +<code>PS2</code> is expanded in the same way as <code>PS1</code> before being +displayed. </p> </dd> </dl> @@ -6424,6 +6541,10 @@ reading any startup files. This variable is readonly. <dd><p>Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process. This differs from <code>$$</code> under certain circumstances, such as subshells that do not require Bash to be re-initialized. +Assignments to <code>BASHPID</code> have no effect. +If <code>BASHPID</code> +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. </p> </dd> <dt><code>BASH_ALIASES</code> @@ -6453,6 +6574,8 @@ The shell sets <code>BASH_ARGC</code> only when in extended debugging mode (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a> for a description of the <code>extdebug</code> option to the <code>shopt</code> builtin). +Setting <code>extdebug</code> after the shell has started to execute a script +may result in inconsistent values. </p> </dd> <dt><code>BASH_ARGV</code> @@ -6467,6 +6590,21 @@ The shell sets <code>BASH_ARGV</code> only when in extended debugging mode (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a> for a description of the <code>extdebug</code> option to the <code>shopt</code> builtin). +Setting <code>extdebug</code> after the shell has started to execute a script +may result in inconsistent values. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>BASH_ARGV0</code> +<a name="index-BASH_005fARGV0"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell +script (identical to <code>$0</code>; See <a href="#Special-Parameters">Special Parameters</a>, +for the description of special parameter 0). +Assignment to <code>BASH_ARGV0</code> +causes the value assigned to also be assigned to <code>$0</code>. +If <code>BASH_ARGV0</code> +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. </p> </dd> <dt><code>BASH_CMDS</code> @@ -6770,6 +6908,29 @@ Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. <small>POSIX</small> Mode (see <a href="#Bash-POSIX-Mode">Bash POSIX Mode</a>). </p> </dd> +<dt><code>EPOCHREALTIME</code> +<a name="index-EPOCHREALTIME"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds +since the Unix Epoch as a floating point value with micro-second granularity +(see the documentation for the C library function <var>time</var> for the +definition of Epoch). +Assignments to <code>EPOCHREALTIME</code> are ignored. +If <code>EPOCHREALTIME</code> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if +it is subsequently reset. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>EPOCHSECONDS</code> +<a name="index-EPOCHSECONDS"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds +since the Unix Epoch (see the documentation for the C library function +<var>time</var> for the definition of Epoch). +Assignments to <code>EPOCHSECONDS</code> are ignored. +If <code>EPOCHSECONDS</code> is unset, it loses its special properties, even if +it is subsequently reset. +</p> +</dd> <dt><code>EUID</code> <a name="index-EUID"></a> </dt> @@ -6847,9 +7008,9 @@ will cause the current command to abort. <dt><code>GLOBIGNORE</code> <a name="index-GLOBIGNORE"></a> </dt> -<dd><p>A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to +<dd><p>A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names to be ignored by filename expansion. -If a filename matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one +If a file name matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in <code>GLOBIGNORE</code>, it is removed from the list of matches. The pattern matching honors the setting of the <code>extglob</code> shell @@ -7208,10 +7369,11 @@ and before the command is executed. <dt><code>PS4</code> <a name="index-PS4"></a> </dt> -<dd><p>The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed -when the <samp>-x</samp> option is set (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>). -The first character of <code>PS4</code> is replicated multiple times, as -necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. +<dd><p>The value of this parameter is expanded like <var>PS1</var> +and the expanded value is the prompt printed before the command line +is echoed when the <samp>-x</samp> option is set (see <a href="#The-Set-Builtin">The Set Builtin</a>). +The first character of the expanded value is replicated multiple times, +as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is ‘<samp>+ </samp>’. </p> </dd> @@ -7544,7 +7706,8 @@ of a login shell. <dd><p>If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option processing, then commands are read from the standard input. This option allows the positional parameters to be set -when invoking an interactive shell. +when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input +through a pipe. </p> </dd> <dt><code>-D</code></dt> @@ -7823,7 +7986,10 @@ signals <code>SIGTTIN</code>, <code>SIGTTOU</code>, and <code>SIGTSTP</code>. </li><li> Bash expands and displays <code>PS1</code> before reading the first line of a command, and expands and displays <code>PS2</code> before reading the second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. -Bash displays <code>PS0</code> after it reads a command but before executing it. +Bash expands and displays <code>PS0</code> after it reads a command but before +executing it. +See <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>, for a complete list of prompt +string escape sequences. </li><li> Bash executes the value of the <code>PROMPT_COMMAND</code> variable as a command before printing the primary prompt, <code>$PS1</code> @@ -8076,6 +8242,8 @@ is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to <var>arg2</var>, respectively. <var>Arg1</var> and <var>arg2</var> may be positive or negative integers. +When used with the <code>[[</code> command, <var>Arg1</var> and <var>Arg2</var> +are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (see <a href="#Shell-Arithmetic">Shell Arithmetic</a>). </p></dd> </dl> @@ -8396,12 +8564,16 @@ special parameters ‘<samp>@</samp>’ and ‘<samp>*</samp>’ <code>unset <var>name</var>[<var>subscript</var>]</code> destroys the array element at index <var>subscript</var>. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. -Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by filename -expansion. +Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset the variable. <code>unset <var>name</var></code>, where <var>name</var> is an array, removes the entire array. A subscript of ‘<samp>*</samp>’ or ‘<samp>@</samp>’ also removes the entire array. </p> +<p>When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a command, +such as with <code>unset</code>, without using the word expansion syntax +described above, the argument is subject to the shell’s filename expansion. +If filename expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted. +</p> <p>The <code>declare</code>, <code>local</code>, and <code>readonly</code> builtins each accept a <samp>-a</samp> option to specify an indexed array and a <samp>-A</samp> option to specify an associative array. @@ -8569,7 +8741,8 @@ has a non-null value, then the value is executed just as if it had been typed on the command line. </p> <p>In addition, the following table describes the special characters which -can appear in the prompt variables <code>PS1</code> to <code>PS4</code>: +can appear in the prompt variables <code>PS0</code>, <code>PS1</code>, <code>PS2</code>, and +<code>PS4</code>: </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt><code>\a</code></dt> @@ -9102,6 +9275,11 @@ The <code>jobs</code> command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, Bash does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. </p> +<p>When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the <code>wait</code> +builtin, and job control is enabled, <code>wait</code> will return when the +job changes state. The <samp>-f</samp> option will force <code>wait</code> to wait +until the job or process terminates before returning. +</p> <hr> <a name="Job-Control-Builtins"></a> <div class="header"> @@ -9212,7 +9390,7 @@ or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. <dt><code>wait</code></dt> <dd><a name="index-wait"></a> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">wait [-n] [<var>jobspec</var> or <var>pid</var> …] +<pre class="example">wait [-fn] [<var>jobspec</var> or <var>pid</var> …] </pre></div> <p>Wait until the child process specified by each process <small>ID</small> <var>pid</var> @@ -9223,6 +9401,9 @@ If no arguments are given, all currently active child processes are waited for, and the return status is zero. If the <samp>-n</samp> option is supplied, <code>wait</code> waits for any job to terminate and returns its exit status. +If the <samp>-f</samp> option is supplied, and job control is enabled, +<code>wait</code> forces each <var>pid</var> or <var>jobspec</var> to terminate before +returning its status, intead of returning when it changes status. If neither <var>jobspec</var> nor <var>pid</var> specifies an active child process of the shell, the return status is 127. </p> @@ -9879,7 +10060,8 @@ set to either ‘<samp>emacs</samp>’ or ‘<samp>vi</samp>’. </dd> <dt><code>emacs-mode-string</code></dt> <dd><a name="index-emacs_002dmode_002dstring"></a> -<p>This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +<p>If the <var>show-mode-in-prompt</var> variable is enabled, +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. @@ -10092,9 +10274,9 @@ The default value is ‘<samp>off</samp>’. </dd> <dt><code>show-mode-in-prompt</code></dt> <dd><a name="index-show_002dmode_002din_002dprompt"></a> -<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, add a character to the beginning of the prompt +<p>If set to ‘<samp>on</samp>’, add a string to the beginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi insertion. -The mode strings are user-settable. +The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., <var>emacs-mode-string</var>). The default value is ‘<samp>off</samp>’. </p> </dd> @@ -10115,7 +10297,8 @@ The default value is ‘<samp>off</samp>’. </dd> <dt><code>vi-cmd-mode-string</code></dt> <dd><a name="index-vi_002dcmd_002dmode_002dstring"></a> -<p>This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +<p>If the <var>show-mode-in-prompt</var> variable is enabled, +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and @@ -10128,7 +10311,8 @@ The default is ‘<samp>(cmd)</samp>’. </dd> <dt><code>vi-ins-mode-string</code></dt> <dd><a name="index-vi_002dins_002dmode_002dstring"></a> -<p>This string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary +<p>If the <var>show-mode-in-prompt</var> variable is enabled, +this string is displayed immediately before the last line of the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and @@ -10321,8 +10505,9 @@ of tests. There are four parser directives used. <dt><code>$if</code></dt> <dd><p>The <code>$if</code> construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using -Readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line; -no characters are required to isolate it. +Readline. The text of the test, after any comparison operator, +extends to the end of the line; +unless otherwise noted, no characters are required to isolate it. </p> <dl compact="compact"> <dt><code>mode</code></dt> @@ -10344,6 +10529,28 @@ allows <code>sun</code> to match both <code>sun</code> and <code>sun-cmd</code>, for instance. </p> </dd> +<dt><code>version</code></dt> +<dd><p>The <code>version</code> test may be used to perform comparisons against +specific Readline versions. +The <code>version</code> expands to the current Readline version. +The set of comparison operators includes +‘<samp>=</samp>’ (and ‘<samp>==</samp>’), ‘<samp>!=</samp>’, ‘<samp><=</samp>’, ‘<samp>>=</samp>’, ‘<samp><</samp>’, +and ‘<samp>></samp>’. +The version number supplied on the right side of the operator consists +of a major version number, an optional decimal point, and an optional +minor version (e.g., ‘<samp>7.1</samp>’). If the minor version is omitted, it +is assumed to be ‘<samp>0</samp>’. +The operator may be separated from the string <code>version</code> and +from the version number argument by whitespace. +The following example sets a variable if the Readline version being used +is 7.0 or newer: +</p><div class="example"> +<pre class="example">$if version >= 7.0 +set show-mode-in-prompt on +$endif +</pre></div> + +</dd> <dt><code>application</code></dt> <dd><p>The <var>application</var> construct is used to include application-specific settings. Each program using the Readline @@ -10358,6 +10565,24 @@ key sequence that quotes the current or previous word in Bash: "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" $endif </pre></div> + +</dd> +<dt><code>variable</code></dt> +<dd><p>The <var>variable</var> construct provides simple equality tests for Readline +variables and values. +The permitted comparison operators are ‘<samp>=</samp>’, ‘<samp>==</samp>’, and ‘<samp>!=</samp>’. +The variable name must be separated from the comparison operator by +whitespace; the operator may be separated from the value on the right hand +side by whitespace. +Both string and boolean variables may be tested. Boolean variables must be +tested against the values <var>on</var> and <var>off</var>. +The following example is equivalent to the <code>mode=emacs</code> test described +above: +</p><div class="example"> +<pre class="example">$if editing-mode == emacs +set show-mode-in-prompt on +$endif +</pre></div> </dd> </dl> @@ -10597,6 +10822,25 @@ Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. </p> </dd> +<dt><code>previous-screen-line ()</code> +<a name="index-previous_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the previous +physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current +Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if point is not +greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>next-screen-line ()</code> +<a name="index-next_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"></a> +</dt> +<dd><p>Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the next +physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect if the current +Readline line does not take up more than one physical line or if the length +of the current Readline line is not greater than the length of the prompt +plus the screen width. +</p> +</dd> <dt><code>clear-screen (C-l)</code> <a name="index-clear_002dscreen-_0028C_002dl_0029"></a> </dt> @@ -10710,8 +10954,8 @@ This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. </p> </dd> -<dt><code>history-substr-search-forward ()</code> -<a name="index-history_002dsubstr_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"></a> +<dt><code>history-substring-search-forward ()</code> +<a name="index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"></a> </dt> <dd><p>Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. @@ -10720,8 +10964,8 @@ This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. </p> </dd> -<dt><code>history-substr-search-backward ()</code> -<a name="index-history_002dsubstr_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"></a> +<dt><code>history-substring-search-backward ()</code> +<a name="index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"></a> </dt> <dd><p>Search backward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. @@ -11285,11 +11529,12 @@ ring the terminal’s bell (subject to the setting of <code>bell-style</code>). </p> </dd> -<dt><code>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<var>x</var>, …)</code> -<a name="index-do_002duppercase_002dversion-_0028M_002da_002c-M_002db_002c-M_002dx_002c-_2026_0029"></a> +<dt><code>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<var>x</var>, …)</code> +<a name="index-do_002dlowercase_002dversion-_0028M_002dA_002c-M_002dB_002c-M_002dx_002c-_2026_0029"></a> </dt> -<dd><p>If the metafied character <var>x</var> is lowercase, run the command -that is bound to the corresponding uppercase character. +<dd><p>If the metafied character <var>x</var> is upper case, run the command +that is bound to the corresponding metafied lower case character. +The behavior is undefined if <var>x</var> is already lower case. </p> </dd> <dt><code>prefix-meta (<span class="key">ESC</span>)</code> @@ -11479,12 +11724,13 @@ word expansions (see <a href="#Shell-Expansions">Shell Expansions</a>). <a name="index-operate_002dand_002dget_002dnext-_0028C_002do_0029"></a> </dt> <dd><p>Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line -relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any -argument is ignored. +relative to the current line from the history for editing. +A numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use instead +of the current line. </p> </dd> -<dt><code>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</code> -<a name="index-edit_002dand_002dexecute_002dcommand-_0028C_002dxC_002de_0029"></a> +<dt><code>edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)</code> +<a name="index-edit_002dand_002dexecute_002dcommand-_0028C_002dx-C_002de_0029"></a> </dt> <dd><p>Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell commands. @@ -11574,7 +11820,9 @@ but the <code>FIGNORE</code> shell variable is used. is considered. The string is first split using the characters in the <code>IFS</code> special variable as delimiters. -Shell quoting is honored. +Shell quoting is honored within the string, in order to provide a +mechanism for the words to contain shell metacharacters or characters +in the value of <code>IFS</code>. Each word is then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, @@ -12013,7 +12261,7 @@ a shell function and bind it to a particular command using <code>complete -F</co </p> <p>The following function provides completions for the <code>cd</code> builtin. It is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when -used for completion. This function uses the word passsed as <code>$2</code> +used for completion. This function uses the word passed as <code>$2</code> to determine the directory name to complete. You can also use the <code>COMP_WORDS</code> array variable; the current word is indexed by the <code>COMP_CWORD</code> variable. @@ -12220,7 +12468,7 @@ The <code>lithist</code> shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. The <code>shopt</code> builtin is used to set these options. -See <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>, for a description of <code>shopt</code>. +See <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>, for a description of <code>shopt</code>. </p> <hr> <a name="Bash-History-Builtins"></a> @@ -12250,8 +12498,8 @@ Both <var>first</var> and <var>last</var> may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the -current command number). If <var>last</var> is not specified it is set to -<var>first</var>. If <var>first</var> is not specified it is set to the previous +current command number). If <var>last</var> is not specified, it is set to +<var>first</var>. If <var>first</var> is not specified, it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for listing. If the <samp>-l</samp> flag is given, the commands are listed on standard output. The <samp>-n</samp> flag suppresses the command numbers when listing. The <samp>-r</samp> flag @@ -12278,6 +12526,7 @@ and typing ‘<samp>r</samp>’ re-executes the last command (see <a hre <pre class="example">history [<var>n</var>] history -c history -d <var>offset</var> +history -d <var>start</var>-<var>end</var> history [-anrw] [<var>filename</var>] history -ps <var>arg</var> </pre></div> @@ -12301,8 +12550,18 @@ with the other options to replace the history list completely. </dd> <dt><code>-d <var>offset</var></code></dt> <dd><p>Delete the history entry at position <var>offset</var>. -<var>offset</var> should be specified as it appears when the history is -displayed. +If <var>offset</var> is positive, it should be specified as it appears when +the history is displayed. +If <var>offset</var> is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater +than the last history position, so negative indices count back from the +end of the history, and an index of ‘<samp>-1</samp>’ refers to the current +<code>history -d</code> command. +</p> +</dd> +<dt><code>-d <var>start</var>-<var>end</var></code></dt> +<dd><p>Delete the history entries between positions <var>start</var> and <var>end</var>, +inclusive. Positive and negative values for <var>start</var> and <var>end</var> +are interpreted as described above. </p> </dd> <dt><code>-a</code></dt> @@ -12366,7 +12625,9 @@ arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly. </p> <p>History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line -is read, before the shell breaks it into words. +is read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed +on each line individually without taking quoting on previous lines into +account. </p> <p>History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list should be used during substitution. @@ -12385,7 +12646,7 @@ also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted string. </p> <p>Several shell options settable with the <code>shopt</code> -builtin (see <a href="#Bash-Builtins">Bash Builtins</a>) may be used to tailor +builtin (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>) may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion. If the <code>histverify</code> shell option is enabled, and Readline is being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to @@ -12728,11 +12989,27 @@ may remove or edit it. <code>configure</code> script understands, type </p> <div class="example"> -<pre class="example">bash-2.04$ ./configure --help +<pre class="example">bash-4.2$ ./configure --help </pre></div> <p>at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory. </p> +<p>If you want to build Bash in a directory separate from the source +directory – to build for multiple architectures, for example – +just use the full path to the configure script. The following commands +will build bash in a directory under <samp>/usr/local/build</samp> from +the source code in <samp>/usr/local/src/bash-4.4</samp>: +</p> +<div class="example"> +<pre class="example">mkdir /usr/local/build/bash-4.4 +cd /usr/local/build/bash-4.4 +bash /usr/local/src/bash-4.4/configure +make +</pre></div> + +<p>See <a href="#Compiling-For-Multiple-Architectures">Compiling For Multiple Architectures</a> for more information +about building in a directory separate from the source. +</p> <p>If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please try to figure out how <code>configure</code> could check whether or not to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to @@ -12794,7 +13071,9 @@ own directory. To do this, you must use a version of <code>make</code> that supports the <code>VPATH</code> variable, such as GNU <code>make</code>. <code>cd</code> to the directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run -the <code>configure</code> script from the source directory. You may need to +the <code>configure</code> script from the source directory +(see <a href="#Basic-Installation">Basic Installation</a>). +You may need to supply the <samp>--srcdir=PATH</samp> argument to tell <code>configure</code> where the source files are. <code>configure</code> automatically checks for the source code in the directory that <code>configure</code> is in and in ‘..’. @@ -13097,6 +13376,13 @@ This allows pipelines as well as shell builtins and functions to be timed. <dd><p>Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). </p> </dd> +<dt><code>--enable-dev-fd-stat-broken</code></dt> +<dd><p>If calling <code>stat</code> on /dev/fd/<var>N</var> returns different results than +calling <code>fstat</code> on file descriptor <var>N</var>, supply this option to +enable a workaround. +This has implications for conditional commands that test file attributes. +</p> +</dd> <dt><code>--enable-direxpand-default</code></dt> <dd><p>Cause the <code>direxpand</code> shell option (see <a href="#The-Shopt-Builtin">The Shopt Builtin</a>) to be enabled by default when the shell starts. @@ -13184,7 +13470,7 @@ If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect. </dd> <dt><code>--enable-prompt-string-decoding</code></dt> <dd><p>Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters -in the <code>$PS1</code>, <code>$PS2</code>, <code>$PS3</code>, and <code>$PS4</code> prompt +in the <code>$PS0</code>, <code>$PS1</code>, <code>$PS2</code>, and <code>$PS4</code> prompt strings. See <a href="#Controlling-the-Prompt">Controlling the Prompt</a>, for a complete list of prompt string escape sequences. </p> @@ -13692,7 +13978,7 @@ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. </pre></div> -<ol> +<ol start="0"> <li> PREAMBLE <p>The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other @@ -13868,7 +14154,7 @@ Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: </p> -<ol> +<ol type="A" start="1"> <li> Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section @@ -14614,6 +14900,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Function Index</a>, Pre <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fALIASES"><code>BASH_ALIASES</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fARGC"><code>BASH_ARGC</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fARGV"><code>BASH_ARGV</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fARGV0"><code>BASH_ARGV0</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fCMDS"><code>BASH_CMDS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fCOMMAND"><code>BASH_COMMAND</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-BASH_005fCOMPAT"><code>BASH_COMPAT</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr> @@ -14666,6 +14953,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Function-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Function Index</a>, Pre <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enable_002dbracketed_002dpaste"><code>enable-bracketed-paste</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-enable_002dkeypad"><code>enable-keypad</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ENV"><code>ENV</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPOCHREALTIME"><code>EPOCHREALTIME</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EPOCHSECONDS"><code>EPOCHSECONDS</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EUID"><code>EUID</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-EXECIGNORE"><code>EXECIGNORE</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Bash-Variables">Bash Variables</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expand_002dtilde"><code>expand-tilde</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Readline-Init-File-Syntax">Readline Init File Syntax</a></td></tr> @@ -14937,7 +15226,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-delete_002dhorizontal_002dspace-_0028_0029"><code>delete-horizontal-space ()</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Killing">Commands For Killing</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-digit_002dargument-_0028M_002d0_002c-M_002d1_002c-_2026-M_002d_002d_0029"><code>digit-argument (<kbd>M-0</kbd>, <kbd>M-1</kbd>, … <kbd>M--</kbd>)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Numeric-Arguments">Numeric Arguments</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-display_002dshell_002dversion-_0028C_002dx-C_002dv_0029"><code>display-shell-version (C-x C-v)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-do_002duppercase_002dversion-_0028M_002da_002c-M_002db_002c-M_002dx_002c-_2026_0029"><code>do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-<var>x</var>, …)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-do_002dlowercase_002dversion-_0028M_002dA_002c-M_002dB_002c-M_002dx_002c-_2026_0029"><code>do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-<var>x</var>, …)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-downcase_002dword-_0028M_002dl_0029"><code>downcase-word (M-l)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dump_002dfunctions-_0028_0029"><code>dump-functions ()</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dump_002dmacros-_0028_0029"><code>dump-macros ()</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr> @@ -14945,7 +15234,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dynamic_002dcomplete_002dhistory-_0028M_002dTAB_0029"><code>dynamic-complete-history (M-<span class="key">TAB</span>)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-edit_002dand_002dexecute_002dcommand-_0028C_002dxC_002de_0029"><code>edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-edit_002dand_002dexecute_002dcommand-_0028C_002dx-C_002de_0029"><code>edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028C_002dx-_0029_0029"><code>end-kbd-macro (C-x ))</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dfile-_0028usually-C_002dd_0029"><code><i>end-of-file</i> (usually C-d)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Text">Commands For Text</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-end_002dof_002dhistory-_0028M_002d_003e_0029"><code>end-of-history (M->)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr> @@ -14968,8 +15257,8 @@ Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dexpand_002dline-_0028M_002d_005e_0029"><code>history-expand-line (M-^)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"><code>history-search-backward ()</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"><code>history-search-forward ()</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsubstr_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"><code>history-substr-search-backward ()</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr> -<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsubstr_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"><code>history-substr-search-forward ()</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dbackward-_0028_0029"><code>history-substring-search-backward ()</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-history_002dsubstring_002dsearch_002dforward-_0028_0029"><code>history-substring-search-forward ()</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insert_002dcomment-_0028M_002d_0023_0029"><code>insert-comment (M-#)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr> @@ -14989,6 +15278,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previ <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-N">N</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-next_002dhistory-_0028C_002dn_0029"><code>next-history (C-n)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-next_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>next-screen-line ()</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dincremental_002dforward_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dn_0029"><code>non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-non_002dincremental_002dreverse_002dsearch_002dhistory-_0028M_002dp_0029"><code>non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> @@ -15005,6 +15295,7 @@ Next: <a href="#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previ <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-possible_002dvariable_002dcompletions-_0028C_002dx-_0024_0029"><code>possible-variable-completions (C-x $)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Completion">Commands For Completion</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-prefix_002dmeta-_0028ESC_0029"><code>prefix-meta (<span class="key">ESC</span>)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-previous_002dhistory-_0028C_002dp_0029"><code>previous-history (C-p)</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-History">Commands For History</a></td></tr> +<tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-previous_002dscreen_002dline-_0028_0029"><code>previous-screen-line ()</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Commands-For-Moving">Commands For Moving</a></td></tr> <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-print_002dlast_002dkbd_002dmacro-_0028_0029"><code>print-last-kbd-macro ()</code></a>:</td><td> </td><td valign="top"><a href="#Keyboard-Macros">Keyboard Macros</a></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr> <tr><th><a name="Function-Index_fn_letter-Q">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr> diff --git a/doc/bashref.info b/doc/bashref.info index 28b06109..29dd0eff 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.info +++ b/doc/bashref.info @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ -This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.1 from +This is bashref.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.5 from bashref.texi. This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 4.4, 7 September 2016). +Bash shell (version 5.0, 15 March 2018). - This is Edition 4.4, last updated 7 September 2016, of 'The GNU Bash -Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 4.4. + This is Edition 5.0, last updated 15 March 2018, of 'The GNU Bash +Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.0. - Copyright (C) 1988-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + Copyright (C) 1988-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, @@ -27,11 +27,11 @@ Bash Features ************* This text is a brief description of the features that are present in the -Bash shell (version 4.4, 7 September 2016). The Bash home page is +Bash shell (version 5.0, 15 March 2018). The Bash home page is <http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/>. - This is Edition 4.4, last updated 7 September 2016, of 'The GNU Bash -Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 4.4. + This is Edition 5.0, last updated 15 March 2018, of 'The GNU Bash +Reference Manual', for 'Bash', Version 5.0. Bash contains features that appear in other popular shells, and some features that only appear in Bash. Some of the shells that Bash has @@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ decoded as follows: question mark '\NNN' the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value NNN (one to - three digits) + three octal digits) '\xHH' the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value HH (one or two hex digits) @@ -586,16 +586,20 @@ information. If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (*note Lists::), the shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete. - Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell (*note -Command Execution Environment::). The exit status of a pipeline is the -exit status of the last command in the pipeline, unless the 'pipefail' -option is enabled (*note The Set Builtin::). If 'pipefail' is enabled, -the pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) -command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit -successfully. If the reserved word '!' precedes the pipeline, the exit -status is the logical negation of the exit status as described above. -The shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to terminate before -returning a value. + Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell, which is +a separate process (*note Command Execution Environment::). If the +'lastpipe' option is enabled using the 'shopt' builtin (*note The Shopt +Builtin::), the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell +process. + + The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command +in the pipeline, unless the 'pipefail' option is enabled (*note The Set +Builtin::). If 'pipefail' is enabled, the pipeline's return status is +the value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero +status, or zero if all commands exit successfully. If the reserved word +'!' precedes the pipeline, the exit status is the logical negation of +the exit status as described above. The shell waits for all commands in +the pipeline to terminate before returning a value. File: bashref.info, Node: Lists, Next: Compound Commands, Prev: Pipelines, Up: Shell Commands @@ -633,7 +637,7 @@ executed with left associativity. COMMAND1 && COMMAND2 COMMAND2 is executed if, and only if, COMMAND1 returns an exit status of -zero. +zero (success). An OR list has the form COMMAND1 || COMMAND2 @@ -656,11 +660,12 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Compound Commands, Next: Coprocesses, Prev: Lists, * Conditional Constructs:: Shell commands for conditional execution. * Command Grouping:: Ways to group commands. -Compound commands are the shell programming constructs. Each construct -begins with a reserved word or control operator and is terminated by a -corresponding reserved word or operator. Any redirections (*note -Redirections::) associated with a compound command apply to all commands -within that compound command unless explicitly overridden. +Compound commands are the shell programming language constructs. Each +construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is +terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator. Any +redirections (*note Redirections::) associated with a compound command +apply to all commands within that compound command unless explicitly +overridden. In most cases a list of commands in a compound command's description may be separated from the rest of the command by one or more newlines, @@ -705,14 +710,16 @@ syntax, it may be replaced with one or more newlines. for NAME [ [in [WORDS ...] ] ; ] do COMMANDS; done - Expand WORDS, and execute COMMANDS once for each member in the - resultant list, with NAME bound to the current member. If 'in - WORDS' is not present, the 'for' command executes the COMMANDS once - for each positional parameter that is set, as if 'in "$@"' had been - specified (*note Special Parameters::). The return status is the - exit status of the last command that executes. If there are no - items in the expansion of WORDS, no commands are executed, and the - return status is zero. + Expand WORDS (*note Shell Expansions::), and execute COMMANDS once + for each member in the resultant list, with NAME bound to the + current member. If 'in WORDS' is not present, the 'for' command + executes the COMMANDS once for each positional parameter that is + set, as if 'in "$@"' had been specified (*note Special + Parameters::). + + The return status is the exit status of the last command that + executes. If there are no items in the expansion of WORDS, no + commands are executed, and the return status is zero. An alternate form of the 'for' command is also supported: @@ -764,20 +771,21 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Pre case WORD in [ [(] PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND-LIST ;;]... esac 'case' will selectively execute the COMMAND-LIST corresponding to - the first PATTERN that matches WORD. If the 'nocasematch' shell - option (see the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt - Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the - case of alphabetic characters. The '|' is used to separate - multiple patterns, and the ')' operator terminates a pattern list. - A list of patterns and an associated command-list is known as a - CLAUSE. + the first PATTERN that matches WORD. The match is performed + according to the rules described below in *note Pattern Matching::. + If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of 'shopt' + in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed + without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The '|' is + used to separate multiple patterns, and the ')' operator terminates + a pattern list. A list of patterns and an associated command-list + is known as a CLAUSE. Each clause must be terminated with ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The WORD undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command - substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before - matching is attempted. Each PATTERN undergoes tilde expansion, - parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic - expansion. + substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal (*note Shell + Parameter Expansion::) before matching is attempted. Each PATTERN + undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command + substitution, and arithmetic expansion. There may be an arbitrary number of 'case' clauses, each terminated by a ';;', ';&', or ';;&'. The first pattern that matches @@ -904,7 +912,7 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Pre variable LINE) if there is a sequence of characters in the value consisting of any number, including zero, of space characters, zero or one instances of 'a', then a 'b': - [[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]] + [[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*?(a)b ]] That means values like 'aab' and ' aaaaaab' will match, as will a line containing a 'b' anywhere in its value. @@ -917,7 +925,7 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Conditional Constructs, Next: Command Grouping, Pre to the shell's quote removal. Using a shell variable to store the pattern decreases these problems. For example, the following is equivalent to the above: - pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b' + pattern='[[:space:]]*?(a)b' [[ $line =~ $pattern ]] If you want to match a character that's special to the regular @@ -1030,7 +1038,8 @@ a file descriptor in the executing shell, and that file descriptor is assigned to 'NAME'[1]. This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the command (*note Redirections::). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using -standard word expansions. The file descriptors are not available in +standard word expansions. Other than those created to execute command +and process substitutions, the file descriptors are not available in subshells. The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is @@ -1119,7 +1128,7 @@ first. Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in parallel, similar to 'cat file | bash'. It is not uncommon to take a list of filenames, create a series of shell commands to operate on them, -and feed that list of commnds to a shell. Parallel can speed this up. +and feed that list of commands to a shell. Parallel can speed this up. Assuming that 'file' contains a list of shell commands, one per line, parallel -j 10 < file @@ -1210,7 +1219,57 @@ last command executed before the 'return'. Variables local to the function may be declared with the 'local' builtin. These variables are visible only to the function and the -commands it invokes. +commands it invokes. This is particularly important when a shell +function calls other functions. + + Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at +previous scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function +hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments +refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified. +When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. + + The shell uses DYNAMIC SCOPING to control a variable's visibility +within functions. With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their +values are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused +execution to reach the current function. The value of a variable that a +function sees depends on its value within its caller, if any, whether +that caller is the "global" scope or another shell function. This is +also the value that a local variable declaration "shadows", and the +value that is restored when the function returns. + + For example, if a variable VAR is declared as local in function +FUNC1, and FUNC1 calls another function FUNC2, references to VAR made +from within FUNC2 will resolve to the local variable VAR from FUNC1, +shadowing any global variable named VAR. + + The following script demonstrates this behavior. When executed, the +script displays + + In func2, var = func1 local + + func1() + { + local var='func1 local' + func2 + } + + func2() + { + echo "In func2, var = $var" + } + + var=global + func1 + + The 'unset' builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a +variable is local to the current scope, 'unset' will unset it; otherwise +the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope as +described above. If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it +will remain so until it is reset in that scope or until the function +returns. Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a +previous scope will become visible. If the unset acts on a variable at +a previous scope, any instance of a variable with that name that had +been shadowed will become visible. Function names and definitions may be listed with the '-f' option to the 'declare' ('typeset') builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). The @@ -1218,10 +1277,7 @@ the 'declare' ('typeset') builtin command (*note Bash Builtins::). The (and optionally the source file and line number, if the 'extdebug' shell option is enabled). Functions may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with the '-f' option to the 'export' -builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Note that shell functions and -variables with the same name may result in multiple identically-named -entries in the environment passed to the shell's children. Care should -be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. +builtin (*note Bourne Shell Builtins::). Functions may be recursive. The 'FUNCNEST' variable may be used to limit the depth of the function call stack and restrict the number of @@ -1447,10 +1503,10 @@ original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves (QUOTE REMOVAL). Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion can -change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a +increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the -expansions of '"$@"' (*note Special Parameters::) and '"${NAME[@]}"' -(*note Arrays::). +expansions of '"$@"' and '$*' (*note Special Parameters::), and +'"${NAME[@]}"' and '${NAME[*]}' (*note Arrays::). After all expansions, 'quote removal' (*note Quote Removal::) is performed. @@ -1492,9 +1548,7 @@ each term. The default increment is 1 or -1 as appropriate. Brace expansion is performed before any other expansions, and any characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is strictly textual. Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation -to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. To -avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string '${' is not -considered eligible for brace expansion. +to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid sequence @@ -1503,7 +1557,7 @@ expression. Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. A { or ',' may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string '${' is not considered eligible for -brace expansion. +brace expansion, and inhibits brace expansion until the closing '}'.. This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the above example: @@ -1603,12 +1657,14 @@ PARAMETER is not a NAMEREF, it introduces a level of variable indirection. Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of PARAMETER as the name of the variable; this variable is then expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the -value of PARAMETER itself. This is known as 'indirect expansion'. If -PARAMETER is a nameref, this expands to the name of the variable -referenced by PARAMETER instead of performing the complete indirect -expansion. The exceptions to this are the expansions of ${!PREFIX*} and -${!NAME[@]} described below. The exclamation point must immediately -follow the left brace in order to introduce indirection. +value of PARAMETER itself. This is known as 'indirect expansion'. The +value is subject to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command +substitution, and arithmetic expansion. If PARAMETER is a nameref, this +expands to the name of the variable referenced by PARAMETER instead of +performing the complete indirect expansion. The exceptions to this are +the expansions of ${!PREFIX*} and ${!NAME[@]} described below. The +exclamation point must immediately follow the left brace in order to +introduce indirection. In each of the cases below, WORD is subject to tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. @@ -1668,7 +1724,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo ${string:7} 7890abcdefgh $ echo ${string:7:0} - + $ echo ${string:7:2} 78 $ echo ${string:7:-2} @@ -1676,7 +1732,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo ${string: -7} bcdefgh $ echo ${string: -7:0} - + $ echo ${string: -7:2} bc $ echo ${string: -7:-2} @@ -1685,7 +1741,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo ${1:7} 7890abcdefgh $ echo ${1:7:0} - + $ echo ${1:7:2} 78 $ echo ${1:7:-2} @@ -1693,7 +1749,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo ${1: -7} bcdefgh $ echo ${1: -7:0} - + $ echo ${1: -7:2} bc $ echo ${1: -7:-2} @@ -1702,7 +1758,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo ${array[0]:7} 7890abcdefgh $ echo ${array[0]:7:0} - + $ echo ${array[0]:7:2} 78 $ echo ${array[0]:7:-2} @@ -1710,7 +1766,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo ${array[0]: -7} bcdefgh $ echo ${array[0]: -7:0} - + $ echo ${array[0]: -7:2} bc $ echo ${array[0]: -7:-2} @@ -1729,7 +1785,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo ${@:7} 7 8 9 0 a b c d e f g h $ echo ${@:7:0} - + $ echo ${@:7:2} 7 8 $ echo ${@:7:-2} @@ -1741,7 +1797,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo ${@:0:2} ./bash 1 $ echo ${@: -7:0} - + If PARAMETER is an indexed array name subscripted by '@' or '*', the result is the LENGTH members of the array beginning with @@ -1766,7 +1822,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. $ echo ${array[@]:0:2} 0 1 $ echo ${array[@]: -7:0} - + Substring expansion applied to an associative array produces undefined results. @@ -1803,22 +1859,23 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. '${PARAMETER#WORD}' '${PARAMETER##WORD}' - The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename - expansion (*note Filename Expansion::). If the pattern matches the - beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result of - the expansion is the expanded value of PARAMETER with the shortest - matching pattern (the '#' case) or the longest matching pattern - (the '##' case) deleted. If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the pattern - removal operation is applied to each positional parameter in turn, - and the expansion is the resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array - variable subscripted with '@' or '*', the pattern removal operation - is applied to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion - is the resultant list. + The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to + the rules described below (*note Pattern Matching::). If the + pattern matches the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER, + then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of PARAMETER + with the shortest matching pattern (the '#' case) or the longest + matching pattern (the '##' case) deleted. If PARAMETER is '@' or + '*', the pattern removal operation is applied to each positional + parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If + PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or '*', the + pattern removal operation is applied to each member of the array in + turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. '${PARAMETER%WORD}' '${PARAMETER%%WORD}' - The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename - expansion. If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the + The WORD is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to + the rules described below (*note Pattern Matching::). If the + pattern matches If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of PARAMETER, then the result of the expansion is the value of PARAMETER with the shortest matching pattern (the '%' case) or the longest matching pattern (the '%%' case) deleted. If @@ -1832,21 +1889,23 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. The PATTERN is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename expansion. PARAMETER is expanded and the longest match of PATTERN - against its value is replaced with STRING. If PATTERN begins with - '/', all matches of PATTERN are replaced with STRING. Normally - only the first match is replaced. If PATTERN begins with '#', it - must match at the beginning of the expanded value of PARAMETER. If - PATTERN begins with '%', it must match at the end of the expanded - value of PARAMETER. If STRING is null, matches of PATTERN are - deleted and the '/' following PATTERN may be omitted. If the - 'nocasematch' shell option (see the description of 'shopt' in *note - The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, the match is performed without - regard to the case of alphabetic characters. If PARAMETER is '@' - or '*', the substitution operation is applied to each positional - parameter in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. If - PARAMETER is an array variable subscripted with '@' or '*', the - substitution operation is applied to each member of the array in - turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. + against its value is replaced with STRING. The match is performed + according to the rules described below (*note Pattern Matching::). + If PATTERN begins with '/', all matches of PATTERN are replaced + with STRING. Normally only the first match is replaced. If + PATTERN begins with '#', it must match at the beginning of the + expanded value of PARAMETER. If PATTERN begins with '%', it must + match at the end of the expanded value of PARAMETER. If STRING is + null, matches of PATTERN are deleted and the '/' following PATTERN + may be omitted. If the 'nocasematch' shell option (see the + description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::) is enabled, + the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic + characters. If PARAMETER is '@' or '*', the substitution operation + is applied to each positional parameter in turn, and the expansion + is the resultant list. If PARAMETER is an array variable + subscripted with '@' or '*', the substitution operation is applied + to each member of the array in turn, and the expansion is the + resultant list. '${PARAMETER^PATTERN}' '${PARAMETER^^PATTERN}' @@ -1881,7 +1940,7 @@ omitted, the operator tests only for existence. 'E' The expansion is a string that is the value of PARAMETER with backslash escape sequences expanded as with the '$'...'' - quoting mechansim. + quoting mechanism. 'P' The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of PARAMETER as if it were a prompt string (*note @@ -2046,17 +2105,22 @@ performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character '.' at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be matched -explicitly, unless the shell option 'dotglob' is set. When matching a -filename, the slash character must always be matched explicitly. In -other cases, the '.' character is not treated specially. +explicitly, unless the shell option 'dotglob' is set. The filenames '.' +and '..' must always be matched explicitly, even if 'dotglob' is set. +In other cases, the '.' character is not treated specially. + + When matching a filename, the slash character must always be matched +explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching contexts it +can be matched by a special pattern character as described below (*note +Pattern Matching::). See the description of 'shopt' in *note The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of the 'nocaseglob', 'nullglob', 'failglob', and 'dotglob' options. The 'GLOBIGNORE' shell variable may be used to restrict the set of -filenames matching a pattern. If 'GLOBIGNORE' is set, each matching -filename that also matches one of the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is +file names matching a pattern. If 'GLOBIGNORE' is set, each matching +file name that also matches one of the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is removed from the list of matches. If the 'nocaseglob' option is set, the matching against the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE' is performed without regard to case. The filenames '.' and '..' are always ignored when @@ -2149,6 +2213,12 @@ of the following sub-patterns: '!(PATTERN-LIST)' Matches anything except one of the given patterns. + Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, +especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings +contain multiple matches. Using separate matches against shorter +strings, or using arrays of strings instead of a single long string, may +be faster. + File: bashref.info, Node: Quote Removal, Prev: Filename Expansion, Up: Shell Expansions @@ -2180,7 +2250,9 @@ instead be preceded by a word of the form {VARNAME}. In this case, for each redirection operator except >&- and <&-, the shell will allocate a file descriptor greater than 10 and assign it to {VARNAME}. If >&- or <&- is preceded by {VARNAME}, the value of VARNAME defines the file -descriptor to close. +descriptor to close. If {VARNAME} is supplied, the redirection persists +beyond the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage +the file descriptor himself. In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is '<', the @@ -2344,12 +2416,11 @@ fashion. A variant of here documents, the format is: [N]<<< WORD - The WORD undergoes brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and -variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and -quote removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed. -The result is supplied as a single string, with a newline appended, to -the command on its standard input (or file descriptor N if N is -specified). + The WORD undergoes tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Pathname +expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is supplied +as a single string, with a newline appended, to the command on its +standard input (or file descriptor N if N is specified). 3.6.8 Duplicating File Descriptors ---------------------------------- @@ -2486,11 +2557,11 @@ taken. '$PATH' is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function named 'command_not_found_handle'. If that - function exists, it is invoked with the original command and the - original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's - exit status becomes the exit status of the shell. If that function - is not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an - exit status of 127. + function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment + with the original command and the original command's arguments as + its arguments, and the function's exit status becomes the exit + status of that subshell. If that function is not defined, the + shell prints an error message and returns an exit status of 127. 4. If the search is successful, or if the command name contains one or more slashes, the shell executes the named program in a separate @@ -2783,13 +2854,13 @@ Completion Builtins::). Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting options preceded by '-' accepts '--' to signify the end of the options. -The ':', 'true', 'false', and 'test' builtins do not accept options and -do not treat '--' specially. The 'exit', 'logout', 'return', 'break', -'continue', 'let', and 'shift' builtins accept and process arguments -beginning with '-' without requiring '--'. Other builtins that accept -arguments but are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments -beginning with '-' as invalid options and require '--' to prevent this -interpretation. +The ':', 'true', 'false', and 'test'/'[' builtins do not accept options +and do not treat '--' specially. The 'exit', 'logout', 'return', +'break', 'continue', 'let', and 'shift' builtins accept and process +arguments beginning with '-' without requiring '--'. Other builtins +that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting options +interpret arguments beginning with '-' as invalid options and require +'--' to prevent this interpretation. File: bashref.info, Node: Bourne Shell Builtins, Next: Bash Builtins, Up: Shell Builtin Commands @@ -2904,10 +2975,11 @@ standard. If COMMAND cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless the 'execfail' shell option is enabled. In that case, it returns failure. An interactive shell returns - failure if the file cannot be executed. If no COMMAND is - specified, redirections may be used to affect the current shell - environment. If there are no redirection errors, the return status - is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero. + failure if the file cannot be executed. A subshell exits + unconditionally if 'exec' fails. If no COMMAND is specified, + redirections may be used to affect the current shell environment. + If there are no redirection errors, the return status is zero; + otherwise the return status is non-zero. 'exit' exit [N] @@ -2988,7 +3060,7 @@ standard. locations. The '-d' option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each NAME. If the '-t' option is supplied, the full pathname to which each NAME corresponds is printed. If - multiple NAME arguments are supplied with '-t' the NAME is printed + multiple NAME arguments are supplied with '-t', the NAME is printed before the hashed full pathname. The '-l' option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or if only '-l' is supplied, information about @@ -3032,7 +3104,7 @@ standard. status of the last command executed in the function. If 'return' is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler. - if 'return' is executed during a 'DEBUG' trap, the last command + If 'return' is executed during a 'DEBUG' trap, the last command used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap handler before 'return' was invoked. 'return' may also be used to terminate execution of a script being executed with the '.' @@ -3096,7 +3168,7 @@ standard. The expression is false. 1 argument - The expression is true if and only if the argument is not + The expression is true if, and only if, the argument is not null. 2 arguments @@ -3600,7 +3672,8 @@ standard. '-d' The first character of DELIM is used to terminate each input - line, rather than newline. + line, rather than newline. If DELIM is the empty string, + 'mapfile' will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. '-n' Copy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are copied. @@ -3615,7 +3688,7 @@ standard. Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input. '-C' - Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUMP lines are read. The '-c' + Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUM lines are read. The '-c' option specifies QUANTUM. '-c' Specify the number of lines read between each call to @@ -3712,12 +3785,14 @@ standard. '-d DELIM' The first character of DELIM is used to terminate the input - line, rather than newline. + line, rather than newline. If DELIM is the empty string, + 'read' will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character. '-e' Readline (*note Command Line Editing::) is used to obtain the line. Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing - was not previously active) editing settings. + was not previously active) editing settings, but uses + Readline's default filename completion. '-i TEXT' If Readline is being used to read the line, TEXT is placed @@ -4236,9 +4311,10 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. option is used, those available with the '-o' option to the 'set' builtin command (*note The Set Builtin::). With no options, or with the '-p' option, a list of all settable options is displayed, - with an indication of whether or not each is set. The '-p' option - causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused as - input. Other options have the following meanings: + with an indication of whether or not each is set; if OPTNAMES are + supplied, the output is restricted to those options. The '-p' + option causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused + as input. Other options have the following meanings: '-s' Enable (set) each OPTNAME. @@ -4269,6 +4345,12 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. The list of 'shopt' options is: + 'assoc_expand_once' + If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of + associative array subscripts during arithmetic expression + evaluation and while executing builtins that can perform + variable assignments. + 'autocd' If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if it were the argument to the 'cd' command. This @@ -4301,13 +4383,16 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. are stopped. 'checkwinsize' - If set, Bash checks the window size after each command and, if - necessary, updates the values of 'LINES' and 'COLUMNS'. + If set, Bash checks the window size after each external + (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the values of + 'LINES' and 'COLUMNS'. 'cmdhist' If set, Bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line command in the same history entry. This allows easy - re-editing of multi-line commands. + re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is enabled by + default, but only has an effect if command history is enabled + (*note Bash History Facilities::). 'compat31' If set, Bash changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with @@ -4357,6 +4442,11 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. executed (this allows 'break' or 'continue' in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context). + 'compat44' + If set, Bash saves the positional parameters to BASH_ARGV and + BASH_ARGC before they are used, regardless of whether or not + extended debugging mode is enabled. + 'complete_fullquote' If set, Bash quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when performing completion. If not set, Bash @@ -4384,7 +4474,8 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. 'dotglob' If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a '.' in the - results of filename expansion. + results of filename expansion. The filenames '.' and '..' + must always be matched explicitly, even if 'dotglob' is set. 'execfail' If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it @@ -4513,6 +4604,12 @@ This builtin allows you to change additional shell optional behavior. commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. + 'localvar_inherit' + If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a + variable of the same name that exists at a previous scope + before any new value is assigned. The NAMEREF attribute is + not inherited. + 'login_shell' The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (*note Invoking Bash::). The value may not be changed. @@ -4676,7 +4773,8 @@ In some cases, Bash assigns a default value to the variable. that are expanded before 'PS1' is displayed. 'PS2' - The secondary prompt string. The default value is '> '. + The secondary prompt string. The default value is '> '. 'PS2' is + expanded in the same way as 'PS1' before being displayed. File: bashref.info, Node: Bash Variables, Prev: Bourne Shell Variables, Up: Shell Variables @@ -4706,7 +4804,9 @@ Variables::). 'BASHPID' Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process. This differs from '$$' under certain circumstances, such as subshells - that do not require Bash to be re-initialized. + that do not require Bash to be re-initialized. Assignments to + 'BASHPID' have no effect. If 'BASHPID' is unset, it loses its + special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. 'BASH_ALIASES' An associative array variable whose members correspond to the @@ -4725,7 +4825,9 @@ Variables::). subroutine is executed, the number of parameters passed is pushed onto 'BASH_ARGC'. The shell sets 'BASH_ARGC' only when in extended debugging mode (see *note The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of - the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin). + the 'extdebug' option to the 'shopt' builtin). Setting 'extdebug' + after the shell has started to execute a script may result in + inconsistent values. 'BASH_ARGV' An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current @@ -4735,7 +4837,16 @@ Variables::). the parameters supplied are pushed onto 'BASH_ARGV'. The shell sets 'BASH_ARGV' only when in extended debugging mode (see *note The Shopt Builtin:: for a description of the 'extdebug' option to - the 'shopt' builtin). + the 'shopt' builtin). Setting 'extdebug' after the shell has + started to execute a script may result in inconsistent values. + +'BASH_ARGV0' + When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or + shell script (identical to '$0'; *Note Special Parameters::, for + the description of special parameter 0). Assignment to + 'BASH_ARGV0' causes the value assigned to also be assigned to '$0'. + If 'BASH_ARGV0' is unset, it loses its special properties, even if + it is subsequently reset. 'BASH_CMDS' An associative array variable whose members correspond to the @@ -4932,6 +5043,21 @@ Variables::). Similar to 'BASH_ENV'; used when the shell is invoked in POSIX Mode (*note Bash POSIX Mode::). +'EPOCHREALTIME' + Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of + seconds since the Unix Epoch as a floating point value with + micro-second granularity (see the documentation for the C library + function TIME for the definition of Epoch). Assignments to + 'EPOCHREALTIME' are ignored. If 'EPOCHREALTIME' is unset, it loses + its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + +'EPOCHSECONDS' + Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of + seconds since the Unix Epoch (see the documentation for the C + library function TIME for the definition of Epoch). Assignments to + 'EPOCHSECONDS' are ignored. If 'EPOCHSECONDS' is unset, it loses + its special properties, even if it is subsequently reset. + 'EUID' The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable is readonly. @@ -4982,8 +5108,8 @@ Variables::). nesting level will cause the current command to abort. 'GLOBIGNORE' - A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to - be ignored by filename expansion. If a filename matched by a + A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names + to be ignored by filename expansion. If a file name matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in 'GLOBIGNORE', it is removed from the list of matches. The pattern matching honors the setting of the 'extglob' shell option. @@ -5218,10 +5344,12 @@ Variables::). with '#? ' 'PS4' - The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed - when the '-x' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::). The first - character of 'PS4' is replicated multiple times, as necessary, to - indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is '+ '. + The value of this parameter is expanded like PS1 and the expanded + value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed when + the '-x' option is set (*note The Set Builtin::). The first + character of the expanded value is replicated multiple times, as + necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default + is '+ '. 