Imported Upstream version 204

130 files changed, 46053 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/core/audit-fd.c b/src/core/audit-fd.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5955bd846e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/audit-fd.c
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include "audit-fd.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <libaudit.h>
+
+#include "log.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+static bool initialized = false;
+static int audit_fd;
+
+int get_audit_fd(void) {
+
+        if (!initialized) {
+                audit_fd = audit_open();
+
+                if (audit_fd < 0) {
+                        if (errno != EAFNOSUPPORT && errno != EPROTONOSUPPORT)
+                                log_error("Failed to connect to audit log: %m");
+
+                        audit_fd = errno ? -errno : -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                initialized = true;
+        }
+
+        return audit_fd;
+}
+
+void close_audit_fd(void) {
+
+        if (initialized && audit_fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(audit_fd);
+
+        initialized = true;
+        audit_fd = -ECONNRESET;
+}
+
+#else
+
+int get_audit_fd(void) {
+        return -EAFNOSUPPORT;
+}
+
+void close_audit_fd(void) {
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/core/audit-fd.h b/src/core/audit-fd.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b58289dc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/audit-fd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int get_audit_fd(void);
+void close_audit_fd(void);
diff --git a/src/core/automount.c b/src/core/automount.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a20d5340f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/automount.c
@@ -0,0 +1,920 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <linux/auto_fs4.h>
+#include <linux/auto_dev-ioctl.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "automount.h"
+#include "mount.h"
+#include "load-fragment.h"
+#include "load-dropin.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "dbus-automount.h"
+#include "bus-errors.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "label.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_AUTOMOUNT_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [AUTOMOUNT_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [AUTOMOUNT_WAITING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [AUTOMOUNT_RUNNING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [AUTOMOUNT_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED
+};
+
+static int open_dev_autofs(Manager *m);
+
+static void automount_init(Unit *u) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        a->pipe_watch.fd = a->pipe_fd = -1;
+        a->pipe_watch.type = WATCH_INVALID;
+
+        a->directory_mode = 0755;
+
+        UNIT(a)->ignore_on_isolate = true;
+}
+
+static void repeat_unmout(const char *path) {
+        assert(path);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                /* If there are multiple mounts on a mount point, this
+                 * removes them all */
+
+                if (umount2(path, MNT_DETACH) >= 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (errno != EINVAL)
+                        log_error("Failed to unmount: %m");
+
+                break;
+        }
+}
+
+static void unmount_autofs(Automount *a) {
+        assert(a);
+
+        if (a->pipe_fd < 0)
+                return;
+
+        automount_send_ready(a, -EHOSTDOWN);
+
+        unit_unwatch_fd(UNIT(a), &a->pipe_watch);
+        close_nointr_nofail(a->pipe_fd);
+        a->pipe_fd = -1;
+
+        /* If we reload/reexecute things we keep the mount point
+         * around */
+        if (a->where &&
+            (UNIT(a)->manager->exit_code != MANAGER_RELOAD &&
+             UNIT(a)->manager->exit_code != MANAGER_REEXECUTE))
+                repeat_unmout(a->where);
+}
+
+static void automount_done(Unit *u) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        unmount_autofs(a);
+
+        free(a->where);
+        a->where = NULL;
+
+        set_free(a->tokens);
+        a->tokens = NULL;
+}
+
+int automount_add_one_mount_link(Automount *a, Mount *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (UNIT(a)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED ||
+            UNIT(m)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!path_startswith(a->where, m->where))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (path_equal(a->where, m->where))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies(UNIT(a), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES, UNIT(m), true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int automount_add_mount_links(Automount *a) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, other, UNIT(a)->manager->units_by_type[UNIT_MOUNT]) {
+                r = automount_add_one_mount_link(a, MOUNT(other));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int automount_add_default_dependencies(Automount *a) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        if (UNIT(a)->manager->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(a), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS, SPECIAL_UMOUNT_TARGET, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int automount_verify(Automount *a) {
+        bool b;
+        char *e;
+        assert(a);
+
+        if (UNIT(a)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (path_equal(a->where, "/")) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(a)->id, "Cannot have an automount unit for the root directory. Refusing.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        e = unit_name_from_path(a->where, ".automount");
+        if (!e)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        b = unit_has_name(UNIT(a), e);
+        free(e);
+
+        if (!b) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(a)->id, "%s's Where setting doesn't match unit name. Refusing.", UNIT(a)->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int automount_load(Unit *u) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        /* Load a .automount file */
+        r = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin_optional(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+                Unit *x;
+
+                if (!a->where) {
+                        a->where = unit_name_to_path(u->id);
+                        if (!a->where)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                path_kill_slashes(a->where);
+
+                r = unit_load_related_unit(u, ".mount", &x);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies(u, UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_TRIGGERS, x, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = automount_add_mount_links(a);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (UNIT(a)->default_dependencies) {
+                        r = automount_add_default_dependencies(a);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return automount_verify(a);
+}
+
+static void automount_set_state(Automount *a, AutomountState state) {
+        AutomountState old_state;
+        assert(a);
+
+        old_state = a->state;
+        a->state = state;
+
+        if (state != AUTOMOUNT_WAITING &&
+            state != AUTOMOUNT_RUNNING)
+                unmount_autofs(a);
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(a)->id,
+                               "%s changed %s -> %s",
+                               UNIT(a)->id,
+                               automount_state_to_string(old_state),
+                               automount_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(a), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], true);
+}
+
+static int automount_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(a->state == AUTOMOUNT_DEAD);
+
+        if (a->deserialized_state != a->state) {
+
+                r = open_dev_autofs(u->manager);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (a->deserialized_state == AUTOMOUNT_WAITING ||
+                    a->deserialized_state == AUTOMOUNT_RUNNING) {
+
+                        assert(a->pipe_fd >= 0);
+
+                        r = unit_watch_fd(UNIT(a), a->pipe_fd, EPOLLIN, &a->pipe_watch);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                automount_set_state(a, a->deserialized_state);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void automount_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sAutomount State: %s\n"
+                "%sResult: %s\n"
+                "%sWhere: %s\n"
+                "%sDirectoryMode: %04o\n",
+                prefix, automount_state_to_string(a->state),
+                prefix, automount_result_to_string(a->result),
+                prefix, a->where,
+                prefix, a->directory_mode);
+}
+
+static void automount_enter_dead(Automount *a, AutomountResult f) {
+        assert(a);
+
+        if (f != AUTOMOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                a->result = f;
+
+        automount_set_state(a, a->result != AUTOMOUNT_SUCCESS ? AUTOMOUNT_FAILED : AUTOMOUNT_DEAD);
+}
+
+static int open_dev_autofs(Manager *m) {
+        struct autofs_dev_ioctl param;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->dev_autofs_fd >= 0)
+                return m->dev_autofs_fd;
+
+        label_fix("/dev/autofs", false, false);
+
+        m->dev_autofs_fd = open("/dev/autofs", O_CLOEXEC|O_RDONLY);
+        if (m->dev_autofs_fd < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to open /dev/autofs: %s", strerror(errno));
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        init_autofs_dev_ioctl(&param);
+        if (ioctl(m->dev_autofs_fd, AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_VERSION, &param) < 0) {
+                close_nointr_nofail(m->dev_autofs_fd);
+                m->dev_autofs_fd = -1;
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        log_debug("Autofs kernel version %i.%i", param.ver_major, param.ver_minor);
+
+        return m->dev_autofs_fd;
+}
+
+static int open_ioctl_fd(int dev_autofs_fd, const char *where, dev_t devid) {
+        struct autofs_dev_ioctl *param;
+        size_t l;
+
+        assert(dev_autofs_fd >= 0);
+        assert(where);
+
+        l = sizeof(struct autofs_dev_ioctl) + strlen(where) + 1;
+        param = alloca(l);
+
+        init_autofs_dev_ioctl(param);
+        param->size = l;
+        param->ioctlfd = -1;
+        param->openmount.devid = devid;
+        strcpy(param->path, where);
+
+        if (ioctl(dev_autofs_fd, AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_OPENMOUNT, param) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (param->ioctlfd < 0)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        fd_cloexec(param->ioctlfd, true);
+        return param->ioctlfd;
+}
+
+static int autofs_protocol(int dev_autofs_fd, int ioctl_fd) {
+        uint32_t major, minor;
+        struct autofs_dev_ioctl param;
+
+        assert(dev_autofs_fd >= 0);
+        assert(ioctl_fd >= 0);
+
+        init_autofs_dev_ioctl(&param);
+        param.ioctlfd = ioctl_fd;
+
+        if (ioctl(dev_autofs_fd, AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_PROTOVER, &param) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        major = param.protover.version;
+
+        init_autofs_dev_ioctl(&param);
+        param.ioctlfd = ioctl_fd;
+
+        if (ioctl(dev_autofs_fd, AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_PROTOSUBVER, &param) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        minor = param.protosubver.sub_version;
+
+        log_debug("Autofs protocol version %i.%i", major, minor);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int autofs_set_timeout(int dev_autofs_fd, int ioctl_fd, time_t sec) {
+        struct autofs_dev_ioctl param;
+
+        assert(dev_autofs_fd >= 0);
+        assert(ioctl_fd >= 0);
+
+        init_autofs_dev_ioctl(&param);
+        param.ioctlfd = ioctl_fd;
+        param.timeout.timeout = sec;
+
+        if (ioctl(dev_autofs_fd, AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_TIMEOUT, &param) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int autofs_send_ready(int dev_autofs_fd, int ioctl_fd, uint32_t token, int status) {
+        struct autofs_dev_ioctl param;
+
+        assert(dev_autofs_fd >= 0);
+        assert(ioctl_fd >= 0);
+
+        init_autofs_dev_ioctl(&param);
+        param.ioctlfd = ioctl_fd;
+
+        if (status) {
+                param.fail.token = token;
+                param.fail.status = status;
+        } else
+                param.ready.token = token;
+
+        if (ioctl(dev_autofs_fd, status ? AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_FAIL : AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_READY, &param) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int automount_send_ready(Automount *a, int status) {
+        int ioctl_fd, r;
+        unsigned token;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(status <= 0);
+
+        if (set_isempty(a->tokens))
+                return 0;
+
+        ioctl_fd = open_ioctl_fd(UNIT(a)->manager->dev_autofs_fd, a->where, a->dev_id);
+        if (ioctl_fd < 0) {
+                r = ioctl_fd;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (status)
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(a)->id, "Sending failure: %s", strerror(-status));
+        else
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(a)->id, "Sending success.");
+
+        r = 0;
+
+        /* Autofs thankfully does not hand out 0 as a token */
+        while ((token = PTR_TO_UINT(set_steal_first(a->tokens)))) {
+                int k;
+
+                /* Autofs fun fact II:
+                 *
+                 * if you pass a positive status code here, the kernel will
+                 * freeze! Yay! */
+
+                k = autofs_send_ready(UNIT(a)->manager->dev_autofs_fd,
+                                      ioctl_fd,
+                                      token,
+                                      status);
+                if (k < 0)
+                        r = k;
+        }
+
+fail:
+        if (ioctl_fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(ioctl_fd);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void automount_enter_waiting(Automount *a) {
+        int p[2] = { -1, -1 };
+        char name[32], options[128];
+        bool mounted = false;
+        int r, ioctl_fd = -1, dev_autofs_fd;
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(a->pipe_fd < 0);
+        assert(a->where);
+
+        if (a->tokens)
+                set_clear(a->tokens);
+
+        dev_autofs_fd = open_dev_autofs(UNIT(a)->manager);
+        if (dev_autofs_fd < 0) {
+                r = dev_autofs_fd;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* We knowingly ignore the results of this call */
+        mkdir_p_label(a->where, 0555);
+
+        warn_if_dir_nonempty(a->meta.id, a->where);
+
+        if (pipe2(p, O_NONBLOCK|O_CLOEXEC) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        snprintf(options, sizeof(options), "fd=%i,pgrp=%u,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct", p[1], (unsigned) getpgrp());
+        char_array_0(options);
+
+        snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "systemd-%u", (unsigned) getpid());
+        char_array_0(name);
+
+        if (mount(name, a->where, "autofs", 0, options) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        mounted = true;
+
+        close_nointr_nofail(p[1]);
+        p[1] = -1;
+
+        if (stat(a->where, &st) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        ioctl_fd = open_ioctl_fd(dev_autofs_fd, a->where, st.st_dev);
+        if (ioctl_fd < 0) {
+                r = ioctl_fd;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = autofs_protocol(dev_autofs_fd, ioctl_fd);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = autofs_set_timeout(dev_autofs_fd, ioctl_fd, 300);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* Autofs fun fact:
+         *
+         * Unless we close the ioctl fd here, for some weird reason
+         * the direct mount will not receive events from the
+         * kernel. */
+
+        close_nointr_nofail(ioctl_fd);
+        ioctl_fd = -1;
+
+        r = unit_watch_fd(UNIT(a), p[0], EPOLLIN, &a->pipe_watch);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        a->pipe_fd = p[0];
+        a->dev_id = st.st_dev;
+
+        automount_set_state(a, AUTOMOUNT_WAITING);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        assert_se(close_pipe(p) == 0);
+
+        if (ioctl_fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(ioctl_fd);
+
+        if (mounted)
+                repeat_unmout(a->where);
+
+        log_error_unit(UNIT(a)->id,
+                       "Failed to initialize automounter: %s", strerror(-r));
+        automount_enter_dead(a, AUTOMOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void automount_enter_runnning(Automount *a) {
+        _cleanup_dbus_error_free_ DBusError error;
+        struct stat st;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        /* We don't take mount requests anymore if we are supposed to
+         * shut down anyway */
+        if (unit_stop_pending(UNIT(a))) {
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(a)->id,
+                               "Suppressing automount request on %s since unit stop is scheduled.", UNIT(a)->id);
+                automount_send_ready(a, -EHOSTDOWN);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        mkdir_p_label(a->where, a->directory_mode);
+
+        /* Before we do anything, let's see if somebody is playing games with us? */
+        if (lstat(a->where, &st) < 0) {
+                log_warning_unit(UNIT(a)->id,
+                                 "%s failed to stat automount point: %m", UNIT(a)->id);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) || st.st_dev != a->dev_id)
+                log_info_unit(UNIT(a)->id,
+                              "%s's automount point already active?", UNIT(a)->id);
+        else {
+                r = manager_add_job(UNIT(a)->manager, JOB_START, UNIT_TRIGGER(UNIT(a)),
+                                    JOB_REPLACE, true, &error, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(a)->id,
+                                         "%s failed to queue mount startup job: %s",
+                                         UNIT(a)->id, bus_error(&error, r));
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+        }
+
+        automount_set_state(a, AUTOMOUNT_RUNNING);
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        automount_enter_dead(a, AUTOMOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static int automount_start(Unit *u) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(a->state == AUTOMOUNT_DEAD || a->state == AUTOMOUNT_FAILED);
+
+        if (path_is_mount_point(a->where, false)) {
+                log_error_unit(u->id,
+                               "Path %s is already a mount point, refusing start for %s",
+                               a->where, u->id);
+                return -EEXIST;
+        }
+
+        if (UNIT_TRIGGER(u)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        a->result = AUTOMOUNT_SUCCESS;
+        automount_enter_waiting(a);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int automount_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(a->state == AUTOMOUNT_WAITING || a->state == AUTOMOUNT_RUNNING);
+
+        automount_enter_dead(a, AUTOMOUNT_SUCCESS);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int automount_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+        void *p;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", automount_state_to_string(a->state));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "result", automount_result_to_string(a->result));
+        unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "dev-id", "%u", (unsigned) a->dev_id);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(p, a->tokens, i)
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "token", "%u", PTR_TO_UINT(p));
+
+        if (a->pipe_fd >= 0) {
+                int copy;
+
+                copy = fdset_put_dup(fds, a->pipe_fd);
+                if (copy < 0)
+                        return copy;
+
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "pipe-fd", "%i", copy);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int automount_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                AutomountState state;
+
+                state = automount_state_from_string(value);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse state value %s", value);
+                else
+                        a->deserialized_state = state;
+        } else if (streq(key, "result")) {
+                AutomountResult f;
+
+                f = automount_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse result value %s", value);
+                else if (f != AUTOMOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                        a->result = f;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "dev-id")) {
+                unsigned d;
+
+                if (safe_atou(value, &d) < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse dev-id value %s", value);
+                else
+                        a->dev_id = (unsigned) d;
+        } else if (streq(key, "token")) {
+                unsigned token;
+
+                if (safe_atou(value, &token) < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse token value %s", value);
+                else {
+                        if (!a->tokens)
+                                if (!(a->tokens = set_new(trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func)))
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        r = set_put(a->tokens, UINT_TO_PTR(token));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        } else if (streq(key, "pipe-fd")) {
+                int fd;
+
+                if (safe_atoi(value, &fd) < 0 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse pipe-fd value %s", value);
+                else {
+                        if (a->pipe_fd >= 0)
+                                close_nointr_nofail(a->pipe_fd);
+
+                        a->pipe_fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                }
+        } else
+                log_debug_unit(u->id, "Unknown serialization key '%s'", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static UnitActiveState automount_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[AUTOMOUNT(u)->state];
+}
+
+static const char *automount_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return automount_state_to_string(AUTOMOUNT(u)->state);
+}
+
+static bool automount_check_gc(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!UNIT_TRIGGER(u))
+                return false;
+
+        return UNIT_VTABLE(UNIT_TRIGGER(u))->check_gc(UNIT_TRIGGER(u));
+}
+
+static void automount_fd_event(Unit *u, int fd, uint32_t events, Watch *w) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+        union autofs_v5_packet_union packet;
+        ssize_t l;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+        assert(fd == a->pipe_fd);
+
+        if (events != EPOLLIN) {
+                log_error_unit(u->id, "Got invalid poll event on pipe.");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        l = loop_read(a->pipe_fd, &packet, sizeof(packet), true);
+        if (l != sizeof(packet)) {
+                log_error_unit(u->id, "Invalid read from pipe: %s", l < 0 ? strerror(-l) : "short read");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        switch (packet.hdr.type) {
+
+        case autofs_ptype_missing_direct:
+
+                if (packet.v5_packet.pid > 0) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+                        get_process_comm(packet.v5_packet.pid, &p);
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                                       "Got direct mount request on %s, triggered by %lu (%s)",
+                                       a->where, (unsigned long) packet.v5_packet.pid, strna(p));
+                } else
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Got direct mount request on %s", a->where);
+
+                r = set_ensure_allocated(&a->tokens, trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_unit(u->id, "Failed to allocate token set.");
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = set_put(a->tokens, UINT_TO_PTR(packet.v5_packet.wait_queue_token));
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_unit(u->id, "Failed to remember token: %s", strerror(-r));
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                automount_enter_runnning(a);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                log_error_unit(u->id, "Received unknown automount request %i", packet.hdr.type);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        automount_enter_dead(a, AUTOMOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void automount_shutdown(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->dev_autofs_fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(m->dev_autofs_fd);
+}
+
+static void automount_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
+        Automount *a = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        if (a->state == AUTOMOUNT_FAILED)
+                automount_set_state(a, AUTOMOUNT_DEAD);
+
+        a->result = AUTOMOUNT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static const char* const automount_state_table[_AUTOMOUNT_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [AUTOMOUNT_DEAD] = "dead",
+        [AUTOMOUNT_WAITING] = "waiting",
+        [AUTOMOUNT_RUNNING] = "running",
+        [AUTOMOUNT_FAILED] = "failed"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(automount_state, AutomountState);
+
+static const char* const automount_result_table[_AUTOMOUNT_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [AUTOMOUNT_SUCCESS] = "success",
+        [AUTOMOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES] = "resources"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(automount_result, AutomountResult);
+
+const UnitVTable automount_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Automount),
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Automount\0"
+                "Install\0",
+
+        .no_alias = true,
+        .no_instances = true,
+
+        .init = automount_init,
+        .load = automount_load,
+        .done = automount_done,
+
+        .coldplug = automount_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = automount_dump,
+
+        .start = automount_start,
+        .stop = automount_stop,
+
+        .serialize = automount_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = automount_deserialize_item,
+
+        .active_state = automount_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = automount_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .check_gc = automount_check_gc,
+
+        .fd_event = automount_fd_event,
+
+        .reset_failed = automount_reset_failed,
+
+        .bus_interface = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Automount",
+        .bus_message_handler = bus_automount_message_handler,
+        .bus_invalidating_properties = bus_automount_invalidating_properties,
+
+        .shutdown = automount_shutdown,
+
+        .status_message_formats = {
+                .finished_start_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Set up automount %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed to set up automount %s.",
+                        [JOB_DEPENDENCY] = "Dependency failed for %s.",
+                },
+                .finished_stop_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Unset automount %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed to unset automount %s.",
+                },
+        },
+};
diff --git a/src/core/automount.h b/src/core/automount.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c6b8a72e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/automount.h
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Automount Automount;
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+typedef enum AutomountState {
+        AUTOMOUNT_DEAD,
+        AUTOMOUNT_WAITING,
+        AUTOMOUNT_RUNNING,
+        AUTOMOUNT_FAILED,
+        _AUTOMOUNT_STATE_MAX,
+        _AUTOMOUNT_STATE_INVALID = -1
+} AutomountState;
+
+typedef enum AutomountResult {
+        AUTOMOUNT_SUCCESS,
+        AUTOMOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES,
+        _AUTOMOUNT_RESULT_MAX,
+        _AUTOMOUNT_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+} AutomountResult;
+
+struct Automount {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        AutomountState state, deserialized_state;
+
+        char *where;
+
+        int pipe_fd;
+        mode_t directory_mode;
+        Watch pipe_watch;
+        dev_t dev_id;
+
+        Set *tokens;
+
+        AutomountResult result;
+};
+
+extern const UnitVTable automount_vtable;
+
+int automount_send_ready(Automount *a, int status);
+
+int automount_add_one_mount_link(Automount *a, Mount *m);
+
+const char* automount_state_to_string(AutomountState i) _const_;
+AutomountState automount_state_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* automount_result_to_string(AutomountResult i) _const_;
+AutomountResult automount_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/core/build.h b/src/core/build.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4513a0bad7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/build.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PAM
+#define _PAM_FEATURE_ "+PAM"
+#else
+#define _PAM_FEATURE_ "-PAM"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBWRAP
+#define _LIBWRAP_FEATURE_ "+LIBWRAP"
+#else
+#define _LIBWRAP_FEATURE_ "-LIBWRAP"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+#define _AUDIT_FEATURE_ "+AUDIT"
+#else
+#define _AUDIT_FEATURE_ "-AUDIT"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+#define _SELINUX_FEATURE_ "+SELINUX"
+#else
+#define _SELINUX_FEATURE_ "-SELINUX"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_IMA
+#define _IMA_FEATURE_ "+IMA"
+#else
+#define _IMA_FEATURE_ "-IMA"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+#define _SYSVINIT_FEATURE_ "+SYSVINIT"
+#else
+#define _SYSVINIT_FEATURE_ "-SYSVINIT"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBCRYPTSETUP
+#define _LIBCRYPTSETUP_FEATURE_ "+LIBCRYPTSETUP"
+#else
+#define _LIBCRYPTSETUP_FEATURE_ "-LIBCRYPTSETUP"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_GCRYPT
+#define _GCRYPT_FEATURE_ "+GCRYPT"
+#else
+#define _GCRYPT_FEATURE_ "-GCRYPT"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ACL
+#define _ACL_FEATURE_ "+ACL"
+#else
+#define _ACL_FEATURE_ "-ACL"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_XZ
+#define _XZ_FEATURE_ "+XZ"
+#else
+#define _XZ_FEATURE_ "-XZ"
+#endif
+
+#define SYSTEMD_FEATURES _PAM_FEATURE_ " " _LIBWRAP_FEATURE_ " " _AUDIT_FEATURE_ " " _SELINUX_FEATURE_ " " _IMA_FEATURE_ " " _SYSVINIT_FEATURE_ " " _LIBCRYPTSETUP_FEATURE_ " " _GCRYPT_FEATURE_ " " _ACL_FEATURE_ " " _XZ_FEATURE_
diff --git a/src/core/bus-errors.h b/src/core/bus-errors.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7a4084ea15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/bus-errors.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#define BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT "org.freedesktop.systemd1.NoSuchUnit"
+#define BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_JOB "org.freedesktop.systemd1.NoSuchJob"
+#define BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUBSCRIBED "org.freedesktop.systemd1.NotSubscribed"
+#define BUS_ERROR_INVALID_PATH "org.freedesktop.systemd1.InvalidPath"
+#define BUS_ERROR_INVALID_NAME "org.freedesktop.systemd1.InvalidName"
+#define BUS_ERROR_UNIT_TYPE_MISMATCH "org.freedesktop.systemd1.UnitTypeMismatch"
+#define BUS_ERROR_UNIT_EXISTS "org.freedesktop.systemd1.UnitExists"
+#define BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED "org.freedesktop.systemd1.NotSupported"
+#define BUS_ERROR_INVALID_JOB_MODE "org.freedesktop.systemd1.InvalidJobMode"
+#define BUS_ERROR_ONLY_BY_DEPENDENCY "org.freedesktop.systemd1.OnlyByDependency"
+#define BUS_ERROR_NO_ISOLATION "org.freedesktop.systemd1.NoIsolation"
+#define BUS_ERROR_LOAD_FAILED "org.freedesktop.systemd1.LoadFailed"
+#define BUS_ERROR_MASKED "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Masked"
+#define BUS_ERROR_JOB_TYPE_NOT_APPLICABLE "org.freedesktop.systemd1.JobTypeNotApplicable"
+#define BUS_ERROR_TRANSACTION_IS_DESTRUCTIVE "org.freedesktop.systemd1.TransactionIsDestructive"
+#define BUS_ERROR_TRANSACTION_JOBS_CONFLICTING "org.freedesktop.systemd1.TransactionJobsConflicting"
+#define BUS_ERROR_TRANSACTION_ORDER_IS_CYCLIC "org.freedesktop.systemd1.TransactionOrderIsCyclic"
+#define BUS_ERROR_SHUTTING_DOWN "org.freedesktop.systemd1.ShuttingDown"
+#define BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_PROCESS "org.freedesktop.systemd1.NoSuchProcess"
diff --git a/src/core/cgroup-attr.c b/src/core/cgroup-attr.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7e3e08eabb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/cgroup-attr.c
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2011 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "cgroup-attr.h"
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "list.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+
+int cgroup_attribute_apply(CGroupAttribute *a, CGroupBonding *b) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL, *v = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(a);
+
+        b = cgroup_bonding_find_list(b, a->controller);
+        if (!b)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (a->semantics && a->semantics->map_write) {
+                r = a->semantics->map_write(a->semantics, a->value, &v);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = cg_get_path(a->controller, b->path, a->name, &path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = write_string_file(path, v ? v : a->value);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning("Failed to write '%s' to %s: %s", v ? v : a->value, path, strerror(-r));
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int cgroup_attribute_apply_list(CGroupAttribute *first, CGroupBonding *b) {
+        CGroupAttribute *a;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, a, first) {
+                int k;
+
+                k = cgroup_attribute_apply(a, b);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        r = k;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+bool cgroup_attribute_matches(CGroupAttribute *a, const char *controller, const char *name) {
+        assert(a);
+
+        if (controller) {
+                if (streq(a->controller, controller) && (!name || streq(a->name, name)))
+                        return true;
+
+        } else if (!name)
+                return true;
+        else if (streq(a->name, name)) {
+                size_t x, y;
+                x = strlen(a->controller);
+                y = strlen(name);
+
+                if (y > x &&
+                    memcmp(a->controller, name, x) == 0 &&
+                    name[x] == '.')
+                        return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+CGroupAttribute *cgroup_attribute_find_list(
+                CGroupAttribute *first,
+                const char *controller,
+                const char *name) {
+        CGroupAttribute *a;
+
+        assert(name);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, a, first)
+                if (cgroup_attribute_matches(a, controller, name))
+                        return a;
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+void cgroup_attribute_free(CGroupAttribute *a) {
+        assert(a);
+
+        if (a->unit)
+                LIST_REMOVE(CGroupAttribute, by_unit, a->unit->cgroup_attributes, a);
+
+        free(a->controller);
+        free(a->name);
+        free(a->value);
+        free(a);
+}
+
+void cgroup_attribute_free_list(CGroupAttribute *first) {
+        CGroupAttribute *a, *n;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(by_unit, a, n, first)
+                cgroup_attribute_free(a);
+}
+
+void cgroup_attribute_free_some(CGroupAttribute *first, const char *controller, const char *name) {
+        CGroupAttribute *a, *n;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(by_unit, a, n, first)
+                if (cgroup_attribute_matches(a, controller, name))
+                        cgroup_attribute_free(a);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/cgroup-attr.h b/src/core/cgroup-attr.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a13b7c92d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/cgroup-attr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2011 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct CGroupAttribute CGroupAttribute;
+
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "cgroup.h"
+#include "cgroup-semantics.h"
+
+struct CGroupAttribute {
+        char *controller;
+        char *name;
+        char *value;
+
+        Unit *unit;
+
+        const CGroupSemantics *semantics;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(CGroupAttribute, by_unit);
+};
+
+int cgroup_attribute_apply(CGroupAttribute *a, CGroupBonding *b);
+int cgroup_attribute_apply_list(CGroupAttribute *first, CGroupBonding *b);
+
+bool cgroup_attribute_matches(CGroupAttribute *a, const char *controller, const char *name) _pure_;
+CGroupAttribute *cgroup_attribute_find_list(CGroupAttribute *first, const char *controller, const char *name) _pure_;
+
+void cgroup_attribute_free(CGroupAttribute *a);
+void cgroup_attribute_free_list(CGroupAttribute *first);
+void cgroup_attribute_free_some(CGroupAttribute *first, const char *controller, const char *name);
diff --git a/src/core/cgroup-semantics.c b/src/core/cgroup-semantics.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82b02bbd78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/cgroup-semantics.c
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+
+#include "cgroup-semantics.h"
+
+static int parse_cpu_shares(const CGroupSemantics *s, const char *value, char **ret) {
+        unsigned long ul;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (safe_atolu(value, &ul) < 0 || ul < 1)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (asprintf(ret, "%lu", ul) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int parse_memory_limit(const CGroupSemantics *s, const char *value, char **ret) {
+        off_t sz;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        if (parse_bytes(value, &sz) < 0 || sz <= 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (asprintf(ret, "%llu", (unsigned long long) sz) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int parse_device(const CGroupSemantics *s, const char *value, char **ret) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        char *x;
+        unsigned k;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        l = strv_split_quoted(value);
+        if (!l)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        k = strv_length(l);
+        if (k < 1 || k > 2)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!streq(l[0], "*") && !path_startswith(l[0], "/dev"))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!isempty(l[1]) && !in_charset(l[1], "rwm"))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        x = strdup(value);
+        if (!x)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *ret = x;
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int parse_blkio_weight(const CGroupSemantics *s, const char *value, char **ret) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        unsigned long ul;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        l = strv_split_quoted(value);
+        if (!l)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (strv_length(l) != 1)
+                return 0; /* Returning 0 will cause parse_blkio_weight_device() be tried instead */
+
+        if (safe_atolu(l[0], &ul) < 0 || ul < 10 || ul > 1000)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (asprintf(ret, "%lu", ul) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int parse_blkio_weight_device(const CGroupSemantics *s, const char *value, char **ret) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        unsigned long ul;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        l = strv_split_quoted(value);
+        if (!l)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (strv_length(l) != 2)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!path_startswith(l[0], "/dev"))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (safe_atolu(l[1], &ul) < 0 || ul < 10 || ul > 1000)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (asprintf(ret, "%s %lu", l[0], ul) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int parse_blkio_bandwidth(const CGroupSemantics *s, const char *value, char **ret) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        off_t bytes;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        l = strv_split_quoted(value);
+        if (!l)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (strv_length(l) != 2)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!path_startswith(l[0], "/dev")) {
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (parse_bytes(l[1], &bytes) < 0 || bytes <= 0)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (asprintf(ret, "%s %llu", l[0], (unsigned long long) bytes) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int map_device(const CGroupSemantics *s, const char *value, char **ret) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        unsigned k;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        l = strv_split_quoted(value);
+        if (!l)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        k = strv_length(l);
+        if (k < 1 || k > 2)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (streq(l[0], "*")) {
+
+                if (asprintf(ret, "a *:*%s%s",
+                             isempty(l[1]) ? "" : " ", strempty(l[1])) < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        } else {
+                struct stat st;
+
+                if (stat(l[0], &st) < 0) {
+                        log_warning("Couldn't stat device %s", l[0]);
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                if (!S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) && !S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
+                        log_warning("%s is not a device.", l[0]);
+                        return -ENODEV;
+                }
+
+                if (asprintf(ret, "%c %u:%u%s%s",
+                             S_ISCHR(st.st_mode) ? 'c' : 'b',
+                             major(st.st_rdev), minor(st.st_rdev),
+                             isempty(l[1]) ? "" : " ", strempty(l[1])) < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int map_blkio(const CGroupSemantics *s, const char *value, char **ret) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        struct stat st;
+        dev_t d;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(ret);
+
+        l = strv_split_quoted(value);
+        if (!l)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (strv_length(l) != 2)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (stat(l[0], &st) < 0) {
+                log_warning("Couldn't stat device %s", l[0]);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (S_ISBLK(st.st_mode))
+                d = st.st_rdev;
+        else if (major(st.st_dev) != 0) {
+                /* If this is not a device node then find the block
+                 * device this file is stored on */
+                d = st.st_dev;
+
+                /* If this is a partition, try to get the originating
+                 * block device */
+                block_get_whole_disk(d, &d);
+        } else {
+                log_warning("%s is not a block device and file system block device cannot be determined or is not local.", l[0]);
+                return -ENODEV;
+        }
+
+        if (asprintf(ret, "%u:%u %s", major(d), minor(d), l[1]) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static const CGroupSemantics semantics[] = {
+        { "cpu",     "cpu.shares",                 "CPUShare",              false, parse_cpu_shares,          NULL,       NULL },
+        { "memory",  "memory.soft_limit_in_bytes", "MemorySoftLimit",       false, parse_memory_limit,        NULL,       NULL },
+        { "memory",  "memory.limit_in_bytes",      "MemoryLimit",           false, parse_memory_limit,        NULL,       NULL },
+        { "devices", "devices.allow",              "DeviceAllow",           true,  parse_device,              map_device, NULL },
+        { "devices", "devices.deny",               "DeviceDeny",            true,  parse_device,              map_device, NULL },
+        { "blkio",   "blkio.weight",               "BlockIOWeight",         false, parse_blkio_weight,        NULL,       NULL },
+        { "blkio",   "blkio.weight_device",        "BlockIOWeight",         true,  parse_blkio_weight_device, map_blkio,  NULL },
+        { "blkio",   "blkio.read_bps_device",      "BlockIOReadBandwidth",  true,  parse_blkio_bandwidth,     map_blkio,  NULL },
+        { "blkio",   "blkio.write_bps_device",     "BlockIOWriteBandwidth", true,  parse_blkio_bandwidth,     map_blkio,  NULL }
+};
+
+int cgroup_semantics_find(
+                const char *controller,
+                const char *name,
+                const char *value,
+                char **ret,
+                const CGroupSemantics **_s) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *c = NULL;
+        unsigned i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(_s);
+        assert(!value == !ret);
+
+        if (!controller) {
+                r = cg_controller_from_attr(name, &c);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                controller = c;
+        }
+
+        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(semantics); i++) {
+                const CGroupSemantics *s = semantics + i;
+                bool matches_name, matches_pretty;
+
+                if (controller && s->controller && !streq(s->controller, controller))
+                        continue;
+
+                matches_name = s->name && streq(s->name, name);
+                matches_pretty = s->pretty && streq(s->pretty, name);
+
+                if (!matches_name && !matches_pretty)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (value) {
+                        if (matches_pretty && s->map_pretty) {
+
+                                r = s->map_pretty(s, value, ret);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        continue;
+
+                        } else {
+                                char *x;
+
+                                x = strdup(value);
+                                if (!x)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                *ret = x;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                *_s = s;
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        *ret = NULL;
+        *_s = NULL;
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/cgroup-semantics.h b/src/core/cgroup-semantics.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f848f4bb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/cgroup-semantics.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2011 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct CGroupSemantics CGroupSemantics;
+
+struct CGroupSemantics {
+        const char *controller;
+        const char *name;
+        const char *pretty;
+
+        bool multiple;
+
+        /* This call is used for parsing the pretty value to the actual attribute value */
+        int (*map_pretty)(const CGroupSemantics *semantics, const char *value, char **ret);
+
+        /* Right before writing this attribute the attribute value is converted to a low-level value */
+        int (*map_write)(const CGroupSemantics *semantics, const char *value, char **ret);
+
+        /* If this attribute takes a list, this call can be used to reset the list to empty */
+        int (*reset)(const CGroupSemantics *semantics, const char *group);
+};
+
+int cgroup_semantics_find(const char *controller, const char *name, const char *value, char **ret, const CGroupSemantics **semantics);
diff --git a/src/core/cgroup.c b/src/core/cgroup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..83df0f3c9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/cgroup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,628 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
+#include "cgroup.h"
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+
+int cgroup_bonding_realize(CGroupBonding *b) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(b);
+        assert(b->path);
+        assert(b->controller);
+
+        r = cg_create(b->controller, b->path, NULL);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning("Failed to create cgroup %s:%s: %s", b->controller, b->path, strerror(-r));
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        b->realized = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int cgroup_bonding_realize_list(CGroupBonding *first) {
+        CGroupBonding *b;
+        int r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, b, first)
+                if ((r = cgroup_bonding_realize(b)) < 0 && b->essential)
+                        return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void cgroup_bonding_free(CGroupBonding *b, bool trim) {
+        assert(b);
+
+        if (b->unit) {
+                CGroupBonding *f;
+
+                LIST_REMOVE(CGroupBonding, by_unit, b->unit->cgroup_bondings, b);
+
+                if (streq(b->controller, SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER)) {
+                        assert_se(f = hashmap_get(b->unit->manager->cgroup_bondings, b->path));
+                        LIST_REMOVE(CGroupBonding, by_path, f, b);
+
+                        if (f)
+                                hashmap_replace(b->unit->manager->cgroup_bondings, b->path, f);
+                        else
+                                hashmap_remove(b->unit->manager->cgroup_bondings, b->path);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (b->realized && b->ours && trim)
+                cg_trim(b->controller, b->path, false);
+
+        free(b->controller);
+        free(b->path);
+        free(b);
+}
+
+void cgroup_bonding_free_list(CGroupBonding *first, bool remove_or_trim) {
+        CGroupBonding *b, *n;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(by_unit, b, n, first)
+                cgroup_bonding_free(b, remove_or_trim);
+}
+
+void cgroup_bonding_trim(CGroupBonding *b, bool delete_root) {
+        assert(b);
+
+        if (b->realized && b->ours)
+                cg_trim(b->controller, b->path, delete_root);
+}
+
+void cgroup_bonding_trim_list(CGroupBonding *first, bool delete_root) {
+        CGroupBonding *b;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, b, first)
+                cgroup_bonding_trim(b, delete_root);
+}
+
+int cgroup_bonding_install(CGroupBonding *b, pid_t pid, const char *cgroup_suffix) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        const char *path;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(b);
+        assert(pid >= 0);
+
+        if (cgroup_suffix) {
+                p = strjoin(b->path, "/", cgroup_suffix, NULL);
+                if (!p)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                path = p;
+        } else
+                path = b->path;
+
+        r = cg_create_and_attach(b->controller, path, pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        b->realized = true;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int cgroup_bonding_install_list(CGroupBonding *first, pid_t pid, const char *cgroup_suffix) {
+        CGroupBonding *b;
+        int r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, b, first) {
+                r = cgroup_bonding_install(b, pid, cgroup_suffix);
+                if (r < 0 && b->essential)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int cgroup_bonding_migrate(CGroupBonding *b, CGroupBonding *list) {
+        CGroupBonding *q;
+        int ret = 0;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, q, list) {
+                int r;
+
+                if (q == b)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!q->ours)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = cg_migrate_recursive(q->controller, q->path, b->controller, b->path, true, false);
+                if (r < 0 && ret == 0)
+                        ret = r;
+        }
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+int cgroup_bonding_migrate_to(CGroupBonding *b, const char *target, bool rem) {
+        assert(b);
+        assert(target);
+
+        return cg_migrate_recursive(b->controller, b->path, b->controller, target, true, rem);
+}
+
+int cgroup_bonding_set_group_access(CGroupBonding *b, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
+        assert(b);
+
+        if (!b->realized)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        return cg_set_group_access(b->controller, b->path, mode, uid, gid);
+}
+
+int cgroup_bonding_set_group_access_list(CGroupBonding *first, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
+        CGroupBonding *b;
+        int r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, b, first) {
+                r = cgroup_bonding_set_group_access(b, mode, uid, gid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int cgroup_bonding_set_task_access(CGroupBonding *b, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, int sticky) {
+        assert(b);
+
+        if (!b->realized)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        return cg_set_task_access(b->controller, b->path, mode, uid, gid, sticky);
+}
+
+int cgroup_bonding_set_task_access_list(CGroupBonding *first, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, int sticky) {
+        CGroupBonding *b;
+        int r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, b, first) {
+                r = cgroup_bonding_set_task_access(b, mode, uid, gid, sticky);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int cgroup_bonding_kill(CGroupBonding *b, int sig, bool sigcont, bool rem, Set *s, const char *cgroup_suffix) {
+        char *p = NULL;
+        const char *path;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(b);
+        assert(sig >= 0);
+
+        /* Don't kill cgroups that aren't ours */
+        if (!b->ours)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (cgroup_suffix) {
+                p = strjoin(b->path, "/", cgroup_suffix, NULL);
+                if (!p)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                path = p;
+        } else
+                path = b->path;
+
+        r = cg_kill_recursive(b->controller, path, sig, sigcont, true, rem, s);
+        free(p);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int cgroup_bonding_kill_list(CGroupBonding *first, int sig, bool sigcont, bool rem, Set *s, const char *cgroup_suffix) {
+        CGroupBonding *b;
+        Set *allocated_set = NULL;
+        int ret = -EAGAIN, r;
+
+        if (!first)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!s)
+                if (!(s = allocated_set = set_new(trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func)))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, b, first) {
+                r = cgroup_bonding_kill(b, sig, sigcont, rem, s, cgroup_suffix);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (r == -EAGAIN || r == -ESRCH)
+                                continue;
+
+                        ret = r;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (ret < 0 || r > 0)
+                        ret = r;
+        }
+
+finish:
+        if (allocated_set)
+                set_free(allocated_set);
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+/* Returns 1 if the group is empty, 0 if it is not, -EAGAIN if we
+ * cannot know */
+int cgroup_bonding_is_empty(CGroupBonding *b) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(b);
+
+        if ((r = cg_is_empty_recursive(b->controller, b->path, true)) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* If it is empty it is empty */
+        if (r > 0)
+                return 1;
+
+        /* It's not only us using this cgroup, so we just don't know */
+        return b->ours ? 0 : -EAGAIN;
+}
+
+int cgroup_bonding_is_empty_list(CGroupBonding *first) {
+        CGroupBonding *b;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, b, first) {
+                int r;
+
+                if ((r = cgroup_bonding_is_empty(b)) < 0) {
+                        /* If this returned -EAGAIN, then we don't know if the
+                         * group is empty, so let's see if another group can
+                         * tell us */
+
+                        if (r != -EAGAIN)
+                                return r;
+                } else
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return -EAGAIN;
+}
+
+int manager_setup_cgroup(Manager *m) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *current = NULL, *path = NULL;
+        char suffix_buffer[sizeof("/systemd-") + DECIMAL_STR_MAX(pid_t)];
+        const char *suffix;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* 0. Be nice to Ingo Molnar #628004 */
+        if (path_is_mount_point("/sys/fs/cgroup/systemd", false) <= 0) {
+                log_warning("No control group support available, not creating root group.");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* 1. Determine hierarchy */
+        r = cg_pid_get_path(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, 0, &current);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Cannot determine cgroup we are running in: %s", strerror(-r));
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                suffix = "/system";
+        else {
+                sprintf(suffix_buffer, "/systemd-%lu", (unsigned long) getpid());
+                suffix = suffix_buffer;
+        }
+
+        free(m->cgroup_hierarchy);
+        if (endswith(current, suffix)) {
+                /* We probably got reexecuted and can continue to use our root cgroup */
+                m->cgroup_hierarchy = current;
+                current = NULL;
+        } else {
+                /* We need a new root cgroup */
+                if (streq(current, "/"))
+                        m->cgroup_hierarchy = strdup(suffix);
+                else
+                        m->cgroup_hierarchy = strappend(current, suffix);
+
+                if (!m->cgroup_hierarchy)
+                        return log_oom();
+        }
+
+        /* 2. Show data */
+        r = cg_get_path(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, m->cgroup_hierarchy, NULL, &path);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Cannot find cgroup mount point: %s", strerror(-r));
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        log_debug("Using cgroup controller " SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER ". File system hierarchy is at %s.", path);
+
+        /* 3. Install agent */
+        if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                r = cg_install_release_agent(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, SYSTEMD_CGROUP_AGENT_PATH);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to install release agent, ignoring: %s", strerror(-r));
+                else if (r > 0)
+                        log_debug("Installed release agent.");
+                else
+                        log_debug("Release agent already installed.");
+        }
+
+        /* 4. Realize the group */
+        r = cg_create_and_attach(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, m->cgroup_hierarchy, 0);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to create root cgroup hierarchy: %s", strerror(-r));
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        /* 5. And pin it, so that it cannot be unmounted */
+        if (m->pin_cgroupfs_fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(m->pin_cgroupfs_fd);
+
+        m->pin_cgroupfs_fd = open(path, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_DIRECTORY|O_NOCTTY|O_NONBLOCK);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to open pin file: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        /* 6. Remove non-existing controllers from the default controllers list */
+        cg_shorten_controllers(m->default_controllers);
+
+        /* 7. Let's create the user and machine hierarchies
+         * right-away, so that people can inotify on them, if they
+         * wish, without this being racy. */
+        if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                cg_create(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, m->cgroup_hierarchy, "../user");
+                cg_create(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, m->cgroup_hierarchy, "../machine");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void manager_shutdown_cgroup(Manager *m, bool delete) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (delete && m->cgroup_hierarchy)
+                cg_delete(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, m->cgroup_hierarchy);
+
+        if (m->pin_cgroupfs_fd >= 0) {
+                close_nointr_nofail(m->pin_cgroupfs_fd);
+                m->pin_cgroupfs_fd = -1;
+        }
+
+        free(m->cgroup_hierarchy);
+        m->cgroup_hierarchy = NULL;
+}
+
+int cgroup_bonding_get(Manager *m, const char *cgroup, CGroupBonding **bonding) {
+        CGroupBonding *b;
+        char *p;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(cgroup);
+        assert(bonding);
+
+        b = hashmap_get(m->cgroup_bondings, cgroup);
+        if (b) {
+                *bonding = b;
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        p = strdupa(cgroup);
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char *e;
+
+                e = strrchr(p, '/');
+                if (e == p || !e) {
+                        *bonding = NULL;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                *e = 0;
+
+                b = hashmap_get(m->cgroup_bondings, p);
+                if (b) {
+                        *bonding = b;
+                        return 1;
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+int cgroup_notify_empty(Manager *m, const char *group) {
+        CGroupBonding *l, *b;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(group);
+
+        r = cgroup_bonding_get(m, group, &l);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                return r;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_path, b, l) {
+                int t;
+
+                if (!b->unit)
+                        continue;
+
+                t = cgroup_bonding_is_empty_list(b);
+                if (t < 0) {
+
+                        /* If we don't know, we don't know */
+                        if (t != -EAGAIN)
+                                log_warning("Failed to check whether cgroup is empty: %s", strerror(errno));
+
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (t > 0) {
+                        /* If it is empty, let's delete it */
+                        cgroup_bonding_trim_list(b->unit->cgroup_bondings, true);
+
+                        if (UNIT_VTABLE(b->unit)->cgroup_notify_empty)
+                                UNIT_VTABLE(b->unit)->cgroup_notify_empty(b->unit);
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+Unit* cgroup_unit_by_pid(Manager *m, pid_t pid) {
+        CGroupBonding *l, *b;
+        char *group = NULL;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (pid <= 1)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (cg_pid_get_path(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER, pid, &group) < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        l = hashmap_get(m->cgroup_bondings, group);
+
+        if (!l) {
+                char *slash;
+
+                while ((slash = strrchr(group, '/'))) {
+                        if (slash == group)
+                                break;
+
+                        *slash = 0;
+
+                        if ((l = hashmap_get(m->cgroup_bondings, group)))
+                                break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        free(group);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_path, b, l) {
+
+                if (!b->unit)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (b->ours)
+                        return b->unit;
+        }
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+CGroupBonding *cgroup_bonding_find_list(CGroupBonding *first, const char *controller) {
+        CGroupBonding *b;
+
+        if (!controller)
+                controller = SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, b, first)
+                if (streq(b->controller, controller))
+                        return b;
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+char *cgroup_bonding_to_string(CGroupBonding *b) {
+        char *r;
+
+        assert(b);
+
+        if (asprintf(&r, "%s:%s", b->controller, b->path) < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+pid_t cgroup_bonding_search_main_pid(CGroupBonding *b) {
+        FILE *f;
+        pid_t pid = 0, npid, mypid;
+
+        assert(b);
+
+        if (!b->ours)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (cg_enumerate_processes(b->controller, b->path, &f) < 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        mypid = getpid();
+
+        while (cg_read_pid(f, &npid) > 0)  {
+                pid_t ppid;
+
+                if (npid == pid)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Ignore processes that aren't our kids */
+                if (get_parent_of_pid(npid, &ppid) >= 0 && ppid != mypid)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (pid != 0) {
+                        /* Dang, there's more than one daemonized PID
+                        in this group, so we don't know what process
+                        is the main process. */
+                        pid = 0;
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                pid = npid;
+        }
+
+        fclose(f);
+
+        return pid;
+}
+
+pid_t cgroup_bonding_search_main_pid_list(CGroupBonding *first) {
+        CGroupBonding *b;
+        pid_t pid;
+
+        /* Try to find a main pid from this cgroup, but checking if
+         * there's only one PID in the cgroup and returning it. Later
+         * on we might want to add additional, smarter heuristics
+         * here. */
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, b, first)
+                if ((pid = cgroup_bonding_search_main_pid(b)) != 0)
+                        return pid;
+
+        return 0;
+
+}
diff --git a/src/core/cgroup.h b/src/core/cgroup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6555d89e37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/cgroup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct CGroupBonding CGroupBonding;
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+/* Binds a cgroup to a name */
+struct CGroupBonding {
+        char *controller;
+        char *path;
+
+        Unit *unit;
+
+        /* For the Unit::cgroup_bondings list */
+        LIST_FIELDS(CGroupBonding, by_unit);
+
+        /* For the Manager::cgroup_bondings hashmap */
+        LIST_FIELDS(CGroupBonding, by_path);
+
+        /* When shutting down, remove cgroup? Are our own tasks the
+         * only ones in this group?*/
+        bool ours:1;
+
+        /* If we cannot create this group, or add a process to it, is this fatal? */
+        bool essential:1;
+
+        /* This cgroup is realized */
+        bool realized:1;
+};
+
+int cgroup_bonding_realize(CGroupBonding *b);
+int cgroup_bonding_realize_list(CGroupBonding *first);
+
+void cgroup_bonding_free(CGroupBonding *b, bool trim);
+void cgroup_bonding_free_list(CGroupBonding *first, bool trim);
+
+int cgroup_bonding_install(CGroupBonding *b, pid_t pid, const char *suffix);
+int cgroup_bonding_install_list(CGroupBonding *first, pid_t pid, const char *suffix);
+
+int cgroup_bonding_migrate(CGroupBonding *b, CGroupBonding *list);
+int cgroup_bonding_migrate_to(CGroupBonding *b, const char *target, bool rem);
+
+int cgroup_bonding_set_group_access(CGroupBonding *b, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid);
+int cgroup_bonding_set_group_access_list(CGroupBonding *b, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid);
+
+int cgroup_bonding_set_task_access(CGroupBonding *b, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, int sticky);
+int cgroup_bonding_set_task_access_list(CGroupBonding *b, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, int sticky);
+
+int cgroup_bonding_kill(CGroupBonding *b, int sig, bool sigcont, bool rem, Set *s, const char *suffix);
+int cgroup_bonding_kill_list(CGroupBonding *first, int sig, bool sigcont, bool rem, Set *s, const char *suffix);
+
+void cgroup_bonding_trim(CGroupBonding *first, bool delete_root);
+void cgroup_bonding_trim_list(CGroupBonding *first, bool delete_root);
+
+int cgroup_bonding_is_empty(CGroupBonding *b);
+int cgroup_bonding_is_empty_list(CGroupBonding *first);
+
+CGroupBonding *cgroup_bonding_find_list(CGroupBonding *first, const char *controller) _pure_;
+
+char *cgroup_bonding_to_string(CGroupBonding *b);
+
+pid_t cgroup_bonding_search_main_pid(CGroupBonding *b);
+pid_t cgroup_bonding_search_main_pid_list(CGroupBonding *b);
+
+#include "manager.h"
+
+int manager_setup_cgroup(Manager *m);
+void manager_shutdown_cgroup(Manager *m, bool delete);
+
+int cgroup_bonding_get(Manager *m, const char *cgroup, CGroupBonding **bonding);
+int cgroup_notify_empty(Manager *m, const char *group);
+
+Unit* cgroup_unit_by_pid(Manager *m, pid_t pid);
diff --git a/src/core/condition.c b/src/core/condition.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16cae6d23b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/condition.c
@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/capability.h>
+#include <sys/statvfs.h>
+#include <fnmatch.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+#include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <systemd/sd-id128.h>
+#include "util.h"
+#include "condition.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+
+Condition* condition_new(ConditionType type, const char *parameter, bool trigger, bool negate) {
+        Condition *c;
+
+        assert(type < _CONDITION_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        c = new0(Condition, 1);
+        if (!c)
+                return NULL;
+
+        c->type = type;
+        c->trigger = trigger;
+        c->negate = negate;
+
+        if (parameter) {
+                c->parameter = strdup(parameter);
+                if (!c->parameter) {
+                        free(c);
+                        return NULL;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return c;
+}
+
+void condition_free(Condition *c) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        free(c->parameter);
+        free(c);
+}
+
+void condition_free_list(Condition *first) {
+        Condition *c, *n;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(conditions, c, n, first)
+                condition_free(c);
+}
+
+static bool test_kernel_command_line(const char *parameter) {
+        char *line, *w, *state, *word = NULL;
+        bool equal;
+        int r;
+        size_t l, pl;
+        bool found = false;
+
+        assert(parameter);
+
+        if (detect_container(NULL) > 0)
+                return false;
+
+        r = read_one_line_file("/proc/cmdline", &line);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning("Failed to read /proc/cmdline, ignoring: %s", strerror(-r));
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        equal = !!strchr(parameter, '=');
+        pl = strlen(parameter);
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, line, state) {
+
+                free(word);
+                word = strndup(w, l);
+                if (!word)
+                        break;
+
+                if (equal) {
+                        if (streq(word, parameter)) {
+                                found = true;
+                                break;
+                        }
+                } else {
+                        if (startswith(word, parameter) && (word[pl] == '=' || word[pl] == 0)) {
+                                found = true;
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+
+        }
+
+        free(word);
+        free(line);
+
+        return found;
+}
+
+static bool test_virtualization(const char *parameter) {
+        int b;
+        Virtualization v;
+        const char *id;
+
+        assert(parameter);
+
+        v = detect_virtualization(&id);
+        if (v < 0) {
+                log_warning("Failed to detect virtualization, ignoring: %s", strerror(-v));
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        /* First, compare with yes/no */
+        b = parse_boolean(parameter);
+
+        if (v > 0 && b > 0)
+                return true;
+
+        if (v == 0 && b == 0)
+                return true;
+
+        /* Then, compare categorization */
+        if (v == VIRTUALIZATION_VM && streq(parameter, "vm"))
+                return true;
+
+        if (v == VIRTUALIZATION_CONTAINER && streq(parameter, "container"))
+                return true;
+
+        /* Finally compare id */
+        return v > 0 && streq(parameter, id);
+}
+
+static bool test_security(const char *parameter) {
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+        if (streq(parameter, "selinux"))
+                return is_selinux_enabled() > 0;
+#endif
+	if (streq(parameter, "apparmor"))
+		return access("/sys/kernel/security/apparmor/", F_OK) == 0;
+	if (streq(parameter, "smack"))
+		return access("/sys/fs/smackfs", F_OK) == 0;
+        return false;
+}
+
+static bool test_capability(const char *parameter) {
+        cap_value_t value;
+        FILE *f;
+        char line[LINE_MAX];
+        unsigned long long capabilities = (unsigned long long) -1;
+
+        /* If it's an invalid capability, we don't have it */
+
+        if (cap_from_name(parameter, &value) < 0)
+                return false;
+
+        /* If it's a valid capability we default to assume
+         * that we have it */
+
+        f = fopen("/proc/self/status", "re");
+        if (!f)
+                return true;
+
+        while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
+                truncate_nl(line);
+
+                if (startswith(line, "CapBnd:")) {
+                        (void) sscanf(line+7, "%llx", &capabilities);
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        fclose(f);
+
+        return !!(capabilities & (1ULL << value));
+}
+
+static bool test_host(const char *parameter) {
+        sd_id128_t x, y;
+        char *h;
+        int r;
+        bool b;
+
+        if (sd_id128_from_string(parameter, &x) >= 0) {
+
+                r = sd_id128_get_machine(&y);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return false;
+
+                return sd_id128_equal(x, y);
+        }
+
+        h = gethostname_malloc();
+        if (!h)
+                return false;
+
+        b = fnmatch(parameter, h, FNM_CASEFOLD) == 0;
+        free(h);
+
+        return b;
+}
+
+static bool test_ac_power(const char *parameter) {
+        int r;
+
+        r = parse_boolean(parameter);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return true;
+
+        return (on_ac_power() != 0) == !!r;
+}
+
+bool condition_test(Condition *c) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        switch(c->type) {
+
+        case CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS:
+                return (access(c->parameter, F_OK) >= 0) == !c->negate;
+
+        case CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS_GLOB:
+                return (glob_exists(c->parameter) > 0) == !c->negate;
+
+        case CONDITION_PATH_IS_DIRECTORY: {
+                struct stat st;
+
+                if (stat(c->parameter, &st) < 0)
+                        return c->negate;
+                return S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) == !c->negate;
+        }
+
+        case CONDITION_PATH_IS_SYMBOLIC_LINK: {
+                struct stat st;
+
+                if (lstat(c->parameter, &st) < 0)
+                        return c->negate;
+                return S_ISLNK(st.st_mode) == !c->negate;
+        }
+
+        case CONDITION_PATH_IS_MOUNT_POINT:
+                return (path_is_mount_point(c->parameter, true) > 0) == !c->negate;
+
+        case CONDITION_PATH_IS_READ_WRITE:
+                return (path_is_read_only_fs(c->parameter) > 0) == c->negate;
+
+        case CONDITION_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY: {
+                int k;
+
+                k = dir_is_empty(c->parameter);
+                return !(k == -ENOENT || k > 0) == !c->negate;
+        }
+
+        case CONDITION_FILE_NOT_EMPTY: {
+                struct stat st;
+
+                if (stat(c->parameter, &st) < 0)
+                        return c->negate;
+
+                return (S_ISREG(st.st_mode) && st.st_size > 0) == !c->negate;
+        }
+
+        case CONDITION_FILE_IS_EXECUTABLE: {
+                struct stat st;
+
+                if (stat(c->parameter, &st) < 0)
+                        return c->negate;
+
+                return (S_ISREG(st.st_mode) && (st.st_mode & 0111)) == !c->negate;
+        }
+
+        case CONDITION_KERNEL_COMMAND_LINE:
+                return test_kernel_command_line(c->parameter) == !c->negate;
+
+        case CONDITION_VIRTUALIZATION:
+                return test_virtualization(c->parameter) == !c->negate;
+
+        case CONDITION_SECURITY:
+                return test_security(c->parameter) == !c->negate;
+
+        case CONDITION_CAPABILITY:
+                return test_capability(c->parameter) == !c->negate;
+
+        case CONDITION_HOST:
+                return test_host(c->parameter) == !c->negate;
+
+        case CONDITION_AC_POWER:
+                return test_ac_power(c->parameter) == !c->negate;
+
+        case CONDITION_NULL:
+                return !c->negate;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Invalid condition type.");
+        }
+}
+
+bool condition_test_list(Condition *first) {
+        Condition *c;
+        int triggered = -1;
+
+        /* If the condition list is empty, then it is true */
+        if (!first)
+                return true;
+
+        /* Otherwise, if all of the non-trigger conditions apply and
+         * if any of the trigger conditions apply (unless there are
+         * none) we return true */
+        LIST_FOREACH(conditions, c, first) {
+                bool b;
+
+                b = condition_test(c);
+
+                if (!c->trigger && !b)
+                        return false;
+
+                if (c->trigger && triggered <= 0)
+                        triggered = b;
+        }
+
+        return triggered != 0;
+}
+
+void condition_dump(Condition *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        assert(c);
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (!prefix)
+                prefix = "";
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%s\t%s: %s%s%s\n",
+                prefix,
+                condition_type_to_string(c->type),
+                c->trigger ? "|" : "",
+                c->negate ? "!" : "",
+                c->parameter);
+}
+
+void condition_dump_list(Condition *first, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Condition *c;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(conditions, c, first)
+                condition_dump(c, f, prefix);
+}
+
+static const char* const condition_type_table[_CONDITION_TYPE_MAX] = {
+        [CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS] = "ConditionPathExists",
+        [CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS_GLOB] = "ConditionPathExistsGlob",
+        [CONDITION_PATH_IS_DIRECTORY] = "ConditionPathIsDirectory",
+        [CONDITION_PATH_IS_SYMBOLIC_LINK] = "ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink",
+        [CONDITION_PATH_IS_MOUNT_POINT] = "ConditionPathIsMountPoint",
+        [CONDITION_PATH_IS_READ_WRITE] = "ConditionPathIsReadWrite",
+        [CONDITION_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY] = "ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty",
+        [CONDITION_FILE_NOT_EMPTY] = "ConditionFileNotEmpty",
+        [CONDITION_KERNEL_COMMAND_LINE] = "ConditionKernelCommandLine",
+        [CONDITION_VIRTUALIZATION] = "ConditionVirtualization",
+        [CONDITION_SECURITY] = "ConditionSecurity",
+        [CONDITION_HOST] = "ConditionHost",
+        [CONDITION_AC_POWER] = "ConditionACPower",
+        [CONDITION_NULL] = "ConditionNull"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(condition_type, ConditionType);
diff --git a/src/core/condition.h b/src/core/condition.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..50ed955af9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/condition.h
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+#include "list.h"
+
+typedef enum ConditionType {
+        CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS,
+        CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS_GLOB,
+        CONDITION_PATH_IS_DIRECTORY,
+        CONDITION_PATH_IS_SYMBOLIC_LINK,
+        CONDITION_PATH_IS_MOUNT_POINT,
+        CONDITION_PATH_IS_READ_WRITE,
+        CONDITION_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY,
+        CONDITION_FILE_NOT_EMPTY,
+        CONDITION_FILE_IS_EXECUTABLE,
+        CONDITION_KERNEL_COMMAND_LINE,
+        CONDITION_VIRTUALIZATION,
+        CONDITION_SECURITY,
+        CONDITION_CAPABILITY,
+        CONDITION_HOST,
+        CONDITION_AC_POWER,
+        CONDITION_NULL,
+        _CONDITION_TYPE_MAX,
+        _CONDITION_TYPE_INVALID = -1
+} ConditionType;
+
+typedef struct Condition {
+        ConditionType type;
+        char *parameter;
+
+        bool trigger:1;
+        bool negate:1;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(struct Condition, conditions);
+} Condition;
+
+Condition* condition_new(ConditionType type, const char *parameter, bool trigger, bool negate);
+void condition_free(Condition *c);
+void condition_free_list(Condition *c);
+
+bool condition_test(Condition *c);
+bool condition_test_list(Condition *c);
+
+void condition_dump(Condition *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix);
+void condition_dump_list(Condition *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix);
+
+const char* condition_type_to_string(ConditionType t) _const_;
+int condition_type_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-automount.c b/src/core/dbus-automount.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..060cbf7707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-automount.c
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus-automount.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+
+#define BUS_AUTOMOUNT_INTERFACE                                      \
+        " <interface name=\"org.freedesktop.systemd1.Automount\">\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Where\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"  \
+        "  <property name=\"DirectoryMode\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Result\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"    \
+        " </interface>\n"
+
+#define INTROSPECTION                                                \
+        DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE                    \
+        "<node>\n"                                                   \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACE                                           \
+        BUS_AUTOMOUNT_INTERFACE                                      \
+        BUS_PROPERTIES_INTERFACE                                     \
+        BUS_PEER_INTERFACE                                           \
+        BUS_INTROSPECTABLE_INTERFACE                                 \
+        "</node>\n"
+
+#define INTERFACES_LIST                              \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACES_LIST                     \
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Automount\0"
+
+const char bus_automount_interface[] _introspect_("Automount") = BUS_AUTOMOUNT_INTERFACE;
+
+const char bus_automount_invalidating_properties[] =
+        "Result\0";
+
+static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_automount_append_automount_result, automount_result, AutomountResult);
+
+static const BusProperty bus_automount_properties[] = {
+        { "Where",         bus_property_append_string, "s", offsetof(Automount, where),    true },
+        { "DirectoryMode", bus_property_append_mode,   "u", offsetof(Automount, directory_mode) },
+        { "Result",        bus_automount_append_automount_result, "s", offsetof(Automount, result) },
+        { NULL, }
+};
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_automount_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message) {
+        Automount *am = AUTOMOUNT(u);
+        const BusBoundProperties bps[] = {
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",      bus_unit_properties,      u  },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Automount", bus_automount_properties, am },
+                { NULL, }
+        };
+
+        SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, c, message, "status");
+
+        return bus_default_message_handler(c, message, INTROSPECTION, INTERFACES_LIST, bps);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-automount.h b/src/core/dbus-automount.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b338e25fc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-automount.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_automount_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
+
+extern const char bus_automount_interface[];
+extern const char bus_automount_invalidating_properties[];
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-device.c b/src/core/dbus-device.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dbd91fe3db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-device.c
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus-device.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+
+#define BUS_DEVICE_INTERFACE                                            \
+        " <interface name=\"org.freedesktop.systemd1.Device\">\n"       \
+        "  <property name=\"SysFSPath\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        " </interface>\n"
+
+#define INTROSPECTION                                                   \
+        DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE                       \
+        "<node>\n"                                                      \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_DEVICE_INTERFACE                                            \
+        BUS_PROPERTIES_INTERFACE                                        \
+        BUS_PEER_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_INTROSPECTABLE_INTERFACE                                    \
+        "</node>\n"
+
+#define INTERFACES_LIST                              \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACES_LIST                     \
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Device\0"
+
+const char bus_device_interface[] _introspect_("Device") = BUS_DEVICE_INTERFACE;
+
+const char bus_device_invalidating_properties[] =
+        "SysFSPath\0";
+
+static const BusProperty bus_device_properties[] = {
+        { "SysFSPath", bus_property_append_string, "s", offsetof(Device, sysfs), true },
+        { NULL, }
+};
+
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_device_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message) {
+        Device *d = DEVICE(u);
+        const BusBoundProperties bps[] = {
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",   bus_unit_properties,   u },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Device", bus_device_properties, d },
+                { NULL, }
+        };
+
+        SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, c, message, "status");
+
+        return bus_default_message_handler(c, message, INTROSPECTION, INTERFACES_LIST, bps);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-device.h b/src/core/dbus-device.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..311e0685d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-device.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_device_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
+
+extern const char bus_device_interface[];
+extern const char bus_device_invalidating_properties[];
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-execute.c b/src/core/dbus-execute.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a8a0e1ac5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-execute.c
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+
+#include "dbus-execute.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "ioprio.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "syscall-list.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+
+DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_execute_append_input, exec_input, ExecInput);
+DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_execute_append_output, exec_output, ExecOutput);
+
+int bus_execute_append_env_files(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        char **env_files = data, **j;
+        DBusMessageIter sub, sub2;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(i, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(sb)", &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(j, env_files) {
+                dbus_bool_t b = false;
+                char *fn = *j;
+
+                if (fn[0] == '-') {
+                        b = true;
+                        fn++;
+                }
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_STRUCT, NULL, &sub2) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &fn) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN, &b) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_close_container(&sub, &sub2))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(i, &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_execute_append_oom_score_adjust(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int32_t n;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->oom_score_adjust_set)
+                n = c->oom_score_adjust;
+        else {
+                char *t;
+
+                n = 0;
+                if (read_one_line_file("/proc/self/oom_score_adj", &t) >= 0) {
+                        safe_atoi(t, &n);
+                        free(t);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_INT32, &n))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_execute_append_nice(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int32_t n;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->nice_set)
+                n = c->nice;
+        else
+                n = getpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_INT32, &n))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_execute_append_ioprio(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int32_t n;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->ioprio_set)
+                n = c->ioprio;
+        else
+                n = ioprio_get(IOPRIO_WHO_PROCESS, 0);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_INT32, &n))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_execute_append_cpu_sched_policy(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int32_t n;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->cpu_sched_set)
+                n = c->cpu_sched_policy;
+        else
+                n = sched_getscheduler(0);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_INT32, &n))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_execute_append_cpu_sched_priority(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int32_t n;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->cpu_sched_set)
+                n = c->cpu_sched_priority;
+        else {
+                struct sched_param p = {};
+
+                if (sched_getparam(0, &p) >= 0)
+                        n = p.sched_priority;
+                else
+                        n = 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_INT32, &n))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_execute_append_affinity(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        dbus_bool_t b;
+        DBusMessageIter sub;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(i, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "y", &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (c->cpuset)
+                b = dbus_message_iter_append_fixed_array(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_BYTE, &c->cpuset, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(c->cpuset_ncpus));
+        else
+                b = dbus_message_iter_append_fixed_array(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_BYTE, &c->cpuset, 0);
+
+        if (!b)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(i, &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_execute_append_timer_slack_nsec(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        uint64_t u;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->timer_slack_nsec != (nsec_t) -1)
+                u = (uint64_t) c->timer_slack_nsec;
+        else
+                u = (uint64_t) prctl(PR_GET_TIMERSLACK);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_UINT64, &u))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_execute_append_capability_bs(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        uint64_t normal, inverted;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(c);
+
+        /* We store this negated internally, to match the kernel, but
+         * we expose it normalized. */
+
+        normal = *(uint64_t*) data;
+        inverted = ~normal;
+
+        return bus_property_append_uint64(i, property, &inverted);
+}
+
+int bus_execute_append_capabilities(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        char *t = NULL;
+        const char *s;
+        dbus_bool_t b;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->capabilities)
+                s = t = cap_to_text(c->capabilities, NULL);
+        else
+                s = "";
+
+        if (!s)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        b = dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &s);
+
+        if (t)
+                cap_free(t);
+
+        if (!b)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_execute_append_rlimits(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int r;
+        uint64_t u;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(c);
+
+        assert_se((r = rlimit_from_string(property)) >= 0);
+
+        if (c->rlimit[r])
+                u = (uint64_t) c->rlimit[r]->rlim_max;
+        else {
+                struct rlimit rl = {};
+
+                getrlimit(r, &rl);
+
+                u = (uint64_t) rl.rlim_max;
+        }
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_UINT64, &u))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_execute_append_command(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        ExecCommand *c = data;
+        DBusMessageIter sub, sub2, sub3;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(i, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(sasbttttuii)", &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(command, c, c) {
+                char **l;
+                uint32_t pid;
+                int32_t code, status;
+                dbus_bool_t b;
+
+                if (!c->path)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_STRUCT, NULL, &sub2) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &c->path) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_open_container(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "s", &sub3))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(l, c->argv)
+                        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub3, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, l))
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                pid = (uint32_t) c->exec_status.pid;
+                code = (int32_t) c->exec_status.code;
+                status = (int32_t) c->exec_status.status;
+
+                b = !!c->ignore;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(&sub2, &sub3) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN, &b) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_UINT64, &c->exec_status.start_timestamp.realtime) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_UINT64, &c->exec_status.start_timestamp.monotonic) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_UINT64, &c->exec_status.exit_timestamp.realtime) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_UINT64, &c->exec_status.exit_timestamp.monotonic) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &pid) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_INT32, &code) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_INT32, &status))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(&sub, &sub2))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(i, &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_execute_append_syscall_filter(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        dbus_bool_t b;
+        DBusMessageIter sub;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(i, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "u", &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (c->syscall_filter)
+                b = dbus_message_iter_append_fixed_array(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &c->syscall_filter, (syscall_max() + 31) >> 4);
+        else
+                b = dbus_message_iter_append_fixed_array(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &c->syscall_filter, 0);
+
+        if (!b)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(i, &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+const BusProperty bus_exec_context_properties[] = {
+        { "Environment",              bus_property_append_strv,             "as", offsetof(ExecContext, environment),            true },
+        { "EnvironmentFiles",         bus_execute_append_env_files,      "a(sb)", offsetof(ExecContext, environment_files),      true },
+        { "UMask",                    bus_property_append_mode,              "u", offsetof(ExecContext, umask)                        },
+        { "LimitCPU",                 bus_execute_append_rlimits,            "t", 0 },
+        { "LimitFSIZE",               bus_execute_append_rlimits,            "t", 0 },
+        { "LimitDATA",                bus_execute_append_rlimits,            "t", 0 },
+        { "LimitSTACK",               bus_execute_append_rlimits,            "t", 0 },
+        { "LimitCORE",                bus_execute_append_rlimits,            "t", 0 },
+        { "LimitRSS",                 bus_execute_append_rlimits,            "t", 0 },
+        { "LimitNOFILE",              bus_execute_append_rlimits,            "t", 0 },
+        { "LimitAS",                  bus_execute_append_rlimits,            "t", 0 },
+        { "LimitNPROC",               bus_execute_append_rlimits,            "t", 0 },
+        { "LimitMEMLOCK",             bus_execute_append_rlimits,            "t", 0 },
+        { "LimitLOCKS",               bus_execute_append_rlimits,            "t", 0 },
+        { "LimitSIGPENDING",          bus_execute_append_rlimits,            "t", 0 },
+        { "LimitMSGQUEUE",            bus_execute_append_rlimits,            "t", 0 },
+        { "LimitNICE",                bus_execute_append_rlimits,            "t", 0 },
+        { "LimitRTPRIO",              bus_execute_append_rlimits,            "t", 0 },
+        { "LimitRTTIME",              bus_execute_append_rlimits,            "t", 0 },
+        { "WorkingDirectory",         bus_property_append_string,            "s", offsetof(ExecContext, working_directory),      true },
+        { "RootDirectory",            bus_property_append_string,            "s", offsetof(ExecContext, root_directory),         true },
+        { "OOMScoreAdjust",           bus_execute_append_oom_score_adjust,   "i", 0 },
+        { "Nice",                     bus_execute_append_nice,               "i", 0 },
+        { "IOScheduling",             bus_execute_append_ioprio,             "i", 0 },
+        { "CPUSchedulingPolicy",      bus_execute_append_cpu_sched_policy,   "i", 0 },
+        { "CPUSchedulingPriority",    bus_execute_append_cpu_sched_priority, "i", 0 },
+        { "CPUAffinity",              bus_execute_append_affinity,          "ay", 0 },
+        { "TimerSlackNSec",           bus_execute_append_timer_slack_nsec,   "t", 0 },
+        { "CPUSchedulingResetOnFork", bus_property_append_bool,              "b", offsetof(ExecContext, cpu_sched_reset_on_fork)      },
+        { "NonBlocking",              bus_property_append_bool,              "b", offsetof(ExecContext, non_blocking)                 },
+        { "StandardInput",            bus_execute_append_input,              "s", offsetof(ExecContext, std_input)                    },
+        { "StandardOutput",           bus_execute_append_output,             "s", offsetof(ExecContext, std_output)                   },
+        { "StandardError",            bus_execute_append_output,             "s", offsetof(ExecContext, std_error)                    },
+        { "TTYPath",                  bus_property_append_string,            "s", offsetof(ExecContext, tty_path),               true },
+        { "TTYReset",                 bus_property_append_bool,              "b", offsetof(ExecContext, tty_reset)                    },
+        { "TTYVHangup",               bus_property_append_bool,              "b", offsetof(ExecContext, tty_vhangup)                  },
+        { "TTYVTDisallocate",         bus_property_append_bool,              "b", offsetof(ExecContext, tty_vt_disallocate)           },
+        { "SyslogPriority",           bus_property_append_int,               "i", offsetof(ExecContext, syslog_priority)              },
+        { "SyslogIdentifier",         bus_property_append_string,            "s", offsetof(ExecContext, syslog_identifier),      true },
+        { "SyslogLevelPrefix",        bus_property_append_bool,              "b", offsetof(ExecContext, syslog_level_prefix)          },
+        { "Capabilities",             bus_execute_append_capabilities,       "s", 0 },
+        { "SecureBits",               bus_property_append_int,               "i", offsetof(ExecContext, secure_bits)                  },
+        { "CapabilityBoundingSet",    bus_execute_append_capability_bs,      "t", offsetof(ExecContext, capability_bounding_set_drop) },
+        { "User",                     bus_property_append_string,            "s", offsetof(ExecContext, user),                   true },
+        { "Group",                    bus_property_append_string,            "s", offsetof(ExecContext, group),                  true },
+        { "SupplementaryGroups",      bus_property_append_strv,             "as", offsetof(ExecContext, supplementary_groups),   true },
+        { "TCPWrapName",              bus_property_append_string,            "s", offsetof(ExecContext, tcpwrap_name),           true },
+        { "PAMName",                  bus_property_append_string,            "s", offsetof(ExecContext, pam_name),               true },
+        { "ReadWriteDirectories",     bus_property_append_strv,             "as", offsetof(ExecContext, read_write_dirs),        true },
+        { "ReadOnlyDirectories",      bus_property_append_strv,             "as", offsetof(ExecContext, read_only_dirs),         true },
+        { "InaccessibleDirectories",  bus_property_append_strv,             "as", offsetof(ExecContext, inaccessible_dirs),      true },
+        { "MountFlags",               bus_property_append_ul,                "t", offsetof(ExecContext, mount_flags)                  },
+        { "PrivateTmp",               bus_property_append_bool,              "b", offsetof(ExecContext, private_tmp)                  },
+        { "PrivateNetwork",           bus_property_append_bool,              "b", offsetof(ExecContext, private_network)              },
+        { "SameProcessGroup",         bus_property_append_bool,              "b", offsetof(ExecContext, same_pgrp)                    },
+        { "UtmpIdentifier",           bus_property_append_string,            "s", offsetof(ExecContext, utmp_id),                true },
+        { "ControlGroupModify",       bus_property_append_bool,              "b", offsetof(ExecContext, control_group_modify)         },
+        { "ControlGroupPersistent",   bus_property_append_tristate_false,    "b", offsetof(ExecContext, control_group_persistent)     },
+        { "IgnoreSIGPIPE",            bus_property_append_bool,              "b", offsetof(ExecContext, ignore_sigpipe)               },
+        { "NoNewPrivileges",          bus_property_append_bool,              "b", offsetof(ExecContext, no_new_privileges)            },
+        { "SystemCallFilter",         bus_execute_append_syscall_filter,    "au", 0                                                   },
+        { NULL, }
+};
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-execute.h b/src/core/dbus-execute.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..91d70e535f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-execute.h
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include "manager.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+
+#define BUS_EXEC_STATUS_INTERFACE(prefix)                               \
+        "  <property name=\"" prefix "StartTimestamp\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"" prefix "StartTimestampMonotonic\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"" prefix "ExitTimestamp\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"" prefix "ExitTimestampMonotonic\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"" prefix "PID\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"" prefix "Code\" type=\"i\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"" prefix "Status\" type=\"i\" access=\"read\"/>\n"
+
+#define BUS_EXEC_CONTEXT_INTERFACE                                      \
+        "  <property name=\"Environment\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"EnvironmentFiles\" type=\"a(sb)\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"UMask\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n"     \
+        "  <property name=\"LimitCPU\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n"  \
+        "  <property name=\"LimitFSIZE\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"LimitDATA\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"LimitSTACK\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"LimitCORE\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"LimitRSS\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n"  \
+        "  <property name=\"LimitNOFILE\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"LimitAS\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        "  <property name=\"LimitNPROC\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"LimitMEMLOCK\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"LimitLOCKS\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"LimitSIGPENDING\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"LimitMSGQUEUE\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"LimitNICE\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"LimitRTPRIO\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"LimitRTTIME\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"WorkingDirectory\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"RootDirectory\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"OOMScoreAdjust\" type=\"i\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Nice\" type=\"i\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"IOScheduling\" type=\"i\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"CPUSchedulingPolicy\" type=\"i\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"CPUSchedulingPriority\" type=\"i\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"CPUAffinity\" type=\"ay\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"TimerSlackNS\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"CPUSchedulingResetOnFork\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"NonBlocking\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"StandardInput\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"StandardOutput\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"StandardError\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"TTYPath\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        "  <property name=\"TTYReset\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        "  <property name=\"TTYVHangup\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        "  <property name=\"TTYVTDisallocate\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        "  <property name=\"SyslogPriority\" type=\"i\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"SyslogIdentifier\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"SyslogLevelPrefix\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Capabilities\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"SecureBits\" type=\"i\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"CapabilityBoundingSet\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"User\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"      \
+        "  <property name=\"Group\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"     \
+        "  <property name=\"SupplementaryGroups\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"TCPWrapName\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"PAMName\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        "  <property name=\"ReadWriteDirectories\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ReadOnlyDirectories\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"InaccessibleDirectories\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"MountFlags\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"PrivateTmp\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"PrivateNetwork\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"SameProcessGroup\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"UtmpIdentifier\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ControlGroupModify\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ControlGroupPersistent\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"IgnoreSIGPIPE\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"NoNewPrivileges\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"SystemCallFilter\" type=\"au\" access=\"read\"/>\n"
+
+#define BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_INTERFACE(name)                             \
+        "  <property name=\"" name "\" type=\"a(sasbttuii)\" access=\"read\"/>\n"
+
+extern const BusProperty bus_exec_context_properties[];
+
+#define BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_PROPERTY(name, command, indirect)             \
+        { name, bus_execute_append_command, "a(sasbttttuii)", (command), (indirect), NULL }
+
+int bus_execute_append_output(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data);
+int bus_execute_append_input(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data);
+int bus_execute_append_oom_score_adjust(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data);
+int bus_execute_append_nice(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data);
+int bus_execute_append_ioprio(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data);
+int bus_execute_append_cpu_sched_policy(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data);
+int bus_execute_append_cpu_sched_priority(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data);
+int bus_execute_append_affinity(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data);
+int bus_execute_append_timer_slack_nsec(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data);
+int bus_execute_append_capabilities(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data);
+int bus_execute_append_capability_bs(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data);
+int bus_execute_append_rlimits(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data);
+int bus_execute_append_command(DBusMessageIter *u, const char *property, void *data);
+int bus_execute_append_env_files(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data);
+int bus_execute_append_syscall_filter(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data);
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-job.c b/src/core/dbus-job.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..98ccfa62ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-job.c
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "dbus.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "dbus-job.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+
+#define BUS_JOB_INTERFACE                                             \
+        " <interface name=\"org.freedesktop.systemd1.Job\">\n"        \
+        "  <method name=\"Cancel\"/>\n"                               \
+        "  <property name=\"Id\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n"      \
+        "  <property name=\"Unit\" type=\"(so)\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"JobType\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"State\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        " </interface>\n"
+
+#define INTROSPECTION                                                 \
+        DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE                     \
+        "<node>\n"                                                    \
+        BUS_JOB_INTERFACE                                             \
+        BUS_PROPERTIES_INTERFACE                                      \
+        BUS_PEER_INTERFACE                                            \
+        BUS_INTROSPECTABLE_INTERFACE                                  \
+        "</node>\n"
+
+const char bus_job_interface[] _introspect_("Job") = BUS_JOB_INTERFACE;
+
+#define INTERFACES_LIST                              \
+        BUS_GENERIC_INTERFACES_LIST                  \
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Job\0"
+
+#define INVALIDATING_PROPERTIES                 \
+        "State\0"
+
+static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_job_append_state, job_state, JobState);
+static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_job_append_type, job_type, JobType);
+
+static int bus_job_append_unit(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Job *j = data;
+        DBusMessageIter sub;
+        char *p;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(j);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRUCT, NULL, &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        p = unit_dbus_path(j->unit);
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &j->unit->id) ||
+            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &p)) {
+                free(p);
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        free(p);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(i, &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static const BusProperty bus_job_properties[] = {
+        { "Id",      bus_property_append_uint32, "u", offsetof(Job, id)    },
+        { "State",   bus_job_append_state,       "s", offsetof(Job, state) },
+        { "JobType", bus_job_append_type,        "s", offsetof(Job, type)  },
+        { "Unit",    bus_job_append_unit,     "(so)", 0 },
+        { NULL, }
+};
+
+static DBusHandlerResult bus_job_message_dispatch(Job *j, DBusConnection *connection, DBusMessage *message) {
+        _cleanup_dbus_message_unref_ DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
+
+        if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Job", "Cancel")) {
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(j->unit, connection, message, "stop");
+                job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_CANCELED, true);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NEED_MEMORY;
+        } else {
+                const BusBoundProperties bps[] = {
+                        { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Job", bus_job_properties, j },
+                        { NULL, }
+                };
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(j->unit, connection, message, "status");
+                return bus_default_message_handler(connection, message, INTROSPECTION, INTERFACES_LIST, bps);
+        }
+
+        if (!bus_maybe_send_reply(connection, message, reply))
+                return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NEED_MEMORY;
+
+        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_HANDLED;
+}
+
+static DBusHandlerResult bus_job_message_handler(DBusConnection *connection, DBusMessage  *message, void *data) {
+        Manager *m = data;
+        Job *j;
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_dbus_message_unref_ DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
+
+        assert(connection);
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (streq(dbus_message_get_path(message), "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/job")) {
+                /* Be nice to gdbus and return introspection data for our mid-level paths */
+
+                if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable", "Introspect")) {
+                        char *introspection = NULL;
+                        FILE *f;
+                        Iterator i;
+                        size_t size;
+
+                        SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "status");
+
+                        reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                        if (!reply)
+                                goto oom;
+
+                        /* We roll our own introspection code here, instead of
+                         * relying on bus_default_message_handler() because we
+                         * need to generate our introspection string
+                         * dynamically. */
+
+                        f = open_memstream(&introspection, &size);
+                        if (!f)
+                                goto oom;
+
+                        fputs(DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE
+                              "<node>\n", f);
+
+                        fputs(BUS_INTROSPECTABLE_INTERFACE, f);
+                        fputs(BUS_PEER_INTERFACE, f);
+
+                        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, m->jobs, i)
+                                fprintf(f, "<node name=\"job/%lu\"/>", (unsigned long) j->id);
+
+                        fputs("</node>\n", f);
+
+                        if (ferror(f)) {
+                                fclose(f);
+                                free(introspection);
+                                goto oom;
+                        }
+
+                        fclose(f);
+
+                        if (!introspection)
+                                goto oom;
+
+                        if (!dbus_message_append_args(reply, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &introspection, DBUS_TYPE_INVALID)) {
+                                free(introspection);
+                                goto oom;
+                        }
+
+                        free(introspection);
+
+                        if (!bus_maybe_send_reply(connection, message, reply))
+                                goto oom;
+
+                        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_HANDLED;
+                }
+
+                return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NOT_YET_HANDLED;
+        }
+
+        r = manager_get_job_from_dbus_path(m, dbus_message_get_path(message), &j);
+        if (r == -ENOMEM)
+                goto oom;
+        if (r == -ENOENT) {
+                DBusError e;
+
+                dbus_error_init(&e);
+                dbus_set_error_const(&e, DBUS_ERROR_UNKNOWN_OBJECT, "Unknown job");
+                return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &e, r);
+        }
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+
+        return bus_job_message_dispatch(j, connection, message);
+
+oom:
+        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NEED_MEMORY;
+}
+
+const DBusObjectPathVTable bus_job_vtable = {
+        .message_function = bus_job_message_handler
+};
+
+static int job_send_message(Job *j, DBusMessage* (*new_message)(Job *j)) {
+        _cleanup_dbus_message_unref_ DBusMessage *m = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(j);
+        assert(new_message);
+
+        if (bus_has_subscriber(j->manager) || j->forgot_bus_clients) {
+                m = new_message(j);
+                if (!m)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = bus_broadcast(j->manager, m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+        } else {
+                /* If nobody is subscribed, we just send the message
+                 * to the client(s) which created the job */