'PWD' The current working directory as set by the 'cd' builtin. @@ -5452,7 +5580,7 @@ invocation which are not available with the 'set' builtin. If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option processing, then commands are read from the standard input. This option allows the positional parameters to be set when invoking an - interactive shell. + interactive shell or when reading input through a pipe. '-D' A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by '$' is printed on @@ -5678,8 +5806,10 @@ several ways. 3. Bash expands and displays 'PS1' before reading the first line of a command, and expands and displays 'PS2' before reading the second - and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. Bash displays 'PS0' - after it reads a command but before executing it. + and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. Bash expands and + displays 'PS0' after it reads a command but before executing it. + See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list of prompt + string escape sequences. 4. Bash executes the value of the 'PROMPT_COMMAND' variable as a command before printing the primary prompt, '$PS1' (*note Bash @@ -5884,7 +6014,9 @@ link itself. arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to ARG2, respectively. ARG1 and ARG2 may be - positive or negative integers. + positive or negative integers. When used with the '[[' command, + ARG1 and ARG2 are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (*note Shell + Arithmetic::). File: bashref.info, Node: Shell Arithmetic, Next: Aliases, Prev: Bash Conditional Expressions, Up: Bash Features @@ -6122,9 +6254,15 @@ quotes. The 'unset' builtin is used to destroy arrays. 'unset NAME[SUBSCRIPT]' destroys the array element at index SUBSCRIPT. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described -above. Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by -filename expansion. 'unset NAME', where NAME is an array, removes the -entire array. A subscript of '*' or '@' also removes the entire array. +above. Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset +the variable. 'unset NAME', where NAME is an array, removes the entire +array. A subscript of '*' or '@' also removes the entire array. + + When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a +command, such as with 'unset', without using the word expansion syntax +described above, the argument is subject to the shell's filename +expansion. If filename expansion is not desired, the argument should be +quoted. The 'declare', 'local', and 'readonly' builtins each accept a '-a' option to specify an indexed array and a '-A' option to specify an @@ -6245,7 +6383,7 @@ non-null value, then the value is executed just as if it had been typed on the command line. In addition, the following table describes the special characters -which can appear in the prompt variables 'PS1' to 'PS4': +which can appear in the prompt variables 'PS0', 'PS1', 'PS2', and 'PS4': '\a' A bell character. @@ -6699,6 +6837,11 @@ command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, Bash does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. + When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the 'wait' +builtin, and job control is enabled, 'wait' will return when the job +changes state. The '-f' option will force 'wait' to wait until the job +or process terminates before returning. + File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables, Prev: Job Control Basics, Up: Job Control @@ -6775,7 +6918,7 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables, option is encountered. 'wait' - wait [-n] [JOBSPEC or PID ...] + wait [-fn] [JOBSPEC or PID ...] Wait until the child process specified by each process ID PID or job specification JOBSPEC exits and return the exit status of the @@ -6783,7 +6926,10 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Job Control Builtins, Next: Job Control Variables, the job are waited for. If no arguments are given, all currently active child processes are waited for, and the return status is zero. If the '-n' option is supplied, 'wait' waits for any job to - terminate and returns its exit status. If neither JOBSPEC nor PID + terminate and returns its exit status. If the '-f' option is + supplied, and job control is enabled, 'wait' forces each PID or + JOBSPEC to terminate before returning its status, intead of + returning when it changes status. If neither JOBSPEC nor PID specifies an active child process of the shell, the return status is 127. @@ -7272,14 +7418,14 @@ Variable Settings This variable can be set to either 'emacs' or 'vi'. 'emacs-mode-string' - This string is displayed immediately before the last line of - the primary prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The - value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of - meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is - available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end - sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to - embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The - default is '@'. + If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary + prompt when emacs editing mode is active. The value is + expanded like a key binding, so the standard set of meta- and + control prefixes and backslash escape sequences is available. + Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end sequences of + non-printing characters, which can be used to embed a terminal + control sequence into the mode string. The default is '@'. 'enable-bracketed-paste' When set to 'On', Readline will configure the terminal in a @@ -7431,10 +7577,10 @@ Variable Settings default value is 'off'. 'show-mode-in-prompt' - If set to 'on', add a character to the beginning of the prompt + If set to 'on', add a string to the beginning of the prompt indicating the editing mode: emacs, vi command, or vi - insertion. The mode strings are user-settable. The default - value is 'off'. + insertion. The mode strings are user-settable (e.g., + EMACS-MODE-STRING). The default value is 'off'. 'skip-completed-text' If set to 'on', this alters the default completion behavior @@ -7450,24 +7596,26 @@ Variable Settings 'off'. 'vi-cmd-mode-string' - This string is displayed immediately before the last line of - the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in - command mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so - the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash - escape sequences is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes - to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which - can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode - string. The default is '(cmd)'. + If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary + prompt when vi editing mode is active and in command mode. + The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set + of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences + is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end + sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to + embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The + default is '(cmd)'. 'vi-ins-mode-string' - This string is displayed immediately before the last line of - the primary prompt when vi editing mode is active and in - insertion mode. The value is expanded like a key binding, so - the standard set of meta- and control prefixes and backslash - escape sequences is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes - to begin and end sequences of non-printing characters, which - can be used to embed a terminal control sequence into the mode - string. The default is '(ins)'. + If the SHOW-MODE-IN-PROMPT variable is enabled, this string is + displayed immediately before the last line of the primary + prompt when vi editing mode is active and in insertion mode. + The value is expanded like a key binding, so the standard set + of meta- and control prefixes and backslash escape sequences + is available. Use the '\1' and '\2' escapes to begin and end + sequences of non-printing characters, which can be used to + embed a terminal control sequence into the mode string. The + default is '(ins)'. 'visible-stats' If set to 'on', a character denoting a file's type is appended @@ -7594,8 +7742,9 @@ four parser directives used. '$if' The '$if' construct allows bindings to be made based on the editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using Readline. - The text of the test extends to the end of the line; no characters - are required to isolate it. + The text of the test, after any comparison operator, extends to the + end of the line; unless otherwise noted, no characters are required + to isolate it. 'mode' The 'mode=' form of the '$if' directive is used to test @@ -7612,6 +7761,22 @@ four parser directives used. the portion of the terminal name before the first '-'. This allows 'sun' to match both 'sun' and 'sun-cmd', for instance. + 'version' + The 'version' test may be used to perform comparisons against + specific Readline versions. The 'version' expands to the + current Readline version. The set of comparison operators + includes '=' (and '=='), '!=', '<=', '>=', '<', and '>'. The + version number supplied on the right side of the operator + consists of a major version number, an optional decimal point, + and an optional minor version (e.g., '7.1'). If the minor + version is omitted, it is assumed to be '0'. The operator may + be separated from the string 'version' and from the version + number argument by whitespace. The following example sets a + variable if the Readline version being used is 7.0 or newer: + $if version >= 7.0 + set show-mode-in-prompt on + $endif + 'application' The APPLICATION construct is used to include application-specific settings. Each program using the @@ -7625,6 +7790,20 @@ four parser directives used. "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" $endif + 'variable' + The VARIABLE construct provides simple equality tests for + Readline variables and values. The permitted comparison + operators are '=', '==', and '!='. The variable name must be + separated from the comparison operator by whitespace; the + operator may be separated from the value on the right hand + side by whitespace. Both string and boolean variables may be + tested. Boolean variables must be tested against the values + ON and OFF. The following example is equivalent to the + 'mode=emacs' test described above: + $if editing-mode == emacs + set show-mode-in-prompt on + $endif + '$endif' This command, as seen in the previous example, terminates an '$if' command. @@ -7810,6 +7989,20 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For Moving, Next: Commands For History, Up Move back to the start of the current or previous word. Words are delimited by non-quoted shell metacharacters. +'previous-screen-line ()' + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + previous physical screen line. This will not have the desired + effect if the current Readline line does not take up more than one + physical line or if point is not greater than the length of the + prompt plus the screen width. + +'next-screen-line ()' + Attempt to move point to the same physical screen column on the + next physical screen line. This will not have the desired effect + if the current Readline line does not take up more than one + physical line or if the length of the current Readline line is not + greater than the length of the prompt plus the screen width. + 'clear-screen (C-l)' Clear the screen and redraw the current line, leaving the current line at the top of the screen. @@ -7876,13 +8069,13 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Commands For History, Next: Commands For Text, Prev string must match at the beginning of a history line. This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. -'history-substr-search-forward ()' +'history-substring-search-forward ()' Search forward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a non-incremental search. By default, this command is unbound. -'history-substr-search-backward ()' +'history-substring-search-backward ()' Search backward through the history for the string of characters between the start of the current line and the point. The search string may match anywhere in a history line. This is a @@ -8226,9 +8419,10 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: Abort the current editing command and ring the terminal's bell (subject to the setting of 'bell-style'). -'do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...)' - If the metafied character X is lowercase, run the command that is - bound to the corresponding uppercase character. +'do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...)' + If the metafied character X is upper case, run the command that is + bound to the corresponding metafied lower case character. The + behavior is undefined if X is already lower case. 'prefix-meta (<ESC>)' Metafy the next character typed. This is for keyboards without a @@ -8347,10 +8541,11 @@ File: bashref.info, Node: Miscellaneous Commands, Prev: Keyboard Macros, Up: 'operate-and-get-next (C-o)' Accept the current line for execution and fetch the next line - relative to the current line from the history for editing. Any - argument is ignored. + relative to the current line from the history for editing. A + numeric argument, if supplied, specifies the history entry to use + instead of the current line. -'edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e)' +'edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e)' Invoke an editor on the current command line, and execute the result as shell commands. Bash attempts to invoke '$VISUAL', '$EDITOR', and 'emacs' as the editor, in that order. @@ -8414,13 +8609,15 @@ used to filter the matches, but the 'FIGNORE' shell variable is used. Next, the string specified as the argument to the '-W' option is considered. The string is first split using the characters in the 'IFS' -special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored. Each word is -then expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and -variable expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as -described above (*note Shell Expansions::). The results are split using -the rules described above (*note Word Splitting::). The results of the -expansion are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the -matching words become the possible completions. +special variable as delimiters. Shell quoting is honored within the +string, in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain shell +metacharacters or characters in the value of 'IFS'. Each word is then +expanded using brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable +expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion, as described +above (*note Shell Expansions::). The results are split using the rules +described above (*note Word Splitting::). The results of the expansion +are prefix-matched against the word being completed, and the matching +words become the possible completions. After these matches have been generated, any shell function or command specified with the '-F' and '-C' options is invoked. When the @@ -8770,10 +8967,9 @@ function and bind it to a particular command using 'complete -F'. The following function provides completions for the 'cd' builtin. It is a reasonably good example of what shell functions must do when used -for completion. This function uses the word passsed as '$2' to -determine the directory name to complete. You can also use the -'COMP_WORDS' array variable; the current word is indexed by the -'COMP_CWORD' variable. +for completion. This function uses the word passed as '$2' to determine +the directory name to complete. You can also use the 'COMP_WORDS' array +variable; the current word is indexed by the 'COMP_CWORD' variable. The function relies on the 'complete' and 'compgen' builtins to do much of the work, adding only the things that the Bash 'cd' does beyond @@ -8942,7 +9138,7 @@ of a multi-line command in the same history entry, adding semicolons where necessary to preserve syntactic correctness. The 'lithist' shell option causes the shell to save the command with embedded newlines instead of semicolons. The 'shopt' builtin is used to set these -options. *Note Bash Builtins::, for a description of 'shopt'. +options. *Note The Shopt Builtin::, for a description of 'shopt'. File: bashref.info, Node: Bash History Builtins, Next: History Interaction, Prev: Bash History Facilities, Up: Using History Interactively @@ -8962,8 +9158,8 @@ history file. FIRST and LAST may be specified as a string (to locate the most recent command beginning with that string) or as a number (an index into the history list, where a negative number is used as an offset - from the current command number). If LAST is not specified it is - set to FIRST. If FIRST is not specified it is set to the previous + from the current command number). If LAST is not specified, it is + set to FIRST. If FIRST is not specified, it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for listing. If the '-l' flag is given, the commands are listed on standard output. The '-n' flag suppresses the command numbers when listing. The '-r' flag @@ -8987,6 +9183,7 @@ history file. history [N] history -c history -d OFFSET + history -d START-END history [-anrw] [FILENAME] history -ps ARG @@ -9005,8 +9202,18 @@ history file. options to replace the history list completely. '-d OFFSET' - Delete the history entry at position OFFSET. OFFSET should be - specified as it appears when the history is displayed. + Delete the history entry at position OFFSET. If OFFSET is + positive, it should be specified as it appears when the + history is displayed. If OFFSET is negative, it is + interpreted as relative to one greater than the last history + position, so negative indices count back from the end of the + history, and an index of '-1' refers to the current 'history + -d' command. + + '-d START-END' + Delete the history entries between positions START and END, + inclusive. Positive and negative values for START and END are + interpreted as described above. '-a' Append the new history lines to the history file. These are @@ -9055,7 +9262,8 @@ a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly. History expansion is performed immediately after a complete line is -read, before the shell breaks it into words. +read, before the shell breaks it into words, and is performed on each +line individually without taking quoting on previous lines into account. History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list should be used during @@ -9071,15 +9279,15 @@ may be used to escape the history expansion character, but the history expansion character is also treated as quoted if it immediately precedes the closing double quote in a double-quoted string. - Several shell options settable with the 'shopt' builtin (*note Bash -Builtins::) may be used to tailor the behavior of history expansion. If -the 'histverify' shell option is enabled, and Readline is being used, -history substitutions are not immediately passed to the shell parser. -Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline editing buffer -for further modification. If Readline is being used, and the -'histreedit' shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion will be -reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction. The '-p' -option to the 'history' builtin command may be used to see what a + Several shell options settable with the 'shopt' builtin (*note The +Shopt Builtin::) may be used to tailor the behavior of history +expansion. If the 'histverify' shell option is enabled, and Readline is +being used, history substitutions are not immediately passed to the +shell parser. Instead, the expanded line is reloaded into the Readline +editing buffer for further modification. If Readline is being used, and +the 'histreedit' shell option is enabled, a failed history expansion +will be reloaded into the Readline editing buffer for correction. The +'-p' option to the 'history' builtin command may be used to see what a history expansion will do before using it. The '-s' option to the 'history' builtin may be used to add commands to the end of the history list without actually executing them, so that they are available for @@ -9319,10 +9527,24 @@ don't want to keep, you may remove or edit it. To find out more about the options and arguments that the 'configure' script understands, type - bash-2.04$ ./configure --help + bash-4.2$ ./configure --help at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory. + If you want to build Bash in a directory separate from the source +directory - to build for multiple architectures, for example - just use +the full path to the configure script. The following commands will +build bash in a directory under '/usr/local/build' from the source code +in '/usr/local/src/bash-4.4': + + mkdir /usr/local/build/bash-4.4 + cd /usr/local/build/bash-4.4 + bash /usr/local/src/bash-4.4/configure + make + + See *note Compiling For Multiple Architectures:: for more information +about building in a directory separate from the source. + If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please try to figure out how 'configure' could check whether or not to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to <bash-maintainers@gnu.org> so they can be @@ -9369,10 +9591,10 @@ time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their own directory. To do this, you must use a version of 'make' that supports the 'VPATH' variable, such as GNU 'make'. 'cd' to the directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run the 'configure' -script from the source directory. You may need to supply the -'--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell 'configure' where the source files are. -'configure' automatically checks for the source code in the directory -that 'configure' is in and in '..'. +script from the source directory (*note Basic Installation::). You may +need to supply the '--srcdir=PATH' argument to tell 'configure' where +the source files are. 'configure' automatically checks for the source +code in the directory that 'configure' is in and in '..'. If you have to use a 'make' that does not supports the 'VPATH' variable, you can compile Bash for one architecture at a time in the @@ -9611,6 +9833,12 @@ unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support. '--enable-debugger' Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). +'--enable-dev-fd-stat-broken' + If calling 'stat' on /dev/fd/N returns different results than + calling 'fstat' on file descriptor N, supply this option to enable + a workaround. This has implications for conditional commands that + test file attributes. + '--enable-direxpand-default' Cause the 'direxpand' shell option (*note The Shopt Builtin::) to be enabled by default when the shell starts. It is normally @@ -9681,7 +9909,7 @@ unless the operating system does not provide the necessary support. '--enable-prompt-string-decoding' Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped - characters in the '$PS1', '$PS2', '$PS3', and '$PS4' prompt + characters in the '$PS0', '$PS1', '$PS2', and '$PS4' prompt strings. See *note Controlling the Prompt::, for a complete list of prompt string escape sequences. @@ -10636,7 +10864,7 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands * :: Bourne Shell Builtins. (line 11) * [: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 268) + (line 269) * alias: Bash Builtins. (line 11) * bg: Job Control Builtins. (line 7) @@ -10660,7 +10888,7 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands * dirs: Directory Stack Builtins. (line 7) * disown: Job Control Builtins. - (line 89) + (line 92) * echo: Bash Builtins. (line 245) * enable: Bash Builtins. (line 294) * eval: Bourne Shell Builtins. @@ -10668,17 +10896,17 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands * exec: Bourne Shell Builtins. (line 102) * exit: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 119) + (line 120) * export: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 126) + (line 127) * fc: Bash History Builtins. (line 10) * fg: Job Control Builtins. (line 17) * getopts: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 142) + (line 143) * hash: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 185) + (line 186) * help: Bash Builtins. (line 323) * history: Bash History Builtins. (line 40) @@ -10692,38 +10920,38 @@ D.1 Index of Shell Builtin Commands * mapfile: Bash Builtins. (line 369) * popd: Directory Stack Builtins. (line 35) -* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 414) +* printf: Bash Builtins. (line 415) * pushd: Directory Stack Builtins. (line 53) * pwd: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 205) -* read: Bash Builtins. (line 458) -* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 550) + (line 206) +* read: Bash Builtins. (line 459) +* readarray: Bash Builtins. (line 553) * readonly: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 215) + (line 216) * return: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 234) + (line 235) * set: The Set Builtin. (line 11) * shift: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 255) + (line 256) * shopt: The Shopt Builtin. (line 9) -* source: Bash Builtins. (line 559) +* source: Bash Builtins. (line 562) * suspend: Job Control Builtins. - (line 101) + (line 104) * test: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 268) + (line 269) * times: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 343) + (line 344) * trap: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 349) -* type: Bash Builtins. (line 564) -* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 596) -* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 602) + (line 350) +* type: Bash Builtins. (line 567) +* typeset: Bash Builtins. (line 599) +* ulimit: Bash Builtins. (line 605) * umask: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 398) -* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 701) + (line 399) +* unalias: Bash Builtins. (line 704) * unset: Bourne Shell Builtins. - (line 416) + (line 417) * wait: Job Control Builtins. (line 76) @@ -10738,9 +10966,9 @@ D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words * !: Pipelines. (line 9) * [[: Conditional Constructs. - (line 121) + (line 122) * ]]: Conditional Constructs. - (line 121) + (line 122) * {: Command Grouping. (line 21) * }: Command Grouping. (line 21) * case: Conditional Constructs. @@ -10762,7 +10990,7 @@ D.2 Index of Shell Reserved Words * in: Conditional Constructs. (line 28) * select: Conditional Constructs. - (line 79) + (line 80) * then: Conditional Constructs. (line 7) * time: Pipelines. (line 9) @@ -10801,22 +11029,23 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index * BASH: Bash Variables. (line 13) * BASHOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 16) * BASHPID: Bash Variables. (line 25) -* BASH_ALIASES: Bash Variables. (line 30) -* BASH_ARGC: Bash Variables. (line 39) -* BASH_ARGV: Bash Variables. (line 49) -* BASH_CMDS: Bash Variables. (line 59) -* BASH_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 68) -* BASH_COMPAT: Bash Variables. (line 73) -* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 88) -* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 94) -* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 97) -* BASH_LOADABLES_PATH: Bash Variables. (line 105) -* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 109) -* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 117) -* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 124) -* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 129) -* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 152) -* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 155) +* BASH_ALIASES: Bash Variables. (line 32) +* BASH_ARGC: Bash Variables. (line 41) +* BASH_ARGV: Bash Variables. (line 53) +* BASH_ARGV0: Bash Variables. (line 64) +* BASH_CMDS: Bash Variables. (line 72) +* BASH_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 81) +* BASH_COMPAT: Bash Variables. (line 86) +* BASH_ENV: Bash Variables. (line 101) +* BASH_EXECUTION_STRING: Bash Variables. (line 107) +* BASH_LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 110) +* BASH_LOADABLES_PATH: Bash Variables. (line 118) +* BASH_REMATCH: Bash Variables. (line 122) +* BASH_SOURCE: Bash Variables. (line 130) +* BASH_SUBSHELL: Bash Variables. (line 137) +* BASH_VERSINFO: Bash Variables. (line 142) +* BASH_VERSION: Bash Variables. (line 165) +* BASH_XTRACEFD: Bash Variables. (line 168) * bell-style: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 38) * bind-tty-special-chars: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -10825,12 +11054,12 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 50) * CDPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 9) -* CHILD_MAX: Bash Variables. (line 166) +* CHILD_MAX: Bash Variables. (line 179) * colored-completion-prefix: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 55) * colored-stats: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 62) -* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 173) +* COLUMNS: Bash Variables. (line 186) * comment-begin: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 68) * completion-display-width: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -10843,88 +11072,90 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 91) * completion-query-items: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 98) -* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 225) -* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 179) -* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 208) -* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 185) -* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 190) -* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 198) -* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 212) -* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 218) +* COMPREPLY: Bash Variables. (line 238) +* COMP_CWORD: Bash Variables. (line 192) +* COMP_KEY: Bash Variables. (line 221) +* COMP_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 198) +* COMP_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 203) +* COMP_TYPE: Bash Variables. (line 211) +* COMP_WORDBREAKS: Bash Variables. (line 225) +* COMP_WORDS: Bash Variables. (line 231) * convert-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 108) -* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 231) -* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 235) +* COPROC: Bash Variables. (line 244) +* DIRSTACK: Bash Variables. (line 248) * disable-completion: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 116) * echo-control-characters: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 121) * editing-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 126) -* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 245) +* EMACS: Bash Variables. (line 258) * emacs-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 132) * enable-bracketed-paste: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 142) * enable-keypad: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 150) -* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 250) -* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 254) -* EXECIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 258) +* ENV: Bash Variables. (line 263) +* EPOCHREALTIME: Bash Variables. (line 267) +* EPOCHSECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 275) +* EUID: Bash Variables. (line 282) +* EXECIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 286) * expand-tilde: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 161) -* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 271) -* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 275) -* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 281) -* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 298) -* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 303) -* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 310) -* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 316) -* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 331) -* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 336) -* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 352) -* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 356) -* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 367) +* FCEDIT: Bash Variables. (line 299) +* FIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 303) +* FUNCNAME: Bash Variables. (line 309) +* FUNCNEST: Bash Variables. (line 326) +* GLOBIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 331) +* GROUPS: Bash Variables. (line 338) +* histchars: Bash Variables. (line 344) +* HISTCMD: Bash Variables. (line 359) +* HISTCONTROL: Bash Variables. (line 364) +* HISTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 380) +* HISTFILESIZE: Bash Variables. (line 384) +* HISTIGNORE: Bash Variables. (line 395) * history-preserve-point: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 165) * history-size: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 171) -* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 387) -* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 394) +* HISTSIZE: Bash Variables. (line 415) +* HISTTIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 422) * HOME: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 13) * horizontal-scroll-mode: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 180) -* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 402) -* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 413) -* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 416) +* HOSTFILE: Bash Variables. (line 430) +* HOSTNAME: Bash Variables. (line 441) +* HOSTTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 444) * IFS: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 18) -* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 419) +* IGNOREEOF: Bash Variables. (line 447) * input-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 187) -* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 429) +* INPUTRC: Bash Variables. (line 457) * isearch-terminators: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 195) * keymap: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 202) -* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 433) -* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 437) -* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 441) -* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 448) +* LANG: Bash Variables. (line 461) +* LC_ALL: Bash Variables. (line 465) +* LC_COLLATE: Bash Variables. (line 469) +* LC_CTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 476) * LC_MESSAGES: Locale Translation. (line 11) -* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 453) -* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 457) -* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 461) -* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 465) -* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 469) -* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 475) +* LC_MESSAGES <1>: Bash Variables. (line 481) +* LC_NUMERIC: Bash Variables. (line 485) +* LC_TIME: Bash Variables. (line 489) +* LINENO: Bash Variables. (line 493) +* LINES: Bash Variables. (line 497) +* MACHTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 503) * MAIL: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 22) -* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 479) +* MAILCHECK: Bash Variables. (line 507) * MAILPATH: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 27) -* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 487) +* MAPFILE: Bash Variables. (line 515) * mark-modified-lines: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 232) * mark-symlinked-directories: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -10935,42 +11166,42 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 249) * meta-flag: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 187) -* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 491) +* OLDPWD: Bash Variables. (line 519) * OPTARG: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 34) -* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 494) +* OPTERR: Bash Variables. (line 522) * OPTIND: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 38) -* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 498) +* OSTYPE: Bash Variables. (line 526) * output-meta: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 254) * page-completions: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 260) * PATH: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 42) -* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 501) -* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 506) -* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 515) -* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 519) -* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 523) -* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 529) +* PIPESTATUS: Bash Variables. (line 529) +* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Bash Variables. (line 534) +* PPID: Bash Variables. (line 543) +* PROMPT_COMMAND: Bash Variables. (line 547) +* PROMPT_DIRTRIM: Bash Variables. (line 551) +* PS0: Bash Variables. (line 557) * PS1: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 48) * PS2: Bourne Shell Variables. (line 53) -* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 534) -* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 539) -* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 545) -* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 548) -* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 553) -* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 557) -* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 561) +* PS3: Bash Variables. (line 562) +* PS4: Bash Variables. (line 567) +* PWD: Bash Variables. (line 575) +* RANDOM: Bash Variables. (line 578) +* READLINE_LINE: Bash Variables. (line 583) +* READLINE_POINT: Bash Variables. (line 587) +* REPLY: Bash Variables. (line 591) * revert-all-at-newline: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 270) -* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 564) -* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 570) -* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 575) -* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 584) +* SECONDS: Bash Variables. (line 594) +* SHELL: Bash Variables. (line 600) +* SHELLOPTS: Bash Variables. (line 605) +* SHLVL: Bash Variables. (line 614) * show-all-if-ambiguous: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 276) * show-all-if-unmodified: Readline Init File Syntax. @@ -10981,16 +11212,16 @@ D.3 Parameter and Variable Index (line 297) * TEXTDOMAIN: Locale Translation. (line 11) * TEXTDOMAINDIR: Locale Translation. (line 11) -* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 589) -* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 627) -* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 639) -* UID: Bash Variables. (line 643) +* TIMEFORMAT: Bash Variables. (line 619) +* TMOUT: Bash Variables. (line 657) +* TMPDIR: Bash Variables. (line 669) +* UID: Bash Variables. (line 673) * vi-cmd-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. (line 310) * vi-ins-mode-string: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 320) + (line 321) * visible-stats: Readline Init File Syntax. - (line 330) + (line 332) File: bashref.info, Node: Function Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Indexes @@ -11006,7 +11237,7 @@ D.4 Function Index * accept-line (Newline or Return): Commands For History. (line 6) * alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 124) + (line 125) * backward-char (C-b): Commands For Moving. (line 15) * backward-delete-char (Rubout): Commands For Text. (line 17) * backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout): Commands For Killing. @@ -11021,10 +11252,10 @@ D.4 Function Index * call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e): Keyboard Macros. (line 13) * capitalize-word (M-c): Commands For Text. (line 61) * character-search (C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 41) + (line 42) * character-search-backward (M-C-]): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 46) -* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 34) + (line 47) +* clear-screen (C-l): Commands For Moving. (line 48) * complete (<TAB>): Commands For Completion. (line 6) * complete-command (M-!): Commands For Completion. @@ -11054,56 +11285,56 @@ D.4 Function Index (line 46) * digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--): Numeric Arguments. (line 6) * display-shell-version (C-x C-v): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 109) -* do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 110) +* do-lowercase-version (M-A, M-B, M-X, ...): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 14) * downcase-word (M-l): Commands For Text. (line 57) * dump-functions (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 73) + (line 74) * dump-macros (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 85) + (line 86) * dump-variables (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 79) + (line 80) * dynamic-complete-history (M-<TAB>): Commands For Completion. (line 90) -* edit-and-execute-command (C-xC-e): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 138) +* edit-and-execute-command (C-x C-e): Miscellaneous Commands. + (line 140) * end-kbd-macro (C-x )): Keyboard Macros. (line 9) * end-of-file (usually C-d): Commands For Text. (line 6) * end-of-history (M->): Commands For History. (line 23) * end-of-line (C-e): Commands For Moving. (line 9) * exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 36) + (line 37) * forward-backward-delete-char (): Commands For Text. (line 21) * forward-char (C-f): Commands For Moving. (line 12) * forward-search-history (C-s): Commands For History. (line 31) * forward-word (M-f): Commands For Moving. (line 18) * glob-complete-word (M-g): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 91) + (line 92) * glob-expand-word (C-x *): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 97) + (line 98) * glob-list-expansions (C-x g): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 103) + (line 104) * history-and-alias-expand-line (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 127) + (line 128) * history-expand-line (M-^): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 117) + (line 118) * history-search-backward (): Commands For History. (line 53) * history-search-forward (): Commands For History. (line 47) -* history-substr-search-backward (): Commands For History. +* history-substring-search-backward (): Commands For History. (line 65) -* history-substr-search-forward (): Commands For History. +* history-substring-search-forward (): Commands For History. (line 59) * insert-comment (M-#): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 60) + (line 61) * insert-completions (M-*): Commands For Completion. (line 22) * insert-last-argument (M-. or M-_): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 130) + (line 131) * kill-line (C-k): Commands For Killing. (line 6) * kill-region (): Commands For Killing. @@ -11113,19 +11344,20 @@ D.4 Function Index * kill-word (M-d): Commands For Killing. (line 19) * magic-space (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 120) + (line 121) * menu-complete (): Commands For Completion. (line 26) * menu-complete-backward (): Commands For Completion. (line 38) * next-history (C-n): Commands For History. (line 17) +* next-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 41) * non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n): Commands For History. (line 41) * non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p): Commands For History. (line 35) * operate-and-get-next (C-o): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 133) + (line 134) * overwrite-mode (): Commands For Text. (line 65) * possible-command-completions (C-x !): Commands For Completion. (line 86) @@ -11140,38 +11372,39 @@ D.4 Function Index * possible-variable-completions (C-x $): Commands For Completion. (line 68) * prefix-meta (<ESC>): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 18) + (line 19) * previous-history (C-p): Commands For History. (line 13) +* previous-screen-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 34) * print-last-kbd-macro (): Keyboard Macros. (line 17) * quoted-insert (C-q or C-v): Commands For Text. (line 26) * re-read-init-file (C-x C-r): Miscellaneous Commands. (line 6) -* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 38) +* redraw-current-line (): Commands For Moving. (line 52) * reverse-search-history (C-r): Commands For History. (line 27) * revert-line (M-r): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 25) + (line 26) * self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...): Commands For Text. (line 30) * set-mark (C-@): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 32) + (line 33) * shell-backward-kill-word (): Commands For Killing. (line 33) * shell-backward-word (): Commands For Moving. (line 30) * shell-expand-line (M-C-e): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 112) + (line 113) * shell-forward-word (): Commands For Moving. (line 26) * shell-kill-word (): Commands For Killing. (line 28) * skip-csi-sequence (): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 51) + (line 52) * start-kbd-macro (C-x (): Keyboard Macros. (line 6) * tilde-expand (M-&): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 29) + (line 30) * transpose-chars (C-t): Commands For Text. (line 42) * transpose-words (M-t): Commands For Text. (line 48) * undo (C-_ or C-x C-u): Miscellaneous Commands. - (line 22) + (line 23) * universal-argument (): Numeric Arguments. (line 10) * unix-filename-rubout (): Commands For Killing. (line 41) @@ -11273,7 +11506,7 @@ D.5 Concept Index * history list: Bash History Facilities. (line 6) * History, how to use: A Programmable Completion Example. - (line 114) + (line 113) * identifier: Definitions. (line 51) * initialization file, readline: Readline Init File. (line 6) * installation: Basic Installation. (line 6) @@ -11351,134 +11584,134 @@ D.5 Concept Index Tag Table: -Node: Top897 -Node: Introduction2817 -Node: What is Bash?3033 -Node: What is a shell?4147 -Node: Definitions6685 -Node: Basic Shell Features9636 -Node: Shell Syntax10855 -Node: Shell Operation11881 -Node: Quoting13174 -Node: Escape Character14474 -Node: Single Quotes14959 -Node: Double Quotes15307 -Node: ANSI-C Quoting16585 -Node: Locale Translation17838 -Node: Comments18734 -Node: Shell Commands19352 -Node: Simple Commands20224 -Node: Pipelines20855 -Node: Lists23598 -Node: Compound Commands25327 -Node: Looping Constructs26330 -Node: Conditional Constructs28793 -Node: Command Grouping39715 -Node: Coprocesses41194 -Node: GNU Parallel43026 -Node: Shell Functions46999 -Node: Shell Parameters52205 -Node: Positional Parameters56618 -Node: Special Parameters57518 -Node: Shell Expansions60855 -Node: Brace Expansion62949 -Node: Tilde Expansion65730 -Node: Shell Parameter Expansion68078 -Node: Command Substitution82210 -Node: Arithmetic Expansion83565 -Node: Process Substitution84497 -Node: Word Splitting85617 -Node: Filename Expansion87561 -Node: Pattern Matching89845 -Node: Quote Removal93543 -Node: Redirections93838 -Node: Executing Commands103258 -Node: Simple Command Expansion103928 -Node: Command Search and Execution105858 -Node: Command Execution Environment108194 -Node: Environment111178 -Node: Exit Status112837 -Node: Signals114507 -Node: Shell Scripts116474 -Node: Shell Builtin Commands118989 -Node: Bourne Shell Builtins121023 -Node: Bash Builtins141623 -Node: Modifying Shell Behavior170268 -Node: The Set Builtin170613 -Node: The Shopt Builtin181026 -Node: Special Builtins196825 -Node: Shell Variables197804 -Node: Bourne Shell Variables198241 -Node: Bash Variables200272 -Node: Bash Features228652 -Node: Invoking Bash229551 -Node: Bash Startup Files235500 -Node: Interactive Shells240603 -Node: What is an Interactive Shell?241013 -Node: Is this Shell Interactive?241662 -Node: Interactive Shell Behavior242477 -Node: Bash Conditional Expressions245852 -Node: Shell Arithmetic250092 -Node: Aliases252909 -Node: Arrays255457 -Node: The Directory Stack260541 -Node: Directory Stack Builtins261325 -Node: Controlling the Prompt264293 -Node: The Restricted Shell267039 -Node: Bash POSIX Mode268864 -Node: Job Control279215 -Node: Job Control Basics279675 -Node: Job Control Builtins284394 -Node: Job Control Variables288924 -Node: Command Line Editing290080 -Node: Introduction and Notation291751 -Node: Readline Interaction293374 -Node: Readline Bare Essentials294565 -Node: Readline Movement Commands296348 -Node: Readline Killing Commands297308 -Node: Readline Arguments299226 -Node: Searching300270 -Node: Readline Init File302456 -Node: Readline Init File Syntax303603 -Node: Conditional Init Constructs323790 -Node: Sample Init File326315 -Node: Bindable Readline Commands329432 -Node: Commands For Moving330636 -Node: Commands For History331779 -Node: Commands For Text336068 -Node: Commands For Killing339457 -Node: Numeric Arguments341938 -Node: Commands For Completion343077 -Node: Keyboard Macros347268 -Node: Miscellaneous Commands347955 -Node: Readline vi Mode353759 -Node: Programmable Completion354666 -Node: Programmable Completion Builtins362127 -Node: A Programmable Completion Example372013 -Node: Using History Interactively377265 -Node: Bash History Facilities377949 -Node: Bash History Builtins380950 -Node: History Interaction384947 -Node: Event Designators387911 -Node: Word Designators389130 -Node: Modifiers390767 -Node: Installing Bash392169 -Node: Basic Installation393306 -Node: Compilers and Options395997 -Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures396738 -Node: Installation Names398401 -Node: Specifying the System Type399219 -Node: Sharing Defaults399935 -Node: Operation Controls400608 -Node: Optional Features401566 -Node: Reporting Bugs411823 -Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell413017 -Node: GNU Free Documentation License429869 -Node: Indexes455046 -Node: Builtin Index455500 -Node: Reserved Word Index462327 -Node: Variable Index464775 -Node: Function Index480234 -Node: Concept Index493391 +Node: Top891 +Node: Introduction2805 +Node: What is Bash?3021 +Node: What is a shell?4135 +Node: Definitions6673 +Node: Basic Shell Features9624 +Node: Shell Syntax10843 +Node: Shell Operation11869 +Node: Quoting13162 +Node: Escape Character14462 +Node: Single Quotes14947 +Node: Double Quotes15295 +Node: ANSI-C Quoting16573 +Node: Locale Translation17832 +Node: Comments18728 +Node: Shell Commands19346 +Node: Simple Commands20218 +Node: Pipelines20849 +Node: Lists23781 +Node: Compound Commands25520 +Node: Looping Constructs26532 +Node: Conditional Constructs29027 +Node: Command Grouping40082 +Node: Coprocesses41561 +Node: GNU Parallel43464 +Node: Shell Functions47438 +Node: Shell Parameters54521 +Node: Positional Parameters58934 +Node: Special Parameters59834 +Node: Shell Expansions63171 +Node: Brace Expansion65294 +Node: Tilde Expansion68018 +Node: Shell Parameter Expansion70366 +Node: Command Substitution84849 +Node: Arithmetic Expansion86204 +Node: Process Substitution87136 +Node: Word Splitting88256 +Node: Filename Expansion90200 +Node: Pattern Matching92730 +Node: Quote Removal96716 +Node: Redirections97011 +Node: Executing Commands106569 +Node: Simple Command Expansion107239 +Node: Command Search and Execution109169 +Node: Command Execution Environment111545 +Node: Environment114529 +Node: Exit Status116188 +Node: Signals117858 +Node: Shell Scripts119825 +Node: Shell Builtin Commands122340 +Node: Bourne Shell Builtins124378 +Node: Bash Builtins145036 +Node: Modifying Shell Behavior173944 +Node: The Set Builtin174289 +Node: The Shopt Builtin184702 +Node: Special Builtins201572 +Node: Shell Variables202551 +Node: Bourne Shell Variables202988 +Node: Bash Variables205092 +Node: Bash Features235106 +Node: Invoking Bash236005 +Node: Bash Startup Files241991 +Node: Interactive Shells247094 +Node: What is an Interactive Shell?247504 +Node: Is this Shell Interactive?248153 +Node: Interactive Shell Behavior248968 +Node: Bash Conditional Expressions252456 +Node: Shell Arithmetic256822 +Node: Aliases259639 +Node: Arrays262187 +Node: The Directory Stack267553 +Node: Directory Stack Builtins268337 +Node: Controlling the Prompt271305 +Node: The Restricted Shell274067 +Node: Bash POSIX Mode275892 +Node: Job Control286243 +Node: Job Control Basics286703 +Node: Job Control Builtins291671 +Node: Job Control Variables296398 +Node: Command Line Editing297554 +Node: Introduction and Notation299225 +Node: Readline Interaction300848 +Node: Readline Bare Essentials302039 +Node: Readline Movement Commands303822 +Node: Readline Killing Commands304782 +Node: Readline Arguments306700 +Node: Searching307744 +Node: Readline Init File309930 +Node: Readline Init File Syntax311077 +Node: Conditional Init Constructs331448 +Node: Sample Init File335644 +Node: Bindable Readline Commands338761 +Node: Commands For Moving339965 +Node: Commands For History341814 +Node: Commands For Text346109 +Node: Commands For Killing349498 +Node: Numeric Arguments351979 +Node: Commands For Completion353118 +Node: Keyboard Macros357309 +Node: Miscellaneous Commands357996 +Node: Readline vi Mode363949 +Node: Programmable Completion364856 +Node: Programmable Completion Builtins372450 +Node: A Programmable Completion Example382336 +Node: Using History Interactively387587 +Node: Bash History Facilities388271 +Node: Bash History Builtins391276 +Node: History Interaction395807 +Node: Event Designators398874 +Node: Word Designators400093 +Node: Modifiers401730 +Node: Installing Bash403132 +Node: Basic Installation404269 +Node: Compilers and Options407527 +Node: Compiling For Multiple Architectures408268 +Node: Installation Names409961 +Node: Specifying the System Type410779 +Node: Sharing Defaults411495 +Node: Operation Controls412168 +Node: Optional Features413126 +Node: Reporting Bugs423652 +Node: Major Differences From The Bourne Shell424846 +Node: GNU Free Documentation License441698 +Node: Indexes466875 +Node: Builtin Index467329 +Node: Reserved Word Index474156 +Node: Variable Index476604 +Node: Function Index492282 +Node: Concept Index505585 End Tag Table diff --git a/doc/bashref.pdf b/doc/bashref.pdf Binary files differindex fff99af9..9686b72e 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.pdf +++ b/doc/bashref.pdf diff --git a/doc/bashref.ps b/doc/bashref.ps index a7c58bd7..7b2de8ce 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.ps +++ b/doc/bashref.ps @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ %!PS-Adobe-2.0 -%%Creator: dvips(k) 5.996 Copyright 2016 Radical Eye Software +%%Creator: dvips(k) 5.997 Copyright 2017 Radical Eye Software %%Title: bashref.dvi -%%CreationDate: Wed Sep 7 17:14:23 2016 -%%Pages: 178 +%%CreationDate: Mon Mar 19 13:43:29 2018 +%%Pages: 182 %%PageOrder: Ascend %%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 %%DocumentFonts: CMBX12 CMR10 CMTT10 CMSL10 CMSY10 CMMI12 CMMI10 CMCSC10 @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ %DVIPSWebPage: (www.radicaleye.com) %DVIPSCommandLine: dvips -D 600 -t 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4296 y(mands],)30 b(page)h(8\).)199 4442 y(4.)61 b(P)m(erforms)40 b(the)h(v)-5 b(arious)40 b(shell)h(expansions)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5)g -([Shell)g(Expansions],)h(page)f(21\),)330 4551 y(breaking)35 +([Shell)g(Expansions],)h(page)f(22\),)330 4551 y(breaking)35 b(the)g(expanded)g(tok)m(ens)h(in)m(to)g(lists)f(of)g(\014lenames)h (\(see)g(Section)f(3.5.8)i([Filename)g(Ex-)330 4661 y(pansion],)30 -b(page)h(30\))h(and)e(commands)g(and)g(argumen)m(ts.)199 +b(page)h(31\))h(and)e(commands)g(and)g(argumen)m(ts.)199 4807 y(5.)61 b(P)m(erforms)36 b(an)m(y)i(necessary)f(redirections)g -(\(see)h(Section)f(3.6)h([Redirections],)i(page)e(32\))g(and)e(re-)330 +(\(see)h(Section)f(3.6)h([Redirections],)i(page)e(33\))g(and)e(re-)330 4916 y(mo)m(v)m(es)c(the)e(redirection)h(op)s(erators)g(and)f(their)g (op)s(erands)f(from)h(the)h(argumen)m(t)f(list.)199 5062 y(6.)61 b(Executes)31 b(the)g(command)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.7)h -([Executing)f(Commands],)f(page)h(36\).)199 5208 y(7.)61 +([Executing)f(Commands],)f(page)h(37\).)199 5208 y(7.)61 b(Optionally)40 b(w)m(aits)g(for)f(the)g(command)g(to)h(complete)g(and) f(collects)i(its)f(exit)g(status)f(\(see)h(Sec-)330 5317 -y(tion)31 b(3.7.5)h([Exit)f(Status],)g(page)g(39\).)p +y(tion)31 b(3.7.5)h([Exit)f(Status],)g(page)g(40\).)p eop end %%Page: 6 12 TeXDict begin 6 11 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 @@ -8359,11 +8358,11 @@ y(Quoting)c(can)f(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)j(disable)e(sp)s(ecial)h(treatmen)m (quoted)g(if)h(it)g(is)f(to)h(represen)m(t)g(itself.)68 b(When)39 b(the)h(command)f(history)150 1015 y(expansion)i(facilities)j (are)e(b)s(eing)f(used)g(\(see)h(Section)h(9.3)f([History)h(In)m -(teraction],)j(page)c(139\),)47 b(the)150 1124 y Fr(history)30 +(teraction],)j(page)c(142\),)47 b(the)150 1124 y Fr(history)30 b(expansion)h Fu(c)m(haracter,)h(usually)f(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(',)g(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(quoted)h(to)g(prev)m(en)m(t)g(history)g (expansion.)41 b(See)150 1234 y(Section)22 b(9.1)g([Bash)f(History)h(F) --8 b(acilities],)26 b(page)c(137,)j(for)20 b(more)h(details)h +-8 b(acilities],)26 b(page)c(140,)j(for)20 b(more)h(details)h (concerning)g(history)f(expansion.)275 1364 y(There)37 b(are)h(three)f(quoting)h(mec)m(hanisms:)56 b(the)38 b Fr(escap)s(e)g(c)m(haracter)p Fu(,)j(single)d(quotes,)i(and)d(double) @@ -8392,13 +8391,13 @@ b(quotes,)h(with)f(the)g(exception)h(of)f(`)p Ft($)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(`)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(',)g(and,)f(when)f(history)g (expansion)h(is)g(enabled,)h(`)p Ft(!)p Fu('.)150 3254 y(When)e(the)h(shell)g(is)g(in)f Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de)g(\(see)i -(Section)f(6.11)i([Bash)e(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de],)k(page)e(96\),)i(the)e(`)p +(Section)f(6.11)i([Bash)e(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de],)k(page)e(98\),)i(the)e(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')150 3364 y(has)28 b(no)g(sp)s(ecial)h(meaning)g(within)f (double)g(quotes,)h(ev)m(en)g(when)f(history)g(expansion)g(is)g (enabled.)40 b(The)150 3474 y(c)m(haracters)h(`)p Ft($)p Fu(')e(and)g(`)p Ft(`)p Fu(')g(retain)h(their)f(sp)s(ecial)h(meaning)f (within)g(double)g(quotes)h(\(see)g(Section)g(3.5)150 -3583 y([Shell)29 b(Expansions],)g(page)h(21\).)41 b(The)28 +3583 y([Shell)29 b(Expansions],)g(page)h(22\).)41 b(The)28 b(bac)m(kslash)i(retains)f(its)h(sp)s(ecial)f(meaning)g(only)g(when)f (follo)m(w)m(ed)150 3693 y(b)m(y)41 b(one)f(of)h(the)g(follo)m(wing)h (c)m(haracters:)63 b(`)p Ft($)p Fu(',)43 b(`)p Ft(`)p @@ -8418,7 +8417,7 @@ Ft(!)p Fu(')f(is)h(not)g(remo)m(v)m(ed.)275 4371 y(The)41 b(sp)s(ecial)h(parameters)f(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning)g(when)f(in)g(double)g (quotes)h(\(see)150 4481 y(Section)31 b(3.5.3)h([Shell)f(P)m(arameter)h -(Expansion],)e(page)h(23\).)150 4672 y Fk(3.1.2.4)63 +(Expansion],)e(page)h(24\).)150 4672 y Fk(3.1.2.4)63 b(ANSI-C)40 b(Quoting)150 4819 y Fu(W)-8 b(ords)43 b(of)f(the)h(form)f Ft($')p Fj(string)p Ft(')e Fu(are)j(treated)g(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)79 b(The)42 b(w)m(ord)g(expands)f(to)j Fr(string)p @@ -8432,57 +8431,57 @@ eop end TeXDict begin 7 12 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(7)150 299 y Ft(\\e)150 408 y(\\E)384 b Fu(an)30 b(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracter)h -(\(not)f(ANSI)f(C\))150 572 y Ft(\\f)384 b Fu(form)30 -b(feed)150 735 y Ft(\\n)384 b Fu(newline)150 898 y Ft(\\r)g -Fu(carriage)32 b(return)150 1061 y Ft(\\t)384 b Fu(horizon)m(tal)32 -b(tab)150 1224 y Ft(\\v)384 b Fu(v)m(ertical)32 b(tab)150 -1387 y Ft(\\\\)384 b Fu(bac)m(kslash)150 1551 y Ft(\\')g -Fu(single)31 b(quote)150 1714 y Ft(\\")384 b Fu(double)30 -b(quote)150 1877 y Ft(\\?)384 b Fu(question)31 b(mark)150 -2040 y Ft(\\)p Fj(nnn)288 b Fu(the)31 b(eigh)m(t-bit)h(c)m(haracter)g -(whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(the)h(o)s(ctal)g(v)-5 -b(alue)31 b Fr(nnn)e Fu(\(one)i(to)g(three)g(digits\))150 -2203 y Ft(\\x)p Fj(HH)288 b Fu(the)36 b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)m(haracter)f -(whose)f(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(is)g(the)g(hexadecimal)h(v)-5 -b(alue)36 b Fr(HH)46 b Fu(\(one)37 b(or)f(t)m(w)m(o)630 -2313 y(hex)30 b(digits\))150 2476 y Ft(\\u)p Fj(HHHH)192 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Ft(\\)p Fj(nnn)288 b Fu(the)36 b(eigh)m(t-bit)h(c)m(haracter)g +(whose)f(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(is)f(the)h(o)s(ctal)h(v)-5 +b(alue)36 b Fr(nnn)e Fu(\(one)i(to)h(three)f(o)s(ctal)630 +2089 y(digits\))150 2246 y Ft(\\x)p Fj(HH)288 b Fu(the)36 +b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)m(haracter)f(whose)f(v)-5 b(alue)36 +b(is)g(the)g(hexadecimal)h(v)-5 b(alue)36 b Fr(HH)46 +b Fu(\(one)37 b(or)f(t)m(w)m(o)630 2356 y(hex)30 b(digits\))150 +2513 y Ft(\\u)p Fj(HHHH)192 b Fu(the)33 b(Unico)s(de)f(\(ISO/IEC)g +(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)f(whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)g(the)g +(hexadecimal)g(v)-5 b(alue)630 2623 y Fr(HHHH)41 b Fu(\(one)31 +b(to)g(four)f(hex)g(digits\))150 2780 y Ft(\\U)p Fj(HHHHHHHH)630 +2889 y Fu(the)j(Unico)s(de)f(\(ISO/IEC)g(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)f +(whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)g(the)g(hexadecimal)g(v)-5 +b(alue)630 2999 y Fr(HHHHHHHH)42 b Fu(\(one)31 b(to)g(eigh)m(t)g(hex)g +(digits\))150 3156 y Ft(\\c)p Fj(x)336 b Fu(a)31 b(con)m(trol-)p +Fr(x)38 b Fu(c)m(haracter)150 3313 y(The)30 b(expanded)f(result)i(is)f (single-quoted,)i(as)f(if)f(the)g(dollar)h(sign)g(had)e(not)i(b)s(een)f -(presen)m(t.)150 3499 y Fk(3.1.2.5)63 b(Lo)s(cale-Sp)s(eci\014c)41 -b(T)-10 b(ranslation)150 3646 y Fu(A)28 b(double-quoted)g(string)f +(presen)m(t.)150 3510 y Fk(3.1.2.5)63 b(Lo)s(cale-Sp)s(eci\014c)41 +b(T)-10 b(ranslation)150 3657 y Fu(A)28 b(double-quoted)g(string)f (preceded)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(dollar)h(sign)e(\(`)p Ft($)p Fu('\))i(will)f(cause)g(the)g(string)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(translated)150 -3756 y(according)f(to)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale.)41 +3767 y(according)f(to)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale.)41 b(If)24 b(the)h(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale)h(is)f Ft(C)g Fu(or)g Ft(POSIX)p Fu(,)f(the)h(dollar)h(sign)f(is)g(ignored.)150 -3865 y(If)30 b(the)g(string)h(is)f(translated)h(and)f(replaced,)h(the)g -(replacemen)m(t)h(is)e(double-quoted.)275 4004 y(Some)20 +3876 y(If)30 b(the)g(string)h(is)f(translated)h(and)f(replaced,)h(the)g +(replacemen)m(t)h(is)e(double-quoted.)275 4010 y(Some)20 b(systems)h(use)f(the)h(message)h(catalog)h(selected)f(b)m(y)f(the)g Ft(LC_MESSAGES)c Fu(shell)k(v)-5 b(ariable.)39 b(Others)150 -4113 y(create)g(the)e(name)g(of)g(the)g(message)h(catalog)i(from)d(the) +4119 y(create)g(the)e(name)g(of)g(the)g(message)h(catalog)i(from)d(the) g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)g(the)h Ft(TEXTDOMAIN)c Fu(shell)j(v)-5 -b(ariable,)150 4223 y(p)s(ossibly)31 b(adding)g(a)g(su\016x)g(of)h(`)p +b(ariable,)150 4229 y(p)s(ossibly)31 b(adding)g(a)g(su\016x)g(of)h(`)p Ft(.mo)p Fu('.)43 b(If)31 b(y)m(ou)h(use)f(the)h Ft(TEXTDOMAIN)c Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)33 b(y)m(ou)f(ma)m(y)g(need)f(to)h(set)150 -4332 y(the)22 b Ft(TEXTDOMAINDIR)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)23 +4339 y(the)22 b Ft(TEXTDOMAINDIR)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)23 b(to)g(the)f(lo)s(cation)i(of)e(the)h(message)g(catalog)i(\014les.)38 -b(Still)23 b(others)f(use)g(b)s(oth)150 4442 y(v)-5 b(ariables)31 +b(Still)23 b(others)f(use)g(b)s(oth)150 4448 y(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(in)f(this)g(fashion:)41 b Ft(TEXTDOMAINDIR)p Fu(/)p -Ft(LC_MESSAGES)p Fu(/LC)p 2528 4442 28 4 v 34 w(MESSA)m(GES/)p +Ft(LC_MESSAGES)p Fu(/LC)p 2528 4448 28 4 v 34 w(MESSA)m(GES/)p Ft(TEXTDOMAIN)p Fu(.mo.)150 4645 y Fk(3.1.3)63 b(Commen)m(ts)150 4792 y Fu(In)21 b(a)i(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)h(shell,)g(or)e(an)g(in)m (teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(in)g(whic)m(h)g(the)g Ft(interactive_comments) 16 b Fu(option)150 4902 y(to)40 b(the)f Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin)h(is)h (enabled)g(\(see)h(Section)g(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f(Builtin],)k(page)e -(64\),)i(a)d(w)m(ord)150 5011 y(b)s(eginning)26 b(with)g(`)p +(65\),)i(a)d(w)m(ord)150 5011 y(b)s(eginning)26 b(with)g(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')g(causes)h(that)f(w)m(ord)g(and)g(all)h(remaining)g(c)m (haracters)g(on)f(that)h(line)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(ignored.)150 5121 y(An)43 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e(without)f(the)g @@ -8490,7 +8489,7 @@ Ft(interactive_comments)38 b Fu(option)44 b(enabled)f(do)s(es)g(not)g (allo)m(w)150 5230 y(commen)m(ts.)56 b(The)34 b Ft (interactive_comments)c Fu(option)35 b(is)g(on)g(b)m(y)g(default)g(in)g (in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)55 b(See)150 5340 y(Section)30 -b(6.3)f([In)m(teractiv)m(e)j(Shells],)d(page)h(85,)g(for)e(a)i +b(6.3)f([In)m(teractiv)m(e)j(Shells],)d(page)h(87,)g(for)e(a)i (description)e(of)h(what)g(mak)m(es)h(a)f(shell)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e.)p eop end %%Page: 8 14 @@ -8516,7 +8515,7 @@ b(page)e(3\).)54 b(The)35 b(\014rst)e(w)m(ord)i(generally)g(sp)s (eci\014es)g(a)g(command)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(executed,)j(with)150 1600 y(the)31 b(rest)f(of)h(the)f(w)m(ords)g(b)s(eing)g(that)h (command's)f(argumen)m(ts.)275 1736 y(The)h(return)h(status)g(\(see)i -(Section)f(3.7.5)h([Exit)f(Status],)h(page)f(39\))g(of)g(a)g(simple)f +(Section)f(3.7.5)h([Exit)f(Status],)h(page)f(40\))g(of)g(a)g(simple)f (command)g(is)h(its)150 1846 y(exit)38 b(status)f(as)g(pro)m(vided)f(b) m(y)h(the)g Fm(posix)f Fu(1003.1)j Ft(waitpid)c Fu(function,)j(or)f (128)p Ft(+)p Fr(n)g Fu(if)g(the)g(command)150 1956 y(w)m(as)31 @@ -8551,21 +8550,21 @@ h(it)150 3752 y(\014nishes.)51 b(The)34 b(statistics)i(curren)m(tly)e 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4519 y(of)38 b(shell)g(builtins,)i(shell)e(functions,)i(and)d(pip)s (elines.)63 b(An)38 b(external)h Ft(time)e Fu(command)h(cannot)g(time) 150 4629 y(these)31 b(easily)-8 b(.)275 4765 y(When)29 b(the)h(shell)h(is)f(in)f Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de)h(\(see)h(Section)f -(6.11)i([Bash)e(POSIX)f(Mo)s(de],)i(page)g(96\),)g Ft(time)150 +(6.11)i([Bash)e(POSIX)f(Mo)s(de],)i(page)g(98\),)g Ft(time)150 4875 y Fu(ma)m(y)26 b(b)s(e)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)j(b)m(y)d(a)h(newline.)39 b(In)25 b(this)h(case,)i(the)d(shell)h(displa)m(ys)g(the)g(total)h (user)e(and)g(system)h(time)150 4984 y(consumed)33 b(b)m(y)h(the)h @@ -8579,1826 +8578,1913 @@ Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(sp)s(ecify)150 %%Page: 9 15 TeXDict begin 9 14 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(9)275 299 -y(Eac)m(h)25 b(command)g(in)g(a)g(pip)s(eline)g(is)g(executed)h(in)f -(its)g(o)m(wn)h(subshell)e(\(see)i(Section)g(3.7.3)h([Command)150 -408 y(Execution)36 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b(is)g(0)g(if)g(the)g(string)g(matc)m(hes)h(\(`)p Ft(==)p -Fu('\))f(or)g(do)s(es)f(not)h(matc)m(h)630 1066 y(\(`)p +Fu('\))f(or)g(do)s(es)f(not)h(matc)m(h)630 1896 y(\(`)p Ft(!=)p Fu('\)the)33 b(pattern,)g(and)f(1)g(otherwise.)47 b(An)m(y)32 b(part)g(of)h(the)f(pattern)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(quoted)g(to) -630 1176 y(force)f(the)g(quoted)f(p)s(ortion)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(matc)m(hed) -h(as)g(a)f(string.)630 1316 y(An)j(additional)i(binary)e(op)s(erator,)i +630 2005 y(force)f(the)g(quoted)f(p)s(ortion)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(matc)m(hed) +h(as)g(a)f(string.)630 2146 y(An)j(additional)i(binary)e(op)s(erator,)i (`)p Ft(=~)p Fu(',)g(is)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)37 b(with)c(the)h(same)g -(precedence)h(as)630 1426 y(`)p Ft(==)p Fu(')29 b(and)f(`)p +(precedence)h(as)630 2256 y(`)p Ft(==)p Fu(')29 b(and)f(`)p Ft(!=)p Fu('.)40 b(When)29 b(it)g(is)g(used,)f(the)h(string)g(to)h(the) e(righ)m(t)i(of)f(the)g(op)s(erator)g(is)g(consid-)630 -1536 y(ered)34 b(an)g(extended)g(regular)g(expression)g(and)f(matc)m +2365 y(ered)34 b(an)g(extended)g(regular)g(expression)g(and)f(matc)m (hed)i(accordingly)g(\(as)f(in)g Fl(r)-5 b(e)g(gex)11 -b Fu(3\)\).)630 1645 y(The)29 b(return)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 +b Fu(3\)\).)630 2475 y(The)29 b(return)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(is)g(0)g(if)f(the)h(string)g(matc)m(hes)g(the)g(pattern,)g(and)f(1)h -(otherwise.)41 b(If)29 b(the)630 1755 y(regular)e(expression)g(is)h +(otherwise.)41 b(If)29 b(the)630 2585 y(regular)e(expression)g(is)h (syn)m(tactically)i(incorrect,)f(the)e(conditional)i(expression's)e -(return)630 1864 y(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(is)g(2.)68 b(If)39 +(return)630 2694 y(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(is)g(2.)68 b(If)39 b(the)h Ft(nocasematch)c Fu(shell)k(option)g(\(see)g(the)g(description) -g(of)f Ft(shopt)f Fu(in)630 1974 y(Section)32 b(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f -(Builtin],)i(page)g(64\))g(is)f(enabled,)g(the)g(matc)m(h)h(is)e(p)s -(erformed)630 2084 y(without)36 b(regard)g(to)h(the)f(case)h(of)f +g(of)f Ft(shopt)f Fu(in)630 2804 y(Section)32 b(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f +(Builtin],)i(page)g(65\))g(is)f(enabled,)g(the)g(matc)m(h)h(is)e(p)s +(erformed)630 2913 y(without)36 b(regard)g(to)h(the)f(case)h(of)f (alphab)s(etic)h(c)m(haracters.)59 b(An)m(y)36 b(part)g(of)h(the)f -(pattern)630 2193 y(ma)m(y)31 b(b)s(e)f(quoted)h(to)g(force)g(the)g +(pattern)630 3023 y(ma)m(y)31 b(b)s(e)f(quoted)h(to)g(force)g(the)g (quoted)g(p)s(ortion)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(matc)m(hed)h(as)g(a)g(string.)41 -b(Brac)m(k)m(et)630 2303 y(expressions)27 b(in)f(regular)i(expressions) +b(Brac)m(k)m(et)630 3133 y(expressions)27 b(in)f(regular)i(expressions) e(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)g(treated)h(carefully)-8 b(,)29 b(since)e(normal)g -(quot-)630 2412 y(ing)38 b(c)m(haracters)h(lose)f(their)g(meanings)f(b) +(quot-)630 3242 y(ing)38 b(c)m(haracters)h(lose)f(their)g(meanings)f(b) s(et)m(w)m(een)h(brac)m(k)m(ets.)64 b(If)37 b(the)h(pattern)f(is)h -(stored)630 2522 y(in)33 b(a)i(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)35 +(stored)630 3352 y(in)33 b(a)i(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)35 b(quoting)f(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(expansion)e(forces)i(the)f(en)m -(tire)g(pattern)g(to)630 2632 y(b)s(e)h(matc)m(hed)i(as)f(a)g(string.) +(tire)g(pattern)g(to)630 3461 y(b)s(e)h(matc)m(hed)i(as)f(a)g(string.) 