+                JobBusClient *cl;
+                assert(j->bus_client_list);
+
+                LIST_FOREACH(client, cl, j->bus_client_list) {
+                        assert(cl->bus);
+
+                        m = new_message(j);
+                        if (!m)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        if (!dbus_message_set_destination(m, cl->name))
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        if (!dbus_connection_send(cl->bus, m, NULL))
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        dbus_message_unref(m);
+                        m = NULL;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static DBusMessage* new_change_signal_message(Job *j) {
+        DBusMessage *m = NULL;
+        char *p = NULL;
+
+        p = job_dbus_path(j);
+        if (!p)
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (j->sent_dbus_new_signal) {
+                /* Send a properties changed signal */
+                m = bus_properties_changed_new(p, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Job", INVALIDATING_PROPERTIES);
+                if (!m)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else {
+                /* Send a new signal */
+
+                m = dbus_message_new_signal("/org/freedesktop/systemd1", "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "JobNew");
+                if (!m)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_append_args(m,
+                                              DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &j->id,
+                                              DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &p,
+                                              DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &j->unit->id,
+                                              DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        goto oom;
+        }
+
+        return m;
+
+oom:
+        if (m)
+                dbus_message_unref(m);
+        free(p);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+static DBusMessage* new_removed_signal_message(Job *j) {
+        DBusMessage *m = NULL;
+        char *p = NULL;
+        const char *r;
+
+        p = job_dbus_path(j);
+        if (!p)
+                goto oom;
+
+        m = dbus_message_new_signal("/org/freedesktop/systemd1", "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "JobRemoved");
+        if (!m)
+                goto oom;
+
+        r = job_result_to_string(j->result);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_append_args(m,
+                                      DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &j->id,
+                                      DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &p,
+                                      DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &j->unit->id,
+                                      DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &r,
+                                      DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                goto oom;
+
+        return m;
+
+oom:
+        if (m)
+                dbus_message_unref(m);
+        free(p);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+void bus_job_send_change_signal(Job *j) {
+        assert(j);
+
+        if (j->in_dbus_queue) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(Job, dbus_queue, j->manager->dbus_job_queue, j);
+                j->in_dbus_queue = false;
+        }
+
+        if (!bus_has_subscriber(j->manager) && !j->bus_client_list && !j->forgot_bus_clients) {
+                j->sent_dbus_new_signal = true;
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (job_send_message(j, new_change_signal_message) < 0)
+                goto oom;
+
+        j->sent_dbus_new_signal = true;
+
+        return;
+
+oom:
+        log_error("Failed to allocate job change signal.");
+}
+
+void bus_job_send_removed_signal(Job *j) {
+        assert(j);
+
+        if (!bus_has_subscriber(j->manager) && !j->bus_client_list && !j->forgot_bus_clients)
+                return;
+
+        if (!j->sent_dbus_new_signal)
+                bus_job_send_change_signal(j);
+
+        if (job_send_message(j, new_removed_signal_message) < 0)
+                goto oom;
+
+        return;
+
+oom:
+        log_error("Failed to allocate job remove signal.");
+}
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-job.h b/src/core/dbus-job.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a1b928fb16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-job.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include "job.h"
+
+void bus_job_send_change_signal(Job *j);
+void bus_job_send_removed_signal(Job *j);
+
+extern const DBusObjectPathVTable bus_job_vtable;
+
+extern const char bus_job_interface[];
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-kill.c b/src/core/dbus-kill.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..165f63074b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-kill.c
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include "dbus-kill.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+
+DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_kill_append_mode, kill_mode, KillMode);
+
+const BusProperty bus_kill_context_properties[] = {
+        { "KillMode",    bus_kill_append_mode,     "s", offsetof(KillContext, kill_mode)    },
+        { "KillSignal",  bus_property_append_int,  "i", offsetof(KillContext, kill_signal)  },
+        { "SendSIGKILL", bus_property_append_bool, "b", offsetof(KillContext, send_sigkill) },
+        { NULL, }
+};
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-kill.h b/src/core/dbus-kill.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..238fbd36d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-kill.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include "manager.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+
+#define BUS_KILL_CONTEXT_INTERFACE                                      \
+        "  <property name=\"KillMode\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"  \
+        "  <property name=\"KillSignal\" type=\"i\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"SendSIGKILL\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n"
+
+#define BUS_KILL_COMMAND_INTERFACE(name)                                \
+        "  <property name=\"" name "\" type=\"a(sasbttuii)\" access=\"read\"/>\n"
+
+extern const BusProperty bus_kill_context_properties[];
+
+int bus_kill_append_mode(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data);
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-manager.c b/src/core/dbus-manager.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56b02a1cf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-manager.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1912 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "dbus.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "dbus-manager.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "bus-errors.h"
+#include "build.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "install.h"
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+#include "watchdog.h"
+#include "hwclock.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+
+#define BUS_MANAGER_INTERFACE_BEGIN                                     \
+        " <interface name=\"org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager\">\n"
+
+#define BUS_MANAGER_INTERFACE_METHODS                                   \
+        "  <method name=\"GetUnit\">\n"                                 \
+        "   <arg name=\"name\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"unit\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"        \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"GetUnitByPID\">\n"                            \
+        "   <arg name=\"pid\" type=\"u\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"          \
+        "   <arg name=\"unit\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"        \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"LoadUnit\">\n"                                \
+        "   <arg name=\"name\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"unit\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"        \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"StartUnit\">\n"                               \
+        "   <arg name=\"name\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"job\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"StartUnitReplace\">\n"                        \
+        "   <arg name=\"old_unit\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"     \
+        "   <arg name=\"new_unit\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"     \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"job\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"StopUnit\">\n"                                \
+        "   <arg name=\"name\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"job\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"ReloadUnit\">\n"                              \
+        "   <arg name=\"name\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"job\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"RestartUnit\">\n"                             \
+        "   <arg name=\"name\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"job\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"TryRestartUnit\">\n"                          \
+        "   <arg name=\"name\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"job\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"ReloadOrRestartUnit\">\n"                     \
+        "   <arg name=\"name\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"job\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"ReloadOrTryRestartUnit\">\n"                  \
+        "   <arg name=\"name\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"job\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"KillUnit\">\n"                                \
+        "   <arg name=\"name\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"who\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"          \
+        "   <arg name=\"signal\" type=\"i\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"       \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"ResetFailedUnit\">\n"                         \
+        "   <arg name=\"name\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"SetUnitControlGroup\">\n"                     \
+        "   <arg name=\"name\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"group\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"        \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"UnsetUnitControlGroup\">\n"                   \
+        "   <arg name=\"name\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"group\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"        \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"\n/>"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"GetUnitControlGroupAttribute\">\n"            \
+        "   <arg name=\"name\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"attribute\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"    \
+        "   <arg name=\"values\" type=\"as\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"     \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"SetUnitControlGroupAttribute\">\n"            \
+        "   <arg name=\"name\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"attribute\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"    \
+        "   <arg name=\"values\" type=\"as\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"      \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"\n/>"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"UnsetUnitControlGroupAttributes\">\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"name\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"attribute\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"    \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"GetJob\">\n"                                  \
+        "   <arg name=\"id\" type=\"u\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"           \
+        "   <arg name=\"job\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"CancelJob\">\n"                               \
+        "   <arg name=\"id\" type=\"u\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"           \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"ClearJobs\"/>\n"                              \
+        "  <method name=\"ResetFailed\"/>\n"                            \
+        "  <method name=\"ListUnits\">\n"                               \
+        "   <arg name=\"units\" type=\"a(ssssssouso)\" direction=\"out\"/>\n" \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"ListJobs\">\n"                                \
+        "   <arg name=\"jobs\" type=\"a(usssoo)\" direction=\"out\"/>\n" \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"Subscribe\"/>\n"                              \
+        "  <method name=\"Unsubscribe\"/>\n"                            \
+        "  <method name=\"Dump\">\n"                                    \
+        "   <arg name=\"dump\" type=\"s\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"        \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"CreateSnapshot\">\n"                          \
+        "   <arg name=\"name\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"cleanup\" type=\"b\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"      \
+        "   <arg name=\"unit\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"        \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"RemoveSnapshot\">\n"                          \
+        "   <arg name=\"name\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"Reload\"/>\n"                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"Reexecute\"/>\n"                              \
+        "  <method name=\"Exit\"/>\n"                                   \
+        "  <method name=\"Reboot\"/>\n"                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"PowerOff\"/>\n"                               \
+        "  <method name=\"Halt\"/>\n"                                   \
+        "  <method name=\"KExec\"/>\n"                                  \
+        "  <method name=\"SwitchRoot\">\n"                              \
+        "   <arg name=\"new_root\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"     \
+        "   <arg name=\"init\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"SetEnvironment\">\n"                          \
+        "   <arg name=\"names\" type=\"as\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"       \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"UnsetEnvironment\">\n"                        \
+        "   <arg name=\"names\" type=\"as\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"       \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"UnsetAndSetEnvironment\">\n"                  \
+        "   <arg name=\"unset\" type=\"as\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"       \
+        "   <arg name=\"set\" type=\"as\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"ListUnitFiles\">\n"                            \
+        "   <arg name=\"files\" type=\"a(ss)\" direction=\"out\"/>\n" \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"GetUnitFileState\">\n"                        \
+        "   <arg name=\"file\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"state\" type=\"s\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"       \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"EnableUnitFiles\">\n"                         \
+        "   <arg name=\"files\" type=\"as\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"       \
+        "   <arg name=\"runtime\" type=\"b\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"      \
+        "   <arg name=\"force\" type=\"b\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"        \
+        "   <arg name=\"carries_install_info\" type=\"b\" direction=\"out\"/>\n" \
+        "   <arg name=\"changes\" type=\"a(sss)\" direction=\"out\"/>\n" \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"DisableUnitFiles\">\n"                        \
+        "   <arg name=\"files\" type=\"as\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"       \
+        "   <arg name=\"runtime\" type=\"b\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"      \
+        "   <arg name=\"changes\" type=\"a(sss)\" direction=\"out\"/>\n" \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"ReenableUnitFiles\">\n"                       \
+        "   <arg name=\"files\" type=\"as\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"       \
+        "   <arg name=\"runtime\" type=\"b\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"      \
+        "   <arg name=\"force\" type=\"b\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"        \
+        "   <arg name=\"carries_install_info\" type=\"b\" direction=\"out\"/>\n" \
+        "   <arg name=\"changes\" type=\"a(sss)\" direction=\"out\"/>\n" \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"LinkUnitFiles\">\n"                           \
+        "   <arg name=\"files\" type=\"as\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"       \
+        "   <arg name=\"runtime\" type=\"b\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"      \
+        "   <arg name=\"force\" type=\"b\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"        \
+        "   <arg name=\"changes\" type=\"a(sss)\" direction=\"out\"/>\n" \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"PresetUnitFiles\">\n"                         \
+        "   <arg name=\"files\" type=\"as\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"       \
+        "   <arg name=\"runtime\" type=\"b\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"      \
+        "   <arg name=\"force\" type=\"b\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"        \
+        "   <arg name=\"carries_install_info\" type=\"b\" direction=\"out\"/>\n" \
+        "   <arg name=\"changes\" type=\"a(sss)\" direction=\"out\"/>\n" \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"MaskUnitFiles\">\n"                           \
+        "   <arg name=\"files\" type=\"as\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"       \
+        "   <arg name=\"runtime\" type=\"b\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"      \
+        "   <arg name=\"force\" type=\"b\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"        \
+        "   <arg name=\"changes\" type=\"a(sss)\" direction=\"out\"/>\n" \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"UnmaskUnitFiles\">\n"                         \
+        "   <arg name=\"files\" type=\"as\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"       \
+        "   <arg name=\"runtime\" type=\"b\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"      \
+        "   <arg name=\"changes\" type=\"a(sss)\" direction=\"out\"/>\n" \
+        "  </method>\n"
+
+#define BUS_MANAGER_INTERFACE_SIGNALS                                   \
+        "  <signal name=\"UnitNew\">\n"                                 \
+        "   <arg name=\"id\" type=\"s\"/>\n"                            \
+        "   <arg name=\"unit\" type=\"o\"/>\n"                          \
+        "  </signal>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <signal name=\"UnitRemoved\">\n"                             \
+        "   <arg name=\"id\" type=\"s\"/>\n"                            \
+        "   <arg name=\"unit\" type=\"o\"/>\n"                          \
+        "  </signal>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <signal name=\"JobNew\">\n"                                  \
+        "   <arg name=\"id\" type=\"u\"/>\n"                            \
+        "   <arg name=\"job\" type=\"o\"/>\n"                           \
+        "   <arg name=\"unit\" type=\"s\"/>\n"                          \
+        "  </signal>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <signal name=\"JobRemoved\">\n"                              \
+        "   <arg name=\"id\" type=\"u\"/>\n"                            \
+        "   <arg name=\"job\" type=\"o\"/>\n"                           \
+        "   <arg name=\"unit\" type=\"s\"/>\n"                          \
+        "   <arg name=\"result\" type=\"s\"/>\n"                        \
+        "  </signal>"                                                   \
+        "  <signal name=\"StartupFinished\">\n"                         \
+        "   <arg name=\"firmware\" type=\"t\"/>\n"                      \
+        "   <arg name=\"loader\" type=\"t\"/>\n"                        \
+        "   <arg name=\"kernel\" type=\"t\"/>\n"                        \
+        "   <arg name=\"initrd\" type=\"t\"/>\n"                        \
+        "   <arg name=\"userspace\" type=\"t\"/>\n"                     \
+        "   <arg name=\"total\" type=\"t\"/>\n"                         \
+        "  </signal>"                                                   \
+        "  <signal name=\"UnitFilesChanged\"/>\n"
+
+#define BUS_MANAGER_INTERFACE_PROPERTIES_GENERAL                        \
+        "  <property name=\"Version\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        "  <property name=\"Features\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"  \
+        "  <property name=\"Tainted\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        "  <property name=\"FirmwareTimestamp\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"FirmwareTimestampMonotonic\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"LoaderTimestamp\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"LoaderTimestampMonotonic\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"KernelTimestamp\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"KernelTimestampMonotonic\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"InitRDTimestamp\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"InitRDTimestampMonotonic\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"UserspaceTimestamp\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"UserspaceTimestampMonotonic\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"FinishTimestamp\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"FinishTimestampMonotonic\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"LogLevel\" type=\"s\" access=\"readwrite\"/>\n"  \
+        "  <property name=\"LogTarget\" type=\"s\" access=\"readwrite\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"NNames\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n"    \
+        "  <property name=\"NJobs\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n"     \
+        "  <property name=\"NInstalledJobs\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"NFailedJobs\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Progress\" type=\"d\" access=\"read\"/>\n"  \
+        "  <property name=\"Environment\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ConfirmSpawn\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ShowStatus\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"UnitPath\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ControlGroupHierarchy\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"DefaultControllers\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"DefaultStandardOutput\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"DefaultStandardError\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"RuntimeWatchdogUSec\" type=\"t\" access=\"readwrite\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ShutdownWatchdogUSec\" type=\"t\" access=\"readwrite\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Virtualization\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"
+
+#define BUS_MANAGER_INTERFACE_END                                       \
+        " </interface>\n"
+
+#define BUS_MANAGER_INTERFACE                                           \
+        BUS_MANAGER_INTERFACE_BEGIN                                     \
+        BUS_MANAGER_INTERFACE_METHODS                                   \
+        BUS_MANAGER_INTERFACE_SIGNALS                                   \
+        BUS_MANAGER_INTERFACE_PROPERTIES_GENERAL                        \
+        BUS_MANAGER_INTERFACE_END
+
+#define INTROSPECTION_BEGIN                                             \
+        DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE                       \
+        "<node>\n"                                                      \
+        BUS_MANAGER_INTERFACE                                           \
+        BUS_PROPERTIES_INTERFACE                                        \
+        BUS_PEER_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_INTROSPECTABLE_INTERFACE
+
+#define INTROSPECTION_END                                               \
+        "</node>\n"
+
+#define INTERFACES_LIST                              \
+        BUS_GENERIC_INTERFACES_LIST                  \
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager\0"
+
+const char bus_manager_interface[] _introspect_("Manager") = BUS_MANAGER_INTERFACE;
+
+static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_manager_append_exec_output, exec_output, ExecOutput);
+
+static int bus_manager_append_tainted(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        const char *t;
+        Manager *m = data;
+        char buf[LINE_MAX] = "", *e = buf, *p = NULL;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->taint_usr)
+                e = stpcpy(e, "split-usr:");
+
+        if (readlink_malloc("/etc/mtab", &p) < 0)
+                e = stpcpy(e, "mtab-not-symlink:");
+        else
+                free(p);
+
+        if (access("/proc/cgroups", F_OK) < 0)
+                e = stpcpy(e, "cgroups-missing:");
+
+        if (hwclock_is_localtime() > 0)
+                e = stpcpy(e, "local-hwclock:");
+
+        /* remove the last ':' */
+        if (e != buf)
+                e[-1] = 0;
+
+        t = buf;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &t))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_manager_append_log_target(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        const char *t;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+
+        t = log_target_to_string(log_get_target());
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &t))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_manager_set_log_target(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        const char *t;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+
+        dbus_message_iter_get_basic(i, &t);
+
+        return log_set_target_from_string(t);
+}
+
+static int bus_manager_append_log_level(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        char *t;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+
+        r = log_level_to_string_alloc(log_get_max_level(), &t);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &t))
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+
+        free(t);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int bus_manager_set_log_level(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        const char *t;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+
+        dbus_message_iter_get_basic(i, &t);
+
+        return log_set_max_level_from_string(t);
+}
+
+static int bus_manager_append_n_names(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Manager *m = data;
+        uint32_t u;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(m);
+
+        u = hashmap_size(m->units);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &u))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_manager_append_n_jobs(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Manager *m = data;
+        uint32_t u;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(m);
+
+        u = hashmap_size(m->jobs);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &u))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_manager_append_progress(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        double d;
+        Manager *m = data;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&m->finish_timestamp))
+                d = 1.0;
+        else
+                d = 1.0 - ((double) hashmap_size(m->jobs) / (double) m->n_installed_jobs);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_DOUBLE, &d))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_manager_append_virt(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Manager *m = data;
+        const char *id = "";
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(m);
+
+        detect_virtualization(&id);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &id))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static DBusMessage *message_from_file_changes(
+                DBusMessage *m,
+                UnitFileChange *changes,
+                unsigned n_changes,
+                int carries_install_info) {
+
+        DBusMessageIter iter, sub, sub2;
+        DBusMessage *reply;
+        unsigned i;
+
+        reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(m);
+        if (!reply)
+                return NULL;
+
+        dbus_message_iter_init_append(reply, &iter);
+
+        if (carries_install_info >= 0) {
+                dbus_bool_t b;
+
+                b = !!carries_install_info;
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&iter, DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN, &b))
+                        goto oom;
+        }
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(&iter, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(sss)", &sub))
+                goto oom;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n_changes; i++) {
+                const char *type, *path, *source;
+
+                type = unit_file_change_type_to_string(changes[i].type);
+                path = strempty(changes[i].path);
+                source = strempty(changes[i].source);
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_STRUCT, NULL, &sub2) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &type) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &path) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &source) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_close_container(&sub, &sub2))
+                        goto oom;
+        }
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(&iter, &sub))
+                goto oom;
+
+        return reply;
+
+oom:
+        dbus_message_unref(reply);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+static int bus_manager_send_unit_files_changed(Manager *m) {
+        DBusMessage *s;
+        int r;
+
+        s = dbus_message_new_signal("/org/freedesktop/systemd1", "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "UnitFilesChanged");
+        if (!s)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = bus_broadcast(m, s);
+        dbus_message_unref(s);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int bus_manager_set_runtime_watchdog_usec(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        uint64_t *t = data;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+
+        dbus_message_iter_get_basic(i, t);
+
+        return watchdog_set_timeout(t);
+}
+
+static const char systemd_property_string[] =
+        PACKAGE_STRING "\0"
+        SYSTEMD_FEATURES;
+
+static const BusProperty bus_systemd_properties[] = {
+        { "Version",       bus_property_append_string,    "s",  0                      },
+        { "Features",      bus_property_append_string,    "s",  sizeof(PACKAGE_STRING) },
+        { NULL, }
+};
+
+static const BusProperty bus_manager_properties[] = {
+        { "Tainted",                     bus_manager_append_tainted,     "s",  0                                                },
+        { "FirmwareTimestamp",           bus_property_append_uint64,     "t",  offsetof(Manager, firmware_timestamp.realtime)   },
+        { "FirmwareTimestampMonotonic",  bus_property_append_uint64,     "t",  offsetof(Manager, firmware_timestamp.monotonic)  },
+        { "LoaderTimestamp",             bus_property_append_uint64,     "t",  offsetof(Manager, loader_timestamp.realtime)     },
+        { "LoaderTimestampMonotonic",    bus_property_append_uint64,     "t",  offsetof(Manager, loader_timestamp.monotonic)    },
+        { "KernelTimestamp",             bus_property_append_uint64,     "t",  offsetof(Manager, kernel_timestamp.realtime)     },
+        { "KernelTimestampMonotonic",    bus_property_append_uint64,     "t",  offsetof(Manager, kernel_timestamp.monotonic)    },
+        { "InitRDTimestamp",             bus_property_append_uint64,     "t",  offsetof(Manager, initrd_timestamp.realtime)     },
+        { "InitRDTimestampMonotonic",    bus_property_append_uint64,     "t",  offsetof(Manager, initrd_timestamp.monotonic)    },
+        { "UserspaceTimestamp",          bus_property_append_uint64,     "t",  offsetof(Manager, userspace_timestamp.realtime)  },
+        { "UserspaceTimestampMonotonic", bus_property_append_uint64,     "t",  offsetof(Manager, userspace_timestamp.monotonic) },
+        { "FinishTimestamp",             bus_property_append_uint64,     "t",  offsetof(Manager, finish_timestamp.realtime)     },
+        { "FinishTimestampMonotonic",    bus_property_append_uint64,     "t",  offsetof(Manager, finish_timestamp.monotonic)    },
+        { "LogLevel",                    bus_manager_append_log_level,   "s",  0,                                               false, bus_manager_set_log_level },
+        { "LogTarget",                   bus_manager_append_log_target,  "s",  0,                                               false, bus_manager_set_log_target },
+        { "NNames",                      bus_manager_append_n_names,     "u",  0                                                },
+        { "NJobs",                       bus_manager_append_n_jobs,      "u",  0                                                },
+        { "NInstalledJobs",              bus_property_append_uint32,     "u",  offsetof(Manager, n_installed_jobs)              },
+        { "NFailedJobs",                 bus_property_append_uint32,     "u",  offsetof(Manager, n_failed_jobs)                 },
+        { "Progress",                    bus_manager_append_progress,    "d",  0                                                },
+        { "Environment",                 bus_property_append_strv,       "as", offsetof(Manager, environment),                  true },
+        { "ConfirmSpawn",                bus_property_append_bool,       "b",  offsetof(Manager, confirm_spawn)                 },
+        { "ShowStatus",                  bus_property_append_bool,       "b",  offsetof(Manager, show_status)                   },
+        { "UnitPath",                    bus_property_append_strv,       "as", offsetof(Manager, lookup_paths.unit_path),       true },
+        { "ControlGroupHierarchy",       bus_property_append_string,     "s",  offsetof(Manager, cgroup_hierarchy),             true },
+        { "DefaultControllers",          bus_property_append_strv,       "as", offsetof(Manager, default_controllers),          true },
+        { "DefaultStandardOutput",       bus_manager_append_exec_output, "s",  offsetof(Manager, default_std_output)            },
+        { "DefaultStandardError",        bus_manager_append_exec_output, "s",  offsetof(Manager, default_std_error)             },
+        { "RuntimeWatchdogUSec",         bus_property_append_usec,       "t",  offsetof(Manager, runtime_watchdog),             false, bus_manager_set_runtime_watchdog_usec },
+        { "ShutdownWatchdogUSec",        bus_property_append_usec,       "t",  offsetof(Manager, shutdown_watchdog),            false, bus_property_set_usec },
+        { "Virtualization",              bus_manager_append_virt,        "s",  0,                                               },
+        { NULL, }
+};
+
+static DBusHandlerResult bus_manager_message_handler(DBusConnection *connection, DBusMessage *message, void *data) {
+        _cleanup_dbus_message_unref_ DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char * path = NULL;
+        Manager *m = data;
+        int r;
+        DBusError error;
+        JobType job_type = _JOB_TYPE_INVALID;
+        bool reload_if_possible = false;
+        const char *member;
+
+        assert(connection);
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        member = dbus_message_get_member(message);
+
+        if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "GetUnit")) {
+                const char *name;
+                Unit *u;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(
+                                    message,
+                                    &error,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+
+                u = manager_get_unit(m, name);
+                if (!u) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "Unit %s is not loaded.", name);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOENT);
+                }
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "status");
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                path = unit_dbus_path(u);
+                if (!path)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_append_args(
+                                    reply,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &path,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        goto oom;
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "GetUnitByPID")) {
+                Unit *u;
+                uint32_t pid;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(
+                                    message,
+                                    &error,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &pid,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+
+                u = cgroup_unit_by_pid(m, (pid_t) pid);
+                if (!u) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "No unit for PID %lu is loaded.", (unsigned long) pid);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOENT);
+                }
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "status");
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                path = unit_dbus_path(u);
+                if (!path)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_append_args(
+                                    reply,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &path,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        goto oom;
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "LoadUnit")) {
+                const char *name;
+                Unit *u;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(
+                                    message,
+                                    &error,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+
+                r = manager_load_unit(m, name, NULL, &error, &u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, r);
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "status");
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                path = unit_dbus_path(u);
+                if (!path)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_append_args(
+                                    reply,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &path,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "StartUnit"))
+                job_type = JOB_START;
+        else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "StartUnitReplace"))
+                job_type = JOB_START;
+        else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "StopUnit"))
+                job_type = JOB_STOP;
+        else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "ReloadUnit"))
+                job_type = JOB_RELOAD;
+        else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "RestartUnit"))
+                job_type = JOB_RESTART;
+        else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "TryRestartUnit"))
+                job_type = JOB_TRY_RESTART;
+        else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "ReloadOrRestartUnit")) {
+                reload_if_possible = true;
+                job_type = JOB_RESTART;
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "ReloadOrTryRestartUnit")) {
+                reload_if_possible = true;
+                job_type = JOB_TRY_RESTART;
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "KillUnit")) {
+                const char *name, *swho;
+                int32_t signo;
+                Unit *u;
+                KillWho who;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(
+                                    message,
+                                    &error,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &swho,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INT32, &signo,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+
+                if (isempty(swho))
+                        who = KILL_ALL;
+                else {
+                        who = kill_who_from_string(swho);
+                        if (who < 0)
+                                return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+                }
+
+                if (signo <= 0 || signo >= _NSIG)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+
+                u = manager_get_unit(m, name);
+                if (!u) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "Unit %s is not loaded.", name);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOENT);
+                }
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "stop");
+
+                r = unit_kill(u, who, signo, &error);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, r);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "GetJob")) {
+                uint32_t id;
+                Job *j;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(
+                                    message,
+                                    &error,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &id,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+
+                j = manager_get_job(m, id);
+                if (!j) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_JOB, "Job %u does not exist.", (unsigned) id);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOENT);
+                }
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(j->unit, connection, message, "status");
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                path = job_dbus_path(j);
+                if (!path)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_append_args(
+                                    reply,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &path,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "CancelJob")) {
+                uint32_t id;
+                Job *j;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(
+                                    message,
+                                    &error,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &id,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+
+                j = manager_get_job(m, id);
+                if (!j) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_JOB, "Job %u does not exist.", (unsigned) id);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOENT);
+                }
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(j->unit, connection, message, "stop");
+                job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_CANCELED, true);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "ClearJobs")) {
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "reboot");
+                manager_clear_jobs(m);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "ResetFailed")) {
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "reload");
+
+                manager_reset_failed(m);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "ResetFailedUnit")) {
+                const char *name;
+                Unit *u;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(
+                                    message,
+                                    &error,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+
+                u = manager_get_unit(m, name);
+                if (!u) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "Unit %s is not loaded.", name);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOENT);
+                }
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "reload");
+
+                unit_reset_failed(u);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "SetUnitControlGroup")) {
+                const char *name;
+                Unit *u;
+                DBusMessageIter iter;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_init(message, &iter))
+                        goto oom;
+
+                r = bus_iter_get_basic_and_next(&iter, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+
+                u = manager_get_unit(m, name);
+                if (!u) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "Unit %s is not loaded.", name);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOENT);
+                }
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "start");
+
+                r = bus_unit_cgroup_set(u, &iter);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "UnsetUnitControlGroup")) {
+                const char *name;
+                Unit *u;
+                DBusMessageIter iter;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_init(message, &iter))
+                        goto oom;
+
+                r = bus_iter_get_basic_and_next(&iter, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+
+                u = manager_get_unit(m, name);
+                if (!u) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "Unit %s is not loaded.", name);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOENT);
+                }
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "stop");
+
+                r = bus_unit_cgroup_unset(u, &iter);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "SetUnitControlGroupAttribute")) {
+                const char *name;
+                Unit *u;
+                DBusMessageIter iter;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_init(message, &iter))
+                        goto oom;
+
+                r = bus_iter_get_basic_and_next(&iter, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+
+                u = manager_get_unit(m, name);
+                if (!u) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "Unit %s is not loaded.", name);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOENT);
+                }
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "start");
+
+                r = bus_unit_cgroup_attribute_set(u, &iter);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "UnsetUnitControlGroupAttribute")) {
+                const char *name;
+                Unit *u;
+                DBusMessageIter iter;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_init(message, &iter))
+                        goto oom;
+
+                r = bus_iter_get_basic_and_next(&iter, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+
+                u = manager_get_unit(m, name);
+                if (!u) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "Unit %s is not loaded.", name);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOENT);
+                }
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "stop");
+
+                r = bus_unit_cgroup_attribute_unset(u, &iter);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "GetUnitControlGroupAttribute")) {
+                const char *name;
+                Unit *u;
+                DBusMessageIter iter;
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **list = NULL;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_init(message, &iter))
+                        goto oom;
+
+                r = bus_iter_get_basic_and_next(&iter, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+
+                u = manager_get_unit(m, name);
+                if (!u) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "Unit %s is not loaded.", name);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOENT);
+                }
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "status");
+
+                r = bus_unit_cgroup_attribute_get(u, &iter, &list);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                dbus_message_iter_init_append(reply, &iter);
+                if (bus_append_strv_iter(&iter, list) < 0)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "ListUnits")) {
+                DBusMessageIter iter, sub;
+                Iterator i;
+                Unit *u;
+                const char *k;
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "status");
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                dbus_message_iter_init_append(reply, &iter);
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(&iter, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(ssssssouso)", &sub))
+                        goto oom;
+
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(u, k, m->units, i) {
+                        char *u_path, *j_path;
+                        const char *description, *load_state, *active_state, *sub_state, *sjob_type, *following;
+                        DBusMessageIter sub2;
+                        uint32_t job_id;
+                        Unit *f;
+
+                        if (k != u->id)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_STRUCT, NULL, &sub2))
+                                goto oom;
+
+                        description = unit_description(u);
+                        load_state = unit_load_state_to_string(u->load_state);
+                        active_state = unit_active_state_to_string(unit_active_state(u));
+                        sub_state = unit_sub_state_to_string(u);
+
+                        f = unit_following(u);
+                        following = f ? f->id : "";
+
+                        u_path = unit_dbus_path(u);
+                        if (!u_path)
+                                goto oom;
+
+                        if (u->job) {
+                                job_id = (uint32_t) u->job->id;
+
+                                if (!(j_path = job_dbus_path(u->job))) {
+                                        free(u_path);
+                                        goto oom;
+                                }
+
+                                sjob_type = job_type_to_string(u->job->type);
+                        } else {
+                                job_id = 0;
+                                j_path = u_path;
+                                sjob_type = "";
+                        }
+
+                        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &u->id) ||
+                            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &description) ||
+                            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &load_state) ||
+                            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &active_state) ||
+                            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &sub_state) ||
+                            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &following) ||
+                            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &u_path) ||
+                            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &job_id) ||
+                            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &sjob_type) ||
+                            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &j_path)) {
+                                free(u_path);
+                                if (u->job)
+                                        free(j_path);
+                                goto oom;
+                        }
+
+                        free(u_path);
+                        if (u->job)
+                                free(j_path);
+
+                        if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(&sub, &sub2))
+                                goto oom;
+                }
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(&iter, &sub))
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "ListJobs")) {
+                DBusMessageIter iter, sub;
+                Iterator i;
+                Job *j;
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "status");
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                dbus_message_iter_init_append(reply, &iter);
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(&iter, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(usssoo)", &sub))
+                        goto oom;
+
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, m->jobs, i) {
+                        char *u_path, *j_path;
+                        const char *state, *type;
+                        uint32_t id;
+                        DBusMessageIter sub2;
+
+                        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_STRUCT, NULL, &sub2))
+                                goto oom;
+
+                        id = (uint32_t) j->id;
+                        state = job_state_to_string(j->state);
+                        type = job_type_to_string(j->type);
+
+                        j_path = job_dbus_path(j);
+                        if (!j_path)
+                                goto oom;
+
+                        u_path = unit_dbus_path(j->unit);
+                        if (!u_path) {
+                                free(j_path);
+                                goto oom;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &id) ||
+                            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &j->unit->id) ||
+                            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &type) ||
+                            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &state) ||
+                            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &j_path) ||
+                            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &u_path)) {
+                                free(j_path);
+                                free(u_path);
+                                goto oom;
+                        }
+
+                        free(j_path);
+                        free(u_path);
+
+                        if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(&sub, &sub2))
+                                goto oom;
+                }
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(&iter, &sub))
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "Subscribe")) {
+                char *client;
+                Set *s;
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "status");
+
+                s = BUS_CONNECTION_SUBSCRIBED(m, connection);
+                if (!s) {
+                        s = set_new(string_hash_func, string_compare_func);
+                        if (!s)
+                                goto oom;
+
+                        if (!dbus_connection_set_data(connection, m->subscribed_data_slot, s, NULL)) {
+                                set_free(s);
+                                goto oom;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                client = strdup(bus_message_get_sender_with_fallback(message));
+                if (!client)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                r = set_consume(s, client);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "Unsubscribe")) {
+                char *client;
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "status");
+
+                client = set_remove(BUS_CONNECTION_SUBSCRIBED(m, connection), (char*) bus_message_get_sender_with_fallback(message));
+                if (!client) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUBSCRIBED, "Client is not subscribed.");
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOENT);
+                }
+
+                free(client);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "Dump")) {
+                FILE *f;
+                char *dump = NULL;
+                size_t size;
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "status");
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                f = open_memstream(&dump, &size);
+                if (!f)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                manager_dump_units(m, f, NULL);
+                manager_dump_jobs(m, f, NULL);
+
+                if (ferror(f)) {
+                        fclose(f);
+                        free(dump);
+                        goto oom;
+                }
+
+                fclose(f);
+
+                if (!dbus_message_append_args(reply, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &dump, DBUS_TYPE_INVALID)) {
+                        free(dump);
+                        goto oom;
+                }
+
+                free(dump);
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "CreateSnapshot")) {
+                const char *name;
+                dbus_bool_t cleanup;
+                Snapshot *s;
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "start");
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(
+                                    message,
+                                    &error,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN, &cleanup,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+
+                if (isempty(name))
+                        name = NULL;
+
+                r = snapshot_create(m, name, cleanup, &error, &s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, r);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                path = unit_dbus_path(UNIT(s));
+                if (!path)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_append_args(
+                                    reply,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &path,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "RemoveSnapshot")) {
+                const char *name;
+                Unit *u;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(
+                                    message,
+                                    &error,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+
+                u = manager_get_unit(m, name);
+                if (!u) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "Unit %s does not exist.", name);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOENT);
+                }
+
+                if (u->type != UNIT_SNAPSHOT) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "Unit %s is not a snapshot.", name);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOENT);
+                }
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "stop");
+                snapshot_remove(SNAPSHOT(u));
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable", "Introspect")) {
+                char *introspection = NULL;
+                FILE *f;
+                Iterator i;
+                Unit *u;
+                Job *j;
+                const char *k;
+                size_t size;
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "status");
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                /* We roll our own introspection code here, instead of
+                 * relying on bus_default_message_handler() because we
+                 * need to generate our introspection string
+                 * dynamically. */
+
+                f = open_memstream(&introspection, &size);
+                if (!f)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                fputs(INTROSPECTION_BEGIN, f);
+
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(u, k, m->units, i) {
+                        char *p;
+
+                        if (k != u->id)
+                                continue;
+
+                        p = bus_path_escape(k);
+                        if (!p) {
+                                fclose(f);
+                                free(introspection);
+                                goto oom;
+                        }
+
+                        fprintf(f, "<node name=\"unit/%s\"/>", p);
+                        free(p);
+                }
+
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, m->jobs, i)
+                        fprintf(f, "<node name=\"job/%lu\"/>", (unsigned long) j->id);
+
+                fputs(INTROSPECTION_END, f);
+
+                if (ferror(f)) {
+                        fclose(f);
+                        free(introspection);
+                        goto oom;
+                }
+
+                fclose(f);
+
+                if (!introspection)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_append_args(reply, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &introspection, DBUS_TYPE_INVALID)) {
+                        free(introspection);
+                        goto oom;
+                }
+
+                free(introspection);
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "Reload")) {
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "reload");
+
+                assert(!m->queued_message);
+
+                /* Instead of sending the reply back right away, we
+                 * just remember that we need to and then send it
+                 * after the reload is finished. That way the caller
+                 * knows when the reload finished. */
+
+                m->queued_message = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!m->queued_message)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                m->queued_message_connection = connection;
+                m->exit_code = MANAGER_RELOAD;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "Reexecute")) {
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "reload");
+
+                /* We don't send a reply back here, the client should
+                 * just wait for us disconnecting. */
+
+                m->exit_code = MANAGER_REEXECUTE;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "Exit")) {
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "halt");
+
+                if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, "Exit is only supported for user service managers.");
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOTSUP);
+                }
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                m->exit_code = MANAGER_EXIT;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "Reboot")) {
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "reboot");
+
+                if (m->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, "Reboot is only supported for system managers.");
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOTSUP);
+                }
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                m->exit_code = MANAGER_REBOOT;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "PowerOff")) {
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "halt");
+
+                if (m->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, "Powering off is only supported for system managers.");
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOTSUP);
+                }
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                m->exit_code = MANAGER_POWEROFF;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "Halt")) {
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "halt");
+
+                if (m->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, "Halting is only supported for system managers.");
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOTSUP);
+                }
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                m->exit_code = MANAGER_HALT;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "KExec")) {
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "reboot");
+
+                if (m->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, "kexec is only supported for system managers.");
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOTSUP);
+                }
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                m->exit_code = MANAGER_KEXEC;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "SwitchRoot")) {
+                const char *switch_root, *switch_root_init;
+                char *u, *v;
+                bool good;
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "reboot");
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(
+                                    message,
+                                    &error,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &switch_root,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &switch_root_init,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+
+                if (path_equal(switch_root, "/") || !path_is_absolute(switch_root))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, -EINVAL);
+
+                if (!isempty(switch_root_init) && !path_is_absolute(switch_root_init))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, -EINVAL);
+
+                if (m->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, "Switching root is only supported for system managers.");
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOTSUP);
+                }
+
+                /* Safety check */
+                if (isempty(switch_root_init)) {
+                        good = path_is_os_tree(switch_root);
+                        if (!good)
+                                log_error("Not switching root: %s does not seem to be an OS tree. /etc/os-release is missing.", switch_root);
+                }
+                else {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+                        p = strjoin(switch_root, "/", switch_root_init, NULL);
+                        if (!p)
+                                goto oom;
+
+                        good = access(p, X_OK) >= 0;
+                        if (!good)
+                                log_error("Not switching root: cannot execute new init %s", p);
+                }
+                if (!good)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, -EINVAL);
+
+                u = strdup(switch_root);
+                if (!u)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                if (!isempty(switch_root_init)) {
+                        v = strdup(switch_root_init);
+                        if (!v) {
+                                free(u);
+                                goto oom;
+                        }
+                } else
+                        v = NULL;
+
+                free(m->switch_root);
+                free(m->switch_root_init);
+                m->switch_root = u;
+                m->switch_root_init = v;
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                m->exit_code = MANAGER_SWITCH_ROOT;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "SetEnvironment")) {
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+                char **e = NULL;
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "reboot");
+
+                r = bus_parse_strv(message, &l);
+                if (r == -ENOMEM)
+                        goto oom;
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+                if (!strv_env_is_valid(l))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, -EINVAL);
+
+                e = strv_env_merge(2, m->environment, l);
+                if (!e)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply) {
+                        strv_free(e);
+                        goto oom;
+                }
+
+                strv_free(m->environment);
+                m->environment = e;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "UnsetEnvironment")) {
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+                char **e = NULL;
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "reboot");
+
+                r = bus_parse_strv(message, &l);
+                if (r == -ENOMEM)
+                        goto oom;
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+                if (!strv_env_name_or_assignment_is_valid(l))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, -EINVAL);
+
+                e = strv_env_delete(m->environment, 1, l);
+                if (!e)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply) {
+                        strv_free(e);
+                        goto oom;
+                }
+
+                strv_free(m->environment);
+                m->environment = e;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "UnsetAndSetEnvironment")) {
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l_set = NULL, **l_unset = NULL, **e = NULL;
+                char **f = NULL;
+                DBusMessageIter iter;
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "reboot");
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_init(message, &iter))
+                        goto oom;
+
+                r = bus_parse_strv_iter(&iter, &l_unset);
+                if (r == -ENOMEM)
+                        goto oom;
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+                if (!strv_env_name_or_assignment_is_valid(l_unset))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, -EINVAL);
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_next(&iter))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, -EINVAL);
+
+                r = bus_parse_strv_iter(&iter, &l_set);
+                if (r == -ENOMEM)
+                        goto oom;
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+                if (!strv_env_is_valid(l_set))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, -EINVAL);
+
+                e = strv_env_delete(m->environment, 1, l_unset);
+                if (!e)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                f = strv_env_merge(2, e, l_set);
+                if (!f)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply) {
+                        strv_free(f);
+                        goto oom;
+                }
+
+                strv_free(m->environment);
+                m->environment = f;
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "ListUnitFiles")) {
+                DBusMessageIter iter, sub, sub2;
+                Hashmap *h;
+                Iterator i;
+                UnitFileList *item;
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "status");
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                h = hashmap_new(string_hash_func, string_compare_func);
+                if (!h)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                r = unit_file_get_list(m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM ? UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM : UNIT_FILE_USER, NULL, h);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        unit_file_list_free(h);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+                }
+
+                dbus_message_iter_init_append(reply, &iter);
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(&iter, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(ss)", &sub)) {
+                        unit_file_list_free(h);
+                        goto oom;
+                }
+
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH(item, h, i) {
+                        const char *state;
+
+                        state = unit_file_state_to_string(item->state);
+                        assert(state);
+
+                        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_STRUCT, NULL, &sub2) ||
+                            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &item->path) ||
+                            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &state) ||
+                            !dbus_message_iter_close_container(&sub, &sub2)) {
+                                unit_file_list_free(h);
+                                goto oom;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                unit_file_list_free(h);
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(&iter, &sub))
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "GetUnitFileState")) {
+                const char *name;
+                UnitFileState state;
+                const char *s;
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "status");
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(
+                                    message,
+                                    &error,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+
+                state = unit_file_get_state(m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM ? UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM : UNIT_FILE_USER, NULL, name);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, state);
+
+                s = unit_file_state_to_string(state);
+                assert(s);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_append_args(
+                                    reply,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &s,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        goto oom;
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "EnableUnitFiles") ||
+                   dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "ReenableUnitFiles") ||
+                   dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "LinkUnitFiles") ||
+                   dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "PresetUnitFiles") ||
+                   dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "MaskUnitFiles")) {
+
+                char **l = NULL;
+                DBusMessageIter iter;
+                UnitFileScope scope = m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM ? UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM : UNIT_FILE_USER;
+                UnitFileChange *changes = NULL;
+                unsigned n_changes = 0;
+                dbus_bool_t runtime, force;
+                int carries_install_info = -1;
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, streq(member, "MaskUnitFiles") ? "disable" : "enable");
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_init(message, &iter))
+                        goto oom;
+
+                r = bus_parse_strv_iter(&iter, &l);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (r == -ENOMEM)
+                                goto oom;
+
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+                }
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_next(&iter) ||
+                    bus_iter_get_basic_and_next(&iter, DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN, &runtime, true) < 0 ||
+                    bus_iter_get_basic_and_next(&iter, DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN, &force, false) < 0) {
+                        strv_free(l);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, -EIO);
+                }
+
+                if (streq(member, "EnableUnitFiles")) {
+                        r = unit_file_enable(scope, runtime, NULL, l, force, &changes, &n_changes);
+                        carries_install_info = r;
+                } else if (streq(member, "ReenableUnitFiles")) {
+                        r = unit_file_reenable(scope, runtime, NULL, l, force, &changes, &n_changes);
+                        carries_install_info = r;
+                } else if (streq(member, "LinkUnitFiles"))
+                        r = unit_file_link(scope, runtime, NULL, l, force, &changes, &n_changes);
+                else if (streq(member, "PresetUnitFiles")) {
+                        r = unit_file_preset(scope, runtime, NULL, l, force, &changes, &n_changes);
+                        carries_install_info = r;
+                } else if (streq(member, "MaskUnitFiles"))
+                        r = unit_file_mask(scope, runtime, NULL, l, force, &changes, &n_changes);
+                else
+                        assert_not_reached("Uh? Wrong method");
+
+                strv_free(l);
+                bus_manager_send_unit_files_changed(m);
+
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        unit_file_changes_free(changes, n_changes);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+                }
+
+                reply = message_from_file_changes(message, changes, n_changes, carries_install_info);
+                unit_file_changes_free(changes, n_changes);
+
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "DisableUnitFiles") ||
+                   dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "UnmaskUnitFiles")) {
+
+                char **l = NULL;
+                DBusMessageIter iter;
+                UnitFileScope scope = m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM ? UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM : UNIT_FILE_USER;
+                UnitFileChange *changes = NULL;
+                unsigned n_changes = 0;
+                dbus_bool_t runtime;
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, streq(member, "UnmaskUnitFiles") ? "enable" : "disable");
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_init(message, &iter))
+                        goto oom;
+
+                r = bus_parse_strv_iter(&iter, &l);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (r == -ENOMEM)
+                                goto oom;
+
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+                }
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_next(&iter) ||
+                    bus_iter_get_basic_and_next(&iter, DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN, &runtime, false) < 0) {
+                        strv_free(l);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, -EIO);
+                }
+
+                if (streq(member, "DisableUnitFiles"))
+                        r = unit_file_disable(scope, runtime, NULL, l, &changes, &n_changes);
+                else if (streq(member, "UnmaskUnitFiles"))
+                        r = unit_file_unmask(scope, runtime, NULL, l, &changes, &n_changes);
+                else
+                        assert_not_reached("Uh? Wrong method");
+
+                strv_free(l);
+                bus_manager_send_unit_files_changed(m);
+
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        unit_file_changes_free(changes, n_changes);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+                }
+
+                reply = message_from_file_changes(message, changes, n_changes, -1);
+                unit_file_changes_free(changes, n_changes);
+
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else {
+                const BusBoundProperties bps[] = {
+                        { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", bus_systemd_properties, systemd_property_string },
+                        { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", bus_manager_properties, m },
+                        { NULL, }
+                };
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "status");
+
+                return bus_default_message_handler(connection, message, NULL, INTERFACES_LIST, bps);
+        }
+
+        if (job_type != _JOB_TYPE_INVALID) {
+                const char *name, *smode, *old_name = NULL;
+                JobMode mode;
+                Unit *u;
+                dbus_bool_t b;
+
+                if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "StartUnitReplace"))
+                        b = dbus_message_get_args(
+                                        message,
+                                        &error,
+                                        DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &old_name,
+                                        DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
+                                        DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &smode,
+                                        DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
+                else
+                        b = dbus_message_get_args(
+                                        message,
+                                        &error,
+                                        DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
+                                        DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &smode,
+                                        DBUS_TYPE_INVALID);
+                if (!b)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+
+                if (old_name) {
+                        u = manager_get_unit(m, old_name);
+                        if (!u || !u->job || u->job->type != JOB_START) {
+                                dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_JOB, "No job queued for unit %s", old_name);
+                                return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -ENOENT);
+                        }
+                }
+
+                mode = job_mode_from_string(smode);
+                if (mode < 0) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_INVALID_JOB_MODE, "Job mode %s is invalid.", smode);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+                }
+
+                r = manager_load_unit(m, name, NULL, &error, &u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, r);
+
+                return bus_unit_queue_job(connection, message, u, job_type, mode, reload_if_possible);
+        }
+
+        if (reply)
+                if (!bus_maybe_send_reply(connection, message, reply))
+                        goto oom;
+
+        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_HANDLED;
+
+oom:
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+
+        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NEED_MEMORY;
+}
+
+const DBusObjectPathVTable bus_manager_vtable = {
+        .message_function = bus_manager_message_handler
+};
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-manager.h b/src/core/dbus-manager.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f0dce5a2e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-manager.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+extern const DBusObjectPathVTable bus_manager_vtable;
+
+extern const char bus_manager_interface[];
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-mount.c b/src/core/dbus-mount.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0fcceb500d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-mount.c
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus-mount.h"
+#include "dbus-kill.h"
+#include "dbus-execute.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+
+#define BUS_MOUNT_INTERFACE                                             \
+        " <interface name=\"org.freedesktop.systemd1.Mount\">\n"        \
+        "  <property name=\"Where\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"     \
+        "  <property name=\"What\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"      \
+        "  <property name=\"Options\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        "  <property name=\"Type\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"      \
+        "  <property name=\"TimeoutUSec\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_INTERFACE("ExecMount")                         \
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_INTERFACE("ExecUnmount")                       \
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_INTERFACE("ExecRemount")                       \
+        BUS_EXEC_CONTEXT_INTERFACE                                      \
+        BUS_KILL_CONTEXT_INTERFACE                                      \
+        BUS_UNIT_CGROUP_INTERFACE                                       \
+        "  <property name=\"ControlPID\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"DirectoryMode\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Result\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"    \
+        " </interface>\n"
+
+#define INTROSPECTION                                                   \
+        DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE                       \
+        "<node>\n"                                                      \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_MOUNT_INTERFACE                                             \
+        BUS_PROPERTIES_INTERFACE                                        \
+        BUS_PEER_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_INTROSPECTABLE_INTERFACE                                    \
+        "</node>\n"
+
+#define INTERFACES_LIST                              \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACES_LIST                     \
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Mount\0"
+
+const char bus_mount_interface[] _introspect_("Mount") = BUS_MOUNT_INTERFACE;
+
+const char bus_mount_invalidating_properties[] =
+        "What\0"
+        "Options\0"
+        "Type\0"
+        "ExecMount\0"
+        "ExecUnmount\0"
+        "ExecRemount\0"
+        "ControlPID\0"
+        "Result\0";
+
+static int bus_mount_append_what(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Mount *m = data;
+        const char *d;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo && m->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo.what)
+                d = m->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo.what;
+        else if (m->from_fragment && m->parameters_fragment.what)
+                d = m->parameters_fragment.what;
+        else
+                d = "";
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &d))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_mount_append_options(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Mount *m = data;
+        const char *d;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo && m->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo.options)
+                d = m->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo.options;
+        else if (m->from_fragment && m->parameters_fragment.options)
+                d = m->parameters_fragment.options;
+        else
+                d = "";
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &d))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_mount_append_type(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Mount *m = data;
+        const char *d;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo && m->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo.fstype)
+                d = m->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo.fstype;
+        else if (m->from_fragment && m->parameters_fragment.fstype)
+                d = m->parameters_fragment.fstype;
+        else
+                d = "";
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &d))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_mount_append_mount_result, mount_result, MountResult);
+
+static const BusProperty bus_mount_properties[] = {
+        { "Where",         bus_property_append_string, "s", offsetof(Mount, where),    true },
+        { "What",          bus_mount_append_what,      "s", 0 },
+        { "Options",       bus_mount_append_options,   "s", 0 },
+        { "Type",          bus_mount_append_type,      "s", 0 },
+        { "TimeoutUSec",   bus_property_append_usec,   "t", offsetof(Mount, timeout_usec)   },
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_PROPERTY("ExecMount",   offsetof(Mount, exec_command[MOUNT_EXEC_MOUNT]),   false),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_PROPERTY("ExecUnmount", offsetof(Mount, exec_command[MOUNT_EXEC_UNMOUNT]), false),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_PROPERTY("ExecRemount", offsetof(Mount, exec_command[MOUNT_EXEC_REMOUNT]), false),
+        { "ControlPID",    bus_property_append_pid,    "u", offsetof(Mount, control_pid)    },
+        { "DirectoryMode", bus_property_append_mode,   "u", offsetof(Mount, directory_mode) },
+        { "Result",        bus_mount_append_mount_result, "s", offsetof(Mount, result)      },
+        { NULL, }
+};
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_mount_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        const BusBoundProperties bps[] = {
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",  bus_unit_properties,         u },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Mount", bus_mount_properties,        m },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Mount", bus_exec_context_properties, &m->exec_context },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Mount", bus_kill_context_properties, &m->kill_context },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Mount", bus_unit_cgroup_properties,  u },
+                { NULL, }
+        };
+
+        SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, c, message, "status");
+
+        return bus_default_message_handler(c, message, INTROSPECTION, INTERFACES_LIST, bps );
+}
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-mount.h b/src/core/dbus-mount.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8597394373
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-mount.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_mount_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
+
+extern const char bus_mount_interface[];
+extern const char bus_mount_invalidating_properties[];
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-path.c b/src/core/dbus-path.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1e62083d9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-path.c
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus-path.h"
+#include "dbus-execute.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+
+#define BUS_PATH_INTERFACE                                              \
+        " <interface name=\"org.freedesktop.systemd1.Path\">\n"         \
+        "  <property name=\"Unit\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"      \
+        "  <property name=\"Paths\" type=\"a(ss)\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"MakeDirectory\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"DirectoryMode\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Result\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"    \
+        " </interface>\n"
+
+#define INTROSPECTION                                                   \
+        DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE                       \
+        "<node>\n"                                                      \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_PATH_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_PROPERTIES_INTERFACE                                        \
+        BUS_PEER_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_INTROSPECTABLE_INTERFACE                                    \
+        "</node>\n"
+
+#define INTERFACES_LIST                              \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACES_LIST                     \
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Path\0"
+
+const char bus_path_interface[] _introspect_("Path") = BUS_PATH_INTERFACE;
+
+const char bus_path_invalidating_properties[] =
+        "Result\0";
+
+static int bus_path_append_paths(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Path *p = data;
+        DBusMessageIter sub, sub2;
+        PathSpec *k;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(i, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(ss)", &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(spec, k, p->specs) {
+                const char *t = path_type_to_string(k->type);
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_STRUCT, NULL, &sub2) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &t) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &k->path) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_close_container(&sub, &sub2))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(i, &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_path_append_unit(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Unit *u = data, *trigger;
+        const char *t;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(u);
+
+        trigger = UNIT_TRIGGER(u);
+        t = trigger ? trigger->id : "";
+
+        return dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &t) ? 0 : -ENOMEM;
+}
+
+static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_path_append_path_result, path_result, PathResult);
+
+static const BusProperty bus_path_properties[] = {
+        { "Unit",          bus_path_append_unit,      "s", 0 },
+        { "Paths",         bus_path_append_paths, "a(ss)", 0 },
+        { "MakeDirectory", bus_property_append_bool,  "b", offsetof(Path, make_directory) },
+        { "DirectoryMode", bus_property_append_mode,  "u", offsetof(Path, directory_mode) },
+        { "Result",        bus_path_append_path_result, "s", offsetof(Path, result) },
+        { NULL, }
+};
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_path_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+        const BusBoundProperties bps[] = {
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit", bus_unit_properties, u },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Path", bus_path_properties, p },
+                { NULL, }
+        };
+
+        SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, c, message, "status");
+
+        return bus_default_message_handler(c, message, INTROSPECTION, INTERFACES_LIST, bps);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-path.h b/src/core/dbus-path.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c945f7d588
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-path.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_path_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
+
+extern const char bus_path_interface[];
+
+extern const char bus_path_invalidating_properties[];
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-service.c b/src/core/dbus-service.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e06a5dce97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-service.c
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus-execute.h"
+#include "dbus-kill.h"
+#include "dbus-service.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+
+#define BUS_SERVICE_INTERFACE                                           \
+        " <interface name=\"org.freedesktop.systemd1.Service\">\n"      \
+        "  <property name=\"Type\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"      \
+        "  <property name=\"Restart\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        "  <property name=\"PIDFile\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        "  <property name=\"NotifyAccess\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"RestartUSec\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"TimeoutUSec\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"WatchdogUSec\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"WatchdogTimestamp\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"WatchdogTimestampMonotonic\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"StartLimitInterval\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"StartLimitBurst\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"StartLimitAction\" type=\"s\" access=\"readwrite\"/>\n" \
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_INTERFACE("ExecStartPre")                      \
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_INTERFACE("ExecStart")                         \
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_INTERFACE("ExecStartPost")                     \
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_INTERFACE("ExecReload")                        \
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_INTERFACE("ExecStop")                          \
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_INTERFACE("ExecStopPost")                      \
+        BUS_EXEC_CONTEXT_INTERFACE                                      \
+        BUS_KILL_CONTEXT_INTERFACE                                      \
+        BUS_UNIT_CGROUP_INTERFACE                                       \
+        "  <property name=\"PermissionsStartOnly\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"RootDirectoryStartOnly\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"RemainAfterExit\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        BUS_EXEC_STATUS_INTERFACE("ExecMain")                           \
+        "  <property name=\"MainPID\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        "  <property name=\"ControlPID\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"BusName\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        "  <property name=\"StatusText\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Result\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"    \
+       " </interface>\n"
+
+#define INTROSPECTION                                                   \
+        DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE                       \
+        "<node>\n"                                                      \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_SERVICE_INTERFACE                                           \
+        BUS_PROPERTIES_INTERFACE                                        \
+        BUS_PEER_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_INTROSPECTABLE_INTERFACE                                    \
+        "</node>\n"
+
+#define INTERFACES_LIST                              \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACES_LIST                     \
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Service\0"
+
+const char bus_service_interface[] _introspect_("Service") = BUS_SERVICE_INTERFACE;
+
+const char bus_service_invalidating_properties[] =
+        "ExecStartPre\0"
+        "ExecStart\0"
+        "ExecStartPost\0"
+        "ExecReload\0"
+        "ExecStop\0"
+        "ExecStopPost\0"
+        "ExecMain\0"
+        "WatchdogTimestamp\0"
+        "WatchdogTimestampMonotonic\0"
+        "MainPID\0"
+        "ControlPID\0"
+        "StatusText\0"
+        "Result\0";
+
+static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_service_append_type, service_type, ServiceType);
+static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_service_append_restart, service_restart, ServiceRestart);
+static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_service_append_notify_access, notify_access, NotifyAccess);
+static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_service_append_service_result, service_result, ServiceResult);
+static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_service_append_start_limit_action, start_limit_action, StartLimitAction);
+static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_SET_ENUM(bus_service_set_start_limit_action, start_limit_action, StartLimitAction);
+
+static const BusProperty bus_exec_main_status_properties[] = {
+        { "ExecMainStartTimestamp",         bus_property_append_usec, "t", offsetof(ExecStatus, start_timestamp.realtime)  },
+        { "ExecMainStartTimestampMonotonic",bus_property_append_usec, "t", offsetof(ExecStatus, start_timestamp.monotonic) },
+        { "ExecMainExitTimestamp",          bus_property_append_usec, "t", offsetof(ExecStatus, start_timestamp.realtime)  },
+        { "ExecMainExitTimestampMonotonic", bus_property_append_usec, "t", offsetof(ExecStatus, start_timestamp.monotonic) },
+        { "ExecMainPID",                    bus_property_append_pid,  "u", offsetof(ExecStatus, pid)                       },
+        { "ExecMainCode",                   bus_property_append_int,  "i", offsetof(ExecStatus, code)                      },
+        { "ExecMainStatus",                 bus_property_append_int,  "i", offsetof(ExecStatus, status)                    },
+        { NULL, }
+};
+
+static const BusProperty bus_service_properties[] = {
+        { "Type",                   bus_service_append_type,          "s", offsetof(Service, type)                         },
+        { "Restart",                bus_service_append_restart,       "s", offsetof(Service, restart)                      },
+        { "PIDFile",                bus_property_append_string,       "s", offsetof(Service, pid_file),               true },
+        { "NotifyAccess",           bus_service_append_notify_access, "s", offsetof(Service, notify_access)                },
+        { "RestartUSec",            bus_property_append_usec,         "t", offsetof(Service, restart_usec)                 },
+        { "TimeoutUSec",            bus_property_append_usec,         "t", offsetof(Service, timeout_start_usec)           },
+        { "TimeoutStartUSec",       bus_property_append_usec,         "t", offsetof(Service, timeout_start_usec)           },
+        { "TimeoutStopUSec",        bus_property_append_usec,         "t", offsetof(Service, timeout_stop_usec)            },
+        { "WatchdogUSec",           bus_property_append_usec,         "t", offsetof(Service, watchdog_usec)                },
+        { "WatchdogTimestamp",      bus_property_append_usec,         "t", offsetof(Service, watchdog_timestamp.realtime)  },
+        { "WatchdogTimestampMonotonic",bus_property_append_usec,      "t", offsetof(Service, watchdog_timestamp.monotonic) },
+        { "StartLimitInterval",     bus_property_append_usec,         "t", offsetof(Service, start_limit.interval)         },
+        { "StartLimitBurst",        bus_property_append_uint32,       "u", offsetof(Service, start_limit.burst)            },
+        { "StartLimitAction",       bus_service_append_start_limit_action,"s", offsetof(Service, start_limit_action), false, bus_service_set_start_limit_action},
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_PROPERTY("ExecStartPre",  offsetof(Service, exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START_PRE]),  true ),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_PROPERTY("ExecStart",     offsetof(Service, exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]),      true ),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_PROPERTY("ExecStartPost", offsetof(Service, exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START_POST]), true ),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_PROPERTY("ExecReload",    offsetof(Service, exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD]),     true ),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_PROPERTY("ExecStop",      offsetof(Service, exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_STOP]),       true ),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_PROPERTY("ExecStopPost",  offsetof(Service, exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_STOP_POST]),  true ),
+        { "PermissionsStartOnly",   bus_property_append_bool,         "b", offsetof(Service, permissions_start_only)       },
+        { "RootDirectoryStartOnly", bus_property_append_bool,         "b", offsetof(Service, root_directory_start_only)    },
+        { "RemainAfterExit",        bus_property_append_bool,         "b", offsetof(Service, remain_after_exit)            },
+        { "GuessMainPID",           bus_property_append_bool,         "b", offsetof(Service, guess_main_pid)               },
+        { "MainPID",                bus_property_append_pid,          "u", offsetof(Service, main_pid)                     },
+        { "ControlPID",             bus_property_append_pid,          "u", offsetof(Service, control_pid)                  },
+        { "BusName",                bus_property_append_string,       "s", offsetof(Service, bus_name),               true },
+        { "StatusText",             bus_property_append_string,       "s", offsetof(Service, status_text),            true },
+        { "Result",                 bus_service_append_service_result,"s", offsetof(Service, result)                       },
+        { NULL, }
+};
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_service_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *connection, DBusMessage *message) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        const BusBoundProperties bps[] = {
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",    bus_unit_properties,             u },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Service", bus_service_properties,          s },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Service", bus_exec_context_properties,     &s->exec_context },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Service", bus_kill_context_properties,     &s->kill_context },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Service", bus_exec_main_status_properties, &s->main_exec_status },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Service", bus_unit_cgroup_properties,      u },
+                { NULL, }
+        };
+
+        SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "status");
+
+        return bus_default_message_handler(connection, message, INTROSPECTION, INTERFACES_LIST, bps);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-service.h b/src/core/dbus-service.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..143aed7ae5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-service.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_service_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
+
+extern const char bus_service_interface[];
+extern const char bus_service_invalidating_properties[];
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-snapshot.c b/src/core/dbus-snapshot.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2ae8574f59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-snapshot.c
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus-snapshot.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+
+#define BUS_SNAPSHOT_INTERFACE                                          \
+        " <interface name=\"org.freedesktop.systemd1.Snapshot\">\n"     \
+        "  <method name=\"Remove\"/>\n"                                 \
+        "  <property name=\"Cleanup\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        " </interface>\n"
+
+#define INTROSPECTION                                                   \
+        DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE                       \
+        "<node>\n"                                                      \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_SNAPSHOT_INTERFACE                                          \
+        BUS_PROPERTIES_INTERFACE                                        \
+        BUS_PEER_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_INTROSPECTABLE_INTERFACE                                    \
+        "</node>\n"
+
+#define INTERFACES_LIST                              \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACES_LIST                     \
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Snapshot\0"
+
+const char bus_snapshot_interface[] _introspect_("Snapshot") = BUS_SNAPSHOT_INTERFACE;
+
+static const BusProperty bus_snapshot_properties[] = {
+        { "Cleanup", bus_property_append_bool, "b", offsetof(Snapshot, cleanup) },
+        { NULL, }
+};
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_snapshot_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message) {
+        Snapshot *s = SNAPSHOT(u);
+        _cleanup_dbus_message_unref_ DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
+
+        if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Snapshot", "Remove")) {
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, c, message, "stop");
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NEED_MEMORY;
+
+                snapshot_remove(SNAPSHOT(u));
+
+        } else {
+                const BusBoundProperties bps[] = {
+                        { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",     bus_unit_properties,     u },
+                        { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Snapshot", bus_snapshot_properties, s },
+                        { NULL, }
+                };
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, c, message, "status");
+
+                return bus_default_message_handler(c, message, INTROSPECTION, INTERFACES_LIST, bps);
+        }
+
+        if (!bus_maybe_send_reply(c, message, reply))
+                return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NEED_MEMORY;
+
+        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_HANDLED;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-snapshot.h b/src/core/dbus-snapshot.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1208aafff6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-snapshot.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_snapshot_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
+
+extern const char bus_snapshot_interface[];
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-socket.c b/src/core/dbus-socket.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..77d98ea0fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-socket.c
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus-socket.h"
+#include "dbus-execute.h"
+#include "dbus-kill.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+
+#define BUS_SOCKET_INTERFACE                                            \
+        " <interface name=\"org.freedesktop.systemd1.Socket\">\n"       \
+        "  <property name=\"BindIPv6Only\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Backlog\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        "  <property name=\"TimeoutUSec\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_INTERFACE("ExecStartPre")                      \
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_INTERFACE("ExecStartPost")                     \
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_INTERFACE("ExecStopPre")                       \
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_INTERFACE("ExecStopPost")                      \
+        BUS_EXEC_CONTEXT_INTERFACE                                      \
+        BUS_KILL_CONTEXT_INTERFACE                                      \
+        BUS_UNIT_CGROUP_INTERFACE                                       \
+        "  <property name=\"ControlPID\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"BindToDevice\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"DirectoryMode\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"SocketMode\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Accept\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n"    \
+        "  <property name=\"KeepAlive\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Priority\" type=\"i\" access=\"read\"/>\n"  \
+        "  <property name=\"ReceiveBuffer\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"SendBuffer\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"IPTOS\" type=\"i\" access=\"read\"/>\n"     \
+        "  <property name=\"IPTTL\" type=\"i\" access=\"read\"/>\n"     \
+        "  <property name=\"PipeSize\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n"  \
+        "  <property name=\"FreeBind\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n"  \
+        "  <property name=\"Transparent\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Broadcast\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"PassCredentials\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"PassSecurity\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Mark\" type=\"i\" access=\"read\"/>\n"      \
+        "  <property name=\"MaxConnections\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"NAccepted\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"NConnections\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"MessageQueueMaxMessages\" type=\"x\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"MessageQueueMessageSize\" type=\"x\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Listen\" type=\"a(ss)\" access=\"read\"/>\n"    \
+        "  <property name=\"Result\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"    \
+        "  <property name=\"SmackLabel\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"SmackLabelIPIn\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"SmackLabelIPOut\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        " </interface>\n"                                               \
+
+#define INTROSPECTION                                                   \
+        DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE                       \
+        "<node>\n"                                                      \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_SOCKET_INTERFACE                                            \
+        BUS_PROPERTIES_INTERFACE                                        \
+        BUS_PEER_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_INTROSPECTABLE_INTERFACE                                    \
+        "</node>\n"
+
+#define INTERFACES_LIST                              \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACES_LIST                     \
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Socket\0"
+
+const char bus_socket_interface[] _introspect_("Socket") = BUS_SOCKET_INTERFACE;
+
+const char bus_socket_invalidating_properties[] =
+        "ExecStartPre\0"
+        "ExecStartPost\0"
+        "ExecStopPre\0"
+        "ExecStopPost\0"
+        "ControlPID\0"
+        "NAccepted\0"
+        "NConnections\0"
+        "Result\0";
+
+static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_socket_append_bind_ipv6_only, socket_address_bind_ipv6_only, SocketAddressBindIPv6Only);
+static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_socket_append_socket_result, socket_result, SocketResult);
+
+static int bus_socket_append_listen(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(data);
+        SocketPort *p;
+        DBusMessageIter array, stru;
+
+        assert(data);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(i, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(ss)", &array))
+                return log_oom();
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+                const char *type = socket_port_type_to_string(p);
+                _cleanup_free_ char *address = NULL;
+                const char *a;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(&array, DBUS_TYPE_STRUCT, NULL, &stru))
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&stru, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &type))
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                switch (p->type) {
+                        case SOCKET_SOCKET: {
+                                int r;
+
+                                r = socket_address_print(&p->address, &address);
+                                if (r) {
+                                        log_error("socket_address_print failed: %s", strerror(-r));
+                                        return r;
+                                }
+                                a = address;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        case SOCKET_SPECIAL:
+                        case SOCKET_MQUEUE:
+                        case SOCKET_FIFO:
+                                a = p->path;
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                a = type;
+                }
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&stru, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &a))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(&array, &stru))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(i, &array))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static const BusProperty bus_socket_properties[] = {
+        { "BindIPv6Only",   bus_socket_append_bind_ipv6_only,  "s", offsetof(Socket, bind_ipv6_only)  },
+        { "Backlog",        bus_property_append_unsigned,      "u", offsetof(Socket, backlog)         },
+        { "TimeoutUSec",    bus_property_append_usec,          "t", offsetof(Socket, timeout_usec)    },
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_PROPERTY("ExecStartPre",  offsetof(Socket, exec_command[SOCKET_EXEC_START_PRE]),  true ),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_PROPERTY("ExecStartPost", offsetof(Socket, exec_command[SOCKET_EXEC_START_POST]), true ),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_PROPERTY("ExecStopPre",   offsetof(Socket, exec_command[SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_PRE]),   true ),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_PROPERTY("ExecStopPost",  offsetof(Socket, exec_command[SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_POST]),  true ),
+        { "ControlPID",     bus_property_append_pid,           "u", offsetof(Socket, control_pid)     },
+        { "BindToDevice",   bus_property_append_string,        "s", offsetof(Socket, bind_to_device), true },
+        { "DirectoryMode",  bus_property_append_mode,          "u", offsetof(Socket, directory_mode)  },
+        { "SocketMode",     bus_property_append_mode,          "u", offsetof(Socket, socket_mode)     },
+        { "Accept",         bus_property_append_bool,          "b", offsetof(Socket, accept)          },
+        { "KeepAlive",      bus_property_append_bool,          "b", offsetof(Socket, keep_alive)      },
+        { "Priority",       bus_property_append_int,           "i", offsetof(Socket, priority)        },
+        { "ReceiveBuffer",  bus_property_append_size,          "t", offsetof(Socket, receive_buffer)  },
+        { "SendBuffer",     bus_property_append_size,          "t", offsetof(Socket, send_buffer)     },
+        { "IPTOS",          bus_property_append_int,           "i", offsetof(Socket, ip_tos)          },
+        { "IPTTL",          bus_property_append_int,           "i", offsetof(Socket, ip_ttl)          },
+        { "PipeSize",       bus_property_append_size,          "t", offsetof(Socket, pipe_size)       },
+        { "FreeBind",       bus_property_append_bool,          "b", offsetof(Socket, free_bind)       },
+        { "Transparent",    bus_property_append_bool,          "b", offsetof(Socket, transparent)     },
+        { "Broadcast",      bus_property_append_bool,          "b", offsetof(Socket, broadcast)       },
+        { "PassCredentials",bus_property_append_bool,          "b", offsetof(Socket, pass_cred)       },
+        { "PassSecurity",   bus_property_append_bool,          "b", offsetof(Socket, pass_sec)        },
+        { "Listen",         bus_socket_append_listen,      "a(ss)", 0,                                },
+        { "Mark",           bus_property_append_int,           "i", offsetof(Socket, mark)            },
+        { "MaxConnections", bus_property_append_unsigned,      "u", offsetof(Socket, max_connections) },
+        { "NConnections",   bus_property_append_unsigned,      "u", offsetof(Socket, n_connections)   },
+        { "NAccepted",      bus_property_append_unsigned,      "u", offsetof(Socket, n_accepted)      },
+        { "MessageQueueMaxMessages", bus_property_append_long, "x", offsetof(Socket, mq_maxmsg)       },
+        { "MessageQueueMessageSize", bus_property_append_long, "x", offsetof(Socket, mq_msgsize)      },
+        { "Result",         bus_socket_append_socket_result,   "s", offsetof(Socket, result)          },
+        { "SmackLabel",     bus_property_append_string,        "s", offsetof(Socket, smack),          true },
+        { "SmackLabelIPIn", bus_property_append_string,        "s", offsetof(Socket, smack_ip_in),    true },
+        { "SmackLabelIPOut",bus_property_append_string,        "s", offsetof(Socket, smack_ip_out),   true },
+        { NULL, }
+};
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_socket_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+        const BusBoundProperties bps[] = {
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",   bus_unit_properties,         u },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Socket", bus_socket_properties,       s },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Socket", bus_exec_context_properties, &s->exec_context },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Socket", bus_kill_context_properties, &s->kill_context },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Socket", bus_unit_properties,         u },
+                { NULL, }
+        };
+
+        SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, c, message, "status");
+
+        return bus_default_message_handler(c, message, INTROSPECTION, INTERFACES_LIST, bps);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-socket.h b/src/core/dbus-socket.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5369b22e5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-socket.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_socket_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
+
+extern const char bus_socket_interface[];
+extern const char bus_socket_invalidating_properties[];
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-swap.c b/src/core/dbus-swap.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e99fba7db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-swap.c
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright 2010 Maarten Lankhorst
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus-swap.h"
+#include "dbus-execute.h"
+#include "dbus-kill.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+
+#define BUS_SWAP_INTERFACE                                              \
+        " <interface name=\"org.freedesktop.systemd1.Swap\">\n"         \
+        "  <property name=\"What\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"      \