56 b(Substrings)34 b(matc)m(hed)j(b)m(y)f(paren)m(thesized)g(sub)s -(expressions)630 2741 y(within)k(the)g(regular)g(expression)g(are)g(sa) +(expressions)630 3571 y(within)k(the)g(regular)g(expression)g(are)g(sa) m(v)m(ed)i(in)d(the)i(arra)m(y)f(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b -Ft(BASH_REMATCH)p Fu(.)630 2851 y(The)30 b(elemen)m(t)i(of)e +Ft(BASH_REMATCH)p Fu(.)630 3680 y(The)30 b(elemen)m(t)i(of)e Ft(BASH_REMATCH)d Fu(with)j(index)g(0)h(is)g(the)f(p)s(ortion)g(of)h -(the)f(string)h(matc)m(h-)630 2960 y(ing)j(the)g(en)m(tire)g(regular)g +(the)f(string)h(matc)m(h-)630 3790 y(ing)j(the)g(en)m(tire)g(regular)g (expression.)50 b(The)34 b(elemen)m(t)h(of)f Ft(BASH_REMATCH)c -Fu(with)j(index)g Fr(n)630 3070 y Fu(is)d(the)h(p)s(ortion)f(of)g(the)h +Fu(with)j(index)g Fr(n)630 3900 y Fu(is)d(the)h(p)s(ortion)f(of)g(the)h (string)f(matc)m(hing)i(the)e Fr(n)p Fu(th)g(paren)m(thesized)h(sub)s -(expression.)630 3211 y(F)-8 b(or)28 b(example,)h(the)e(follo)m(wing)i +(expression.)630 4041 y(F)-8 b(or)28 b(example,)h(the)e(follo)m(wing)i (will)e(matc)m(h)h(a)g(line)f(\(stored)h(in)e(the)i(shell)f(v)-5 -b(ariable)28 b Fr(line)5 b Fu(\))28 b(if)630 3320 y(there)22 +b(ariable)28 b Fr(line)5 b Fu(\))28 b(if)630 4150 y(there)22 b(is)g(a)h(sequence)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)g(in)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)23 b(consisting)g(of)f(an)m(y)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)f(including)630 -3430 y(zero,)31 b(of)g(space)g(c)m(haracters,)h(zero)f(or)g(one)f +4260 y(zero,)31 b(of)g(space)g(c)m(haracters,)h(zero)f(or)g(one)f (instances)h(of)g(`)p Ft(a)p Fu(',)f(then)g(a)h(`)p Ft(b)p -Fu(':)870 3571 y Ft([[)47 b($line)g(=~)g([[:space:]]*\(a\)?b)c(]])630 -3712 y Fu(That)24 b(means)g(v)-5 b(alues)24 b(lik)m(e)h(`)p +Fu(':)870 4401 y Ft([[)47 b($line)g(=~)g([[:space:]]*?\(a\)b)c(]])630 +4542 y Fu(That)24 b(means)g(v)-5 b(alues)24 b(lik)m(e)h(`)p Ft(aab)p 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5230 y(expression)g(meaning\),)i(but)e(in) -g(the)h(pattern)f(`)p Ft("xxx.txt")p Fu(')f(it)i(can)g(only)f(matc)m(h) -i(a)e(literal)630 5340 y(`)p Ft(.)p Fu('.)56 b(Shell)35 -b(programmers)f(should)h(tak)m(e)i(sp)s(ecial)e(care)i(with)e(bac)m -(kslashes,)i(since)f(bac)m(k-)p eop end +b(to)f(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e:)p eop end %%Page: 14 20 TeXDict begin 14 19 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 -b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(14)630 299 -y(slashes)27 b(are)g(used)f(b)s(oth)g(b)m(y)h(the)f(shell)h(and)f +b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(14)870 299 +y Ft(pattern='[[:space:]]*?\(a)o(\)b')870 408 y([[)47 +b($line)g(=~)g($pattern)e(]])630 543 y Fu(If)28 b(y)m(ou)h(w)m(an)m(t)g +(to)g(matc)m(h)h(a)e(c)m(haracter)j(that's)e(sp)s(ecial)g(to)g(the)g +(regular)f(expression)g(gram-)630 652 y(mar,)g(it)g(has)g(to)g(b)s(e)f +(quoted)h(to)g(remo)m(v)m(e)h(its)f(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning.)40 +b(This)27 b(means)g(that)h(in)g(the)630 762 y(pattern)e(`)p +Ft(xxx.txt)p Fu(',)g(the)h(`)p 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b(eatures)2246 b(28)150 299 -y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(/)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(/)p Fj(stri)o(ng)p -Ft(})630 408 y Fu(The)37 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(is)g(expanded)g(to)h(pro)s -(duce)e(a)h(pattern)g(just)g(as)h(in)e(\014lename)i(expansion.)630 -518 y Fr(P)m(arameter)46 b Fu(is)38 b(expanded)f(and)g(the)i(longest)g -(matc)m(h)g(of)f Fr(pattern)g Fu(against)h(its)f(v)-5 -b(alue)39 b(is)630 628 y(replaced)34 b(with)e Fr(string)p -Fu(.)49 b(If)33 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(b)s(egins)g(with)f(`)p -Ft(/)p Fu(',)j(all)f(matc)m(hes)g(of)f Fr(pattern)g Fu(are)h(re-)630 -737 y(placed)28 b(with)f Fr(string)p Fu(.)40 b(Normally)28 -b(only)f(the)h(\014rst)e(matc)m(h)j(is)e(replaced.)40 -b(If)27 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(b)s(egins)630 847 y(with)34 -b(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(',)h(it)g(m)m(ust)f(matc)m(h)h(at)f(the)h(b)s(eginning) -e(of)h(the)g(expanded)f(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)f Fr(parameter)p -Fu(.)630 956 y(If)g Fr(pattern)g Fu(b)s(egins)g(with)g(`)p -Ft(\045)p Fu(',)h(it)g(m)m(ust)f(matc)m(h)h(at)g(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h 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b(rev)m(ert)i(the)e(signal)i(handling) -e(to)h(the)g(original)h(disp)s(osition)e(if)h(it)g(is,)g(unless)f(that) -h(argumen)m(t)330 1273 y(consists)e(solely)g(of)g(digits)g(and)f(is)g -(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)29 b(signal)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)38 b(If)28 -b(users)g(w)m(an)m(t)h(to)g(reset)g(the)g(handler)330 -1383 y(for)h(a)g(giv)m(en)h(signal)g(to)f(the)h(original)g(disp)s +%%Page: 100 106 +TeXDict begin 100 105 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 +b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(100)154 299 y(33.)61 +b(Assignmen)m(t)35 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)f(shell)f(function)g +(calls)i(p)s(ersist)e(in)g(the)h(shell)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)330 +408 y(after)d(the)f(function)h(returns,)e(as)i(if)f(a)h +Fm(posix)e Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(builtin)f(command)g(had)g(b)s(een)g +(executed.)154 536 y(34.)61 b(The)31 b Ft(command)e Fu(builtin)i(do)s +(es)g(not)h(prev)m(en)m(t)f(builtins)g(that)h(tak)m(e)h(assignmen)m(t)f +(statemen)m(ts)h(as)f(ar-)330 646 y(gumen)m(ts)40 b(from)e(expanding)h 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y(pattern)28 b(is)f(replaced)h(with)g(the)f(text)i(of)f(the)f(w)m(ord)h (b)s(eing)f(completed.)40 b(A)28 b(literal)h(`)p Ft(&)p -Fu(')f(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(escap)s(ed)150 1224 y(with)38 +Fu(')f(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(escap)s(ed)150 2125 y(with)38 b(a)h(bac)m(kslash;)k(the)38 b(bac)m(kslash)h(is)g(remo)m(v)m(ed)g(b)s (efore)f(attempting)h(a)g(matc)m(h.)65 b(An)m(y)39 b(completion)150 -1334 y(that)32 b(matc)m(hes)g(the)g(pattern)g(will)f(b)s(e)g(remo)m(v)m +2235 y(that)32 b(matc)m(hes)g(the)g(pattern)g(will)f(b)s(e)g(remo)m(v)m (ed)h(from)f(the)h(list.)44 b(A)32 b(leading)g(`)p Ft(!)p -Fu(')f(negates)i(the)f(pattern;)150 1443 y(in)d(this)g(case)h(an)m(y)g +Fu(')f(negates)i(the)f(pattern;)150 2345 y(in)d(this)g(case)h(an)m(y)g (completion)h(not)e(matc)m(hing)h(the)g(pattern)f(will)h(b)s(e)e(remo)m -(v)m(ed.)42 b(If)29 b(the)g Ft(nocasematch)150 1553 y +(v)m(ed.)42 b(If)29 b(the)g Ft(nocasematch)150 2454 y Fu(shell)k(option)f(\(see)i(the)e(description)g(of)h Ft(shopt)e 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(de\014ned,)e(Readline's)i(default)f(completion)h(will)f(b)s(e)f(p)s -(erformed)150 3513 y(if)k(the)h(compsp)s(ec)f(\(and,)g(if)h(attempted,) +(erformed)150 4415 y(if)k(the)h(compsp)s(ec)f(\(and,)g(if)h(attempted,) g(the)g(default)f(Bash)h(completions\))h(generate)g(no)e(matc)m(hes.) -275 3647 y(When)20 b(a)i(compsp)s(ec)e(indicates)i(that)g(directory)g +275 4548 y(When)20 b(a)i(compsp)s(ec)e(indicates)i(that)g(directory)g (name)f(completion)h(is)f(desired,)i(the)e(programmable)150 -3757 y(completion)31 b(functions)e(force)i(Readline)f(to)h(app)s(end)d +4658 y(completion)31 b(functions)e(force)i(Readline)f(to)h(app)s(end)d (a)i(slash)g(to)g(completed)h(names)e(whic)m(h)h(are)g(sym-)150 -3867 y(b)s(olic)40 b(links)g(to)h(directories,)j(sub)5 +4768 y(b)s(olic)40 b(links)g(to)h(directories,)j(sub)5 b(ject)40 b(to)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(of)f(the)g Fr(mark-directories) -45 b Fu(Readline)c(v)-5 b(ariable,)150 3976 y(regardless)31 +45 b Fu(Readline)c(v)-5 b(ariable,)150 4877 y(regardless)31 b(of)f(the)h(setting)g(of)g(the)f Fr(mark-symlink)m(ed-directories)36 -b Fu(Readline)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable.)275 4110 y(There)25 +b Fu(Readline)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable.)275 5011 y(There)25 b(is)i(some)g(supp)s(ort)e(for)h(dynamically)h(mo)s(difying)f (completions.)40 b(This)26 b(is)g(most)h(useful)f(when)150 -4220 y(used)40 b(in)h(com)m(bination)i(with)e(a)g(default)h(completion) +5121 y(used)40 b(in)h(com)m(bination)i(with)e(a)g(default)h(completion) g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(with)g Ft(-D)p Fu(.)72 b(It's)42 b(p)s(ossible)f -(for)g(shell)150 4329 y(functions)28 b(executed)h(as)f(completion)i +(for)g(shell)150 5230 y(functions)28 b(executed)h(as)f(completion)i (handlers)d(to)i(indicate)g(that)g(completion)g(should)e(b)s(e)h -(retried)g(b)m(y)150 4439 y(returning)j(an)i(exit)g(status)f(of)h(124.) +(retried)g(b)m(y)150 5340 y(returning)j(an)i(exit)g(status)f(of)h(124.) 48 b(If)31 b(a)i(shell)f(function)g(returns)f(124,)k(and)c(c)m(hanges)j -(the)e(compsp)s(ec)150 4548 y(asso)s(ciated)43 b(with)e(the)g(command)g -(on)g(whic)m(h)g(completion)i(is)e(b)s(eing)g(attempted)h(\(supplied)e -(as)i(the)150 4658 y(\014rst)29 b(argumen)m(t)h(when)e(the)i(function)f -(is)g(executed\),)j(programmable)d(completion)i(restarts)f(from)f(the) -150 4768 y(b)s(eginning,)e(with)g(an)h(attempt)g(to)g(\014nd)e(a)i(new) -e(compsp)s(ec)i(for)f(that)h(command.)39 b(This)27 b(allo)m(ws)h(a)g -(set)g(of)150 4877 y(completions)33 b(to)f(b)s(e)g(built)f(dynamically) -i(as)f(completion)h(is)f(attempted,)h(rather)f(than)f(b)s(eing)g -(loaded)150 4987 y(all)g(at)g(once.)275 5121 y(F)-8 b(or)38 -b(instance,)h(assuming)e(that)h(there)f(is)h(a)f(library)g(of)g(compsp) -s(ecs,)i(eac)m(h)g(k)m(ept)e(in)g(a)h(\014le)f(corre-)150 -5230 y(sp)s(onding)g(to)j(the)f(name)f(of)h(the)g(command,)i(the)e -(follo)m(wing)h(default)f(completion)h(function)e(w)m(ould)150 -5340 y(load)31 b(completions)g(dynamically:)p eop end -%%Page: 131 137 -TeXDict begin 131 136 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 -b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(131)390 299 y Ft -(_completion_loader\(\))390 408 y({)581 518 y(.)47 b -("/etc/bash_completion.d/$1)o(.sh)o(")42 b(>/dev/null)j(2>&1)i(&&)g -(return)f(124)390 628 y(})390 737 y(complete)g(-D)h(-F)g -(_completion_loader)c(-o)k(bashdefault)e(-o)i(default)150 -972 y Fs(8.7)68 b(Programmable)47 b(Completion)f(Builtins)150 -1131 y Fu(Three)21 b(builtin)g(commands)f(are)i(a)m(v)-5 +(the)e(compsp)s(ec)p eop end +%%Page: 133 139 +TeXDict begin 133 138 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 +b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(133)150 299 y(asso)s(ciated)43 +b(with)e(the)g(command)g(on)g(whic)m(h)g(completion)i(is)e(b)s(eing)g +(attempted)h(\(supplied)e(as)i(the)150 408 y(\014rst)29 +b(argumen)m(t)h(when)e(the)i(function)f(is)g(executed\),)j +(programmable)d(completion)i(restarts)f(from)f(the)150 +518 y(b)s(eginning,)e(with)g(an)h(attempt)g(to)g(\014nd)e(a)i(new)e +(compsp)s(ec)i(for)f(that)h(command.)39 b(This)27 b(allo)m(ws)h(a)g +(set)g(of)150 628 y(completions)33 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150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 +%%Page: 156 162 +TeXDict begin 156 161 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31 -b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(152)225 299 y Fq(\017)60 +b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(156)225 299 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)36 b(\014lename)h(expansion)f(brac)m(k)m(et)i(expression)f(co) s(de)f(uses)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(')h(to)g(negate)h (the)f(set)g(of)330 408 y(c)m(haracters)32 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)f @@ -18820,11 +19134,11 @@ Ft(!)p Fu('.)225 536 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)38 b(implemen)m(ts)g(the)g (erators,)i(including)d Fr(c)m(har-)330 646 y(acter)i(classes)p Fu(,)j Fr(equiv)-5 b(alence)39 b(classes)p Fu(,)j(and)37 b Fr(collating)k(sym)m(b)s(ols)g Fu(\(see)e(Section)g(3.5.8)h -([Filename)330 756 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(30\).)225 +([Filename)330 756 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(31\).)225 883 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)35 b(implemen)m(ts)g(extended)g(pattern)g (matc)m(hing)h(features)f(when)f(the)h Ft(extglob)d Fu(shell)j(option) 330 993 y(is)30 b(enabled)h(\(see)g(Section)g(3.5.8.1)i([P)m(attern)f -(Matc)m(hing],)g(page)f(31\).)225 1121 y Fq(\017)60 b +(Matc)m(hing],)g(page)f(32\).)225 1121 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(It)22 b(is)g(p)s(ossible)g(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(a)f(v)-5 b(ariable)23 b(and)f(a)g(function)g(with)g(the)g(same)g(name;)j Ft(sh)d Fu(do)s(es)g(not)g(separate)330 1230 y(the)31 @@ -18833,24 +19147,24 @@ Fu(Bash)30 b(functions)e(are)i(p)s(ermitted)f(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(lo)s (cal)g(v)-5 b(ariables)30 b(using)f(the)g Ft(local)f Fu(builtin,)i(and)e(th)m(us)330 1468 y(useful)i(recursiv)m(e)g (functions)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(written)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.2)g([Bash)g -(Builtins],)g(page)h(49\).)225 1596 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(V)-8 +(Builtins],)g(page)h(50\).)225 1596 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(V)-8 b(ariable)25 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(preceding)e(commands)h(a\013ect)h(only) f(that)g(command,)h(ev)m(en)f(builtins)g(and)330 1705 y(functions)36 b(\(see)h(Section)g(3.7.4)h([En)m(vironmen)m(t],)h(page) -e(38\).)60 b(In)35 b 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-(Section)f(3.6)g([Redirections],)h(page)g(32\).)225 2527 +(Section)f(3.6)g([Redirections],)h(page)g(33\).)225 2527 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)21 b(includes)f(the)h(`)p Ft(<<<)p Fu(')g(redirection)g(op)s(erator,)i(allo)m(wing)g(a)e(string)f(to)i(b)s (e)e(used)g(as)h(the)g(standard)330 2637 y(input)29 b(to)j(a)e @@ -18861,20 +19175,20 @@ Fu(')e(redirection)j(op)s(erators,)g(whic)m(h)f(mo)m(v)m(e)330 3002 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)25 b(treats)h(a)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i (\014lenames)g(sp)s(ecially)g(when)f(they)h(are)g(used)f(in)g (redirection)i(op)s(erators)330 3112 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(3.6)f -([Redirections],)h(page)f(32\).)225 3240 y Fq(\017)60 +([Redirections],)h(page)f(33\).)225 3240 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)33 b(can)f(op)s(en)g(net)m(w)m(ork)i(connections)f(to)h (arbitrary)e(mac)m(hines)h(and)f(services)h(with)f(the)h(redi-)330 3349 y(rection)e(op)s(erators)g(\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)h -([Redirections],)g(page)f(32\).)225 3477 y Fq(\017)60 +([Redirections],)g(page)f(33\).)225 3477 y 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g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)38 b Fb(3)150 1998 y(POSIX)25 b(Mo)r(de)17 b Fc(:)c(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:) f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g -(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 b Fb(96)150 +(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 b Fb(98)150 2085 y(pro)r(cess)c(group)15 b Fc(:)e(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:) g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)30 b Fb(3)150 2172 y(pro)r(cess)d @@ -20990,9 +21316,9 @@ b Fc(:)h(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(30)150 2347 y(programmable)i(completion)8 b Fc(:)14 b(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)23 -b Fb(129)150 2434 y(prompting)17 b Fc(:)c(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g +b Fb(131)150 2434 y(prompting)17 b Fc(:)c(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)31 b Fb(94)146 +g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)31 b Fb(96)146 2676 y Fs(Q)150 2792 y Fb(quoting)16 b Fc(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 @@ -21001,50 +21327,50 @@ b Fb(6)150 2879 y(quoting,)26 b(ANSI)18 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)34 b Fb(6)146 3121 y Fs(R)150 3237 y Fb(Readline,)26 b(ho)n(w)g(to)g(use)11 b Fc(:)i(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)26 b Fb(103)150 3325 +g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)26 b Fb(105)150 3325 y(redirection)13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)27 b Fb(32)150 3412 y(reserv)n(ed)f(w)n +g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)27 b Fb(33)150 3412 y(reserv)n(ed)f(w)n (ord)13 b Fc(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)h(:)f(:)28 b Fb(3)150 3499 y(restricted)e(shell)14 b Fc(:)g(:)f(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)29 -b Fb(95)150 3586 y(return)c(status)10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g +b Fb(97)150 3586 y(return)c(status)10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:) f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(4)2021 294 y Fs(S)2025 427 y Fb(shell)h(arithmetic)17 b Fc(:)d(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:) -f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)31 b Fb(89)2025 520 +f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)31 b Fb(91)2025 520 y(shell)26 b(function)18 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)32 b Fb(17)2025 613 y(shell)26 b(script)10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f -(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(40)2025 706 y(shell)h(v)l(ariable)7 +(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(41)2025 706 y(shell)h(v)l(ariable)7 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)22 b Fb(18)2025 799 y(shell,)k(in)n(teractiv)n(e)21 +g(:)22 b Fb(19)2025 799 y(shell,)k(in)n(teractiv)n(e)21 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)34 -b Fb(85)2025 892 y(signal)13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g +b Fb(87)2025 892 y(signal)13 b Fc(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(4)2025 984 y(signal)f(handling)6 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)21 b Fb(39)2025 1077 +g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)21 b Fb(40)2025 1077 y(sp)r(ecial)27 b(builtin)16 b Fc(:)d(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h (:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:) -g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 b Fb(4,)26 b(70)2025 1170 y(startup)f(\014les)10 +g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)31 b Fb(4,)26 b(71)2025 1170 y(startup)f(\014les)10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g -(:)g(:)25 b Fb(84)2025 1257 y(susp)r(ending)g(jobs)10 +(:)g(:)25 b Fb(86)2025 1257 y(susp)r(ending)g(jobs)10 b Fc(:)k(:)f(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 -b Fb(100)2021 1619 y Fs(T)2025 1752 y Fb(tilde)h(expansion)7 +b Fb(102)2021 1619 y Fs(T)2025 1752 y Fb(tilde)h(expansion)7 b Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)22 -b Fb(22)2025 1845 y(tok)n(en)17 b Fc(:)12 b(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g +b Fb(23)2025 1845 y(tok)n(en)17 b Fc(:)12 b(:)i(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:) f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)32 b Fb(4)2025 1932 y(translation,)27 b(nativ)n(e)e(languages)c @@ -21052,19 +21378,19 @@ Fc(:)13 b(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)34 b Fb(7)2021 2294 y Fs(V)2025 2427 y Fb(v)l(ariable,)26 b(shell)14 b Fc(:)g(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(18)2025 2515 y(v)l(ariables,)f +g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(19)2025 2515 y(v)l(ariables,)f (readline)7 b Fc(:)13 b(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)22 -b Fb(108)2021 2876 y Fs(W)2025 3010 y Fb(w)n(ord)10 b +b Fb(110)2021 2876 y Fs(W)2025 3010 y Fb(w)n(ord)10 b Fc(:)j(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)25 b Fb(4)2025 3097 y(w)n(ord)h(splitting)9 b Fc(:)14 b(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)24 b Fb(30)2021 3458 y Fs(Y)2025 +g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)24 b Fb(31)2021 3458 y Fs(Y)2025 3586 y Fb(y)n(anking)h(text)13 b Fc(:)f(:)h(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g (:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:) -g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(106)p eop end +g(:)h(:)f(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)g(:)28 b Fb(108)p eop end %%Trailer userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if diff --git a/doc/bashref.texi b/doc/bashref.texi index c0f4a2f8..c97e1175 100644 --- a/doc/bashref.texi +++ b/doc/bashref.texi @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ This is Edition @value{EDITION}, last updated @value{UPDATED}, of @cite{The GNU Bash Reference Manual}, for @code{Bash}, Version @value{VERSION}. -Copyright @copyright{} 1988--2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright @copyright{} 1988--2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @quotation Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document @@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ double quote question mark @item \@var{nnn} the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value @var{nnn} -(one to three digits) +(one to three octal digits) @item \x@var{HH} the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal value @var{HH} (one or two hex digits) @@ -659,8 +659,13 @@ the time information. If the pipeline is not executed asynchronously (@pxref{Lists}), the shell waits for all commands in the pipeline to complete. -Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell -(@pxref{Command Execution Environment}). The exit +Each command in a pipeline is executed in its own subshell, which is a +separate process (@pxref{Command Execution Environment}). +If the @code{lastpipe} option is enabled using the @code{shopt} builtin +(@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}), +the last element of a pipeline may be run by the shell process. + +The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the pipeline, unless the @code{pipefail} option is enabled (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). @@ -714,7 +719,7 @@ An @sc{and} list has the form @noindent @var{command2} is executed if, and only if, @var{command1} -returns an exit status of zero. +returns an exit status of zero (success). An @sc{or} list has the form @example @@ -739,7 +744,7 @@ executed in the list. * Command Grouping:: Ways to group commands. @end menu -Compound commands are the shell programming constructs. +Compound commands are the shell programming language constructs. Each construct begins with a reserved word or control operator and is terminated by a corresponding reserved word or operator. Any redirections (@pxref{Redirections}) associated with a compound command @@ -798,12 +803,14 @@ The syntax of the @code{for} command is: for @var{name} [ [in [@var{words} @dots{}] ] ; ] do @var{commands}; done @end example -Expand @var{words}, and execute @var{commands} once for each member +Expand @var{words} (@pxref{Shell Expansions}), and execute @var{commands} +once for each member in the resultant list, with @var{name} bound to the current member. If @samp{in @var{words}} is not present, the @code{for} command executes the @var{commands} once for each positional parameter that is set, as if @samp{in "$@@"} had been specified (@pxref{Special Parameters}). + The return status is the exit status of the last command that executes. If there are no items in the expansion of @var{words}, no commands are executed, and the return status is zero. @@ -874,6 +881,8 @@ case @var{word} in [ [(] @var{pattern} [| @var{pattern}]@dots{}) @var{command-li @code{case} will selectively execute the @var{command-list} corresponding to the first @var{pattern} that matches @var{word}. +The match is performed according +to the rules described below in @ref{Pattern Matching}. If the @code{nocasematch} shell option (see the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin}) is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case @@ -885,7 +894,9 @@ as a @var{clause}. Each clause must be terminated with @samp{;;}, @samp{;&}, or @samp{;;&}. The @var{word} undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command -substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal before matching is +substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal +(@pxref{Shell Parameter Expansion}) +before matching is attempted. Each @var{pattern} undergoes tilde expansion, parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. @@ -1010,7 +1021,7 @@ If the @code{nocasematch} shell option is enabled, the match is performed without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. The return value is 0 if the string matches (@samp{==}) or does not -match (@samp{!=})the pattern, and 1 otherwise. +match (@samp{!=}) the pattern, and 1 otherwise. Any part of the pattern may be quoted to force the quoted portion to be matched as a string. @@ -1045,7 +1056,7 @@ if there is a sequence of characters in the value consisting of any number, including zero, of space characters, zero or one instances of @samp{a}, then a @samp{b}: @example -[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*(a)?b ]] +[[ $line =~ [[:space:]]*?(a)b ]] @end example @noindent @@ -1061,7 +1072,7 @@ expressions while paying attention to the shell's quote removal. Using a shell variable to store the pattern decreases these problems. For example, the following is equivalent to the above: @example -pattern='[[:space:]]*(a)?b' +pattern='[[:space:]]*?(a)b' [[ $line =~ $pattern ]] @end example @@ -1197,7 +1208,8 @@ This pipe is established before any redirections specified by the command (@pxref{Redirections}). The file descriptors can be utilized as arguments to shell commands and redirections using standard word expansions. -The file descriptors are not available in subshells. +Other than those created to execute command and process substitutions, +the file descriptors are not available in subshells. The process ID of the shell spawned to execute the coprocess is available as the value of the variable @env{NAME}_PID. @@ -1308,7 +1320,7 @@ will ensure that the output of @code{traceroute foss.org.my} is displayed first. Finally, Parallel can be used to run a sequence of shell commands in parallel, similar to @samp{cat file | bash}. It is not uncommon to take a list of filenames, create a series of shell -commands to operate on them, and feed that list of commnds to a shell. +commands to operate on them, and feed that list of commands to a shell. Parallel can speed this up. Assuming that @file{file} contains a list of shell commands, one per line, @@ -1424,7 +1436,66 @@ before the @code{return}. Variables local to the function may be declared with the @code{local} builtin. These variables are visible only to -the function and the commands it invokes. +the function and the commands it invokes. This is particularly +important when a shell function calls other functions. + +Local variables "shadow" variables with the same name declared at +previous scopes. For instance, a local variable declared in a function +hides a global variable of the same name: references and assignments +refer to the local variable, leaving the global variable unmodified. +When the function returns, the global variable is once again visible. + +The shell uses @var{dynamic scoping} to control a variable's visibility +within functions. +With dynamic scoping, visible variables and their values +are a result of the sequence of function calls that caused execution +to reach the current function. +The value of a variable that a function sees depends +on its value within its caller, if any, whether that caller is +the "global" scope or another shell function. +This is also the value that a local variable +declaration "shadows", and the value that is restored when the function +returns. + +For example, if a variable @var{var} is declared as local in function +@var{func1}, and @var{func1} calls another function @var{func2}, +references to @var{var} made from within @var{func2} will resolve to the +local variable @var{var} from @var{func1}, shadowing any global variable +named @var{var}. + +The following script demonstrates this behavior. +When executed, the script displays + +@example +In func2, var = func1 local +@end example + +@example +func1() +@{ + local var='func1 local' + func2 +@} + +func2() +@{ + echo "In func2, var = $var" +@} + +var=global +func1 +@end example + +The @code{unset} builtin also acts using the same dynamic scope: if a +variable is local to the current scope, @code{unset} will unset it; +otherwise the unset will refer to the variable found in any calling scope +as described above. +If a variable at the current local scope is unset, it will remain so +until it is reset in that scope or until the function returns. +Once the function returns, any instance of the variable at a previous +scope will become visible. +If the unset acts on a variable at a previous scope, any instance of a +variable with that name that had been shadowed will become visible. Function names and definitions may be listed with the @option{-f} option to the @code{declare} (@code{typeset}) @@ -1437,10 +1508,6 @@ Functions may be exported so that subshells automatically have them defined with the @option{-f} option to the @code{export} builtin (@pxref{Bourne Shell Builtins}). -Note that shell functions and variables with the same name may result -in multiple identically-named entries in the environment passed to the -shell's children. -Care should be taken in cases where this may cause a problem. Functions may be recursive. The @code{FUNCNEST} variable may be used to limit the depth of the @@ -1708,10 +1775,11 @@ original word are removed unless they have been quoted themselves (@var{quote removal}). Only brace expansion, word splitting, and filename expansion -can change the number of words of the expansion; other expansions +can increase the number of words of the expansion; other expansions expand a single word to a single word. The only exceptions to this are the expansions of -@code{"$@@"} (@pxref{Special Parameters}) and @code{"$@{@var{name}[@@]@}"} +@code{"$@@"} and @code{$*} (@pxref{Special Parameters}), and +@code{"$@{@var{name}[@@]@}"} and @code{$@{@var{name}[*]@}} (@pxref{Arrays}). After all expansions, @code{quote removal} (@pxref{Quote Removal}) @@ -1765,8 +1833,6 @@ and any characters special to other expansions are preserved in the result. It is strictly textual. Bash does not apply any syntactic interpretation to the context of the expansion or the text between the braces. -To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string @samp{$@{} -is not considered eligible for brace expansion. A correctly-formed brace expansion must contain unquoted opening and closing braces, and at least one unquoted comma or a valid @@ -1776,7 +1842,8 @@ Any incorrectly formed brace expansion is left unchanged. A @{ or @samp{,} may be quoted with a backslash to prevent its being considered part of a brace expression. To avoid conflicts with parameter expansion, the string @samp{$@{} -is not considered eligible for brace expansion. +is not considered eligible for brace expansion, +and inhibits brace expansion until the closing @samp{@}}.. This construct is typically used as shorthand when the common prefix of the strings to be generated is longer than in the @@ -1893,6 +1960,8 @@ Bash uses the value of the variable formed from the rest of expanded and that value is used in the rest of the substitution, rather than the value of @var{parameter} itself. This is known as @code{indirect expansion}. +The value is subject to tilde expansion, +parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. If @var{parameter} is a nameref, this expands to the name of the variable referenced by @var{parameter} instead of performing the complete indirect expansion. @@ -2120,8 +2189,8 @@ array, and an index of -1 references the last element. @item $@{@var{parameter}#@var{word}@} @itemx $@{@var{parameter}##@var{word}@} The @var{word} -is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename -expansion (@pxref{Filename Expansion}). If the pattern matches +is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to the rules +described below (@pxref{Pattern Matching}). If the pattern matches the beginning of the expanded value of @var{parameter}, then the result of the expansion is the expanded value of @var{parameter} with the shortest matching pattern (the @samp{#} case) or the @@ -2136,8 +2205,9 @@ array in turn, and the expansion is the resultant list. @item $@{@var{parameter}%@var{word}@} @itemx $@{@var{parameter}%%@var{word}@} -The @var{word} is expanded to produce a pattern just as in -filename expansion. +The @var{word} +is expanded to produce a pattern and matched according to the rules +described below (@pxref{Pattern Matching}). If the pattern matches If the pattern matches a trailing portion of the expanded value of @var{parameter}, then the result of the expansion is the value of @var{parameter} with the shortest matching pattern (the @samp{%} case) @@ -2156,6 +2226,8 @@ The @var{pattern} is expanded to produce a pattern just as in filename expansion. @var{Parameter} is expanded and the longest match of @var{pattern} against its value is replaced with @var{string}. +The match is performed according to the rules described below +(@pxref{Pattern Matching}). If @var{pattern} begins with @samp{/}, all matches of @var{pattern} are replaced with @var{string}. Normally only the first match is replaced. If @var{pattern} begins with @samp{#}, it must match at the beginning @@ -2213,7 +2285,7 @@ The expansion is a string that is the value of @var{parameter} quoted in a format that can be reused as input. @item E The expansion is a string that is the value of @var{parameter} with backslash -escape sequences expanded as with the @code{$'@dots{}'} quoting mechansim. +escape sequences expanded as with the @code{$'@dots{}'} quoting mechanism. @item P The expansion is a string that is the result of expanding the value of @var{parameter} as if it were a prompt string (@pxref{Controlling the Prompt}). @@ -2410,18 +2482,23 @@ without regard to the case of alphabetic characters. When a pattern is used for filename expansion, the character @samp{.} at the start of a filename or immediately following a slash must be matched explicitly, unless the shell option @code{dotglob} is set. -When matching a filename, the slash character must always be -matched explicitly. +The filenames @samp{.} and @samp{..} must always be matched explicitly, +even if @code{dotglob} is set. In other cases, the @samp{.} character is not treated specially. +When matching a filename, the slash character must always be +matched explicitly by a slash in the pattern, but in other matching +contexts it can be matched by a special pattern character as described +below (@pxref{Pattern Matching}). + See the description of @code{shopt} in @ref{The Shopt Builtin}, for a description of the @code{nocaseglob}, @code{nullglob}, @code{failglob}, and @code{dotglob} options. The @env{GLOBIGNORE} -shell variable may be used to restrict the set of filenames matching a +shell variable may be used to restrict the set of file names matching a pattern. If @env{GLOBIGNORE} -is set, each matching filename that also matches one of the patterns in +is set, each matching file name that also matches one of the patterns in @env{GLOBIGNORE} is removed from the list of matches. If the @code{nocaseglob} option is set, the matching against the patterns in @env{GLOBIGNORE} is performed without regard to case. @@ -2533,6 +2610,12 @@ Matches one of the given patterns. Matches anything except one of the given patterns. @end table +Complicated extended pattern matching against long strings is slow, +especially when the patterns contain alternations and the strings +contain multiple matches. +Using separate matches against shorter strings, or using arrays of +strings instead of a single long string, may be faster. + @node Quote Removal @subsection Quote Removal @@ -2565,6 +2648,9 @@ In this case, for each redirection operator except than 10 and assign it to @{@var{varname}@}. If >&- or <&- is preceded by @{@var{varname}@}, the value of @var{varname} defines the file descriptor to close. +If @{@var{varname}@} is supplied, the redirection persists beyond +the scope of the command, allowing the shell programmer to manage +the file descriptor himself. In the following descriptions, if the file descriptor number is omitted, and the first character of the redirection operator is @@ -2761,7 +2847,7 @@ A variant of here documents, the format is: @end example The @var{word} undergoes -brace expansion, tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, +tilde expansion, parameter and variable expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote removal. Pathname expansion and word splitting are not performed. The result is supplied as a single string, @@ -2922,9 +3008,10 @@ A full search of the directories in @env{$PATH} is performed only if the command is not found in the hash table. If the search is unsuccessful, the shell searches for a defined shell function named @code{command_not_found_handle}. -If that function exists, it is invoked with the original command and +If that function exists, it is invoked in a separate execution environment +with the original command and the original command's arguments as its arguments, and the function's -exit status becomes the exit status of the shell. +exit status becomes the exit status of that subshell. If that function is not defined, the shell prints an error message and returns an exit status of 127. @@ -3262,7 +3349,7 @@ Many of the builtins have been extended by @sc{posix} or Bash. Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented as accepting options preceded by @samp{-} accepts @samp{--} to signify the end of the options. -The @code{:}, @code{true}, @code{false}, and @code{test} +The @code{:}, @code{true}, @code{false}, and @code{test}/@code{[} builtins do not accept options and do not treat @samp{--} specially. The @code{exit}, @code{logout}, @code{return}, @code{break}, @code{continue}, @code{let}, @@ -3417,6 +3504,7 @@ cannot be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless the @code{execfail} shell option is enabled. In that case, it returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file cannot be executed. +A subshell exits unconditionally if @code{exec} fails. If no @var{command} is specified, redirections may be used to affect the current shell environment. If there are no redirection errors, the return status is zero; otherwise the return status is non-zero. @@ -3525,7 +3613,7 @@ The @option{-d} option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each @var{name}. If the @option{-t} option is supplied, the full pathname to which each @var{name} corresponds is printed. If multiple @var{name} arguments are -supplied with @option{-t} the @var{name} is printed before the hashed +supplied with @option{-t}, the @var{name} is printed before the hashed full pathname. The @option{-l} option causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input. @@ -3587,7 +3675,7 @@ If @var{n} is not supplied, the return value is the exit status of the last command executed in the function. If @code{return} is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to determine the status is the last command executed before the trap handler. -if @code{return} is executed during a @code{DEBUG} trap, the last command +If @code{return} is executed during a @code{DEBUG} trap, the last command used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap handler before @code{return} was invoked. @code{return} may also be used to terminate execution of a script @@ -3668,7 +3756,7 @@ expressions using a set of rules based on the number of arguments. The expression is false. @item 1 argument -The expression is true if and only if the argument is not null. +The expression is true if, and only if, the argument is not null. @item 2 arguments If the first argument is @samp{!}, the expression is true if and @@ -4280,6 +4368,8 @@ Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: @item -d The first character of @var{delim} is used to terminate each input line, rather than newline. +If @var{delim} is the empty string, @code{mapfile} will terminate a line +when it reads a NUL character. @item -n Copy at most @var{count} lines. If @var{count} is 0, all lines are copied. @item -O @@ -4292,7 +4382,7 @@ Remove a trailing @var{delim} (default newline) from each line read. @item -u Read lines from file descriptor @var{fd} instead of the standard input. @item -C -Evaluate @var{callback} each time @var{quantum}P lines are read. +Evaluate @var{callback} each time @var{quantum} lines are read. The @option{-c} option specifies @var{quantum}. @item -c Specify the number of lines read between each call to @var{callback}. @@ -4405,11 +4495,13 @@ Other @var{name} arguments are ignored. @item -d @var{delim} The first character of @var{delim} is used to terminate the input line, rather than newline. +If @var{delim} is the empty string, @code{read} will terminate a line +when it reads a NUL character. @item -e Readline (@pxref{Command Line Editing}) is used to obtain the line. Readline uses the current (or default, if line editing was not previously -active) editing settings. +active) editing settings, but uses Readline's default filename completion. @item -i @var{text} If Readline is being used to read the line, @var{text} is placed into @@ -4972,7 +5064,8 @@ The settings can be either those listed below, or, if the @option{-o} option is used, those available with the @option{-o} option to the @code{set} builtin command (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). With no options, or with the @option{-p} option, a list of all settable -options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set. +options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not each is set; +if @var{optnames} are supplied, the output is restricted to those options. The @option{-p} option causes output to be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other options have the following meanings: @@ -5012,6 +5105,11 @@ option. The list of @code{shopt} options is: @table @code +@item assoc_expand_once +If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of associative array +subscripts during arithmetic expression evaluation and while executing +builtins that can perform variable assignments. + @item autocd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if it were the argument to the @code{cd} command. @@ -5044,8 +5142,8 @@ intervening command (@pxref{Job Control}). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. @item checkwinsize -If set, Bash checks the window size after each command - and, if necessary, updates the values of +If set, Bash checks the window size after each external (non-builtin) +command and, if necessary, updates the values of @env{LINES} and @env{COLUMNS}. @item cmdhist @@ -5053,6 +5151,8 @@ If set, Bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-line command in the same history entry. This allows easy re-editing of multi-line commands. +This option is enabled by default, but only has an effect if command +history is enabled (@pxref{Bash History Facilities}). @item compat31 If set, Bash @@ -5106,6 +5206,11 @@ and does not reset the loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows @code{break} or @code{continue} in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context). +@item compat44 +If set, Bash +saves the positional parameters to BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC before they are +used, regardless of whether or not extended debugging mode is enabled. + @item complete_fullquote If set, Bash quotes all shell metacharacters in filenames and directory names when @@ -5138,6 +5243,8 @@ if the directory name initially supplied does not exist. @item dotglob If set, Bash includes filenames beginning with a `.' in the results of filename expansion. +The filenames @samp{.} and @samp{..} must always be matched explicitly, +even if @code{dotglob} is set. @item execfail If this is set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if @@ -5271,6 +5378,11 @@ If enabled, and the @code{cmdhist} option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. +@item localvar_inherit +If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes of a variable of +the same name that exists at a previous scope before any new value is +assigned. The @var{nameref} attribute is not inherited. + @item login_shell The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell (@pxref{Invoking Bash}). @@ -5444,6 +5556,8 @@ sequences that are expanded before @env{PS1} is displayed. @item PS2 The secondary prompt string. The default value is @samp{> }. +@env{PS2} is expanded in the same way as @env{PS1} before being +displayed. @end vtable @@ -5476,6 +5590,10 @@ reading any startup files. This variable is readonly. Expands to the process ID of the current Bash process. This differs from @code{$$} under certain circumstances, such as subshells that do not require Bash to be re-initialized. +Assignments to @env{BASHPID} have no effect. +If @code{BASHPID} +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. @item BASH_ALIASES An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal @@ -5499,6 +5617,8 @@ The shell sets @code{BASH_ARGC} only when in extended debugging mode (see @ref{The Shopt Builtin} for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt} builtin). +Setting @code{extdebug} after the shell has started to execute a script +may result in inconsistent values. @item BASH_ARGV An array variable containing all of the parameters in the current bash @@ -5510,6 +5630,18 @@ The shell sets @code{BASH_ARGV} only when in extended debugging mode (see @ref{The Shopt Builtin} for a description of the @code{extdebug} option to the @code{shopt} builtin). +Setting @code{extdebug} after the shell has started to execute a script +may result in inconsistent values. + +@item BASH_ARGV0 +When referenced, this variable expands to the name of the shell or shell +script (identical to @code{$0}; @xref{Special Parameters}, +for the description of special parameter 0). +Assignment to @code{BASH_ARGV0} +causes the value assigned to also be assigned to @code{$0}. +If @code{BASH_ARGV0} +is unset, it loses its special properties, even if it is +subsequently reset. @item BASH_CMDS An associative array variable whose members correspond to the internal @@ -5726,6 +5858,23 @@ Emacs shell buffer and disables line editing. Similar to @code{BASH_ENV}; used when the shell is invoked in @sc{posix} Mode (@pxref{Bash POSIX Mode}). +@item EPOCHREALTIME +Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds +since the Unix Epoch as a floating point value with micro-second granularity +(see the documentation for the C library function @var{time} for the +definition of Epoch). +Assignments to @env{EPOCHREALTIME} are ignored. +If @env{EPOCHREALTIME} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if +it is subsequently reset. + +@item EPOCHSECONDS +Each time this parameter is referenced, it expands to the number of seconds +since the Unix Epoch (see the documentation for the C library function +@var{time} for the definition of Epoch). +Assignments to @env{EPOCHSECONDS} are ignored. +If @env{EPOCHSECONDS} is unset, it loses its special properties, even if +it is subsequently reset. + @item EUID The numeric effective user id of the current user. This variable is readonly. @@ -5783,9 +5932,9 @@ nesting level. Function invocations that exceed this nesting level will cause the current command to abort. @item GLOBIGNORE -A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to +A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of file names to be ignored by filename expansion. -If a filename matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one +If a file name matched by a filename expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in @env{GLOBIGNORE}, it is removed from the list of matches. The pattern matching honors the setting of the @code{extglob} shell @@ -5916,7 +6065,7 @@ as the sole input. If set, the value denotes the number of consecutive @code{EOF} characters that can be read as the first character on an input line before the shell will exit. If the variable exists but does not -have a numeric value (or has no value) then the default is 10. +have a numeric value, or has no value, then the default is 10. If the variable does not exist, then @code{EOF} signifies the end of input to the shell. This is only in effect for interactive shells. @@ -6034,10 +6183,11 @@ The value of this variable is used as the prompt for the @code{select} command prompts with @samp{#? } @item PS4 -The value is the prompt printed before the command line is echoed -when the @option{-x} option is set (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). -The first character of @env{PS4} is replicated multiple times, as -necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. +The value of this parameter is expanded like @var{PS1} +and the expanded value is the prompt printed before the command line +is echoed when the @option{-x} option is set (@pxref{The Set Builtin}). +The first character of the expanded value is replicated multiple times, +as necessary, to indicate multiple levels of indirection. The default is @samp{+ }. @item PWD @@ -6286,7 +6436,8 @@ Make the shell a restricted shell (@pxref{The Restricted Shell}). If this option is present, or if no arguments remain after option processing, then commands are read from the standard input. This option allows the positional parameters to be set -when invoking an interactive shell. +when invoking an interactive shell or when reading input +through a pipe. @item -D A list of all double-quoted strings preceded by @samp{$} @@ -6526,7 +6677,10 @@ signals @code{SIGTTIN}, @code{SIGTTOU}, and @code{SIGTSTP}. Bash expands and displays @env{PS1} before reading the first line of a command, and expands and displays @env{PS2} before reading the second and subsequent lines of a multi-line command. -Bash displays @env{PS0} after it reads a command but before executing it. +Bash expands and displays @env{PS0} after it reads a command but before +executing it. +See @ref{Controlling the Prompt}, for a complete list of prompt +string escape sequences. @item Bash executes the value of the @env{PROMPT_COMMAND} variable as a command @@ -6558,7 +6712,7 @@ In the absence of any traps, Bash ignores @code{SIGTERM} @item In the absence of any traps, @code{SIGINT} is caught and handled -((@pxref{Signals}). +(@pxref{Signals}). @code{SIGINT} will interrupt some shell builtins. @item @@ -6758,6 +6912,8 @@ is equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, or greater than or equal to @var{arg2}, respectively. @var{Arg1} and @var{arg2} may be positive or negative integers. +When used with the @code{[[} command, @var{Arg1} and @var{Arg2} +are evaluated as arithmetic expressions (@pxref{Shell Arithmetic}). @end table @node Shell Arithmetic @@ -7047,12 +7203,16 @@ The @code{unset} builtin is used to destroy arrays. @code{unset @var{name}[@var{subscript}]} destroys the array element at index @var{subscript}. Negative subscripts to indexed arrays are interpreted as described above. -Care must be taken to avoid unwanted side effects caused by filename -expansion. +Unsetting the last element of an array variable does not unset the variable. @code{unset @var{name}}, where @var{name} is an array, removes the entire array. A subscript of @samp{*} or @samp{@@} also removes the entire array. +When using a variable name with a subscript as an argument to a command, +such as with @code{unset}, without using the word expansion syntax +described above, the argument is subject to the shell's filename expansion. +If filename expansion is not desired, the argument should be quoted. + The @code{declare}, @code{local}, and @code{readonly} builtins each accept a @option{-a} option to specify an indexed array and a @option{-A} option to specify an associative array. @@ -7186,7 +7346,8 @@ has a non-null value, then the value is executed just as if it had been typed on the command line. In addition, the following table describes the special characters which -can appear in the prompt variables @env{PS1} to @env{PS4}: +can appear in the prompt variables @env{PS0}, @env{PS1}, @env{PS2}, and +@env{PS4}: @table @code @item \a @@ -7738,6 +7899,11 @@ The @code{jobs} command may then be used to inspect their status. If a second attempt to exit is made without an intervening command, Bash does not print another warning, and any stopped jobs are terminated. +When the shell is waiting for a job or process using the @code{wait} +builtin, and job control is enabled, @code{wait} will return when the +job changes state. The @option{-f} option will force @code{wait} to wait +until the job or process terminates before returning. + @node Job Control Builtins @section Job Control Builtins @@ -7834,7 +8000,7 @@ or non-zero if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. @item wait @btindex wait @example -wait [-n] [@var{jobspec} or @var{pid} @dots{}] +wait [-fn] [@var{jobspec} or @var{pid} @dots{}] @end example Wait until the child process specified by each process @sc{id} @var{pid} @@ -7845,6 +8011,9 @@ If no arguments are given, all currently active child processes are waited for, and the return status is zero. If the @option{-n} option is supplied, @code{wait} waits for any job to terminate and returns its exit status. +If the @option{-f} option is supplied, and job control is enabled, +@code{wait} forces each @var{pid} or @var{jobspec} to terminate before +returning its status, intead of returning when it changes status. If neither @var{jobspec} nor @var{pid} specifies an active child process of the shell, the return status is 127. @@ -7997,12 +8166,28 @@ To find out more about the options and arguments that the @code{configure} script understands, type @example -bash-2.04$ ./configure --help +bash-4.2$ ./configure --help @end example @noindent at the Bash prompt in your Bash source directory. +If you want to build Bash in a directory separate from the source +directory -- to build for multiple architectures, for example -- +just use the full path to the configure script. The following commands +will build bash in a directory under @file{/usr/local/build} from +the source code in @file{/usr/local/src/bash-4.4}: + +@example +mkdir /usr/local/build/bash-4.4 +cd /usr/local/build/bash-4.4 +bash /usr/local/src/bash-4.4/configure +make +@end example + +See @ref{Compiling For Multiple Architectures} for more information +about building in a directory separate from the source. + If you need to do unusual things to compile Bash, please try to figure out how @code{configure} could check whether or not to do them, and mail diffs or instructions to @@ -8052,7 +8237,9 @@ own directory. To do this, you must use a version of @code{make} that supports the @code{VPATH} variable, such as GNU @code{make}. @code{cd} to the directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run -the @code{configure} script from the source directory. You may need to +the @code{configure} script from the source directory +(@pxref{Basic Installation}). +You may need to supply the @option{--srcdir=PATH} argument to tell @code{configure} where the source files are. @code{configure} automatically checks for the source code in the directory that @code{configure} is in and in `..'. @@ -8224,7 +8411,7 @@ compiled and linked, rather than changing run-time features. @table @code @item --enable-largefile -Enable support for @uref{http://www.sas.com/standards/large_file/x_open.20Mar96.html, +Enable support for @uref{http://www.unix.org/version2/whatsnew/lfs20mar.html, large files} if the operating system requires special compiler options to build programs which can access large files. This is enabled by default, if the operating system provides large file support. @@ -8301,6 +8488,12 @@ Include support for coprocesses and the @code{coproc} reserved word @item --enable-debugger Include support for the bash debugger (distributed separately). +@item --enable-dev-fd-stat-broken +If calling @code{stat} on /dev/fd/@var{N} returns different results than +calling @code{fstat} on file descriptor @var{N}, supply this option to +enable a workaround. +This has implications for conditional commands that test file attributes. + @item --enable-direxpand-default Cause the @code{direxpand} shell option (@pxref{The Shopt Builtin}) to be enabled by default when the shell starts. @@ -8373,7 +8566,7 @@ If Readline is not enabled, this option has no effect. @item --enable-prompt-string-decoding Turn on the interpretation of a number of backslash-escaped characters -in the @env{$PS1}, @env{$PS2}, @env{$PS3}, and @env{$PS4} prompt +in the @env{$PS0}, @env{$PS1}, @env{$PS2}, and @env{$PS4} prompt strings. See @ref{Controlling the Prompt}, for a complete list of prompt string escape sequences. diff --git a/doc/builtins.0 b/doc/builtins.0 index 3706dad4..4614dc50 100644 --- a/doc/builtins.0 +++ b/doc/builtins.0 @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ NNAAMMEE BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as accepting options preceded by -- accepts ---- to signify the end of the - options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt builtins do not accept options + options. The ::, ttrruuee, ffaallssee, and tteesstt/[[ builtins do not accept options and do not treat ---- specially. The eexxiitt, llooggoouutt, rreettuurrnn, bbrreeaakk, ccoonn-- ttiinnuuee, lleett, and sshhiifftt builtins accept and process arguments beginning with -- without requiring ----. Other builtins that accept arguments but @@ -334,9 +334,11 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --WW _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t The _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t is split using the characters in the IIFFSS special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word - is expanded. The possible completions are the members - of the resultant list which match the word being com- - pleted. + is expanded. Shell quoting is honored within _w_o_r_d_l_i_s_t, + in order to provide a mechanism for the words to contain + shell metacharacters or characters in the value of IIFFSS. + The possible completions are the members of the resul- + tant list which match the word being completed. --XX _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t _f_i_l_t_e_r_p_a_t is a pattern as used for pathname expansion. It is applied to the list of possible completions gener- @@ -552,141 +554,142 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS not be executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless the eexxeeccffaaiill shell option is enabled. In that case, it returns failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the - file cannot be executed. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redi- - rections take effect in the current shell, and the return status - is 0. If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. + file cannot be executed. A subshell exits unconditionally if + eexxeecc fails. If _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is not specified, any redirections take + effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0. If + there is a redirection error, the return status is 1. eexxiitt [_n] - Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, + Cause the shell to exit with a status of _n. If _n is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on EEXXIITT is executed before the shell terminates. eexxppoorrtt [--ffnn] [_n_a_m_e[=_w_o_r_d]] ... eexxppoorrtt --pp - The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- - ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is - given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or - if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported - variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property + The supplied _n_a_m_e_s are marked for automatic export to the envi- + ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the --ff option is + given, the _n_a_m_e_s refer to functions. If no _n_a_m_e_s are given, or + if the --pp option is supplied, a list of names of all exported + variables is printed. The --nn option causes the export property to be removed from each _n_a_m_e. If a variable name is followed by =_w_o_r_d, the value of the variable is set to _w_o_r_d. eexxppoorrtt returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, one - of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup- + of the _n_a_m_e_s is not a valid shell variable name, or --ff is sup- plied with a _n_a_m_e that is not a function. ffcc [--ee _e_n_a_m_e] [--llnnrr] [_f_i_r_s_t] [_l_a_s_t] ffcc --ss [_p_a_t=_r_e_p] [_c_m_d] - The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t - from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes - them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate - the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an - index into the history list, where a negative number is used as - an offset from the current command number). If _l_a_s_t is not - specified it is set to the current command for listing (so that - ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t other- - wise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not specified it is set to the previous com- + The first form selects a range of commands from _f_i_r_s_t to _l_a_s_t + from the history list and displays or edits and re-executes + them. _F_i_r_s_t and _l_a_s_t may be specified as a string (to locate + the last command beginning with that string) or as a number (an + index into the history list, where a negative number is used as + an offset from the current command number). If _l_a_s_t is not + specified, it is set to the current command for listing (so that + ``fc -l -10'' prints the last 10 commands) and to _f_i_r_s_t other- + wise. If _f_i_r_s_t is not specified, it is set to the previous com- mand for editing and -16 for listing. - The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The - --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option - is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- - wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing - those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT - variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. - If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- + The --nn option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The + --rr option reverses the order of the commands. If the --ll option + is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other- + wise, the editor given by _e_n_a_m_e is invoked on a file containing + those commands. If _e_n_a_m_e is not given, the value of the FFCCEEDDIITT + variable is used, and the value of EEDDIITTOORR if FFCCEEDDIITT is not set. + If neither variable is set, _v_i is used. When editing is com- plete, the edited commands are echoed and executed. - In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance - of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is intepreted the same as - _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', - so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with + In the second form, _c_o_m_m_a_n_d is re-executed after each instance + of _p_a_t is replaced by _r_e_p. _C_o_m_m_a_n_d is interpreted the same as + _f_i_r_s_t above. A useful alias to use with this is ``r="fc -s"'', + so that typing ``r cc'' runs the last command beginning with ``cc'' and typing ``r'' re-executes the last command. - If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an - invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history - lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return + If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an + invalid option is encountered or _f_i_r_s_t or _l_a_s_t specify history + lines out of range. If the --ee option is supplied, the return value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second - form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- - cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in + form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe- + cuted, unless _c_m_d does not specify a valid history line, in which case ffcc returns failure. ffgg [_j_o_b_s_p_e_c] - Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. + Resume _j_o_b_s_p_e_c in the foreground, and make it the current job. If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is not present, the shell's notion of the _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _j_o_b - is used. The return value is that of the command placed into - the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled + is used. The return value is that of the command placed into + the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, if _j_o_b_s_p_e_c does not spec- - ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started + ify a valid job or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c specifies a job that was started without job control. ggeettooppttss _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g _n_a_m_e [_a_r_g_s] - ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- - ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- - nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is - expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it - by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not - be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss - places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing + ggeettooppttss is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame- + ters. _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g contains the option characters to be recog- + nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is + expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it + by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not + be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, ggeettooppttss + places the next option in the shell variable _n_a_m_e, initializing _n_a_m_e if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the variable OOPPTTIINNDD. OOPPTTIINNDD is initialized to - 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an - option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into - the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automati- - cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to + 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an + option requires an argument, ggeettooppttss places that argument into + the variable OOPPTTAARRGG. The shell does not reset OOPPTTIINNDD automati- + cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to ggeettooppttss within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame- ters is to be used. - When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a - return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of + When the end of options is encountered, ggeettooppttss exits with a + return value greater than zero. OOPPTTIINNDD is set to the index of the first non-option argument, and _n_a_m_e is set to ?. - ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more + ggeettooppttss normally parses the positional parameters, but if more arguments are given in _a_r_g_s, ggeettooppttss parses those instead. - ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character - of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In - normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid - options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the - variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- + ggeettooppttss can report errors in two ways. If the first character + of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is a colon, _s_i_l_e_n_t error reporting is used. In + normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when invalid + options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the + variable OOPPTTEERRRR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis- played, even if the first character of _o_p_t_s_t_r_i_n_g is not a colon. If an invalid option is seen, ggeettooppttss places ? into _n_a_m_e and, if - not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If - ggeettooppttss is silent, the option character found is placed in + not silent, prints an error message and unsets OOPPTTAARRGG. If + ggeettooppttss is silent, the option character found is placed in OOPPTTAARRGG and no diagnostic message is printed. - If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, - a question mark (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is unset, and a - diagnostic message is printed. If ggeettooppttss is silent, then a - colon (::) is placed in _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG is set to the option + If a required argument is not found, and ggeettooppttss is not silent, + a question mark (??) is placed in _n_a_m_e, OOPPTTAARRGG is unset, and a + diagnostic message is printed. If ggeettooppttss is silent, then a + colon (::) is placed in _n_a_m_e and OOPPTTAARRGG is set to the option character found. - ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is + ggeettooppttss returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs. hhaasshh [--llrr] [--pp _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] [--ddtt] [_n_a_m_e] Each time hhaasshh is invoked, the full pathname of the command _n_a_m_e - is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem- + is determined by searching the directories in $$PPAATTHH and remem- bered. Any previously-remembered pathname is discarded. If the --pp option is supplied, no path search is performed, and _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e - is used as the full filename of the command. The --rr option - causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd - option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of - each _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to - which each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e argu- - ments are supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the - hashed full pathname. The --ll option causes output to be dis- + is used as the full filename of the command. The --rr option + causes the shell to forget all remembered locations. The --dd + option causes the shell to forget the remembered location of + each _n_a_m_e. If the --tt option is supplied, the full pathname to + which each _n_a_m_e corresponds is printed. If multiple _n_a_m_e argu- + ments are supplied with --tt, the _n_a_m_e is printed before the + hashed full pathname. The --ll option causes output to be dis- played in a format that may be reused as input. If no arguments - are given, or if only --ll is supplied, information about remem- - bered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a + are given, or if only --ll is supplied, information about remem- + bered commands is printed. The return status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is not found or an invalid option is supplied. hheellpp [--ddmmss] [_p_a_t_t_e_r_n] - Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n - is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching - _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control + Display helpful information about builtin commands. If _p_a_t_t_e_r_n + is specified, hheellpp gives detailed help on all commands matching + _p_a_t_t_e_r_n; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control structures is printed. --dd Display a short description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n --mm Display the description of each _p_a_t_t_e_r_n in a manpage-like @@ -698,50 +701,59 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS hhiissttoorryy [[_n]] hhiissttoorryy --cc hhiissttoorryy --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t + hhiissttoorryy --dd _s_t_a_r_t-_e_n_d hhiissttoorryy --aannrrww [_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e] hhiissttoorryy --pp _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] hhiissttoorryy --ss _a_r_g [_a_r_g _._._.] With no options, display the command history list with line num- bers. Lines listed with a ** have been modified. An argument of - _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- - FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for - _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- - played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between - the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is - supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, - the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the + _n lists only the last _n lines. If the shell variable HHIISSTTTTIIMMEE-- + FFOORRMMAATT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for + _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis- + played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between + the formatted time stamp and the history line. If _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is + supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not, + the value of HHIISSTTFFIILLEE is used. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --cc Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. --dd _o_f_f_s_e_t - Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. - --aa Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. - These are history lines entered since the beginning of + Delete the history entry at position _o_f_f_s_e_t. If _o_f_f_s_e_t + is negative, it is interpreted as relative to one greater + than the last history position, so negative indices count + back from the end of the history, and an index of -1 + refers to the current hhiissttoorryy --dd command. + --dd _s_t_a_r_t-_e_n_d + Delete the history entries between positions _s_t_a_r_t and + _e_n_d, inclusive. Positive and negative values for _s_t_a_r_t + and _e_n_d are interpreted as described above. + --aa Append the ``new'' history lines to the history file. + These are history lines entered since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session, but not already appended to the history file. - --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history - file into the current history list. These are lines - appended to the history file since the beginning of the + --nn Read the history lines not already read from the history + file into the current history list. These are lines + appended to the history file since the beginning of the current bbaasshh session. - --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to + --rr Read the contents of the history file and append them to the current history list. --ww Write the current history list to the history file, over- writing the history file's contents. - --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and - display the result on the standard output. Does not - store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be + --pp Perform history substitution on the following _a_r_g_s and + display the result on the standard output. Does not + store the results in the history list. Each _a_r_g must be quoted to disable normal history expansion. - --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. - The last command in the history list is removed before + --ss Store the _a_r_g_s in the history list as a single entry. + The last command in the history list is removed before the _a_r_g_s are added. - If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa- - tion associated with each history entry is written to the his- - tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the - history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment - character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as + If the HHIISSTTTTIIMMEEFFOORRMMAATT variable is set, the time stamp informa- + tion associated with each history entry is written to the his- + tory file, marked with the history comment character. When the + history file is read, lines beginning with the history comment + character followed immediately by a digit are interpreted as timestamps for the following history entry. The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an error occurs while - reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup- + reading or writing the history file, an invalid _o_f_f_s_e_t is sup- plied as an argument to --dd, or the history expansion supplied as an argument to --pp fails. @@ -750,208 +762,210 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol- lowing meanings: --ll List process IDs in addition to the normal information. - --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed + --nn Display information only about jobs that have changed status since the user was last notified of their status. - --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group + --pp List only the process ID of the job's process group leader. --rr Display only running jobs. --ss Display only stopped jobs. - If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about - that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is + If _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is given, output is restricted to information about + that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered or an invalid _j_o_b_s_p_e_c is supplied. If the --xx option is supplied, jjoobbss replaces any _j_o_b_s_p_e_c found in - _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or _a_r_g_s with the corresponding process group ID, and + _c_o_m_m_a_n_d or _a_r_g_s with the corresponding process group ID, and executes _c_o_m_m_a_n_d passing it _a_r_g_s, returning its exit status. kkiillll [--ss _s_i_g_s_p_e_c | --nn _s_i_g_n_u_m | --_s_i_g_s_p_e_c] [_p_i_d | _j_o_b_s_p_e_c] ... kkiillll --ll|--LL [_s_i_g_s_p_e_c | _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s] - Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes - named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive - signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or - a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not - present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the - signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given, - the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are + Send the signal named by _s_i_g_s_p_e_c or _s_i_g_n_u_m to the processes + named by _p_i_d or _j_o_b_s_p_e_c. _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a case-insensitive + signal name such as SSIIGGKKIILLLL (with or without the SSIIGG prefix) or + a signal number; _s_i_g_n_u_m is a signal number. If _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is not + present, then SSIIGGTTEERRMM is assumed. An argument of --ll lists the + signal names. If any arguments are supplied when --ll is given, + the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are listed, and the return status is 0. The _e_x_i_t___s_t_a_t_u_s argument to - --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit - status of a process terminated by a signal. The --LL option is - equivalent to --ll. kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was - successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid + --ll is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit + status of a process terminated by a signal. The --LL option is + equivalent to --ll. kkiillll returns true if at least one signal was + successfully sent, or false if an error occurs or an invalid option is encountered. lleett _a_r_g [_a_r_g ...] Each _a_r_g is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see AARRIITTHH-- - MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett + MMEETTIICC EEVVAALLUUAATTIIOONN above). If the last _a_r_g evaluates to 0, lleett returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise. llooccaall [_o_p_t_i_o_n] [_n_a_m_e[=_v_a_l_u_e] ... | - ] - For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and - assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted + For each argument, a local variable named _n_a_m_e is created, and + assigned _v_a_l_u_e. The _o_p_t_i_o_n can be any of the options accepted by ddeeccllaarree. When llooccaall is used within a function, it causes the - variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- - tion and its children. If _n_a_m_e is -, the set of shell options - is made local to the function in which llooccaall is invoked: shell - options changed using the sseett builtin inside the function are - restored to their original values when the function returns. - With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of local variables to the - standard output. It is an error to use llooccaall when not within a + variable _n_a_m_e to have a visible scope restricted to that func- + tion and its children. If _n_a_m_e is -, the set of shell options + is made local to the function in which llooccaall is invoked: shell + options changed using the sseett builtin inside the function are + restored to their original values when the function returns. + With no operands, llooccaall writes a list of local variables to the + standard output. It is an error to use llooccaall when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless llooccaall is used outside a - function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, or _n_a_m_e is a readonly + function, an invalid _n_a_m_e is supplied, or _n_a_m_e is a readonly variable. llooggoouutt Exit a login shell. - mmaappffiillee [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC + mmaappffiillee [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] rreeaaddaarrrraayy [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--nn _c_o_u_n_t] [--OO _o_r_i_g_i_n] [--ss _c_o_u_n_t] [--tt] [--uu _f_d] [--CC _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k] [--cc _q_u_a_n_t_u_m] [_a_r_r_a_y] - Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari- - able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup- - plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if + Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array vari- + able _a_r_r_a_y, or from file descriptor _f_d if the --uu option is sup- + plied. The variable MMAAPPFFIILLEE is the default _a_r_r_a_y. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: - --dd The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate each - input line, rather than newline. - --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are + --dd The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate each + input line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty + string, mmaappffiillee will terminate a line when it reads a NUL + character. + --nn Copy at most _c_o_u_n_t lines. If _c_o_u_n_t is 0, all lines are copied. - --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default + --OO Begin assigning to _a_r_r_a_y at index _o_r_i_g_i_n. The default index is 0. --ss Discard the first _c_o_u_n_t lines read. - --tt Remove a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each line + --tt Remove a trailing _d_e_l_i_m (default newline) from each line read. - --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- + --uu Read lines from file descriptor _f_d instead of the stan- dard input. - --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The + --CC Evaluate _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k each time _q_u_a_n_t_u_m lines are read. The --cc option specifies _q_u_a_n_t_u_m. - --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to + --cc Specify the number of lines read between each call to _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k. - If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. + If --CC is specified without --cc, the default quantum is 5000. When _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that - element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after + element as additional arguments. _c_a_l_l_b_a_c_k is evaluated after the line is read but before the array element is assigned. - If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear + If not supplied with an explicit origin, mmaappffiillee will clear _a_r_r_a_y before assigning to it. - mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option - argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if + mmaappffiillee returns successfully unless an invalid option or option + argument is supplied, _a_r_r_a_y is invalid or unassignable, or if _a_r_r_a_y is not an indexed array. ppooppdd [-nn] [+_n] [-_n] - Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, - removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to + Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, + removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a ccdd to the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow- ing meanings: - --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing - directories from the stack, so that only the stack is + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing + directories from the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. - ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list - shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd + ++_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the left of the list + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd +0'' removes the first directory, ``popd +1'' the second. --_n Removes the _nth entry counting from the right of the list - shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd - -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to + shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero. For example: ``popd + -0'' removes the last directory, ``popd -1'' the next to last. - If the ppooppdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well, - and the return status is 0. ppooppdd returns false if an invalid + If the ppooppdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well, + and the return status is 0. ppooppdd returns false if an invalid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis- tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change fails. pprriinnttff [--vv _v_a_r] _f_o_r_m_a_t [_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s] - Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the - control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The --vv option causes the output to be - assigned to the variable _v_a_r rather than being printed to the + Write the formatted _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s to the standard output under the + control of the _f_o_r_m_a_t. The --vv option causes the output to be + assigned to the variable _v_a_r rather than being printed to the standard output. - The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of - objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard - output, character escape sequences, which are converted and - copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each - of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is a character string which contains three types of + objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard + output, character escape sequences, which are converted and + copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each + of which causes printing of the next successive _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t. In addition to the standard _p_r_i_n_t_f(1) format specifications, pprriinnttff interprets the following extensions: %%bb causes pprriinnttff to expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in the same way as eecchhoo --ee. - %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a + %%qq causes pprriinnttff to output the corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t in a format that can be reused as shell input. %%((_d_a_t_e_f_m_t))TT - causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting - from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3). + causes pprriinnttff to output the date-time string resulting + from using _d_a_t_e_f_m_t as a format string for _s_t_r_f_t_i_m_e(3). The corresponding _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is an integer representing the - number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument - values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and - -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no - argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had - been given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff + number of seconds since the epoch. Two special argument + values may be used: -1 represents the current time, and + -2 represents the time the shell was invoked. If no + argument is specified, conversion behaves as if -1 had + been given. This is an exception to the usual pprriinnttff behavior. - Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- + Arguments to non-string format specifiers are treated as C con- stants, except that a leading plus or minus sign is allowed, and - if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value + if the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the ASCII value of the following character. - The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- + The _f_o_r_m_a_t is reused as necessary to consume all of the _a_r_g_u_- _m_e_n_t_s. If the _f_o_r_m_a_t requires more _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s than are supplied, - the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or - null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return + the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or + null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return value is zero on success, non-zero on failure. ppuusshhdd [--nn] [+_n] [-_n] ppuusshhdd [--nn] [_d_i_r] - Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates - the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working - directory. With no arguments, ppuusshhdd exchanges the top two - directories and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. + Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates + the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working + directory. With no arguments, ppuusshhdd exchanges the top two + directories and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments, if supplied, have the following meanings: - --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating - or adding directories to the stack, so that only the + --nn Suppresses the normal change of directory when rotating + or adding directories to the stack, so that only the stack is manipulated. - ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + ++_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the left of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. - --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting - from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with + --_n Rotates the stack so that the _nth directory (counting + from the right of the list shown by ddiirrss, starting with zero) is at the top. _d_i_r Adds _d_i_r to the directory stack at the top, making it the - new current working directory as if it had been supplied + new current working directory as if it had been supplied as the argument to the ccdd builtin. If the ppuusshhdd command is successful, a ddiirrss is performed as well. - If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r - fails. With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the direc- - tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is - specified, or the directory change to the specified new current + If the first form is used, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the cd to _d_i_r + fails. With the second form, ppuusshhdd returns 0 unless the direc- + tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is + specified, or the directory change to the specified new current directory fails. ppwwdd [--LLPP] - Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. + Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory. The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the --PP option is supplied or the --oo pphhyyssiiccaall option to the sseett builtin command - is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may - contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error - occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an + is enabled. If the --LL option is used, the pathname printed may + contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error + occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an invalid option is supplied. rreeaadd [--eerrss] [--aa _a_n_a_m_e] [--dd _d_e_l_i_m] [--ii _t_e_x_t] [--nn _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--NN _n_c_h_a_r_s] [--pp _p_r_o_m_p_t] [--tt _t_i_m_e_o_u_t] [--uu _f_d] [_n_a_m_e ...] - One line is read from the standard input, or from the file - descriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, split - into words as described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg, and the + One line is read from the standard input, or from the file + descriptor _f_d supplied as an argument to the --uu option, split + into words as described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg, and the first word is assigned to the first _n_a_m_e, the second word to the second _n_a_m_e, and so on. If there are more words than names, the remaining words and their intervening delimiters are assigned to - the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input - stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val- - ues. The characters in IIFFSS are used to split the line into + the last _n_a_m_e. If there are fewer words read from the input + stream than names, the remaining names are assigned empty val- + ues. The characters in IIFFSS are used to split the line into words using the same rules the shell uses for expansion (described above under WWoorrdd SSpplliittttiinngg). The backslash character (\\) may be used to remove any special meaning for the next char- - acter read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, + acter read and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the following meanings: --aa _a_n_a_m_e The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array @@ -959,12 +973,15 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS new values are assigned. Other _n_a_m_e arguments are ignored. --dd _d_e_l_i_m - The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the - input line, rather than newline. + The first character of _d_e_l_i_m is used to terminate the + input line, rather than newline. If _d_e_l_i_m is the empty + string, rreeaadd will terminate a line when it reads a NUL + character. --ee If the standard input is coming from a terminal, rreeaaddlliinnee - (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- - line uses the current (or default, if line editing was - not previously active) editing settings. + (see RREEAADDLLIINNEE above) is used to obtain the line. Read- + line uses the current (or default, if line editing was + not previously active) editing settings, but uses Read- + line's default filename completion. --ii _t_e_x_t If rreeaaddlliinnee is being used to read the line, _t_e_x_t is placed into the editing buffer before editing begins. @@ -1039,7 +1056,7 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS that of the last command executed in the function body. If rreettuurrnn is executed by a trap handler, the last command used to determine the status is the last command executed before the - trap handler. if rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the + trap handler. If rreettuurrnn is executed during a DDEEBBUUGG trap, the last command used to determine the status is the last command executed by the trap handler before rreettuurrnn was invoked. If rreettuurrnn is used outside a function, but during execution of a @@ -1252,31 +1269,37 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --oo option is used, those available with the --oo option to the sseett builtin command. With no options, or with the --pp option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an indication of - whether or not each is set. The --pp option causes output to be - displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other options - have the following meanings: + whether or not each is set; if _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are supplied, the output + is restricted to those options. The --pp option causes output to + be displayed in a form that may be reused as input. Other + options have the following meanings: --ss Enable (set) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. --uu Disable (unset) each _o_p_t_n_a_m_e. - --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status + --qq Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status indicates whether the _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is set or unset. If multi- - ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return sta- - tus is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero other- + ple _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments are given with --qq, the return sta- + tus is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s are enabled; non-zero other- wise. - --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for + --oo Restricts the values of _o_p_t_n_a_m_e to be those defined for the --oo option to the sseett builtin. - If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt - shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. - Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) + If either --ss or --uu is used with no _o_p_t_n_a_m_e arguments, sshhoopptt + shows only those options which are set or unset, respectively. + Unless otherwise noted, the sshhoopptt options are disabled (unset) by default. - The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s - are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting - options, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a + The return status when listing options is zero if all _o_p_t_n_a_m_e_s + are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting + options, the return status is zero unless an _o_p_t_n_a_m_e is not a valid shell option. The list of sshhoopptt options is: + aassssoocc__eexxppaanndd__oonnccee + If set, the shell suppresses multiple evaluation of + associative array subscripts during arithmetic expres- + sion evaluation and while executing builtins that can + perform variable assignments. aauuttooccdd If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is executed as if it were the argument to the ccdd com- mand. This option is only used by interactive shells. @@ -1304,12 +1327,14 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS (see JJOOBB CCOONNTTRROOLL above). The shell always postpones exiting if any jobs are stopped. cchheecckkwwiinnssiizzee - If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each command - and, if necessary, updates the values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLL-- - UUMMNNSS. + If set, bbaasshh checks the window size after each external + (non-builtin) command and, if necessary, updates the + values of LLIINNEESS and CCOOLLUUMMNNSS. ccmmddhhiisstt If set, bbaasshh attempts to save all lines of a multiple- line command in the same history entry. This allows - easy re-editing of multi-line commands. + easy re-editing of multi-line commands. This option is + enabled by default, but only has an effect if command + history is enabled, as described above under HHIISSTTOORRYY. ccoommppaatt3311 If set, bbaasshh changes its behavior to that of version 3.1 with respect to quoted arguments to the [[[[ conditional @@ -1357,6 +1382,10 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS the loop state when a shell function is executed (this allows bbrreeaakk or ccoonnttiinnuuee in a shell function to affect loops in the caller's context). + ccoommppaatt4444 + If set, bbaasshh saves the positional parameters to + BASH_ARGV and BASH_ARGC before they are used, regardless + of whether or not extended debugging mode is enabled. ccoommpplleettee__ffuullllqquuoottee If set, bbaasshh quotes all shell metacharacters in file- names and directory names when performing completion. @@ -1382,7 +1411,9 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS names during word completion if the directory name ini- tially supplied does not exist. ddoottgglloobb If set, bbaasshh includes filenames beginning with a `.' in - the results of pathname expansion. + the results of pathname expansion. The filenames ````..'''' + and ````....'''' must always be matched explicitly, even if + ddoottgglloobb is set. eexxeeccffaaiill If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can- not execute the file specified as an argument to the @@ -1486,32 +1517,37 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS lliitthhiisstt If set, and the ccmmddhhiisstt option is enabled, multi-line commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible. + llooccaallvvaarr__iinnhheerriitt + If set, local variables inherit the value and attributes + of a variable of the same name that exists at a previous + scope before any new value is assigned. The nameref + attribute is not inherited. llooggiinn__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started as a login - shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be + The shell sets this option if it is started as a login + shell (see IINNVVOOCCAATTIIOONN above). The value may not be changed. mmaaiillwwaarrnn - If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has - been accessed since the last time it was checked, the - message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- + If set, and a file that bbaasshh is checking for mail has + been accessed since the last time it was checked, the + message ``The mail in _m_a_i_l_f_i_l_e has been read'' is dis- played. nnoo__eemmppttyy__ccmmdd__ccoommpplleettiioonn - If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not + If set, and rreeaaddlliinnee is being used, bbaasshh will not attempt to search the PPAATTHH for possible completions when completion is attempted on an empty line. nnooccaasseegglloobb - If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches filenames in a case-insensitive fashion when performing pathname expansion (see PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above). nnooccaasseemmaattcchh - If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive + If set, bbaasshh matches patterns in a case-insensitive fashion when performing matching while executing ccaassee or [[[[ conditional commands, when performing pattern substi- - tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- + tution word expansions, or when filtering possible com- pletions as part of programmable completion. nnuullllgglloobb - If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see - PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, + If set, bbaasshh allows patterns which match no files (see + PPaatthhnnaammee EExxppaannssiioonn above) to expand to a null string, rather than themselves. pprrooggccoommpp If set, the programmable completion facilities (see PPrroo-- @@ -1519,50 +1555,50 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS enabled by default. pprroommppttvvaarrss If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com- - mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote - removal after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG + mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote + removal after being expanded as described in PPRROOMMPPTTIINNGG above. This option is enabled by default. rreessttrriicctteedd__sshheellll - The shell sets this option if it is started in + The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode (see RREESSTTRRIICCTTEEDD SSHHEELLLL below). The value - may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup - files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- + may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup + files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis- cover whether or not a shell is restricted. sshhiifftt__vveerrbboossee - If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when + If set, the sshhiifftt builtin prints an error message when the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame- ters. ssoouurrcceeppaatthh If set, the ssoouurrccee (..) builtin uses the value of PPAATTHH to - find the directory containing the file supplied as an + find the directory containing the file supplied as an argument. This option is enabled by default. xxppgg__eecchhoo - If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape + If set, the eecchhoo builtin expands backslash-escape sequences by default. ssuussppeenndd [--ff] - Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT + Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SSIIGGCCOONNTT signal. A login shell cannot be suspended; the --ff option can be used to override this and force the suspension. The return sta- - tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and --ff is not sup- + tus is 0 unless the shell is a login shell and --ff is not sup- plied, or if job control is not enabled. tteesstt _e_x_p_r [[ _e_x_p_r ]] Return a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evalu- ation of the conditional expression _e_x_p_r. Each operator and op- - erand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of - the primaries described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. - tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore + erand must be a separate argument. Expressions are composed of + the primaries described above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS. + tteesstt does not accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of ---- as signifying the end of options. - Expressions may be combined using the following operators, + Expressions may be combined using the following operators, listed in decreasing order of precedence. The evaluation - depends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece- + depends on the number of arguments; see below. Operator prece- dence is used when there are five or more arguments. !! _e_x_p_r True if _e_x_p_r is false. (( _e_x_p_r )) - Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override + Returns the value of _e_x_p_r. This may be used to override the normal precedence of operators. _e_x_p_r_1 -aa _e_x_p_r_2 True if both _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2 are true. @@ -1579,120 +1615,120 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS null. 2 arguments If the first argument is !!, the expression is true if and - only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- - ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed - above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is + only if the second argument is null. If the first argu- + ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed + above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the expression is true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is false. 3 arguments The following conditions are applied in the order listed. - If the second argument is one of the binary conditional + If the second argument is one of the binary conditional operators listed above under CCOONNDDIITTIIOONNAALL EEXXPPRREESSSSIIOONNSS, the result of the expression is the result of the binary test - using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa - and --oo operators are considered binary operators when - there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, - the value is the negation of the two-argument test using + using the first and third arguments as operands. The --aa + and --oo operators are considered binary operators when + there are three arguments. If the first argument is !!, + the value is the negation of the two-argument test using the second and third arguments. If the first argument is exactly (( and the third argument is exactly )), the result - is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- + is the one-argument test of the second argument. Other- wise, the expression is false. 4 arguments If the first argument is !!, the result is the negation of - the three-argument expression composed of the remaining + the three-argument expression composed of the remaining arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval- - uated according to precedence using the rules listed + uated according to precedence using the rules listed above. 5 or more arguments - The expression is parsed and evaluated according to + The expression is parsed and evaluated according to precedence using the rules listed above. - When used with tteesstt or [[, the << and >> operators sort lexico- + When used with tteesstt or [[, the << and >> operators sort lexico- graphically using ASCII ordering. - ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and + ttiimmeess Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0. ttrraapp [--llpp] [[_a_r_g] _s_i_g_s_p_e_c ...] - The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell - receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a - single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its - original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the - shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each - _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. - If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap - commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no - arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the - list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option - causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor- - responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name - defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are + The command _a_r_g is to be read and executed when the shell + receives signal(s) _s_i_g_s_p_e_c. If _a_r_g is absent (and there is a + single _s_i_g_s_p_e_c) or --, each specified signal is reset to its + original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the + shell). If _a_r_g is the null string the signal specified by each + _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. + If _a_r_g is not present and --pp has been supplied, then the trap + commands associated with each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c are displayed. If no + arguments are supplied or if only --pp is given, ttrraapp prints the + list of commands associated with each signal. The --ll option + causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor- + responding numbers. Each _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is either a signal name + defined in <_s_i_g_n_a_l_._h>, or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive and the SSIIGG prefix is optional. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit - from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe- - cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, - _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the - first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR - above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EEXXIITT (0) the command _a_r_g is executed on exit + from the shell. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is DDEEBBUUGG, the command _a_r_g is exe- + cuted before every _s_i_m_p_l_e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d, _f_o_r command, _c_a_s_e command, + _s_e_l_e_c_t command, every arithmetic _f_o_r command, and before the + first command executes in a shell function (see SSHHEELLLL GGRRAAMMMMAARR + above). Refer to the description of the eexxttddeebbuugg option to the sshhoopptt builtin for details of its effect on the DDEEBBUUGG trap. If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is RREETTUURRNN, the command _a_r_g is executed each time a shell function or a script executed with the .. or ssoouurrccee builtins fin- ishes executing. - If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a + If a _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is EERRRR, the command _a_r_g is executed whenever a pipeline (which may consist of a single simple command), a list, or a compound command returns a non-zero exit status, subject to - the following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the + the following conditions. The EERRRR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the command list immediately following - a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, + a wwhhiillee or uunnttiill keyword, part of the test in an _i_f statement, part of a command executed in a &&&& or |||| list except the command - following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the - last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using - !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) + following the final &&&& or ||||, any command in a pipeline but the + last, or if the command's return value is being inverted using + !!. These are the same conditions obeyed by the eerrrreexxiitt (--ee) option. - Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or - reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to + Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or + reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored are reset to their original values in a subshell or subshell environment when - one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is + one is created. The return status is false if any _s_i_g_s_p_e_c is invalid; otherwise ttrraapp returns true. ttyyppee [--aaffttppPP] _n_a_m_e [_n_a_m_e ...] - With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if + With no options, indicate how each _n_a_m_e would be interpreted if used as a command name. If the --tt option is used, ttyyppee prints a - string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or - _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function, - builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, - then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is - returned. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the + string which is one of _a_l_i_a_s, _k_e_y_w_o_r_d, _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n, _b_u_i_l_t_i_n, or + _f_i_l_e if _n_a_m_e is an alias, shell reserved word, function, + builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the _n_a_m_e is not found, + then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is + returned. If the --pp option is used, ttyyppee either returns the name of the disk file that would be executed if _n_a_m_e were speci- fied as a command name, or nothing if ``type -t name'' would not - return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, + return _f_i_l_e. The --PP option forces a PPAATTHH search for each _n_a_m_e, even if ``type -t name'' would not return _f_i_l_e. If a command is hashed, --pp and --PP print the hashed value, which is not necessar- - ily the file that appears first in PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is - used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that contain an executable + ily the file that appears first in PPAATTHH. If the --aa option is + used, ttyyppee prints all of the places that contain an executable named _n_a_m_e. This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the --pp option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is - not consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell + not consulted when using --aa. The --ff option suppresses shell function lookup, as with the ccoommmmaanndd builtin. ttyyppee returns true if all of the arguments are found, false if any are not found. uulliimmiitt [--HHSSaabbccddeeffiikkllmmnnppqqrrssttuuvvxxPPTT [_l_i_m_i_t]] - Provides control over the resources available to the shell and - to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. + Provides control over the resources available to the shell and + to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control. The --HH and --SS options specify that the hard or soft limit is set - for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a - non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up - to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- + for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased by a + non-root user once it is set; a soft limit may be increased up + to the value of the hard limit. If neither --HH nor --SS is speci- fied, both the soft and hard limits are set. The value of _l_i_m_i_t can be a number in the unit specified for the resource or one of the special values hhaarrdd, ssoofftt, or uunnlliimmiitteedd, which stand for the - current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, - respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the - soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is + current hard limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, + respectively. If _l_i_m_i_t is omitted, the current value of the + soft limit of the resource is printed, unless the --HH option is given. When more than one resource is specified, the limit name and unit are printed before the value. Other options are inter- preted as follows: @@ -1701,12 +1737,12 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --cc The maximum size of core files created --dd The maximum size of a process's data segment --ee The maximum scheduling priority ("nice") - --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its + --ff The maximum size of files written by the shell and its children --ii The maximum number of pending signals --kk The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated --ll The maximum size that may be locked into memory - --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor + --mm The maximum resident set size (many systems do not honor this limit) --nn The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems do not allow this value to be set) @@ -1715,72 +1751,75 @@ BBAASSHH BBUUIILLTTIINN CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS --rr The maximum real-time scheduling priority --ss The maximum stack size --tt The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds - --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single + --uu The maximum number of processes available to a single user - --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the + --vv The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the shell and, on some systems, to its children --xx The maximum number of file locks --PP The maximum number of pseudoterminals --TT The maximum number of threads - If _l_i_m_i_t is given, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is the - new value of the specified resource. If no option is given, - then --ff is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except - for --tt, which is in seconds; --pp, which is in units of 512-byte - blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values; + If _l_i_m_i_t is given, and the --aa option is not used, _l_i_m_i_t is the + new value of the specified resource. If no option is given, + then --ff is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except + for --tt, which is in seconds; --pp, which is in units of 512-byte + blocks; --PP, --TT, --bb, --kk, --nn, and --uu, which are unscaled values; and, when in Posix mode, --cc and --ff, which are in 512-byte incre- ments. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option or argu- ment is supplied, or an error occurs while setting a new limit. uummaasskk [--pp] [--SS] [_m_o_d_e] The user file-creation mask is set to _m_o_d_e. If _m_o_d_e begins with - a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is - interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by - _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is - printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym- - bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp + a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is + interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by + _c_h_m_o_d(1). If _m_o_d_e is omitted, the current value of the mask is + printed. The --SS option causes the mask to be printed in sym- + bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the --pp option is supplied, and _m_o_d_e is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode - was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, + was successfully changed or if no _m_o_d_e argument was supplied, and false otherwise. uunnaalliiaass [-aa] [_n_a_m_e ...] - Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is - supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value + Remove each _n_a_m_e from the list of defined aliases. If --aa is + supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value is true unless a supplied _n_a_m_e is not a defined alias. uunnsseett [-ffvv] [-nn] [_n_a_m_e ...] - For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. + For each _n_a_m_e, remove the corresponding variable or function. If the --vv option is given, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell variable, - and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be - unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- - tion, and the function definition is removed. If the --nn option - is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, - _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it references. --nn - has no effect if the --ff option is supplied. If no options are - supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari- - able by that name, any function with that name is unset. Each - unset variable or function is removed from the environment - passed to subsequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANN-- + and that variable is removed. Read-only variables may not be + unset. If --ff is specified, each _n_a_m_e refers to a shell func- + tion, and the function definition is removed. If the --nn option + is supplied, and _n_a_m_e is a variable with the _n_a_m_e_r_e_f attribute, + _n_a_m_e will be unset rather than the variable it references. --nn + has no effect if the --ff option is supplied. If no options are + supplied, each _n_a_m_e refers to a variable; if there is no vari- + able by that name, any function with that name is unset. Each + unset variable or function is removed from the environment + passed to subsequent commands. If any of CCOOMMPP__WWOORRDDBBRREEAAKKSS, RRAANN-- DDOOMM, SSEECCOONNDDSS, LLIINNEENNOO, HHIISSTTCCMMDD, FFUUNNCCNNAAMMEE, GGRROOUUPPSS, or DDIIRRSSTTAACCKK are unset, they lose their special properties, even if they are sub- sequently reset. The exit status is true unless a _n_a_m_e is read- only. - wwaaiitt [--nn] [_n _._._.] + wwaaiitt [--ffnn] [_i_d _._._.] Wait for each specified child process and return its termination - status. Each _n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a - job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are - waited for. If _n is not given, all currently active child pro- + status. Each _i_d may be a process ID or a job specification; if + a job spec is given, all processes in that job's pipeline are + waited for. If _i_d is not given, all currently active child pro- cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If the --nn - option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any job to terminate and - returns its exit status. If _n specifies a non-existent process - or job, the return status is 127. Otherwise, the return status - is the exit status of the last process or job waited for. + option is supplied, wwaaiitt waits for any job to terminate and + returns its exit status. If the --ff option is supplied, and job + control is enabled, wwaaiitt forces _i_d to terminate before returning + its status, instead of returning when it changes status. If _i_d + specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is + 127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the + last process or job waited for. SSEEEE AALLSSOO bash(1), sh(1) -GNU Bash-4.2 2004 Apr 20 BASH_BUILTINS(1) +GNU Bash 5.0 2004 Apr 20 BASH_BUILTINS(1) diff --git a/doc/builtins.1 b/doc/builtins.1 index 829a49c2..4413c76f 100644 --- a/doc/builtins.1 +++ b/doc/builtins.1 @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ .de FN \fI\|\\$1\|\fP .. -.TH BASH_BUILTINS 1 "2004 Apr 20" "GNU Bash-4.2" +.TH BASH_BUILTINS 1 "2004 Apr 20" "GNU Bash 5.0" .SH NAME bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller, cd, command, compgen, complete, diff --git a/doc/builtins.ps b/doc/builtins.ps index f6aec86f..df9ff20a 100644 --- a/doc/builtins.ps +++ b/doc/builtins.ps @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ %!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: groff version 1.22.3 -%%CreationDate: Wed Aug 31 10:24:00 2016 +%%CreationDate: Mon Mar 19 09:43:23 2018 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman %%+ font Times-Bold %%+ font Times-Italic %%+ font Symbol %%+ font Courier %%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.22 3 -%%Pages: 23 +%%Pages: 24 %%PageOrder: Ascend %%DocumentMedia: Default 612 792 0 () () %%Orientation: Portrait @@ -257,43 +257,44 @@ imes, trap, true, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, w)108 .329 E(UIL)-.11 E(TIN COMMANDS)-1.007 E F0 .063 (Unless otherwise noted, each b)108 172.8 R .062(uiltin command documen\ ted in this section as accepting options preceded by)-.2 F F2<ad>108 -184.8 Q F0(accepts)2.533 E F2<adad>2.533 E F0 .034 -(to signify the end of the options.)2.533 F(The)5.034 E F2(:)2.534 E F0 -(,)A F2(true)2.534 E F0(,)A F2(false)2.534 E F0 2.534(,a)C(nd)-2.534 E -F2(test)2.534 E F0 -.2(bu)2.534 G .034(iltins do not accept options and) -.2 F 1.549(do not treat)108 196.8 R F2<adad>4.049 E F0(specially)4.049 E -6.549(.T)-.65 G(he)-6.549 E F2(exit)4.049 E F0(,)A F2(logout)4.049 E F0 -(,)A F2 -.18(re)4.049 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0(,)A F2(br)4.049 E(eak)-.18 -E F0(,)A F2(continue)4.049 E F0(,)A F2(let)4.049 E F0 4.049(,a)C(nd) --4.049 E F2(shift)4.048 E F0 -.2(bu)4.048 G 1.548(iltins accept and).2 F -.26(process ar)108 208.8 R .26(guments be)-.18 F .26(ginning with)-.15 F -F2<ad>2.76 E F0 .261(without requiring)2.76 F F2<adad>2.761 E F0 5.261 -(.O)C .261(ther b)-5.261 F .261(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .261 -(guments b)-.18 F .261(ut are not)-.2 F 1.154 -(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar)108 220.8 R 1.154 -(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F2<ad>3.654 E F0 1.154 -(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154(lid options and require).25 F F2 -<adad>3.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108 232.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G -(nt this interpretation.).15 E F2(:)108 250.8 Q F0([)2.5 E/F3 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef)144 262.8 R -.451(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e)-.15 F -(xpanding)-.15 E F3(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452(and performing an) -3.222 F 2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5(redirections. The)144 -274.8 R(return status is zero.)2.5 E F2(.)110.5 291.6 Q F3(\214lename) -6.666 E F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A F2(sour)108 303.6 Q(ce) --.18 E F3(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02 -(Read and e)144 315.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02(cute commands from).15 F F3 -(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02 -(vironment and return the e)-.4 F(xit)-.15 E 1.458 -(status of the last command e)144 327.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.458 -(cuted from).15 F F3(\214lename)3.958 E F0 6.458(.I).18 G(f)-6.458 E F3 -(\214lename)5.868 E F0 1.458(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.138 F -.608(names in)144 339.6 R/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 -E F0 .608(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F3 -(\214lename)3.108 E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in) --5.608 F F4 -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .832(need not be e)144 351.6 -R -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.332(cutable. When).15 F F2(bash)3.332 E F0 .832 -(is not in)3.332 F F3 .832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .833 +184.8 Q F0(accepts)3.077 E F2<adad>3.077 E F0 .577 +(to signify the end of the options.)3.077 F(The)5.577 E F2(:)3.077 E F0 +(,)A F2(true)3.077 E F0(,)A F2(false)3.077 E F0 3.077(,a)C(nd)-3.077 E +F2(test)3.077 E F0(/)A F2([)A F0 -.2(bu)3.077 G .577 +(iltins do not accept options).2 F .462(and do not treat)108 196.8 R F2 +<adad>2.961 E F0(specially)2.961 E 5.461(.T)-.65 G(he)-5.461 E F2(exit) +2.961 E F0(,)A F2(logout)2.961 E F0(,)A F2 -.18(re)2.961 G(tur).18 E(n) +-.15 E F0(,)A F2(br)2.961 E(eak)-.18 E F0(,)A F2(continue)2.961 E F0(,)A +F2(let)2.961 E F0 2.961(,a)C(nd)-2.961 E F2(shift)2.961 E F0 -.2(bu) +2.961 G .461(iltins accept and).2 F .26(process ar)108 208.8 R .26 +(guments be)-.18 F .26(ginning with)-.15 F F2<ad>2.76 E F0 .261 +(without requiring)2.76 F F2<adad>2.761 E F0 5.261(.O)C .261(ther b) +-5.261 F .261(uiltins that accept ar)-.2 F .261(guments b)-.18 F .261 +(ut are not)-.2 F 1.154(speci\214ed as accepting options interpret ar) +108 220.8 R 1.154(guments be)-.18 F 1.154(ginning with)-.15 F F2<ad> +3.654 E F0 1.154(as in)3.654 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.154 +(lid options and require).25 F F2<adad>3.654 E F0(to)3.654 E(pre)108 +232.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt this interpretation.).15 E F2(:)108 250.8 Q F0 +([)2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A .451(No ef) +144 262.8 R .451(fect; the command does nothing be)-.25 F .452(yond e) +-.15 F(xpanding)-.15 E F3(ar)3.282 E(guments)-.37 E F0 .452 +(and performing an)3.222 F 2.952(ys)-.15 G(peci\214ed)-2.952 E 2.5 +(redirections. The)144 274.8 R(return status is zero.)2.5 E F2(.)110.5 +291.6 Q F3(\214lename)6.666 E F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A +F2(sour)108 303.6 Q(ce)-.18 E F3(\214lename)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F3(ar)A +(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.02(Read and e)144 315.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.02 +(cute commands from).15 F F3(\214lename)5.43 E F0 1.02 +(in the current shell en)3.7 F 1.02(vironment and return the e)-.4 F +(xit)-.15 E 1.458(status of the last command e)144 327.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 +G 1.458(cuted from).15 F F3(\214lename)3.958 E F0 6.458(.I).18 G(f) +-6.458 E F3(\214lename)5.868 E F0 1.458 +(does not contain a slash, \214le-)4.138 F .608(names in)144 339.6 R/F4 +9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .608 +(are used to \214nd the directory containing)2.858 F F3(\214lename)3.108 +E F0 5.608(.T).18 G .608(he \214le searched for in)-5.608 F F4 -.666(PA) +3.108 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .832(need not be e)144 351.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +3.332(cutable. When).15 F F2(bash)3.332 E F0 .832(is not in)3.332 F F3 +.832(posix mode)3.332 F F0 3.332(,t)C .833 (he current directory is searched if no)-3.332 F .982 (\214le is found in)144 363.6 R F4 -.666(PA)3.481 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9 /Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .981(If the)5.481 F F2(sour)3.481 E(cepath)-.18 @@ -375,8 +376,8 @@ F0 -.25(va)2.976 G 2.976(riable. Each).25 F .476(non-option ar)2.976 F (ut each binding or command must be passed as a separate ar)-3.183 F .484(gument; e.g., '"\\C\255x\\C\255r":)-.18 F 2.5 (re\255read\255init\255\214le'. Options,)144 726 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E -.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 -768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(1)203.725 E 0 Cg EP +.3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 +768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(1)203.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 2 2 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -499,7 +500,7 @@ G(H).855 E F0(de\214nes)3.286 E .85 5.664(.A)C(lternati)-5.664 E .964 -.15(ve d)-.25 H .665 (irectory names in).15 F F3(CDP)3.165 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H).855 E F0 .665(are separated by a colon \(:\).)2.915 F 3.165(An)5.665 G .665 -(ull directory name)-3.165 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E +(ull directory name)-3.165 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E (2)203.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 3 3 %%BeginPageSetup @@ -638,8 +639,8 @@ F2<ad44>3.847 E F0 1.347(option indicates that the remaining options) F2<ad53>3.222 E F0 .723 (options\) should be quoted to protect them from e)3.222 F(xpan-)-.15 E (sion before the)144 722.4 Q F2(complete)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G -(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(3)203.725 E 0 Cg EP +(iltin is in).2 E -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d.).1 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(3)203.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 4 4 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -711,8 +712,8 @@ Q(May also be speci\214ed as)5 E F1<ad73>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(setopt)184 696 Q F0 -1.11(Va)224 696 S(lid ar)1.11 E(guments for the)-.18 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E F1 (shopt)184 708 Q F0(Shell option names as accepted by the)224 708 Q F1 -(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(4)203.725 E 0 Cg EP +(shopt)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(4)203.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 5 5 %%BeginPageSetup BP @@ -757,2262 +758,2337 @@ E F0 1.007(is e)3.507 F 1.007(xpanded to generate the possible comple-) E .3 -.15(ve b)-.2 H(een applied.).15 E F1<ad57>144 336 Q F2(wor)2.5 E (dlist)-.37 E F0(The)184 348 Q F2(wor)3.64 E(dlist)-.37 E F0 1.14 (is split using the characters in the)3.64 F F3(IFS)3.64 E F0 1.139 -(special v)3.39 F 1.139(ariable as delimiters, and)-.25 F 2.007 -(each resultant w)184 360 R 2.007(ord is e)-.1 F 4.507(xpanded. 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It)-.15 F .455(is applied to the list of possible)2.956 F 1.596 -(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 408 R 1.596 -(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 420 Q F2(\214lterpat) +(completions generated by the preceding options and ar)184 432 R 1.596 +(guments, and each completion)-.18 F(matching)184 444 Q F2(\214lterpat) 3.205 E F0 .705(is remo)3.205 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.205(df).15 G .704 (rom the list.)-3.205 F 3.204(Al)5.704 G(eading)-3.204 E F1(!)3.204 E F0 (in)3.204 E F2(\214lterpat)3.204 E F0(ne)3.204 E -.05(ga)-.15 G .704 -(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 432 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G +(tes the pattern;).05 F(in this case, an)184 456 Q 2.5(yc)-.15 G (ompletion not matching)-2.5 E F2(\214lterpat)2.5 E F0(is remo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 448.8 R .466 +-.15(ve)-.15 G(d.).15 E .466(The return v)144 472.8 R .466 (alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .466 (lid option is supplied, an option other than).25 F F1<ad70>2.967 E F0 (or)2.967 E F1<ad72>2.967 E F0 .467(is sup-)2.967 F 1.362 -(plied without a)144 460.8 R F2(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361 +(plied without a)144 484.8 R F2(name)3.862 E F0(ar)3.862 E 1.361 (gument, an attempt is made to remo)-.18 F 1.661 -.15(ve a c)-.15 H -1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 472.8 Q F0 +1.361(ompletion speci\214cation for a).15 F F2(name)144 496.8 Q F0 (for which no speci\214cation e)2.5 E (xists, or an error occurs adding a completion speci\214cation.)-.15 E -F1(compopt)108 489.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C +F1(compopt)108 513.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6f>A F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255DE)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 501.6 R +(name)-2.5 E F0(])A .447(Modify completion options for each)144 525.6 R F2(name)2.947 E F0 .447(according to the)2.947 F F2(option)2.947 E F0 .447(s, or for the currently-e)B -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E .726 -(completion if no)144 513.6 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726 +(completion if no)144 537.6 R F2(name)3.226 E F0 3.226(sa)C .726 (re supplied.)-3.226 F .725(If no)5.725 F F2(option)3.225 E F0 3.225(sa) C .725(re gi)-3.225 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .725 -(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 525.6 Q F2(name) +(n, display the completion options for).15 F(each)144 549.6 Q F2(name) 3.223 E F0 .723(or the current completion.)3.223 F .724(The possible v) 5.724 F .724(alues of)-.25 F F2(option)3.224 E F0 .724(are those v)3.224 -F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 537.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) +F .724(alid for the)-.25 F F1(com-)3.224 E(plete)144 561.6 Q F0 -.2(bu) 2.798 G .298(iltin described abo).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.297(.T).15 G(he) -5.297 E F1<ad44>2.797 E F0 .297 (option indicates that the remaining options should apply to)2.797 F -1.227(the `)144 549.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ +1.227(the `)144 573.6 R(`def)-.74 E(ault')-.1 E 3.727('c)-.74 G 1.228(o\ mmand completion; that is, completion attempted on a command for which \ -no)-3.727 F 2.178(completion has pre)144 561.6 R 2.178 +no)-3.727 F 2.178(completion has pre)144 585.6 R 2.178 (viously been de\214ned.)-.25 F(The)7.178 E F1<ad45>4.678 E F0 2.177 (option indicates that the remaining options)4.677 F(should apply to `) -144 573.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G +144 597.6 Q(`empty')-.74 E 2.5('c)-.74 G (ommand completion; that is, completion attempted on a blank line.)-2.5 -E 1.387(The return v)144 597.6 R 1.387(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F +E 1.387(The return v)144 621.6 R 1.387(alue is true unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.388 (lid option is supplied, an attempt is made to modify the).25 F -(options for a)144 609.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 +(options for a)144 633.6 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 (for which no completion speci\214cation e)2.5 E -(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 626.4 Q F0([) -2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 638.4 R 1.754 +(xists, or an output error occurs.)-.15 E F1(continue)108 650.4 Q F0([) +2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A 1.754(Resume the ne)144 662.4 R 1.754 (xt iteration of the enclosing)-.15 F F1 -.25(fo)4.254 G(r).25 E F0(,)A F1(while)4.254 E F0(,)A F1(until)4.254 E F0 4.254(,o)C(r)-4.254 E F1 (select)4.254 E F0 4.253(loop. 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If)3.709 F F2(n)4.069 E F0 1.209 (is greater than the number of enclosing)3.949 F .514 -(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 662.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 +(loops, the last enclosing loop \(the `)144 686.4 R(`top-le)-.74 E -.15 (ve)-.25 G(l').15 E 3.014('l)-.74 G .514(oop\) is resumed.)-3.014 F .513 (The return v)5.513 F .513(alue is 0 unless)-.25 F F2(n)3.013 E F0(is) -3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 674.4 Q F1(declar)108 691.2 -Q(e)-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E -F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1 -(typeset)108 703.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 -<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 715.2 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi)-.25 F -1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 F(no) -3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of)-.25 F --.25(va)144 727.2 S 3.483(riables. The).25 F F1<ad70>3.483 E F0 .983 -(option will display the attrib)3.483 F .983(utes and v)-.2 F .982 -(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.482 E F0 5.982(.W).18 G(hen)-5.982 E F1 -<ad70>3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20) -148.735 E(5)203.725 E 0 Cg EP +3.013 E(not greater than or equal to 1.)144 698.4 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 +Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(5)203.