+        "  <property name=\"Priority\" type=\"i\" access=\"read\"/>\n"  \
+        "  <property name=\"TimeoutUSec\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_INTERFACE("ExecActivate")                      \
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_INTERFACE("ExecDeactivate")                    \
+        BUS_EXEC_CONTEXT_INTERFACE                                      \
+        BUS_KILL_CONTEXT_INTERFACE                                      \
+        BUS_UNIT_CGROUP_INTERFACE                                       \
+        "  <property name=\"ControlPID\" type=\"u\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Result\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"    \
+        " </interface>\n"
+
+#define INTROSPECTION                                                   \
+        DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE                       \
+        "<node>\n"                                                      \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_SWAP_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_PROPERTIES_INTERFACE                                        \
+        BUS_PEER_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_INTROSPECTABLE_INTERFACE                                    \
+        "</node>\n"
+
+#define INTERFACES_LIST                              \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACES_LIST                     \
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Swap\0"
+
+const char bus_swap_interface[] _introspect_("Swap") = BUS_SWAP_INTERFACE;
+
+const char bus_swap_invalidating_properties[] =
+        "What\0"
+        "Priority\0"
+        "ExecActivate\0"
+        "ExecDeactivate\0"
+        "ControlPID\0"
+        "Result\0";
+
+static int bus_swap_append_priority(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Swap *s = data;
+        dbus_int32_t j;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->from_proc_swaps)
+                j = s->parameters_proc_swaps.priority;
+        else if (s->from_fragment)
+                j = s->parameters_fragment.priority;
+        else
+                j = -1;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_INT32, &j))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_swap_append_swap_result, swap_result, SwapResult);
+
+static const BusProperty bus_swap_properties[] = {
+        { "What",       bus_property_append_string, "s", offsetof(Swap, what),  true },
+        { "Priority",   bus_swap_append_priority,   "i", 0 },
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_PROPERTY("ExecActivate",   offsetof(Swap, exec_command[SWAP_EXEC_ACTIVATE]),   false),
+        BUS_EXEC_COMMAND_PROPERTY("ExecDeactivate", offsetof(Swap, exec_command[SWAP_EXEC_DEACTIVATE]), false),
+        { "ControlPID", bus_property_append_pid,    "u", offsetof(Swap, control_pid) },
+        { "Result",     bus_swap_append_swap_result,"s", offsetof(Swap, result)      },
+        { NULL, }
+};
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_swap_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+        const BusBoundProperties bps[] = {
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit", bus_unit_properties,         u },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Swap", bus_swap_properties,         s },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Swap", bus_exec_context_properties, &s->exec_context },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Swap", bus_kill_context_properties, &s->kill_context },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Swap", bus_unit_cgroup_properties,  u },
+                { NULL, }
+        };
+
+        SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, c, message, "status");
+
+        return bus_default_message_handler(c, message, INTROSPECTION, INTERFACES_LIST, bps);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-swap.h b/src/core/dbus-swap.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..41fe4447ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-swap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright 2010 Maarten Lankhorst
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_swap_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
+
+extern const char bus_swap_interface[];
+extern const char bus_swap_invalidating_properties[];
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-target.c b/src/core/dbus-target.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6a775506cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-target.c
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus-target.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+
+#define BUS_TARGET_INTERFACE                                            \
+        " <interface name=\"org.freedesktop.systemd1.Target\">\n"       \
+        " </interface>\n"
+
+#define INTROSPECTION                                                   \
+        DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE                       \
+        "<node>\n"                                                      \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_TARGET_INTERFACE                                            \
+        BUS_PROPERTIES_INTERFACE                                        \
+        BUS_PEER_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_INTROSPECTABLE_INTERFACE                                    \
+        "</node>\n"
+
+#define INTERFACES_LIST                              \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACES_LIST                     \
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Target\0"
+
+const char bus_target_interface[] _introspect_("Target") = BUS_TARGET_INTERFACE;
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_target_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message) {
+        const BusBoundProperties bps[] = {
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit", bus_unit_properties, u },
+                { NULL, }
+        };
+
+        SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, c, message, "status");
+
+        return bus_default_message_handler(c, message, INTROSPECTION, INTERFACES_LIST, bps);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-target.h b/src/core/dbus-target.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8a0304c75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-target.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_target_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
+
+extern const char bus_target_interface[];
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-timer.c b/src/core/dbus-timer.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4082f7f9b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-timer.c
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus-timer.h"
+#include "dbus-execute.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+
+#define BUS_TIMER_INTERFACE                                             \
+        " <interface name=\"org.freedesktop.systemd1.Timer\">\n"        \
+        "  <property name=\"Unit\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"      \
+        "  <property name=\"TimersMonotonic\" type=\"a(stt)\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"TimersCalendar\" type=\"a(sst)\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"NextElapseUSecRealtime\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"NextElapseUSecMonotonic\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Result\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"    \
+        " </interface>\n"
+
+#define INTROSPECTION                                                   \
+        DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE                       \
+        "<node>\n"                                                      \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_TIMER_INTERFACE                                             \
+        BUS_PROPERTIES_INTERFACE                                        \
+        BUS_PEER_INTERFACE                                              \
+        BUS_INTROSPECTABLE_INTERFACE                                    \
+        "</node>\n"
+
+#define INTERFACES_LIST                              \
+        BUS_UNIT_INTERFACES_LIST                     \
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Timer\0"
+
+const char bus_timer_interface[] _introspect_("Timer") = BUS_TIMER_INTERFACE;
+
+const char bus_timer_invalidating_properties[] =
+        "TimersMonotonic\0"
+        "TimersRealtime\0"
+        "NextElapseUSecRealtime\0"
+        "NextElapseUSecMonotonic\0"
+        "Result\0";
+
+static int bus_timer_append_monotonic_timers(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Timer *p = data;
+        DBusMessageIter sub, sub2;
+        TimerValue *k;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(i, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(stt)", &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(value, k, p->values) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+                const char *t;
+                size_t l;
+                bool b;
+
+                if (k->base == TIMER_CALENDAR)
+                        continue;
+
+                t = timer_base_to_string(k->base);
+                assert(endswith(t, "Sec"));
+
+                /* s/Sec/USec/ */
+                l = strlen(t);
+                buf = new(char, l+2);
+                if (!buf)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                memcpy(buf, t, l-3);
+                memcpy(buf+l-3, "USec", 5);
+
+                b = dbus_message_iter_open_container(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_STRUCT, NULL, &sub2) &&
+                        dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &buf) &&
+                        dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_UINT64, &k->value) &&
+                        dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_UINT64, &k->next_elapse) &&
+                        dbus_message_iter_close_container(&sub, &sub2);
+
+                if (!b)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(i, &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_timer_append_calendar_timers(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Timer *p = data;
+        DBusMessageIter sub, sub2;
+        TimerValue *k;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(i, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(sst)", &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(value, k, p->values) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+                const char *t;
+                bool b;
+                int j;
+
+                if (k->base != TIMER_CALENDAR)
+                        continue;
+
+                t = timer_base_to_string(k->base);
+                j = calendar_spec_to_string(k->calendar_spec, &buf);
+                if (j < 0)
+                        return j;
+
+                b = dbus_message_iter_open_container(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_STRUCT, NULL, &sub2) &&
+                        dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &t) &&
+                        dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &buf) &&
+                        dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_UINT64, &k->next_elapse) &&
+                        dbus_message_iter_close_container(&sub, &sub2);
+
+                if (!b)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(i, &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_timer_append_unit(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Unit *u = data, *trigger;
+        const char *t;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(u);
+
+        trigger = UNIT_TRIGGER(u);
+        t = trigger ? trigger->id : "";
+
+        return dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &t) ? 0 : -ENOMEM;
+}
+
+static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_timer_append_timer_result, timer_result, TimerResult);
+
+static const BusProperty bus_timer_properties[] = {
+        { "Unit",                    bus_timer_append_unit,             "s",      0 },
+        { "TimersMonotonic",         bus_timer_append_monotonic_timers, "a(stt)", 0 },
+        { "TimersCalendar",          bus_timer_append_calendar_timers,  "a(sst)", 0 },
+        { "NextElapseUSecMonotonic", bus_property_append_usec,          "t",      offsetof(Timer, next_elapse_monotonic) },
+        { "NextElapseUSecRealtime",  bus_property_append_usec,          "t",      offsetof(Timer, next_elapse_realtime) },
+        { "Result",                  bus_timer_append_timer_result,     "s",      offsetof(Timer, result) },
+        { NULL, }
+};
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_timer_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+        const BusBoundProperties bps[] = {
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",  bus_unit_properties,  u },
+                { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Timer", bus_timer_properties, t },
+                { NULL, }
+        };
+
+        SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, c, message, "status");
+
+        return bus_default_message_handler(c, message, INTROSPECTION, INTERFACES_LIST, bps);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-timer.h b/src/core/dbus-timer.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ac30501d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-timer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_timer_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
+
+extern const char bus_timer_interface[];
+extern const char bus_timer_invalidating_properties[];
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-unit.c b/src/core/dbus-unit.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..575f8eb36a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-unit.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1324 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "dbus.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "bus-errors.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+
+const char bus_unit_interface[] _introspect_("Unit") = BUS_UNIT_INTERFACE;
+
+#define INVALIDATING_PROPERTIES                 \
+        "LoadState\0"                           \
+        "ActiveState\0"                         \
+        "SubState\0"                            \
+        "InactiveExitTimestamp\0"               \
+        "ActiveEnterTimestamp\0"                \
+        "ActiveExitTimestamp\0"                 \
+        "InactiveEnterTimestamp\0"              \
+        "Job\0"                                 \
+        "NeedDaemonReload\0"
+
+static int bus_unit_append_names(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        char *t;
+        Iterator j;
+        DBusMessageIter sub;
+        Unit *u = data;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(i, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "s", &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(t, u->names, j)
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &t))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(i, &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_append_following(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Unit *u = data, *f;
+        const char *d;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(u);
+
+        f = unit_following(u);
+        d = f ? f->id : "";
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &d))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_append_dependencies(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Unit *u;
+        Iterator j;
+        DBusMessageIter sub;
+        Set *s = data;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(i, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "s", &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(u, s, j)
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &u->id))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(i, &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_append_description(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Unit *u = data;
+        const char *d;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(u);
+
+        d = unit_description(u);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &d))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_unit_append_load_state, unit_load_state, UnitLoadState);
+
+static int bus_unit_append_active_state(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Unit *u = data;
+        const char *state;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(u);
+
+        state = unit_active_state_to_string(unit_active_state(u));
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &state))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_append_sub_state(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Unit *u = data;
+        const char *state;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(u);
+
+        state = unit_sub_state_to_string(u);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &state))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_append_file_state(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Unit *u = data;
+        const char *state;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(u);
+
+        state = strempty(unit_file_state_to_string(unit_get_unit_file_state(u)));
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &state))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_append_can_start(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Unit *u = data;
+        dbus_bool_t b;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(u);
+
+        b = unit_can_start(u) &&
+                !u->refuse_manual_start;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN, &b))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_append_can_stop(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Unit *u = data;
+        dbus_bool_t b;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* On the lower levels we assume that every unit we can start
+         * we can also stop */
+
+        b = unit_can_start(u) &&
+                !u->refuse_manual_stop;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN, &b))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_append_can_reload(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Unit *u = data;
+        dbus_bool_t b;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(u);
+
+        b = unit_can_reload(u);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN, &b))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_append_can_isolate(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Unit *u = data;
+        dbus_bool_t b;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(u);
+
+        b = unit_can_isolate(u) &&
+                !u->refuse_manual_start;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN, &b))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_append_job(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Unit *u = data;
+        DBusMessageIter sub;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRUCT, NULL, &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (u->job) {
+
+                p = job_dbus_path(u->job);
+                if (!p)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &u->job->id) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &p))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        } else {
+                uint32_t id = 0;
+
+                /* No job, so let's fill in some placeholder
+                 * data. Since we need to fill in a valid path we
+                 * simple point to ourselves. */
+
+                p = unit_dbus_path(u);
+                if (!p)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &id) ||
+                    !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &p))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(i, &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_append_default_cgroup(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Unit *u = data;
+        char *t;
+        CGroupBonding *cgb;
+        bool success;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(u);
+
+        cgb = unit_get_default_cgroup(u);
+        if (cgb) {
+                t = cgroup_bonding_to_string(cgb);
+                if (!t)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        } else
+                t = (char*) "";
+
+        success = dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &t);
+
+        if (cgb)
+                free(t);
+
+        return success ? 0 : -ENOMEM;
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_append_cgroups(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Unit *u = data;
+        CGroupBonding *cgb;
+        DBusMessageIter sub;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(i, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "s", &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, cgb, u->cgroup_bondings) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+                bool success;
+
+                t = cgroup_bonding_to_string(cgb);
+                if (!t)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                success = dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &t);
+                if (!success)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(i, &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_append_cgroup_attrs(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Unit *u = data;
+        CGroupAttribute *a;
+        DBusMessageIter sub, sub2;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(i, DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY, "(sss)", &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, a, u->cgroup_attributes) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *v = NULL;
+                bool success;
+
+                if (a->semantics && a->semantics->map_write)
+                        a->semantics->map_write(a->semantics, a->value, &v);
+
+                success =
+                        dbus_message_iter_open_container(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_STRUCT, NULL, &sub2) &&
+                        dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &a->controller) &&
+                        dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &a->name) &&
+                        dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub2, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, v ? &v : &a->value) &&
+                        dbus_message_iter_close_container(&sub, &sub2);
+                if (!success)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(i, &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_append_need_daemon_reload(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Unit *u = data;
+        dbus_bool_t b;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(u);
+
+        b = unit_need_daemon_reload(u);
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(i, DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN, &b))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_unit_append_load_error(DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
+        Unit *u = data;
+        const char *name, *message;
+        DBusMessageIter sub;
+
+        assert(i);
+        assert(property);
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->load_error != 0) {
+                name = bus_errno_to_dbus(u->load_error);
+                message = strempty(strerror(-u->load_error));
+        } else
+                name = message = "";
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_open_container(i, DBUS_TYPE_STRUCT, NULL, &sub) ||
+            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name) ||
+            !dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&sub, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &message) ||
+            !dbus_message_iter_close_container(i, &sub))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static DBusHandlerResult bus_unit_message_dispatch(Unit *u, DBusConnection *connection, DBusMessage *message) {
+        _cleanup_dbus_message_unref_ DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
+        DBusError error;
+        JobType job_type = _JOB_TYPE_INVALID;
+        bool reload_if_possible = false;
+        int r;
+
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit", "Start"))
+                job_type = JOB_START;
+        else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit", "Stop"))
+                job_type = JOB_STOP;
+        else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit", "Reload"))
+                job_type = JOB_RELOAD;
+        else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit", "Restart"))
+                job_type = JOB_RESTART;
+        else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit", "TryRestart"))
+                job_type = JOB_TRY_RESTART;
+        else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit", "ReloadOrRestart")) {
+                reload_if_possible = true;
+                job_type = JOB_RESTART;
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit", "ReloadOrTryRestart")) {
+                reload_if_possible = true;
+                job_type = JOB_TRY_RESTART;
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit", "Kill")) {
+                const char *swho;
+                int32_t signo;
+                KillWho who;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(
+                                    message,
+                                    &error,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &swho,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INT32, &signo,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+
+                if (isempty(swho))
+                        who = KILL_ALL;
+                else {
+                        who = kill_who_from_string(swho);
+                        if (who < 0)
+                                return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+                }
+
+                if (signo <= 0 || signo >= _NSIG)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "stop");
+
+                r = unit_kill(u, who, signo, &error);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, r);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit", "ResetFailed")) {
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "reload");
+
+                unit_reset_failed(u);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (streq_ptr(dbus_message_get_member(message), "SetControlGroup")) {
+                DBusMessageIter iter;
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "start");
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_init(message, &iter))
+                        goto oom;
+
+                r = bus_unit_cgroup_set(u, &iter);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (streq_ptr(dbus_message_get_member(message), "UnsetControlGroup")) {
+                DBusMessageIter iter;
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "stop");
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_init(message, &iter))
+                        goto oom;
+
+                r = bus_unit_cgroup_unset(u, &iter);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+        } else if (streq_ptr(dbus_message_get_member(message), "GetControlGroupAttribute")) {
+                DBusMessageIter iter;
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **list = NULL;
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "status");
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_init(message, &iter))
+                        goto oom;
+
+                r = bus_unit_cgroup_attribute_get(u, &iter, &list);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                dbus_message_iter_init_append(reply, &iter);
+                if (bus_append_strv_iter(&iter, list) < 0)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (streq_ptr(dbus_message_get_member(message), "SetControlGroupAttribute")) {
+                DBusMessageIter iter;
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "start");
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_init(message, &iter))
+                        goto oom;
+
+                r = bus_unit_cgroup_attribute_set(u, &iter);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (streq_ptr(dbus_message_get_member(message), "UnsetControlGroupAttribute")) {
+                DBusMessageIter iter;
+
+                SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message, "stop");
+
+                if (!dbus_message_iter_init(message, &iter))
+                        goto oom;
+
+                r = bus_unit_cgroup_attribute_unset(u, &iter);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, NULL, r);
+
+                reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                if (!reply)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->bus_message_handler)
+                return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->bus_message_handler(u, connection, message);
+        else
+                return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NOT_YET_HANDLED;
+
+        if (job_type != _JOB_TYPE_INVALID) {
+                const char *smode;
+                JobMode mode;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(
+                                    message,
+                                    &error,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &smode,
+                                    DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+
+                mode = job_mode_from_string(smode);
+                if (mode < 0) {
+                        dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_INVALID_JOB_MODE, "Job mode %s is invalid.", smode);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+                }
+
+                return bus_unit_queue_job(connection, message, u, job_type, mode, reload_if_possible);
+        }
+
+        if (reply)
+                if (!bus_maybe_send_reply(connection, message, reply))
+                        goto oom;
+
+        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_HANDLED;
+
+oom:
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NEED_MEMORY;
+}
+
+static DBusHandlerResult bus_unit_message_handler(DBusConnection *connection, DBusMessage  *message, void *data) {
+        Manager *m = data;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_dbus_message_unref_ DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
+        DBusError error;
+
+        assert(connection);
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        if (streq(dbus_message_get_path(message), "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit")) {
+                /* Be nice to gdbus and return introspection data for our mid-level paths */
+
+                SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, "status");
+
+                if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable", "Introspect")) {
+                        char *introspection = NULL;
+                        FILE *f;
+                        Iterator i;
+                        const char *k;
+                        size_t size;
+
+                        reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+                        if (!reply)
+                                goto oom;
+
+                        /* We roll our own introspection code here, instead of
+                         * relying on bus_default_message_handler() because we
+                         * need to generate our introspection string
+                         * dynamically. */
+
+                        f = open_memstream(&introspection, &size);
+                        if (!f)
+                                goto oom;
+
+                        fputs(DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE
+                              "<node>\n", f);
+
+                        fputs(BUS_INTROSPECTABLE_INTERFACE, f);
+                        fputs(BUS_PEER_INTERFACE, f);
+
+                        HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(u, k, m->units, i) {
+                                char *p;
+
+                                if (k != u->id)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                p = bus_path_escape(k);
+                                if (!p) {
+                                        fclose(f);
+                                        free(introspection);
+                                        goto oom;
+                                }
+
+                                fprintf(f, "<node name=\"%s\"/>", p);
+                                free(p);
+                        }
+
+                        fputs("</node>\n", f);
+
+                        if (ferror(f)) {
+                                fclose(f);
+                                free(introspection);
+                                goto oom;
+                        }
+
+                        fclose(f);
+
+                        if (!introspection)
+                                goto oom;
+
+                        if (!dbus_message_append_args(reply, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &introspection, DBUS_TYPE_INVALID)) {
+                                free(introspection);
+                                goto oom;
+                        }
+
+                        free(introspection);
+
+                        if (!bus_maybe_send_reply(connection, message, reply))
+                                goto oom;
+
+                        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_HANDLED;
+                }
+
+                return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NOT_YET_HANDLED;
+        }
+
+        r = manager_load_unit_from_dbus_path(m, dbus_message_get_path(message), &error, &u);
+        if (r == -ENOMEM)
+                goto oom;
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, r);
+
+        return bus_unit_message_dispatch(u, connection, message);
+
+oom:
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+
+        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NEED_MEMORY;
+}
+
+const DBusObjectPathVTable bus_unit_vtable = {
+        .message_function = bus_unit_message_handler
+};
+
+void bus_unit_send_change_signal(Unit *u) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        _cleanup_dbus_message_unref_ DBusMessage *m = NULL;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->in_dbus_queue) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(Unit, dbus_queue, u->manager->dbus_unit_queue, u);
+                u->in_dbus_queue = false;
+        }
+
+        if (!u->id)
+                return;
+
+        if (!bus_has_subscriber(u->manager)) {
+                u->sent_dbus_new_signal = true;
+                return;
+        }
+
+        p = unit_dbus_path(u);
+        if (!p)
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (u->sent_dbus_new_signal) {
+                /* Send a properties changed signal. First for the
+                 * specific type, then for the generic unit. The
+                 * clients may rely on this order to get atomic
+                 * behavior if needed. */
+
+                if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->bus_invalidating_properties) {
+
+                        m = bus_properties_changed_new(p,
+                                                       UNIT_VTABLE(u)->bus_interface,
+                                                       UNIT_VTABLE(u)->bus_invalidating_properties);
+                        if (!m)
+                                goto oom;
+
+                        if (bus_broadcast(u->manager, m) < 0)
+                                goto oom;
+
+                        dbus_message_unref(m);
+                }
+
+                m = bus_properties_changed_new(p, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",
+                                               INVALIDATING_PROPERTIES);
+                if (!m)
+                        goto oom;
+
+        } else {
+                /* Send a new signal */
+
+                m = dbus_message_new_signal("/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
+                                            "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
+                                            "UnitNew");
+                if (!m)
+                        goto oom;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_append_args(m,
+                                              DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &u->id,
+                                              DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &p,
+                                              DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        goto oom;
+        }
+
+        if (bus_broadcast(u->manager, m) < 0)
+                goto oom;
+
+        u->sent_dbus_new_signal = true;
+
+        return;
+
+oom:
+        log_oom();
+}
+
+void bus_unit_send_removed_signal(Unit *u) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        _cleanup_dbus_message_unref_ DBusMessage *m = NULL;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!bus_has_subscriber(u->manager))
+                return;
+
+        if (!u->sent_dbus_new_signal)
+                bus_unit_send_change_signal(u);
+
+        if (!u->id)
+                return;
+
+        p = unit_dbus_path(u);
+        if (!p)
+                goto oom;
+
+        m = dbus_message_new_signal("/org/freedesktop/systemd1",
+                                    "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",
+                                    "UnitRemoved");
+        if (!m)
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_append_args(m,
+                                      DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &u->id,
+                                      DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &p,
+                                      DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (bus_broadcast(u->manager, m) < 0)
+                goto oom;
+
+        return;
+
+oom:
+        log_oom();
+}
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_unit_queue_job(
+                DBusConnection *connection,
+                DBusMessage *message,
+                Unit *u,
+                JobType type,
+                JobMode mode,
+                bool reload_if_possible) {
+
+        _cleanup_dbus_message_unref_ DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL;
+        Job *j;
+        JobBusClient *cl;
+        DBusError error;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(connection);
+        assert(message);
+        assert(u);
+        assert(type >= 0 && type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+        assert(mode >= 0 && mode < _JOB_MODE_MAX);
+
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        if (reload_if_possible && unit_can_reload(u)) {
+                if (type == JOB_RESTART)
+                        type = JOB_RELOAD_OR_START;
+                else if (type == JOB_TRY_RESTART)
+                        type = JOB_RELOAD;
+        }
+
+        SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(u, connection, message,
+                                  (type == JOB_START || type == JOB_RESTART || type == JOB_TRY_RESTART) ? "start" :
+                                  type == JOB_STOP ? "stop" : "reload");
+
+        if (type == JOB_STOP && u->load_state == UNIT_ERROR && unit_active_state(u) == UNIT_INACTIVE) {
+                dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_UNIT, "Unit %s not loaded.", u->id);
+                return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EPERM);
+        }
+
+        if ((type == JOB_START && u->refuse_manual_start) ||
+            (type == JOB_STOP && u->refuse_manual_stop) ||
+            ((type == JOB_RESTART || type == JOB_TRY_RESTART) && (u->refuse_manual_start || u->refuse_manual_stop))) {
+                dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_ONLY_BY_DEPENDENCY,
+                               "Operation refused, unit %s may be requested by dependency only.", u->id);
+                return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, -EPERM);
+        }
+
+        r = manager_add_job(u->manager, type, u, mode, true, &error, &j);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return bus_send_error_reply(connection, message, &error, r);
+
+        cl = job_bus_client_new(connection, bus_message_get_sender_with_fallback(message));
+        if (!cl)
+                goto oom;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(JobBusClient, client, j->bus_client_list, cl);
+
+        reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message);
+        if (!reply)
+                goto oom;
+
+        path = job_dbus_path(j);
+        if (!path)
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_append_args(
+                            reply,
+                            DBUS_TYPE_OBJECT_PATH, &path,
+                            DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (!bus_maybe_send_reply(connection, message, reply))
+                goto oom;
+
+        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_HANDLED;
+
+oom:
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+
+        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NEED_MEMORY;
+}
+
+static int parse_mode(DBusMessageIter *iter, bool *runtime, bool next) {
+        const char *mode;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(iter);
+        assert(runtime);
+
+        r = bus_iter_get_basic_and_next(iter, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &mode, next);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (streq(mode, "runtime"))
+                *runtime = true;
+        else if (streq(mode, "persistent"))
+                *runtime = false;
+        else
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_unit_cgroup_set(Unit *u, DBusMessageIter *iter) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *controller = NULL, *old_path = NULL, *new_path = NULL, *contents = NULL;
+        const char *name;
+        CGroupBonding *b;
+        bool runtime;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(iter);
+
+        if (!unit_get_exec_context(u))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = bus_iter_get_basic_and_next(iter, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = parse_mode(iter, &runtime, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = cg_split_spec(name, &controller, &new_path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!new_path) {
+                new_path = unit_default_cgroup_path(u);
+                if (!new_path)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        if (!controller || streq(controller, SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        b = cgroup_bonding_find_list(u->cgroup_bondings, controller);
+        if (b) {
+                if (streq(b->path, new_path))
+                        return 0;
+
+                if (b->essential)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                old_path = strdup(b->path);
+                if (!old_path)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_add_cgroup_from_text(u, name, true, &b);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+        if (r > 0) {
+                CGroupAttribute *a;
+
+                /* Try to move things to the new place, and clean up the old place */
+                cgroup_bonding_realize(b);
+                cgroup_bonding_migrate(b, u->cgroup_bondings);
+
+                if (old_path)
+                        cg_trim(controller, old_path, true);
+
+                /* Apply the attributes to the new group */
+                LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, a, u->cgroup_attributes)
+                        if (streq(a->controller, controller))
+                                cgroup_attribute_apply(a, b);
+        }
+
+        contents = strjoin("[", UNIT_VTABLE(u)->exec_section, "]\n"
+                           "ControlGroup=", name, "\n", NULL);
+        if (!contents)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        return unit_write_drop_in(u, runtime, controller, contents);
+}
+
+int bus_unit_cgroup_unset(Unit *u, DBusMessageIter *iter) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *controller = NULL, *path = NULL, *target = NULL;
+        const char *name;
+        CGroupAttribute *a, *n;
+        CGroupBonding *b;
+        bool runtime;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(iter);
+
+        if (!unit_get_exec_context(u))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = bus_iter_get_basic_and_next(iter, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = parse_mode(iter, &runtime, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = cg_split_spec(name, &controller, &path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!controller || streq(controller, SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        b = cgroup_bonding_find_list(u->cgroup_bondings, controller);
+        if (!b)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        if (path && !path_equal(path, b->path))
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        if (b->essential)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        unit_remove_drop_in(u, runtime, controller);
+
+        /* Try to migrate the old group away */
+        if (cg_pid_get_path(controller, 0, &target) >= 0)
+                cgroup_bonding_migrate_to(u->cgroup_bondings, target, false);
+
+        cgroup_bonding_free(b, true);
+
+        /* Drop all attributes of this controller */
+        LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(by_unit, a, n, u->cgroup_attributes) {
+                if (!streq(a->controller, controller))
+                        continue;
+
+                unit_remove_drop_in(u, runtime, a->name);
+                cgroup_attribute_free(a);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_unit_cgroup_attribute_get(Unit *u, DBusMessageIter *iter, char ***_result) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *controller = NULL;
+        CGroupAttribute *a;
+        CGroupBonding *b;
+        const char *name;
+        char **l = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(iter);
+        assert(_result);
+
+        if (!unit_get_exec_context(u))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = bus_iter_get_basic_and_next(iter, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = cg_controller_from_attr(name, &controller);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* First attempt, read the value from the kernel */
+        b = cgroup_bonding_find_list(u->cgroup_bondings, controller);
+        if (b) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL, *v = NULL;
+
+                r = cg_get_path(b->controller, b->path, name, &p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = read_full_file(p, &v, NULL);
+                if (r >= 0) {
+                        /* Split on new lines */
+                        l = strv_split_newlines(v);
+                        if (!l)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        *_result = l;
+                        return 0;
+
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* If that didn't work, read our cached value */
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, a, u->cgroup_attributes) {
+
+                if (!cgroup_attribute_matches(a, controller, name))
+                        continue;
+
+                r = strv_extend(&l, a->value);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        strv_free(l);
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!l)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        *_result = l;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int update_attribute_drop_in(Unit *u, bool runtime, const char *name) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+        CGroupAttribute *a;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, a, u->cgroup_attributes) {
+                if (!cgroup_attribute_matches(a, NULL, name))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!buf) {
+                        buf = strjoin("[", UNIT_VTABLE(u)->exec_section, "]\n"
+                                      "ControlGroupAttribute=", a->name, " ", a->value, "\n", NULL);
+
+                        if (!buf)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                } else {
+                        char *b;
+
+                        b = strjoin(buf,
+                                    "ControlGroupAttribute=", a->name, " ", a->value, "\n", NULL);
+
+                        if (!b)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        free(buf);
+                        buf = b;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (buf)
+                return unit_write_drop_in(u, runtime, name, buf);
+        else
+                return unit_remove_drop_in(u, runtime, name);
+}
+
+int bus_unit_cgroup_attribute_set(Unit *u, DBusMessageIter *iter) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **l = NULL;
+        int r;
+        bool runtime = false;
+        char **value;
+        const char *name;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(iter);
+
+        if (!unit_get_exec_context(u))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = bus_iter_get_basic_and_next(iter, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = bus_parse_strv_iter(iter, &l);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_next(iter))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = parse_mode(iter, &runtime, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(value, l) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *v = NULL;
+                CGroupAttribute *a;
+                const CGroupSemantics *s;
+
+                r = cgroup_semantics_find(NULL, name, *value, &v, &s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (s && !s->multiple && l[1])
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                r = unit_add_cgroup_attribute(u, s, NULL, name, v ? v : *value, &a);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        CGroupBonding *b;
+
+                        b = cgroup_bonding_find_list(u->cgroup_bondings, a->controller);
+                        if (!b) {
+                                /* Doesn't exist yet? Then let's add it */
+                                r = unit_add_cgroup_from_text(u, a->controller, false, &b);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                if (r > 0) {
+                                        cgroup_bonding_realize(b);
+                                        cgroup_bonding_migrate(b, u->cgroup_bondings);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        /* Make it count */
+                        cgroup_attribute_apply(a, u->cgroup_bondings);
+                }
+
+        }
+
+        r = update_attribute_drop_in(u, runtime, name);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int bus_unit_cgroup_attribute_unset(Unit *u, DBusMessageIter *iter) {
+        const char *name;
+        bool runtime;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(iter);
+
+        if (!unit_get_exec_context(u))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = bus_iter_get_basic_and_next(iter, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = parse_mode(iter, &runtime, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        cgroup_attribute_free_some(u->cgroup_attributes, NULL, name);
+        update_attribute_drop_in(u, runtime, name);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+const BusProperty bus_unit_properties[] = {
+        { "Id",                   bus_property_append_string,         "s", offsetof(Unit, id),                                         true },
+        { "Names",                bus_unit_append_names,             "as", 0 },
+        { "Following",            bus_unit_append_following,          "s", 0 },
+        { "Requires",             bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRES]),                true },
+        { "RequiresOverridable",  bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRES_OVERRIDABLE]),    true },
+        { "Requisite",            bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_REQUISITE]),               true },
+        { "RequisiteOverridable", bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_REQUISITE_OVERRIDABLE]),   true },
+        { "Wants",                bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_WANTS]),                   true },
+        { "BindsTo",              bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_BINDS_TO]),                true },
+        { "PartOf",               bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_PART_OF]),                 true },
+        { "RequiredBy",           bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRED_BY]),             true },
+        { "RequiredByOverridable",bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRED_BY_OVERRIDABLE]), true },
+        { "WantedBy",             bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_WANTED_BY]),               true },
+        { "BoundBy",              bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_BOUND_BY]),                true },
+        { "ConsistsOf",           bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_CONSISTS_OF]),             true },
+        { "Conflicts",            bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_CONFLICTS]),               true },
+        { "ConflictedBy",         bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_CONFLICTED_BY]),           true },
+        { "Before",               bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_BEFORE]),                  true },
+        { "After",                bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_AFTER]),                   true },
+        { "OnFailure",            bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_ON_FAILURE]),              true },
+        { "Triggers",             bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERS]),                true },
+        { "TriggeredBy",          bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY]),            true },
+        { "PropagatesReloadTo",   bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_PROPAGATES_RELOAD_TO]),    true },
+        { "ReloadPropagatedFrom", bus_unit_append_dependencies,      "as", offsetof(Unit, dependencies[UNIT_RELOAD_PROPAGATED_FROM]),  true },
+        { "RequiresMountsFor",    bus_property_append_strv,          "as", offsetof(Unit, requires_mounts_for),                        true },
+        { "Documentation",        bus_property_append_strv,          "as", offsetof(Unit, documentation),                              true },
+        { "Description",          bus_unit_append_description,        "s", 0 },
+        { "LoadState",            bus_unit_append_load_state,         "s", offsetof(Unit, load_state)                         },
+        { "ActiveState",          bus_unit_append_active_state,       "s", 0 },
+        { "SubState",             bus_unit_append_sub_state,          "s", 0 },
+        { "FragmentPath",         bus_property_append_string,         "s", offsetof(Unit, fragment_path),                              true },
+        { "SourcePath",           bus_property_append_string,         "s", offsetof(Unit, source_path),                                true },
+        { "DropInPaths",          bus_property_append_strv,          "as", offsetof(Unit, dropin_paths),                               true },
+        { "UnitFileState",        bus_unit_append_file_state,         "s", 0 },
+        { "InactiveExitTimestamp",bus_property_append_usec,           "t", offsetof(Unit, inactive_exit_timestamp.realtime)   },
+        { "InactiveExitTimestampMonotonic", bus_property_append_usec, "t", offsetof(Unit, inactive_exit_timestamp.monotonic)  },
+        { "ActiveEnterTimestamp", bus_property_append_usec,           "t", offsetof(Unit, active_enter_timestamp.realtime)    },
+        { "ActiveEnterTimestampMonotonic", bus_property_append_usec,  "t", offsetof(Unit, active_enter_timestamp.monotonic)   },
+        { "ActiveExitTimestamp",  bus_property_append_usec,           "t", offsetof(Unit, active_exit_timestamp.realtime)     },
+        { "ActiveExitTimestampMonotonic",  bus_property_append_usec,  "t", offsetof(Unit, active_exit_timestamp.monotonic)    },
+        { "InactiveEnterTimestamp", bus_property_append_usec,         "t", offsetof(Unit, inactive_enter_timestamp.realtime)  },
+        { "InactiveEnterTimestampMonotonic",bus_property_append_usec, "t", offsetof(Unit, inactive_enter_timestamp.monotonic) },
+        { "CanStart",             bus_unit_append_can_start,          "b", 0 },
+        { "CanStop",              bus_unit_append_can_stop,           "b", 0 },
+        { "CanReload",            bus_unit_append_can_reload,         "b", 0 },
+        { "CanIsolate",           bus_unit_append_can_isolate,        "b", 0 },
+        { "Job",                  bus_unit_append_job,             "(uo)", 0 },
+        { "StopWhenUnneeded",     bus_property_append_bool,           "b", offsetof(Unit, stop_when_unneeded)                 },
+        { "RefuseManualStart",    bus_property_append_bool,           "b", offsetof(Unit, refuse_manual_start)                },
+        { "RefuseManualStop",     bus_property_append_bool,           "b", offsetof(Unit, refuse_manual_stop)                 },
+        { "AllowIsolate",         bus_property_append_bool,           "b", offsetof(Unit, allow_isolate)                      },
+        { "DefaultDependencies",  bus_property_append_bool,           "b", offsetof(Unit, default_dependencies)               },
+        { "OnFailureIsolate",     bus_property_append_bool,           "b", offsetof(Unit, on_failure_isolate)                 },
+        { "IgnoreOnIsolate",      bus_property_append_bool,           "b", offsetof(Unit, ignore_on_isolate)                  },
+        { "IgnoreOnSnapshot",     bus_property_append_bool,           "b", offsetof(Unit, ignore_on_snapshot)                 },
+        { "NeedDaemonReload",     bus_unit_append_need_daemon_reload, "b", 0 },
+        { "JobTimeoutUSec",       bus_property_append_usec,           "t", offsetof(Unit, job_timeout)                        },
+        { "ConditionTimestamp",   bus_property_append_usec,           "t", offsetof(Unit, condition_timestamp.realtime)       },
+        { "ConditionTimestampMonotonic", bus_property_append_usec,    "t", offsetof(Unit, condition_timestamp.monotonic)      },
+        { "ConditionResult",      bus_property_append_bool,           "b", offsetof(Unit, condition_result)                   },
+        { "LoadError",            bus_unit_append_load_error,      "(ss)", 0 },
+        { NULL, }
+};
+
+const BusProperty bus_unit_cgroup_properties[] = {
+        { "DefaultControlGroup",    bus_unit_append_default_cgroup,     "s", 0 },
+        { "ControlGroups",          bus_unit_append_cgroups,           "as", 0 },
+        { "ControlGroupAttributes", bus_unit_append_cgroup_attrs,  "a(sss)", 0 },
+        { NULL, }
+};
diff --git a/src/core/dbus-unit.h b/src/core/dbus-unit.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..acd1ddbe78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus-unit.h
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include "manager.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+
+#define BUS_UNIT_INTERFACE \
+        " <interface name=\"org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit\">\n"         \
+        "  <method name=\"Start\">\n"                                   \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"job\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"Stop\">\n"                                    \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"job\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"Reload\">\n"                                  \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"job\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"Restart\">\n"                                 \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"job\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"TryRestart\">\n"                              \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"job\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"ReloadOrRestart\">\n"                         \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"job\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"ReloadOrTryRestart\">\n"                      \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "   <arg name=\"job\" type=\"o\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"Kill\">\n"                                    \