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 6 6 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 (TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 -E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E(with)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name) -2.774 E F0(ar)2.774 E .274(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 -F/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad66>2.775 E F0(and)2.775 E F2<ad46>2.775 E F0 -2.775(,a)C .275(re ignored.)-2.775 F(When)5.275 E F2<ad70>2.775 E F0 -.275(is supplied)2.775 F(without)144 96 Q F1(name)4.814 E F0(ar)4.814 E -2.314(guments, it will display the attrib)-.18 F 2.314(utes and v)-.2 F -2.313(alues of all v)-.25 F 2.313(ariables ha)-.25 F 2.313(ving the)-.2 -F(attrib)144 108 Q 1.181(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)-.2 -F 1.182(If no other options are supplied with)6.181 F F2<ad70>3.682 E F0 -(,)A F2(declar)3.682 E(e)-.18 E F0 .62(will display the attrib)144 120 R +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(declar)108 84 Q(e) +-.18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 +2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5 +(].)C(..])-2.5 E F1(typeset)108 96 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAfFgilnrtux)A F0 +2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 +2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E 1.264(Declare v)144 108 R 1.264(ariables and/or gi) +-.25 F 1.564 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 1.264(hem attrib).15 F 3.765(utes. If)-.2 +F(no)3.765 E F2(name)3.765 E F0 3.765(sa)C 1.265(re gi)-3.765 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 3.765(nt).15 G 1.265(hen display the v)-3.765 F 1.265(alues of) +-.25 F -.25(va)144 120 S 3.483(riables. The).25 F F1<ad70>3.483 E F0 +.983(option will display the attrib)3.483 F .983(utes and v)-.2 F .982 +(alues of each)-.25 F F2(name)3.482 E F0 5.982(.W).18 G(hen)-5.982 E F1 +<ad70>3.482 E F0 .982(is used)3.482 F(with)144 132 Q F2(name)2.774 E F0 +(ar)2.774 E .274(guments, additional options, other than)-.18 F F1<ad66> +2.775 E F0(and)2.775 E F1<ad46>2.775 E F0 2.775(,a)C .275(re ignored.) +-2.775 F(When)5.275 E F1<ad70>2.775 E F0 .275(is supplied)2.775 F +(without)144 144 Q F2(name)4.814 E F0(ar)4.814 E 2.314 +(guments, it will display the attrib)-.18 F 2.314(utes and v)-.2 F 2.313 +(alues of all v)-.25 F 2.313(ariables ha)-.25 F 2.313(ving the)-.2 F +(attrib)144 156 Q 1.181(utes speci\214ed by the additional options.)-.2 +F 1.182(If no other options are supplied with)6.181 F F1<ad70>3.682 E F0 +(,)A F1(declar)3.682 E(e)-.18 E F0 .62(will display the attrib)144 168 R .62(utes and v)-.2 F .62(alues of all shell v)-.25 F 3.12(ariables. The) --.25 F F2<ad66>3.12 E F0 .62(option will restrict the display)3.12 F -1.29(to shell functions.)144 132 R(The)6.29 E F2<ad46>3.79 E F0 1.291(o\ +-.25 F F1<ad66>3.12 E F0 .62(option will restrict the display)3.12 F +1.29(to shell functions.)144 180 R(The)6.29 E F1<ad46>3.79 E F0 1.291(o\ ption inhibits the display of function de\214nitions; only the function) -3.791 F .948(name and attrib)144 144 R .948(utes are printed.)-.2 F .948 -(If the)5.948 F F2(extdeb)3.448 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .948 -(shell option is enabled using)3.448 F F2(shopt)3.448 E F0 3.448(,t)C +3.791 F .948(name and attrib)144 192 R .948(utes are printed.)-.2 F .948 +(If the)5.948 F F1(extdeb)3.448 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .948 +(shell option is enabled using)3.448 F F1(shopt)3.448 E F0 3.448(,t)C .948(he source)-3.448 F 1.69(\214le name and line number where each)144 -156 R F1(name)4.19 E F0 1.69(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)4.19 F -(The)6.69 E F2<ad46>4.19 E F0(option)4.19 E(implies)144 168 Q F2<ad66> -3.892 E F0 6.392(.T)C(he)-6.392 E F2<ad67>3.892 E F0 1.391 +204 R F2(name)4.19 E F0 1.69(is de\214ned are displayed as well.)4.19 F +(The)6.69 E F1<ad46>4.19 E F0(option)4.19 E(implies)144 216 Q F1<ad66> +3.892 E F0 6.392(.T)C(he)-6.392 E F1<ad67>3.892 E F0 1.391 (option forces v)3.892 F 1.391 (ariables to be created or modi\214ed at the global scope, e)-.25 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(when)144 180 Q F2(declar)4.382 E(e)-.18 E F0 1.882 +(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E(when)144 228 Q F1(declar)4.382 E(e)-.18 E F0 1.882 (is e)4.382 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.882(cuted in a shell function.).15 F 1.883(It is ignored in all other cases.)6.882 F 1.883(The follo)6.883 F -(wing)-.25 E .794(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 192 R +(wing)-.25 E .794(options can be used to restrict output to v)144 240 R .794(ariables with the speci\214ed attrib)-.25 F .793(ute or to gi)-.2 F -1.093 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 204 Q(utes:)-.2 E F2 -<ad61>144 216 Q F0(Each)180 216 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F2(Arrays)2.5 -E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F2<ad41>144 228 Q F0(Each)180 -228 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray v) -.15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F2(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -(\).).15 E F2<ad66>144 240 Q F0(Use function names only)180 240 Q(.)-.65 -E F2<ad69>144 252 Q F0 .557(The v)180 252 R .558 +1.093 -.15(ve v)-.25 H(ariables)-.1 E(attrib)144 252 Q(utes:)-.2 E F1 +<ad61>144 264 Q F0(Each)180 264 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an inde)2.5 E -.15 +(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray v)-2.5 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 +E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1<ad41>144 276 Q F0(Each)180 +276 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0(is an associati)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(rray v) +.15 E(ariable \(see)-.25 E F1(Arrays)2.5 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G +(\).).15 E F1<ad66>144 288 Q F0(Use function names only)180 288 Q(.)-.65 +E F1<ad69>144 300 Q F0 .557(The v)180 300 R .558 (ariable is treated as an inte)-.25 F .558(ger; arithmetic e)-.15 F -.25 (va)-.25 G .558(luation \(see).25 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .558 -(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 264 Q F0(abo)2.25 +(ARITHMETIC EV)3.058 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)180 312 Q F0(abo)2.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\)i).15 G 2.5(sp)-2.5 G(erformed when the v)-2.5 E -(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F2<ad6c>144 276 Q F0 .91 -(When the v)180 276 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 E(alue.)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 324 Q F0 .91 +(When the v)180 324 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 (alue, all upper)-.25 F .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 -G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 288 R -(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F2<ad6e>144 300 Q -F0(Gi)180 300 Q 1.619 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F1(name)3.819 E F0(the) -3.819 E F1(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 +G .909(rted to lo).15 F(wer)-.25 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 336 R +(upper)2.5 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad6e>144 348 Q +F0(Gi)180 348 Q 1.619 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2(name)3.819 E F0(the) +3.819 E F2(namer)3.819 E(ef)-.37 E F0(attrib)3.819 E 1.319 (ute, making it a name reference to another v)-.2 F(ariable.)-.25 E -1.519(That other v)180 312 R 1.519(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F -1.518(alue of)-.25 F F1(name)4.018 E F0 6.518(.A)C 1.518 -(ll references, assignments, and)-6.518 F(attrib)180 324 Q .226 -(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F1(name)2.726 E F0 2.726(,e)C .226 -(xcept those using or changing the)-2.876 F F2<ad6e>2.726 E F0(attrib) -2.726 E .227(ute itself, are)-.2 F .809(performed on the v)180 336 R -.809(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F1(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55('s v)D +1.519(That other v)180 360 R 1.519(ariable is de\214ned by the v)-.25 F +1.518(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)4.018 E F0 6.518(.A)C 1.518 +(ll references, assignments, and)-6.518 F(attrib)180 372 Q .226 +(ute modi\214cations to)-.2 F F2(name)2.726 E F0 2.726(,e)C .226 +(xcept those using or changing the)-2.876 F F1<ad6e>2.726 E F0(attrib) +2.726 E .227(ute itself, are)-.2 F .809(performed on the v)180 384 R +.809(ariable referenced by)-.25 F F2(name)3.308 E F0 1.908 -.55('s v)D 3.308(alue. The).3 F .808(nameref attrib)3.308 F .808(ute cannot be)-.2 -F(applied to array v)180 348 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F2<ad72>144 360 Q F0 -(Mak)180 360 Q(e)-.1 E F1(name)5.046 E F0 5.046(sr)C(eadonly)-5.046 E +F(applied to array v)180 396 Q(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad72>144 408 Q F0 +(Mak)180 408 Q(e)-.1 E F2(name)5.046 E F0 5.046(sr)C(eadonly)-5.046 E 7.546(.T)-.65 G 2.546(hese names cannot then be assigned v)-7.546 F -2.547(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 372 -Q F2<ad74>144 384 Q F0(Gi)180 384 Q .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F1 -(name)2.93 E F0(the)2.929 E F1(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E -2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F2(DEB)2.929 -E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.929 E F2(RETURN)2.929 E F0 -(traps from the calling shell.)180 396 Q(The trace attrib)5 E -(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F2<ad75>144 408 -Q F0 .909(When the v)180 408 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 +2.547(alues by subsequent)-.25 F(assignment statements or unset.)180 420 +Q F1<ad74>144 432 Q F0(Gi)180 432 Q .73 -.15(ve e)-.25 H(ach).15 E F2 +(name)2.93 E F0(the)2.929 E F2(tr)2.929 E(ace)-.15 E F0(attrib)2.929 E +2.929(ute. T)-.2 F .429(raced functions inherit the)-.35 F F1(DEB)2.929 +E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.929 E F1(RETURN)2.929 E F0 +(traps from the calling shell.)180 444 Q(The trace attrib)5 E +(ute has no special meaning for v)-.2 E(ariables.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 456 +Q F0 .909(When the v)180 456 R .909(ariable is assigned a v)-.25 F .909 (alue, all lo)-.25 F(wer)-.25 E .909(-case characters are con)-.2 F -.15 -(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 420 R(lo)2.5 -E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F2<ad78>144 432 Q -F0(Mark)180 432 Q F1(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E +(ve)-.4 G .91(rted to upper).15 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(case. The)180 468 R(lo)2.5 +E(wer)-.25 E(-case attrib)-.2 E(ute is disabled.)-.2 E F1<ad78>144 480 Q +F0(Mark)180 480 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0 2.5(sf)C(or e)-2.5 E (xport to subsequent commands via the en)-.15 E(vironment.)-.4 E .121 -(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 448.8 R 2.621(ft)-.25 G .121 +(Using `+' instead of `\255' turns of)144 496.8 R 2.621(ft)-.25 G .121 (he attrib)-2.621 F .121(ute instead, with the e)-.2 F .12 -(xceptions that)-.15 F F2(+a)2.62 E F0 .12(may not be used)2.62 F .644 -(to destro)144 460.8 R 3.144(ya)-.1 G 3.144(na)-3.144 G .644(rray v) --3.144 F .644(ariable and)-.25 F F2(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo) +(xceptions that)-.15 F F1(+a)2.62 E F0 .12(may not be used)2.62 F .644 +(to destro)144 508.8 R 3.144(ya)-.1 G 3.144(na)-3.144 G .644(rray v) +-3.144 F .644(ariable and)-.25 F F1(+r)3.145 E F0 .645(will not remo) 3.145 F .945 -.15(ve t)-.15 H .645(he readonly attrib).15 F 3.145 -(ute. When)-.2 F .645(used in a func-)3.145 F(tion,)144 472.8 Q F2 -(declar)2.835 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.835 E F2(typeset)2.835 E F0(mak)2.835 -E 2.835(ee)-.1 G(ach)-2.835 E F1(name)2.835 E F0 .335 -(local, as with the)2.835 F F2(local)2.835 E F0 .335 -(command, unless the)2.835 F F2<ad67>2.835 E F0(option)2.835 E 1.282 -(is supplied.)144 484.8 R 1.282(If a v)6.282 F 1.283 -(ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.283(wed by =)-.25 F F1(value)A F0 3.783 +(ute. When)-.2 F .645(used in a func-)3.145 F(tion,)144 520.8 Q F1 +(declar)2.835 E(e)-.18 E F0(and)2.835 E F1(typeset)2.835 E F0(mak)2.835 +E 2.835(ee)-.1 G(ach)-2.835 E F2(name)2.835 E F0 .335 +(local, as with the)2.835 F F1(local)2.835 E F0 .335 +(command, unless the)2.835 F F1<ad67>2.835 E F0(option)2.835 E 1.282 +(is supplied.)144 532.8 R 1.282(If a v)6.282 F 1.283 +(ariable name is follo)-.25 F 1.283(wed by =)-.25 F F2(value)A F0 3.783 (,t)C 1.283(he v)-3.783 F 1.283(alue of the v)-.25 F 1.283 -(ariable is set to)-.25 F F1(value)3.783 E F0(.)A .927(When using)144 -496.8 R F2<ad61>3.427 E F0(or)3.427 E F2<ad41>3.427 E F0 .926 +(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(value)3.783 E F0(.)A .927(When using)144 +544.8 R F1<ad61>3.427 E F0(or)3.427 E F1<ad41>3.427 E F0 .926 (and the compound assignment syntax to create array v)3.427 F .926 -(ariables, additional)-.25 F(attrib)144 508.8 Q .592(utes do not tak)-.2 +(ariables, additional)-.25 F(attrib)144 556.8 Q .592(utes do not tak)-.2 F 3.092(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.092 G .592 (ect until subsequent assignments.).25 F .592(The return v)5.592 F .592 (alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .429 (option is encountered, an attempt is made to de\214ne a function using) -144 520.8 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .428(\255f foo=bar)2.929 F F0 2.928(,a)C +144 568.8 R/F4 10/Courier@0 SF .428(\255f foo=bar)2.929 F F0 2.928(,a)C 2.928(na)-2.928 G .428(ttempt is)-2.928 F .062(made to assign a v)144 -532.8 R .062(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .063 +580.8 R .062(alue to a readonly v)-.25 F .063 (ariable, an attempt is made to assign a v)-.25 F .063 (alue to an array v)-.25 F(ari-)-.25 E .102 -(able without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 544.8 R F2 +(able without using the compound assignment syntax \(see)144 592.8 R F1 (Arrays)2.602 E F0(abo)2.602 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .102(\), one of the).15 F -F1(names)2.602 E F0 .101(is not a)2.602 F -.25(va)144 556.8 S .171 +F2(names)2.602 E F0 .101(is not a)2.602 F -.25(va)144 604.8 S .171 (lid shell v).25 F .171(ariable name, an attempt is made to turn of)-.25 F 2.671(fr)-.25 G .171(eadonly status for a readonly v)-2.671 F .172 -(ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 568.8 R 3.46(fa) +(ariable, an)-.25 F .96(attempt is made to turn of)144 616.8 R 3.46(fa) -.25 G .96(rray status for an array v)-3.46 F .96 -(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 580.8 Q -(xistent function with)-.15 E F2<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F2 -(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 597.6 Q F1(n)A F2 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F2 -(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 609.6 S .328 +(ariable, or an attempt is made to display a)-.25 F(non-e)144 628.8 Q +(xistent function with)-.15 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(dirs [\255clpv] [+)108 645.6 Q F2(n)A F1 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F1 +(])A F0 -.4(Wi)144 657.6 S .328 (thout options, displays the list of currently remembered directories.) .4 F .329(The def)5.329 F .329(ault display is on a)-.1 F 1.238 -(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 621.6 R 1.238 -(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F2(pushd)144 633.6 Q -F0 2.003(command; the)4.503 F F2(popd)4.503 E F0 2.003(command remo) +(single line with directory names separated by spaces.)144 669.6 R 1.238 +(Directories are added to the list with the)6.238 F F1(pushd)144 681.6 Q +F0 2.003(command; the)4.503 F F1(popd)4.503 E F0 2.003(command remo) 4.503 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.503(se).15 G 2.003(ntries from the list.)-4.503 -F 2.003(The current directory is)7.003 F(al)144 645.6 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G -(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F2<ad63>144 657.6 Q F0 -(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 657.6 Q -F2<ad6c>144 669.6 Q F0 .882 -(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 669.6 R .881 +F 2.003(The current directory is)7.003 F(al)144 693.6 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G +(ys the \214rst directory in the stack.).1 E F1<ad63>144 705.6 Q F0 +(Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the entries.)180 705.6 Q +F1<ad6c>144 717.6 Q F0 .882 +(Produces a listing using full pathnames; the def)180 717.6 R .881 (ault listing format uses a tilde to denote)-.1 F(the home directory)180 -681.6 Q(.)-.65 E F2<ad70>144 693.6 Q F0 -(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 693.6 Q F2<ad76> -144 705.6 Q F0 .272(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, \ -pre\214xing each entry with its inde)180 705.6 R 2.773(xi)-.15 G 2.773 -(nt)-2.773 G(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 717.6 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(6)203.725 E 0 Cg EP +729.6 Q(.)-.65 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(6)203.725 E +0 Cg EP %%Page: 7 7 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 (TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 -E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(+)144 84 Q/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 1.565(Displays the)180 84 R F2(n)4.065 E F0 -1.565(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.564(wn by)-.25 -F F1(dirs)4.064 E F0 1.564(when in)4.064 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 -E(without options, starting with zero.)180 96 Q F1<ad>144 108 Q F2(n)A -F0 1.194(Displays the)180 108 R F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad70>144 84 Q F0 +(Print the directory stack with one entry per line.)180 84 Q F1<ad76>144 +96 Q F0 .272(Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre\214\ +xing each entry with its inde)180 96 R 2.773(xi)-.15 G 2.773(nt)-2.773 G +(he)-2.773 E(stack.)180 108 Q F1(+)144 120 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A +F0 1.565(Displays the)180 120 R F2(n)4.065 E F0 1.565 +(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.564(wn by)-.25 F F1 +(dirs)4.064 E F0 1.564(when in)4.064 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E +(without options, starting with zero.)180 132 Q F1<ad>144 144 Q F2(n)A +F0 1.194(Displays the)180 144 R F2(n)3.694 E F0 1.194 (th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.194(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)3.694 E F0 1.194(when in)3.694 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d).1 E -(without options, starting with zero.)180 120 Q .258(The return v)144 -136.8 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 +(without options, starting with zero.)180 156 Q .258(The return v)144 +172.8 R .258(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .258 (lid option is supplied or).25 F F2(n)2.758 E F0(inde)2.758 E -.15(xe) -.15 G 2.758(sb).15 G -.15(ey)-2.758 G .258(ond the end of the direc-) -.15 F(tory stack.)144 148.8 Q F1(diso)108 165.6 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +.15 F(tory stack.)144 184.8 Q F1(diso)108 201.6 Q(wn)-.1 E F0([)2.5 E F1 (\255ar)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad68>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)-2.5 E F0 -(... |)2.5 E F2(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 177.6 S .121 +(... |)2.5 E F2(pid)2.5 E F0(... ])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 213.6 S .121 (thout options, remo).4 F .422 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(jobspec) 4.362 E F0 .122(from the table of acti)2.932 F .422 -.15(ve j)-.25 H 2.622(obs. If).15 F F2(jobspec)4.362 E F0 .122(is not present, and)2.932 -F .096(neither the)144 189.6 R F1<ad61>2.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F +F .096(neither the)144 225.6 R F1<ad61>2.596 E F0 .096(nor the)2.596 F F1<ad72>2.596 E F0 .096(option is supplied, the)2.596 F F2(curr)2.596 E .096(ent job)-.37 F F0 .096(is used.)2.596 F .096(If the)5.096 F F1 <ad68>2.596 E F0 .096(option is gi)2.596 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .096(n, each) -.15 F F2(jobspec)145.74 201.6 Q F0 .585(is not remo)3.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 +.15 F F2(jobspec)145.74 237.6 Q F0 .585(is not remo)3.395 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.085(df).15 G .585(rom the table, b)-3.085 F .585(ut is mark)-.2 F .585(ed so that)-.1 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGHUP)3.085 E F0 .586 -(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 213.6 R -.15 +(is not sent to the job if the)2.835 F .962(shell recei)144 249.6 R -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.462(sa).15 G F3(SIGHUP)A/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .962 (If no)5.462 F F2(jobspec)5.202 E F0 .962(is supplied, the)3.772 F F1 <ad61>3.462 E F0 .962(option means to remo)3.462 F 1.262 -.15(ve o)-.15 -H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.358(jobs; the)144 225.6 R F1 +H 3.462(rm).15 G .962(ark all)-3.462 F 1.358(jobs; the)144 261.6 R F1 <ad72>3.858 E F0 1.358(option without a)3.858 F F2(jobspec)5.598 E F0 (ar)4.169 E 1.359(gument restricts operation to running jobs.)-.18 F -1.359(The return)6.359 F -.25(va)144 237.6 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2 +1.359(The return)6.359 F -.25(va)144 273.6 S(lue is 0 unless a).25 E F2 (jobspec)4.24 E F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job)-.25 E(.)-.4 E -F1(echo)108 254.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g) --.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .425(Output the)144 266.4 R F2(ar)2.925 E(g)-.37 E +F1(echo)108 290.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255neE)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g) +-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E .425(Output the)144 302.4 R F2(ar)2.925 E(g)-.37 E F0 .424(s, separated by spaces, follo)B .424(wed by a ne)-.25 F 2.924 (wline. The)-.25 F .424(return status is 0 unless a write)2.924 F .307 -(error occurs.)144 278.4 R(If)5.307 E F1<ad6e>2.807 E F0 .307 +(error occurs.)144 314.4 R(If)5.307 E F1<ad6e>2.807 E F0 .307 (is speci\214ed, the trailing ne)2.807 F .308(wline is suppressed.)-.25 F .308(If the)5.308 F F1<ad65>2.808 E F0 .308(option is gi)2.808 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G .308(n, inter).15 F(-)-.2 E 1.349(pretation of the follo)144 -290.4 R 1.348(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) +326.4 R 1.348(wing backslash-escaped characters is enabled.)-.25 F(The) 6.348 E F1<ad45>3.848 E F0 1.348(option disables the)3.848 F 1.054 -(interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 302.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +(interpretation of these escape characters, e)144 338.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.555(no).15 G 3.555(ns)-3.555 G 1.055(ystems where the)-3.555 F 3.555 (ya)-.15 G 1.055(re interpreted by def)-3.555 F(ault.)-.1 E(The)144 -314.4 Q F1(xpg_echo)3.459 E F0 .959 +350.4 Q F1(xpg_echo)3.459 E F0 .959 (shell option may be used to dynamically determine whether or not)3.459 F F1(echo)3.458 E F0 -.15(ex)3.458 G(pands).15 E .715 -(these escape characters by def)144 326.4 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.715 E +(these escape characters by def)144 362.4 R(ault.)-.1 E F1(echo)5.715 E F0 .716(does not interpret)3.215 F F1<adad>3.216 E F0 .716 (to mean the end of options.)3.216 F F1(echo)5.716 E F0 -(interprets the follo)144 338.4 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F1(\\a) -144 350.4 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 350.4 Q F1(\\b)144 362.4 Q F0 -(backspace)180 362.4 Q F1(\\c)144 374.4 Q F0(suppress further output)180 -374.4 Q F1(\\e)144 386.4 Q(\\E)144 398.4 Q F0(an escape character)180 -398.4 Q F1(\\f)144 410.4 Q F0(form feed)180 410.4 Q F1(\\n)144 422.4 Q -F0(ne)180 422.4 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 434.4 Q F0 -(carriage return)180 434.4 Q F1(\\t)144 446.4 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 -446.4 Q F1(\\v)144 458.4 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 458.4 S(rtical tab).15 E F1 -(\\\\)144 470.4 Q F0(backslash)180 470.4 Q F1(\\0)144 482.4 Q F2(nnn)A -F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 482.4 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 +(interprets the follo)144 374.4 Q(wing escape sequences:)-.25 E F1(\\a) +144 386.4 Q F0(alert \(bell\))180 386.4 Q F1(\\b)144 398.4 Q F0 +(backspace)180 398.4 Q F1(\\c)144 410.4 Q F0(suppress further output)180 +410.4 Q F1(\\e)144 422.4 Q(\\E)144 434.4 Q F0(an escape character)180 +434.4 Q F1(\\f)144 446.4 Q F0(form feed)180 446.4 Q F1(\\n)144 458.4 Q +F0(ne)180 458.4 Q 2.5(wl)-.25 G(ine)-2.5 E F1(\\r)144 470.4 Q F0 +(carriage return)180 470.4 Q F1(\\t)144 482.4 Q F0(horizontal tab)180 +482.4 Q F1(\\v)144 494.4 Q F0 -.15(ve)180 494.4 S(rtical tab).15 E F1 +(\\\\)144 506.4 Q F0(backslash)180 506.4 Q F1(\\0)144 518.4 Q F2(nnn)A +F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 518.4 Q(alue is the octal v)-.25 E(alue)-.25 E F2(nnn)2.5 E F0(\(zero to three octal digits\))2.5 E F1 -(\\x)144 494.4 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 494.4 Q +(\\x)144 530.4 Q F2(HH)A F0(the eight-bit character whose v)180 530.4 Q (alue is the he)-.25 E(xadecimal v)-.15 E(alue)-.25 E F2(HH)2.5 E F0 (\(one or tw)2.5 E 2.5(oh)-.1 G .3 -.15(ex d)-2.5 H(igits\)).15 E F1 -(\\u)144 506.4 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 1.507 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 518.4 R 1.506 +(\\u)144 542.4 Q F2(HHHH)A F0 1.507 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 554.4 R 1.506 (alue is the he)-.25 F 1.506(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHH) -4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 530.4 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 -(\\U)144 542.4 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 -(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 554.4 R .547 +4.006 E F0(\(one to four he)180 566.4 Q 2.5(xd)-.15 G(igits\))-2.5 E F1 +(\\U)144 578.4 Q F2(HHHHHHHH)A F0 .547 +(the Unicode \(ISO/IEC 10646\) character whose v)180 590.4 R .547 (alue is the he)-.25 F .548(xadecimal v)-.15 F(alue)-.25 E F2(HHHHH-) -3.048 E(HHH)180 566.4 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G -(igits\))-2.5 E F1(enable)108 583.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad61>A F0 2.5(][)C +3.048 E(HHH)180 602.4 Q F0(\(one to eight he)2.5 E 2.5(xd)-.15 G +(igits\))-2.5 E F1(enable)108 619.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad61>A F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dnps)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad66>-2.5 E F2(\214lename)2.5 E F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .278(Enable and disable b)144 595.2 R +(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .278(Enable and disable b)144 631.2 R .278(uiltin shell commands.)-.2 F .278(Disabling a b)5.278 F .278 (uiltin allo)-.2 F .278(ws a disk command which has)-.25 F .833 -(the same name as a shell b)144 607.2 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 +(the same name as a shell b)144 643.2 R .834(uiltin to be e)-.2 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G .834(cuted without specifying a full pathname, e).15 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.334(nt).15 G(hough)-3.334 E .99 -(the shell normally searches for b)144 619.2 R .989 +(the shell normally searches for b)144 655.2 R .989 (uiltins before disk commands.)-.2 F(If)5.989 E F1<ad6e>3.489 E F0 .989 (is used, each)3.489 F F2(name)3.489 E F0 .989(is dis-)3.489 F 1.581 -(abled; otherwise,)144 631.2 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.) +(abled; otherwise,)144 667.2 R F2(names)4.082 E F0 1.582(are enabled.) 4.082 F -.15(Fo)6.582 G 4.082(re).15 G 1.582(xample, to use the)-4.232 F F1(test)4.082 E F0 1.582(binary found via the)4.082 F F3 -.666(PA)4.082 -G(TH)-.189 E F0 .081(instead of the shell b)144 643.2 R .081(uiltin v) +G(TH)-.189 E F0 .081(instead of the shell b)144 679.2 R .081(uiltin v) -.2 F .081(ersion, run)-.15 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .081(enable -n test) 2.581 F F0 5.081(.T)C(he)-5.081 E F1<ad66>2.58 E F0 .08 -(option means to load the ne)2.58 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 655.2 S 1.524 +(option means to load the ne)2.58 F(w)-.25 E -.2(bu)144 691.2 S 1.524 (iltin command).2 F F2(name)4.384 E F0 1.524(from shared object)4.204 F F2(\214lename)4.024 E F0 4.024(,o).18 G 4.024(ns)-4.024 G 1.524 -(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 667.2 Q F1<ad64> +(ystems that support dynamic loading.)-4.024 F(The)144 703.2 Q F1<ad64> 2.867 E F0 .367(option will delete a b)2.867 F .367(uiltin pre)-.2 F .367(viously loaded with)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.866 E F0 5.366(.I)C 2.866(fn) -5.366 G(o)-2.866 E F2(name)2.866 E F0(ar)2.866 E .366(guments are gi) --.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .366(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 679.2 R F1<ad70> +-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .366(n, or).15 F .398(if the)144 715.2 R F1<ad70> 2.898 E F0 .399(option is supplied, a list of shell b)2.899 F .399 (uiltins is printed.)-.2 F -.4(Wi)5.399 G .399(th no other option ar).4 F .399(guments, the)-.18 F .099(list consists of all enabled shell b)144 -691.2 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098 +727.2 R 2.598(uiltins. If)-.2 F F1<ad6e>2.598 E F0 .098 (is supplied, only disabled b)2.598 F .098(uiltins are printed.)-.2 F -(If)5.098 E F1<ad61>2.598 E F0 1.916 -(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 703.2 R 1.916 -(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.879 -(enabled. If)144 715.2 R F1<ad73>2.879 E F0 .379 -(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.879 F F2(special) -2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.878 G 2.878(iltins. The).2 F .378(return v)2.878 F -(alue)-.25 E .994(is 0 unless a)144 727.2 R F2(name)3.854 E F0 .994 -(is not a shell b)3.674 F .994(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne) --.2 F 3.495(wb)-.25 G .995(uiltin from a shared)-3.695 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 -768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(7)203.725 E 0 Cg EP +(If)5.098 E F1<ad61>2.598 E F0(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 +E(7)203.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 8 8 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 (TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 -E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E(object.)144 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -2.3 --.15(ev a)108 100.8 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g) --.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 112.8 Q F2(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa) -C .671(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F -.67(This command is then read)5.67 F .495(and e)144 124.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 -G .495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E 1.916 +(is supplied, the list printed includes all b)144 84 R 1.916 +(uiltins, with an indication of whether or not each is)-.2 F 2.879 +(enabled. If)144 96 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad73>2.879 E F0 .379 +(is supplied, the output is restricted to the POSIX)2.879 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(special)2.879 E F0 -.2(bu)2.878 G 2.878(iltins. The) +.2 F .378(return v)2.878 F(alue)-.25 E .994(is 0 unless a)144 108 R F2 +(name)3.854 E F0 .994(is not a shell b)3.674 F .994 +(uiltin or there is an error loading a ne)-.2 F 3.495(wb)-.25 G .995 +(uiltin from a shared)-3.695 F(object.)144 120 Q F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)108 +136.8 T(l).15 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(The)144 148.8 +Q F2(ar)3.171 E(g)-.37 E F0 3.171(sa)C .671 +(re read and concatenated together into a single command.)-3.171 F .67 +(This command is then read)5.67 F .495(and e)144 160.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.495(cuted by the shell, and its e).15 F .495 (xit status is returned as the v)-.15 F .495(alue of)-.25 F F1 -2.3 -.15 (ev a)2.995 H(l).15 E F0 5.495(.I)C 2.995(ft)-5.495 G .495(here are no) --2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 136.8 Q +-2.995 F F2(ar)2.995 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E(or only null ar)144 172.8 Q (guments,)-.18 E F1 -2.3 -.15(ev a)2.5 H(l).15 E F0(returns 0.)2.5 E F1 -(exec)108 153.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2 +(exec)108 189.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255cl)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad61>-2.5 E F2 (name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(command)-2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments) --.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 165.6 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306 +-.37 E F0(]])A(If)144 201.6 Q F2(command)3.006 E F0 .306 (is speci\214ed, it replaces the shell.)3.576 F .305(No ne)5.305 F 2.805 (wp)-.25 G .305(rocess is created.)-2.805 F(The)5.305 E F2(ar)3.135 E -(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 177.6 R .176 +(guments)-.37 E F0(become)3.075 E .176(the ar)144 213.6 R .176 (guments to)-.18 F F2(command)2.676 E F0 5.176(.I)C 2.676(ft)-5.176 G (he)-2.676 E F1<ad6c>2.676 E F0 .176 (option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the be)2.676 F .177 -(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 189.6 R .5(gument passed to)-.18 +(ginning of)-.15 F .5(the zeroth ar)144 225.6 R .5(gument passed to)-.18 F F2(command)3 E F0 5.499(.T).77 G .499(his is what)-5.499 F F2(lo)2.999 E(gin)-.1 E F0 .499(\(1\) does.).24 F(The)5.499 E F1<ad63>2.999 E F0 -.499(option causes)2.999 F F2(com-)3.199 E(mand)144 201.6 Q F0 .638 +.499(option causes)2.999 F F2(com-)3.199 E(mand)144 237.6 Q F0 .638 (to be e)3.908 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .638(cuted with an empty en).15 F 3.138 (vironment. If)-.4 F F1<ad61>3.138 E F0 .638 (is supplied, the shell passes)3.138 F F2(name)3.499 E F0 .639(as the) -3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 213.6 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 +3.319 F 1.078(zeroth ar)144 249.6 R 1.077(gument to the e)-.18 F -.15 (xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted command.).15 F(If)6.077 E F2(command)3.777 E F0 1.077(cannot be e)4.347 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.077(cuted for some reason, a) -.15 F(non-interacti)144 225.6 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F +.15 F(non-interacti)144 261.6 Q .876 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .576(hell e).15 F .576(xits, unless the)-.15 F F1(execfail)3.076 E F0 .577 (shell option is enabled.)3.077 F .577(In that case, it returns f)5.577 -F(ail-)-.1 E 2.505(ure. An)144 237.6 R(interacti)2.505 E .305 -.15(ve s) --.25 H .005(hell returns f).15 F .005(ailure if the \214le cannot be e) --.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.505(cuted. If).15 F F2(command)2.705 E F0 .005 -(is not speci\214ed,)3.275 F(an)144 249.6 Q 3.036(yr)-.15 G .536 -(edirections tak)-3.036 F 3.036(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-3.036 G .536 -(ect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.).25 F .536 -(If there is a redirection)5.536 F(error)144 261.6 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G -(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 278.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -(])A .096(Cause the shell to e)144 278.4 R .096(xit with a status of) +F(ail-)-.1 E 3.32(ure. An)144 273.6 R(interacti)3.32 E 1.12 -.15(ve s) +-.25 H .82(hell returns f).15 F .82(ailure if the \214le cannot be e)-.1 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.32(cuted. A).15 F .82(subshell e)3.32 F .82 +(xits uncondi-)-.15 F .287(tionally if)144 285.6 R F1(exec)2.787 E F0 +-.1(fa)2.787 G 2.787(ils. If).1 F F2(command)2.987 E F0 .287 +(is not speci\214ed, an)3.557 F 2.788(yr)-.15 G .288(edirections tak) +-2.788 F 2.788(ee)-.1 G -.25(ff)-2.788 G .288(ect in the current shell,) +.25 F(and the return status is 0.)144 297.6 Q +(If there is a redirection error)5 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G +(he return status is 1.)-2.5 E F1(exit)108 314.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +(])A .096(Cause the shell to e)144 314.4 R .096(xit with a status of) -.15 F F2(n)2.596 E F0 5.096(.I)C(f)-5.096 E F2(n)2.955 E F0 .095 (is omitted, the e)2.835 F .095(xit status is that of the last command) --.15 F -.15(exe)144 290.4 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9 +-.15 F -.15(exe)144 326.4 S 2.5(cuted. A).15 F(trap on)2.5 E/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(EXIT)2.5 E F0(is e)2.25 E -.15(xe)-.15 G -(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 307.2 Q F0([)2.5 +(cuted before the shell terminates.).15 E F1(export)108 343.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][).833 G F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E -F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 319.2 Q F0 .256(The supplied)144 331.2 R +F0(]] ...)A F1(export \255p)108 355.2 Q F0 .256(The supplied)144 367.2 R F2(names)3.117 E F0 .257(are mark)3.027 F .257(ed for automatic e)-.1 F .257(xport to the en)-.15 F .257(vironment of subsequently e)-.4 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627(commands. If)144 343.2 R(the)2.627 E F1 +(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 2.627(commands. If)144 379.2 R(the)2.627 E F1 <ad66>2.627 E F0 .127(option is gi)2.627 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .127(n, the) .15 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(refer to functions.)2.897 F .127(If no) 5.127 F F2(names)2.987 E F0 .127(are gi)2.897 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .126 -(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>144 355.2 Q F0 .048 +(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>144 391.2 Q F0 .048 (option is supplied, a list of names of all e)2.547 F .048(xported v) -.15 F .048(ariables is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.048 E F1<ad6e>2.548 E F0 -.048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 367.2 S 1.447 +.048(option causes the)2.548 F -.15(ex)144 403.2 S 1.447 (port property to be remo).15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.947(df).15 G 1.447 (rom each)-3.947 F F2(name)3.947 E F0 6.447(.I)C 3.947(fav)-6.447 G 1.447(ariable name is follo)-4.197 F 1.447(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d) --.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 379.2 S .741(lue of the v) +-.37 E F0 3.946(,t)C(he)-3.946 E -.25(va)144 415.2 S .741(lue of the v) .25 F .741(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor)3.241 E(d)-.37 E F0(.)A F1 (export)5.741 E F0 .742(returns an e)3.242 F .742 (xit status of 0 unless an in)-.15 F -.25(va)-.4 G .742(lid option is) -.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 391.2 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032 +.25 F .032(encountered, one of the)144 427.2 R F2(names)2.532 E F0 .032 (is not a v)2.532 F .032(alid shell v)-.25 F .032(ariable name, or)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.531 E F0 .031(is supplied with a)2.531 F F2(name)2.891 E F0 -(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 403.2 Q F1(fc)108 420 Q F0([)2.5 E +(that)2.711 E(is not a function.)144 439.2 Q F1(fc)108 456 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad65>A F2(ename)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255lnr)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 <8c72>-2.5 E(st)-.1 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(last)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(fc \255s)108 -432 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 +468 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(pat)A F0(=)A F2 -.37(re)C(p).37 E F0 2.5(][)C F2 (cmd)-2.5 E F0(])A .431 -(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 444 R F2<8c72> +(The \214rst form selects a range of commands from)144 480 R F2<8c72> 4.842 E(st)-.1 E F0(to)3.612 E F2(last)3.022 E F0 .432 (from the history list and displays or)3.612 F .142(edits and re-e)144 -456 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) +492 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .142(cutes them.).15 F F2 -.45(Fi)5.141 G -.1(rs) .45 G(t).1 E F0(and)3.321 E F2(last)2.731 E F0 .141 (may be speci\214ed as a string \(to locate the last command)3.321 F(be) -144 468 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 F +144 504 Q .31(ginning with that string\) or as a number \(an inde)-.15 F 2.811(xi)-.15 G .311(nto the history list, where a ne)-2.811 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .315(is used as an of) -144 480 R .315(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F(If)5.315 E -F2(last)2.904 E F0 .314(is not speci\214ed it is set to the cur)3.494 F -(-)-.2 E .948(rent command for listing \(so that)144 492 R/F4 10 +-.15 G(ti).05 E .611 -.15(ve n)-.25 H(umber).15 E .19(is used as an of) +144 516 R .19(fset from the current command number\).)-.25 F(If)5.19 E +F2(last)2.779 E F0 .189(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the cur)3.369 F +(-)-.2 E .948(rent command for listing \(so that)144 528 R/F4 10 /Courier@0 SF .948(fc \255l \25510)3.448 F F0 .948 (prints the last 10 commands\) and to)3.448 F F2<8c72>5.359 E(st)-.1 E -F0(other)4.129 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. If)144 504 R F2<8c72>4.41 E(st)-.1 E -F0(is not speci\214ed it is set to the pre)3.18 E -(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 528 Q +F0(other)4.129 E(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. If)144 540 R F2<8c72>4.41 E(st)-.1 E +F0(is not speci\214ed, it is set to the pre)3.18 E +(vious command for editing and \25516 for listing.)-.25 E(The)144 564 Q F1<ad6e>2.522 E F0 .022 (option suppresses the command numbers when listing.)2.522 F(The)5.022 E F1<ad72>2.522 E F0 .022(option re)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .022 -(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 540 R .438(If the)5.438 +(rses the order of).15 F .438(the commands.)144 576 R .438(If the)5.438 F F1<ad6c>2.938 E F0 .438(option is gi)2.938 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .438 (n, the commands are listed on standard output.).15 F(Otherwise,)5.438 E -.335(the editor gi)144 552 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E F2 +.335(the editor gi)144 588 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.835(nb).15 G(y)-2.835 E F2 (ename)3.025 E F0 .335(is in)3.015 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.835(do) .1 G 2.835(na\214)-2.835 G .335(le containing those commands.)-2.835 F (If)5.334 E F2(ename)3.024 E F0 .334(is not gi)3.014 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 564 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 +(n,).15 E .63(the v)144 600 R .63(alue of the)-.25 F F3(FCEDIT)3.13 E F0 -.25(va)2.88 G .631(riable is used, and the v).25 F .631(alue of)-.25 F F3(EDIT)3.131 E(OR)-.162 E F0(if)2.881 E F3(FCEDIT)3.131 E F0 .631 -(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .951(ther v)144 576 R .951 +(is not set.)2.881 F .631(If nei-)5.631 F .951(ther v)144 612 R .951 (ariable is set,)-.25 F F2(vi)5.117 E F0 .951(is used.)5.117 F .95 (When editing is complete, the edited commands are echoed and)5.951 F --.15(exe)144 588 S(cuted.).15 E .788(In the second form,)144 612 R F2 +-.15(exe)144 624 S(cuted.).15 E .788(In the second form,)144 648 R F2 (command)3.288 E F0 .788(is re-e)3.288 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 (cuted after each instance of).15 F F2(pat)3.288 E F0 .788 (is replaced by)3.288 F F2 -.37(re)3.289 G(p).37 E F0(.)A F2(Com-)5.789 -E(mand)144 624 Q F0 .347(is intepreted the same as)2.847 F F2<8c72>2.847 -E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.847 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.347(.A).15 G .347 -(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F4 .346(r='fc \255s')2.847 F F0 -2.846(,s)C 2.846(ot)-2.846 G(hat)-2.846 E(typing)144 636 Q F4 7.165(rc) +E(mand)144 660 Q F0 .172(is interpreted the same as)2.672 F F2<8c72> +2.672 E(st)-.1 E F0(abo)2.672 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 5.172(.A).15 G .171 +(useful alias to use with this is)-2.5 F F4 .171(r='fc \255s')2.671 F F0 +2.671(,s)C 2.671(ot)-2.671 G(hat)-2.671 E(typing)144 672 Q F4 7.165(rc) 3.665 G(c)-7.165 E F0 1.165(runs the last command be)3.665 F 1.166 (ginning with)-.15 F F4(cc)3.666 E F0 1.166(and typing)3.666 F F4(r) 3.666 E F0(re-e)3.666 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.166(cutes the last com-).15 F -(mand.)144 648 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 672 +(mand.)144 684 Q .142(If the \214rst form is used, the return v)144 708 R .142(alue is 0 unless an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G .142 (lid option is encountered or).25 F F2<8c72>4.552 E(st)-.1 E F0(or)3.322 -E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 684 R +E F2(last)2.732 E F0 .454(specify history lines out of range.)144 720 R .454(If the)5.454 F F1<ad65>2.954 E F0 .454 (option is supplied, the return v)2.954 F .455(alue is the v)-.25 F .455 -(alue of the)-.25 F .788(last command e)144 696 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .788 -(cuted or f).15 F .787 -(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F -.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135 -(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 -708 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F F2(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136 -(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 720 Q -(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E F1(fc)2.5 E F0(returns f)2.5 E -(ailure.)-.1 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(8)203.725 E 0 -Cg EP +(alue of the)-.25 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(8) +203.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 9 9 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 (TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 -E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(fg)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 -E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume)144 96 Q F2(jobspec) -5.654 E F0 1.413(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913 -(ei)-.1 G 3.913(tt)-3.913 G 1.413(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G -(f)-6.413 E F2(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F -(shell')144 108 Q 3.116(sn)-.55 G .616(otion of the)-3.116 F F2(curr) -3.116 E .616(ent job)-.37 F F0 .617(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v) -5.617 F .617(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 -120 Q .363(ground, or f)-.15 F .363 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .788(last command e)144 84 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.788(cuted or f).15 F .787 +(ailure if an error occurs with the temporary \214le of commands.)-.1 F +.787(If the)5.787 F 1.135 +(second form is used, the return status is that of the command re-e)144 +96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.136(cuted, unless).15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(cmd)3.836 E F0 1.136(does not)4.406 F(specify a v)144 108 Q +(alid history line, in which case)-.25 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(fc)2.5 E +F0(returns f)2.5 E(ailure.)-.1 E F2(fg)108 124.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1 +(jobspec)A F0(])A(Resume)144 136.8 Q F1(jobspec)5.654 E F0 1.413 +(in the fore)4.224 F 1.413(ground, and mak)-.15 F 3.913(ei)-.1 G 3.913 +(tt)-3.913 G 1.413(he current job)-3.913 F 6.413(.I)-.4 G(f)-6.413 E F1 +(jobspec)5.653 E F0 1.413(is not present, the)4.223 F(shell')144 148.8 Q +3.116(sn)-.55 G .616(otion of the)-3.116 F F1(curr)3.116 E .616(ent job) +-.37 F F0 .617(is used.)3.116 F .617(The return v)5.617 F .617 +(alue is that of the command placed into the)-.25 F(fore)144 160.8 Q +.363(ground, or f)-.15 F .363 (ailure if run when job control is disabled or)-.1 F 2.862(,w)-.4 G .362 -(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F2(jobspec)145.74 132 Q -F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0 +(hen run with job control enabled, if)-2.862 F F1(jobspec)145.74 172.8 Q +F0(does not specify a v)2.81 E(alid job or)-.25 E F1(jobspec)4.24 E F0 (speci\214es a job that w)2.81 E(as started without job control.)-.1 E -F1(getopts)108 148.8 Q F2(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(gs) --.37 E F0(])A F1(getopts)144 160.8 Q F0 .793 -(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F2 +F2(getopts)108 189.6 Q F1(optstring name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(ar)A(gs) +-.37 E F0(])A F2(getopts)144 201.6 Q F0 .793 +(is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters.)3.293 F F1 (optstring)6.023 E F0 .793(contains the option)3.513 F .15 -(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 172.8 R .149 +(characters to be recognized; if a character is follo)144 213.6 R .149 (wed by a colon, the option is e)-.25 F .149(xpected to ha)-.15 F .449 --.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 184.8 Q .578 +-.15(ve a)-.2 H(n).15 E(ar)144 225.6 Q .578 (gument, which should be separated from it by white space.)-.18 F .579 (The colon and question mark char)5.579 F(-)-.2 E 1.665 -(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 196.8 R 1.665 -(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F1(getopts) +(acters may not be used as option characters.)144 237.6 R 1.665 +(Each time it is in)6.665 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G(d,).1 E F2(getopts) 4.165 E F0 1.665(places the ne)4.165 F(xt)-.15 E .796 -(option in the shell v)144 208.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F2(name)3.296 E F0 -3.296(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.296 E F2(name)3.657 E F0 .797 +(option in the shell v)144 249.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F1(name)3.296 E F0 +3.296(,i).18 G(nitializing)-3.296 E F1(name)3.657 E F0 .797 (if it does not e)3.477 F .797(xist, and the inde)-.15 F 3.297(xo)-.15 G -3.297(ft)-3.297 G .797(he ne)-3.297 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 220.8 Q .085 +3.297(ft)-3.297 G .797(he ne)-3.297 F(xt)-.15 E(ar)144 261.6 Q .085 (gument to be processed into the v)-.18 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 /Times-Bold@0 SF(OPTIND)2.585 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F3(OPTIND) 4.585 E F0 .085(is initialized to 1 each time the shell)2.335 F .845 -(or a shell script is in)144 232.8 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 -(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F1 +(or a shell script is in)144 273.6 R -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.345 +(d. When).1 F .845(an option requires an ar)3.345 F(gument,)-.18 E F2 (getopts)3.346 E F0 .846(places that ar)3.346 F(gument)-.18 E .804 -(into the v)144 244.8 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)3.304 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A +(into the v)144 285.6 R(ariable)-.25 E F3(OPT)3.304 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0 .803(The shell does not reset)5.304 F F3(OPTIND)3.303 E F0 .803 (automatically; it must be manually)3.053 F .293 -(reset between multiple calls to)144 256.8 R F1(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 +(reset between multiple calls to)144 297.6 R F2(getopts)2.793 E F0 .293 (within the same shell in)2.793 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .293(cation if a ne).2 F -2.793(ws)-.25 G .294(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 268.8 -Q 2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 292.8 R F1(getopts) +2.793(ws)-.25 G .294(et of parameters)-2.793 F(is to be used.)144 309.6 +Q 2.044(When the end of options is encountered,)144 333.6 R F2(getopts) 4.543 E F0 -.15(ex)4.543 G 2.043(its with a return v).15 F 2.043 -(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F3(OPTIND)144 304.8 Q F0 +(alue greater than zero.)-.25 F F3(OPTIND)144 345.6 Q F0 (is set to the inde)2.25 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G -(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F2(name)2.5 E F0 -(is set to ?.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 328.8 Q F0 2.392 +(he \214rst non-option ar)-2.5 E(gument, and)-.18 E F1(name)2.5 E F0 +(is set to ?.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 369.6 Q F0 2.392 (normally parses the positional parameters, b)4.892 F 2.392 (ut if more ar)-.2 F 2.393(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 4.893 -(ni).15 G(n)-4.893 E F2(ar)4.893 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F1(getopts)144 -340.8 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F1(getopts)144 364.8 Q F0 1.166 +(ni).15 G(n)-4.893 E F1(ar)4.893 E(gs)-.37 E F0(,).27 E F2(getopts)144 +381.6 Q F0(parses those instead.)2.5 E F2(getopts)144 405.6 Q F0 1.166 (can report errors in tw)3.666 F 3.665(ow)-.1 G 3.665(ays. If)-3.765 F -1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F2(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.165 -(is a colon,)3.885 F F2(silent)4.005 E F0(error)4.345 E 1.07 -(reporting is used.)144 376.8 R 1.071 +1.165(the \214rst character of)3.665 F F1(optstring)3.895 E F0 1.165 +(is a colon,)3.885 F F1(silent)4.005 E F0(error)4.345 E 1.07 +(reporting is used.)144 417.6 R 1.071 (In normal operation, diagnostic messages are printed when in)6.07 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.071(lid options or).25 F .394(missing option ar)144 -388.8 R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F +429.6 R .394(guments are encountered.)-.18 F .394(If the v)5.394 F (ariable)-.25 E F3(OPTERR)2.894 E F0 .394 -(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 400.8 Q +(is set to 0, no error messages)2.644 F(will be displayed, e)144 441.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he \214rst character of)-2.5 E -F2(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .666(If an in)144 424.8 R --.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,).25 F F1(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667 -(places ? into)3.167 F F2(name)3.527 E F0 .667 +F1(optstring)2.73 E F0(is not a colon.)2.72 E .666(If an in)144 465.6 R +-.25(va)-.4 G .666(lid option is seen,).25 F F2(getopts)3.166 E F0 .667 +(places ? into)3.167 F F1(name)3.527 E F0 .667 (and, if not silent, prints an error message)3.347 F .4(and unsets)144 -436.8 R F3(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F1(getopts)2.899 E +477.6 R F3(OPT)2.9 E(ARG)-.81 E F4(.)A F0(If)4.899 E F2(getopts)2.899 E F0 .399(is silent, the option character found is placed in)2.899 F F3 (OPT)2.899 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .399(and no)2.649 F -(diagnostic message is printed.)144 448.8 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 -472.8 R 1.241(gument is not found, and)-.18 F F1(getopts)3.741 E F0 -1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F1(?).833 E F0 3.742 -(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242(laced in)-3.742 F F2(name)144 484.8 +(diagnostic message is printed.)144 489.6 Q 1.241(If a required ar)144 +513.6 R 1.241(gument is not found, and)-.18 F F2(getopts)3.741 E F0 +1.241(is not silent, a question mark \()3.741 F F2(?).833 E F0 3.742 +(\)i).833 G 3.742(sp)-3.742 G 1.242(laced in)-3.742 F F1(name)144 525.6 Q F0(,).18 E F3(OPT)2.735 E(ARG)-.81 E F0 .234 -(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.485 F(If)5.234 E F1 -(getopts)2.734 E F0 .234(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F1(:).833 E -F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 496.8 Q F2(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F3 -(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F1 -(getopts)144 520.8 Q F0 .902 +(is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed.)2.485 F(If)5.234 E F2 +(getopts)2.734 E F0 .234(is silent, then a colon \()2.734 F F2(:).833 E +F0(\)).833 E(is placed in)144 537.6 Q F1(name)2.86 E F0(and)2.68 E F3 +(OPT)2.5 E(ARG)-.81 E F0(is set to the option character found.)2.25 E F2 +(getopts)144 561.6 Q F0 .902 (returns true if an option, speci\214ed or unspeci\214ed, is found.) 3.401 F .902(It returns f)5.902 F .902(alse if the end of)-.1 F -(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 532.8 Q F1(hash)108 -549.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F2(\214lename) -2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(])A -.858(Each time)144 561.6 R F1(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo) --.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F2(name) +(options is encountered or an error occurs.)144 573.6 Q F2(hash)108 +590.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\255lr)A F0 2.5(][)C F2<ad70>-2.5 E F1(\214lename) +2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(\255dt)-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(])A +.858(Each time)144 602.4 R F2(hash)3.358 E F0 .858(is in)3.358 F -.2(vo) +-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G .858(d, the full pathname of the command).1 F F1(name) 3.718 E F0 .858(is determined by searching)3.538 F .956 -(the directories in)144 573.6 R F1($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 +(the directories in)144 614.4 R F2($P)3.456 E -.95(AT)-.74 G(H).95 E F0 .956(and remembered.)3.456 F(An)5.956 E 3.456(yp)-.15 G(re)-3.456 E .956 -(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .243(If the)144 585.6 -R F1<ad70>2.743 E F0 .243 -(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.743 F F2 +(viously-remembered pathname is discarded.)-.25 F .243(If the)144 626.4 +R F2<ad70>2.743 E F0 .243 +(option is supplied, no path search is performed, and)2.743 F F1 (\214lename)4.653 E F0 .242(is used as the full \214lename)2.923 F 1.711 -(of the command.)144 597.6 R(The)6.711 E F1<ad72>4.211 E F0 1.711 +(of the command.)144 638.4 R(The)6.711 E F2<ad72>4.211 E F0 1.711 (option causes the shell to for)4.211 F 1.712 -(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)6.712 E F1<ad64>4.212 E F0 -.833(option causes the shell to for)144 609.6 R .833 -(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F2(name)3.333 E F0 5.833(.I) -C 3.333(ft)-5.833 G(he)-3.333 E F1<ad74>3.333 E F0 .833(option is sup-) -3.333 F .703(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 621.6 R F2(name) +(get all remembered locations.)-.18 F(The)6.712 E F2<ad64>4.212 E F0 +.833(option causes the shell to for)144 650.4 R .833 +(get the remembered location of each)-.18 F F1(name)3.333 E F0 5.833(.I) +C 3.333(ft)-5.833 G(he)-3.333 E F2<ad74>3.333 E F0 .833(option is sup-) +3.333 F .703(plied, the full pathname to which each)144 662.4 R F1(name) 3.204 E F0 .704(corresponds is printed.)3.204 F .704(If multiple)5.704 F -F2(name)3.204 E F0(ar)3.204 E(guments)-.18 E .795(are supplied with)144 -633.6 R F1<ad74>3.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F2(name)3.295 E F0 -.795(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.295 F(The)5.795 E F1 +F1(name)3.204 E F0(ar)3.204 E(guments)-.18 E .795(are supplied with)144 +674.4 R F2<ad74>3.295 E F0 3.295(,t)C(he)-3.295 E F1(name)3.295 E F0 +.795(is printed before the hashed full pathname.)3.295 F(The)5.795 E F2 <ad6c>3.295 E F0 .795(option causes)3.295 F .934 (output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.)144 -645.6 R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .935(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -.935(n, or if).15 F(only)144 657.6 Q F1<ad6c>2.822 E F0 .322 +686.4 R .934(If no ar)5.934 F .935(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.935(n, or if).15 F(only)144 698.4 Q F2<ad6c>2.822 E F0 .322 (is supplied, information about remembered commands is printed.)2.822 F -.321(The return status is true)5.321 F(unless a)144 669.6 Q F2(name)2.86 +.321(The return status is true)5.321 F(unless a)144 710.4 Q F1(name)2.86 E F0(is not found or an in)2.68 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is supplied.) -.25 E F1(help)108 686.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C F2 -(pattern)-2.5 E F0(])A .866(Display helpful information about b)144 -698.4 R .867(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 -.867(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.367 E F0(gi)3.367 E -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.367(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.367 E .307(help on all commands matching)144 -710.4 R F2(pattern)2.807 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307 -(therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .306 -(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 722.4 Q -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(9)203.725 E 0 Cg EP +.25 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(9)203.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 10 10 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 (TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 -E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad64>144 84 Q F0 -(Display a short description of each)180 84 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -(pattern)2.5 E F1<ad6d>144 96 Q F0(Display the description of each)180 -96 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G(ormat)-2.5 -E F1<ad73>144 108 Q F0(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 -108 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E F0 -(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 124.8 Q F2 -(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 141.6 Q F2(n)A F1(])A -(history \255c)108 153.6 Q(history \255d)108 165.6 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset) --.18 E F1(history \255anrw)108 177.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A -F1(history \255p)108 189.6 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5 -(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 201.6 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(help)108 84 Q F0([) +2.5 E F1(\255dms)A F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(pattern)-2.5 E F0 +(])A .866(Display helpful information about b)144 96 R .867 +(uiltin commands.)-.2 F(If)5.867 E F2(pattern)4.617 E F0 .867 +(is speci\214ed,)3.607 F F1(help)3.367 E F0(gi)3.367 E -.15(ve)-.25 G +3.367(sd).15 G(etailed)-3.367 E .307(help on all commands matching)144 +108 R F2(pattern)2.807 E F0 2.807(;o).24 G .307 +(therwise help for all the b)-2.807 F .306 +(uiltins and shell control struc-)-.2 F(tures is printed.)144 120 Q F1 +<ad64>144 132 Q F0(Display a short description of each)180 132 Q F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F1<ad6d>144 144 Q F0(Display the description of each)180 +144 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E F0(in a manpage-lik)2.5 E 2.5(ef)-.1 G(ormat)-2.5 +E F1<ad73>144 156 Q F0(Display only a short usage synopsis for each)180 +156 Q F2(pattern)2.5 E F0 +(The return status is 0 unless no command matches)144 172.8 Q F2 +(pattern)2.5 E F0(.).24 E F1(history [)108 189.6 Q F2(n)A F1(])A +(history \255c)108 201.6 Q(history \255d)108 213.6 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset) +-.18 E F1(history \255d)108 225.6 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0<ad>A F2(end)A F1 +(history \255anrw)108 237.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(\214lename)A F0(])A F1 +(history \255p)108 249.6 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5 +(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A F1(history \255s)108 261.6 Q F2(ar)2.5 E(g) -.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A 2.5(g.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.4(Wi)144 -213.6 S .752 +273.6 S .752 (th no options, display the command history list with line numbers.).4 F .752(Lines listed with a)5.752 F F1(*)3.252 E F0(ha)3.252 E -.15(ve)-.2 -G .381(been modi\214ed.)144 225.6 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 +G .381(been modi\214ed.)144 285.6 R .38(An ar)5.38 F .38(gument of)-.18 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 .38(lists only the last)3.12 F F2(n)3.24 E F0 2.88 (lines. If)3.12 F .38(the shell v)2.88 F(ariable)-.25 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.88 E(MA)144 237.6 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .264 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTTIMEFOR-)2.88 E(MA)144 297.6 Q(T)-.855 E F0 .264 (is set and not null, it is used as a format string for)2.514 F F2 (strftime)2.765 E F0 .265(\(3\) to display the time stamp asso-)B 1.02 -(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 249.6 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G +(ciated with each displayed history entry)144 309.6 R 6.019(.N)-.65 G 3.519(oi)-6.019 G(nterv)-3.519 E 1.019 (ening blank is printed between the formatted)-.15 F .176 -(time stamp and the history line.)144 261.6 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) +(time stamp and the history line.)144 321.6 R(If)5.176 E F2(\214lename) 2.676 E F0 .176 (is supplied, it is used as the name of the history \214le; if)2.676 F -(not, the v)144 273.6 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.) +(not, the v)144 333.6 Q(alue of)-.25 E F3(HISTFILE)2.5 E F0(is used.) 2.25 E(Options, if supplied, ha)5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 285.6 Q F0 -(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 285.6 Q F1 -<ad64>144 297.6 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 -(Delete the history entry at position)180 309.6 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 -E F0(.)A F1<ad61>144 321.6 Q F0 .565(Append the `)180 321.6 R(`ne)-.74 E -(w')-.25 E 3.065('h)-.74 G .564(istory lines to the history \214le.) --3.065 F .564(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 -333.6 Q(ginning of the current)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E -(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1<ad6e>144 345.6 +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad63>144 345.6 Q F0 +(Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.)180 345.6 Q F1 +<ad64>144 357.6 Q F2(of)2.5 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .39 +(Delete the history entry at position)180 369.6 R F2(of)2.889 E(fset) +-.18 E F0 5.389(.I)C(f)-5.389 E F2(of)2.889 E(fset)-.18 E F0 .389(is ne) +2.889 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.889(,i).15 G 2.889(ti) +-2.889 G 2.889(si)-2.889 G .389(nterpreted as relati)-2.889 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G .598(to one greater than the last history position, so ne)180 +381.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .899 -.15(ve i)-.25 H .599 +(ndices count back from the end).15 F(of the history)180 393.6 Q 2.5(,a) +-.65 G(nd an inde)-2.5 E 2.5(xo)-.15 G 2.5<66ad>-2.5 G 2.5(1r)-2.5 G +(efers to the current)-2.5 E F1(history -d)2.5 E F0(command.)2.5 E F1 +<ad64>144 405.6 Q F2(start)2.5 E F0<ad>A F2(end)A F0 .758 +(Delete the history entries between positions)180 417.6 R F2(start)3.258 +E F0(and)3.257 E F2(end)3.257 E F0 3.257(,i)C(nclusi)-3.257 E -.15(ve) +-.25 G 5.757(.P).15 G(ositi)-5.757 E 1.057 -.15(ve a)-.25 H .757(nd ne) +.15 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(-).05 E(ti)180 429.6 Q .3 -.15(ve v)-.25 H +(alues for)-.1 E F2(start)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F2(end)2.5 E F0 +(are interpreted as described abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1<ad61> +144 441.6 Q F0 .564(Append the `)180 441.6 R(`ne)-.74 E(w')-.25 E 3.064 +('h)-.74 G .564(istory lines to the history \214le.)-3.064 F .565 +(These are history lines entered since)5.564 F(the be)180 453.6 Q +(ginning of the current)-.15 E F1(bash)2.5 E F0(session, b)2.5 E +(ut not already appended to the history \214le.)-.2 E F1<ad6e>144 465.6 Q F0 .854(Read the history lines not already read from the history \214\ -le into the current history list.)180 345.6 R .773 -(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 357.6 R -.772(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.272 E F0(ses-)3.272 E -(sion.)180 369.6 Q F1<ad72>144 381.6 Q F0(Read the contents of the hist\ -ory \214le and append them to the current history list.)180 381.6 Q F1 -<ad77>144 393.6 Q F0 -(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 393.6 Q +le into the current history list.)180 465.6 R .772 +(These are lines appended to the history \214le since the be)180 477.6 R +.773(ginning of the current)-.15 F F1(bash)3.273 E F0(ses-)3.273 E +(sion.)180 489.6 Q F1<ad72>144 501.6 Q F0(Read the contents of the hist\ +ory \214le and append them to the current history list.)180 501.6 Q F1 +<ad77>144 513.6 Q F0 +(Write the current history list to the history \214le, o)180 513.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the history \214le').15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G -(ontents.)-2.5 E F1<ad70>144 405.6 Q F0 .625 -(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 405.6 R(wing)-.25 E F2 -(ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .626(and display the result on the standard) -3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180 417.6 R .475 +(ontents.)-2.5 E F1<ad70>144 525.6 Q F0 .626 +(Perform history substitution on the follo)180 525.6 R(wing)-.25 E F2 +(ar)3.125 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .625(and display the result on the standard) +3.125 F 2.975(output. Does)180 537.6 R .475 (not store the results in the history list.)2.975 F(Each)5.475 E F2(ar) 2.975 E(g)-.37 E F0 .475(must be quoted to disable)2.975 F -(normal history e)180 429.