+        "   <arg name=\"who\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"          \
+        "   <arg name=\"signal\" type=\"i\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"       \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"ResetFailed\"/>\n"                            \
+        "  <property name=\"Id\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"        \
+        "  <property name=\"Names\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n"    \
+        "  <property name=\"Following\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Requires\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"RequiresOverridable\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Requisite\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"RequisiteOverridable\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Wants\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n"    \
+        "  <property name=\"BindsTo\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n"  \
+        "  <property name=\"PartOf\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        "  <property name=\"RequiredBy\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"RequiredByOverridable\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"WantedBy\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"BoundBy\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ConsistsOf\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Conflicts\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ConflictedBy\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Before\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        "  <property name=\"After\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n"    \
+        "  <property name=\"OnFailure\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n"    \
+        "  <property name=\"Triggers\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n"    \
+        "  <property name=\"TriggeredBy\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n"    \
+        "  <property name=\"PropagatesReloadTo\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ReloadPropagatedFrom\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"RequiresMountsFor\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Description\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"SourcePath\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"DropInPaths\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Documentation\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"LoadState\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ActiveState\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"SubState\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n"  \
+        "  <property name=\"FragmentPath\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"UnitFileState\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"InactiveExitTimestamp\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"InactiveExitTimestampMonotonic\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ActiveEnterTimestamp\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ActiveEnterTimestampMonotonic\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ActiveExitTimestamp\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ActiveExitTimestampMonotonic\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"InactiveEnterTimestamp\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"InactiveEnterTimestampMonotonic\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"CanStart\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n"  \
+        "  <property name=\"CanStop\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n"   \
+        "  <property name=\"CanReload\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"CanIsolate\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"Job\" type=\"(uo)\" access=\"read\"/>\n"    \
+        "  <property name=\"StopWhenUnneeded\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"RefuseManualStart\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"RefuseManualStop\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"AllowIsolate\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"DefaultDependencies\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"OnFailureIsolate\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"IgnoreOnIsolate\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"IgnoreOnSnapshot\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"NeedDaemonReload\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"JobTimeoutUSec\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ConditionTimestamp\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ConditionTimestampMonotonic\" type=\"t\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ConditionResult\" type=\"b\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"LoadError\" type=\"(ss)\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        " </interface>\n"
+
+#define BUS_UNIT_CGROUP_INTERFACE                                       \
+        "  <property name=\"DefaultControlGroup\" type=\"s\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ControlGroups\" type=\"as\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <property name=\"ControlGroupAttributes\" type=\"a(sss)\" access=\"read\"/>\n" \
+        "  <method name=\"SetControlGroup\">\n"                         \
+        "   <arg name=\"group\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"        \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"UnsetControlGroup\">\n"                       \
+        "   <arg name=\"group\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"        \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"GetControlGroupAttribute\">\n"                \
+        "   <arg name=\"attribute\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"    \
+        "   <arg name=\"values\" type=\"as\" direction=\"out\"/>\n"     \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"SetControlGroupAttribute\">\n"                \
+        "   <arg name=\"attribute\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"    \
+        "   <arg name=\"values\" type=\"as\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"      \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"                                                 \
+        "  <method name=\"UnsetControlGroupAttribute\">\n"              \
+        "   <arg name=\"attribute\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"    \
+        "   <arg name=\"mode\" type=\"s\" direction=\"in\"/>\n"         \
+        "  </method>\n"
+
+#define BUS_UNIT_INTERFACES_LIST                \
+        BUS_GENERIC_INTERFACES_LIST             \
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit\0"
+
+extern const BusProperty bus_unit_properties[];
+extern const BusProperty bus_unit_cgroup_properties[];
+
+void bus_unit_send_change_signal(Unit *u);
+void bus_unit_send_removed_signal(Unit *u);
+
+DBusHandlerResult bus_unit_queue_job(
+                DBusConnection *connection,
+                DBusMessage *message,
+                Unit *u,
+                JobType type,
+                JobMode mode,
+                bool reload_if_possible);
+
+int bus_unit_cgroup_set(Unit *u, DBusMessageIter *iter);
+int bus_unit_cgroup_unset(Unit *u, DBusMessageIter *iter);
+int bus_unit_cgroup_attribute_get(Unit *u, DBusMessageIter *iter, char ***_result);
+int bus_unit_cgroup_attribute_set(Unit *u, DBusMessageIter *iter);
+int bus_unit_cgroup_attribute_unset(Unit *u, DBusMessageIter *iter);
+
+extern const DBusObjectPathVTable bus_unit_vtable;
+
+extern const char bus_unit_interface[];
diff --git a/src/core/dbus.c b/src/core/dbus.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1272c938cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1491 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <sys/timerfd.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include "dbus.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "cgroup.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus-job.h"
+#include "dbus-manager.h"
+#include "dbus-service.h"
+#include "dbus-socket.h"
+#include "dbus-target.h"
+#include "dbus-device.h"
+#include "dbus-mount.h"
+#include "dbus-automount.h"
+#include "dbus-snapshot.h"
+#include "dbus-swap.h"
+#include "dbus-timer.h"
+#include "dbus-path.h"
+#include "bus-errors.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+
+#define CONNECTIONS_MAX 512
+
+/* Well-known address (http://dbus.freedesktop.org/doc/dbus-specification.html#message-bus-types) */
+#define DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_DEFAULT_ADDRESS "unix:path=/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket"
+/* Only used as a fallback */
+#define DBUS_SESSION_BUS_DEFAULT_ADDRESS "autolaunch:"
+
+static const char bus_properties_interface[] = BUS_PROPERTIES_INTERFACE;
+static const char bus_introspectable_interface[] = BUS_INTROSPECTABLE_INTERFACE;
+
+const char *const bus_interface_table[] = {
+        "org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties",     bus_properties_interface,
+        "org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable", bus_introspectable_interface,
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager",    bus_manager_interface,
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Job",        bus_job_interface,
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit",       bus_unit_interface,
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Service",    bus_service_interface,
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Socket",     bus_socket_interface,
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Target",     bus_target_interface,
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Device",     bus_device_interface,
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Mount",      bus_mount_interface,
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Automount",  bus_automount_interface,
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Snapshot",   bus_snapshot_interface,
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Swap",       bus_swap_interface,
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Timer",      bus_timer_interface,
+        "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Path",       bus_path_interface,
+        NULL
+};
+
+static void bus_done_api(Manager *m);
+static void bus_done_system(Manager *m);
+static void bus_done_private(Manager *m);
+static void shutdown_connection(Manager *m, DBusConnection *c);
+
+static void bus_dispatch_status(DBusConnection *bus, DBusDispatchStatus status, void *data)  {
+        Manager *m = data;
+
+        assert(bus);
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* We maintain two sets, one for those connections where we
+         * requested a dispatch, and another where we didn't. And then,
+         * we move the connections between the two sets. */
+
+        if (status == DBUS_DISPATCH_COMPLETE)
+                set_move_one(m->bus_connections, m->bus_connections_for_dispatch, bus);
+        else
+                set_move_one(m->bus_connections_for_dispatch, m->bus_connections, bus);
+}
+
+void bus_watch_event(Manager *m, Watch *w, int events) {
+        assert(m);
+        assert(w);
+
+        /* This is called by the event loop whenever there is
+         * something happening on D-Bus' file handles. */
+
+        if (!dbus_watch_get_enabled(w->data.bus_watch))
+                return;
+
+        dbus_watch_handle(w->data.bus_watch, bus_events_to_flags(events));
+}
+
+static dbus_bool_t bus_add_watch(DBusWatch *bus_watch, void *data) {
+        Manager *m = data;
+        Watch *w;
+        struct epoll_event ev;
+
+        assert(bus_watch);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (!(w = new0(Watch, 1)))
+                return FALSE;
+
+        w->fd = dbus_watch_get_unix_fd(bus_watch);
+        w->type = WATCH_DBUS_WATCH;
+        w->data.bus_watch = bus_watch;
+
+        zero(ev);
+        ev.events = bus_flags_to_events(bus_watch);
+        ev.data.ptr = w;
+
+        if (epoll_ctl(m->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, w->fd, &ev) < 0) {
+
+                if (errno != EEXIST) {
+                        free(w);
+                        return FALSE;
+                }
+
+                /* Hmm, bloody D-Bus creates multiple watches on the
+                 * same fd. epoll() does not like that. As a dirty
+                 * hack we simply dup() the fd and hence get a second
+                 * one we can safely add to the epoll(). */
+
+                if ((w->fd = dup(w->fd)) < 0) {
+                        free(w);
+                        return FALSE;
+                }
+
+                if (epoll_ctl(m->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, w->fd, &ev) < 0) {
+                        close_nointr_nofail(w->fd);
+                        free(w);
+                        return FALSE;
+                }
+
+                w->fd_is_dupped = true;
+        }
+
+        dbus_watch_set_data(bus_watch, w, NULL);
+
+        return TRUE;
+}
+
+static void bus_remove_watch(DBusWatch *bus_watch, void *data) {
+        Manager *m = data;
+        Watch *w;
+
+        assert(bus_watch);
+        assert(m);
+
+        w = dbus_watch_get_data(bus_watch);
+        if (!w)
+                return;
+
+        assert(w->type == WATCH_DBUS_WATCH);
+        assert_se(epoll_ctl(m->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, w->fd, NULL) >= 0);
+
+        if (w->fd_is_dupped)
+                close_nointr_nofail(w->fd);
+
+        free(w);
+}
+
+static void bus_toggle_watch(DBusWatch *bus_watch, void *data) {
+        Manager *m = data;
+        Watch *w;
+        struct epoll_event ev;
+
+        assert(bus_watch);
+        assert(m);
+
+        w = dbus_watch_get_data(bus_watch);
+        if (!w)
+                return;
+
+        assert(w->type == WATCH_DBUS_WATCH);
+
+        zero(ev);
+        ev.events = bus_flags_to_events(bus_watch);
+        ev.data.ptr = w;
+
+        assert_se(epoll_ctl(m->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_MOD, w->fd, &ev) == 0);
+}
+
+static int bus_timeout_arm(Manager *m, Watch *w) {
+        struct itimerspec its = {};
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(w);
+
+        if (dbus_timeout_get_enabled(w->data.bus_timeout)) {
+                timespec_store(&its.it_value, dbus_timeout_get_interval(w->data.bus_timeout) * USEC_PER_MSEC);
+                its.it_interval = its.it_value;
+        }
+
+        if (timerfd_settime(w->fd, 0, &its, NULL) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void bus_timeout_event(Manager *m, Watch *w, int events) {
+        assert(m);
+        assert(w);
+
+        /* This is called by the event loop whenever there is
+         * something happening on D-Bus' file handles. */
+
+        if (!(dbus_timeout_get_enabled(w->data.bus_timeout)))
+                return;
+
+        dbus_timeout_handle(w->data.bus_timeout);
+}
+
+static dbus_bool_t bus_add_timeout(DBusTimeout *timeout, void *data) {
+        Manager *m = data;
+        Watch *w;
+        struct epoll_event ev;
+
+        assert(timeout);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (!(w = new0(Watch, 1)))
+                return FALSE;
+
+        if ((w->fd = timerfd_create(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, TFD_NONBLOCK|TFD_CLOEXEC)) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        w->type = WATCH_DBUS_TIMEOUT;
+        w->data.bus_timeout = timeout;
+
+        if (bus_timeout_arm(m, w) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        zero(ev);
+        ev.events = EPOLLIN;
+        ev.data.ptr = w;
+
+        if (epoll_ctl(m->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, w->fd, &ev) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        dbus_timeout_set_data(timeout, w, NULL);
+
+        return TRUE;
+
+fail:
+        if (w->fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(w->fd);
+
+        free(w);
+        return FALSE;
+}
+
+static void bus_remove_timeout(DBusTimeout *timeout, void *data) {
+        Manager *m = data;
+        Watch *w;
+
+        assert(timeout);
+        assert(m);
+
+        w = dbus_timeout_get_data(timeout);
+        if (!w)
+                return;
+
+        assert(w->type == WATCH_DBUS_TIMEOUT);
+
+        assert_se(epoll_ctl(m->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, w->fd, NULL) >= 0);
+        close_nointr_nofail(w->fd);
+        free(w);
+}
+
+static void bus_toggle_timeout(DBusTimeout *timeout, void *data) {
+        Manager *m = data;
+        Watch *w;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(timeout);
+        assert(m);
+
+        w = dbus_timeout_get_data(timeout);
+        if (!w)
+                return;
+
+        assert(w->type == WATCH_DBUS_TIMEOUT);
+
+        if ((r = bus_timeout_arm(m, w)) < 0)
+                log_error("Failed to rearm timer: %s", strerror(-r));
+}
+
+static DBusHandlerResult api_bus_message_filter(DBusConnection *connection, DBusMessage *message, void *data) {
+        Manager *m = data;
+        DBusError error;
+        DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
+
+        assert(connection);
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        if (dbus_message_get_type(message) == DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_METHOD_CALL ||
+            dbus_message_get_type(message) == DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_SIGNAL)
+                log_debug("Got D-Bus request: %s.%s() on %s",
+                          dbus_message_get_interface(message),
+                          dbus_message_get_member(message),
+                          dbus_message_get_path(message));
+
+        if (dbus_message_is_signal(message, DBUS_INTERFACE_LOCAL, "Disconnected")) {
+                log_debug("API D-Bus connection terminated.");
+                bus_done_api(m);
+
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_signal(message, DBUS_INTERFACE_DBUS, "NameOwnerChanged")) {
+                const char *name, *old_owner, *new_owner;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(message, &error,
+                                           DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
+                                           DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &old_owner,
+                                           DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &new_owner,
+                                           DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        log_error("Failed to parse NameOwnerChanged message: %s", bus_error_message(&error));
+                else  {
+                        if (set_remove(BUS_CONNECTION_SUBSCRIBED(m, connection), (char*) name))
+                                log_debug("Subscription client vanished: %s (left: %u)", name, set_size(BUS_CONNECTION_SUBSCRIBED(m, connection)));
+
+                        if (old_owner[0] == 0)
+                                old_owner = NULL;
+
+                        if (new_owner[0] == 0)
+                                new_owner = NULL;
+
+                        manager_dispatch_bus_name_owner_changed(m, name, old_owner, new_owner);
+                }
+        } else if (dbus_message_is_signal(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Activator", "ActivationRequest")) {
+                const char *name;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(message, &error,
+                                           DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
+                                           DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        log_error("Failed to parse ActivationRequest message: %s", bus_error_message(&error));
+                else  {
+                        int r;
+                        Unit *u;
+
+                        log_debug("Got D-Bus activation request for %s", name);
+
+                        if (manager_unit_inactive_or_pending(m, SPECIAL_DBUS_SERVICE) ||
+                            manager_unit_inactive_or_pending(m, SPECIAL_DBUS_SOCKET)) {
+                                r = -EADDRNOTAVAIL;
+                                dbus_set_error(&error, BUS_ERROR_SHUTTING_DOWN, "Refusing activation, D-Bus is shutting down.");
+                        } else {
+                                r = manager_load_unit(m, name, NULL, &error, &u);
+
+                                if (r >= 0 && u->refuse_manual_start)
+                                        r = -EPERM;
+
+                                if (r >= 0)
+                                        r = manager_add_job(m, JOB_START, u, JOB_REPLACE, true, &error, NULL);
+                        }
+
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                const char *id, *text;
+
+                                log_debug("D-Bus activation failed for %s: %s", name, strerror(-r));
+
+                                if (!(reply = dbus_message_new_signal("/org/freedesktop/systemd1", "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Activator", "ActivationFailure")))
+                                        goto oom;
+
+                                id = error.name ? error.name : bus_errno_to_dbus(r);
+                                text = bus_error(&error, r);
+
+                                if (!dbus_message_set_destination(reply, DBUS_SERVICE_DBUS) ||
+                                    !dbus_message_append_args(reply,
+                                                              DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
+                                                              DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &id,
+                                                              DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &text,
+                                                              DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                                        goto oom;
+                        }
+
+                        /* On success we don't do anything, the service will be spawned now */
+                }
+        }
+
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+
+        if (reply) {
+                if (!bus_maybe_send_reply(connection, message, reply))
+                        goto oom;
+
+                dbus_message_unref(reply);
+        }
+
+        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NOT_YET_HANDLED;
+
+oom:
+        if (reply)
+                dbus_message_unref(reply);
+
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+
+        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NEED_MEMORY;
+}
+
+static DBusHandlerResult system_bus_message_filter(DBusConnection *connection, DBusMessage *message, void *data) {
+        Manager *m = data;
+        DBusError error;
+
+        assert(connection);
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        if (m->api_bus != m->system_bus &&
+            (dbus_message_get_type(message) == DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_METHOD_CALL ||
+             dbus_message_get_type(message) == DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_SIGNAL))
+                log_debug("Got D-Bus request on system bus: %s.%s() on %s",
+                          dbus_message_get_interface(message),
+                          dbus_message_get_member(message),
+                          dbus_message_get_path(message));
+
+        if (dbus_message_is_signal(message, DBUS_INTERFACE_LOCAL, "Disconnected")) {
+                log_debug("System D-Bus connection terminated.");
+                bus_done_system(m);
+
+        } else if (m->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM &&
+                   dbus_message_is_signal(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Agent", "Released")) {
+
+                const char *cgroup;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(message, &error,
+                                           DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &cgroup,
+                                           DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        log_error("Failed to parse Released message: %s", bus_error_message(&error));
+                else
+                        cgroup_notify_empty(m, cgroup);
+        }
+
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NOT_YET_HANDLED;
+}
+
+static DBusHandlerResult private_bus_message_filter(DBusConnection *connection, DBusMessage *message, void *data) {
+        Manager *m = data;
+        DBusError error;
+
+        assert(connection);
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        if (dbus_message_get_type(message) == DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_METHOD_CALL ||
+            dbus_message_get_type(message) == DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_SIGNAL)
+                log_debug("Got D-Bus request: %s.%s() on %s",
+                          dbus_message_get_interface(message),
+                          dbus_message_get_member(message),
+                          dbus_message_get_path(message));
+
+        if (dbus_message_is_signal(message, DBUS_INTERFACE_LOCAL, "Disconnected"))
+                shutdown_connection(m, connection);
+        else if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM &&
+                 dbus_message_is_signal(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Agent", "Released")) {
+
+                const char *cgroup;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(message, &error,
+                                           DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &cgroup,
+                                           DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                        log_error("Failed to parse Released message: %s", bus_error_message(&error));
+                else
+                        cgroup_notify_empty(m, cgroup);
+
+                /* Forward the message to the system bus, so that user
+                 * instances are notified as well */
+
+                if (m->system_bus)
+                        dbus_connection_send(m->system_bus, message, NULL);
+        }
+
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+
+        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NOT_YET_HANDLED;
+}
+
+unsigned bus_dispatch(Manager *m) {
+        DBusConnection *c;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->queued_message) {
+                /* If we cannot get rid of this message we won't
+                 * dispatch any D-Bus messages, so that we won't end
+                 * up wanting to queue another message. */
+
+                if (m->queued_message_connection)
+                        if (!dbus_connection_send(m->queued_message_connection, m->queued_message, NULL))
+                                return 0;
+
+                dbus_message_unref(m->queued_message);
+                m->queued_message = NULL;
+                m->queued_message_connection = NULL;
+        }
+
+        if ((c = set_first(m->bus_connections_for_dispatch))) {
+                if (dbus_connection_dispatch(c) == DBUS_DISPATCH_COMPLETE)
+                        set_move_one(m->bus_connections, m->bus_connections_for_dispatch, c);
+
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void request_name_pending_cb(DBusPendingCall *pending, void *userdata) {
+        DBusMessage *reply;
+        DBusError error;
+
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        assert_se(reply = dbus_pending_call_steal_reply(pending));
+
+        switch (dbus_message_get_type(reply)) {
+
+        case DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_ERROR:
+
+                assert_se(dbus_set_error_from_message(&error, reply));
+                log_warning("RequestName() failed: %s", bus_error_message(&error));
+                break;
+
+        case DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_METHOD_RETURN: {
+                uint32_t r;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(reply,
+                                           &error,
+                                           DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &r,
+                                           DBUS_TYPE_INVALID)) {
+                        log_error("Failed to parse RequestName() reply: %s", bus_error_message(&error));
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                if (r == 1)
+                        log_debug("Successfully acquired name.");
+                else
+                        log_error("Name already owned.");
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Invalid reply message");
+        }
+
+        dbus_message_unref(reply);
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+}
+
+static int request_name(Manager *m) {
+        const char *name = "org.freedesktop.systemd1";
+        /* Allow replacing of our name, to ease implementation of
+         * reexecution, where we keep the old connection open until
+         * after the new connection is set up and the name installed
+         * to allow clients to synchronously wait for reexecution to
+         * finish */
+        uint32_t flags = DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT|DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING;
+        DBusMessage *message = NULL;
+        DBusPendingCall *pending = NULL;
+
+        if (!(message = dbus_message_new_method_call(
+                              DBUS_SERVICE_DBUS,
+                              DBUS_PATH_DBUS,
+                              DBUS_INTERFACE_DBUS,
+                              "RequestName")))
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_append_args(
+                            message,
+                            DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
+                            DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &flags,
+                            DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (!dbus_connection_send_with_reply(m->api_bus, message, &pending, -1))
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (!dbus_pending_call_set_notify(pending, request_name_pending_cb, m, NULL))
+                goto oom;
+
+        dbus_message_unref(message);
+        dbus_pending_call_unref(pending);
+
+        /* We simple ask for the name and don't wait for it. Sooner or
+         * later we'll have it. */
+
+        return 0;
+
+oom:
+        if (pending) {
+                dbus_pending_call_cancel(pending);
+                dbus_pending_call_unref(pending);
+        }
+
+        if (message)
+                dbus_message_unref(message);
+
+        return -ENOMEM;
+}
+
+static void query_name_list_pending_cb(DBusPendingCall *pending, void *userdata) {
+        DBusMessage *reply;
+        DBusError error;
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        assert_se(reply = dbus_pending_call_steal_reply(pending));
+
+        switch (dbus_message_get_type(reply)) {
+
+        case DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_ERROR:
+
+                assert_se(dbus_set_error_from_message(&error, reply));
+                log_warning("ListNames() failed: %s", bus_error_message(&error));
+                break;
+
+        case DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_METHOD_RETURN: {
+                int r;
+                char **l;
+
+                if ((r = bus_parse_strv(reply, &l)) < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse ListNames() reply: %s", strerror(-r));
+                else {
+                        char **t;
+
+                        STRV_FOREACH(t, l)
+                                /* This is a bit hacky, we say the
+                                 * owner of the name is the name
+                                 * itself, because we don't want the
+                                 * extra traffic to figure out the
+                                 * real owner. */
+                                manager_dispatch_bus_name_owner_changed(m, *t, NULL, *t);
+
+                        strv_free(l);
+                }
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Invalid reply message");
+        }
+
+        dbus_message_unref(reply);
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+}
+
+static int query_name_list(Manager *m) {
+        DBusMessage *message = NULL;
+        DBusPendingCall *pending = NULL;
+
+        /* Asks for the currently installed bus names */
+
+        if (!(message = dbus_message_new_method_call(
+                              DBUS_SERVICE_DBUS,
+                              DBUS_PATH_DBUS,
+                              DBUS_INTERFACE_DBUS,
+                              "ListNames")))
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (!dbus_connection_send_with_reply(m->api_bus, message, &pending, -1))
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (!dbus_pending_call_set_notify(pending, query_name_list_pending_cb, m, NULL))
+                goto oom;
+
+        dbus_message_unref(message);
+        dbus_pending_call_unref(pending);
+
+        /* We simple ask for the list and don't wait for it. Sooner or
+         * later we'll get it. */
+
+        return 0;
+
+oom:
+        if (pending) {
+                dbus_pending_call_cancel(pending);
+                dbus_pending_call_unref(pending);
+        }
+
+        if (message)
+                dbus_message_unref(message);
+
+        return -ENOMEM;
+}
+
+static int bus_setup_loop(Manager *m, DBusConnection *bus) {
+        assert(m);
+        assert(bus);
+
+        dbus_connection_set_exit_on_disconnect(bus, FALSE);
+
+        if (!dbus_connection_set_watch_functions(bus, bus_add_watch, bus_remove_watch, bus_toggle_watch, m, NULL) ||
+            !dbus_connection_set_timeout_functions(bus, bus_add_timeout, bus_remove_timeout, bus_toggle_timeout, m, NULL))
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (set_put(m->bus_connections_for_dispatch, bus) < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        dbus_connection_set_dispatch_status_function(bus, bus_dispatch_status, m, NULL);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static dbus_bool_t allow_only_same_user(DBusConnection *connection, unsigned long uid, void *data) {
+        return uid == 0 || uid == geteuid();
+}
+
+static void bus_new_connection(
+                DBusServer *server,
+                DBusConnection *new_connection,
+                void *data) {
+
+        Manager *m = data;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (set_size(m->bus_connections) >= CONNECTIONS_MAX) {
+                log_error("Too many concurrent connections.");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        dbus_connection_set_unix_user_function(new_connection, allow_only_same_user, NULL, NULL);
+
+        if (bus_setup_loop(m, new_connection) < 0)
+                return;
+
+        if (!dbus_connection_register_object_path(new_connection, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1", &bus_manager_vtable, m) ||
+            !dbus_connection_register_fallback(new_connection, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit", &bus_unit_vtable, m) ||
+            !dbus_connection_register_fallback(new_connection, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/job", &bus_job_vtable, m) ||
+            !dbus_connection_add_filter(new_connection, private_bus_message_filter, m, NULL)) {
+                log_oom();
+                return;
+        }
+
+        log_debug("Accepted connection on private bus.");
+
+        dbus_connection_ref(new_connection);
+}
+
+static int init_registered_system_bus(Manager *m) {
+        char *id;
+
+        if (!dbus_connection_add_filter(m->system_bus, system_bus_message_filter, m, NULL))
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (m->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                DBusError error;
+
+                dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+                dbus_bus_add_match(m->system_bus,
+                                   "type='signal',"
+                                   "interface='org.freedesktop.systemd1.Agent',"
+                                   "member='Released',"
+                                   "path='/org/freedesktop/systemd1/agent'",
+                                   &error);
+
+                if (dbus_error_is_set(&error)) {
+                        log_error("Failed to register match: %s", bus_error_message(&error));
+                        dbus_error_free(&error);
+                        return -1;
+                }
+        }
+
+        log_debug("Successfully connected to system D-Bus bus %s as %s",
+                 strnull((id = dbus_connection_get_server_id(m->system_bus))),
+                 strnull(dbus_bus_get_unique_name(m->system_bus)));
+        dbus_free(id);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int init_registered_api_bus(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (!dbus_connection_register_object_path(m->api_bus, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1", &bus_manager_vtable, m) ||
+            !dbus_connection_register_fallback(m->api_bus, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit", &bus_unit_vtable, m) ||
+            !dbus_connection_register_fallback(m->api_bus, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/job", &bus_job_vtable, m) ||
+            !dbus_connection_add_filter(m->api_bus, api_bus_message_filter, m, NULL))
+                return log_oom();
+
+        /* Get NameOwnerChange messages */
+        dbus_bus_add_match(m->api_bus,
+                           "type='signal',"
+                           "sender='"DBUS_SERVICE_DBUS"',"
+                           "interface='"DBUS_INTERFACE_DBUS"',"
+                           "member='NameOwnerChanged',"
+                           "path='"DBUS_PATH_DBUS"'",
+                           NULL);
+
+        /* Get activation requests */
+        dbus_bus_add_match(m->api_bus,
+                           "type='signal',"
+                           "sender='"DBUS_SERVICE_DBUS"',"
+                           "interface='org.freedesktop.systemd1.Activator',"
+                           "member='ActivationRequest',"
+                           "path='"DBUS_PATH_DBUS"'",
+                           NULL);
+
+        r = request_name(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = query_name_list(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_USER) {
+                char *id;
+                log_debug("Successfully connected to API D-Bus bus %s as %s",
+                         strnull((id = dbus_connection_get_server_id(m->api_bus))),
+                         strnull(dbus_bus_get_unique_name(m->api_bus)));
+                dbus_free(id);
+        } else
+                log_debug("Successfully initialized API on the system bus");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void bus_register_cb(DBusPendingCall *pending, void *userdata) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        DBusConnection **conn;
+        DBusMessage *reply;
+        DBusError error;
+        const char *name;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        conn = dbus_pending_call_get_data(pending, m->conn_data_slot);
+        assert(conn == &m->system_bus || conn == &m->api_bus);
+
+        reply = dbus_pending_call_steal_reply(pending);
+
+        switch (dbus_message_get_type(reply)) {
+        case DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_ERROR:
+                assert_se(dbus_set_error_from_message(&error, reply));
+                log_warning("Failed to register to bus: %s", bus_error_message(&error));
+                r = -1;
+                break;
+        case DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_METHOD_RETURN:
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(reply, &error,
+                                           DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
+                                           DBUS_TYPE_INVALID)) {
+                        log_error("Failed to parse Hello reply: %s", bus_error_message(&error));
+                        r = -1;
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                log_debug("Received name %s in reply to Hello", name);
+                if (!dbus_bus_set_unique_name(*conn, name)) {
+                        log_error("Failed to set unique name");
+                        r = -1;
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                if (conn == &m->system_bus) {
+                        r = init_registered_system_bus(m);
+                        if (r == 0 && m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                                r = init_registered_api_bus(m);
+                } else
+                        r = init_registered_api_bus(m);
+
+                break;
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Invalid reply message");
+        }
+
+        dbus_message_unref(reply);
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (conn == &m->system_bus) {
+                        log_debug("Failed setting up the system bus");
+                        bus_done_system(m);
+                } else {
+                        log_debug("Failed setting up the API bus");
+                        bus_done_api(m);
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+static int manager_bus_async_register(Manager *m, DBusConnection **conn) {
+        DBusMessage *message = NULL;
+        DBusPendingCall *pending = NULL;
+
+        message = dbus_message_new_method_call(DBUS_SERVICE_DBUS,
+                                               DBUS_PATH_DBUS,
+                                               DBUS_INTERFACE_DBUS,
+                                               "Hello");
+        if (!message)
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (!dbus_connection_send_with_reply(*conn, message, &pending, -1))
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (!dbus_pending_call_set_data(pending, m->conn_data_slot, conn, NULL))
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (!dbus_pending_call_set_notify(pending, bus_register_cb, m, NULL))
+                goto oom;
+
+        dbus_message_unref(message);
+        dbus_pending_call_unref(pending);
+
+        return 0;
+oom:
+        if (pending) {
+                dbus_pending_call_cancel(pending);
+                dbus_pending_call_unref(pending);
+        }
+
+        if (message)
+                dbus_message_unref(message);
+
+        return -ENOMEM;
+}
+
+static DBusConnection* manager_bus_connect_private(Manager *m, DBusBusType type) {
+        const char *address;
+        DBusConnection *connection;
+        DBusError error;
+
+        switch (type) {
+        case DBUS_BUS_SYSTEM:
+                address = secure_getenv("DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_ADDRESS");
+                if (!address || !address[0])
+                        address = DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_DEFAULT_ADDRESS;
+                break;
+        case DBUS_BUS_SESSION:
+                address = secure_getenv("DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS");
+                if (!address || !address[0])
+                        address = DBUS_SESSION_BUS_DEFAULT_ADDRESS;
+                break;
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Invalid bus type");
+        }
+
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        connection = dbus_connection_open_private(address, &error);
+        if (!connection) {
+                log_warning("Failed to open private bus connection: %s", bus_error_message(&error));
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        return connection;
+
+fail:
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+static int bus_init_system(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (m->system_bus)
+                return 0;
+
+        m->system_bus = manager_bus_connect_private(m, DBUS_BUS_SYSTEM);
+        if (!m->system_bus) {
+                log_debug("Failed to connect to system D-Bus, retrying later");
+                r = 0;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = bus_setup_loop(m, m->system_bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = manager_bus_async_register(m, &m->system_bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return 0;
+fail:
+        bus_done_system(m);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int bus_init_api(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (m->api_bus)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                m->api_bus = m->system_bus;
+                /* In this mode there is no distinct connection to the API bus,
+                 * the API is published on the system bus.
+                 * bus_register_cb() is aware of that and will init the API
+                 * when the system bus gets registered.
+                 * No need to setup anything here. */
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        m->api_bus = manager_bus_connect_private(m, DBUS_BUS_SESSION);
+        if (!m->api_bus) {
+                log_debug("Failed to connect to API D-Bus, retrying later");
+                r = 0;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = bus_setup_loop(m, m->api_bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = manager_bus_async_register(m, &m->api_bus);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return 0;
+fail:
+        bus_done_api(m);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int bus_init_private(Manager *m) {
+        DBusError error;
+        int r;
+        static const char *const external_only[] = {
+                "EXTERNAL",
+                NULL
+        };
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        if (m->private_bus)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+
+                /* We want the private bus only when running as init */
+                if (getpid() != 1)
+                        return 0;
+
+                unlink("/run/systemd/private");
+                m->private_bus = dbus_server_listen("unix:path=/run/systemd/private", &error);
+        } else {
+                const char *e;
+                char *p;
+                char *escaped;
+
+                e = secure_getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR");
+                if (!e)
+                        return 0;
+
+                if (asprintf(&p, "%s/systemd/private", e) < 0) {
+                        r = log_oom();
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                mkdir_parents_label(p, 0755);
+                unlink(p);
+                free(p);
+
+                escaped = dbus_address_escape_value(e);
+                if (!escaped) {
+                        r = log_oom();
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+                if (asprintf(&p, "unix:path=%s/systemd/private", escaped) < 0) {
+                        dbus_free(escaped);
+                        r = log_oom();
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+                dbus_free(escaped);
+
+                m->private_bus = dbus_server_listen(p, &error);
+                free(p);
+        }
+
+        if (!m->private_bus) {
+                log_error("Failed to create private D-Bus server: %s", bus_error_message(&error));
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (!dbus_server_set_auth_mechanisms(m->private_bus, (const char**) external_only) ||
+            !dbus_server_set_watch_functions(m->private_bus, bus_add_watch, bus_remove_watch, bus_toggle_watch, m, NULL) ||
+            !dbus_server_set_timeout_functions(m->private_bus, bus_add_timeout, bus_remove_timeout, bus_toggle_timeout, m, NULL)) {
+                r = log_oom();
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        dbus_server_set_new_connection_function(m->private_bus, bus_new_connection, m, NULL);
+
+        log_debug("Successfully created private D-Bus server.");
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        bus_done_private(m);
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int bus_init(Manager *m, bool try_bus_connect) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (set_ensure_allocated(&m->bus_connections, trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func) < 0 ||
+            set_ensure_allocated(&m->bus_connections_for_dispatch, trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func) < 0)
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (m->name_data_slot < 0)
+                if (!dbus_pending_call_allocate_data_slot(&m->name_data_slot))
+                        goto oom;
+
+        if (m->conn_data_slot < 0)
+                if (!dbus_pending_call_allocate_data_slot(&m->conn_data_slot))
+                        goto oom;
+
+        if (m->subscribed_data_slot < 0)
+                if (!dbus_connection_allocate_data_slot(&m->subscribed_data_slot))
+                        goto oom;
+
+        if (try_bus_connect) {
+                if ((r = bus_init_system(m)) < 0 ||
+                    (r = bus_init_api(m)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if ((r = bus_init_private(m)) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+oom:
+        return log_oom();
+}
+
+static void shutdown_connection(Manager *m, DBusConnection *c) {
+        Set *s;
+        Job *j;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, m->jobs, i) {
+                JobBusClient *cl, *nextcl;
+                LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(client, cl, nextcl, j->bus_client_list) {
+                        if (cl->bus == c) {
+                                LIST_REMOVE(JobBusClient, client, j->bus_client_list, cl);
+                                free(cl);
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        set_remove(m->bus_connections, c);
+        set_remove(m->bus_connections_for_dispatch, c);
+
+        if ((s = BUS_CONNECTION_SUBSCRIBED(m, c))) {
+                char *t;
+
+                while ((t = set_steal_first(s)))
+                        free(t);
+
+                set_free(s);
+        }
+
+        if (m->queued_message_connection == c) {
+                m->queued_message_connection = NULL;
+
+                if (m->queued_message) {
+                        dbus_message_unref(m->queued_message);
+                        m->queued_message = NULL;
+                }
+        }
+
+        dbus_connection_set_dispatch_status_function(c, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+        /* system manager cannot afford to block on DBus */
+        if (m->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                dbus_connection_flush(c);
+        dbus_connection_close(c);
+        dbus_connection_unref(c);
+}
+
+static void bus_done_api(Manager *m) {
+        if (!m->api_bus)
+                return;
+
+        if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_USER)
+                shutdown_connection(m, m->api_bus);
+
+        m->api_bus = NULL;
+
+        if (m->queued_message) {
+                dbus_message_unref(m->queued_message);
+                m->queued_message = NULL;
+        }
+}
+
+static void bus_done_system(Manager *m) {
+        if (!m->system_bus)
+                return;
+
+        if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                bus_done_api(m);
+
+        shutdown_connection(m, m->system_bus);
+        m->system_bus = NULL;
+}
+
+static void bus_done_private(Manager *m) {
+        if (!m->private_bus)
+                return;
+
+        dbus_server_disconnect(m->private_bus);
+        dbus_server_unref(m->private_bus);
+        m->private_bus = NULL;
+}
+
+void bus_done(Manager *m) {
+        DBusConnection *c;
+
+        bus_done_api(m);
+        bus_done_system(m);
+        bus_done_private(m);
+
+        while ((c = set_steal_first(m->bus_connections)))
+                shutdown_connection(m, c);
+
+        while ((c = set_steal_first(m->bus_connections_for_dispatch)))
+                shutdown_connection(m, c);
+
+        set_free(m->bus_connections);
+        set_free(m->bus_connections_for_dispatch);
+
+        if (m->name_data_slot >= 0)
+               dbus_pending_call_free_data_slot(&m->name_data_slot);
+
+        if (m->conn_data_slot >= 0)
+               dbus_pending_call_free_data_slot(&m->conn_data_slot);
+
+        if (m->subscribed_data_slot >= 0)
+                dbus_connection_free_data_slot(&m->subscribed_data_slot);
+}
+
+static void query_pid_pending_cb(DBusPendingCall *pending, void *userdata) {
+        Manager *m = userdata;
+        DBusMessage *reply;
+        DBusError error;
+        const char *name;
+
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        assert_se(name = BUS_PENDING_CALL_NAME(m, pending));
+        assert_se(reply = dbus_pending_call_steal_reply(pending));
+
+        switch (dbus_message_get_type(reply)) {
+
+        case DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_ERROR:
+
+                assert_se(dbus_set_error_from_message(&error, reply));
+                log_warning("GetConnectionUnixProcessID() failed: %s", bus_error_message(&error));
+                break;
+
+        case DBUS_MESSAGE_TYPE_METHOD_RETURN: {
+                uint32_t r;
+
+                if (!dbus_message_get_args(reply,
+                                           &error,
+                                           DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &r,
+                                           DBUS_TYPE_INVALID)) {
+                        log_error("Failed to parse GetConnectionUnixProcessID() reply: %s", bus_error_message(&error));
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                manager_dispatch_bus_query_pid_done(m, name, (pid_t) r);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Invalid reply message");
+        }
+
+        dbus_message_unref(reply);
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+}
+
+int bus_query_pid(Manager *m, const char *name) {
+        DBusMessage *message = NULL;
+        DBusPendingCall *pending = NULL;
+        char *n = NULL;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (!(message = dbus_message_new_method_call(
+                              DBUS_SERVICE_DBUS,
+                              DBUS_PATH_DBUS,
+                              DBUS_INTERFACE_DBUS,
+                              "GetConnectionUnixProcessID")))
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (!(dbus_message_append_args(
+                              message,
+                              DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
+                              DBUS_TYPE_INVALID)))
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (!dbus_connection_send_with_reply(m->api_bus, message, &pending, -1))
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (!(n = strdup(name)))
+                goto oom;
+
+        if (!dbus_pending_call_set_data(pending, m->name_data_slot, n, free))
+                goto oom;
+
+        n = NULL;
+
+        if (!dbus_pending_call_set_notify(pending, query_pid_pending_cb, m, NULL))
+                goto oom;
+
+        dbus_message_unref(message);
+        dbus_pending_call_unref(pending);
+
+        return 0;
+
+oom:
+        free(n);
+
+        if (pending) {
+                dbus_pending_call_cancel(pending);
+                dbus_pending_call_unref(pending);
+        }
+
+        if (message)
+                dbus_message_unref(message);
+
+        return -ENOMEM;
+}
+
+int bus_broadcast(Manager *m, DBusMessage *message) {
+        bool oom = false;
+        Iterator i;
+        DBusConnection *c;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(message);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(c, m->bus_connections_for_dispatch, i)
+                if (c != m->system_bus || m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                        oom = !dbus_connection_send(c, message, NULL);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(c, m->bus_connections, i)
+                if (c != m->system_bus || m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                        oom = !dbus_connection_send(c, message, NULL);
+
+        return oom ? -ENOMEM : 0;
+}
+
+bool bus_has_subscriber(Manager *m) {
+        Iterator i;
+        DBusConnection *c;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(c, m->bus_connections_for_dispatch, i)
+                if (bus_connection_has_subscriber(m, c))
+                        return true;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(c, m->bus_connections, i)
+                if (bus_connection_has_subscriber(m, c))
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+bool bus_connection_has_subscriber(Manager *m, DBusConnection *c) {
+        assert(m);
+        assert(c);
+
+        return !set_isempty(BUS_CONNECTION_SUBSCRIBED(m, c));
+}
+
+int bus_fdset_add_all(Manager *m, FDSet *fds) {
+        Iterator i;
+        DBusConnection *c;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        /* When we are about to reexecute we add all D-Bus fds to the
+         * set to pass over to the newly executed systemd. They won't
+         * be used there however, except that they are closed at the
+         * very end of deserialization, those making it possible for
+         * clients to synchronously wait for systemd to reexec by
+         * simply waiting for disconnection */
+
+        SET_FOREACH(c, m->bus_connections_for_dispatch, i) {
+                int fd;
+
+                if (dbus_connection_get_unix_fd(c, &fd)) {
+                        fd = fdset_put_dup(fds, fd);
+
+                        if (fd < 0)
+                                return fd;
+                }
+        }
+
+        SET_FOREACH(c, m->bus_connections, i) {
+                int fd;
+
+                if (dbus_connection_get_unix_fd(c, &fd)) {
+                        fd = fdset_put_dup(fds, fd);
+
+                        if (fd < 0)
+                                return fd;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void bus_broadcast_finished(
+                Manager *m,
+                usec_t firmware_usec,
+                usec_t loader_usec,
+                usec_t kernel_usec,
+                usec_t initrd_usec,
+                usec_t userspace_usec,
+                usec_t total_usec) {
+
+        DBusMessage *message;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        message = dbus_message_new_signal("/org/freedesktop/systemd1", "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "StartupFinished");
+        if (!message) {
+                log_oom();
+                return;
+        }
+
+        assert_cc(sizeof(usec_t) == sizeof(uint64_t));
+        if (!dbus_message_append_args(message,
+                                      DBUS_TYPE_UINT64, &firmware_usec,
+                                      DBUS_TYPE_UINT64, &loader_usec,
+                                      DBUS_TYPE_UINT64, &kernel_usec,
+                                      DBUS_TYPE_UINT64, &initrd_usec,
+                                      DBUS_TYPE_UINT64, &userspace_usec,
+                                      DBUS_TYPE_UINT64, &total_usec,
+                                      DBUS_TYPE_INVALID)) {
+                log_oom();
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+
+        if (bus_broadcast(m, message) < 0) {
+                log_oom();
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+finish:
+        if (message)
+                dbus_message_unref(message);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/dbus.h b/src/core/dbus.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c7a058e198
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/dbus.h
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include "manager.h"
+
+int bus_init(Manager *m, bool try_bus_connect);
+void bus_done(Manager *m);
+
+unsigned bus_dispatch(Manager *m);
+
+void bus_watch_event(Manager *m, Watch *w, int events);
+void bus_timeout_event(Manager *m, Watch *w, int events);
+
+int bus_query_pid(Manager *m, const char *name);
+
+int bus_broadcast(Manager *m, DBusMessage *message);
+
+bool bus_has_subscriber(Manager *m);
+bool bus_connection_has_subscriber(Manager *m, DBusConnection *c);
+
+int bus_fdset_add_all(Manager *m, FDSet *fds);
+
+void bus_broadcast_finished(Manager *m, usec_t firmware_usec, usec_t loader_usec, usec_t kernel_usec, usec_t initrd_usec, usec_t userspace_usec, usec_t total_usec);
+
+#define BUS_CONNECTION_SUBSCRIBED(m, c) dbus_connection_get_data((c), (m)->subscribed_data_slot)