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 441.6 Q F0 -.362(Store the)180 441.6 R F2(ar)3.192 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 -(in the history list as a single entry)3.132 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .363 -(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 453.6 Q -.15 +(normal history e)180 549.6 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1<ad73>144 561.6 Q F0 +.363(Store the)180 561.6 R F2(ar)3.193 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .363 +(in the history list as a single entry)3.133 F 5.363(.T)-.65 G .362 +(he last command in the history list is)-5.363 F(remo)180 573.6 Q -.15 (ve)-.15 G 2.5(db).15 G(efore the)-2.5 E F2(ar)2.83 E(gs)-.37 E F0 -(are added.)2.77 E .146(If the)144 470.4 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T) +(are added.)2.77 E .145(If the)144 590.4 R F3(HISTTIMEFORMA)2.645 E(T) -.855 E F0 -.25(va)2.395 G .145 (riable is set, the time stamp information associated with each history) -.25 F .668(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 482.4 R .669 -(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.669(.W)-.55 G .669 -(hen the history)-5.669 F .956(\214le is read, lines be)144 494.4 R .956 -(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .955 -(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F 1.795 -(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 506.4 R 1.795 +.25 F .669(entry is written to the history \214le, mark)144 602.4 R .669 +(ed with the history comment character)-.1 F 5.668(.W)-.55 G .668 +(hen the history)-5.668 F .955(\214le is read, lines be)144 614.4 R .956 +(ginning with the history comment character follo)-.15 F .956 +(wed immediately by a digit)-.25 F 1.796 +(are interpreted as timestamps for the follo)144 626.4 R 1.795 (wing history entry)-.25 F 6.795(.T)-.65 G 1.795(he return v)-6.795 F -1.796(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 518.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .768(lid \ +1.795(alue is 0 unless an)-.25 F(in)144 638.4 Q -.25(va)-.4 G .768(lid \ option is encountered, an error occurs while reading or writing the his\ -tory \214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)144 530.4 Q(fset) --.18 E F0 1.031(is supplied as an ar)3.531 F 1.031(gument to)-.18 F F1 +tory \214le, an in).25 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(of)144 650.4 Q(fset) +-.18 E F0 1.032(is supplied as an ar)3.532 F 1.031(gument to)-.18 F F1 <ad64>3.531 E F0 3.531(,o)C 3.531(rt)-3.531 G 1.031(he history e)-3.531 -F 1.031(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F 1.032(gument to)-.18 F F1 -<ad70>3.532 E F0 -.1(fa)144 542.4 S(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108 559.2 Q F0([) +F 1.031(xpansion supplied as an ar)-.15 F 1.031(gument to)-.18 F F1 +<ad70>3.531 E F0 -.1(fa)144 662.4 S(ils.).1 E F1(jobs)108 679.2 Q F0([) 2.5 E F1(\255lnprs)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(jobspec)A F0(... ])2.5 E F1 -(jobs \255x)108 571.2 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 -E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 583.2 Q .3 -.15 +(jobs \255x)108 691.2 Q F2(command)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 +E F0(... ])2.5 E(The \214rst form lists the acti)144 703.2 Q .3 -.15 (ve j)-.25 H 2.5(obs. The).15 F(options ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H -(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 595.2 Q F0 -(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 595.2 Q F1 -<ad6e>144 607.2 Q F0 .194(Display information only about jobs that ha) -180 607.2 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 H .193(hanged status since the user w).15 -F .193(as last noti-)-.1 F(\214ed of their status.)180 619.2 Q F1<ad70> -144 631.2 Q F0(List only the process ID of the job')180 631.2 Q 2.5(sp) --.55 G(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 643.2 Q F0 -(Display only running jobs.)180 643.2 Q F1<ad73>144 655.2 Q F0 -(Display only stopped jobs.)180 655.2 Q(If)144 672 Q F2(jobspec)4.553 E -F0 .313(is gi)3.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .313 -(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.314(.T) --.4 G .314(he return status is 0 unless)-5.314 F(an in)144 684 Q -.25 -(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 -E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .395(If the)144 700.8 R F1 -<ad78>2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs)2.894 E F0 -.394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394(found in) -3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 E F0 .394 -(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 712.8 Q --.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E F2(ar) -2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.)-.15 E -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(10)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad6c>144 715.2 Q F0 +(List process IDs in addition to the normal information.)180 715.2 Q +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(10)198.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 11 11 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 (TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 -E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(kill)108 84 Q F0([) -2.5 E F1<ad73>A/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1 -<ad6e>2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1<ad>2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..)-2.5 E F1 -(kill \255l)108 96 Q F0(|)A F1<ad4c>A F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec)A F0(|)2.5 E -F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .119(Send the signal named by)144 -108 R F2(sigspec)2.959 E F0(or)2.929 E F2(signum)2.959 E F0 .119 -(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.87 E F0(or)3.39 E F2 -(jobspec)2.62 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.46 E F0(is)2.93 E .319 -(either a case-insensiti)144 120 R .619 -.15(ve s)-.25 H .319 -(ignal name such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL)2.819 E F0 .318 -(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.818 E F0 .318 -(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.568 F(number;)144 132 Q F2(signum)4.188 E F0 -1.349(is a signal number)4.168 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec) +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6e>144 84 Q F0 .193 +(Display information only about jobs that ha)180 84 R .494 -.15(ve c)-.2 +H .194(hanged status since the user w).15 F .194(as last noti-)-.1 F +(\214ed of their status.)180 96 Q F1<ad70>144 108 Q F0 +(List only the process ID of the job')180 108 Q 2.5(sp)-.55 G +(rocess group leader)-2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad72>144 120 Q F0 +(Display only running jobs.)180 120 Q F1<ad73>144 132 Q F0 +(Display only stopped jobs.)180 132 Q(If)144 148.8 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(jobspec)4.554 E F0 .314(is gi)3.124 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.314(n, output is restricted to information about that job).15 F 5.313 +(.T)-.4 G .313(he return status is 0 unless)-5.313 F(an in)144 160.8 Q +-.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered or an in).25 E -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid).25 E F2(jobspec)4.24 E F0(is supplied.)2.81 E .394(If the)144 +177.6 R F1<ad78>2.894 E F0 .394(option is supplied,)2.894 F F1(jobs) +2.894 E F0 .394(replaces an)2.894 F(y)-.15 E F2(jobspec)4.634 E F0 .394 +(found in)3.204 F F2(command)3.094 E F0(or)3.664 E F2(ar)3.224 E(gs)-.37 +E F0 .395(with the corre-)3.164 F(sponding process group ID, and e)144 +189.6 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F2(command)2.7 E F0(passing it)3.27 E +F2(ar)2.5 E(gs)-.37 E F0 2.5(,r).27 G(eturning its e)-2.5 E(xit status.) +-.15 E F1(kill)108 206.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad73>A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(|) +2.5 E F1<ad6e>2.5 E F2(signum)2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F1<ad>2.5 E F2(sigspec)A +F0 2.5(][)C F2(pid)-2.5 E F0(|)2.5 E F2(jobspec)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)C(..) +-2.5 E F1(kill \255l)108 218.4 Q F0(|)A F1<ad4c>A F0([)2.5 E F2(sigspec) +A F0(|)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(it_status).2 E F0(])A .12 +(Send the signal named by)144 230.4 R F2(sigspec)2.96 E F0(or)2.93 E F2 +(signum)2.96 E F0 .119(to the processes named by)2.939 F F2(pid)3.869 E +F0(or)3.389 E F2(jobspec)2.619 E F0(.).31 E F2(sigspec)5.459 E F0(is) +2.929 E .318(either a case-insensiti)144 242.4 R .618 -.15(ve s)-.25 H +.318(ignal name such as).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIGKILL)2.818 E F0 +.319(\(with or without the)2.569 F F3(SIG)2.819 E F0 .319 +(pre\214x\) or a signal)2.569 F(number;)144 254.4 Q F2(signum)4.189 E F0 +1.349(is a signal number)4.169 F 6.349(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.349 E F2(sigspec) 4.189 E F0 1.349(is not present, then)4.159 F F3(SIGTERM)3.849 E F0 -1.349(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.349 E(ar)144 144 Q .523(gument of)-.18 F -F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an)5.523 -F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when).18 F -F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523(n, the names) -.15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 156 R .28 -(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E F2 --.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 168 Q .378(gument to)-.18 F F1 -<ad6c>2.878 E F0 .378 -(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.878 F .377 -(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .962(nated by a signal.)144 180 R -(The)5.962 E F1<ad4c>3.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va)-.25 -G .962(lent to).25 F F1<ad6c>3.462 E F0(.)A F1(kill)5.962 E F0 .962 +1.348(is assumed.)3.599 F(An)6.348 E(ar)144 266.4 Q .522(gument of)-.18 +F F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(lists the signal names.)3.023 F .523(If an) +5.523 F 3.023(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.023 G .523(uments are supplied when) +.18 F F1<ad6c>3.023 E F0 .523(is gi)3.023 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .523 +(n, the names).15 F .28(of the signals corresponding to the ar)144 278.4 +R .28(guments are listed, and the return status is 0.)-.18 F(The)5.28 E +F2 -.2(ex)2.78 G(it_status).2 E F0(ar)144 290.4 Q .377(gument to)-.18 F +F1<ad6c>2.877 E F0 .378 +(is a number specifying either a signal number or the e)2.877 F .378 +(xit status of a process termi-)-.15 F .963(nated by a signal.)144 302.4 +R(The)5.962 E F1<ad4c>3.462 E F0 .962(option is equi)3.462 F -.25(va) +-.25 G .962(lent to).25 F F1<ad6c>3.462 E F0(.)A F1(kill)5.962 E F0 .962 (returns true if at least one signal w)3.462 F(as)-.1 E -(successfully sent, or f)144 192 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in)-.1 -E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 208.8 Q F2 -(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 -220.8 Q F2(ar)3.027 E(g)-.37 E F0 .197(is an arithmetic e)2.917 F .197 -(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .196(luated \(see).25 F F3 .196 -(ARITHMETIC EV)2.696 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo) -2.446 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.696(\). If).15 F(the last)144 232.8 Q F2(ar) +(successfully sent, or f)144 314.4 Q(alse if an error occurs or an in) +-.1 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid option is encountered.).25 E F1(let)108 331.2 Q +F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E(Each)144 +343.2 Q F2(ar)3.026 E(g)-.37 E F0 .196(is an arithmetic e)2.916 F .197 +(xpression to be e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .197(luated \(see).25 F F3 .197 +(ARITHMETIC EV)2.697 F(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E F0(abo) +2.447 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.697(\). If).15 F(the last)144 355.2 Q F2(ar) 2.83 E(g)-.37 E F0 -.25(eva)2.72 G(luates to 0,).25 E F1(let)2.5 E F0 -(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 249.6 Q F0([)2.5 -E F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C -(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 261.6 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F +(returns 1; 0 is returned otherwise.)2.5 E F1(local)108 372 Q F0([)2.5 E +F2(option)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(value)A F0 2.5(].)C +(.. | \255 ])-2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 384 S 2.56(re).15 G .06(ach ar)-2.56 F .06(gument, a local v)-.18 F .06(ariable named)-.25 F F2(name)2.92 E F0 .06(is created, and assigned)2.74 F F2(value)2.56 E F0 5.06(.T).18 G(he) --5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 273.6 Q 3.153(yo) --.15 G 3.153(ft)-3.153 G .653(he options accepted by)-3.153 F F1(declar) -3.153 E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .652 +-5.06 E F2(option)2.56 E F0 .06(can be)2.56 F(an)144 396 Q 3.152(yo)-.15 +G 3.152(ft)-3.152 G .652(he options accepted by)-3.152 F F1(declar)3.152 +E(e)-.18 E F0 5.652(.W)C(hen)-5.652 E F1(local)3.152 E F0 .653 (is used within a function, it causes the v)3.152 F(ari-)-.25 E(able)144 -285.6 Q F2(name)3.281 E F0 .421(to ha)3.101 F .721 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H -.422(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F -(If)5.422 E F2(name)2.922 E F0 .422(is \255, the set)2.922 F 1.461 -(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 297.6 R F1 -(local)3.961 E F0 1.461(is in)3.961 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 1.461 -(d: shell options changed).1 F 1.562(using the)144 309.6 R F1(set)4.062 -E F0 -.2(bu)4.062 G 1.563 -(iltin inside the function are restored to their original v).2 F 1.563 -(alues when the function)-.25 F 3.744(returns. W)144 321.6 R 1.244 -(ith no operands,)-.4 F F1(local)3.744 E F0 1.244 -(writes a list of local v)3.744 F 1.243 -(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.243(It is an)6.243 F .42 -(error to use)144 333.6 R F1(local)2.92 E F0 .42 +408 Q F2(name)3.282 E F0 .422(to ha)3.102 F .722 -.15(ve a v)-.2 H .422 +(isible scope restricted to that function and its children.).15 F(If) +5.421 E F2(name)2.921 E F0 .421(is \255, the set)2.921 F 1.461 +(of shell options is made local to the function in which)144 420 R F1 +(local)3.961 E F0 1.462(is in)3.961 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 1.462 +(d: shell options changed).1 F 1.563(using the)144 432 R F1(set)4.063 E +F0 -.2(bu)4.063 G 1.563 +(iltin inside the function are restored to their original v).2 F 1.562 +(alues when the function)-.25 F 3.743(returns. W)144 444 R 1.243 +(ith no operands,)-.4 F F1(local)3.743 E F0 1.243 +(writes a list of local v)3.743 F 1.244 +(ariables to the standard output.)-.25 F 1.244(It is an)6.244 F .42 +(error to use)144 456 R F1(local)2.92 E F0 .42 (when not within a function.)2.92 F .42(The return status is 0 unless) 5.42 F F1(local)2.92 E F0 .42(is used outside a)2.92 F(function, an in) -144 345.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is supplied, or) -2.68 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(logout) -108 362.4 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 362.4 Q F1(map\214le)108 379.2 Q -F0([)2.5 E F1<ad64>A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6e>-2.5 E F2(count) +144 468 Q -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is supplied, or)2.68 +E F2(name)2.5 E F0(is a readonly v)2.5 E(ariable.)-.25 E F1(logout)108 +484.8 Q F0(Exit a login shell.)144 484.8 Q F1(map\214le)108 501.6 Q F0 +([)2.5 E F1<ad64>A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6e>-2.5 E F2(count) 2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad73> -2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75> -2.5 E F2(fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E -(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 391.2 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 +(ay)-.15 E F0(])A F1 -.18(re)108 513.6 S(adarray).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1 <ad64>A F2(delim)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6e>-2.5 E F2(count)2.5 E F0 2.5 (][)C F1<ad4f>-2.5 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad73>-2.5 E F2 (count)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad74>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad75>-2.5 E F2 (fd)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad43>-2.5 E F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0 2.5(][) C F1<ad63>-2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(arr)-2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 -(])A .351(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 403.2 R --.15(xe)-.15 G 2.851(da).15 G .351(rray v)-2.851 F(ariable)-.25 E F2 -(arr)2.85 E(ay)-.15 E F0 2.85(,o).32 G 2.85(rf)-2.85 G .35 -(rom \214le descriptor)-2.85 F F2(fd)2.85 E F0 1.248(if the)144 415.2 R -F1<ad75>3.748 E F0 1.248(option is supplied.)3.748 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F +(])A .179(Read lines from the standard input into the inde)144 525.6 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 2.679(da).15 G .179(rray v)-2.679 F(ariable)-.25 E F2 +(arr)2.68 E(ay)-.15 E F0 2.68(,o).32 G 2.68(rf)-2.68 G .18 +(rom \214le descriptor)-2.68 F F2(fd)4.65 E F0 1.249(if the)144 537.6 R +F1<ad75>3.749 E F0 1.249(option is supplied.)3.749 F 1.249(The v)6.249 F (ariable)-.25 E F3(MAPFILE)3.749 E F0 1.249(is the def)3.499 F(ault)-.1 -E F2(arr)3.749 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.249(.O)C 1.249(ptions, if supplied,) --6.249 F(ha)144 427.2 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad64>144 439.2 Q F0(The \214rst character of) -180 439.2 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0 -(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 -E F1<ad6e>144 451.2 Q F0(Cop)180 451.2 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5(tm)-2.5 G(ost) --2.5 E F2(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count)2.5 E F0 -(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1<ad4f>144 463.2 Q F0(Be)180 463.2 Q -(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 E(x) --.15 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5(xi) --.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 475.2 Q F0 -(Discard the \214rst)180 475.2 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1 -<ad74>144 487.2 Q F0(Remo)180 487.2 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15 +E F2(arr)3.748 E(ay)-.15 E F0 6.248(.O)C 1.248(ptions, if supplied,) +-6.248 F(ha)144 549.6 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad64>144 561.6 Q F0 .91 +(The \214rst character of)180 561.6 R F2(delim)3.41 E F0 .911 +(is used to terminate each input line, rather than ne)3.41 F 3.411 +(wline. If)-.25 F F2(delim)180 573.6 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1 +(map\214le)2.5 E F0(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character) +2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad6e>144 585.6 Q F0(Cop)180 585.6 Q 2.5(ya)-.1 G 2.5 +(tm)-2.5 G(ost)-2.5 E F2(count)2.7 E F0 2.5(lines. If)3.18 F F2(count) +2.5 E F0(is 0, all lines are copied.)2.5 E F1<ad4f>144 597.6 Q F0(Be)180 +597.6 Q(gin assigning to)-.15 E F2(arr)2.83 E(ay)-.15 E F0(at inde)2.82 +E(x)-.15 E F2(origin)2.5 E F0 5(.T).24 G(he def)-5 E(ault inde)-.1 E 2.5 +(xi)-.15 G 2.5(s0)-2.5 G(.)-2.5 E F1<ad73>144 609.6 Q F0 +(Discard the \214rst)180 609.6 Q F2(count)2.5 E F0(lines read.)2.5 E F1 +<ad74>144 621.6 Q F0(Remo)180 621.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a t)-.15 H(railing).15 E F2(delim)2.5 E F0(\(def)2.5 E(ault ne)-.1 E -(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 499.2 Q F0 -(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 499.2 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 -(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1<ad43>144 511.2 Q F0(Ev)180 -511.2 Q(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2 +(wline\) from each line read.)-.25 E F1<ad75>144 633.6 Q F0 +(Read lines from \214le descriptor)180 633.6 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 +(instead of the standard input.)2.5 E F1<ad43>144 645.6 Q F0(Ev)180 +645.6 Q(aluate)-.25 E F2(callbac)2.7 E(k)-.2 E F0(each time)3.17 E F2 (quantum)2.5 E F0(lines are read.)2.5 E(The)5 E F1<ad63>2.5 E F0 -(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F1<ad63>144 523.2 -Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 523.2 Q -F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 540 Q F1<ad43>2.968 E F0 .467 -(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F1<ad63>2.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 +(option speci\214es)2.5 E F2(quantum)2.5 E F0(.).32 E F1<ad63>144 657.6 +Q F0(Specify the number of lines read between each call to)180 657.6 Q +F2(callbac)2.5 E(k)-.2 E F0(.).67 E(If)144 674.4 Q F1<ad43>2.968 E F0 +.467(is speci\214ed without)2.967 F F1<ad63>2.967 E F0 2.967(,t)C .467 (he def)-2.967 F .467(ault quantum is 5000.)-.1 F(When)5.467 E F2 (callbac)2.967 E(k)-.2 E F0 .467(is e)2.967 F -.25(va)-.25 G .467 -(luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 552 R 2.761(xo)-.15 G -2.761(ft)-2.761 G .261(he ne)-2.761 F .262(xt array element to be assig\ -ned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .275 -(as additional ar)144 564 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E +(luated, it is sup-).25 F .261(plied the inde)144 686.4 R 2.761(xo)-.15 +G 2.761(ft)-2.761 G .261(he ne)-2.761 F .262(xt array element to be ass\ +igned and the line to be assigned to that element)-.15 F .275 +(as additional ar)144 698.4 R(guments.)-.18 E F2(callbac)5.275 E(k)-.2 E F0 .275(is e)2.775 F -.25(va)-.25 G .274 (luated after the line is read b).25 F .274 -(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 576 Q -(If not supplied with an e)144 592.8 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 +(ut before the array element is)-.2 F(assigned.)144 710.4 Q +(If not supplied with an e)144 727.2 Q(xplicit origin,)-.15 E F1 (map\214le)2.5 E F0(will clear)2.5 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 -(before assigning to it.)2.5 E F1(map\214le)144 609.6 Q F0 1.905 -(returns successfully unless an in)4.405 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.905 -(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.906(gument is supplied,)-.18 F F2(arr) -4.406 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.406 E(in)144 621.6 Q -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 +(before assigning to it.)2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 +E(11)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 12 12 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(map\214le)144 84 Q F0 +1.905(returns successfully unless an in)4.405 F -.25(va)-.4 G 1.905 +(lid option or option ar).25 F 1.906(gument is supplied,)-.18 F/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(arr)4.406 E(ay)-.15 E F0(is)4.406 E(in)144 96 Q -.25 +(va)-.4 G(lid or unassignable, or if).25 E F2(arr)2.5 E(ay)-.15 E F0 (is not an inde)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.5(da).15 G(rray)-2.5 E(.)-.65 E -F1(popd)108 638.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 -2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 650.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(se) +F1(popd)108 112.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A(Remo)144 124.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.8(se) .15 G .3(ntries from the directory stack.)-2.8 F -.4(Wi)5.299 G .299 (th no ar).4 F .299(guments, remo)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.799(st).15 G .299(he top directory from the)-2.799 F 1.478(stack, and performs a)144 -662.4 R F1(cd)3.978 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.978 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479 +136.8 R F1(cd)3.978 E F0 1.479(to the ne)3.978 F 3.979(wt)-.25 G 1.479 (op directory)-3.979 F 6.479(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.479 G 1.479 (uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.779 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.479(he follo).15 -F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 674.4 Q F1<ad6e>144 686.4 Q F0 .551 -(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 686.4 R .551 +F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 148.8 Q F1<ad6e>144 160.8 Q F0 .551 +(Suppresses the normal change of directory when remo)180 160.8 R .551 (ving directories from the stack, so)-.15 F -(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 698.4 Q F1(+)144 710.4 Q F2(n)A -F0(Remo)180 710.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E +(that only the stack is manipulated.)180 172.8 Q F1(+)144 184.8 Q F2(n)A +F0(Remo)180 184.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.64(st).15 G(he)-2.64 E F2(n)2.64 E F0 .14(th entry counting from the left of the list sho)B .14(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)2.64 E F0 2.64(,s)C .14(tarting with zero.)-2.64 F -.15(Fo)180 -722.4 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F4 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0 +196.8 S 2.5(re).15 G(xample:)-2.65 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(popd +0)2.5 E F0 (remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he \214rst directory)-2.5 E(,) --.65 E F4(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(11)198.725 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 12 12 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 -(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 -E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad>144 84 Q/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(Remo)180 84 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he) --3.76 E F2(n)3.76 E F0 1.259 -(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.259(wn by)-.25 F -F1(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)-3.759 F 2.5(zero. F) -180 96 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E/F3 10/Courier@0 SF(popd -0)2.5 E F0 +-.65 E F3(popd +1)2.5 E F0(the second.)2.5 E F1<ad>144 208.8 Q F2(n)A F0 +(Remo)180 208.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.76(st).15 G(he)-3.76 E F2(n)3.76 E F0 +1.259(th entry counting from the right of the list sho)B 1.259(wn by) +-.25 F F1(dirs)3.759 E F0 3.759(,s)C 1.259(tarting with)-3.759 F 2.5 +(zero. F)180 220.8 R(or e)-.15 E(xample:)-.15 E F3(popd -0)2.5 E F0 (remo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(st).15 G(he last directory)-2.5 E(,)-.65 E F3(popd -1)2.5 E F0(the ne)2.5 E(xt to last.)-.15 E .643(If the)144 -112.8 R F1(popd)3.143 E F0 .643(command is successful, a)3.143 F F1 +237.6 R F1(popd)3.143 E F0 .643(command is successful, a)3.143 F F1 (dirs)3.143 E F0 .644(is performed as well, and the return status is 0.) -3.143 F F1(popd)5.644 E F0 .416(returns f)144 124.8 R .416 +3.143 F F1(popd)5.644 E F0 .416(returns f)144 249.6 R .416 (alse if an in)-.1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .415 (lid option is encountered, the directory stack is empty).25 F 2.915 (,an)-.65 G(on-e)-2.915 E .415(xistent direc-)-.15 F -(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 136.8 Q -(ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 153.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad76>A F2(var)2.5 E F0 +(tory stack entry is speci\214ed, or the directory change f)144 261.6 Q +(ails.)-.1 E F1(printf)108 278.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad76>A F2(var)2.5 E F0 (])A F2(format)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0(])A 1.436 -(Write the formatted)144 165.6 R F2(ar)3.936 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437 +(Write the formatted)144 290.4 R F2(ar)3.936 E(guments)-.37 E F0 1.437 (to the standard output under the control of the)3.936 F F2(format)3.937 E F0 6.437(.T)C(he)-6.437 E F1<ad76>3.937 E F0 .126 -(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 177.6 R(ariable) +(option causes the output to be assigned to the v)144 302.4 R(ariable) -.25 E F2(var)2.626 E F0 .126(rather than being printed to the standard) -2.626 F(output.)144 189.6 Q(The)144 213.6 Q F2(format)3.017 E F0 .517(i\ +2.626 F(output.)144 314.4 Q(The)144 338.4 Q F2(format)3.017 E F0 .517(i\ s a character string which contains three types of objects: plain chara\ cters, which are)3.017 F .704(simply copied to standard output, charact\ -er escape sequences, which are con)144 225.6 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703 +er escape sequences, which are con)144 350.4 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .703 (rted and copied to).15 F .036(the standard output, and format speci\ -\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 237.6 R .037 -(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 249.6 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 +\214cations, each of which causes printing of the ne)144 362.4 R .037 +(xt successi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G F2(ar)144 374.4 Q(gument)-.37 E F0 5.532(.I)C 3.032(na)-5.532 G .532(ddition to the standard)-3.032 F F2 (printf)3.032 E F0 .532(\(1\) format speci\214cations,)B F1(printf)3.031 -E F0 .531(interprets the follo)3.031 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 261.6 Q -(xtensions:)-.15 E F1(%b)144 273.6 Q F0(causes)180 273.6 Q F1(printf) +E F0 .531(interprets the follo)3.031 F(w-)-.25 E(ing e)144 386.4 Q +(xtensions:)-.15 E F1(%b)144 398.4 Q F0(causes)180 398.4 Q F1(printf) 2.595 E F0 .096(to e)2.595 F .096 (xpand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding)-.15 F F2(ar) -2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .096(in the)2.596 F(same w)180 285.6 Q(ay as) --.1 E F1(echo \255e)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%q)144 297.6 Q F0(causes)180 297.6 Q +2.596 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .096(in the)2.596 F(same w)180 410.4 Q(ay as) +-.1 E F1(echo \255e)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(%q)144 422.4 Q F0(causes)180 422.4 Q F1(printf)2.51 E F0 .01(to output the corresponding)2.51 F F2(ar)2.51 E (gument)-.37 E F0 .01(in a format that can be reused as shell)2.51 F -(input.)180 309.6 Q F1(%\()144 321.6 Q F2(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0(causes) -180 333.6 Q F1(printf)4.403 E F0 1.904 +(input.)180 434.4 Q F1(%\()144 446.4 Q F2(datefmt)A F1(\)T)A F0(causes) +180 458.4 Q F1(printf)4.403 E F0 1.904 (to output the date-time string resulting from using)4.403 F F2(datefmt) -4.404 E F0 1.904(as a format)4.404 F .381(string for)180 345.6 R F2 +4.404 E F0 1.904(as a format)4.404 F .381(string for)180 470.4 R F2 (strftime)2.881 E F0 2.881(\(3\). The)B(corresponding)2.881 E F2(ar) 2.881 E(gument)-.37 E F0 .381(is an inte)2.881 F .381 -(ger representing the number)-.15 F .457(of seconds since the epoch.)180 -357.6 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.458 H .458(special ar)3.758 F .458(gument v)-.18 F -.458(alues may be used: -1 represents the)-.25 F .848 -(current time, and -2 represents the time the shell w)180 369.6 R .847 -(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.347(d. If).1 F .847(no ar)3.347 -F .847(gument is speci-)-.18 F .354(\214ed, con)180 381.6 R -.15(ve)-.4 -G .354(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.854(sa).15 G 2.854(si)-2.854 G -2.854(f-)-2.854 G 2.854(1h)-2.854 G .354(ad been gi)-2.854 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 2.854(n. This).15 F .355(is an e)2.854 F .355 -(xception to the usual)-.15 F F1(printf)2.855 E F0(beha)180 393.6 Q -(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E(Ar)144 410.4 Q .464(guments to non-string format s\ -peci\214ers are treated as C constants, e)-.18 F .463 -(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.258(minus sign is allo)144 422.4 -R 1.259 +(ger representing the number)-.15 F .292(of seconds since the epoch.)180 +482.4 R -1 -.8(Tw o)5.293 H .293(special ar)3.593 F .293(gument v)-.18 F +.293(alues may be used: \2551 represents the)-.25 F .694 +(current time, and \2552 represents the time the shell w)180 494.4 R +.693(as in)-.1 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.193(d. If).1 F .693(no ar) +3.193 F .693(gument is speci-)-.18 F .21(\214ed, con)180 506.4 R -.15 +(ve)-.4 G .21(rsion beha).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.71(sa).15 G 2.71(si)-2.71 +G 2.71<66ad>-2.71 G 2.71(1h)-2.71 G .21(ad been gi)-2.71 F -.15(ve)-.25 +G 2.71(n. This).15 F .21(is an e)2.71 F .21(xception to the usual)-.15 F +F1(printf)2.71 E F0(beha)180 518.4 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E(Ar)144 535.2 Q +.464(guments to non-string format speci\214ers are treated as C constan\ +ts, e)-.18 F .463(xcept that a leading plus or)-.15 F 1.258 +(minus sign is allo)144 547.2 R 1.259 (wed, and if the leading character is a single or double quote, the v) --.25 F 1.259(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 434.4 Q(alue of the follo) --.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 451.2 Q F2(format)3.424 E -F0 .923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.424 F F2(ar)3.423 -E(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F2(format) -3.423 E F0 .923(requires more)3.423 F F2(ar)144 463.2 Q(guments)-.37 E -F0 .033(than are supplied, the e)2.533 F .033 +-.25 F 1.259(alue is the)-.25 F(ASCII v)144 559.2 Q(alue of the follo) +-.25 E(wing character)-.25 E(.)-.55 E(The)144 576 Q F2(format)3.424 E F0 +.923(is reused as necessary to consume all of the)3.424 F F2(ar)3.423 E +(guments)-.37 E F0 5.923(.I)C 3.423(ft)-5.923 G(he)-3.423 E F2(format) +3.423 E F0 .923(requires more)3.423 F F2(ar)144 588 Q(guments)-.37 E F0 +.033(than are supplied, the e)2.533 F .033 (xtra format speci\214cations beha)-.15 F .333 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 2.533(si) .15 G 2.533(faz)-2.533 G .033(ero v)-2.533 F .034(alue or null string,) --.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 475.2 Q(The return v)5 E +-.25 F(as appropriate, had been supplied.)144 600 Q(The return v)5 E (alue is zero on success, non-zero on f)-.25 E(ailure.)-.1 E F1(pushd) -108 492 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C -<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 504 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5 -(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .64(Adds a directory to the top of the direc\ -tory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 516 R 3.139(wt)-.25 -G .639(op of the)-3.139 F .416(stack the current w)144 528 R .416 +108 616.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C(+)-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C +<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A F1(pushd)108 628.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 +2.5(][)C F2(dir)-2.5 E F0(])A .64(Adds a directory to the top of the di\ +rectory stack, or rotates the stack, making the ne)144 640.8 R 3.139(wt) +-.25 G .639(op of the)-3.139 F .416(stack the current w)144 652.8 R .416 (orking directory)-.1 F 5.416(.W)-.65 G .416(ith no ar)-5.816 F (guments,)-.18 E F1(pushd)2.916 E F0 -.15(ex)2.916 G .416 (changes the top tw).15 F 2.917(od)-.1 G(irectories)-2.917 E 1.625 -(and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 540 R 6.625(.A) --.65 G -.18(rg)-6.625 G 1.625(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.925 -.15 -(ve t)-.2 H 1.625(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 552 Q F1 -<ad6e>144 564 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory when\ - rotating or adding directories to the)180 564 R -(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 576 Q F1(+)144 588 Q -F2(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)180 588 R F2(n)3.768 E F0 -1.267(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B 1.267 -(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 600 Q F0 2.5(,s)C -(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F1<ad>144 612 Q F2(n)A F0 .92 -(Rotates the stack so that the)180 612 R F2(n)3.42 E F0 .92 -(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho)B .92(wn by)-.25 -F F1(dirs)180 624 Q F0 2.5(,s)C(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 -E F2(dir)144.35 636 Q F0(Adds)180 636 Q F2(dir)3.138 E F0 .288 +(and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty)144 664.8 R 6.625 +(.A)-.65 G -.18(rg)-6.625 G 1.625(uments, if supplied, ha).18 F 1.925 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H 1.625(he follo).15 F(wing)-.25 E(meanings:)144 676.8 Q +F1<ad6e>144 688.8 Q F0 1.811(Suppresses the normal change of directory \ +when rotating or adding directories to the)180 688.8 R +(stack, so that only the stack is manipulated.)180 700.8 Q F1(+)144 +712.8 Q F2(n)A F0 1.268(Rotates the stack so that the)180 712.8 R F2(n) +3.768 E F0 1.267(th directory \(counting from the left of the list sho)B +1.267(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 724.8 Q F0 2.5(,s)C +(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(12)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 13 13 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad>144 84 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0 .92(Rotates the stack so that the)180 84 R F2 +(n)3.42 E F0 .92(th directory \(counting from the right of the list sho) +B .92(wn by)-.25 F F1(dirs)180 96 Q F0 2.5(,s)C +(tarting with zero\) is at the top.)-2.5 E F2(dir)144.35 108 Q F0(Adds) +180 108 Q F2(dir)3.138 E F0 .288 (to the directory stack at the top, making it the ne)3.518 F 2.787(wc) -.25 G .287(urrent w)-2.787 F .287(orking directory as)-.1 F -(if it had been supplied as the ar)180 648 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F1(cd) -2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .488(If the)144 664.8 R F1(pushd)2.988 +(if it had been supplied as the ar)180 120 Q(gument to the)-.18 E F1(cd) +2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .488(If the)144 136.8 R F1(pushd)2.988 E F0 .488(command is successful, a)2.988 F F1(dirs)2.988 E F0 .488 (is performed as well.)2.988 F .489(If the \214rst form is used,)5.488 F -F1(pushd)2.989 E F0 1.04(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 676.8 R F2(dir) +F1(pushd)2.989 E F0 1.04(returns 0 unless the cd to)144 148.8 R F2(dir) 3.89 E F0 -.1(fa)4.27 G 3.539(ils. W).1 F 1.039(ith the second form,)-.4 F F1(pushd)3.539 E F0 1.039(returns 0 unless the directory)3.539 F .846 -(stack is empty)144 688.8 R 3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.346 E .847(xistent\ +(stack is empty)144 160.8 R 3.346(,an)-.65 G(on-e)-3.346 E .847(xistent\ directory stack element is speci\214ed, or the directory change to the) --.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 700.8 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 -E(ails.)-.1 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(12)198.725 E 0 -Cg EP -%%Page: 13 13 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 -(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 -E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(pwd)108 84 Q F0([)2.5 -E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .845(Print the absolute pathname of the current w) -144 96 R .845(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844 +-.15 F(speci\214ed ne)144 172.8 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(urrent directory f)-2.5 +E(ails.)-.1 E F1(pwd)108 189.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255LP)A F0(])A .845 +(Print the absolute pathname of the current w)144 201.6 R .845 +(orking directory)-.1 F 5.844(.T)-.65 G .844 (he pathname printed contains no)-5.844 F .181(symbolic links if the)144 -108 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 .181 -(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1(set) -2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264(enabled. If) -144 120 R(the)3.264 E F1<ad4c>3.264 E F0 .763 +213.6 R F1<ad50>2.681 E F0 .181(option is supplied or the)2.681 F F1 +.181(\255o ph)2.681 F(ysical)-.15 E F0 .181(option to the)2.681 F F1 +(set)2.681 E F0 -.2(bu)2.681 G .182(iltin command is).2 F 3.264 +(enabled. If)144 225.6 R(the)3.264 E F1<ad4c>3.264 E F0 .763 (option is used, the pathname printed may contain symbolic links.)3.264 F .763(The return)5.763 F 1.36(status is 0 unless an error occurs while\ - reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 132 R -.25(va) --.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 144 Q F1 -.18(re)108 160.8 S(ad) -.18 E F0([)3.817 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad61>-3.817 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(aname)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad64>-3.817 E F2 -(delim)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad69>-3.817 E F2(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 -3.817(][)C F1<ad6e>-3.817 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816 -(][)C F1<ad4e>-3.816 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1 -<ad70>-3.816 E F2(pr)3.816 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad74>-3.816 E -F2(timeout)3.816 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad75>-3.816 E F2(fd)3.816 E F0(])A -([)108 172.8 Q F2(name)A F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the s\ -tandard input, or from the \214le descriptor)144 184.8 R F2(fd)3.016 E -F0 .516(supplied as an ar)3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 196.8 Q -F1<ad75>3.848 E F0 1.348(option, split into w)3.848 F 1.348 -(ords as described abo)-.1 F 1.647 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75 -(Wo)3.847 G 1.347(rd Splitting).75 F F0 3.847(,a)C 1.347 -(nd the \214rst w)-3.847 F 1.347(ord is)-.1 F 1.465 -(assigned to the \214rst)144 208.8 R F2(name)3.965 E F0 3.965(,t).18 G + reading the name of the current directory or an in)144 237.6 R -.25(va) +-.4 G(lid).25 E(option is supplied.)144 249.6 Q F1 -.18(re)108 266.4 S +(ad).18 E F0([)3.817 E F1(\255ers)A F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad61>-3.817 E F2 +(aname)3.817 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad64>-3.817 E F2(delim)3.817 E F0 3.817 +(][)C F1<ad69>-3.817 E F2(te)3.817 E(xt)-.2 E F0 3.817(][)C F1<ad6e> +-3.817 E F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad4e>-3.816 E +F2(nc)3.816 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad70>-3.816 E F2(pr) +3.816 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 3.816(][)C F1<ad74>-3.816 E F2(timeout)3.816 E F0 +3.816(][)C F1<ad75>-3.816 E F2(fd)3.816 E F0(])A([)108 278.4 Q F2(name)A +F0(...])2.5 E .516(One line is read from the standard input, or from th\ +e \214le descriptor)144 290.4 R F2(fd)3.016 E F0 .516(supplied as an ar) +3.016 F .517(gument to)-.18 F(the)144 302.4 Q F1<ad75>3.848 E F0 1.348 +(option, split into w)3.848 F 1.348(ords as described abo)-.1 F 1.647 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)3.847 G 1.347(rd Splitting).75 F +F0 3.847(,a)C 1.347(nd the \214rst w)-3.847 F 1.347(ord is)-.1 F 1.465 +(assigned to the \214rst)144 314.4 R F2(name)3.965 E F0 3.965(,t).18 G 1.465(he second w)-3.965 F 1.465(ord to the second)-.1 F F2(name)3.965 E F0 3.965(,a).18 G 1.465(nd so on.)-3.965 F 1.465(If there are more)6.465 -F -.1(wo)144 220.8 S 1.112(rds than names, the remaining w).1 F 1.112 +F -.1(wo)144 326.4 S 1.112(rds than names, the remaining w).1 F 1.112 (ords and their interv)-.1 F 1.112 -(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)144 232.8 Q F0 +(ening delimiters are assigned to the last)-.15 F F2(name)144 338.4 Q F0 5.722(.I).18 G 3.222(ft)-5.722 G .722(here are fe)-3.222 F .722(wer w) -.25 F .723 (ords read from the input stream than names, the remaining names are)-.1 -F .532(assigned empty v)144 244.8 R 3.032(alues. The)-.25 F .532 +F .532(assigned empty v)144 350.4 R 3.032(alues. The)-.25 F .532 (characters in)3.032 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(IFS)3.032 E F0 .531 (are used to split the line into w)2.782 F .531(ords using the same)-.1 -F .197(rules the shell uses for e)144 256.8 R .197 +F .197(rules the shell uses for e)144 362.4 R .197 (xpansion \(described abo)-.15 F .497 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.75(Wo)2.697 G .197(rd Splitting).75 F F0 2.697(\). The)B .197 -(backslash charac-)2.697 F .157(ter \()144 268.8 R F1(\\)A F0 2.657(\)m) +(backslash charac-)2.697 F .157(ter \()144 374.4 R F1(\\)A F0 2.657(\)m) C .157(ay be used to remo)-2.657 F .457 -.15(ve a)-.15 H .457 -.15(ny s) .15 H .157(pecial meaning for the ne).15 F .156 (xt character read and for line continu-)-.15 F 2.5(ation. Options,)144 -280.8 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E -(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 292.8 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.049 -(The w)180 304.8 R 1.049 +386.4 R(if supplied, ha)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 398.4 Q F2(aname)2.5 E F0 1.049 +(The w)180 410.4 R 1.049 (ords are assigned to sequential indices of the array v)-.1 F(ariable) -.25 E F2(aname)3.55 E F0 3.55(,s).18 G 1.05(tarting at 0.)-3.55 F F2 -(aname)180.33 316.8 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25 +(aname)180.33 422.4 Q F0(is unset before an)2.68 E 2.5(yn)-.15 G .5 -.25 (ew va)-2.5 H(lues are assigned.).25 E(Other)5 E F2(name)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 -E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1<ad64>144 328.8 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0 -(The \214rst character of)180 340.8 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0 -(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)2.5 E(wline.)-.25 E -F1<ad65>144 352.8 Q F0 .373 -(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 352.8 R F1 -.18 -(re)2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.872 E F0(abo) -2.622 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.872(\)i).15 G 2.872(su)-2.872 G(sed)-2.872 E -.218(to obtain the line.)180 364.8 R .218 +E(guments are ignored.)-.18 E F1<ad64>144 434.4 Q F2(delim)2.5 E F0 +1.318(The \214rst character of)180 446.4 R F2(delim)3.818 E F0 1.317 +(is used to terminate the input line, rather than ne)3.818 F 3.817 +(wline. If)-.25 F F2(delim)180 458.4 Q F0(is the empty string,)2.5 E F1 +-.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 +(will terminate a line when it reads a NUL character)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 +<ad65>144 470.4 Q F0 .372 +(If the standard input is coming from a terminal,)180 470.4 R F1 -.18 +(re)2.873 G(adline).18 E F0(\(see)2.873 E F3(READLINE)2.873 E F0(abo) +2.623 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.873(\)i).15 G 2.873(su)-2.873 G(sed)-2.873 E +.218(to obtain the line.)180 482.4 R .218 (Readline uses the current \(or def)5.218 F .218 (ault, if line editing w)-.1 F .218(as not pre)-.1 F(viously)-.25 E -(acti)180 376.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings.)-2.5 E -F1<ad69>144 388.8 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt)-.2 E F0(If)180 388.8 Q F1 -.18(re) -2.716 G(adline).18 E F0 .216(is being used to read the line,)2.716 F F2 -(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 -E .215(fer before edit-)-.25 F(ing be)180 400.8 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e> -144 412.8 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 424.8 S(ad).18 -E F0 1.394(returns after reading)3.894 F F2(nc)3.894 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 -E F0 1.395(characters rather than w)3.894 F 1.395 -(aiting for a complete line of)-.1 F(input, b)180 436.8 Q -(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than)-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 -E(s)-.1 E F0(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1 -<ad4e>144 448.8 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 460.8 S -(ad).18 E F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.77 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc) -3.769 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F -1.269(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .274 -(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 472.8 R F1 -.18(re) -2.775 G(ad).18 E F0 .275(times out.)2.775 F .275 -(Delimiter characters encoun-)5.275 F 1.003 -(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 484.8 -R F1 -.18(re)3.502 G(ad).18 E F0 1.002(to return until)3.502 F F2(nc) -3.502 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .608(characters are read.)180 496.8 R .608 -(The result is not split on the characters in)5.608 F F1(IFS)3.108 E F0 -3.108(;t)C .609(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 508.8 S .67 +(acti)180 494.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(\)e).15 G(diting settings, b)-2.5 E +(ut uses Readline')-.2 E 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ef)-2.5 E +(ault \214lename completion.)-.1 E F1<ad69>144 506.4 Q F2(te)2.5 E(xt) +-.2 E F0(If)180 506.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.715 G(adline).18 E F0 .216 +(is being used to read the line,)2.715 F F2(te)2.716 E(xt)-.2 E F0 .216 +(is placed into the editing b)2.716 F(uf)-.2 E .216(fer before edit-) +-.25 F(ing be)180 518.4 Q(gins.)-.15 E F1<ad6e>144 530.4 Q F2(nc)2.5 E +(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 542.4 S(ad).18 E F0 1.395 +(returns after reading)3.895 F F2(nc)3.895 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.395 +(characters rather than w)3.895 F 1.394(aiting for a complete line of) +-.1 F(input, b)180 554.4 Q(ut honors a delimiter if fe)-.2 E(wer than) +-.25 E F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 +(characters are read before the delimiter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E F1<ad4e>144 +566.4 Q F2(nc)2.5 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)180 578.4 S(ad).18 E +F0 1.269(returns after reading e)3.769 F(xactly)-.15 E F2(nc)3.769 E +(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 1.269(characters rather than w)3.769 F 1.27 +(aiting for a complete)-.1 F .275 +(line of input, unless EOF is encountered or)180 590.4 R F1 -.18(re) +2.775 G(ad).18 E F0 .274(times out.)2.774 F .274 +(Delimiter characters encoun-)5.274 F 1.002 +(tered in the input are not treated specially and do not cause)180 602.4 +R F1 -.18(re)3.503 G(ad).18 E F0 1.003(to return until)3.503 F F2(nc) +3.503 E(har)-.15 E(s)-.1 E F0 .609(characters are read.)180 614.4 R .608 +(The result is not split on the characters in)5.609 F F1(IFS)3.108 E F0 +3.108(;t)C .608(he intent is that the)-3.108 F -.25(va)180 626.4 S .669 (riable is assigned e).25 F .669 -(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .669 -(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1<ad72>180 520.8 Q F0 -(option belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1<ad70>144 532.8 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 -E F0(Display)180 544.8 Q F2(pr)3.66 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161 -(on standard error)3.66 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne) --3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 556.8 Q +(xactly the characters read \(with the e)-.15 F .67 +(xception of backslash; see the)-.15 F F1<ad72>180 638.4 Q F0 +(option belo)2.5 E(w\).)-.25 E F1<ad70>144 650.4 Q F2(pr)2.5 E(ompt)-.45 +E F0(Display)180 662.4 Q F2(pr)3.661 E(ompt)-.45 E F0 1.161 +(on standard error)3.661 F 3.661(,w)-.4 G 1.161(ithout a trailing ne) +-3.661 F 1.161(wline, before attempting to read)-.25 F(an)180 674.4 Q 2.5(yi)-.15 G 2.5(nput. The)-2.5 F (prompt is displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.)2.5 E F1 -<ad72>144 568.8 Q F0 .544(Backslash does not act as an escape character) -180 568.8 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .543 -(he backslash is considered to be part of)-5.543 F(the line.)180 580.8 Q +<ad72>144 686.4 Q F0 .543(Backslash does not act as an escape character) +180 686.4 R 5.543(.T)-.55 G .544 +(he backslash is considered to be part of)-5.543 F(the line.)180 698.4 Q (In particular)5 E 2.5(,ab)-.4 G(ackslash-ne)-2.5 E (wline pair may not be used as a line continuation.)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 -592.8 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 592.8 Q -(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E F1 -<ad74>144 604.8 Q F2(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 616.8 Q F1 -.18(re)2.928 -G(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.928 F .428 -(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .561 -(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 628.8 R F2(timeout)3.061 E -F0(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .56(may be a decimal number) -3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 640.8 Q -(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E -.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\ -g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 -652.8 R .505(fect when reading)-.25 F .589(from re)180 664.8 R .589 -(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.589 E F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0 .589 -(times out,)3.089 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve) --.2 G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .59 -(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 676.8 S -(riable).25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 -.27(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately) -2.77 F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 -G(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 688.8 R 1.12 -(xit status is 0 if input is a)-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.12 -(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor).25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12 -(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180 700.8 R -.15(ex)2.5 G -(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e).15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E -F1<ad75>144 712.8 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 -712.8 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .477(If no)144 729.6 R F2(names)3.337 E F0 -.477(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)3.247 F(ariable) --.25 E F3(REPL)2.976 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .476 -(The e)4.976 F .476(xit status is zero,)-.15 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q -(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(13)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +710.4 Q F0(Silent mode.)180 710.4 Q +(If input is coming from a terminal, characters are not echoed.)5 E +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(13)198.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 14 14 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 (TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 -E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .772(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,) -144 84 R/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.18(re)3.272 G(ad).18 E F0 .773 -(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a)3.272 F --.25(va)144 96 S 2.004 -(riable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v).25 F 2.004 -(ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.004(lid \214le).25 F -(descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 108 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad75>2.5 -E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 124.8 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A F0 -2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(name)-2.5 E -F0([=)A F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 136.8 R --.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77 -(ed readonly; the v)-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 -.77(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.097(quent assignment.)144 -148.8 R 1.097(If the)6.097 F F1<ad66>3.597 E F0 1.097 -(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.597 F F2 -(names)3.596 E F0 1.096(are so)3.596 F(mark)144 160.8 Q 3.334(ed. The) +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad74>144 84 Q/F2 10 +/Times-Italic@0 SF(timeout)2.5 E F0(Cause)180 96 Q F1 -.18(re)2.929 G +(ad).18 E F0 .428(to time out and return f)2.929 F .428 +(ailure if a complete line of input \(or a speci\214ed num-)-.1 F .56 +(ber of characters\) is not read within)180 108 R F2(timeout)3.061 E F0 +(seconds.)3.061 E F2(timeout)5.561 E F0 .561(may be a decimal number) +3.061 F(with a fractional portion follo)180 120 Q +(wing the decimal point.)-.25 E(This option is only ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E +.3 -.15(ve i)-.25 H(f).15 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad).18 E F0 .506(is readin\ +g input from a terminal, pipe, or other special \214le; it has no ef)180 +132 R .506(fect when reading)-.25 F .59(from re)180 144 R .59 +(gular \214les.)-.15 F(If)5.59 E F1 -.18(re)3.09 G(ad).18 E F0 .589 +(times out,)3.09 F F1 -.18(re)3.089 G(ad).18 E F0(sa)3.089 E -.15(ve)-.2 +G 3.089(sa).15 G .889 -.15(ny p)-3.089 H .589 +(artial input read into the speci\214ed).15 F -.25(va)180 156 S(riable) +.25 E F2(name)2.77 E F0 5.27(.I)C(f)-5.27 E F2(timeout)2.77 E F0 .27 +(is 0,)2.77 F F1 -.18(re)2.77 G(ad).18 E F0 .27(returns immediately)2.77 +F 2.77(,w)-.65 G .27(ithout trying to read an)-2.77 F 2.77(yd)-.15 G +(ata.)-2.77 E 1.12(The e)180 168 R 1.12(xit status is 0 if input is a) +-.15 F -.25(va)-.2 G 1.12(ilable on the speci\214ed \214le descriptor) +.25 F 3.62(,n)-.4 G 1.12(on-zero other)-3.62 F(-)-.2 E 2.5(wise. The)180 +180 R -.15(ex)2.5 G(it status is greater than 128 if the timeout is e) +.15 E(xceeded.)-.15 E F1<ad75>144 192 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0 +(Read input from \214le descriptor)180 192 Q F2(fd)2.5 E F0(.)A .476 +(If no)144 208.8 R F2(names)3.336 E F0 .476 +(are supplied, the line read is assigned to the v)3.246 F(ariable)-.25 E +/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(REPL)2.977 E(Y)-.828 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A +F0 .477(The e)4.977 F .477(xit status is zero,)-.15 F .773 +(unless end-of-\214le is encountered,)144 220.8 R F1 -.18(re)3.273 G(ad) +.18 E F0 .772 +(times out \(in which case the status is greater than 128\), a)3.273 F +-.25(va)144 232.8 S 2.004 +(riable assignment error \(such as assigning to a readonly v).25 F 2.005 +(ariable\) occurs, or an in)-.25 F -.25(va)-.4 G 2.005(lid \214le).25 F +(descriptor is supplied as the ar)144 244.8 Q(gument to)-.18 E F1<ad75> +2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.18(re)108 261.6 S(adonly).18 E F0([)2.5 E F1(\255aAf)A +F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad70>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0([=)A F2(wor)A +(d)-.37 E F0 2.5(].)C(..])-2.5 E .77(The gi)144 273.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G +(n).15 E F2(names)3.27 E F0 .77(are mark)3.27 F .77(ed readonly; the v) +-.1 F .77(alues of these)-.25 F F2(names)3.63 E F0 .77 +(may not be changed by subse-)3.54 F 1.096(quent assignment.)144 285.6 R +1.096(If the)6.096 F F1<ad66>3.596 E F0 1.097 +(option is supplied, the functions corresponding to the)3.596 F F2 +(names)3.597 E F0 1.097(are so)3.597 F(mark)144 297.6 Q 3.334(ed. The) -.1 F F1<ad61>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F .834 (ariables to inde)-.25 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 3.334(da).15 G .834(rrays; the) -3.334 F F1<ad41>3.334 E F0 .834(option restricts the v)3.334 F(ari-) --.25 E .777(ables to associati)144 172.8 R 1.077 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.277 -(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.277 F F1<ad41>3.277 E -F0(tak)3.277 E .776(es precedence.)-.1 F .776(If no)5.776 F F2(name) -3.636 E F0(ar)3.456 E(gu-)-.18 E .521(ments are gi)144 184.8 R -.15(ve) +-.25 E .776(ables to associati)144 309.6 R 1.076 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 3.276 +(rrays. If).15 F .777(both options are supplied,)3.276 F F1<ad41>3.277 E +F0(tak)3.277 E .777(es precedence.)-.1 F .777(If no)5.777 F F2(name) +3.637 E F0(ar)3.457 E(gu-)-.18 E .522(ments are gi)144 321.6 R -.15(ve) -.25 G .521(n, or if the).15 F F1<ad70>3.021 E F0 .521 (option is supplied, a list of all readonly names is printed.)3.021 F -.522(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ -to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 196.8 R(The)5.295 E F1 -<ad70>2.795 E F0(option)2.795 E .786 +.521(The other)5.521 F .295(options may be used to restrict the output \ +to a subset of the set of readonly names.)144 333.6 R(The)5.296 E F1 +<ad70>2.796 E F0(option)2.796 E .786 (causes output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.) -144 208.8 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .786(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 -220.8 Q .718(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) +144 345.6 R .786(If a v)5.786 F .785(ariable name is fol-)-.25 F(lo)144 +357.6 Q .717(wed by =)-.25 F F2(wor)A(d)-.37 E F0 3.218(,t)C .718(he v) -3.218 F .718(alue of the v)-.25 F .718(ariable is set to)-.25 F F2(wor) 3.218 E(d)-.37 E F0 5.718(.T)C .718(he return status is 0 unless an in) -5.718 F -.25(va)-.4 G(lid).25 E .26(option is encountered, one of the) -144 232.8 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) +144 369.6 R F2(names)3.12 E F0 .26(is not a v)3.03 F .26(alid shell v) -.25 F .26(ariable name, or)-.25 F F1<ad66>2.76 E F0 .26 -(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 244.8 Q F0 -(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 261.6 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 -E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .021(Causes a function to stop e)144 273.6 R --.15(xe)-.15 G .021(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 -(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(to its caller)2.76 F 5.02 -(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.02 E F2(n)2.88 E F0 .02(is omitted,)2.76 F .596 -(the return status is that of the last command e)144 285.6 R -.15(xe) --.15 G .597(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.597(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.597 E -F1 -.18(re)3.097 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .597(is e)3.097 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G(cuted).15 E 1.239(by a trap handler)144 297.6 R 3.738(,t)-.4 G 1.238 +(is supplied with a)2.76 F F2(name)144.36 381.6 Q F0 +(that is not a function.)2.68 E F1 -.18(re)108 398.4 S(tur).18 E(n)-.15 +E F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0(])A .02(Causes a function to stop e)144 410.4 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G .02(cuting and return the v).15 F .021 +(alue speci\214ed by)-.25 F F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(to its caller)2.761 F +5.021(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.021 E F2(n)2.881 E F0 .021(is omitted,)2.761 F .597 +(the return status is that of the last command e)144 422.4 R -.15(xe) +-.15 G .596(cuted in the function body).15 F 5.596(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.596 E +F1 -.18(re)3.096 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .596(is e)3.096 F -.15(xe)-.15 +G(cuted).15 E 1.238(by a trap handler)144 434.4 R 3.738(,t)-.4 G 1.238 (he last command used to determine the status is the last command e) --3.738 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.066(before the trap handler)144 -309.6 R 6.067(.i)-.55 G(f)-6.067 E F1 -.18(re)3.567 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E -F0 1.067(is e)3.567 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.067(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB) -3.567 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.067(trap, the last command used to)3.567 F .39 -(determine the status is the last command e)144 321.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.389(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.889 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)2.889 G 2.889(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.889 H -.1(ke) -.4 G(d.).1 E(If)144 333.6 Q F1 -.18(re)2.583 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 -.084(is used outside a function, b)2.583 F .084(ut during e)-.2 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .084(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)2.584 E F0(\()5.084 -E F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.584(\)c)C .084(ommand, it)-2.584 F .589 -(causes the shell to stop e)144 345.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .589 -(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .588 -(or the e)3.328 F .588(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .325(mand e) -144 357.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .325(cuted within the script as the e).15 F -.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .326 -(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .326(alue is)-.25 F .445 -(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 369.6 R .444 -(The return status is non-zero if)5.445 F F1 -.18(re)2.944 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F0 .444(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.944 F(gu-)-.18 E .381 -(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 381.6 R -.15 +-3.738 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E 1.033(before the trap handler)144 +446.4 R 6.033(.I)-.55 G(f)-6.033 E F1 -.18(re)3.533 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E +F0 1.033(is e)3.533 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.033(cuted during a).15 F F1(DEB) +3.532 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.032(trap, the last command used to)3.532 F .389 +(determine the status is the last command e)144 458.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.389(cuted by the trap handler before).15 F F1 -.18(re)2.89 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0 -.1(wa)2.89 G 2.89(si).1 G -1.9 -.4(nv o)-2.89 H -.1(ke).4 +G(d.).1 E(If)144 470.4 Q F1 -.18(re)2.584 G(tur).18 E(n)-.15 E F0 .084 +(is used outside a function, b)2.584 F .084(ut during e)-.2 F -.15(xe) +-.15 G .084(cution of a script by the).15 F F1(.)2.584 E F0(\()5.084 E +F1(sour)A(ce)-.18 E F0 2.583(\)c)C .083(ommand, it)-2.583 F .588 +(causes the shell to stop e)144 482.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .588 +(cuting that script and return either).15 F F2(n)3.448 E F0 .589 +(or the e)3.329 F .589(xit status of the last com-)-.15 F .326(mand e) +144 494.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .326(cuted within the script as the e).15 F +.326(xit status of the script.)-.15 F(If)5.326 E F2(n)2.826 E F0 .325 +(is supplied, the return v)2.826 F .325(alue is)-.25 F .444 +(its least signi\214cant 8 bits.)144 506.4 R .444 +(The return status is non-zero if)5.444 F F1 -.18(re)2.945 G(tur).18 E +(n)-.15 E F0 .445(is supplied a non-numeric ar)2.945 F(gu-)-.18 E .381 +(ment, or is used outside a function and not during e)144 518.4 R -.15 (xe)-.15 G .381(cution of a script by).15 F F1(.)2.881 E F0(or)3.714 E -F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.381(.A)C .681 -.15(ny c)-5.381 H(om-).15 -E .75(mand associated with the)144 393.6 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749 +F1(sour)2.881 E(ce)-.18 E F0 5.38(.A)C .68 -.15(ny c)-5.38 H(om-).15 E +.749(mand associated with the)144 530.4 R F1(RETURN)3.249 E F0 .749 (trap is e)3.249 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .749(cuted before e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 -G .749(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 405.6 Q F1 -(set)108 422.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C +G .75(cution resumes after the function).15 F(or script.)144 542.4 Q F1 +(set)108 559.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255\255abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E(g)-.37 E -F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 434.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 +F0(...])2.5 E F1(set)108 571.2 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(+o)-2.5 E F2(option\255name)2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(ar)-2.5 E -(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 446.4 S .835 +(g)-.37 E F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 583.2 S .836 (thout options, the name and v).4 F .835(alue of each shell v)-.25 F -.836(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784 -(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 458.4 -R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .783 -(riables cannot be).25 F 2.911(reset. In)144 470.4 R F2(posix)2.911 E F0 +.835(ariable are displayed in a format that can be)-.25 F .784 +(reused as input for setting or resetting the currently-set v)144 595.2 +R 3.284(ariables. Read-only)-.25 F -.25(va)3.284 G .784 +(riables cannot be).25 F 2.912(reset. In)144 607.2 R F2(posix)2.912 E F0 .412(mode, only shell v)2.912 F .412(ariables are listed.)-.25 F .412 -(The output is sorted according to the current)5.412 F 3.531 -(locale. When)144 482.4 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.531 F -3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.53(utes. An) --.2 F 3.53(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.53 G 1.03(uments remaining).18 F 1.623 -(after option processing are treated as v)144 494.4 R 1.624 +(The output is sorted according to the current)5.412 F 3.53 +(locale. When)144 619.2 R 1.031(options are speci\214ed, the)3.53 F +3.531(ys)-.15 G 1.031(et or unset shell attrib)-3.531 F 3.531(utes. An) +-.2 F 3.531(ya)-.15 G -.18(rg)-3.531 G 1.031(uments remaining).18 F +1.624(after option processing are treated as v)144 631.2 R 1.623 (alues for the positional parameters and are assigned, in)-.25 F(order) -144 506.4 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A +144 643.2 Q 2.5(,t)-.4 G(o)-2.5 E F1($1)2.5 E F0(,)A F1($2)2.5 E F0(,)A F1 2.5(... $)2.5 F F2(n)A F0 5(.O)C(ptions, if speci\214ed, ha)-5 E .3 --.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 518.4 Q -F0 1.378(Each v)184 518.4 R 1.377 +-.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad61>144 655.2 Q +F0 1.377(Each v)184 655.2 R 1.377 (ariable or function that is created or modi\214ed is gi)-.25 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.377(xport attrib)-.15 F -1.377(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 530.4 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15 -E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1<ad62>144 542.4 Q F0 .131 -(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 542.4 R -2.632(,r)-.65 G .132(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E -(primary prompt.)184 554.4 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) --.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1<ad65>144 566.4 Q F0 -.088(Exit immediately if a)184 566.4 R F2(pipeline)2.588 E F0 .087 -(\(which may consist of a single)2.588 F F2 .087(simple command)2.587 F -F0 .087(\), a)B F2(list)2.587 E F0 2.587(,o)C(r)-2.587 E(a)184 578.4 Q -F2 1.52(compound command)4.02 F F0(\(see)4.021 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -1.521(SHELL GRAMMAR)4.021 F F0(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e) -.15 F 1.521(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .08 -(The shell does not e)184 590.4 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F -.079(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(follo)184 602.4 -Q 1.654(wing a)-.25 F F1(while)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F1(until)4.154 E F0 --.1(ke)4.154 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.655 -(wing the)-.25 F F1(if)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F1(elif)4.155 E F0(reserv) -4.155 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 614.4 S .582(rds, part of an).1 F 3.082(yc) --.15 G .582(ommand e)-3.082 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F1 -(&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F1(||)3.081 E F0 .581(list e)3.081 F .581 -(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .917(the \214nal)184 626.4 R -F1(&&)3.417 E F0(or)3.417 E F1(||)3.417 E F0 3.417(,a)C 1.217 -.15(ny c) --3.417 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .918 -(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.418(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.418 E --.25(va)184 638.4 S .661(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .661 -(rted with).15 F F1(!)3.161 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .66 -(ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.112 -(non-zero status because a command f)184 650.4 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F -F1<ad65>3.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.113 -(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .178(not e)184 662.4 R 2.678 -(xit. A)-.15 F .178(trap on)2.678 F F1(ERR)2.678 E F0 2.678(,i)C 2.678 -(fs)-2.678 G .178(et, is e)-2.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .178 -(cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.677(xits. This)-.15 F .177 -(option applies to)2.677 F .617(the shell en)184 674.4 R .617 -(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .617(vironment separately \(see) --.4 F F3 .618(COMMAND EXE-)3.118 F .643(CUTION ENVIR)184 686.4 R(ONMENT) --.27 E F0(abo)2.893 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .643 -(\), and may cause subshells to e).15 F .643(xit before e)-.15 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G .642(cuting all).15 F(the commands in the subshell.)184 698.4 -Q 2.042(If a compound command or shell function e)184 716.4 R -.15(xe) --.15 G 2.042(cutes in a conte).15 F 2.042(xt where)-.15 F F1<ad65>4.542 -E F0 2.043(is being)4.543 F 1.436(ignored, none of the commands e)184 -728.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.435 -(cuted within the compound command or function).15 F(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 -Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(14)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +-.25 G 3.877(nt).15 G 1.377(he e)-3.877 F 1.378(xport attrib)-.15 F +1.378(ute and)-.2 F(mark)184 667.2 Q(ed for e)-.1 E(xport to the en)-.15 +E(vironment of subsequent commands.)-.4 E F1<ad62>144 679.2 Q F0 .132 +(Report the status of terminated background jobs immediately)184 679.2 R +2.632(,r)-.65 G .131(ather than before the ne)-2.632 F(xt)-.15 E +(primary prompt.)184 691.2 Q(This is ef)5 E(fecti)-.25 E .3 -.15(ve o) +-.25 H(nly when job control is enabled.).15 E F1<ad65>144 703.2 Q F0 +.087(Exit immediately if a)184 703.2 R F2(pipeline)2.587 E F0 .087 +(\(which may consist of a single)2.587 F F2 .088(simple command)2.588 F +F0 .088(\), a)B F2(list)2.588 E F0 2.588(,o)C(r)-2.588 E(a)184 715.2 Q +F2 1.521(compound command)4.021 F F0(\(see)4.021 E F3 1.521 +(SHELL GRAMMAR)4.021 F F0(abo)3.771 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.521(\), e).15 F +1.521(xits with a non-zero status.)-.15 F .079(The shell does not e)184 +727.2 R .079(xit if the command that f)-.15 F .08 +(ails is part of the command list immediately)-.1 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 +Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(14)198.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 15 15 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 (TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 -E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .193(body will be af)184 84 R .193 -(fected by the)-.25 F/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad65>2.693 E F0 .193 -(setting, e)2.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.693(ni).15 G(f)-2.693 E F1<ad65> -2.693 E F0 .194(is set and a command returns a f)2.693 F(ailure)-.1 E -3.39(status. If)184 96 R 3.39(ac)3.39 G .89 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E(follo)184 84 Q 1.655(wing a)-.25 F/F1 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(while)4.155 E F0(or)4.155 E F1(until)4.155 E F0 -.1(ke) +4.155 G(yw)-.05 E 1.655(ord, part of the test follo)-.1 F 1.654 +(wing the)-.25 F F1(if)4.154 E F0(or)4.154 E F1(elif)4.154 E F0(reserv) +4.154 E(ed)-.15 E -.1(wo)184 96 S .581(rds, part of an).1 F 3.081(yc) +-.15 G .581(ommand e)-3.081 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .581(cuted in a).15 F F1 +(&&)3.081 E F0(or)3.081 E F1(||)3.081 E F0 .582(list e)3.082 F .582 +(xcept the command follo)-.15 F(wing)-.25 E .918(the \214nal)184 108 R +F1(&&)3.418 E F0(or)3.418 E F1(||)3.418 E F0 3.418(,a)C 1.218 -.15(ny c) +-3.418 H .918(ommand in a pipeline b).15 F .917 +(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.417(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.417 E +-.25(va)184 120 S .66(lue is being in).25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .66(rted with) +.15 F F1(!)3.16 E F0 5.661(.I)C 3.161(fac)-5.661 G .661 +(ompound command other than a subshell returns a)-3.161 F 1.113 +(non-zero status because a command f)184 132 R 1.112(ailed while)-.1 F +F1<ad65>3.612 E F0 -.1(wa)3.612 G 3.612(sb).1 G 1.112 +(eing ignored, the shell does)-3.612 F .177(not e)184 144 R 2.677 +(xit. A)-.15 F .177(trap on)2.677 F F1(ERR)2.677 E F0 2.677(,i)C 2.678 +(fs)-2.677 G .178(et, is e)-2.678 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .178 +(cuted before the shell e).15 F 2.678(xits. This)-.15 F .178 +(option applies to)2.678 F .618(the shell en)184 156 R .617 +(vironment and each subshell en)-.4 F .617(vironment separately \(see) +-.4 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .617(COMMAND EXE-)3.117 F .642(CUTION ENVIR) +184 168 R(ONMENT)-.27 E F0(abo)2.893 E -.15(ve)-.15 G .643 +(\), and may cause subshells to e).15 F .643(xit before e)-.15 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .643(cuting all).15 F(the commands in the subshell.)184 180 Q +2.042(If a compound command or shell function e)184 198 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +2.042(cutes in a conte).15 F 2.042(xt where)-.15 F F1<ad65>4.542 E F0 +2.042(is being)4.542 F 1.435(ignored, none of the commands e)184 210 R +-.15(xe)-.15 G 1.436(cuted within the compound command or function).15 F +.194(body will be af)184 222 R .194(fected by the)-.25 F F1<ad65>2.694 E +F0 .193(setting, e)2.693 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.693(ni).15 G(f)-2.693 E F1 +<ad65>2.693 E F0 .193(is set and a command returns a f)2.693 F(ailure) +-.1 E 3.39(status. If)184 234 R 3.39(ac)3.39 G .89 (ompound command or shell function sets)-3.39 F F1<ad65>3.39 E F0 .89 (while e)3.39 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .89(cuting in a conte).15 F(xt)-.15 E -(where)184 108 Q F1<ad65>3.153 E F0 .653 -(is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.153 F .954 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .954 --.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .654(ect until the compound command).25 F -(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 120 Q F1 -<ad66>144 132 Q F0(Disable pathname e)184 132 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 -<ad68>144 144 Q F0 2.239(Remember the location of commands as the)184 -144 R 4.738(ya)-.15 G 2.238(re look)-4.738 F 2.238(ed up for e)-.1 F --.15(xe)-.15 G 4.738(cution. This).15 F(is)4.738 E(enabled by def)184 -156 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad6b>144 168 Q F0 .513(All ar)184 168 R .514 +(where)184 246 Q F1<ad65>3.154 E F0 .654 +(is ignored, that setting will not ha)3.154 F .953 -.15(ve a)-.2 H .953 +-.15(ny e).15 H -.25(ff).15 G .653(ect until the compound command).25 F +(or the command containing the function call completes.)184 258 Q F1 +<ad66>144 270 Q F0(Disable pathname e)184 270 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E F1 +<ad68>144 282 Q F0 2.238(Remember the location of commands as the)184 +282 R 4.738(ya)-.15 G 2.239(re look)-4.738 F 2.239(ed up for e)-.1 F +-.15(xe)-.15 G 4.739(cution. This).15 F(is)4.739 E(enabled by def)184 +294 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad6b>144 306 Q F0 .514(All ar)184 306 R .514 (guments in the form of assignment statements are placed in the en)-.18 -F .514(vironment for a)-.4 F -(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 180 Q F1 -<ad6d>144 192 Q F0 .149(Monitor mode.)184 192 R .149 -(Job control is enabled.)5.149 F .148(This option is on by def)5.149 F -.148(ault for interacti)-.1 F .448 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .65 -(on systems that support it \(see)184 204 R/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .651 -(JOB CONTR)3.151 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151 -(\). All).15 F .651(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .679 -(process group.)184 216 R .678(When a background job completes, the she\ -ll prints a line containing its)5.679 F -.15(ex)184 228 S(it status.).15 -E F1<ad6e>144 240 Q F0 .652(Read commands b)184 240 R .652(ut do not e) --.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .652(cute them.).15 F .653 -(This may be used to check a shell script for)5.652 F(syntax errors.)184 -252 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E -F1<ad6f>144 264 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The) -184 276 Q F3(option\255name)2.5 E F0(can be one of the follo)2.5 E -(wing:)-.25 E F1(allexport)184 288 Q F0(Same as)224 300 Q F1<ad61>2.5 E -F0(.)A F1(braceexpand)184 312 Q F0(Same as)224 324 Q F1<ad42>2.5 E F0(.) -A F1(emacs)184 336 Q F0 .089 -(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)224 336 R 2.589 +F .513(vironment for a)-.4 F +(command, not just those that precede the command name.)184 318 Q F1 +<ad6d>144 330 Q F0 .148(Monitor mode.)184 330 R .148 +(Job control is enabled.)5.148 F .149(This option is on by def)5.148 F +.149(ault for interacti)-.1 F .449 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells).15 E .651 +(on systems that support it \(see)184 342 R F2 .651(JOB CONTR)3.151 F +(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)2.901 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.151(\). All).15 F .65 +(processes run in a separate)3.151 F .678(process group.)184 354 R .679 +(When a background job completes, the shell prints a line containing it\ +s)5.678 F -.15(ex)184 366 S(it status.).15 E F1<ad6e>144 378 Q F0 .653 +(Read commands b)184 378 R .653(ut do not e)-.2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653 +(cute them.).15 F .652(This may be used to check a shell script for) +5.653 F(syntax errors.)184 390 Q(This is ignored by interacti)5 E .3 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1<ad6f>144 402 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF +(option\255name)2.5 E F0(The)184 414 Q F3(option\255name)2.5 E F0 +(can be one of the follo)2.5 E(wing:)-.25 E F1(allexport)184 426 Q F0 +(Same as)224 438 Q F1<ad61>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(braceexpand)184 450 Q F0 +(Same as)224 462 Q F1<ad42>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(emacs)184 474 Q F0 .089 +(Use an emacs-style command line editing interf)224 474 R 2.589 (ace. This)-.1 F .089(is enabled by def)2.589 F(ault)-.1 E .95 -(when the shell is interacti)224 348 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95 +(when the shell is interacti)224 486 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.45(,u).15 G .95 (nless the shell is started with the)-3.45 F F1(\255\255noediting)3.45 E -F0 2.5(option. This)224 360 R(also af)2.5 E(fects the editing interf) +F0 2.5(option. This)224 498 R(also af)2.5 E(fects the editing interf) -.25 E(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1(err) -184 372 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)224 372 Q F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(errtrace)184 384 Q F0(Same as)224 384 Q F1<ad45>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(functrace)184 396 Q F0(Same as)224 408 Q F1<ad54>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(hashall)184 420 Q F0(Same as)224 420 Q F1<ad68>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(histexpand)184 432 Q F0(Same as)224 444 Q F1<ad48>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -(history)184 456 Q F0 .587(Enable command history)224 456 R 3.087(,a) +184 510 Q(exit)-.18 E F0(Same as)224 510 Q F1<ad65>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(errtrace)184 522 Q F0(Same as)224 522 Q F1<ad45>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(functrace)184 534 Q F0(Same as)224 546 Q F1<ad54>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(hashall)184 558 Q F0(Same as)224 558 Q F1<ad68>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(histexpand)184 570 Q F0(Same as)224 582 Q F1<ad48>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +(history)184 594 Q F0 .586(Enable command history)224 594 R 3.087(,a) -.65 G 3.087(sd)-3.087 G .587(escribed abo)-3.087 F .887 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(HIST)3.087 E(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -(.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 468 Q +(.)A F0 .587(This option is)5.087 F(on by def)224 606 Q (ault in interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E F1(ignor)184 -480 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.656(The ef)224 492 R 1.656 +618 Q(eeof)-.18 E F0 1.657(The ef)224 630 R 1.657 (fect is as if the shell command)-.25 F/F5 10/Courier@0 SF(IGNOREEOF=10) -4.157 E F0 1.657(had been e)4.157 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224 -504 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).) -.15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 516 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 528 Q F1 -<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 540 Q F0(Same as)224 540 Q F1<ad6d>2.5 -E F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 552 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 564 Q F1<ad43>2.5 -E F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 576 Q F0(Same as)224 576 Q F1<ad6e>2.5 E F0(.)A -F1(noglob)184 588 Q F0(Same as)224 588 Q F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog) -184 600 Q F0(Currently ignored.)224 600 Q F1(notify)184 612 Q F0 -(Same as)224 612 Q F1<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 624 Q F0(Same as) -224 624 Q F1<ad75>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)184 636 Q F0(Same as)224 636 Q -F1<ad74>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(ph)184 648 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)224 648 Q -F1<ad50>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(pipefail)184 660 Q F0 1.03(If set, the return v) -224 660 R 1.029(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.029 -(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.136(mand to e)224 672 R -1.136 -(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) --.15 F -.15(ex)224 684 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G -(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 696 Q F0 -2.091(Change the beha)224 696 R 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0 -2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091 -(fers from the)-.25 F 1.212(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 -708 R F3 1.212(posix mode)B F0 3.712(\). See)B F2 1.212(SEE ALSO)3.712 F -F0(belo)3.463 E(w)-.25 E 2.307 -(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 720 R 4.806(wp)-.25 G -2.306(osix mode af)-4.806 F 2.306(fects bash')-.25 F(s)-.55 E -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(15)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +4.156 E F0 1.656(had been e)4.156 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted).15 E(\(see)224 +642 Q F1(Shell V)2.5 E(ariables)-.92 E F0(abo)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).) +.15 E F1 -.1(ke)184 654 S(yw).1 E(ord)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 666 Q F1 +<ad6b>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(monitor)184 678 Q F0(Same as)224 678 Q F1<ad6d>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(noclob)184 690 Q(ber)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 702 Q F1<ad43>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(noexec)184 714 Q F0(Same as)224 714 Q F1<ad6e>2.5 E F0(.)A +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(15)198.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 16 16 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 (TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 -E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E(beha)224 84 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E/F1 10 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(pri)184 96 Q(vileged)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 108 Q F1 -<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 120 S(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)224 120 Q -F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 132 Q F0 1.465 -(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 132 R 3.966(ace. This) --.1 F 1.466(also af)3.966 F 1.466(fects the editing)-.25 F(interf)224 -144 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1 -(xtrace)184 156 Q F0(Same as)224 156 Q F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 174 Q -F1<ad6f>3.053 E F0 .553(is supplied with no)3.053 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(option\255name)3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .552 -(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.552 E F1(+o)184 -186 Q F0 1.071(is supplied with no)3.571 F F2(option\255name)3.571 E F0 -3.571(,as)C 1.071(eries of)-3.571 F F1(set)3.572 E F0 1.072 -(commands to recreate the current)3.572 F -(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 198 Q F1<ad70> -144 210 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 210 S 1.072(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.822 E -.1 -(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.342 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F -/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV) --.27 E F0 1.071(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.5 -(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 222 R 1.501 -(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4.001 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A -F3 -.27(BA)184 234 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.775 E -.855(AT)-.666 G -(H).855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.775 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.025 E F0 -.25(va)2.775 G -.524(riables, if the).25 F 3.024(ya)-.15 G .524(ppear in the en)-3.024 F -(vironment,)-.4 E .379(are ignored.)184 246 R .379 -(If the shell is started with the ef)5.379 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15 -(ve u)-.25 H .38(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .462 -(user \(group\) id, and the)184 258 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461 -(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .461 -(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 270 Q .694 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .394 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(noglob)184 84 Q F0 +(Same as)224 84 Q F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nolog)184 96 Q F0 +(Currently ignored.)224 96 Q F1(notify)184 108 Q F0(Same as)224 108 Q F1 +<ad62>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(nounset)184 120 Q F0(Same as)224 120 Q F1<ad75>2.5 +E F0(.)A F1(onecmd)184 132 Q F0(Same as)224 132 Q F1<ad74>2.5 E F0(.)A +F1(ph)184 144 Q(ysical)-.15 E F0(Same as)224 144 Q F1<ad50>2.5 E F0(.)A +F1(pipefail)184 156 Q F0 1.029(If set, the return v)224 156 R 1.029 +(alue of a pipeline is the v)-.25 F 1.03 +(alue of the last \(rightmost\) com-)-.25 F 1.137(mand to e)224 168 R +1.136 +(xit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands in the pipeline) +-.15 F -.15(ex)224 180 S(it successfully).15 E 5(.T)-.65 G +(his option is disabled by def)-5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(posix)184 192 Q F0 +2.09(Change the beha)224 192 R 2.091(vior of)-.2 F F1(bash)4.591 E F0 +2.091(where the def)4.591 F 2.091(ault operation dif)-.1 F 2.091 +(fers from the)-.25 F 1.212(POSIX standard to match the standard \()224 +204 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.212(posix mode)B F0 3.712(\). See)B/F3 9 +/Times-Bold@0 SF 1.212(SEE ALSO)3.712 F F0(belo)3.462 E(w)-.25 E 2.306 +(for a reference to a document that details ho)224 216 R 4.807(wp)-.25 G +2.307(osix mode af)-4.807 F 2.307(fects bash')-.25 F(s)-.55 E(beha)224 +228 Q(vior)-.2 E(.)-.55 E F1(pri)184 240 Q(vileged)-.1 E F0(Same as)224 +252 Q F1<ad70>2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -.1(ve)184 264 S(rbose).1 E F0(Same as)224 +264 Q F1<ad76>2.5 E F0(.)A F1(vi)184 276 Q F0 1.466 +(Use a vi-style command line editing interf)224 276 R 3.965(ace. This) +-.1 F 1.465(also af)3.965 F 1.465(fects the editing)-.25 F(interf)224 +288 Q(ace used for)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(ad \255e).18 E F0(.)A F1 +(xtrace)184 300 Q F0(Same as)224 300 Q F1<ad78>2.5 E F0(.)A(If)184 318 Q +F1<ad6f>3.052 E F0 .552(is supplied with no)3.052 F F2(option\255name) +3.053 E F0 3.053(,t)C .553(he v)-3.053 F .553 +(alues of the current options are printed.)-.25 F(If)5.553 E F1(+o)184 +330 Q F0 1.072(is supplied with no)3.572 F F2(option\255name)3.572 E F0 +3.572(,a)C 1.071(series of)-.001 F F1(set)3.571 E F0 1.071 +(commands to recreate the current)3.571 F +(option settings is displayed on the standard output.)184 342 Q F1<ad70> +144 354 Q F0 -.45(Tu)184 354 S 1.071(rn on).45 F F2(privile)4.821 E -.1 +(ge)-.4 G(d).1 E F0 3.572(mode. In)4.341 F 1.072(this mode, the)3.572 F +F3($ENV)3.572 E F0(and)3.322 E F3($B)3.572 E(ASH_ENV)-.27 E F0 1.072 +(\214les are not pro-)3.322 F 1.501 +(cessed, shell functions are not inherited from the en)184 366 R 1.5 +(vironment, and the)-.4 F F3(SHELLOPTS)4 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3 +-.27(BA)184 378 S(SHOPTS).27 E F4(,)A F3(CDP)2.774 E -.855(AT)-.666 G(H) +.855 E F4(,)A F0(and)2.774 E F3(GLOBIGNORE)3.024 E F0 -.25(va)2.774 G +.524(riables, if the).25 F 3.025(ya)-.15 G .525(ppear in the en)-3.025 F +(vironment,)-.4 E .38(are ignored.)184 390 R .38 +(If the shell is started with the ef)5.38 F(fecti)-.25 E .679 -.15(ve u) +-.25 H .379(ser \(group\) id not equal to the real).15 F .461 +(user \(group\) id, and the)184 402 R F1<ad70>2.961 E F0 .461 +(option is not supplied, these actions are tak)2.961 F .462 +(en and the ef)-.1 F(fec-)-.25 E(ti)184 414 Q .695 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .395 (ser id is set to the real user id.).15 F .395(If the)5.395 F F1<ad70> -2.895 E F0 .395(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 -E -.15(ve)-.25 G .387(user id is not reset.)184 282 R -.45(Tu)5.387 G -.387(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .386(auses the ef)-2.886 -F(fecti)-.25 E .686 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .386(ser and group ids to be).15 F -(set to the real user and group ids.)184 294 Q F1<ad74>144 306 Q F0 -(Exit after reading and e)184 306 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.) -.15 E F1<ad75>144 318 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 318 S .043(eat unset v).35 F .044 +2.895 E F0 .394(option is supplied at startup, the ef)2.895 F(fecti)-.25 +E -.15(ve)-.25 G .386(user id is not reset.)184 426 R -.45(Tu)5.386 G +.386(rning this option of).45 F 2.886(fc)-.25 G .387(auses the ef)-2.886 +F(fecti)-.25 E .687 -.15(ve u)-.25 H .387(ser and group ids to be).15 F +(set to the real user and group ids.)184 438 Q F1<ad74>144 450 Q F0 +(Exit after reading and e)184 450 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting one command.) +.15 E F1<ad75>144 462 Q F0 -.35(Tr)184 462 S .044(eat unset v).35 F .044 (ariables and parameters other than the special parameters "@" and "*" \ -as an)-.25 F .183(error when performing parameter e)184 330 R 2.683 -(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.683 G .182 +as an)-.25 F .182(error when performing parameter e)184 474 R 2.682 +(xpansion. If)-.15 F -.15(ex)2.682 G .183 (pansion is attempted on an unset v).15 F(ari-)-.25 E .746 -(able or parameter)184 342 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746 +(able or parameter)184 486 R 3.246(,t)-.4 G .746 (he shell prints an error message, and, if not interacti)-3.246 F -.15 (ve)-.25 G 3.246(,e).15 G .746(xits with a)-3.396 F(non-zero status.)184 -354 Q F1<ad76>144 366 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)184 366 Q 2.5 -(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 378 Q F0 .315(After e)184 378 R +498 Q F1<ad76>144 510 Q F0(Print shell input lines as the)184 510 Q 2.5 +(ya)-.15 G(re read.)-2.5 E F1<ad78>144 522 Q F0 .315(After e)184 522 R .315(xpanding each)-.15 F F2 .315(simple command)2.815 F F0(,)A F1 -.25 (fo)2.815 G(r).25 E F0(command,)2.815 E F1(case)2.815 E F0(command,) -2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.235(or arithmetic)184 -390 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F +2.815 E F1(select)2.815 E F0(command,)2.815 E 1.236(or arithmetic)184 +534 R F1 -.25(fo)3.736 G(r).25 E F0 1.236(command, display the e)3.736 F 1.236(xpanded v)-.15 F 1.236(alue of)-.25 F F3(PS4)3.736 E F4(,)A F0 -(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 402 Q +(follo)3.486 E 1.236(wed by the com-)-.25 F(mand and its e)184 546 Q (xpanded ar)-.15 E(guments or associated w)-.18 E(ord list.)-.1 E F1 -<ad42>144 414 Q F0 2.579(The shell performs brace e)184 414 R 2.578 +<ad42>144 558 Q F0 2.578(The shell performs brace e)184 558 R 2.578 (xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 2.578(Brace Expansion)5.078 F F0(abo)5.078 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 5.078(\). This).15 F 2.578(is on by)5.078 F(def)184 426 Q -(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 438 Q F0 .213(If set,)184 438 R F1(bash)2.713 E -F0 .213(does not o)2.713 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 +-.15(ve)-.15 G 5.079(\). This).15 F 2.579(is on by)5.079 F(def)184 570 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F1<ad43>144 582 Q F0 .214(If set,)184 582 R F1(bash)2.714 E +F0 .214(does not o)2.714 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .214(rwrite an e).15 F .214 (xisting \214le with the)-.15 F F1(>)2.714 E F0(,)A F1(>&)2.714 E F0 -2.714(,a)C(nd)-2.714 E F1(<>)2.714 E F0 .214(redirection opera-)2.714 F -3.054(tors. This)184 450 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 +2.713(,a)C(nd)-2.713 E F1(<>)2.713 E F0 .213(redirection opera-)2.713 F +3.053(tors. This)184 594 R .553(may be o)3.053 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .553 (rridden when creating output \214les by using the redirection opera-) -.15 F(tor)184 462 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -<ad45>144 474 Q F0 .103(If set, an)184 474 R 2.603(yt)-.15 G .103 -(rap on)-2.603 F F1(ERR)2.603 E F0 .104 -(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.603 -F .839(mands e)184 486 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .839(cuted in a subshell en).15 -F 3.339(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .838 -(trap is normally not inherited in)3.338 F(such cases.)184 498 Q F1 -<ad48>144 510 Q F0(Enable)184 510 Q F1(!)3.031 E F0 .531 -(style history substitution.)5.531 F .531(This option is on by def)5.531 -F .532(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 522 Q -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 534 Q F0 .96 -(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 534 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 -(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .959 -(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.459 E F0 2.821 -(that change the current w)184 546 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822 -(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.822 -(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.686(instead. By)184 558 R(def)2.686 +.15 F(tor)184 606 Q F1(>|)2.5 E F0(instead of)2.5 E F1(>)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 +<ad45>144 618 Q F0 .104(If set, an)184 618 R 2.604(yt)-.15 G .104 +(rap on)-2.604 F F1(ERR)2.604 E F0 .103 +(is inherited by shell functions, command substitutions, and com-)2.604 +F .838(mands e)184 630 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .838(cuted in a subshell en).15 +F 3.338(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(ERR)3.338 E F0 .839 +(trap is normally not inherited in)3.339 F(such cases.)184 642 Q F1 +<ad48>144 654 Q F0(Enable)184 654 Q F1(!)3.032 E F0 .532 +(style history substitution.)5.532 F .531(This option is on by def)5.532 +F .531(ault when the shell is inter)-.1 F(-)-.2 E(acti)184 666 Q -.15 +(ve)-.25 G(.).15 E F1<ad50>144 678 Q F0 .959 +(If set, the shell does not resolv)184 678 R 3.459(es)-.15 G .959 +(ymbolic links when e)-3.459 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .96 +(cuting commands such as).15 F F1(cd)3.46 E F0 2.822 +(that change the current w)184 690 R 2.822(orking directory)-.1 F 7.822 +(.I)-.65 G 5.322(tu)-7.822 G 2.822(ses the ph)-5.322 F 2.821 +(ysical directory structure)-.05 F 2.685(instead. By)184 702 R(def)2.685 E(ault,)-.1 E F1(bash)2.686 E F0(follo)2.686 E .186 (ws the logical chain of directories when performing com-)-.25 F -(mands which change the current directory)184 570 Q(.)-.65 E F1<ad54>144 -582 Q F0 .89(If set, an)184 582 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1 -(DEB)3.39 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89 -(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 -(substitutions, and commands e)184 594 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 -(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E -(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 606 Q F0 -(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 618 Q -F0 .4(If no ar)184 618 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G .401 -(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F -(Otherwise,)5.401 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 630 Q -F2(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G -(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad>144 -642 Q F0 1.945(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 642 R -F2(ar)4.444 E(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.444(ea)-4.444 G -1.944(ssigned to the positional)-4.444 F 3.445(parameters. The)184 654 R -F1<ad78>3.445 E F0(and)3.445 E F1<ad76>3.445 E F0 .945 -(options are turned of)3.445 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .946(there are no) -3.445 F F2(ar)3.446 E(g)-.37 E F0 .946(s, the positional)B -(parameters remain unchanged.)184 666 Q .425(The options are of)144 -682.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 -(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 -(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .177 -(to be turned of)144 694.8 R 2.677(f. The)-.25 F .178 -(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) --.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .178(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.178 E .066 -(current set of options may be found in)144 706.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 -5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 -(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .066(lid option).25 F -(is encountered.)144 718.8 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E -(16)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +(mands which change the current directory)184 714 Q(.)-.65 E +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(16)198.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 17 17 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 (TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 -E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(shift)108 84 Q F0([) -2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F0(])A .428 -(The positional parameters from)144 96 R F2(n)2.928 E F0 .429 -(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.429 G .429 -(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 108 Q F1($#)2.583 E F0 -(do)2.583 E .083(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.583 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .083 -(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.443 E F0 .083(must be a non-ne)2.823 F -.05(ga) --.15 G(ti).05 E .382 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .082(umber less than or equal to) -.15 F F1($#)2.582 E F0 5.082(.I)C(f)-5.082 E F2(n)2.942 E F0 .06 -(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 120 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06 -(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F(If) -5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56(,t) -C(he)-2.56 E .144(positional parameters are not changed.)144 132 R .144 -(The return status is greater than zero if)5.144 F F2(n)3.003 E F0 .143 -(is greater than)2.883 F F1($#)2.643 E F0 -(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 144 Q F1(shopt)108 160.8 Q F0([)2.5 -E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname)-2.5 E -F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 172.8 S .639(ggle the v).8 F .639 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad54>144 84 Q F0 .89 +(If set, an)184 84 R 3.39(yt)-.15 G .89(raps on)-3.39 F F1(DEB)3.39 E +(UG)-.1 E F0(and)3.39 E F1(RETURN)3.39 E F0 .89 +(are inherited by shell functions, command)3.39 F 1.932 +(substitutions, and commands e)184 96 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.932 +(cuted in a subshell en).15 F 4.432(vironment. The)-.4 F F1(DEB)4.432 E +(UG)-.1 E F0(and)4.432 E F1(RETURN)184 108 Q F0 +(traps are normally not inherited in such cases.)2.5 E F1<adad>144 120 Q +F0 .401(If no ar)184 120 R .401(guments follo)-.18 F 2.901(wt)-.25 G +.401(his option, then the positional parameters are unset.)-2.901 F +(Otherwise,)5.4 E(the positional parameters are set to the)184 132 Q/F2 +10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)2.5 E(g)-.37 E F0(s, e)A -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni) +.15 G 2.5(fs)-2.5 G(ome of them be)-2.5 E(gin with a)-.15 E F1<ad>2.5 E +F0(.)A F1<ad>144 144 Q F0 1.944 +(Signal the end of options, cause all remaining)184 144 R F2(ar)4.444 E +(g)-.37 E F0 4.444(st)C 4.444(ob)-4.444 G 4.445(ea)-4.444 G 1.945 +(ssigned to the positional)-4.445 F 3.446(parameters. The)184 156 R F1 +<ad78>3.446 E F0(and)3.446 E F1<ad76>3.446 E F0 .945 +(options are turned of)3.446 F 3.445(f. If)-.25 F .945(there are no) +3.445 F F2(ar)3.445 E(g)-.37 E F0 .945(s, the positional)B +(parameters remain unchanged.)184 168 Q .425(The options are of)144 +184.8 R 2.925(fb)-.25 G 2.925(yd)-2.925 G(ef)-2.925 E .425 +(ault unless otherwise noted.)-.1 F .425 +(Using + rather than \255 causes these options)5.425 F .178 +(to be turned of)144 196.8 R 2.678(f. The)-.25 F .178 +(options can also be speci\214ed as ar)2.678 F .178(guments to an in) +-.18 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .177(cation of the shell.).2 F(The)5.177 E .066 +(current set of options may be found in)144 208.8 R F1<24ad>2.566 E F0 +5.066(.T)C .066(he return status is al)-5.066 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .066 +(ys true unless an in).1 F -.25(va)-.4 G .067(lid option).25 F +(is encountered.)144 220.8 Q F1(shift)108 237.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F2(n)A F0 +(])A .429(The positional parameters from)144 249.6 R F2(n)2.929 E F0 +.429(+1 ... are renamed to)B F1 .429($1 ....)2.929 F F0 -.15(Pa)5.428 G +.428(rameters represented by the num-).15 F(bers)144 261.6 Q F1($#)2.582 +E F0(do)2.582 E .082(wn to)-.25 F F1($#)2.582 E F0<ad>A F2(n)A F0 .082 +(+1 are unset.)B F2(n)5.442 E F0 .082(must be a non-ne)2.822 F -.05(ga) +-.15 G(ti).05 E .383 -.15(ve n)-.25 H .083(umber less than or equal to) +.15 F F1($#)2.583 E F0 5.083(.I)C(f)-5.083 E F2(n)2.943 E F0 .06 +(is 0, no parameters are changed.)144 273.6 R(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 +.06(is not gi)2.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .06(n, it is assumed to be 1.).15 F +(If)5.06 E F2(n)2.92 E F0 .06(is greater than)2.8 F F1($#)2.56 E F0 2.56 +(,t)C(he)-2.56 E .143(positional parameters are not changed.)144 285.6 R +.144(The return status is greater than zero if)5.143 F F2(n)3.004 E F0 +.144(is greater than)2.884 F F1($#)2.644 E F0 +(or less than zero; otherwise 0.)144 297.6 Q F1(shopt)108 314.4 Q F0([) +2.5 E F1(\255pqsu)A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad6f>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(optname) +-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E -.8(To)144 326.4 S .64(ggle the v).8 F .639 (alues of settings controlling optional shell beha)-.25 F(vior)-.2 E -5.639(.T)-.55 G .64(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .375 -(listed belo)144 184.8 R 1.675 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.175 -.4(r, i).65 H -2.875(ft).4 G(he)-2.875 E F1<ad6f>2.875 E F0 .375 +5.639(.T)-.55 G .639(he settings can be either those)-5.639 F .374 +(listed belo)144 338.4 R 1.674 -.65(w, o)-.25 H 1.174 -.4(r, i).65 H +2.874(ft).4 G(he)-2.874 E F1<ad6f>2.874 E F0 .375 (option is used, those a)2.875 F -.25(va)-.2 G .375(ilable with the).25 -F F1<ad6f>2.875 E F0 .374(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.874 E F0 -.2 -(bu)2.874 G .374(iltin com-).2 F 3.325(mand. W)144 196.8 R .825 -(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F1<ad70>3.325 E F0 .826 -(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an)3.325 F -.945(indication of whether or not each is set.)144 208.8 R(The)5.945 E -F1<ad70>3.445 E F0 .945(option causes output to be displayed in a form) -3.445 F(that may be reused as input.)144 220.8 Q(Other options ha)5 E .3 --.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 232.8 Q -F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 232.8 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 -244.8 Q F0(Disable \(unset\) each)180 244.8 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1 -<ad71>144 256.8 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the \ -return status indicates whether the)180 256.8 R F2(optname)2.504 E F0 -(is)2.504 E .256(set or unset.)180 268.8 R .256(If multiple)5.256 F F2 -(optname)2.756 E F0(ar)2.756 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -2.756(nw).15 G(ith)-2.756 E F1<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255 -(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F(all)180 280.8 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E -F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 292.8 Q F0 -(Restricts the v)180 292.8 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0 +F F1<ad6f>2.875 E F0 .375(option to the)2.875 F F1(set)2.875 E F0 -.2 +(bu)2.875 G .375(iltin com-).2 F 3.326(mand. W)144 350.4 R .826 +(ith no options, or with the)-.4 F F1<ad70>3.326 E F0 .825 +(option, a list of all settable options is displayed, with an)3.326 F +.551(indication of whether or not each is set; if)144 362.4 R F2 +(optnames)3.052 E F0 .552 +(are supplied, the output is restricted to those)3.052 F 2.55 +(options. The)144 374.4 R F1<ad70>2.55 E F0 .049(option causes output t\ +o be displayed in a form that may be reused as input.)2.55 F(Other)5.049 +E(options ha)144 386.4 Q .3 -.15(ve t)-.2 H(he follo).15 E +(wing meanings:)-.25 E F1<ad73>144 398.4 Q F0(Enable \(set\) each)180 +398.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad75>144 410.4 Q F0 +(Disable \(unset\) each)180 410.4 Q F2(optname)2.5 E F0(.)A F1<ad71>144 +422.4 Q F0 .003(Suppresses normal output \(quiet mode\); the return sta\ +tus indicates whether the)180 422.4 R F2(optname)2.504 E F0(is)2.504 E +.256(set or unset.)180 434.4 R .256(If multiple)5.256 F F2(optname)2.756 +E F0(ar)2.756 E .256(guments are gi)-.18 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.756(nw).15 G +(ith)-2.756 E F1<ad71>2.756 E F0 2.755(,t)C .255 +(he return status is zero if)-2.755 F(all)180 446.4 Q F2(optnames)2.5 E +F0(are enabled; non-zero otherwise.)2.5 E F1<ad6f>144 458.4 Q F0 +(Restricts the v)180 458.4 Q(alues of)-.25 E F2(optname)2.5 E F0 (to be those de\214ned for the)2.5 E F1<ad6f>2.5 E F0(option to the)2.5 -E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .624(If either)144 309.6 R F1 +E F1(set)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin.).2 E .624(If either)144 475.2 R F1 <ad73>3.124 E F0(or)3.124 E F1<ad75>3.124 E F0 .624(is used with no) 3.124 F F2(optname)3.124 E F0(ar)3.124 E(guments,)-.18 E F1(shopt)3.124 E F0(sho)3.124 E .624(ws only those options which are)-.25 F 2.234 -(set or unset, respecti)144 321.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U) +(set or unset, respecti)144 487.2 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 7.234(.U) -.65 G 2.234(nless otherwise noted, the)-7.234 F F1(shopt)4.734 E F0 -2.234(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 333.6 Q(ault.) +2.234(options are disabled \(unset\) by)4.734 F(def)144 499.2 Q(ault.) -.1 E 1.544(The return status when listing options is zero if all)144 -350.4 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.) +516 R F2(optnames)4.044 E F0 1.545(are enabled, non-zero otherwise.) 4.045 F .696 (When setting or unsetting options, the return status is zero unless an) -144 362.4 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695 -(alid shell)-.25 F(option.)144 374.4 Q(The list of)144 391.2 Q F1(shopt) -2.5 E F0(options is:)2.5 E F1(autocd)144 409.2 Q F0 .199 -(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 409.2 R +144 528 R F2(optname)3.196 E F0 .696(is not a v)3.196 F .695(alid shell) +-.25 F(option.)144 540 Q(The list of)144 556.8 Q F1(shopt)2.5 E F0 +(options is:)2.5 E F1(assoc_expand_once)144 574.8 Q F0 1.944 +(If set, the shell suppresses multiple e)184 586.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G +1.945(luation of associati).25 F 2.245 -.15(ve a)-.25 H 1.945 +(rray subscripts during).15 F .857(arithmetic e)184 598.8 R .857 +(xpression e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G .857(luation and while e).25 F -.15 +(xe)-.15 G .857(cuting b).15 F .857(uiltins that can perform v)-.2 F +(ariable)-.25 E(assignments.)184 610.8 Q F1(autocd)144 622.8 Q F0 .199 +(If set, a command name that is the name of a directory is e)184 622.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .2(cuted as if it were the ar).15 F(gu-)-.18 E -(ment to the)184 421.2 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F +(ment to the)184 634.8 Q F1(cd)2.5 E F0 2.5(command. This)2.5 F (option is only used by interacti)2.5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.).15 E -F1(cdable_v)144 433.2 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 445.2 R .156 +F1(cdable_v)144 646.8 Q(ars)-.1 E F0 .156(If set, an ar)184 658.8 R .156 (gument to the)-.18 F F1(cd)2.656 E F0 -.2(bu)2.656 G .155 (iltin command that is not a directory is assumed to be the).2 F -(name of a v)184 457.2 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E -(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 469.2 Q F0 +(name of a v)184 670.8 Q(ariable whose v)-.25 E +(alue is the directory to change to.)-.25 E F1(cdspell)144 682.8 Q F0 1.055 (If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory component in a)184 -469.2 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988 -(corrected. The)184 481.2 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487 +682.8 R F1(cd)3.555 E F0 1.055(command will be)3.555 F 3.988 +(corrected. The)184 694.8 R 1.488(errors check)3.988 F 1.487 (ed for are transposed characters, a missing character)-.1 F 3.987(,a) --.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .77(one character too man)184 493.2 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) +-.4 G(nd)-3.987 E .77(one character too man)184 706.8 R 4.57 -.65(y. I) -.15 H 3.27(fac).65 G .77 (orrection is found, the corrected \214lename is printed, and)-3.27 F -(the command proceeds.)184 505.2 Q +(the command proceeds.)184 718.8 Q (This option is only used by interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) -.15 E F1(checkhash)144 517.2 Q F0 .737(If set,)184 529.2 R F1(bash)3.237 -E F0 .736(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.237 F .736 -(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 -541.2 Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E -(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 553.2 -Q F0 .448(If set,)184 565.2 R F1(bash)2.948 E F0 .448 +.15 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(17)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 18 18 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(checkhash)144 84 Q F0 +.737(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)3.237 E F0 .736 +(checks that a command found in the hash table e)3.237 F .736 +(xists before trying to e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cute it.)184 108 +Q(If a hashed command no longer e)5 E +(xists, a normal path search is performed.)-.15 E F1(checkjobs)144 120 Q +F0 .448(If set,)184 132 R F1(bash)2.948 E F0 .448 (lists the status of an)2.948 F 2.949(ys)-.15 G .449 (topped and running jobs before e)-2.949 F .449(xiting an interacti)-.15 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.439(shell. If)184 577.2 R(an)3.439 E 3.439(yj)-.15 G +F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.439(shell. If)184 144 R(an)3.439 E 3.439(yj)-.15 G .938(obs are running, this causes the e)-3.439 F .938 (xit to be deferred until a second e)-.15 F .938(xit is)-.15 F 2.203 -(attempted without an interv)184 589.2 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 -F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E --.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.704 E(al)184 601.2 Q -.1(wa) --.1 G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G -(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 613.2 Q F0 .797(If set,)184 -625.2 R F1(bash)3.297 E F0 .797(checks the windo)3.297 F 3.297(ws)-.25 G -.796(ize after each command and, if necessary)-3.297 F 3.296(,u)-.65 G -.796(pdates the)-3.296 F -.25(va)184 637.2 S(lues of).25 E F3(LINES)2.5 -E F0(and)2.25 E F3(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist) -144 649.2 Q F0 1.202(If set,)184 649.2 R F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202 -(attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202 +(attempted without an interv)184 156 R 2.203(ening command \(see)-.15 F +/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF 2.203(JOB CONTR)4.703 F(OL)-.27 E F0(abo)4.453 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G 4.703(\). The).15 F(shell)4.704 E(al)184 168 Q -.1(wa)-.1 +G(ys postpones e).1 E(xiting if an)-.15 E 2.5(yj)-.15 G +(obs are stopped.)-2.5 E F1(checkwinsize)144 180 Q F0 1.09(If set,)184 +192 R F1(bash)3.59 E F0 1.09(checks the windo)3.59 F 3.59(ws)-.25 G 1.09 +(ize after each e)-3.59 F 1.09(xternal \(non-b)-.15 F 1.09 +(uiltin\) command and, if)-.2 F(necessary)184 204 Q 2.5(,u)-.65 G +(pdates the v)-2.5 E(alues of)-.25 E F2(LINES)2.5 E F0(and)2.25 E F2 +(COLUMNS)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(cmdhist)144 216 Q F0 1.202 +(If set,)184 216 R F1(bash)3.702 E F0 1.202(attempts to sa)3.702 F 1.502 +-.15(ve a)-.2 H 1.202 (ll lines of a multiple-line command in the same history).15 F(entry)184 -661.2 Q 5(.T)-.65 G(his allo)-5 E -(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 E F1(compat31)144 673.2 -Q F0 .42(If set,)184 685.2 R F1(bash)2.92 E F0 .42(changes its beha)2.92 -F .419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .419 +228 Q 6.133(.T)-.65 G 1.133(his allo)-6.133 F 1.133 +(ws easy re-editing of multi-line commands.)-.25 F 1.132 +(This option is enabled by)6.132 F(def)184 240 Q .613(ault, b)-.1 F .613 +(ut only has an ef)-.2 F .614 +(fect if command history is enabled, as described abo)-.25 F .914 -.15 +(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(HIST)184 252 Q(OR)-.162 E(Y)-.315 E F3(.)A F1 +(compat31)144 264 Q F0 .42(If set,)184 276 R F1(bash)2.92 E F0 .42 +(changes its beha)2.92 F .419(vior to that of v)-.2 F .419 (ersion 3.1 with respect to quoted ar)-.15 F(guments)-.18 E .461(to the) -184 697.2 R F1([[)2.961 E F0 .462(conditional command')2.962 F(s)-.55 E -F1(=~)2.962 E F0 .462 +184 288 R F1([[)2.961 E F0 .462(conditional command')2.962 F(s)-.55 E F1 +(=~)2.962 E F0 .462 (operator and locale-speci\214c string comparison when)2.962 F .71 -(using the)184 709.2 R F1([[)3.21 E F0 .71(conditional command')3.21 F -(s)-.55 E F1(<)3.21 E F0(and)3.21 E F1(>)3.21 E F0 3.21(operators. Bash) +(using the)184 300 R F1([[)3.21 E F0 .71(conditional command')3.21 F(s) +-.55 E F1(<)3.21 E F0(and)3.21 E F1(>)3.21 E F0 3.21(operators. Bash) 3.21 F -.15(ve)3.21 G .71(rsions prior to bash-4.1).15 F .82 -(use ASCII collation and)184 721.2 R F2(str)3.321 E(cmp)-.37 E F0 .821 -(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale').19 F 3.321(sc)-.55 G -(ollation)-3.321 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(17) -198.725 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 18 18 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 -(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 -E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E(sequence and)184 84 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 -SF(str)2.5 E(coll)-.37 E F0(\(3\).).51 E/F2 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(compat32) -144 96 Q F0 1.41(If set,)184 108 R F2(bash)3.91 E F0 1.41 -(changes its beha)3.91 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.409 +(use ASCII collation and)184 312 R/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(str)3.321 E +(cmp)-.37 E F0 .821(\(3\); bash-4.1 and later use the current locale') +.19 F 3.321(sc)-.55 G(ollation)-3.321 E(sequence and)184 324 Q F4(str) +2.5 E(coll)-.37 E F0(\(3\).).51 E F1(compat32)144 336 Q F0 1.41(If set,) +184 348 R F1(bash)3.91 E F0 1.41(changes its beha)3.91 F 1.409 +(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.409 (ersion 3.2 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F .422 -(string comparison when using the)184 120 R F2([[)2.922 E F0 .422 -(conditional command')2.922 F(s)-.55 E F2(<)2.922 E F0(and)2.922 E F2(>) +(string comparison when using the)184 360 R F1([[)2.922 E F0 .422 +(conditional command')2.922 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)2.922 E F0(and)2.922 E F1(>) 2.923 E F0 .423(operators \(see pre-)2.923 F .481 -(vious item\) and the ef)184 132 R .481 +(vious item\) and the ef)184 372 R .481 (fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .48(Bash v)5.481 F .48 -(ersions 3.2 and earlier)-.15 F(continue with the ne)184 144 Q +(ersions 3.2 and earlier)-.15 F(continue with the ne)184 384 Q (xt command in the list after one terminates due to an interrupt.)-.15 E -F2(compat40)144 156 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 168 R F2(bash)3.909 E F0 +F1(compat40)144 396 Q F0 1.409(If set,)184 408 R F1(bash)3.909 E F0 1.409(changes its beha)3.909 F 1.409(vior to that of v)-.2 F 1.41 (ersion 4.0 with respect to locale-speci\214c)-.15 F 2.008 -(string comparison when using the)184 180 R F2([[)4.508 E F0 2.007 -(conditional command')4.508 F(s)-.55 E F2(<)4.507 E F0(and)4.507 E F2(>) -4.507 E F0 2.007(operators \(see)4.507 F .769(description of)184 192 R -F2(compat31)3.269 E F0 3.269(\)a)C .769(nd the ef)-3.269 F .769 +(string comparison when using the)184 420 R F1([[)4.508 E F0 2.007 +(conditional command')4.508 F(s)-.55 E F1(<)4.507 E F0(and)4.507 E F1(>) +4.507 E F0 2.007(operators \(see)4.507 F .769(description of)184 432 R +F1(compat31)3.269 E F0 3.269(\)a)C .769(nd the ef)-3.269 F .769 (fect of interrupting a command list.)-.25 F .77(Bash v)5.77 F(ersions) -.15 E .087(4.0 and later interrupt the list as if the shell recei)184 -204 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.586(dt).15 G .086(he interrupt; pre)-2.586 F .086 -(vious v)-.25 F .086(ersions con-)-.15 F(tinue with the ne)184 216 Q -(xt command in the list.)-.15 E F2(compat41)144 228 Q F0 1.483(If set,) -184 240 R F2(bash)3.983 E F0 3.983(,w)C 1.483(hen in)-3.983 F F1(posix) +444 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.586(dt).15 G .086(he interrupt; pre)-2.586 F .086 +(vious v)-.25 F .086(ersions con-)-.15 F(tinue with the ne)184 456 Q +(xt command in the list.)-.15 E F1(compat41)144 468 Q F0 1.483(If set,) +184 480 R F1(bash)3.983 E F0 3.983(,w)C 1.483(hen in)-3.983 F F4(posix) 3.983 E F0 1.484 (mode, treats a single quote in a double-quoted parameter)3.983 F -.15 -(ex)184 252 S .959(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.959(.T)-.55 G +(ex)184 492 S .959(pansion as a special character).15 F 5.959(.T)-.55 G .958(he single quotes must match \(an e)-5.959 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.458 (nn).15 G .958(umber\) and)-3.458 F .59 -(the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 264 +(the characters between the single quotes are considered quoted.)184 504 R .59(This is the beha)5.59 F .59(vior of)-.2 F .59 -(posix mode through v)184 276 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def) +(posix mode through v)184 516 R .589(ersion 4.1.)-.15 F .589(The def) 5.589 F .589(ault bash beha)-.1 F .589(vior remains as in pre)-.2 F .589 -(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 288 Q F2(compat42)144 300 Q -F0 1.796(If set,)184 312 R F2(bash)4.296 E F0 1.796 +(vious v)-.25 F(er)-.15 E(-)-.2 E(sions.)184 528 Q F1(compat42)144 540 Q +F0 1.796(If set,)184 552 R F1(bash)4.296 E F0 1.796 (does not process the replacement string in the pattern substitution w) -4.296 F(ord)-.1 E -.15(ex)184 324 S(pansion using quote remo).15 E -.25 -(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F2(compat43)144 336 Q F0 .141(If set,)184 348 R F2 +4.296 F(ord)-.1 E -.15(ex)184 564 S(pansion using quote remo).15 E -.25 +(va)-.15 G(l.).25 E F1(compat43)144 576 Q F0 .141(If set,)184 588 R F1 (bash)2.641 E F0 .141(does not print a w)2.641 F .14 (arning message if an attempt is made to use a quoted com-)-.1 F .912 -(pound array assignment as an ar)184 360 R .912(gument to)-.18 F F2 +(pound array assignment as an ar)184 600 R .912(gument to)-.18 F F1 (declar)3.413 E(e)-.18 E F0 3.413(,m)C(ak)-3.413 E .913(es w)-.1 F .913 -(ord e)-.1 F .913(xpansion errors non-)-.15 F -.1(fa)184 372 S .353 +(ord e)-.1 F .913(xpansion errors non-)-.15 F -.1(fa)184 612 S .353 (tal errors that cause the current command to f).1 F .353(ail \(the def) -.1 F .352(ault beha)-.1 F .352(vior is to mak)-.2 F 2.852(et)-.1 G(hem) --2.852 E -.1(fa)184 384 S 1.057(tal errors that cause the shell to e).1 +-2.852 E -.1(fa)184 624 S 1.057(tal errors that cause the shell to e).1 F 1.058(xit\), and does not reset the loop state when a shell)-.15 F -.375(function is e)184 396 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .375(cuted \(this allo).15 F -(ws)-.25 E F2(br)2.875 E(eak)-.18 E F0(or)2.875 E F2(continue)2.875 E F0 +.375(function is e)184 636 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .375(cuted \(this allo).15 F +(ws)-.25 E F1(br)2.875 E(eak)-.18 E F0(or)2.875 E F1(continue)2.875 E F0 .374(in a shell function to af)2.875 F .374(fect loops in)-.25 F -(the caller')184 408 Q 2.5(sc)-.55 G(onte)-2.5 E(xt\).)-.15 E F2 -(complete_fullquote)144 420 Q F0 .653(If set,)184 432 R F2(bash)3.153 E -F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharacters in \214lenames and directory na\ -mes when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.525(forming completion.)184 444 R 1.524 -(If not set,)6.525 F F2(bash)4.024 E F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G -4.024(sm).15 G 1.524(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F -2.667(from the set of characters that will be quoted in completed \214l\ -enames when these)184 456 R .029(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 -468 R .028(ariable references in w)-.25 F .028(ords to be completed.)-.1 -F .028(This means)5.028 F 1.072(that dollar signs in v)184 480 R 1.073 -(ariable names that e)-.25 F 1.073 -(xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 -.25 -(ev e)184 492 T 1.923 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.423 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 +(the caller')184 648 Q 2.5(sc)-.55 G(onte)-2.5 E(xt\).)-.15 E F1 +(compat44)144 660 Q F0 .441(If set,)184 672 R F1(bash)2.941 E F0(sa) +2.942 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.942(st).15 G .442(he positional parameters to B) +-2.942 F .442(ASH_ARGV and B)-.35 F .442(ASH_ARGC before)-.35 F(the)184 +684 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re used, re)-2.5 E -.05(ga)-.15 G +(rdless of whether or not e).05 E(xtended deb)-.15 E +(ugging mode is enabled.)-.2 E F1(complete_fullquote)144 696 Q F0 .654 +(If set,)184 708 R F1(bash)3.153 E F0 .653(quotes all shell metacharact\ +ers in \214lenames and directory names when per)3.153 F(-)-.2 E 1.524 +(forming completion.)184 720 R 1.524(If not set,)6.524 F F1(bash)4.024 E +F0(remo)4.024 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.024(sm).15 G 1.524 +(etacharacters such as the dollar sign)-4.024 F(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q +(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(18)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 19 19 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E 2.667(from the set of characters that will\ + be quoted in completed \214lenames when these)184 84 R .028 +(metacharacters appear in shell v)184 96 R .028(ariable references in w) +-.25 F .029(ords to be completed.)-.1 F .029(This means)5.029 F 1.073 +(that dollar signs in v)184 108 R 1.073(ariable names that e)-.25 F +1.073(xpand to directories will not be quoted; ho)-.15 F(w-)-.25 E -2.15 +-.25(ev e)184 120 T 1.922 -.4(r, a).25 H 1.422 -.15(ny d).4 H 1.123 (ollar signs appearing in \214lenames will not be quoted, either).15 F -6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.122(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 +6.123(.T)-.55 G 1.123(his is acti)-6.123 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .59 (only when bash is using backslashes to quote completed \214lenames.)184 -504 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 516 Q +132 R .59(This v)5.59 F .59(ariable is set)-.25 F(by def)184 144 Q (ault, which is the def)-.1 E(ault bash beha)-.1 E(vior in v)-.2 E -(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E F2(dir)144 528 Q(expand)-.18 E F0 .487 -(If set,)184 540 R F2(bash)2.987 E F0 .486 +(ersions through 4.2.)-.15 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(dir)144 156 Q(expand) +-.18 E F0 .486(If set,)184 168 R F1(bash)2.986 E F0 .486 (replaces directory names with the results of w)2.986 F .486(ord e)-.1 F -.486(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .179(ing \214lename completion.)184 -552 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.179 F -(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.18(.I)-.55 G 2.68(fn)-5.18 G(ot)-2.68 E(set,)184 -564 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G -(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F2(dirspell)144 576 Q F0 .859(If set,)184 -576 R F2(bash)3.359 E F0 .858 -(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.359 F .858 +.487(xpansion when perform-)-.15 F .18(ing \214lename completion.)184 +180 R .179(This changes the contents of the readline editing b)5.18 F +(uf)-.2 E(fer)-.25 E 5.179(.I)-.55 G 2.679(fn)-5.179 G(ot)-2.679 E(set,) +184 192 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(attempts to preserv)2.5 E 2.5(ew)-.15 G +(hat the user typed.)-2.5 E F1(dirspell)144 204 Q F0 .858(If set,)184 +204 R F1(bash)3.358 E F0 .858 +(attempts spelling correction on directory names during w)3.358 F .859 (ord completion if)-.1 F -(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 588 Q(xist.)-.15 E -F2(dotglob)144 600 Q F0(If set,)184 600 Q F2(bash)2.5 E F0 -(includes \214lenames be)2.5 E(ginning with a `.)-.15 E 2.5('i)-.7 G 2.5 -(nt)-2.5 G(he results of pathname e)-2.5 E(xpansion.)-.15 E F2(execfail) -144 612 Q F0 1.386(If set, a non-interacti)184 612 R 1.686 -.15(ve s) --.25 H 1.386(hell will not e).15 F 1.386(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15 -(xe)-.15 G 1.387(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 624 Q -(gument to the)-.18 E F2(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E -(An interacti)5 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 -E F2(exec)2.5 E F0 -.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F2(expand_aliases)144 636 Q F0 -.717(If set, aliases are e)184 648 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 -F 1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E -/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .716(This option is enabled)5.217 F -(by def)184 660 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) -.15 E F2(extdeb)144 672 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 .671(If set at shell in)184 684 R +(the directory name initially supplied does not e)184 216 Q(xist.)-.15 E +F1(dotglob)144 228 Q F0 .165(If set,)184 228 R F1(bash)2.665 E F0 .165 +(includes \214lenames be)2.665 F .165(ginning with a `.)-.15 F 2.665('i) +-.7 G 2.665(nt)-2.665 G .165(he results of pathname e)-2.665 F +(xpansion.)-.15 E(The \214lenames)184 240 Q F1 -.63(``)2.5 G -.55(.').63 +G(')-.08 E F0(and)5 E F1 -.63(``)2.5 G(..).63 E -.63('')-.55 G F0 +(must al)5.63 E -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys be matched e).1 E(xplicitly)-.15 E 2.5 +(,e)-.65 G -.15(ve)-2.75 G 2.5(ni).15 G(f)-2.5 E F1(dotglob)2.5 E F0 +(is set.)2.5 E F1(execfail)144 252 Q F0 1.386(If set, a non-interacti) +184 252 R 1.686 -.15(ve s)-.25 H 1.386(hell will not e).15 F 1.386 +(xit if it cannot e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.387 +(cute the \214le speci\214ed as an).15 F(ar)184 264 Q(gument to the)-.18 +E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin command.).2 E(An interacti)5 E .3 +-.15(ve s)-.25 H(hell does not e).15 E(xit if)-.15 E F1(exec)2.5 E F0 +-.1(fa)2.5 G(ils.).1 E F1(expand_aliases)144 276 Q F0 .717 +(If set, aliases are e)184 288 R .717(xpanded as described abo)-.15 F +1.017 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(ALIASES)3.217 E +/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .716(This option is enabled)5.217 F +(by def)184 300 Q(ault for interacti)-.1 E .3 -.15(ve s)-.25 H(hells.) +.15 E F1(extdeb)144 312 Q(ug)-.2 E F0 .671(If set at shell in)184 324 R -.2(vo)-.4 G .671(cation, arrange to e).2 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .671 (cute the deb).15 F .672(ugger pro\214le before the shell starts,)-.2 F -.221(identical to the)184 696 R F2<adad646562>2.721 E(ugger)-.2 E F0 +.221(identical to the)184 336 R F1<adad646562>2.721 E(ugger)-.2 E F0 2.721(option. If)2.721 F .221(set after in)2.721 F -.2(vo)-.4 G .221 -(cation, beha).2 F .22(vior intended for use by)-.2 F(deb)184 708 Q -(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E -(18)198.725 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 19 19 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 -(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 -E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(1.)184 84 Q F0(The) -220 84 Q F1<ad46>4.25 E F0 1.75(option to the)4.25 F F1(declar)4.251 E -(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)4.251 G 1.751 -(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F -(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 96 Q -(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 108 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)220 -108 R F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F -1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 120 -Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 132 Q F0 .84 -(If the command run by the)220 132 R F1(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841 +(cation, beha).2 F .22(vior intended for use by)-.2 F(deb)184 348 Q +(uggers is enabled:)-.2 E F1(1.)184 360 Q F0(The)220 360 Q F1<ad46>4.25 +E F0 1.75(option to the)4.25 F F1(declar)4.251 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu) +4.251 G 1.751(iltin displays the source \214le name and line).2 F +(number corresponding to each function name supplied as an ar)220 372 Q +(gument.)-.18 E F1(2.)184 384 Q F0 1.667(If the command run by the)220 +384 R F1(DEB)4.167 E(UG)-.1 E F0 1.667(trap returns a non-zero v)4.167 F +1.667(alue, the ne)-.25 F(xt)-.15 E(command is skipped and not e)220 396 +Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(3.)184 408 Q F0 .84 +(If the command run by the)220 408 R F1(DEB)3.34 E(UG)-.1 E F0 .841 (trap returns a v)3.341 F .841(alue of 2, and the shell is)-.25 F -.15 -(exe)220 144 S .488 +(exe)220 420 S .488 (cuting in a subroutine \(a shell function or a shell script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .488(cuted by the).15 F F1(.)2.988 E F0(or)2.988 E F1 -(sour)220 156 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G +(sour)220 432 Q(ce)-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G (iltins\), the shell simulates a call to).2 E F1 -.18(re)2.5 G(tur).18 E -(n)-.15 E F0(.)A F1(4.)184 168 Q/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.27(BA)220 168 S -(SH_ARGC).27 E F0(and)3.153 E F2 -.27(BA)3.403 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904 -(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 180 Q --.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 192 Q F0 1.637(Function tracing is ena\ -bled: command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)220 192 R -(shells in)220 204 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1 -(\()2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 +(n)-.15 E F0(.)A F1(4.)184 444 Q F2 -.27(BA)220 444 S(SH_ARGC).27 E F0 +(and)3.153 E F2 -.27(BA)3.403 G(SH_ARGV).27 E F0 .904 +(are updated as described in their descriptions)3.154 F(abo)220 456 Q +-.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E F1(5.)184 468 Q F0 1.637(Function tracing is ena\ +bled: command substitution, shell functions, and sub-)220 468 R +(shells in)220 480 Q -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1 +(\()2.5 E/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(command)2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 (inherit the)2.5 E F1(DEB)2.5 E(UG)-.1 E F0(and)2.5 E F1(RETURN)2.5 E F0 -(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.)184 216 Q F0 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: comman\ -d substitution, shell functions, and subshells)220 216 R(in)220 228 Q --.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F3(command) +(traps.)2.5 E F1(6.)184 492 Q F0 1.082(Error tracing is enabled: comman\ +d substitution, shell functions, and subshells)220 492 R(in)220 504 Q +-.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 2.5(dw).1 G(ith)-2.5 E F1(\()2.5 E F4(command) 2.5 E F1(\))2.5 E F0(inherit the)2.5 E F1(ERR)2.5 E F0(trap.)2.5 E F1 -(extglob)144 240 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)184 240 R .4 +(extglob)144 516 Q F0 .4(If set, the e)184 516 R .4 (xtended pattern matching features described abo)-.15 F .7 -.15(ve u) --.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 252 Q -F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 264 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 276 R -F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F3(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973 -E F0(")A F3(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within) --4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F3(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G -(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 288 Q -(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 300 Q F0 -1.425(If set, patterns which f)184 300 R 1.425 +-.15 H(nder).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.9 G .4(thname Expan-).1 F(sion)184 528 Q +F0(are enabled.)2.5 E F1(extquote)144 540 Q F0 2.473(If set,)184 552 R +F1($)4.973 E F0<08>A F4(string)A F0 4.973<0861>C(nd)-4.973 E F1($)4.973 +E F0(")A F4(string)A F0 4.973("q)C 2.473(uoting is performed within) +-4.973 F F1(${)4.973 E F4(par)A(ameter)-.15 E F1(})A F0 -.15(ex)4.973 G +(pansions).15 E(enclosed in double quotes.)184 564 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(failglob)144 576 Q F0 +1.425(If set, patterns which f)184 576 R 1.425 (ail to match \214lenames during pathname e)-.1 F 1.424 -(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 312 S(pansion error).15 E(.) --.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 324 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 -.936(If set, the suf)184 336 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) +(xpansion result in an)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 588 S(pansion error).15 E(.) +-.55 E F1 -.25(fo)144 600 S -.18(rc).25 G(e_\214gnor).18 E(e)-.18 E F0 +.936(If set, the suf)184 612 R<8c78>-.25 E .936(es speci\214ed by the) -.15 F F2(FIGNORE)3.436 E F0 .936(shell v)3.186 F .936(ariable cause w) --.25 F .937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 348 R .32 +-.25 F .937(ords to be ignored)-.1 F .32(when performing w)184 624 R .32 (ord completion e)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.82(ni).15 G 2.82(ft)-2.82 G .32 (he ignored w)-2.82 F .32(ords are the only possible com-)-.1 F 2.947 -(pletions. See)184 360 R F2 .447(SHELL V)2.947 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0 +(pletions. See)184 636 R F2 .447(SHELL V)2.947 F(ARIABLES)-1.215 E F0 (abo)2.697 E .747 -.15(ve f)-.15 H .448(or a description of).15 F F2 -(FIGNORE)2.948 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .448(This option is)4.948 -F(enabled by def)184 372 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 384 Q F0 -2.519(If set, range e)184 396 R 2.519 +(FIGNORE)2.948 E F3(.)A F0 .448(This option is)4.948 F(enabled by def) +184 648 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(globasciiranges)144 660 Q F0 2.519 +(If set, range e)184 672 R 2.519 (xpressions used in pattern matching brack)-.15 F 2.518(et e)-.1 F 2.518 (xpressions \(see)-.15 F F2 -.09(Pa)5.018 G(tter).09 E(n)-.135 E -(Matching)184 408 Q F0(abo)2.964 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.214(\)b).15 G(eha) +(Matching)184 684 Q F0(abo)2.964 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.214(\)b).15 G(eha) -3.214 E 1.014 -.15(ve a)-.2 H 3.214(si).15 G 3.214(fi)-3.214 G 3.214 (nt)-3.214 G .714(he traditional C locale when performing comparisons.) --3.214 F 1.02(That is, the current locale')184 420 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G 1.02 +-3.214 F 1.02(That is, the current locale')184 696 R 3.52(sc)-.55 G 1.02 (ollating sequence is not tak)-3.52 F 1.02(en into account, so)-.1 F F1 -(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .956(collate between)184 432 R F1(A) +(b)3.52 E F0 1.02(will not)3.52 F .956(collate between)184 708 R F1(A) 3.456 E F0(and)3.456 E F1(B)3.456 E F0 3.457(,a)C .957(nd upper)-3.457 F .957(-case and lo)-.2 F(wer)-.25 E .957 -(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 444 Q(.)