+#define BUS_PENDING_CALL_NAME(m, p) dbus_pending_call_get_data((p), (m)->name_data_slot)
+
+extern const char * const bus_interface_table[];
diff --git a/src/core/device.c b/src/core/device.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9fca82ab16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/device.c
@@ -0,0 +1,654 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <libudev.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "device.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "dbus-device.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_DEVICE_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [DEVICE_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [DEVICE_PLUGGED] = UNIT_ACTIVE
+};
+
+static void device_unset_sysfs(Device *d) {
+        Device *first;
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        if (!d->sysfs)
+                return;
+
+        /* Remove this unit from the chain of devices which share the
+         * same sysfs path. */
+        first = hashmap_get(UNIT(d)->manager->devices_by_sysfs, d->sysfs);
+        LIST_REMOVE(Device, same_sysfs, first, d);
+
+        if (first)
+                hashmap_remove_and_replace(UNIT(d)->manager->devices_by_sysfs, d->sysfs, first->sysfs, first);
+        else
+                hashmap_remove(UNIT(d)->manager->devices_by_sysfs, d->sysfs);
+
+        free(d->sysfs);
+        d->sysfs = NULL;
+}
+
+static void device_init(Unit *u) {
+        Device *d = DEVICE(u);
+
+        assert(d);
+        assert(UNIT(d)->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        /* In contrast to all other unit types we timeout jobs waiting
+         * for devices by default. This is because they otherwise wait
+         * indefinitely for plugged in devices, something which cannot
+         * happen for the other units since their operations time out
+         * anyway. */
+        UNIT(d)->job_timeout = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_USEC;
+
+        UNIT(d)->ignore_on_isolate = true;
+        UNIT(d)->ignore_on_snapshot = true;
+}
+
+static void device_done(Unit *u) {
+        Device *d = DEVICE(u);
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        device_unset_sysfs(d);
+}
+
+static void device_set_state(Device *d, DeviceState state) {
+        DeviceState old_state;
+        assert(d);
+
+        old_state = d->state;
+        d->state = state;
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(d)->id,
+                               "%s changed %s -> %s", UNIT(d)->id,
+                               device_state_to_string(old_state),
+                               device_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(d), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], true);
+}
+
+static int device_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Device *d = DEVICE(u);
+
+        assert(d);
+        assert(d->state == DEVICE_DEAD);
+
+        if (d->sysfs)
+                device_set_state(d, DEVICE_PLUGGED);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void device_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Device *d = DEVICE(u);
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sDevice State: %s\n"
+                "%sSysfs Path: %s\n",
+                prefix, device_state_to_string(d->state),
+                prefix, strna(d->sysfs));
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState device_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[DEVICE(u)->state];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *device_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return device_state_to_string(DEVICE(u)->state);
+}
+
+static int device_add_escaped_name(Unit *u, const char *dn) {
+        char *e;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(dn);
+        assert(dn[0] == '/');
+
+        e = unit_name_from_path(dn, ".device");
+        if (!e)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = unit_add_name(u, e);
+        free(e);
+
+        if (r < 0 && r != -EEXIST)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int device_find_escape_name(Manager *m, const char *dn, Unit **_u) {
+        char *e;
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(dn);
+        assert(dn[0] == '/');
+        assert(_u);
+
+        e = unit_name_from_path(dn, ".device");
+        if (!e)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, e);
+        free(e);
+
+        if (u) {
+                *_u = u;
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int device_update_unit(Manager *m, struct udev_device *dev, const char *path, bool main) {
+        const char *sysfs, *model;
+        Unit *u = NULL;
+        int r;
+        bool delete;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (!(sysfs = udev_device_get_syspath(dev)))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if ((r = device_find_escape_name(m, path, &u)) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u && DEVICE(u)->sysfs && !path_equal(DEVICE(u)->sysfs, sysfs))
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        if (!u) {
+                delete = true;
+
+                u = unit_new(m, sizeof(Device));
+                if (!u)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = device_add_escaped_name(u, path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                unit_add_to_load_queue(u);
+        } else
+                delete = false;
+
+        /* If this was created via some dependency and has not
+         * actually been seen yet ->sysfs will not be
+         * initialized. Hence initialize it if necessary. */
+
+        if (!DEVICE(u)->sysfs) {
+                Device *first;
+
+                if (!(DEVICE(u)->sysfs = strdup(sysfs))) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                if (!m->devices_by_sysfs)
+                        if (!(m->devices_by_sysfs = hashmap_new(string_hash_func, string_compare_func))) {
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                goto fail;
+                        }
+
+                first = hashmap_get(m->devices_by_sysfs, sysfs);
+                LIST_PREPEND(Device, same_sysfs, first, DEVICE(u));
+
+                if ((r = hashmap_replace(m->devices_by_sysfs, DEVICE(u)->sysfs, first)) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if ((model = udev_device_get_property_value(dev, "ID_MODEL_FROM_DATABASE")) ||
+            (model = udev_device_get_property_value(dev, "ID_MODEL"))) {
+                if ((r = unit_set_description(u, model)) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        } else
+                if ((r = unit_set_description(u, path)) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+        if (main) {
+                /* The additional systemd udev properties we only
+                 * interpret for the main object */
+                const char *wants, *alias;
+
+                alias = udev_device_get_property_value(dev, "SYSTEMD_ALIAS");
+                if (alias) {
+                        char *state, *w;
+                        size_t l;
+
+                        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, alias, state) {
+                                char *e;
+
+                                e = strndup(w, l);
+                                if (!e) {
+                                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                                        goto fail;
+                                }
+
+                                if (!is_path(e)) {
+                                        log_warning("SYSTEMD_ALIAS for %s is not a path, ignoring: %s", sysfs, e);
+                                        free(e);
+                                } else {
+                                        device_update_unit(m, dev, e, false);
+                                        free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+                }
+
+                wants = udev_device_get_property_value(dev, "SYSTEMD_WANTS");
+                if (wants) {
+                        char *state, *w;
+                        size_t l;
+
+                        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, wants, state) {
+                                char *e, *n;
+
+                                e = strndup(w, l);
+                                if (!e) {
+                                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                                        goto fail;
+                                }
+                                n = unit_name_mangle(e);
+                                if (!n) {
+                                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                                        goto fail;
+                                }
+                                free(e);
+
+                                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(u, UNIT_WANTS, n, NULL, true);
+                                free(n);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        goto fail;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning("Failed to load device unit: %s", strerror(-r));
+
+        if (delete && u)
+                unit_free(u);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int device_process_new_device(Manager *m, struct udev_device *dev, bool update_state) {
+        const char *sysfs, *dn;
+        struct udev_list_entry *item = NULL, *first = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (!(sysfs = udev_device_get_syspath(dev)))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        /* Add the main unit named after the sysfs path */
+        r = device_update_unit(m, dev, sysfs, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Add an additional unit for the device node */
+        if ((dn = udev_device_get_devnode(dev)))
+                device_update_unit(m, dev, dn, false);
+
+        /* Add additional units for all symlinks */
+        first = udev_device_get_devlinks_list_entry(dev);
+        udev_list_entry_foreach(item, first) {
+                const char *p;
+                struct stat st;
+
+                /* Don't bother with the /dev/block links */
+                p = udev_list_entry_get_name(item);
+
+                if (path_startswith(p, "/dev/block/") ||
+                    path_startswith(p, "/dev/char/"))
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Verify that the symlink in the FS actually belongs
+                 * to this device. This is useful to deal with
+                 * conflicting devices, e.g. when two disks want the
+                 * same /dev/disk/by-label/xxx link because they have
+                 * the same label. We want to make sure that the same
+                 * device that won the symlink wins in systemd, so we
+                 * check the device node major/minor*/
+                if (stat(p, &st) >= 0)
+                        if ((!S_ISBLK(st.st_mode) && !S_ISCHR(st.st_mode)) ||
+                            st.st_rdev != udev_device_get_devnum(dev))
+                                continue;
+
+                device_update_unit(m, dev, p, false);
+        }
+
+        if (update_state) {
+                Device *d, *l;
+
+                manager_dispatch_load_queue(m);
+
+                l = hashmap_get(m->devices_by_sysfs, sysfs);
+                LIST_FOREACH(same_sysfs, d, l)
+                        device_set_state(d, DEVICE_PLUGGED);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int device_process_path(Manager *m, const char *path, bool update_state) {
+        int r;
+        struct udev_device *dev;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(path);
+
+        if (!(dev = udev_device_new_from_syspath(m->udev, path))) {
+                log_warning("Failed to get udev device object from udev for path %s.", path);
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        r = device_process_new_device(m, dev, update_state);
+        udev_device_unref(dev);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int device_process_removed_device(Manager *m, struct udev_device *dev) {
+        const char *sysfs;
+        Device *d;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(dev);
+
+        if (!(sysfs = udev_device_get_syspath(dev)))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        /* Remove all units of this sysfs path */
+        while ((d = hashmap_get(m->devices_by_sysfs, sysfs))) {
+                device_unset_sysfs(d);
+                device_set_state(d, DEVICE_DEAD);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static Unit *device_following(Unit *u) {
+        Device *d = DEVICE(u);
+        Device *other, *first = NULL;
+
+        assert(d);
+
+        if (startswith(u->id, "sys-"))
+                return NULL;
+
+        /* Make everybody follow the unit that's named after the sysfs path */
+        for (other = d->same_sysfs_next; other; other = other->same_sysfs_next)
+                if (startswith(UNIT(other)->id, "sys-"))
+                        return UNIT(other);
+
+        for (other = d->same_sysfs_prev; other; other = other->same_sysfs_prev) {
+                if (startswith(UNIT(other)->id, "sys-"))
+                        return UNIT(other);
+
+                first = other;
+        }
+
+        return UNIT(first);
+}
+
+static int device_following_set(Unit *u, Set **_s) {
+        Device *d = DEVICE(u);
+        Device *other;
+        Set *s;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(d);
+        assert(_s);
+
+        if (!d->same_sysfs_prev && !d->same_sysfs_next) {
+                *_s = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!(s = set_new(NULL, NULL)))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        for (other = d->same_sysfs_next; other; other = other->same_sysfs_next)
+                if ((r = set_put(s, other)) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+        for (other = d->same_sysfs_prev; other; other = other->same_sysfs_prev)
+                if ((r = set_put(s, other)) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+        *_s = s;
+        return 1;
+
+fail:
+        set_free(s);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void device_shutdown(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->udev_monitor) {
+                udev_monitor_unref(m->udev_monitor);
+                m->udev_monitor = NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (m->udev) {
+                udev_unref(m->udev);
+                m->udev = NULL;
+        }
+
+        hashmap_free(m->devices_by_sysfs);
+        m->devices_by_sysfs = NULL;
+}
+
+static int device_enumerate(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+        struct udev_enumerate *e = NULL;
+        struct udev_list_entry *item = NULL, *first = NULL;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (!m->udev) {
+                struct epoll_event ev;
+
+                if (!(m->udev = udev_new()))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (!(m->udev_monitor = udev_monitor_new_from_netlink(m->udev, "udev"))) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                /* This will fail if we are unprivileged, but that
+                 * should not matter much, as user instances won't run
+                 * during boot. */
+                udev_monitor_set_receive_buffer_size(m->udev_monitor, 128*1024*1024);
+
+                if (udev_monitor_filter_add_match_tag(m->udev_monitor, "systemd") < 0) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                if (udev_monitor_enable_receiving(m->udev_monitor) < 0) {
+                        r = -EIO;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                m->udev_watch.type = WATCH_UDEV;
+                m->udev_watch.fd = udev_monitor_get_fd(m->udev_monitor);
+
+                zero(ev);
+                ev.events = EPOLLIN;
+                ev.data.ptr = &m->udev_watch;
+
+                if (epoll_ctl(m->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, m->udev_watch.fd, &ev) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (!(e = udev_enumerate_new(m->udev))) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+        if (udev_enumerate_add_match_tag(e, "systemd") < 0) {
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (udev_enumerate_scan_devices(e) < 0) {
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        first = udev_enumerate_get_list_entry(e);
+        udev_list_entry_foreach(item, first)
+                device_process_path(m, udev_list_entry_get_name(item), false);
+
+        udev_enumerate_unref(e);
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        if (e)
+                udev_enumerate_unref(e);
+
+        device_shutdown(m);
+        return r;
+}
+
+void device_fd_event(Manager *m, int events) {
+        struct udev_device *dev;
+        int r;
+        const char *action, *ready;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (events != EPOLLIN) {
+                static RATELIMIT_DEFINE(limit, 10*USEC_PER_SEC, 5);
+
+                if (!ratelimit_test(&limit))
+                        log_error("Failed to get udev event: %m");
+                if (!(events & EPOLLIN))
+                        return;
+        }
+
+        if (!(dev = udev_monitor_receive_device(m->udev_monitor))) {
+                /*
+                 * libudev might filter-out devices which pass the bloom filter,
+                 * so getting NULL here is not necessarily an error
+                 */
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (!(action = udev_device_get_action(dev))) {
+                log_error("Failed to get udev action string.");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        ready = udev_device_get_property_value(dev, "SYSTEMD_READY");
+
+        if (streq(action, "remove") || (ready && parse_boolean(ready) == 0)) {
+                if ((r = device_process_removed_device(m, dev)) < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to process udev device event: %s", strerror(-r));
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+        } else {
+                if ((r = device_process_new_device(m, dev, true)) < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to process udev device event: %s", strerror(-r));
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+        }
+
+fail:
+        udev_device_unref(dev);
+}
+
+static const char* const device_state_table[_DEVICE_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [DEVICE_DEAD] = "dead",
+        [DEVICE_PLUGGED] = "plugged"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(device_state, DeviceState);
+
+const UnitVTable device_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Device),
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Device\0"
+                "Install\0",
+
+        .no_instances = true,
+
+        .init = device_init,
+
+        .load = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin_optional,
+        .done = device_done,
+        .coldplug = device_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = device_dump,
+
+        .active_state = device_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = device_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .bus_interface = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Device",
+        .bus_message_handler = bus_device_message_handler,
+        .bus_invalidating_properties =  bus_device_invalidating_properties,
+
+        .following = device_following,
+        .following_set = device_following_set,
+
+        .enumerate = device_enumerate,
+        .shutdown = device_shutdown,
+
+        .status_message_formats = {
+                .starting_stopping = {
+                        [0] = "Expecting device %s...",
+                },
+                .finished_start_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Found device %s.",
+                        [JOB_TIMEOUT]    = "Timed out waiting for device %s.",
+                },
+        },
+};
diff --git a/src/core/device.h b/src/core/device.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..41e8de9703
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/device.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Device Device;
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+/* We simply watch devices, we cannot plug/unplug them. That
+ * simplifies the state engine greatly */
+typedef enum DeviceState {
+        DEVICE_DEAD,
+        DEVICE_PLUGGED,
+        _DEVICE_STATE_MAX,
+        _DEVICE_STATE_INVALID = -1
+} DeviceState;
+
+struct Device {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        char *sysfs;
+
+        /* In order to be able to distinguish dependencies on
+        different device nodes we might end up creating multiple
+        devices for the same sysfs path. We chain them up here. */
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(struct Device, same_sysfs);
+
+        DeviceState state;
+};
+
+extern const UnitVTable device_vtable;
+
+void device_fd_event(Manager *m, int events);
+
+const char* device_state_to_string(DeviceState i) _const_;
+DeviceState device_state_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/core/execute.c b/src/core/execute.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3959ef9623
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/execute.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2254 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/un.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <linux/sched.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <grp.h>
+#include <pwd.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/oom.h>
+#include <sys/poll.h>
+#include <linux/seccomp-bpf.h>
+#include <glob.h>
+#include <libgen.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PAM
+#include <security/pam_appl.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "execute.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "capability.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "sd-messages.h"
+#include "ioprio.h"
+#include "securebits.h"
+#include "cgroup.h"
+#include "namespace.h"
+#include "tcpwrap.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "utmp-wtmp.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "loopback-setup.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "syscall-list.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+
+#define IDLE_TIMEOUT_USEC (5*USEC_PER_SEC)
+
+/* This assumes there is a 'tty' group */
+#define TTY_MODE 0620
+
+static int shift_fds(int fds[], unsigned n_fds) {
+        int start, restart_from;
+
+        if (n_fds <= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Modifies the fds array! (sorts it) */
+
+        assert(fds);
+
+        start = 0;
+        for (;;) {
+                int i;
+
+                restart_from = -1;
+
+                for (i = start; i < (int) n_fds; i++) {
+                        int nfd;
+
+                        /* Already at right index? */
+                        if (fds[i] == i+3)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if ((nfd = fcntl(fds[i], F_DUPFD, i+3)) < 0)
+                                return -errno;
+
+                        close_nointr_nofail(fds[i]);
+                        fds[i] = nfd;
+
+                        /* Hmm, the fd we wanted isn't free? Then
+                         * let's remember that and try again from here*/
+                        if (nfd != i+3 && restart_from < 0)
+                                restart_from = i;
+                }
+
+                if (restart_from < 0)
+                        break;
+
+                start = restart_from;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int flags_fds(const int fds[], unsigned n_fds, bool nonblock) {
+        unsigned i;
+        int r;
+
+        if (n_fds <= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        assert(fds);
+
+        /* Drops/Sets O_NONBLOCK and FD_CLOEXEC from the file flags */
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n_fds; i++) {
+
+                if ((r = fd_nonblock(fds[i], nonblock)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* We unconditionally drop FD_CLOEXEC from the fds,
+                 * since after all we want to pass these fds to our
+                 * children */
+
+                if ((r = fd_cloexec(fds[i], false)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *tty_path(const ExecContext *context) {
+        assert(context);
+
+        if (context->tty_path)
+                return context->tty_path;
+
+        return "/dev/console";
+}
+
+void exec_context_tty_reset(const ExecContext *context) {
+        assert(context);
+
+        if (context->tty_vhangup)
+                terminal_vhangup(tty_path(context));
+
+        if (context->tty_reset)
+                reset_terminal(tty_path(context));
+
+        if (context->tty_vt_disallocate && context->tty_path)
+                vt_disallocate(context->tty_path);
+}
+
+static bool is_terminal_output(ExecOutput o) {
+        return
+                o == EXEC_OUTPUT_TTY ||
+                o == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE ||
+                o == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE ||
+                o == EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE;
+}
+
+void exec_context_serialize(const ExecContext *context, Unit *u, FILE *f) {
+        assert(context);
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (context->tmp_dir)
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "tmp-dir", context->tmp_dir);
+
+        if (context->var_tmp_dir)
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "var-tmp-dir", context->var_tmp_dir);
+}
+
+static int open_null_as(int flags, int nfd) {
+        int fd, r;
+
+        assert(nfd >= 0);
+
+        if ((fd = open("/dev/null", flags|O_NOCTTY)) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (fd != nfd) {
+                r = dup2(fd, nfd) < 0 ? -errno : nfd;
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+        } else
+                r = nfd;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int connect_logger_as(const ExecContext *context, ExecOutput output, const char *ident, const char *unit_id, int nfd) {
+        int fd, r;
+        union sockaddr_union sa = {
+                .un.sun_family = AF_UNIX,
+                .un.sun_path = "/run/systemd/journal/stdout",
+        };
+
+        assert(context);
+        assert(output < _EXEC_OUTPUT_MAX);
+        assert(ident);
+        assert(nfd >= 0);
+
+        fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        r = connect(fd, &sa.sa, offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(sa.un.sun_path));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (shutdown(fd, SHUT_RD) < 0) {
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        dprintf(fd,
+                "%s\n"
+                "%s\n"
+                "%i\n"
+                "%i\n"
+                "%i\n"
+                "%i\n"
+                "%i\n",
+                context->syslog_identifier ? context->syslog_identifier : ident,
+                unit_id,
+                context->syslog_priority,
+                !!context->syslog_level_prefix,
+                output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG || output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE,
+                output == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG || output == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE,
+                is_terminal_output(output));
+
+        if (fd != nfd) {
+                r = dup2(fd, nfd) < 0 ? -errno : nfd;
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+        } else
+                r = nfd;
+
+        return r;
+}
+static int open_terminal_as(const char *path, mode_t mode, int nfd) {
+        int fd, r;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(nfd >= 0);
+
+        if ((fd = open_terminal(path, mode | O_NOCTTY)) < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        if (fd != nfd) {
+                r = dup2(fd, nfd) < 0 ? -errno : nfd;
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+        } else
+                r = nfd;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static bool is_terminal_input(ExecInput i) {
+        return
+                i == EXEC_INPUT_TTY ||
+                i == EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FORCE ||
+                i == EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FAIL;
+}
+
+static int fixup_input(ExecInput std_input, int socket_fd, bool apply_tty_stdin) {
+
+        if (is_terminal_input(std_input) && !apply_tty_stdin)
+                return EXEC_INPUT_NULL;
+
+        if (std_input == EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET && socket_fd < 0)
+                return EXEC_INPUT_NULL;
+
+        return std_input;
+}
+
+static int fixup_output(ExecOutput std_output, int socket_fd) {
+
+        if (std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET && socket_fd < 0)
+                return EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT;
+
+        return std_output;
+}
+
+static int setup_input(const ExecContext *context, int socket_fd, bool apply_tty_stdin) {
+        ExecInput i;
+
+        assert(context);
+
+        i = fixup_input(context->std_input, socket_fd, apply_tty_stdin);
+
+        switch (i) {
+
+        case EXEC_INPUT_NULL:
+                return open_null_as(O_RDONLY, STDIN_FILENO);
+
+        case EXEC_INPUT_TTY:
+        case EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FORCE:
+        case EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FAIL: {
+                int fd, r;
+
+                if ((fd = acquire_terminal(
+                                     tty_path(context),
+                                     i == EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FAIL,
+                                     i == EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FORCE,
+                                     false,
+                                     (usec_t) -1)) < 0)
+                        return fd;
+
+                if (fd != STDIN_FILENO) {
+                        r = dup2(fd, STDIN_FILENO) < 0 ? -errno : STDIN_FILENO;
+                        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                } else
+                        r = STDIN_FILENO;
+
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        case EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET:
+                return dup2(socket_fd, STDIN_FILENO) < 0 ? -errno : STDIN_FILENO;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown input type");
+        }
+}
+
+static int setup_output(const ExecContext *context, int fileno, int socket_fd, const char *ident, const char *unit_id, bool apply_tty_stdin) {
+        ExecOutput o;
+        ExecInput i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(context);
+        assert(ident);
+
+        i = fixup_input(context->std_input, socket_fd, apply_tty_stdin);
+        o = fixup_output(context->std_output, socket_fd);
+
+        if (fileno == STDERR_FILENO) {
+                ExecOutput e;
+                e = fixup_output(context->std_error, socket_fd);
+
+                /* This expects the input and output are already set up */
+
+                /* Don't change the stderr file descriptor if we inherit all
+                 * the way and are not on a tty */
+                if (e == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT &&
+                    o == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT &&
+                    i == EXEC_INPUT_NULL &&
+                    !is_terminal_input(context->std_input) &&
+                    getppid () != 1)
+                        return fileno;
+
+                /* Duplicate from stdout if possible */
+                if (e == o || e == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT)
+                        return dup2(STDOUT_FILENO, fileno) < 0 ? -errno : fileno;
+
+                o = e;
+
+        } else if (o == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT) {
+                /* If input got downgraded, inherit the original value */
+                if (i == EXEC_INPUT_NULL && is_terminal_input(context->std_input))
+                        return open_terminal_as(tty_path(context), O_WRONLY, fileno);
+
+                /* If the input is connected to anything that's not a /dev/null, inherit that... */
+                if (i != EXEC_INPUT_NULL)
+                        return dup2(STDIN_FILENO, fileno) < 0 ? -errno : fileno;
+
+                /* If we are not started from PID 1 we just inherit STDOUT from our parent process. */
+                if (getppid() != 1)
+                        return fileno;
+
+                /* We need to open /dev/null here anew, to get the right access mode. */
+                return open_null_as(O_WRONLY, fileno);
+        }
+
+        switch (o) {
+
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_NULL:
+                return open_null_as(O_WRONLY, fileno);
+
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_TTY:
+                if (is_terminal_input(i))
+                        return dup2(STDIN_FILENO, fileno) < 0 ? -errno : fileno;
+
+                /* We don't reset the terminal if this is just about output */
+                return open_terminal_as(tty_path(context), O_WRONLY, fileno);
+
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL:
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE:
+                r = connect_logger_as(context, o, ident, unit_id, fileno);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_struct_unit(LOG_CRIT, unit_id,
+                                "MESSAGE=Failed to connect std%s of %s to the journal socket: %s",
+                                fileno == STDOUT_FILENO ? "out" : "err",
+                                unit_id, strerror(-r),
+                                "ERRNO=%d", -r,
+                                NULL);
+                        r = open_null_as(O_WRONLY, fileno);
+                }
+                return r;
+
+        case EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET:
+                assert(socket_fd >= 0);
+                return dup2(socket_fd, fileno) < 0 ? -errno : fileno;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown error type");
+        }
+}
+
+static int chown_terminal(int fd, uid_t uid) {
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        /* This might fail. What matters are the results. */
+        (void) fchown(fd, uid, -1);
+        (void) fchmod(fd, TTY_MODE);
+
+        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (st.st_uid != uid || (st.st_mode & 0777) != TTY_MODE)
+                return -EPERM;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int setup_confirm_stdio(int *_saved_stdin,
+                               int *_saved_stdout) {
+        int fd = -1, saved_stdin, saved_stdout = -1, r;
+
+        assert(_saved_stdin);
+        assert(_saved_stdout);
+
+        saved_stdin = fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_DUPFD, 3);
+        if (saved_stdin < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        saved_stdout = fcntl(STDOUT_FILENO, F_DUPFD, 3);
+        if (saved_stdout < 0) {
+                r = errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        fd = acquire_terminal(
+                        "/dev/console",
+                        false,
+                        false,
+                        false,
+                        DEFAULT_CONFIRM_USEC);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                r = fd;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = chown_terminal(fd, getuid());
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (dup2(fd, STDIN_FILENO) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (dup2(fd, STDOUT_FILENO) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (fd >= 2)
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        *_saved_stdin = saved_stdin;
+        *_saved_stdout = saved_stdout;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        if (saved_stdout >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(saved_stdout);
+
+        if (saved_stdin >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(saved_stdin);
+
+        if (fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+_printf_attr_(1, 2) static int write_confirm_message(const char *format, ...) {
+        int fd;
+        va_list ap;
+
+        assert(format);
+
+        fd = open_terminal("/dev/console", O_WRONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return fd;
+
+        va_start(ap, format);
+        vdprintf(fd, format, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int restore_confirm_stdio(int *saved_stdin,
+                                 int *saved_stdout) {
+
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(saved_stdin);
+        assert(saved_stdout);
+
+        release_terminal();
+
+        if (*saved_stdin >= 0)
+                if (dup2(*saved_stdin, STDIN_FILENO) < 0)
+                        r = -errno;
+
+        if (*saved_stdout >= 0)
+                if (dup2(*saved_stdout, STDOUT_FILENO) < 0)
+                        r = -errno;
+
+        if (*saved_stdin >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(*saved_stdin);
+
+        if (*saved_stdout >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(*saved_stdout);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int ask_for_confirmation(char *response, char **argv) {
+        int saved_stdout = -1, saved_stdin = -1, r;
+        char *line;
+
+        r = setup_confirm_stdio(&saved_stdin, &saved_stdout);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        line = exec_command_line(argv);
+        if (!line)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = ask(response, "yns", "Execute %s? [Yes, No, Skip] ", line);
+        free(line);
+
+        restore_confirm_stdio(&saved_stdin, &saved_stdout);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int enforce_groups(const ExecContext *context, const char *username, gid_t gid) {
+        bool keep_groups = false;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(context);
+
+        /* Lookup and set GID and supplementary group list. Here too
+         * we avoid NSS lookups for gid=0. */
+
+        if (context->group || username) {
+
+                if (context->group) {
+                        const char *g = context->group;
+
+                        if ((r = get_group_creds(&g, &gid)) < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                /* First step, initialize groups from /etc/groups */
+                if (username && gid != 0) {
+                        if (initgroups(username, gid) < 0)
+                                return -errno;
+
+                        keep_groups = true;
+                }
+
+                /* Second step, set our gids */
+                if (setresgid(gid, gid, gid) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (context->supplementary_groups) {
+                int ngroups_max, k;
+                gid_t *gids;
+                char **i;
+
+                /* Final step, initialize any manually set supplementary groups */
+                assert_se((ngroups_max = (int) sysconf(_SC_NGROUPS_MAX)) > 0);
+
+                if (!(gids = new(gid_t, ngroups_max)))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                if (keep_groups) {
+                        if ((k = getgroups(ngroups_max, gids)) < 0) {
+                                free(gids);
+                                return -errno;
+                        }
+                } else
+                        k = 0;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(i, context->supplementary_groups) {
+                        const char *g;
+
+                        if (k >= ngroups_max) {
+                                free(gids);
+                                return -E2BIG;
+                        }
+
+                        g = *i;
+                        r = get_group_creds(&g, gids+k);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                free(gids);
+                                return r;
+                        }
+
+                        k++;
+                }
+
+                if (setgroups(k, gids) < 0) {
+                        free(gids);
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                free(gids);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int enforce_user(const ExecContext *context, uid_t uid) {
+        int r;
+        assert(context);
+
+        /* Sets (but doesn't lookup) the uid and make sure we keep the
+         * capabilities while doing so. */
+
+        if (context->capabilities) {
+                cap_t d;
+                static const cap_value_t bits[] = {
+                        CAP_SETUID,   /* Necessary so that we can run setresuid() below */
+                        CAP_SETPCAP   /* Necessary so that we can set PR_SET_SECUREBITS later on */
+                };
+
+                /* First step: If we need to keep capabilities but
+                 * drop privileges we need to make sure we keep our
+                 * caps, while we drop privileges. */
+                if (uid != 0) {
+                        int sb = context->secure_bits | 1<<SECURE_KEEP_CAPS;
+
+                        if (prctl(PR_GET_SECUREBITS) != sb)
+                                if (prctl(PR_SET_SECUREBITS, sb) < 0)
+                                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                /* Second step: set the capabilities. This will reduce
+                 * the capabilities to the minimum we need. */
+
+                if (!(d = cap_dup(context->capabilities)))
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (cap_set_flag(d, CAP_EFFECTIVE, ELEMENTSOF(bits), bits, CAP_SET) < 0 ||
+                    cap_set_flag(d, CAP_PERMITTED, ELEMENTSOF(bits), bits, CAP_SET) < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        cap_free(d);
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                if (cap_set_proc(d) < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        cap_free(d);
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                cap_free(d);
+        }
+
+        /* Third step: actually set the uids */
+        if (setresuid(uid, uid, uid) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        /* At this point we should have all necessary capabilities but
+           are otherwise a normal user. However, the caps might got
+           corrupted due to the setresuid() so we need clean them up
+           later. This is done outside of this call. */
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PAM
+
+static int null_conv(
+                int num_msg,
+                const struct pam_message **msg,
+                struct pam_response **resp,
+                void *appdata_ptr) {
+
+        /* We don't support conversations */
+
+        return PAM_CONV_ERR;
+}
+
+static int setup_pam(
+                const char *name,
+                const char *user,
+                uid_t uid,
+                const char *tty,
+                char ***pam_env,
+                int fds[], unsigned n_fds) {
+
+        static const struct pam_conv conv = {
+                .conv = null_conv,
+                .appdata_ptr = NULL
+        };
+
+        pam_handle_t *handle = NULL;
+        sigset_t ss, old_ss;
+        int pam_code = PAM_SUCCESS;
+        int err;
+        char **e = NULL;
+        bool close_session = false;
+        pid_t pam_pid = 0, parent_pid;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(user);
+        assert(pam_env);
+
+        /* We set up PAM in the parent process, then fork. The child
+         * will then stay around until killed via PR_GET_PDEATHSIG or
+         * systemd via the cgroup logic. It will then remove the PAM
+         * session again. The parent process will exec() the actual
+         * daemon. We do things this way to ensure that the main PID
+         * of the daemon is the one we initially fork()ed. */
+
+        if ((pam_code = pam_start(name, user, &conv, &handle)) != PAM_SUCCESS) {
+                handle = NULL;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (tty)
+                if ((pam_code = pam_set_item(handle, PAM_TTY, tty)) != PAM_SUCCESS)
+                        goto fail;
+
+        if ((pam_code = pam_acct_mgmt(handle, PAM_SILENT)) != PAM_SUCCESS)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if ((pam_code = pam_open_session(handle, PAM_SILENT)) != PAM_SUCCESS)
+                goto fail;
+
+        close_session = true;
+
+        if ((!(e = pam_getenvlist(handle)))) {
+                pam_code = PAM_BUF_ERR;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* Block SIGTERM, so that we know that it won't get lost in
+         * the child */
+        if (sigemptyset(&ss) < 0 ||
+            sigaddset(&ss, SIGTERM) < 0 ||
+            sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &ss, &old_ss) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        parent_pid = getpid();
+
+        if ((pam_pid = fork()) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (pam_pid == 0) {
+                int sig;
+                int r = EXIT_PAM;
+
+                /* The child's job is to reset the PAM session on
+                 * termination */
+
+                /* This string must fit in 10 chars (i.e. the length
+                 * of "/sbin/init"), to look pretty in /bin/ps */
+                rename_process("(sd-pam)");
+
+                /* Make sure we don't keep open the passed fds in this
+                child. We assume that otherwise only those fds are
+                open here that have been opened by PAM. */
+                close_many(fds, n_fds);
+
+                /* Drop privileges - we don't need any to pam_close_session
+                 * and this will make PR_SET_PDEATHSIG work in most cases.
+                 * If this fails, ignore the error - but expect sd-pam threads
+                 * to fail to exit normally */
+                if (setresuid(uid, uid, uid) < 0)
+                        log_error("Error: Failed to setresuid() in sd-pam: %s", strerror(-r));
+
+                /* Wait until our parent died. This will only work if
+                 * the above setresuid() succeeds, otherwise the kernel
+                 * will not allow unprivileged parents kill their privileged
+                 * children this way. We rely on the control groups kill logic
+                 * to do the rest for us. */
+                if (prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGTERM) < 0)
+                        goto child_finish;
+
+                /* Check if our parent process might already have
+                 * died? */
+                if (getppid() == parent_pid) {
+                        for (;;) {
+                                if (sigwait(&ss, &sig) < 0) {
+                                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                                continue;
+
+                                        goto child_finish;
+                                }
+
+                                assert(sig == SIGTERM);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* If our parent died we'll end the session */
+                if (getppid() != parent_pid)
+                        if ((pam_code = pam_close_session(handle, PAM_DATA_SILENT)) != PAM_SUCCESS)
+                                goto child_finish;
+
+                r = 0;
+
+        child_finish:
+                pam_end(handle, pam_code | PAM_DATA_SILENT);
+                _exit(r);
+        }
+
+        /* If the child was forked off successfully it will do all the
+         * cleanups, so forget about the handle here. */
+        handle = NULL;
+
+        /* Unblock SIGTERM again in the parent */
+        if (sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &old_ss, NULL) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* We close the log explicitly here, since the PAM modules
+         * might have opened it, but we don't want this fd around. */
+        closelog();
+
+        *pam_env = e;
+        e = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        if (pam_code != PAM_SUCCESS)
+                err = -EPERM;  /* PAM errors do not map to errno */
+        else
+                err = -errno;
+
+        if (handle) {
+                if (close_session)
+                        pam_code = pam_close_session(handle, PAM_DATA_SILENT);
+
+                pam_end(handle, pam_code | PAM_DATA_SILENT);
+        }
+
+        strv_free(e);
+
+        closelog();
+
+        if (pam_pid > 1) {
+                kill(pam_pid, SIGTERM);
+                kill(pam_pid, SIGCONT);
+        }
+
+        return err;
+}
+#endif
+
+static void rename_process_from_path(const char *path) {
+        char process_name[11];
+        const char *p;
+        size_t l;
+
+        /* This resulting string must fit in 10 chars (i.e. the length
+         * of "/sbin/init") to look pretty in /bin/ps */
+
+        p = path_get_file_name(path);
+        if (isempty(p)) {
+                rename_process("(...)");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        l = strlen(p);
+        if (l > 8) {
+                /* The end of the process name is usually more
+                 * interesting, since the first bit might just be
+                 * "systemd-" */
+                p = p + l - 8;
+                l = 8;
+        }
+
+        process_name[0] = '(';
+        memcpy(process_name+1, p, l);
+        process_name[1+l] = ')';
+        process_name[1+l+1] = 0;
+
+        rename_process(process_name);
+}
+
+static int apply_seccomp(uint32_t *syscall_filter) {
+        static const struct sock_filter header[] = {
+                VALIDATE_ARCHITECTURE,
+                EXAMINE_SYSCALL
+        };
+        static const struct sock_filter footer[] = {
+                _KILL_PROCESS
+        };
+
+        int i;
+        unsigned n;
+        struct sock_filter *f;
+        struct sock_fprog prog = {};
+
+        assert(syscall_filter);
+
+        /* First: count the syscalls to check for */
+        for (i = 0, n = 0; i < syscall_max(); i++)
+                if (syscall_filter[i >> 4] & (1 << (i & 31)))
+                        n++;
+
+        /* Second: build the filter program from a header the syscall
+         * matches and the footer */
+        f = alloca(sizeof(struct sock_filter) * (ELEMENTSOF(header) + 2*n + ELEMENTSOF(footer)));
+        memcpy(f, header, sizeof(header));
+
+        for (i = 0, n = 0; i < syscall_max(); i++)
+                if (syscall_filter[i >> 4] & (1 << (i & 31))) {
+                        struct sock_filter item[] = {
+                                BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP+BPF_JEQ+BPF_K, INDEX_TO_SYSCALL(i), 0, 1),
+                                BPF_STMT(BPF_RET+BPF_K, SECCOMP_RET_ALLOW)
+                        };
+
+                        assert_cc(ELEMENTSOF(item) == 2);
+
+                        f[ELEMENTSOF(header) + 2*n]  = item[0];
+                        f[ELEMENTSOF(header) + 2*n+1] = item[1];
+
+                        n++;
+                }
+
+        memcpy(f + (ELEMENTSOF(header) + 2*n), footer, sizeof(footer));
+
+        /* Third: install the filter */
+        prog.len = ELEMENTSOF(header) + ELEMENTSOF(footer) + 2*n;
+        prog.filter = f;
+        if (prctl(PR_SET_SECCOMP, SECCOMP_MODE_FILTER, &prog) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int exec_spawn(ExecCommand *command,
+               char **argv,
+               ExecContext *context,
+               int fds[], unsigned n_fds,
+               char **environment,
+               bool apply_permissions,
+               bool apply_chroot,
+               bool apply_tty_stdin,
+               bool confirm_spawn,
+               CGroupBonding *cgroup_bondings,
+               CGroupAttribute *cgroup_attributes,
+               const char *cgroup_suffix,
+               const char *unit_id,
+               int idle_pipe[2],
+               pid_t *ret) {
+
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+        char *line;
+        int socket_fd;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **files_env = NULL;
+
+        assert(command);
+        assert(context);
+        assert(ret);
+        assert(fds || n_fds <= 0);
+
+        if (context->std_input == EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET ||
+            context->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET ||
+            context->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET) {
+
+                if (n_fds != 1)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                socket_fd = fds[0];
+
+                fds = NULL;
+                n_fds = 0;
+        } else
+                socket_fd = -1;
+
+        r = exec_context_load_environment(context, &files_env);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_struct_unit(LOG_ERR,
+                           unit_id,
+                           "MESSAGE=Failed to load environment files: %s", strerror(-r),
+                           "ERRNO=%d", -r,
+                           NULL);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (!argv)
+                argv = command->argv;
+
+        line = exec_command_line(argv);
+        if (!line)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        log_struct_unit(LOG_DEBUG,
+                        unit_id,
+                        "EXECUTABLE=%s", command->path,
+                        "MESSAGE=About to execute: %s", line,
+                        NULL);
+        free(line);
+
+        r = cgroup_bonding_realize_list(cgroup_bondings);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* We must initialize the attributes in the parent, before we
+        fork, because we really need them initialized before making
+        the process a member of the group (which we do in both the
+        child and the parent), and we cannot really apply them twice
+        (due to 'append' style attributes) */
+        cgroup_attribute_apply_list(cgroup_attributes, cgroup_bondings);
+
+        if (context->private_tmp && !context->tmp_dir && !context->var_tmp_dir) {
+                r = setup_tmpdirs(&context->tmp_dir, &context->var_tmp_dir);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        pid = fork();
+        if (pid < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (pid == 0) {
+                int i, err;
+                sigset_t ss;
+                const char *username = NULL, *home = NULL;
+                uid_t uid = (uid_t) -1;
+                gid_t gid = (gid_t) -1;
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **our_env = NULL, **pam_env = NULL,
+                        **final_env = NULL, **final_argv = NULL;
+                unsigned n_env = 0;
+                bool set_access = false;
+
+                /* child */
+
+                rename_process_from_path(command->path);
+
+                /* We reset exactly these signals, since they are the
+                 * only ones we set to SIG_IGN in the main daemon. All
+                 * others we leave untouched because we set them to
+                 * SIG_DFL or a valid handler initially, both of which
+                 * will be demoted to SIG_DFL. */
+                default_signals(SIGNALS_CRASH_HANDLER,
+                                SIGNALS_IGNORE, -1);
+
+                if (context->ignore_sigpipe)
+                        ignore_signals(SIGPIPE, -1);
+
+                assert_se(sigemptyset(&ss) == 0);
+                if (sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &ss, NULL) < 0) {
+                        err = -errno;
+                        r = EXIT_SIGNAL_MASK;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                if (idle_pipe) {
+                        if (idle_pipe[1] >= 0)
+                                close_nointr_nofail(idle_pipe[1]);
+                        if (idle_pipe[0] >= 0) {
+                                fd_wait_for_event(idle_pipe[0], POLLHUP, IDLE_TIMEOUT_USEC);
+                                close_nointr_nofail(idle_pipe[0]);
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* Close sockets very early to make sure we don't
+                 * block init reexecution because it cannot bind its
+                 * sockets */
+                log_forget_fds();
+                err = close_all_fds(socket_fd >= 0 ? &socket_fd : fds,
+                                           socket_fd >= 0 ? 1 : n_fds);
+                if (err < 0) {
+                        r = EXIT_FDS;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                if (!context->same_pgrp)
+                        if (setsid() < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_SETSID;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                if (context->tcpwrap_name) {
+                        if (socket_fd >= 0)
+                                if (!socket_tcpwrap(socket_fd, context->tcpwrap_name)) {
+                                        err = -EACCES;
+                                        r = EXIT_TCPWRAP;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+
+                        for (i = 0; i < (int) n_fds; i++) {
+                                if (!socket_tcpwrap(fds[i], context->tcpwrap_name)) {
+                                        err = -EACCES;
+                                        r = EXIT_TCPWRAP;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+                        }
+                }
+
+                exec_context_tty_reset(context);
+
+                if (confirm_spawn) {
+                        char response;
+
+                        err = ask_for_confirmation(&response, argv);
+                        if (err == -ETIMEDOUT)
+                                write_confirm_message("Confirmation question timed out, assuming positive response.\n");
+                        else if (err < 0)
+                                write_confirm_message("Couldn't ask confirmation question, assuming positive response: %s\n", strerror(-err));
+                        else if (response == 's') {
+                                write_confirm_message("Skipping execution.\n");
+                                err = -ECANCELED;
+                                r = EXIT_CONFIRM;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        } else if (response == 'n') {
+                                write_confirm_message("Failing execution.\n");
+                                err = r = 0;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* If a socket is connected to STDIN/STDOUT/STDERR, we
+                 * must sure to drop O_NONBLOCK */
+                if (socket_fd >= 0)
+                        fd_nonblock(socket_fd, false);
+
+                err = setup_input(context, socket_fd, apply_tty_stdin);
+                if (err < 0) {
+                        r = EXIT_STDIN;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                err = setup_output(context, STDOUT_FILENO, socket_fd, path_get_file_name(command->path), unit_id, apply_tty_stdin);
+                if (err < 0) {
+                        r = EXIT_STDOUT;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                err = setup_output(context, STDERR_FILENO, socket_fd, path_get_file_name(command->path), unit_id, apply_tty_stdin);
+                if (err < 0) {
+                        r = EXIT_STDERR;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                if (cgroup_bondings) {
+                        err = cgroup_bonding_install_list(cgroup_bondings, 0, cgroup_suffix);
+                        if (err < 0) {
+                                r = EXIT_CGROUP;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (context->oom_score_adjust_set) {
+                        char t[16];
+
+                        snprintf(t, sizeof(t), "%i", context->oom_score_adjust);
+                        char_array_0(t);
+
+                        if (write_string_file("/proc/self/oom_score_adj", t) < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_OOM_ADJUST;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (context->nice_set)
+                        if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, context->nice) < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_NICE;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                if (context->cpu_sched_set) {
+                        struct sched_param param = {
+                                .sched_priority = context->cpu_sched_priority,
+                        };
+
+                        r = sched_setscheduler(0,
+                                               context->cpu_sched_policy |
+                                               (context->cpu_sched_reset_on_fork ?