-.55 E -F1(globstar)144 456 Q F0 .519(If set, the pattern)184 456 R F1(**)3.019 -E F0 .519(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F .518 +(-case ASCII characters will collate)-.2 F(together)184 720 Q(.)-.55 E +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(19)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 20 20 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(globstar)144 84 Q F0 +.519(If set, the pattern)184 84 R F1(**)3.019 E F0 .519 +(used in a pathname e)3.019 F .519(xpansion conte)-.15 F .518 (xt will match all \214les and zero)-.15 F .431 -(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 468 R .431 +(or more directories and subdirectories.)184 96 R .431 (If the pattern is follo)5.431 F .432(wed by a)-.25 F F1(/)2.932 E F0 2.932(,o)C .432(nly directories)-2.932 F(and subdirectories match.)184 -480 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 492 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\ -en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 504 Q F1(histappend)144 -516 Q F0 .676 +108 Q F1(gnu_errfmt)144 120 Q F0(If set, shell error messages are writt\ +en in the standard GNU error message format.)184 132 Q F1(histappend)144 +144 Q F0 .676 (If set, the history list is appended to the \214le named by the v)184 -528 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F F2(HISTFILE)3.176 E F0 -.25(va)2.926 G -(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 540 Q(xits, rather than o)-.15 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1(histr)144 552 Q(eedit)-.18 -E F0 .575(If set, and)184 564 R F1 -.18(re)3.075 G(adline).18 E F0 .575 -(is being used, a user is gi)3.075 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .576 -(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F .576(ailed his-)-.1 F -(tory substitution.)184 576 Q F1(histv)144 588 Q(erify)-.1 E F0 .403 -(If set, and)184 600 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 E F0 .403 +156 R .676(alue of the)-.25 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(HISTFILE)3.176 E F0 +-.25(va)2.926 G(ri-).25 E(able when the shell e)184 168 Q +(xits, rather than o)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(rwriting the \214le.).15 E F1 +(histr)144 180 Q(eedit)-.18 E F0 .575(If set, and)184 192 R F1 -.18(re) +3.075 G(adline).18 E F0 .575(is being used, a user is gi)3.075 F -.15 +(ve)-.25 G 3.075(nt).15 G .576(he opportunity to re-edit a f)-3.075 F +.576(ailed his-)-.1 F(tory substitution.)184 204 Q F1(histv)144 216 Q +(erify)-.1 E F0 .403(If set, and)184 228 R F1 -.18(re)2.903 G(adline).18 +E F0 .403 (is being used, the results of history substitution are not immediately) -2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 612 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662 +2.903 F .661(passed to the shell parser)184 240 R 5.661(.I)-.55 G .662 (nstead, the resulting line is loaded into the)-5.661 F F1 -.18(re)3.162 -G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 624 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E +G(adline).18 E F0(editing)3.162 E -.2(bu)184 252 S -.25(ff).2 G(er).25 E 2.5(,a)-.4 G(llo)-2.5 E(wing further modi\214cation.)-.25 E F1 -(hostcomplete)144 636 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 648 R F1 -.18(re)3.682 +(hostcomplete)144 264 Q F0 1.182(If set, and)184 276 R F1 -.18(re)3.682 G(adline).18 E F0 1.182(is being used,)3.682 F F1(bash)3.682 E F0 1.181 (will attempt to perform hostname completion)3.681 F 1.38(when a w)184 -660 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 +288 R 1.38(ord containing a)-.1 F F1(@)3.881 E F0 1.381 (is being completed \(see)3.881 F F1(Completing)3.881 E F0(under)3.881 E -F2(READLINE)3.881 E F0(abo)184 672 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F -(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 684 Q F0(If set,) -184 696 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F2(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0 +F2(READLINE)3.881 E F0(abo)184 300 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(\). This).15 F +(is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(huponexit)144 312 Q F0(If set,) +184 324 Q F1(bash)2.5 E F0(will send)2.5 E F2(SIGHUP)2.5 E F0 (to all jobs when an interacti)2.25 E .3 -.15(ve l)-.25 H(ogin shell e) -.15 E(xits.)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(19) -198.725 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 20 20 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 -(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 -E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(inherit_err)144 84 Q -(exit)-.18 E F0 .22(If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 96 R -.219(alue of the)-.25 F F1(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F0 .219 -(option, instead of unsetting)2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 108 Q -2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F(option is enabled when)2.5 E/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)2.5 E F0(is enabled.)2.5 E F1(interacti) -144 120 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E F0 .33(If set, allo)184 132 R 2.83 -(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 -.33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33(ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F -.967(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 144 R 1.267 -.15(ve s) --.25 H .967(hell \(see).15 F/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0 -(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.467(\). This).15 F .967(option is)3.467 F -(enabled by def)184 156 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 168 Q F0 .066 -(If set, and job control is not acti)184 168 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566(,t) +.15 E(xits.)-.15 E F1(inherit_err)144 336 Q(exit)-.18 E F0 .22 +(If set, command substitution inherits the v)184 348 R .219(alue of the) +-.25 F F1(err)2.719 E(exit)-.18 E F0 .219(option, instead of unsetting) +2.719 F(it in the subshell en)184 360 Q 2.5(vironment. This)-.4 F +(option is enabled when)2.5 E/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(posix mode)2.5 E +F0(is enabled.)2.5 E F1(interacti)144 372 Q -.1(ve)-.1 G(_comments).1 E +F0 .33(If set, allo)184 384 R 2.83(waw)-.25 G .33(ord be)-2.93 F .33 +(ginning with)-.15 F F1(#)2.83 E F0 .33(to cause that w)2.83 F .33 +(ord and all remaining characters on)-.1 F .967 +(that line to be ignored in an interacti)184 396 R 1.267 -.15(ve s)-.25 +H .967(hell \(see).15 F F2(COMMENTS)3.467 E F0(abo)3.217 E -.15(ve)-.15 +G 3.467(\). This).15 F .967(option is)3.467 F(enabled by def)184 408 Q +(ault.)-.1 E F1(lastpipe)144 420 Q F0 .066 +(If set, and job control is not acti)184 420 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.566(,t) .15 G .066(he shell runs the last command of a pipeline not e)-2.566 F -.15(xe)-.15 G(-).15 E(cuted in the background in the current shell en) -184 180 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 192 Q F0 .655(If set, and the) -184 192 R F1(cmdhist)3.155 E F0 .654 +184 432 Q(vironment.)-.4 E F1(lithist)144 444 Q F0 .655(If set, and the) +184 444 R F1(cmdhist)3.155 E F0 .654 (option is enabled, multi-line commands are sa)3.154 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.154(dt).15 G 3.154(ot)-3.154 G .654(he history)-3.154 F -(with embedded ne)184 204 Q +(with embedded ne)184 456 Q (wlines rather than using semicolon separators where possible.)-.25 E F1 -(login_shell)144 216 Q F0 .486 +(localv)144 468 Q(ar_inherit)-.1 E F0 .421(If set, local v)184 480 R +.422(ariables inherit the v)-.25 F .422(alue and attrib)-.25 F .422 +(utes of a v)-.2 F .422(ariable of the same name that)-.25 F -.15(ex)184 +492 S .174(ists at a pre).15 F .174(vious scope before an)-.25 F 2.673 +(yn)-.15 G .673 -.25(ew va)-2.673 H .173(lue is assigned.).25 F .173 +(The nameref attrib)5.173 F .173(ute is not)-.2 F(inherited.)184 504 Q +F1(login_shell)144 516 Q F0 .486 (The shell sets this option if it is started as a login shell \(see)184 -228 R F3(INV)2.987 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.737 E -.15(ve) --.15 G 2.987(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 240 S(lue may not be changed.).25 -E F1(mailwar)144 252 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .815(If set, and a \214le that)184 -264 R F1(bash)3.315 E F0 .814 +528 R F2(INV)2.987 E(OCA)-.405 E(TION)-.855 E F0(abo)2.737 E -.15(ve) +-.15 G 2.987(\). The).15 F -.25(va)184 540 S(lue may not be changed.).25 +E F1(mailwar)144 552 Q(n)-.15 E F0 .815(If set, and a \214le that)184 +564 R F1(bash)3.315 E F0 .814 (is checking for mail has been accessed since the last time it)3.315 F --.1(wa)184 276 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E -(`The mail in)-.74 E F2(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i) --.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 288 -Q F0 .324(If set, and)184 300 R F1 -.18(re)2.824 G(adline).18 E F0 .324 +-.1(wa)184 576 S 2.5(sc).1 G(heck)-2.5 E(ed, the message `)-.1 E +(`The mail in)-.74 E F3(mail\214le)2.5 E F0(has been read')2.5 E 2.5('i) +-.74 G 2.5(sd)-2.5 G(isplayed.)-2.5 E F1(no_empty_cmd_completion)144 588 +Q F0 .324(If set, and)184 600 R F1 -.18(re)2.824 G(adline).18 E F0 .324 (is being used,)2.824 F F1(bash)2.824 E F0 .324 -(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F3 -.666(PA)2.825 G(TH)-.189 E +(will not attempt to search the)2.824 F F2 -.666(PA)2.825 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .325(for possible)2.575 F -(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 312 Q F1 -(nocaseglob)144 324 Q F0 .437(If set,)184 336 R F1(bash)2.937 E F0 .436 +(completions when completion is attempted on an empty line.)184 612 Q F1 +(nocaseglob)144 624 Q F0 .437(If set,)184 636 R F1(bash)2.937 E F0 .436 (matches \214lenames in a case\255insensiti)2.937 F .736 -.15(ve f)-.25 -H .436(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 348 S +H .436(ashion when performing pathname).05 F -.15(ex)184 648 S (pansion \(see).15 E F1 -.1(Pa)2.5 G(thname Expansion).1 E F0(abo)2.5 E --.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 360 Q F0 1.193(If set,)184 -372 R F1(bash)3.693 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E F1(nocasematch)144 660 Q F0 1.193(If set,)184 +672 R F1(bash)3.693 E F0 1.194(matches patterns in a case\255insensiti) 3.693 F 1.494 -.15(ve f)-.25 H 1.194(ashion when performing matching).05 -F .551(while e)184 384 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0 +F .551(while e)184 684 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuting).15 E F1(case)3.051 E F0 (or)3.051 E F1([[)3.051 E F0 .551 (conditional commands, when performing pattern substitution)3.051 F -.1 -(wo)184 396 S .622(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering possib\ -le completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 408 Q F1 -(nullglob)144 420 Q F0 .855(If set,)184 432 R F1(bash)3.355 E F0(allo) -3.355 E .855(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa) -3.354 G .854(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.354 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.354 -(\)t).15 G(o)-3.354 E -.15(ex)184 444 S -(pand to a null string, rather than themselv).15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 -456 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .676(If set, the programmable completion f)184 -468 R .677(acilities \(see)-.1 F F1(Pr)3.177 E .677 -(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.177 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E -(are enabled.)184 480 Q(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1 -(pr)144 492 Q(omptv)-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.448 -(If set, prompt strings under)184 504 R 1.448(go parameter e)-.18 F -1.447(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic)-.15 F -.15(ex)184 516 -S .17(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 G 2.67(la).25 G .17 -(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in)-.15 F F3(PR)2.671 E -(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.421 E -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E -(This option is enabled by def)184 528 Q(ault.)-.1 E F1 -.18(re)144 540 -S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 +(wo)184 696 S .622(rd e).1 F .623(xpansions, or when \214ltering possib\ +le completions as part of programmable com-)-.15 F(pletion.)184 708 Q +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(20)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 21 21 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(nullglob)144 84 Q F0 +.855(If set,)184 96 R F1(bash)3.355 E F0(allo)3.355 E .855 +(ws patterns which match no \214les \(see)-.25 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.354 G .854 +(thname Expansion).1 F F0(abo)3.354 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.354(\)t).15 G(o) +-3.354 E -.15(ex)184 108 S(pand to a null string, rather than themselv) +.15 E(es.)-.15 E F1(pr)144 120 Q(ogcomp)-.18 E F0 .676 +(If set, the programmable completion f)184 132 R .677(acilities \(see) +-.1 F F1(Pr)3.177 E .677(ogrammable Completion)-.18 F F0(abo)3.177 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(\)).15 E(are enabled.)184 144 Q +(This option is enabled by def)5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(pr)144 156 Q(omptv) +-.18 E(ars)-.1 E F0 1.448(If set, prompt strings under)184 168 R 1.448 +(go parameter e)-.18 F 1.447(xpansion, command substitution, arithmetic) +-.15 F -.15(ex)184 180 S .17(pansion, and quote remo).15 F -.25(va)-.15 +G 2.67(la).25 G .17(fter being e)-2.67 F .17(xpanded as described in) +-.15 F/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(PR)2.671 E(OMPTING)-.27 E F0(abo)2.421 E +-.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(This option is enabled by def)184 192 Q(ault.)-.1 +E F1 -.18(re)144 204 S(stricted_shell).18 E F0 1.069 (The shell sets this option if it is started in restricted mode \(see) -184 552 R F3 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 564 Q 2.86 +184 216 R F2 1.069(RESTRICTED SHELL)3.569 F F0(belo)184 228 Q 2.86 (w\). The)-.25 F -.25(va)2.86 G .36(lue may not be changed.).25 F .36 (This is not reset when the startup \214les are e)5.36 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -(-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 576 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E +(-).15 E(cuted, allo)184 240 Q(wing the startup \214les to disco)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(rw).15 G(hether or not a shell is restricted.)-2.5 E -F1(shift_v)144 588 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .502(If set, the)184 600 R F1 +F1(shift_v)144 252 Q(erbose)-.1 E F0 .502(If set, the)184 264 R F1 (shift)3.002 E F0 -.2(bu)3.002 G .501 (iltin prints an error message when the shift count e).2 F .501 -(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 612 Q F1(sour) -144 624 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .77(If set, the)184 636 R F1(sour)3.27 E(ce) +(xceeds the number)-.15 F(of positional parameters.)184 276 Q F1(sour) +144 288 Q(cepath)-.18 E F0 .77(If set, the)184 300 R F1(sour)3.27 E(ce) -.18 E F0(\()3.27 E F1(.)A F0 3.27(\)b)C .77(uiltin uses the v)-3.47 F -.771(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.666(PA)3.271 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .771 +.771(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.666(PA)3.271 G(TH)-.189 E F0 .771 (to \214nd the directory containing the)3.021 F -(\214le supplied as an ar)184 648 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F -(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 660 Q F0 -(If set, the)184 672 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E +(\214le supplied as an ar)184 312 Q 2.5(gument. This)-.18 F +(option is enabled by def)2.5 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(xpg_echo)144 324 Q F0 +(If set, the)184 336 Q F1(echo)2.5 E F0 -.2(bu)2.5 G(iltin e).2 E (xpands backslash-escape sequences by def)-.15 E(ault.)-.1 E F1(suspend) -108 688.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A 1.002(Suspend the e)144 700.8 R +108 352.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F1<ad66>A F0(])A 1.002(Suspend the e)144 364.8 R -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.002(cution of this shell until it recei).15 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 3.501(sa).15 G F3(SIGCONT)A F0 3.501(signal. A)3.251 F 1.001 -(login shell cannot be)3.501 F .022(suspended; the)144 712.8 R F1<ad66> +-.25 G 3.501(sa).15 G F2(SIGCONT)A F0 3.501(signal. A)3.251 F 1.001 +(login shell cannot be)3.501 F .022(suspended; the)144 376.8 R F1<ad66> 2.522 E F0 .022(option can be used to o)2.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .022 (rride this and force the suspension.).15 F .023(The return status is) -5.023 F 2.5(0u)144 724.8 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E +5.023 F 2.5(0u)144 388.8 S(nless the shell is a login shell and)-2.5 E F1<ad66>2.5 E F0(is not supplied, or if job control is not enabled.)2.5 -E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(20)198.725 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 21 21 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 -(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 -E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(test)108 84 Q/F2 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([)108 96 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G -(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .878(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 -96 R .877(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .877 -(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)144 108 S -(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53 +E F1(test)108 405.6 Q/F3 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1([) +108 417.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(])2.5 E F0 .878 +(Return a status of 0 \(true\) or 1 \(f)144 417.6 R .877 +(alse\) depending on the e)-.1 F -.25(va)-.25 G .877 +(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F3 -.2(ex)144 429.6 +S(pr).2 E F0 5.53(.E).73 G .53 (ach operator and operand must be a separate ar)-5.53 F 3.03 (gument. Expressions)-.18 F .53(are composed of the)3.03 F 3.08 -(primaries described abo)144 120 R 3.38 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E/F3 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)5.58 E 3.079(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9 -/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F1(test)7.579 E F0 3.079(does not accept an)5.579 -F(y)-.15 E(options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 132 Q -(gument of)-.18 E F1<adad>2.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 -E .785(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 150 R .786 +(primaries described abo)144 441.6 R 3.38 -.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2 +(CONDITION)5.58 E 3.079(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A +F1(test)7.579 E F0 3.079(does not accept an)5.579 F(y)-.15 E +(options, nor does it accept and ignore an ar)144 453.6 Q(gument of)-.18 +E F1<adad>2.5 E F0(as signifying the end of options.)2.5 E .785 +(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 471.6 R .786 (wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F 3.412 -(dence. The)144 162 R -.25(eva)3.412 G .912 +(dence. The)144 483.6 R -.25(eva)3.412 G .912 (luation depends on the number of ar).25 F .911(guments; see belo)-.18 F 4.711 -.65(w. O)-.25 H .911(perator precedence is).65 F -(used when there are \214v)144 174 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar) --2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 186 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)180 186 S(ue if).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 E(alse.) --.1 E F1(\()144 198 Q F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 .26 -(Returns the v)180 198 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F2 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 E F0 -5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 -(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 210 Q F2 -.2(ex) -144 222 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E F1(a)A F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35 -(Tr)180 234 S(ue if both).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 E F2 --.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F2 -.2(ex)144 246 S(pr1).2 E -F0<ad>2.5 E F1(o)A F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 258 S -(ue if either).35 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G -(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 274.8 Q F0(and)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E -F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E +(used when there are \214v)144 495.6 Q 2.5(eo)-.15 G 2.5(rm)-2.5 G +(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments.)-.18 E F1(!)144 507.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E +F0 -.35(Tr)180 507.6 S(ue if).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F0(is f)3.23 +E(alse.)-.1 E F1(\()144 519.6 Q F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E F1(\))2.5 E F0 +.26(Returns the v)180 519.6 R .26(alue of)-.25 F F3 -.2(ex)2.76 G(pr).2 +E F0 5.26(.T)C .26(his may be used to o)-5.26 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .26 +(rride the normal precedence of opera-).15 F(tors.)180 531.6 Q F3 -.2 +(ex)144 543.6 S(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E F1(a)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 +-.35(Tr)180 555.6 S(ue if both).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(and)2.5 +E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F3 -.2(ex)144 567.6 S +(pr1).2 E F0<ad>2.5 E F1(o)A F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 +579.6 S(ue if either).35 E F3 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(or)2.5 E F3 -.2 +(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(is true.)2.52 E F1(test)144 596.4 Q F0(and)2.5 E +F1([)2.5 E F0 -.25(eva)2.5 G(luate conditional e).25 E (xpressions using a set of rules based on the number of ar)-.15 E -(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 292.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) -180 304.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 316.8 S -.18 -(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 328.8 Q +(guments.)-.18 E 2.5(0a)144 614.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E(The e) +180 626.4 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(1a)144 638.4 S -.18 +(rg)-2.5 G(ument).18 E(The e)180 650.4 Q (xpression is true if and only if the ar)-.15 E(gument is not null.)-.18 -E 2.5(2a)144 340.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) -180 352.8 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 +E 2.5(2a)144 662.4 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .37(If the \214rst ar) +180 674.4 R .37(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.87 E F0 2.87(,t)C .37(he e)-2.87 F .37(xpression is true if and only if the second ar)-.15 F .37 -(gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 364.8 R .38 +(gument is null.)-.18 F .379(If the \214rst ar)180 686.4 R .38 (gument is one of the unary conditional operators listed abo)-.18 F .68 --.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 376.8 Q .553 +-.15(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F2(CONDI-)2.88 E(TION)180 698.4 Q .553 (AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F F4(,)A F0 .552(the e)2.802 F .552 (xpression is true if the unary test is true.)-.15 F .552 -(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 388.8 Q +(If the \214rst ar)5.552 F(gu-)-.18 E(ment is not a v)180 710.4 Q (alid unary conditional operator)-.25 E 2.5(,t)-.4 G(he e)-2.5 E -(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(3a)144 400.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G -(uments).18 E .236(The follo)180 412.8 R .236 -(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 -(If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855 -(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 424.8 R 1.155 -.15 -(ve u)-.15 H(nder).15 E F3(CONDITION)3.355 E .855(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F -F4(,)A F0(the)3.104 E .578(result of the e)180 436.8 R .578(xpression i\ -s the result of the binary test using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F -(guments)-.18 E 1.333(as operands.)180 448.8 R(The)6.333 E F1<ad61>3.833 -E F0(and)3.833 E F1<ad6f>3.832 E F0 1.332 -(operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558 -(three ar)180 460.8 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 -F .558(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F -.558(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F -(o-ar)-.1 E(gument)-.18 E .521(test using the second and third ar)180 -472.8 R 3.021(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .52 -(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\()3.02 E F0 .52(and the third)3.02 -F(ar)180 484.8 Q .485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F1(\))2.985 E F0 -2.985(,t)C .485(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485 -(gument test of the second ar)-.18 F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E -(wise, the e)180 496.8 Q(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 -508.8 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E .385(If the \214rst ar)180 520.8 R -.385(gument is)-.18 F F1(!)2.885 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385 -(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .384(tion of the three-ar) -.05 F .384(gument e)-.18 F .384(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.647 -(posed of the remaining ar)180 532.8 R 4.147(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F -1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.648(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 -G(luated).25 E(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 -544.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 556.8 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar) --2.5 E(guments)-.18 E 1.635(The e)180 568.8 R 1.635 -(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.635 -(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F(abo)180 -580.8 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 598.8 Q F1(test)2.5 E -F0(or)2.5 E F1([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F1(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 E F1 -(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E -(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F1(times)108 615.6 Q F0 -1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\ - processes run from the shell.)144 615.6 R(The return status is 0.)144 -627.6 Q F1(trap)108 644.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F1(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E -F2(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F2(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E .703(The command) -144 656.4 R F2(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0 .703(is to be read and e)3.423 F --.15(xe)-.15 G .702(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G -3.202(ss).15 G(ignal\(s\))-3.202 E F2(sigspec)3.202 E F0 5.702(.I).31 G -(f)-5.702 E F2(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.422 E .608 -(absent \(and there is a single)144 668.4 R F2(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108 -(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F1<ad>3.108 E F0 3.108(,e)C .608 -(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F -.659(\(the v)144 680.4 R .659(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) --.25 F(If)5.658 E F2(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .658 -(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F2(sigspec) -144.34 692.4 Q F0 .58(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in) -3.39 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.081(s. If).1 F F2(ar)3.411 E(g)-.37 E -F0 .581(is not present and)3.301 F F1<ad70>3.081 E F0(has)3.081 E 1.215 -(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 704.4 R -F2(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.214(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.214(If no ar)6.214 -F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 716.4 R F1<ad70>3.36 -E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F1(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 -(prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 4.327 -(signal. The)144 728.4 R F1<ad6c>4.327 E F0 1.826(option causes the she\ -ll to print a list of signal names and their corresponding)4.327 F -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(21)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20) +149.565 E(21)198.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Page: 22 22 %%BeginPageSetup BP %%EndPageSetup /F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 (TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 -E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E 3.125(numbers. Each)144 84 R/F1 10 -/Times-Italic@0 SF(sigspec)3.465 E F0 .625 -(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)3.435 F F1(signal.h)A F0 .626 -(>, or a signal number)B 5.626(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-5.626 E -(names are case insensiti)144 96 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E/F2 9 -/Times-Bold@0 SF(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.649(If a) -144 114 R F1(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F2(EXIT)4.149 E F0 1.649 -(\(0\) the command)3.899 F F1(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e)4.369 F +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E 2.5(3a)144 84 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G(uments).18 E +.236(The follo)180 96 R .236 +(wing conditions are applied in the order listed.)-.25 F .236 +(If the second ar)5.236 F .236(gument is one of)-.18 F .855 +(the binary conditional operators listed abo)180 108 R 1.155 -.15(ve u) +-.15 H(nder).15 E/F1 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(CONDITION)3.355 E .855 +(AL EXPRESSIONS)-.18 F/F2 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0(the)3.104 E .578 +(result of the e)180 120 R .578(xpression is the result of the binary t\ +est using the \214rst and third ar)-.15 F(guments)-.18 E 1.333 +(as operands.)180 132 R(The)6.333 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad61>3.833 E +F0(and)3.833 E F3<ad6f>3.832 E F0 1.332 +(operators are considered binary operators when there are)3.832 F .558 +(three ar)180 144 R 3.058(guments. If)-.18 F .558(the \214rst ar)3.058 F +.558(gument is)-.18 F F3(!)3.058 E F0 3.058(,t)C .558(he v)-3.058 F .558 +(alue is the ne)-.25 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .558(tion of the tw).05 F(o-ar)-.1 +E(gument)-.18 E .521(test using the second and third ar)180 156 R 3.021 +(guments. If)-.18 F .521(the \214rst ar)3.021 F .52(gument is e)-.18 F +(xactly)-.15 E F3(\()3.02 E F0 .52(and the third)3.02 F(ar)180 168 Q +.485(gument is e)-.18 F(xactly)-.15 E F3(\))2.985 E F0 2.985(,t)C .485 +(he result is the one-ar)-2.985 F .485(gument test of the second ar)-.18 +F 2.985(gument. Other)-.18 F(-)-.2 E(wise, the e)180 180 Q +(xpression is f)-.15 E(alse.)-.1 E 2.5(4a)144 192 S -.18(rg)-2.5 G +(uments).18 E .385(If the \214rst ar)180 204 R .385(gument is)-.18 F F3 +(!)2.885 E F0 2.885(,t)C .385(he result is the ne)-2.885 F -.05(ga)-.15 +G .384(tion of the three-ar).05 F .384(gument e)-.18 F .384 +(xpression com-)-.15 F 1.647(posed of the remaining ar)180 216 R 4.147 +(guments. Otherwise,)-.18 F 1.647(the e)4.147 F 1.648 +(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va)-.25 G(luated).25 E +(according to precedence using the rules listed abo)180 228 Q -.15(ve) +-.15 G(.).15 E 2.5(5o)144 240 S 2.5(rm)-2.5 G(ore ar)-2.5 E(guments)-.18 +E 1.635(The e)180 252 R 1.635(xpression is parsed and e)-.15 F -.25(va) +-.25 G 1.635(luated according to precedence using the rules listed).25 F +(abo)180 264 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(.).15 E(When used with)144 282 Q F3(test) +2.5 E F0(or)2.5 E F3([)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F3(<)2.5 E F0(and)2.5 +E F3(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E +(xicographically using ASCII ordering.)-.15 E F3(times)108 298.8 Q F0 +1.229(Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for\ + processes run from the shell.)144 298.8 R(The return status is 0.)144 +310.8 Q F3(trap)108 327.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255lp)A F0 2.5(][)C([)-2.5 E +/F4 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(ar)A(g)-.37 E F0(])A F4(sigspec)2.5 E F0(...]) +2.5 E .703(The command)144 339.6 R F4(ar)3.533 E(g)-.37 E F0 .703 +(is to be read and e)3.423 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .702 +(cuted when the shell recei).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.202(ss).15 G +(ignal\(s\))-3.202 E F4(sigspec)3.202 E F0 5.702(.I).31 G(f)-5.702 E F4 +(ar)3.532 E(g)-.37 E F0(is)3.422 E .608(absent \(and there is a single) +144 351.6 R F4(sigspec)3.108 E F0 3.108(\)o)C(r)-3.108 E F3<ad>3.108 E +F0 3.108(,e)C .608 +(ach speci\214ed signal is reset to its original disposition)-3.108 F +.659(\(the v)144 363.6 R .659(alue it had upon entrance to the shell\).) +-.25 F(If)5.658 E F4(ar)3.488 E(g)-.37 E F0 .658 +(is the null string the signal speci\214ed by each)3.378 F F4(sigspec) +144.34 375.6 Q F0 .58(is ignored by the shell and by the commands it in) +3.39 F -.2(vo)-.4 G -.1(ke).2 G 3.081(s. If).1 F F4(ar)3.411 E(g)-.37 E +F0 .581(is not present and)3.301 F F3<ad70>3.081 E F0(has)3.081 E 1.215 +(been supplied, then the trap commands associated with each)144 387.6 R +F4(sigspec)4.054 E F0 1.214(are displayed.)4.024 F 1.214(If no ar)6.214 +F(gu-)-.18 E .86(ments are supplied or if only)144 399.6 R F3<ad70>3.36 +E F0 .86(is gi)3.36 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n,).15 E F3(trap)3.36 E F0 .86 +(prints the list of commands associated with each)3.36 F 2.83 +(signal. The)144 411.6 R F3<ad6c>2.83 E F0 .33(option causes the shell \ +to print a list of signal names and their corresponding num-)2.83 F 4.31 +(bers. Each)144 423.6 R F4(sigspec)4.65 E F0 1.811 +(is either a signal name de\214ned in <)4.62 F F4(signal.h)A F0 1.811 +(>, or a signal number)B 6.811(.S)-.55 G(ignal)-6.811 E +(names are case insensiti)144 435.6 Q .3 -.15(ve a)-.25 H(nd the).15 E +F1(SIG)2.5 E F0(pre\214x is optional.)2.25 E 1.649(If a)144 453.6 R F4 +(sigspec)4.489 E F0(is)4.459 E F1(EXIT)4.149 E F0 1.649 +(\(0\) the command)3.899 F F4(ar)4.479 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.649(is e)4.369 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.649(cuted on e).15 F 1.648(xit from the shell.)-.15 F -1.648(If a)6.648 F F1(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F2(DEB)144 126 Q(UG) --.09 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F0 1.167(the command)3.417 F F1(ar) -3.997 E(g)-.37 E F0 1.167(is e)3.887 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167 -(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E F1 1.168(simple command) -3.667 F F0(,)A F1(for)3.668 E F0(command,)3.668 E F1(case)3.668 E F0 -(com-)3.668 E(mand,)144 138 Q F1(select)2.647 E F0 .147(command, e)2.647 -F -.15(ve)-.25 G .147(ry arithmetic).15 F F1(for)2.647 E F0 .146 +1.648(If a)6.648 F F4(sigspec)4.488 E F0(is)4.458 E F1(DEB)144 465.6 Q +(UG)-.09 E F2(,)A F0 1.167(the command)3.417 F F4(ar)3.997 E(g)-.37 E F0 +1.167(is e)3.887 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.167(cuted before e).15 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G(ry).15 E F4 1.168(simple command)3.667 F F0(,)A F4(for)3.668 E F0 +(command,)3.668 E F4(case)3.668 E F0(com-)3.668 E(mand,)144 477.6 Q F4 +(select)2.647 E F0 .147(command, e)2.647 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .147 +(ry arithmetic).15 F F4(for)2.647 E F0 .146 (command, and before the \214rst command e)2.647 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .146 -(cutes in a).15 F .145(shell function \(see)144 150 R F2 .145 +(cutes in a).15 F .145(shell function \(see)144 489.6 R F1 .145 (SHELL GRAMMAR)2.645 F F0(abo)2.395 E -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.646(\). Refer).15 -F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(extdeb) -2.646 E(ug)-.2 E F0 .146(option to)2.646 F(the)144 162 Q F4(shopt)3.201 -E F0 -.2(bu)3.201 G .7(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the) --.25 F F4(DEB)3.2 E(UG)-.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F1(sigspec) -3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E F2(RETURN)3.2 E F3(,)A F0 .7(the com-)2.95 F(mand) -144 174 Q F1(ar)3.473 E(g)-.37 E F0 .643(is e)3.363 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.643(cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G -.644(cuted with the).15 F F4(.)3.144 E F0(or)3.144 E F4(sour)3.144 E(ce) --.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.144 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 186 Q -.15(xe)-.15 -G(cuting.).15 E .961(If a)144 204 R F1(sigspec)3.801 E F0(is)3.771 E F2 -(ERR)3.461 E F3(,)A F0 .961(the command)3.211 F F1(ar)3.791 E(g)-.37 E -F0 .961(is e)3.681 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .961(cuted whene).15 F -.15(ve)-.25 -G 3.461(ra).15 G .96(pipeline \(which may consist of a)-.001 F .185(sin\ -gle simple command\), a list, or a compound command returns a non\255ze\ -ro e)144 216 R .185(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .452(the follo)144 228 -R .452(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.452 E F2(ERR)2.952 E F0 .451 -(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451(cuted if the f).15 F .451 -(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .387 -(mand list immediately follo)144 240 R .387(wing a)-.25 F F4(while)2.887 -E F0(or)2.887 E F4(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 -(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F1(if)2.898 E F0 .388 -(statement, part)4.848 F .778(of a command e)144 252 R -.15(xe)-.15 G -.778(cuted in a).15 F F4(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F4(||)3.278 E F0 .778 +F .146(to the description of the)2.646 F F3(extdeb)2.646 E(ug)-.2 E F0 +.146(option to)2.646 F(the)144 501.6 Q F3(shopt)3.201 E F0 -.2(bu)3.201 +G .7(iltin for details of its ef).2 F .7(fect on the)-.25 F F3(DEB)3.2 E +(UG)-.1 E F0 3.2(trap. If)3.2 F(a)3.2 E F4(sigspec)3.54 E F0(is)3.51 E +F1(RETURN)3.2 E F2(,)A F0 .7(the com-)2.95 F(mand)144 513.6 Q F4(ar) +3.473 E(g)-.37 E F0 .643(is e)3.363 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .643 +(cuted each time a shell function or a script e).15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G +.644(cuted with the).15 F F3(.)3.144 E F0(or)3.144 E F3(sour)3.144 E(ce) +-.18 E F0 -.2(bu)3.144 G(iltins).2 E(\214nishes e)144 525.6 Q -.15(xe) +-.15 G(cuting.).15 E .961(If a)144 543.6 R F4(sigspec)3.801 E F0(is) +3.771 E F1(ERR)3.461 E F2(,)A F0 .961(the command)3.211 F F4(ar)3.791 E +(g)-.37 E F0 .961(is e)3.681 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .961(cuted whene).15 F +-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.461(ra).15 G .96(pipeline \(which may consist of a) +-.001 F .185(single simple command\), a list, or a compound command ret\ +urns a non\255zero e)144 555.6 R .185(xit status, subject to)-.15 F .452 +(the follo)144 567.6 R .452(wing conditions.)-.25 F(The)5.452 E F1(ERR) +2.952 E F0 .451(trap is not e)2.701 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .451 +(cuted if the f).15 F .451(ailed command is part of the com-)-.1 F .387 +(mand list immediately follo)144 579.6 R .387(wing a)-.25 F F3(while) +2.887 E F0(or)2.887 E F3(until)2.888 E F0 -.1(ke)2.888 G(yw)-.05 E .388 +(ord, part of the test in an)-.1 F F4(if)2.898 E F0 .388 +(statement, part)4.848 F .778(of a command e)144 591.6 R -.15(xe)-.15 G +.778(cuted in a).15 F F3(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F3(||)3.278 E F0 .778 (list e)3.278 F .778(xcept the command follo)-.15 F .778 -(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F4(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F4(||)3.277 E F0 -3.277(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.277 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 264 R 1.28 -(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v)-3.78 -F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F F4(!) -3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 276 Q(yed by the) --.15 E F4(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F4<ad65>A F0 2.5(\)o)C -(ption.)-2.5 E 1.095 +(wing the \214nal)-.25 F F3(&&)3.278 E F0(or)3.278 E F3(||)3.277 E F0 +3.277(,a)C -.15(ny)-3.277 G 1.28(command in a pipeline b)144 603.6 R +1.28(ut the last, or if the command')-.2 F 3.78(sr)-.55 G 1.28(eturn v) +-3.78 F 1.28(alue is being in)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G 1.28(rted using).15 F +F3(!)3.78 E F0(.)A(These are the same conditions obe)144 615.6 Q +(yed by the)-.15 E F3(err)2.5 E(exit)-.18 E F0(\()2.5 E F3<ad65>A F0 2.5 +(\)o)C(ption.)-2.5 E 1.095 (Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot be trapped or reset.)144 -294 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 -(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 306 R .662 +633.6 R -.35(Tr)6.095 G 1.095(apped signals that are not).35 F .662 +(being ignored are reset to their original v)144 645.6 R .662 (alues in a subshell or subshell en)-.25 F .662(vironment when one is) --.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 318 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an)-.1 -E(y)-.15 E F1(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G -(lid; otherwise).25 E F4(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F4(type)108 -334.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F4(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F1(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1 -(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 346.8 S .174 -(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.674 E F1(name) +-.4 F 2.5(created. The)144 657.6 R(return status is f)2.5 E(alse if an) +-.1 E(y)-.15 E F4(sigspec)2.84 E F0(is in)2.81 E -.25(va)-.4 G +(lid; otherwise).25 E F3(trap)2.5 E F0(returns true.)2.5 E F3(type)108 +674.4 Q F0([)2.5 E F3(\255aftpP)A F0(])A F4(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F4 +(name)A F0(...])2.5 E -.4(Wi)144 686.4 S .174 +(th no options, indicate ho).4 F 2.674(we)-.25 G(ach)-2.674 E F4(name) 3.034 E F0 -.1(wo)2.854 G .173 (uld be interpreted if used as a command name.).1 F .173(If the)5.173 F -F4<ad74>144 358.8 Q F0 .842(option is used,)3.342 F F4(type)3.342 E F0 -.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F1(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E -F1 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F1(function)3.343 E F0 -(,).24 E F1 -.2(bu)3.343 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.343(,o).24 G(r)-3.343 E F1 -(\214le)5.253 E F0(if)3.523 E F1(name)144.36 370.8 Q F0 .087 +F3<ad74>144 698.4 Q F0 .842(option is used,)3.342 F F3(type)3.342 E F0 +.843(prints a string which is one of)3.343 F F4(alias)3.343 E F0(,).27 E +F4 -.1(ke)3.343 G(ywor)-.2 E(d)-.37 E F0(,).77 E F4(function)3.343 E F0 +(,).24 E F4 -.2(bu)3.343 G(iltin).2 E F0 3.343(,o).24 G(r)-3.343 E F4 +(\214le)5.253 E F0(if)3.523 E F4(name)144.36 710.4 Q F0 .087 (is an alias, shell reserv)2.767 F .087(ed w)-.15 F .087 (ord, function, b)-.1 F .086(uiltin, or disk \214le, respecti)-.2 F -.15 -(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.086(.I)-.65 G 2.586(ft)-5.086 G(he)-2.586 E F1 +(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.086(.I)-.65 G 2.586(ft)-5.086 G(he)-2.586 E F4 (name)2.946 E F0 .086(is not)2.766 F .118 -(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 382.8 R .118 +(found, then nothing is printed, and an e)144 722.4 R .118 (xit status of f)-.15 F .118(alse is returned.)-.1 F .119(If the)5.119 F -F4<ad70>2.619 E F0 .119(option is used,)2.619 F F4(type)2.619 E F0 .855 -(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 394.8 R .855 -(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F F1(name)3.715 E F0 -.855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .64(mand name, or nothing if)144 -406.8 R/F5 10/Courier@0 SF .64(type -t name)3.14 F F0 -.1(wo)3.14 G .641 -(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)3.141 E F0 5.641(.T).18 G(he)-5.641 E F4 -<ad50>3.141 E F0 .641(option forces a)3.141 F F2 -.666(PA)3.141 G(TH) --.189 E F0 .113(search for each)144 418.8 R F1(name)2.613 E F0 2.613(,e) -C -.15(ve)-2.863 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F5 .113(type -t name)2.613 -F F0 -.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113 -(.I).18 G 2.613(fa)-5.113 G .112(command is hashed,)-.001 F F4<ad70> -2.612 E F0(and)144 430.8 Q F4<ad50>3.23 E F0 .73(print the hashed v)3.23 -F .731 +F3<ad70>2.619 E F0 .119(option is used,)2.619 F F3(type)2.619 E F0 +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(22)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 23 23 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E .855 +(either returns the name of the disk \214le that w)144 84 R .855 +(ould be e)-.1 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .855(cuted if).15 F/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 +SF(name)3.715 E F0 .855(were speci\214ed as a com-)3.535 F .64 +(mand name, or nothing if)144 96 R/F2 10/Courier@0 SF .64(type -t name) +3.14 F F0 -.1(wo)3.14 G .641(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)3.141 E F0 +5.641(.T).18 G(he)-5.641 E/F3 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad50>3.141 E F0 .641 +(option forces a)3.141 F/F4 9/Times-Bold@0 SF -.666(PA)3.141 G(TH)-.189 +E F0 .113(search for each)144 108 R F1(name)2.613 E F0 2.613(,e)C -.15 +(ve)-2.863 G 2.613(ni).15 G(f)-2.613 E F2 .113(type -t name)2.613 F F0 +-.1(wo)2.613 G .113(uld not return).1 F F1(\214le)2.613 E F0 5.113(.I) +.18 G 2.613(fa)-5.113 G .112(command is hashed,)-.001 F F3<ad70>2.612 E +F0(and)144 120 Q F3<ad50>3.23 E F0 .73(print the hashed v)3.23 F .731 (alue, which is not necessarily the \214le that appears \214rst in)-.25 -F F2 -.666(PA)3.231 G(TH)-.189 E F3(.)A F0 .731(If the)5.231 F F4<ad61> -144 442.8 Q F0 1.749(option is used,)4.249 F F4(type)4.248 E F0 1.748 -(prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.748 -(cutable named).15 F F1(name)4.248 E F0 6.748(.T).18 G(his)-6.748 E .744 -(includes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144 454.8 R F4<ad70> +F F4 -.666(PA)3.231 G(TH)-.189 E/F5 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .731 +(If the)5.231 F F3<ad61>144 132 Q F0 1.749(option is used,)4.249 F F3 +(type)4.248 E F0 1.748(prints all of the places that contain an e)4.248 +F -.15(xe)-.15 G 1.748(cutable named).15 F F1(name)4.248 E F0 6.748(.T) +.18 G(his)-6.748 E .744 +(includes aliases and functions, if and only if the)144 144 R F3<ad70> 3.244 E F0 .744(option is not also used.)3.244 F .744 (The table of hashed)5.744 F 1.223(commands is not consulted when using) -144 466.8 R F4<ad61>3.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F4<ad66>3.723 E F0 +144 156 R F3<ad61>3.723 E F0 6.223(.T)C(he)-6.223 E F3<ad66>3.723 E F0 1.223(option suppresses shell function lookup, as)3.723 F .325(with the) -144 478.8 R F4(command)2.825 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G(iltin.).2 E F4(type) -5.325 E F0 .325(returns true if all of the ar)2.825 F .326 +144 168 R F3(command)2.825 E F0 -.2(bu)2.825 G(iltin.).2 E F3(type)5.325 +E F0 .325(returns true if all of the ar)2.825 F .326 (guments are found, f)-.18 F .326(alse if an)-.1 F 2.826(ya)-.15 G .326 -(re not)-2.826 F(found.)144 490.8 Q F4(ulimit)108 507.6 Q F0([)2.5 E F4 +(re not)-2.826 F(found.)144 180 Q F3(ulimit)108 196.8 Q F0([)2.5 E F3 (\255HSabcde\214klmnpqrstuvxPT)A F0([)2.5 E F1(limit)A F0(]])A(Pro)144 -519.6 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.744(rt).15 G .244 +208.8 Q .244(vides control o)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.744(rt).15 G .244 (he resources a)-2.744 F -.25(va)-.2 G .244 (ilable to the shell and to processes started by it, on systems).25 F -.943(that allo)144 531.6 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F -(The)5.943 E F4<ad48>3.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F4<ad53>3.444 E F0 .944 +.943(that allo)144 220.8 R 3.443(ws)-.25 G .943(uch control.)-3.443 F +(The)5.943 E F3<ad48>3.443 E F0(and)3.443 E F3<ad53>3.444 E F0 .944 (options specify that the hard or soft limit is set for the)3.444 F(gi) -144 543.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208 +144 232.8 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.709(nr).15 G 2.709(esource. A)-2.709 F .208 (hard limit cannot be increased by a non-root user once it is set; a so\ -ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 555.6 R .425 -(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F4<ad48>2.926 E -F0(nor)2.926 E F4<ad53>2.926 E F0 .426 +ft limit may)2.709 F .425(be increased up to the v)144 244.8 R .425 +(alue of the hard limit.)-.25 F .426(If neither)5.425 F F3<ad48>2.926 E +F0(nor)2.926 E F3<ad53>2.926 E F0 .426 (is speci\214ed, both the soft and)2.926 F .139(hard limits are set.)144 -567.6 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F1(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 +256.8 R .139(The v)5.139 F .139(alue of)-.25 F F1(limit)2.729 E F0 .139 (can be a number in the unit speci\214ed for the resource or one)3.319 F -.741(of the special v)144 579.6 R(alues)-.25 E F4(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F4 -(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F4(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) +.741(of the special v)144 268.8 R(alues)-.25 E F3(hard)3.241 E F0(,)A F3 +(soft)3.241 E F0 3.241(,o)C(r)-3.241 E F3(unlimited)3.241 E F0 3.241(,w) C .741(hich stand for the current hard limit, the current)-3.241 F .78 -(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 591.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E +(soft limit, and no limit, respecti)144 280.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.78(.I)-.65 G(f)-5.78 E F1(limit)3.37 E F0 .78 (is omitted, the current v)3.96 F .78(alue of the soft limit of the)-.25 -F .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 603.6 R F4<ad48>2.999 E F0 +F .498(resource is printed, unless the)144 292.8 R F3<ad48>2.999 E F0 .499(option is gi)2.999 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.999(n. When).15 F .499 (more than one resource is speci\214ed, the)2.999 F -(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 615.6 Q 2.5 -(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F4 -<ad61>144 627.6 Q F0(All current limits are reported)180 627.6 Q F4 -<ad62>144 639.6 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 639.6 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E -(fer size)-.25 E F4<ad63>144 651.6 Q F0 -(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 651.6 Q F4<ad64>144 663.6 -Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 663.6 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se) --2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F4<ad65>144 675.6 Q F0 -(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 675.6 Q F4<ad66>144 -687.6 Q F0 +(limit name and unit are printed before the v)144 304.8 Q 2.5 +(alue. Other)-.25 F(options are interpreted as follo)2.5 E(ws:)-.25 E F3 +<ad61>144 316.8 Q F0(All current limits are reported)180 316.8 Q F3 +<ad62>144 328.8 Q F0(The maximum sock)180 328.8 Q(et b)-.1 E(uf)-.2 E +(fer size)-.25 E F3<ad63>144 340.8 Q F0 +(The maximum size of core \214les created)180 340.8 Q F3<ad64>144 352.8 +Q F0(The maximum size of a process')180 352.8 Q 2.5(sd)-.55 G(ata se) +-2.5 E(gment)-.15 E F3<ad65>144 364.8 Q F0 +(The maximum scheduling priority \("nice"\))180 364.8 Q F3<ad66>144 +376.8 Q F0 (The maximum size of \214les written by the shell and its children)180 -687.6 Q F4<ad69>144 699.6 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180 -699.6 Q F4<ad6b>144 711.6 Q F0 -(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 711.6 Q -(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(22)198.725 E 0 Cg EP -%%Page: 23 23 -%%BeginPageSetup -BP -%%EndPageSetup -/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 -(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 -E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF<ad6c>144 84 Q F0 -(The maximum size that may be lock)180 84 Q(ed into memory)-.1 E F1 -<ad6d>144 96 Q F0(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 96 Q 2.5(ys) --.15 G(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F1<ad6e>144 108 Q F0 .791 -(The maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not al\ -lo)180 108 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F -(be set\))180 120 Q F1<ad70>144 132 Q F0 -(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 132 Q F1 -<ad71>144 144 Q F0(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues) -180 144 Q F1<ad72>144 156 Q F0 -(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 156 Q F1<ad73>144 168 Q -F0(The maximum stack size)180 168 Q F1<ad74>144 180 Q F0 -(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 180 Q F1<ad75>144 192 Q -F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 192 Q -.25(va)-.2 G -(ilable to a single user).25 E F1<ad76>144 204 Q F0 .47 -(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 204 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 -(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 216 -Q F1<ad78>144 228 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 228 Q F1 -<ad50>144 240 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 240 Q F1 -<ad54>144 252 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)180 252 Q(If)144 268.8 -Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve) --.25 G .468(n, and the).15 F F1<ad61>2.968 E F0 .468 -(option is not used,)2.968 F F2(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F -2.968(wv)-.25 G .468(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 -E .044(no option is gi)144 280.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F1 -<ad66>2.544 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 -(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F1 +376.8 Q F3<ad69>144 388.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pending signals)180 +388.8 Q F3<ad6b>144 400.8 Q F0 +(The maximum number of kqueues that may be allocated)180 400.8 Q F3 +<ad6c>144 412.8 Q F0(The maximum size that may be lock)180 412.8 Q +(ed into memory)-.1 E F3<ad6d>144 424.8 Q F0 +(The maximum resident set size \(man)180 424.8 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G +(ystems do not honor this limit\))-2.5 E F3<ad6e>144 436.8 Q F0 .791(Th\ +e maximum number of open \214le descriptors \(most systems do not allo) +180 436.8 R 3.29(wt)-.25 G .79(his v)-3.29 F .79(alue to)-.25 F +(be set\))180 448.8 Q F3<ad70>144 460.8 Q F0 +(The pipe size in 512-byte blocks \(this may not be set\))180 460.8 Q F3 +<ad71>144 472.8 Q F0 +(The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues)180 472.8 Q F3 +<ad72>144 484.8 Q F0(The maximum real-time scheduling priority)180 484.8 +Q F3<ad73>144 496.8 Q F0(The maximum stack size)180 496.8 Q F3<ad74>144 +508.8 Q F0(The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds)180 508.8 Q F3 +<ad75>144 520.8 Q F0(The maximum number of processes a)180 520.8 Q -.25 +(va)-.2 G(ilable to a single user).25 E F3<ad76>144 532.8 Q F0 .47 +(The maximum amount of virtual memory a)180 532.8 R -.25(va)-.2 G .47 +(ilable to the shell and, on some systems, to).25 F(its children)180 +544.8 Q F3<ad78>144 556.8 Q F0(The maximum number of \214le locks)180 +556.8 Q F3<ad50>144 568.8 Q F0(The maximum number of pseudoterminals)180 +568.8 Q F3<ad54>144 580.8 Q F0(The maximum number of threads)180 580.8 Q +(If)144 597.6 Q F1(limit)3.058 E F0 .468(is gi)3.648 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.468(n, and the).15 F F3<ad61>2.968 E F0 .468(option is not used,)2.968 +F F1(limit)2.968 E F0 .468(is the ne)2.968 F 2.968(wv)-.25 G .468 +(alue of the speci\214ed resource.)-3.218 F(If)5.468 E .044 +(no option is gi)144 609.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .044(n, then).15 F F3<ad66> +2.544 E F0 .045(is assumed.)2.545 F -1.11(Va)5.045 G .045 +(lues are in 1024-byte increments, e)1.11 F .045(xcept for)-.15 F F3 <ad74>2.545 E F0 2.545(,w)C .045(hich is)-2.545 F 1.589(in seconds;)144 -292.8 R F1<ad70>4.089 E F0 4.089(,w)C 1.589 -(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)-4.089 F F1<ad50>4.089 E F0(,)A F1 -<ad54>4.089 E F0(,)A F1<ad62>4.089 E F0(,)A F1<ad6b>4.089 E F0(,)A F1 -<ad6e>4.089 E F0 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F1<ad75>4.089 E F0 4.088(,w)C -1.588(hich are)-4.088 F 1.438(unscaled v)144 304.8 R 1.438 -(alues; and, when in Posix mode,)-.25 F F1<ad63>3.939 E F0(and)3.939 E -F1<ad66>3.939 E F0 3.939(,w)C 1.439(hich are in 512-byte increments.) --3.939 F(The)6.439 E .404(return status is 0 unless an in)144 316.8 R +621.6 R F3<ad70>4.089 E F0 4.089(,w)C 1.589 +(hich is in units of 512-byte blocks;)-4.089 F F3<ad50>4.089 E F0(,)A F3 +<ad54>4.089 E F0(,)A F3<ad62>4.089 E F0(,)A F3<ad6b>4.089 E F0(,)A F3 +<ad6e>4.089 E F0 4.089(,a)C(nd)-4.089 E F3<ad75>4.089 E F0 4.088(,w)C +1.588(hich are)-4.088 F 1.438(unscaled v)144 633.6 R 1.438 +(alues; and, when in Posix mode,)-.25 F F3<ad63>3.939 E F0(and)3.939 E +F3<ad66>3.939 E F0 3.939(,w)C 1.439(hich are in 512-byte increments.) +-3.939 F(The)6.439 E .404(return status is 0 unless an in)144 645.6 R -.25(va)-.4 G .404(lid option or ar).25 F .404 (gument is supplied, or an error occurs while setting)-.18 F 2.5(an)144 -328.8 S .5 -.25(ew l)-2.5 H(imit.).25 E F1(umask)108 345.6 Q F0([)2.5 E -F1<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F1<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F2(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A -.2(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 357.6 R F2(mode)2.7 E F0 -5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F2(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2 +657.6 S .5 -.25(ew l)-2.5 H(imit.).25 E F3(umask)108 674.4 Q F0([)2.5 E +F3<ad70>A F0 2.5(][)C F3<ad53>-2.5 E F0 2.5(][)C F1(mode)-2.5 E F0(])A +.2(The user \214le-creation mask is set to)144 686.4 R F1(mode)2.7 E F0 +5.2(.I).18 G(f)-5.2 E F1(mode)3.08 E F0(be)2.88 E .2 (gins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal)-.15 F .066(number; o\ therwise it is interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that acce\ -pted by)144 369.6 R F2 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 -381.6 Q F2(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 -(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F1<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382 +pted by)144 698.4 R F1 -.15(ch)2.566 G(mod).15 E F0(\(1\).).77 E(If)144 +710.4 Q F1(mode)3.262 E F0 .382(is omitted, the current v)3.062 F .382 +(alue of the mask is printed.)-.25 F(The)5.382 E F3<ad53>2.882 E F0 .382 (option causes the mask to be)2.882 F .547 -(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 393.6 R .547 +(printed in symbolic form; the def)144 722.4 R .547 (ault output is an octal number)-.1 F 5.547(.I)-.55 G 3.047(ft)-5.547 G -(he)-3.047 E F1<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F F2 -(mode)144.38 405.6 Q F0 .551 -(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.)3.231 -F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 417.6 Q -(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F2(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E -(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E F1 -(unalias)108 434.4 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0 -(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 446.4 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach).15 E F2(name) -4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 F(If)6.655 E -F1<ad61>4.155 E F0 1.655(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155 -F(remo)144 458.4 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E -(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F2(name)2.86 E F0 -(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F1(unset)108 475.2 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F1 -(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F1(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F2(name)-2.5 E F0(...]) -2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 487.2 S 3.827(re).15 G(ach)-3.827 E F2(name)3.827 E F0 +(he)-3.047 E F3<ad70>3.047 E F0 .547(option is supplied, and)3.047 F +(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)149.565 E(23)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +%%Page: 24 24 +%%BeginPageSetup +BP +%%EndPageSetup +/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S(SH_B).35 E(UIL)-.1 E 87.61 +(TINS\(1\) General)-.92 F(Commands Manual)2.5 E -.35(BA)90.11 G(SH_B).35 +E(UIL)-.1 E(TINS\(1\))-.92 E/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(mode)144.38 84 Q F0 +.551(is omitted, the output is in a form that may be reused as input.) +3.231 F .552(The return status is 0 if the)5.552 F(mode w)144 96 Q +(as successfully changed or if no)-.1 E F1(mode)2.5 E F0(ar)2.5 E +(gument w)-.18 E(as supplied, and f)-.1 E(alse otherwise.)-.1 E/F2 10 +/Times-Bold@0 SF(unalias)108 112.8 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2(a)A F0 2.5(][)C F1 +(name)-2.5 E F0(...])2.5 E(Remo)144 124.8 Q 1.955 -.15(ve e)-.15 H(ach) +.15 E F1(name)4.155 E F0 1.655(from the list of de\214ned aliases.)4.155 +F(If)6.655 E F2<ad61>4.155 E F0 1.655 +(is supplied, all alias de\214nitions are)4.155 F(remo)144 136.8 Q -.15 +(ve)-.15 G 2.5(d. The).15 F(return v)2.5 E +(alue is true unless a supplied)-.25 E F1(name)2.86 E F0 +(is not a de\214ned alias.)2.68 E F2(unset)108 153.6 Q F0<5bad>2.5 E F2 +(fv)A F0 2.5(][)C<ad>-2.5 E F2(n)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(name)-2.5 E F0(...]) +2.5 E -.15(Fo)144 165.6 S 3.827(re).15 G(ach)-3.827 E F1(name)3.827 E F0 3.827(,r).18 G(emo)-3.827 E 1.627 -.15(ve t)-.15 H 1.327 (he corresponding v).15 F 1.327(ariable or function.)-.25 F 1.327 -(If the)6.327 F F1<ad76>3.828 E F0 1.328(option is gi)3.828 F -.15(ve) --.25 G 1.328(n, each).15 F F2(name)144.36 499.2 Q F0 1.551 +(If the)6.327 F F2<ad76>3.828 E F0 1.328(option is gi)3.828 F -.15(ve) +-.25 G 1.328(n, each).15 F F1(name)144.36 177.6 Q F0 1.551 (refers to a shell v)4.231 F 1.551(ariable, and that v)-.25 F 1.551 (ariable is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 4.05(d. Read-only).15 F -.25(va) -4.05 G 1.55(riables may not be).25 F 4.641(unset. If)144 511.2 R F1 -<ad66>4.641 E F0 2.141(is speci\214ed, each)4.641 F F2(name)5.001 E F0 +4.05 G 1.55(riables may not be).25 F 4.641(unset. If)144 189.6 R F2 +<ad66>4.641 E F0 2.141(is speci\214ed, each)4.641 F F1(name)5.001 E F0 2.141(refers to a shell function, and the function de\214nition is)4.821 -F(remo)144 523.2 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.538(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F1<ad6e> -2.537 E F0 .037(option is supplied, and)2.537 F F2(name)2.537 E F0 .037 -(is a v)2.537 F .037(ariable with the)-.25 F F2(namer)2.537 E(ef)-.37 E -F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F2(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.537 E .492 -(be unset rather than the v)144 535.2 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25 -F F1<ad6e>5.492 E F0 .492(has no ef)2.992 F .492(fect if the)-.25 F F1 +F(remo)144 201.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G 2.538(d. If).15 F(the)2.537 E F2<ad6e> +2.537 E F0 .037(option is supplied, and)2.537 F F1(name)2.537 E F0 .037 +(is a v)2.537 F .037(ariable with the)-.25 F F1(namer)2.537 E(ef)-.37 E +F0(attrib)2.537 E(ute,)-.2 E F1(name)2.537 E F0(will)2.537 E .492 +(be unset rather than the v)144 213.6 R .492(ariable it references.)-.25 +F F2<ad6e>5.492 E F0 .492(has no ef)2.992 F .492(fect if the)-.25 F F2 <ad66>2.992 E F0 .492(option is supplied.)2.992 F .493(If no)5.493 F -.221(options are supplied, each)144 547.2 R F2(name)2.721 E F0 .221 +.221(options are supplied, each)144 225.6 R F1(name)2.721 E F0 .221 (refers to a v)2.721 F .22(ariable; if there is no v)-.25 F .22 (ariable by that name, an)-.25 F 2.72(yf)-.15 G(unc-)-2.72 E 1.188 -(tion with that name is unset.)144 559.2 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F +(tion with that name is unset.)144 237.6 R 1.189(Each unset v)6.189 F 1.189(ariable or function is remo)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 3.689(df).15 G 1.189(rom the en)-3.689 F(vironment)-.4 E 3.206 -(passed to subsequent commands.)144 571.2 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706 +(passed to subsequent commands.)144 249.6 R 3.206(If an)8.206 F 5.706 (yo)-.15 G(f)-5.706 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF(COMP_W)5.706 E(ORDBREAKS)-.09 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(,)A F3(RANDOM)5.455 E F4(,)A F3(SECONDS)5.455 E -F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 583.2 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.347 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN) +F4(,)A F3(LINENO)144 261.6 Q F4(,)A F3(HISTCMD)4.347 E F4(,)A F3(FUNCN) 4.347 E(AME)-.18 E F4(,)A F3(GR)4.347 E(OUPS)-.27 E F4(,)A F0(or)4.348 E F3(DIRST)4.598 E -.495(AC)-.81 G(K).495 E F0 2.098(are unset, the)4.348 F 4.598(yl)-.15 G 2.098(ose their special)-4.598 F(properties, e)144 -595.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 +273.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(ft)-2.5 G(he)-2.5 E 2.5(ya)-.15 G(re subsequently reset.)-2.5 E(The e)5 E(xit status is true unless a) --.15 E F2(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F1(wait)108 612 Q -F0([)2.5 E F1<ad6e>A F0 2.5(][)C F2 2.5(n.)-2.5 G(..)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8 -(Wa)144 624 S .027(it for each speci\214ed child process and return its\ - termination status.).8 F(Each)5.026 E F2(n)2.886 E F0 .026 -(may be a process ID)2.766 F .256 -(or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 636 R -.15(ve)-.25 G -.256(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.756(sp)-.55 G .256 -(ipeline are w)-2.756 F .256(aited for)-.1 F 5.256(.I)-.55 G(f)-5.256 E -F2(n)3.116 E F0 .318(is not gi)144 648 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .318 -(n, all currently acti).15 F .618 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .318 -(hild processes are w).15 F .318(aited for)-.1 F 2.818(,a)-.4 G .318 -(nd the return status is zero.)-2.818 F .317(If the)5.317 F F1<ad6e>144 -660 Q F0 .361(option is supplied,)2.861 F F1(wait)2.861 E F0 -.1(wa) -2.861 G .361(its for an).1 F 2.862(yj)-.15 G .362 -(ob to terminate and returns its e)-2.862 F .362(xit status.)-.15 F(If) -5.362 E F2(n)3.222 E F0(speci\214es)3.102 E 2.596(an)144 672 S(on-e) --2.596 E .096(xistent process or job, the return status is 127.)-.15 F -.095(Otherwise, the return status is the e)5.095 F .095(xit status)-.15 -F(of the last process or job w)144 684 Q(aited for)-.1 E(.)-.55 E/F5 -10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SEE ALSO)72 700.8 Q F0(bash\(1\), sh\(1\))108 -712.8 Q(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20)148.735 E(23)198.725 E 0 Cg EP +-.15 E F1(name)2.86 E F0(is readonly)2.68 E(.)-.65 E F2(wait)108 290.4 Q +F0([)2.5 E F2(\255fn)A F0 2.5(][)C F1(id ...)-2.5 E F0(])A -.8(Wa)144 +302.4 S .659(it for each speci\214ed child process and return its termi\ +nation status.).8 F(Each)5.659 E F1(id)3.169 E F0 .658(may be a process) +3.928 F .008(ID or a job speci\214cation; if a job spec is gi)144 314.4 +R -.15(ve)-.25 G .009(n, all processes in that job').15 F 2.509(sp)-.55 +G .009(ipeline are w)-2.509 F .009(aited for)-.1 F 5.009(.I)-.55 G(f) +-5.009 E F1(id)144.01 326.4 Q F0 .522(is not gi)3.792 F -.15(ve)-.25 G +.521(n, all currently acti).15 F .821 -.15(ve c)-.25 H .521 +(hild processes are w).15 F .521(aited for)-.1 F 3.021(,a)-.4 G .521 +(nd the return status is zero.)-3.021 F(If)5.521 E(the)144 338.4 Q F2 +<ad6e>3.056 E F0 .556(option is supplied,)3.056 F F2(wait)3.057 E F0 -.1 +(wa)3.057 G .557(its for an).1 F 3.057(yj)-.15 G .557 +(ob to terminate and returns its e)-3.057 F .557(xit status.)-.15 F .557 +(If the)5.557 F F2<ad66>3.057 E F0 .587 +(option is supplied, and job control is enabled,)144 350.4 R F2(wait) +3.086 E F0(forces)3.086 E F1(id)3.086 E F0 .586 +(to terminate before returning its sta-)3.086 F .755 +(tus, instead of returning when it changes status.)144 362.4 R(If)5.756 +E F1(id)3.266 E F0 .756(speci\214es a non-e)4.026 F .756 +(xistent process or job, the)-.15 F .365(return status is 127.)144 374.4 +R .365(Otherwise, the return status is the e)5.365 F .365 +(xit status of the last process or job w)-.15 F(aited)-.1 E(for)144 +386.4 Q(.)-.55 E/F5 10.95/Times-Bold@0 SF(SEE ALSO)72 403.2 Q F0 +(bash\(1\), sh\(1\))108 415.2 Q(GNU Bash 5.0)72 768 Q(2004 Apr 20) +149.565 E(24)198.725 E 0 Cg EP %%Trailer end %%EOF diff --git a/doc/rbash.ps b/doc/rbash.ps index 244a4990..9c4c5fd0 100644 --- a/doc/rbash.ps +++ b/doc/rbash.ps @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ %!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: groff version 1.22.3 -%%CreationDate: Wed Aug 31 10:24:00 2016 +%%CreationDate: Mon Mar 19 09:43:23 2018 %%DocumentNeededResources: font Times-Roman %%+ font Times-Bold %%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset grops 1.22 3 diff --git a/doc/version.texi b/doc/version.texi index 90bdb3e1..2072eeed 100644 --- a/doc/version.texi +++ b/doc/version.texi @@ -1,11 +1,11 @@ @ignore -Copyright (C) 1988-2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1988-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @end ignore -@set LASTCHANGE Wed Sep 7 17:12:22 EDT 2016 +@set LASTCHANGE Thu Mar 15 11:29:49 EDT 2018 -@set EDITION 4.4 -@set VERSION 4.4 +@set EDITION 5.0 +@set VERSION 5.0 -@set UPDATED 7 September 2016 -@set UPDATED-MONTH September 2016 +@set UPDATED 15 March 2018 +@set UPDATED-MONTH March 2018 |