+                                                SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK : 0),
+                                               &param);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_SETSCHEDULER;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (context->cpuset)
+                        if (sched_setaffinity(0, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(context->cpuset_ncpus), context->cpuset) < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_CPUAFFINITY;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                if (context->ioprio_set)
+                        if (ioprio_set(IOPRIO_WHO_PROCESS, 0, context->ioprio) < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_IOPRIO;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                if (context->timer_slack_nsec != (nsec_t) -1)
+                        if (prctl(PR_SET_TIMERSLACK, context->timer_slack_nsec) < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_TIMERSLACK;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                if (context->utmp_id)
+                        utmp_put_init_process(context->utmp_id, getpid(), getsid(0), context->tty_path);
+
+                if (context->user) {
+                        username = context->user;
+                        err = get_user_creds(&username, &uid, &gid, &home, NULL);
+                        if (err < 0) {
+                                r = EXIT_USER;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                        if (is_terminal_input(context->std_input)) {
+                                err = chown_terminal(STDIN_FILENO, uid);
+                                if (err < 0) {
+                                        r = EXIT_STDIN;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        if (cgroup_bondings && context->control_group_modify) {
+                                err = cgroup_bonding_set_group_access_list(cgroup_bondings, 0755, uid, gid);
+                                if (err >= 0)
+                                        err = cgroup_bonding_set_task_access_list(
+                                                        cgroup_bondings,
+                                                        0644,
+                                                        uid,
+                                                        gid,
+                                                        context->control_group_persistent);
+                                if (err < 0) {
+                                        r = EXIT_CGROUP;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+
+                                set_access = true;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (cgroup_bondings && !set_access && context->control_group_persistent >= 0)  {
+                        err = cgroup_bonding_set_task_access_list(
+                                        cgroup_bondings,
+                                        (mode_t) -1,
+                                        (uid_t) -1,
+                                        (uid_t) -1,
+                                        context->control_group_persistent);
+                        if (err < 0) {
+                                r = EXIT_CGROUP;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (apply_permissions) {
+                        err = enforce_groups(context, username, gid);
+                        if (err < 0) {
+                                r = EXIT_GROUP;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                umask(context->umask);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PAM
+                if (apply_permissions && context->pam_name && username) {
+                        err = setup_pam(context->pam_name, username, uid, context->tty_path, &pam_env, fds, n_fds);
+                        if (err < 0) {
+                                r = EXIT_PAM;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+#endif
+                if (context->private_network) {
+                        if (unshare(CLONE_NEWNET) < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_NETWORK;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                        loopback_setup();
+                }
+
+                if (strv_length(context->read_write_dirs) > 0 ||
+                    strv_length(context->read_only_dirs) > 0 ||
+                    strv_length(context->inaccessible_dirs) > 0 ||
+                    context->mount_flags != 0 ||
+                    context->private_tmp) {
+                        err = setup_namespace(context->read_write_dirs,
+                                              context->read_only_dirs,
+                                              context->inaccessible_dirs,
+                                              context->tmp_dir,
+                                              context->var_tmp_dir,
+                                              context->private_tmp,
+                                              context->mount_flags);
+                        if (err < 0) {
+                                r = EXIT_NAMESPACE;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (apply_chroot) {
+                        if (context->root_directory)
+                                if (chroot(context->root_directory) < 0) {
+                                        err = -errno;
+                                        r = EXIT_CHROOT;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+
+                        if (chdir(context->working_directory ? context->working_directory : "/") < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_CHDIR;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                } else {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *d = NULL;
+
+                        if (asprintf(&d, "%s/%s",
+                                     context->root_directory ? context->root_directory : "",
+                                     context->working_directory ? context->working_directory : "") < 0) {
+                                err = -ENOMEM;
+                                r = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                        if (chdir(d) < 0) {
+                                err = -errno;
+                                r = EXIT_CHDIR;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* We repeat the fd closing here, to make sure that
+                 * nothing is leaked from the PAM modules */
+                err = close_all_fds(fds, n_fds);
+                if (err >= 0)
+                        err = shift_fds(fds, n_fds);
+                if (err >= 0)
+                        err = flags_fds(fds, n_fds, context->non_blocking);
+                if (err < 0) {
+                        r = EXIT_FDS;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                if (apply_permissions) {
+
+                        for (i = 0; i < RLIMIT_NLIMITS; i++) {
+                                if (!context->rlimit[i])
+                                        continue;
+
+                                if (setrlimit_closest(i, context->rlimit[i]) < 0) {
+                                        err = -errno;
+                                        r = EXIT_LIMITS;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        if (context->capability_bounding_set_drop) {
+                                err = capability_bounding_set_drop(context->capability_bounding_set_drop, false);
+                                if (err < 0) {
+                                        r = EXIT_CAPABILITIES;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        if (context->user) {
+                                err = enforce_user(context, uid);
+                                if (err < 0) {
+                                        r = EXIT_USER;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        /* PR_GET_SECUREBITS is not privileged, while
+                         * PR_SET_SECUREBITS is. So to suppress
+                         * potential EPERMs we'll try not to call
+                         * PR_SET_SECUREBITS unless necessary. */
+                        if (prctl(PR_GET_SECUREBITS) != context->secure_bits)
+                                if (prctl(PR_SET_SECUREBITS, context->secure_bits) < 0) {
+                                        err = -errno;
+                                        r = EXIT_SECUREBITS;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+
+                        if (context->capabilities)
+                                if (cap_set_proc(context->capabilities) < 0) {
+                                        err = -errno;
+                                        r = EXIT_CAPABILITIES;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+
+                        if (context->no_new_privileges)
+                                if (prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0) < 0) {
+                                        err = -errno;
+                                        r = EXIT_NO_NEW_PRIVILEGES;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+
+                        if (context->syscall_filter) {
+                                err = apply_seccomp(context->syscall_filter);
+                                if (err < 0) {
+                                        r = EXIT_SECCOMP;
+                                        goto fail_child;
+                                }
+                        }
+                }
+
+                our_env = new0(char*, 7);
+                if (!our_env) {
+                        err = -ENOMEM;
+                        r = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                if (n_fds > 0)
+                        if (asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "LISTEN_PID=%lu", (unsigned long) getpid()) < 0 ||
+                            asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "LISTEN_FDS=%u", n_fds) < 0) {
+                                err = -ENOMEM;
+                                r = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                if (home)
+                        if (asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "HOME=%s", home) < 0) {
+                                err = -ENOMEM;
+                                r = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                if (username)
+                        if (asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "LOGNAME=%s", username) < 0 ||
+                            asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "USER=%s", username) < 0) {
+                                err = -ENOMEM;
+                                r = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                if (is_terminal_input(context->std_input) ||
+                    context->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_TTY ||
+                    context->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_TTY)
+                        if (!(our_env[n_env++] = strdup(default_term_for_tty(tty_path(context))))) {
+                                err = -ENOMEM;
+                                r = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                                goto fail_child;
+                        }
+
+                assert(n_env <= 7);
+
+                final_env = strv_env_merge(5,
+                                           environment,
+                                           our_env,
+                                           context->environment,
+                                           files_env,
+                                           pam_env,
+                                           NULL);
+                if (!final_env) {
+                        err = -ENOMEM;
+                        r = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                final_argv = replace_env_argv(argv, final_env);
+                if (!final_argv) {
+                        err = -ENOMEM;
+                        r = EXIT_MEMORY;
+                        goto fail_child;
+                }
+
+                final_env = strv_env_clean(final_env);
+
+                if (_unlikely_(log_get_max_level() >= LOG_PRI(LOG_DEBUG))) {
+                        line = exec_command_line(final_argv);
+                        if (line) {
+                                log_open();
+                                log_struct_unit(LOG_DEBUG,
+                                                unit_id,
+                                                "EXECUTABLE=%s", command->path,
+                                                "MESSAGE=Executing: %s", line,
+                                                NULL);
+                                log_close();
+                                free(line);
+                                line = NULL;
+                        }
+                }
+                execve(command->path, final_argv, final_env);
+                err = -errno;
+                r = EXIT_EXEC;
+
+        fail_child:
+                if (r != 0) {
+                        log_open();
+                        log_struct(LOG_ERR, MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_SPAWN_FAILED),
+                                   "EXECUTABLE=%s", command->path,
+                                   "MESSAGE=Failed at step %s spawning %s: %s",
+                                          exit_status_to_string(r, EXIT_STATUS_SYSTEMD),
+                                          command->path, strerror(-err),
+                                   "ERRNO=%d", -err,
+                                   NULL);
+                        log_close();
+                }
+
+                _exit(r);
+        }
+
+        log_struct_unit(LOG_DEBUG,
+                        unit_id,
+                        "MESSAGE=Forked %s as %lu",
+                        command->path, (unsigned long) pid,
+                        NULL);
+
+        /* We add the new process to the cgroup both in the child (so
+         * that we can be sure that no user code is ever executed
+         * outside of the cgroup) and in the parent (so that we can be
+         * sure that when we kill the cgroup the process will be
+         * killed too). */
+        cgroup_bonding_install_list(cgroup_bondings, pid, cgroup_suffix);
+
+        exec_status_start(&command->exec_status, pid);
+
+        *ret = pid;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void exec_context_init(ExecContext *c) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        c->umask = 0022;
+        c->ioprio = IOPRIO_PRIO_VALUE(IOPRIO_CLASS_BE, 0);
+        c->cpu_sched_policy = SCHED_OTHER;
+        c->syslog_priority = LOG_DAEMON|LOG_INFO;
+        c->syslog_level_prefix = true;
+        c->control_group_persistent = -1;
+        c->ignore_sigpipe = true;
+        c->timer_slack_nsec = (nsec_t) -1;
+}
+
+void exec_context_tmp_dirs_done(ExecContext *c) {
+        char* dirs[] = {c->tmp_dir ? c->tmp_dir : c->var_tmp_dir,
+                        c->tmp_dir ? c->var_tmp_dir : NULL,
+                        NULL};
+        char **dirp;
+
+        for(dirp = dirs; *dirp; dirp++) {
+                char *dir;
+                int r;
+
+                r = rm_rf_dangerous(*dirp, false, true, false);
+                dir = dirname(*dirp);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to remove content of temporary directory %s: %s",
+                                    dir, strerror(-r));
+                else {
+                        r = rmdir(dir);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_warning("Failed to remove  temporary directory %s: %s",
+                                            dir, strerror(-r));
+                }
+
+                free(*dirp);
+        }
+
+        c->tmp_dir = c->var_tmp_dir = NULL;
+}
+
+void exec_context_done(ExecContext *c, bool reloading_or_reexecuting) {
+        unsigned l;
+
+        assert(c);
+
+        strv_free(c->environment);
+        c->environment = NULL;
+
+        strv_free(c->environment_files);
+        c->environment_files = NULL;
+
+        for (l = 0; l < ELEMENTSOF(c->rlimit); l++) {
+                free(c->rlimit[l]);
+                c->rlimit[l] = NULL;
+        }
+
+        free(c->working_directory);
+        c->working_directory = NULL;
+        free(c->root_directory);
+        c->root_directory = NULL;
+
+        free(c->tty_path);
+        c->tty_path = NULL;
+
+        free(c->tcpwrap_name);
+        c->tcpwrap_name = NULL;
+
+        free(c->syslog_identifier);
+        c->syslog_identifier = NULL;
+
+        free(c->user);
+        c->user = NULL;
+
+        free(c->group);
+        c->group = NULL;
+
+        strv_free(c->supplementary_groups);
+        c->supplementary_groups = NULL;
+
+        free(c->pam_name);
+        c->pam_name = NULL;
+
+        if (c->capabilities) {
+                cap_free(c->capabilities);
+                c->capabilities = NULL;
+        }
+
+        strv_free(c->read_only_dirs);
+        c->read_only_dirs = NULL;
+
+        strv_free(c->read_write_dirs);
+        c->read_write_dirs = NULL;
+
+        strv_free(c->inaccessible_dirs);
+        c->inaccessible_dirs = NULL;
+
+        if (c->cpuset)
+                CPU_FREE(c->cpuset);
+
+        free(c->utmp_id);
+        c->utmp_id = NULL;
+
+        free(c->syscall_filter);
+        c->syscall_filter = NULL;
+
+        if (!reloading_or_reexecuting)
+                exec_context_tmp_dirs_done(c);
+}
+
+void exec_command_done(ExecCommand *c) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        free(c->path);
+        c->path = NULL;
+
+        strv_free(c->argv);
+        c->argv = NULL;
+}
+
+void exec_command_done_array(ExecCommand *c, unsigned n) {
+        unsigned i;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+                exec_command_done(c+i);
+}
+
+void exec_command_free_list(ExecCommand *c) {
+        ExecCommand *i;
+
+        while ((i = c)) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(ExecCommand, command, c, i);
+                exec_command_done(i);
+                free(i);
+        }
+}
+
+void exec_command_free_array(ExecCommand **c, unsigned n) {
+        unsigned i;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+                exec_command_free_list(c[i]);
+                c[i] = NULL;
+        }
+}
+
+int exec_context_load_environment(const ExecContext *c, char ***l) {
+        char **i, **r = NULL;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(l);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, c->environment_files) {
+                char *fn;
+                int k;
+                bool ignore = false;
+                char **p;
+                _cleanup_globfree_ glob_t pglob = {};
+                int count, n;
+
+                fn = *i;
+
+                if (fn[0] == '-') {
+                        ignore = true;
+                        fn ++;
+                }
+
+                if (!path_is_absolute(fn)) {
+                        if (ignore)
+                                continue;
+
+                        strv_free(r);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                /* Filename supports globbing, take all matching files */
+                errno = 0;
+                if (glob(fn, 0, NULL, &pglob) != 0) {
+                        if (ignore)
+                                continue;
+
+                        strv_free(r);
+                        return errno ? -errno : -EINVAL;
+                }
+                count = pglob.gl_pathc;
+                if (count == 0) {
+                        if (ignore)
+                                continue;
+
+                        strv_free(r);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+                for (n = 0; n < count; n++) {
+                        k = load_env_file(pglob.gl_pathv[n], NULL, &p);
+                        if (k < 0) {
+                                if (ignore)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                strv_free(r);
+                                return k;
+                         }
+                        /* Log invalid environment variables with filename */
+			if (p)
+	                        p = strv_env_clean_log(p, pglob.gl_pathv[n]);
+
+                        if (r == NULL)
+                                r = p;
+                        else {
+                                char **m;
+
+                                m = strv_env_merge(2, r, p);
+                                strv_free(r);
+                                strv_free(p);
+                                if (!m)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                r = m;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        *l = r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static bool tty_may_match_dev_console(const char *tty) {
+        char *active = NULL, *console;
+        bool b;
+
+        if (startswith(tty, "/dev/"))
+                tty += 5;
+
+        /* trivial identity? */
+        if (streq(tty, "console"))
+                return true;
+
+        console = resolve_dev_console(&active);
+        /* if we could not resolve, assume it may */
+        if (!console)
+                return true;
+
+        /* "tty0" means the active VC, so it may be the same sometimes */
+        b = streq(console, tty) || (streq(console, "tty0") && tty_is_vc(tty));
+        free(active);
+
+        return b;
+}
+
+bool exec_context_may_touch_console(ExecContext *ec) {
+        return (ec->tty_reset || ec->tty_vhangup || ec->tty_vt_disallocate ||
+                is_terminal_input(ec->std_input) ||
+                is_terminal_output(ec->std_output) ||
+                is_terminal_output(ec->std_error)) &&
+               tty_may_match_dev_console(tty_path(ec));
+}
+
+static void strv_fprintf(FILE *f, char **l) {
+        char **g;
+
+        assert(f);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(g, l)
+                fprintf(f, " %s", *g);
+}
+
+void exec_context_dump(ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix) {
+        char ** e;
+        unsigned i;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (!prefix)
+                prefix = "";
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sUMask: %04o\n"
+                "%sWorkingDirectory: %s\n"
+                "%sRootDirectory: %s\n"
+                "%sNonBlocking: %s\n"
+                "%sPrivateTmp: %s\n"
+                "%sControlGroupModify: %s\n"
+                "%sControlGroupPersistent: %s\n"
+                "%sPrivateNetwork: %s\n"
+                "%sIgnoreSIGPIPE: %s\n",
+                prefix, c->umask,
+                prefix, c->working_directory ? c->working_directory : "/",
+                prefix, c->root_directory ? c->root_directory : "/",
+                prefix, yes_no(c->non_blocking),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->private_tmp),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->control_group_modify),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->control_group_persistent),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->private_network),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->ignore_sigpipe));
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(e, c->environment)
+                fprintf(f, "%sEnvironment: %s\n", prefix, *e);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(e, c->environment_files)
+                fprintf(f, "%sEnvironmentFile: %s\n", prefix, *e);
+
+        if (c->tcpwrap_name)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sTCPWrapName: %s\n",
+                        prefix, c->tcpwrap_name);
+
+        if (c->nice_set)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sNice: %i\n",
+                        prefix, c->nice);
+
+        if (c->oom_score_adjust_set)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sOOMScoreAdjust: %i\n",
+                        prefix, c->oom_score_adjust);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < RLIM_NLIMITS; i++)
+                if (c->rlimit[i])
+                        fprintf(f, "%s%s: %llu\n", prefix, rlimit_to_string(i), (unsigned long long) c->rlimit[i]->rlim_max);
+
+        if (c->ioprio_set) {
+                char *class_str;
+                int r;
+
+                r = ioprio_class_to_string_alloc(IOPRIO_PRIO_CLASS(c->ioprio), &class_str);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        class_str = NULL;
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sIOSchedulingClass: %s\n"
+                        "%sIOPriority: %i\n",
+                        prefix, strna(class_str),
+                        prefix, (int) IOPRIO_PRIO_DATA(c->ioprio));
+                free(class_str);
+        }
+
+        if (c->cpu_sched_set) {
+                char *policy_str;
+                int r;
+
+                r = sched_policy_to_string_alloc(c->cpu_sched_policy, &policy_str);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        policy_str = NULL;
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sCPUSchedulingPolicy: %s\n"
+                        "%sCPUSchedulingPriority: %i\n"
+                        "%sCPUSchedulingResetOnFork: %s\n",
+                        prefix, strna(policy_str),
+                        prefix, c->cpu_sched_priority,
+                        prefix, yes_no(c->cpu_sched_reset_on_fork));
+                free(policy_str);
+        }
+
+        if (c->cpuset) {
+                fprintf(f, "%sCPUAffinity:", prefix);
+                for (i = 0; i < c->cpuset_ncpus; i++)
+                        if (CPU_ISSET_S(i, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(c->cpuset_ncpus), c->cpuset))
+                                fprintf(f, " %i", i);
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (c->timer_slack_nsec != (nsec_t) -1)
+                fprintf(f, "%sTimerSlackNSec: %lu\n", prefix, (unsigned long)c->timer_slack_nsec);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sStandardInput: %s\n"
+                "%sStandardOutput: %s\n"
+                "%sStandardError: %s\n",
+                prefix, exec_input_to_string(c->std_input),
+                prefix, exec_output_to_string(c->std_output),
+                prefix, exec_output_to_string(c->std_error));
+
+        if (c->tty_path)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sTTYPath: %s\n"
+                        "%sTTYReset: %s\n"
+                        "%sTTYVHangup: %s\n"
+                        "%sTTYVTDisallocate: %s\n",
+                        prefix, c->tty_path,
+                        prefix, yes_no(c->tty_reset),
+                        prefix, yes_no(c->tty_vhangup),
+                        prefix, yes_no(c->tty_vt_disallocate));
+
+        if (c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG || c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG || c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL ||
+            c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE || c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE || c->std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE ||
+            c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG || c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG || c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL ||
+            c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE || c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE || c->std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE) {
+                char *fac_str, *lvl_str;
+                int r;
+
+                r = log_facility_unshifted_to_string_alloc(c->syslog_priority >> 3, &fac_str);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        fac_str = NULL;
+
+                r = log_level_to_string_alloc(LOG_PRI(c->syslog_priority), &lvl_str);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        lvl_str = NULL;
+
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sSyslogFacility: %s\n"
+                        "%sSyslogLevel: %s\n",
+                        prefix, strna(fac_str),
+                        prefix, strna(lvl_str));
+                free(lvl_str);
+                free(fac_str);
+        }
+
+        if (c->capabilities) {
+                char *t;
+                if ((t = cap_to_text(c->capabilities, NULL))) {
+                        fprintf(f, "%sCapabilities: %s\n",
+                                prefix, t);
+                        cap_free(t);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (c->secure_bits)
+                fprintf(f, "%sSecure Bits:%s%s%s%s%s%s\n",
+                        prefix,
+                        (c->secure_bits & 1<<SECURE_KEEP_CAPS) ? " keep-caps" : "",
+                        (c->secure_bits & 1<<SECURE_KEEP_CAPS_LOCKED) ? " keep-caps-locked" : "",
+                        (c->secure_bits & 1<<SECURE_NO_SETUID_FIXUP) ? " no-setuid-fixup" : "",
+                        (c->secure_bits & 1<<SECURE_NO_SETUID_FIXUP_LOCKED) ? " no-setuid-fixup-locked" : "",
+                        (c->secure_bits & 1<<SECURE_NOROOT) ? " noroot" : "",
+                        (c->secure_bits & 1<<SECURE_NOROOT_LOCKED) ? "noroot-locked" : "");
+
+        if (c->capability_bounding_set_drop) {
+                unsigned long l;
+                fprintf(f, "%sCapabilityBoundingSet:", prefix);
+
+                for (l = 0; l <= cap_last_cap(); l++)
+                        if (!(c->capability_bounding_set_drop & ((uint64_t) 1ULL << (uint64_t) l))) {
+                                char *t;
+
+                                if ((t = cap_to_name(l))) {
+                                        fprintf(f, " %s", t);
+                                        cap_free(t);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (c->user)
+                fprintf(f, "%sUser: %s\n", prefix, c->user);
+        if (c->group)
+                fprintf(f, "%sGroup: %s\n", prefix, c->group);
+
+        if (strv_length(c->supplementary_groups) > 0) {
+                fprintf(f, "%sSupplementaryGroups:", prefix);
+                strv_fprintf(f, c->supplementary_groups);
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (c->pam_name)
+                fprintf(f, "%sPAMName: %s\n", prefix, c->pam_name);
+
+        if (strv_length(c->read_write_dirs) > 0) {
+                fprintf(f, "%sReadWriteDirs:", prefix);
+                strv_fprintf(f, c->read_write_dirs);
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (strv_length(c->read_only_dirs) > 0) {
+                fprintf(f, "%sReadOnlyDirs:", prefix);
+                strv_fprintf(f, c->read_only_dirs);
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (strv_length(c->inaccessible_dirs) > 0) {
+                fprintf(f, "%sInaccessibleDirs:", prefix);
+                strv_fprintf(f, c->inaccessible_dirs);
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (c->utmp_id)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sUtmpIdentifier: %s\n",
+                        prefix, c->utmp_id);
+}
+
+void exec_status_start(ExecStatus *s, pid_t pid) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        zero(*s);
+        s->pid = pid;
+        dual_timestamp_get(&s->start_timestamp);
+}
+
+void exec_status_exit(ExecStatus *s, ExecContext *context, pid_t pid, int code, int status) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->pid && s->pid != pid)
+                zero(*s);
+
+        s->pid = pid;
+        dual_timestamp_get(&s->exit_timestamp);
+
+        s->code = code;
+        s->status = status;
+
+        if (context) {
+                if (context->utmp_id)
+                        utmp_put_dead_process(context->utmp_id, pid, code, status);
+
+                exec_context_tty_reset(context);
+        }
+}
+
+void exec_status_dump(ExecStatus *s, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        char buf[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (!prefix)
+                prefix = "";
+
+        if (s->pid <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sPID: %lu\n",
+                prefix, (unsigned long) s->pid);
+
+        if (s->start_timestamp.realtime > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sStart Timestamp: %s\n",
+                        prefix, format_timestamp(buf, sizeof(buf), s->start_timestamp.realtime));
+
+        if (s->exit_timestamp.realtime > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sExit Timestamp: %s\n"
+                        "%sExit Code: %s\n"
+                        "%sExit Status: %i\n",
+                        prefix, format_timestamp(buf, sizeof(buf), s->exit_timestamp.realtime),
+                        prefix, sigchld_code_to_string(s->code),
+                        prefix, s->status);
+}
+
+char *exec_command_line(char **argv) {
+        size_t k;
+        char *n, *p, **a;
+        bool first = true;
+
+        assert(argv);
+
+        k = 1;
+        STRV_FOREACH(a, argv)
+                k += strlen(*a)+3;
+
+        if (!(n = new(char, k)))
+                return NULL;
+
+        p = n;
+        STRV_FOREACH(a, argv) {
+
+                if (!first)
+                        *(p++) = ' ';
+                else
+                        first = false;
+
+                if (strpbrk(*a, WHITESPACE)) {
+                        *(p++) = '\'';
+                        p = stpcpy(p, *a);
+                        *(p++) = '\'';
+                } else
+                        p = stpcpy(p, *a);
+
+        }
+
+        *p = 0;
+
+        /* FIXME: this doesn't really handle arguments that have
+         * spaces and ticks in them */
+
+        return n;
+}
+
+void exec_command_dump(ExecCommand *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        char *p2;
+        const char *prefix2;
+
+        char *cmd;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (!prefix)
+                prefix = "";
+        p2 = strappend(prefix, "\t");
+        prefix2 = p2 ? p2 : prefix;
+
+        cmd = exec_command_line(c->argv);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sCommand Line: %s\n",
+                prefix, cmd ? cmd : strerror(ENOMEM));
+
+        free(cmd);
+
+        exec_status_dump(&c->exec_status, f, prefix2);
+
+        free(p2);
+}
+
+void exec_command_dump_list(ExecCommand *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (!prefix)
+                prefix = "";
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(command, c, c)
+                exec_command_dump(c, f, prefix);
+}
+
+void exec_command_append_list(ExecCommand **l, ExecCommand *e) {
+        ExecCommand *end;
+
+        assert(l);
+        assert(e);
+
+        if (*l) {
+                /* It's kind of important, that we keep the order here */
+                LIST_FIND_TAIL(ExecCommand, command, *l, end);
+                LIST_INSERT_AFTER(ExecCommand, command, *l, end, e);
+        } else
+              *l = e;
+}
+
+int exec_command_set(ExecCommand *c, const char *path, ...) {
+        va_list ap;
+        char **l, *p;
+
+        assert(c);
+        assert(path);
+
+        va_start(ap, path);
+        l = strv_new_ap(path, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        if (!l)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (!(p = strdup(path))) {
+                strv_free(l);
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        free(c->path);
+        c->path = p;
+
+        strv_free(c->argv);
+        c->argv = l;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static const char* const exec_input_table[_EXEC_INPUT_MAX] = {
+        [EXEC_INPUT_NULL] = "null",
+        [EXEC_INPUT_TTY] = "tty",
+        [EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FORCE] = "tty-force",
+        [EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FAIL] = "tty-fail",
+        [EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET] = "socket"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(exec_input, ExecInput);
+
+static const char* const exec_output_table[_EXEC_OUTPUT_MAX] = {
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT] = "inherit",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_NULL] = "null",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_TTY] = "tty",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG] = "syslog",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE] = "syslog+console",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG] = "kmsg",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE] = "kmsg+console",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL] = "journal",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE] = "journal+console",
+        [EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET] = "socket"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(exec_output, ExecOutput);
diff --git a/src/core/execute.h b/src/core/execute.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..15574dc97e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/execute.h
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct ExecStatus ExecStatus;
+typedef struct ExecCommand ExecCommand;
+typedef struct ExecContext ExecContext;
+
+#include <linux/types.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#include <sys/capability.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+
+struct CGroupBonding;
+struct CGroupAttribute;
+
+typedef struct Unit Unit;
+
+#include "list.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+typedef enum ExecInput {
+        EXEC_INPUT_NULL,
+        EXEC_INPUT_TTY,
+        EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FORCE,
+        EXEC_INPUT_TTY_FAIL,
+        EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET,
+        _EXEC_INPUT_MAX,
+        _EXEC_INPUT_INVALID = -1
+} ExecInput;
+
+typedef enum ExecOutput {
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT,
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_NULL,
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_TTY,
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG,
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE,
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG,
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE,
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL,
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE,
+        EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET,
+        _EXEC_OUTPUT_MAX,
+        _EXEC_OUTPUT_INVALID = -1
+} ExecOutput;
+
+struct ExecStatus {
+        dual_timestamp start_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp exit_timestamp;
+        pid_t pid;
+        int code;     /* as in siginfo_t::si_code */
+        int status;   /* as in sigingo_t::si_status */
+};
+
+struct ExecCommand {
+        char *path;
+        char **argv;
+        ExecStatus exec_status;
+        LIST_FIELDS(ExecCommand, command); /* useful for chaining commands */
+        bool ignore;
+};
+
+struct ExecContext {
+        char **environment;
+        char **environment_files;
+
+        struct rlimit *rlimit[RLIMIT_NLIMITS];
+        char *working_directory, *root_directory;
+
+        mode_t umask;
+        int oom_score_adjust;
+        int nice;
+        int ioprio;
+        int cpu_sched_policy;
+        int cpu_sched_priority;
+
+        cpu_set_t *cpuset;
+        unsigned cpuset_ncpus;
+
+        ExecInput std_input;
+        ExecOutput std_output;
+        ExecOutput std_error;
+
+        nsec_t timer_slack_nsec;
+
+        char *tcpwrap_name;
+
+        char *tty_path;
+
+        bool tty_reset;
+        bool tty_vhangup;
+        bool tty_vt_disallocate;
+
+        bool ignore_sigpipe;
+
+        /* Since resolving these names might might involve socket
+         * connections and we don't want to deadlock ourselves these
+         * names are resolved on execution only and in the child
+         * process. */
+        char *user;
+        char *group;
+        char **supplementary_groups;
+
+        char *pam_name;
+
+        char *utmp_id;
+
+        char **read_write_dirs, **read_only_dirs, **inaccessible_dirs;
+        unsigned long mount_flags;
+
+        uint64_t capability_bounding_set_drop;
+
+        cap_t capabilities;
+        int secure_bits;
+
+        int syslog_priority;
+        char *syslog_identifier;
+        bool syslog_level_prefix;
+
+        bool cpu_sched_reset_on_fork;
+        bool non_blocking;
+        bool private_tmp;
+        bool private_network;
+        char *tmp_dir;
+        char *var_tmp_dir;
+
+        bool no_new_privileges;
+
+        bool control_group_modify;
+        int control_group_persistent;
+
+        /* This is not exposed to the user but available
+         * internally. We need it to make sure that whenever we spawn
+         * /bin/mount it is run in the same process group as us so
+         * that the autofs logic detects that it belongs to us and we
+         * don't enter a trigger loop. */
+        bool same_pgrp;
+
+        uint32_t *syscall_filter;
+
+        bool oom_score_adjust_set:1;
+        bool nice_set:1;
+        bool ioprio_set:1;
+        bool cpu_sched_set:1;
+};
+
+int exec_spawn(ExecCommand *command,
+               char **argv,
+               ExecContext *context,
+               int fds[], unsigned n_fds,
+               char **environment,
+               bool apply_permissions,
+               bool apply_chroot,
+               bool apply_tty_stdin,
+               bool confirm_spawn,
+               struct CGroupBonding *cgroup_bondings,
+               struct CGroupAttribute *cgroup_attributes,
+               const char *cgroup_suffix,
+               const char *unit_id,
+               int pipe_fd[2],
+               pid_t *ret);
+
+void exec_command_done(ExecCommand *c);
+void exec_command_done_array(ExecCommand *c, unsigned n);
+
+void exec_command_free_list(ExecCommand *c);
+void exec_command_free_array(ExecCommand **c, unsigned n);
+
+char *exec_command_line(char **argv);
+
+void exec_command_dump(ExecCommand *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix);
+void exec_command_dump_list(ExecCommand *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix);
+void exec_command_append_list(ExecCommand **l, ExecCommand *e);
+int exec_command_set(ExecCommand *c, const char *path, ...);
+
+void exec_context_init(ExecContext *c);
+void exec_context_done(ExecContext *c, bool reloading_or_reexecuting);
+void exec_context_tmp_dirs_done(ExecContext *c);
+void exec_context_dump(ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix);
+void exec_context_tty_reset(const ExecContext *context);
+
+int exec_context_load_environment(const ExecContext *c, char ***l);
+
+bool exec_context_may_touch_console(ExecContext *c);
+void exec_context_serialize(const ExecContext *c, Unit *u, FILE *f);
+
+void exec_status_start(ExecStatus *s, pid_t pid);
+void exec_status_exit(ExecStatus *s, ExecContext *context, pid_t pid, int code, int status);
+void exec_status_dump(ExecStatus *s, FILE *f, const char *prefix);
+
+const char* exec_output_to_string(ExecOutput i) _const_;
+ExecOutput exec_output_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* exec_input_to_string(ExecInput i) _const_;
+ExecInput exec_input_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/core/hostname-setup.c b/src/core/hostname-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8aa1cff1d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/hostname-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include "hostname-setup.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+
+static int read_and_strip_hostname(const char *path, char **hn) {
+        char *s;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(hn);
+
+        r = read_one_line_file(path, &s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        hostname_cleanup(s, false);
+
+        if (isempty(s)) {
+                free(s);
+                return -ENOENT;
+        }
+
+        *hn = s;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int hostname_setup(void) {
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *b = NULL;
+        const char *hn;
+        bool enoent = false;
+
+        r = read_and_strip_hostname("/etc/hostname", &b);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (r == -ENOENT)
+                        enoent = true;
+                else
+                        log_warning("Failed to read configured hostname: %s", strerror(-r));
+
+                hn = NULL;
+        } else
+                hn = b;
+
+        if (isempty(hn)) {
+                /* Don't override the hostname if it is already set
+                 * and not explicitly configured */
+                if (hostname_is_set())
+                        return 0;
+
+                if (enoent)
+                        log_info("No hostname configured.");
+
+                hn = "localhost";
+        }
+
+        if (sethostname(hn, strlen(hn)) < 0) {
+                log_warning("Failed to set hostname to <%s>: %m", hn);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        log_info("Set hostname to <%s>.", hn);
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/hostname-setup.h b/src/core/hostname-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8dc3a9e1d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/hostname-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int hostname_setup(void);
diff --git a/src/core/ima-setup.c b/src/core/ima-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7f8ec23d58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/ima-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright (C) 2012 Roberto Sassu - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
+                                     TORSEC group -- http://security.polito.it
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+
+#include "ima-setup.h"
+#include "mount-setup.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "label.h"
+
+#define IMA_SECFS_DIR "/sys/kernel/security/ima"
+#define IMA_SECFS_POLICY IMA_SECFS_DIR "/policy"
+#define IMA_POLICY_PATH "/etc/ima/ima-policy"
+
+int ima_setup(void) {
+
+#ifdef HAVE_IMA
+       struct stat st;
+       ssize_t policy_size = 0, written = 0;
+       char *policy;
+       int policyfd = -1, imafd = -1;
+       int result = 0;
+
+       if (stat(IMA_POLICY_PATH, &st) < 0)
+               return 0;
+
+       policy_size = st.st_size;
+       if (stat(IMA_SECFS_DIR, &st) < 0) {
+               log_debug("IMA support is disabled in the kernel, ignoring.");
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       if (stat(IMA_SECFS_POLICY, &st) < 0) {
+               log_error("Another IMA custom policy has already been loaded, "
+                         "ignoring.");
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       policyfd = open(IMA_POLICY_PATH, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
+       if (policyfd < 0) {
+               log_error("Failed to open the IMA custom policy file %s (%m), "
+                         "ignoring.", IMA_POLICY_PATH);
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       imafd = open(IMA_SECFS_POLICY, O_WRONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
+       if (imafd < 0) {
+               log_error("Failed to open the IMA kernel interface %s (%m), "
+                         "ignoring.", IMA_SECFS_POLICY);
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       policy = mmap(NULL, policy_size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, policyfd, 0);
+       if (policy == MAP_FAILED) {
+               log_error("mmap() failed (%m), freezing");
+               result = -errno;
+               goto out;
+       }
+
+       written = loop_write(imafd, policy, (size_t)policy_size, false);
+       if (written != policy_size) {
+               log_error("Failed to load the IMA custom policy file %s (%m), "
+                         "ignoring.", IMA_POLICY_PATH);
+               goto out_mmap;
+       }
+
+       log_info("Successfully loaded the IMA custom policy %s.",
+                IMA_POLICY_PATH);
+out_mmap:
+       munmap(policy, policy_size);
+out:
+       if (policyfd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(policyfd);
+       if (imafd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(imafd);
+       if (result)
+                return result;
+#endif /* HAVE_IMA */
+
+       return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/ima-setup.h b/src/core/ima-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..14b56d1fc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/ima-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright (C) 2012 Roberto Sassu - Politecnico di Torino, Italy
+                                     TORSEC group -- http://security.polito.it
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int ima_setup(void);
diff --git a/src/core/initreq.h b/src/core/initreq.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..859042ce42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/initreq.h
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*
+ * initreq.h	Interface to talk to init through /dev/initctl.
+ *
+ *		Copyright (C) 1995-2004 Miquel van Smoorenburg
+ *
+ *		This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ *		modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ *		License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ *		version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * Version:     @(#)initreq.h  1.28  31-Mar-2004 MvS
+ *
+ */
+#ifndef _INITREQ_H
+#define _INITREQ_H
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+
+#if defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
+#  define INIT_FIFO  "/etc/.initctl"
+#else
+#  define INIT_FIFO  "/dev/initctl"
+#endif
+
+#define INIT_MAGIC 0x03091969
+#define INIT_CMD_START		0
+#define INIT_CMD_RUNLVL		1
+#define INIT_CMD_POWERFAIL	2
+#define INIT_CMD_POWERFAILNOW	3
+#define INIT_CMD_POWEROK	4
+#define INIT_CMD_BSD		5
+#define INIT_CMD_SETENV		6
+#define INIT_CMD_UNSETENV	7
+
+#define INIT_CMD_CHANGECONS	12345
+
+#ifdef MAXHOSTNAMELEN
+#  define INITRQ_HLEN	MAXHOSTNAMELEN
+#else
+#  define INITRQ_HLEN	64
+#endif
+
+/*
+ *	This is what BSD 4.4 uses when talking to init.
+ *	Linux doesn't use this right now.
+ */
+struct init_request_bsd {
+	char	gen_id[8];		/* Beats me.. telnetd uses "fe" */
+	char	tty_id[16];		/* Tty name minus /dev/tty      */
+	char	host[INITRQ_HLEN];	/* Hostname                     */
+	char	term_type[16];		/* Terminal type                */
+	int	signal;			/* Signal to send               */
+	int	pid;			/* Process to send to           */
+	char	exec_name[128];	        /* Program to execute           */
+	char	reserved[128];		/* For future expansion.        */
+};
+
+
+/*
+ *	Because of legacy interfaces, "runlevel" and "sleeptime"
+ *	aren't in a separate struct in the union.
+ *
+ *	The weird sizes are because init expects the whole
+ *	struct to be 384 bytes.
+ */
+struct init_request {
+	int	magic;			/* Magic number                 */
+	int	cmd;			/* What kind of request         */
+	int	runlevel;		/* Runlevel to change to        */
+	int	sleeptime;		/* Time between TERM and KILL   */
+	union {
+		struct init_request_bsd	bsd;
+		char			data[368];
+	} i;
+};
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/core/job.c b/src/core/job.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d304a16d06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/job.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1143 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <sys/timerfd.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+
+#include "systemd/sd-id128.h"
+#include "systemd/sd-messages.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "load-fragment.h"
+#include "load-dropin.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "dbus-job.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "sync.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+
+JobBusClient* job_bus_client_new(DBusConnection *connection, const char *name) {
+        JobBusClient *cl;
+        size_t name_len;
+
+        name_len = strlen(name);
+        cl = malloc0(sizeof(JobBusClient) + name_len + 1);
+        if (!cl)
+                return NULL;
+
+        cl->bus = connection;
+        memcpy(cl->name, name, name_len + 1);
+        return cl;
+}
+
+Job* job_new_raw(Unit *unit) {
+        Job *j;
+
+        /* used for deserialization */
+
+        assert(unit);
+
+        j = new0(Job, 1);
+        if (!j)
+                return NULL;
+
+        j->manager = unit->manager;
+        j->unit = unit;
+        j->type = _JOB_TYPE_INVALID;
+        j->timer_watch.type = WATCH_INVALID;
+
+        return j;
+}
+
+Job* job_new(Unit *unit, JobType type) {
+        Job *j;
+
+        assert(type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        j = job_new_raw(unit);
+        if (!j)
+                return NULL;
+
+        j->id = j->manager->current_job_id++;
+        j->type = type;
+
+        /* We don't link it here, that's what job_dependency() is for */
+
+        return j;
+}
+
+void job_free(Job *j) {
+        JobBusClient *cl;
+
+        assert(j);
+        assert(!j->installed);
+        assert(!j->transaction_prev);
+        assert(!j->transaction_next);
+        assert(!j->subject_list);
+        assert(!j->object_list);
+
+        if (j->in_run_queue)
+                LIST_REMOVE(Job, run_queue, j->manager->run_queue, j);
+
+        if (j->in_dbus_queue)
+                LIST_REMOVE(Job, dbus_queue, j->manager->dbus_job_queue, j);
+
+        if (j->timer_watch.type != WATCH_INVALID) {
+                assert(j->timer_watch.type == WATCH_JOB_TIMER);
+                assert(j->timer_watch.data.job == j);
+                assert(j->timer_watch.fd >= 0);
+
+                assert_se(epoll_ctl(j->manager->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, j->timer_watch.fd, NULL) >= 0);
+                close_nointr_nofail(j->timer_watch.fd);
+        }
+
+        while ((cl = j->bus_client_list)) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(JobBusClient, client, j->bus_client_list, cl);
+                free(cl);
+        }
+        free(j);
+}
+
+void job_uninstall(Job *j) {
+        Job **pj;
+
+        assert(j->installed);
+
+        pj = (j->type == JOB_NOP) ? &j->unit->nop_job : &j->unit->job;
+        assert(*pj == j);
+
+        /* Detach from next 'bigger' objects */
+
+        /* daemon-reload should be transparent to job observers */
+        if (j->manager->n_reloading <= 0)
+                bus_job_send_removed_signal(j);
+
+        *pj = NULL;
+
+        unit_add_to_gc_queue(j->unit);
+
+        hashmap_remove(j->manager->jobs, UINT32_TO_PTR(j->id));
+        j->installed = false;
+}
+
+static bool job_type_allows_late_merge(JobType t) {
+        /* Tells whether it is OK to merge a job of type 't' with an already
+         * running job.
+         * Reloads cannot be merged this way. Think of the sequence:
+         * 1. Reload of a daemon is in progress; the daemon has already loaded
+         *    its config file, but hasn't completed the reload operation yet.
+         * 2. Edit foo's config file.
+         * 3. Trigger another reload to have the daemon use the new config.
+         * Should the second reload job be merged into the first one, the daemon
+         * would not know about the new config.
+         * JOB_RESTART jobs on the other hand can be merged, because they get
+         * patched into JOB_START after stopping the unit. So if we see a
+         * JOB_RESTART running, it means the unit hasn't stopped yet and at
+         * this time the merge is still allowed. */
+        return t != JOB_RELOAD;
+}
+
+static void job_merge_into_installed(Job *j, Job *other) {
+        assert(j->installed);
+        assert(j->unit == other->unit);
+
+        if (j->type != JOB_NOP)
+                job_type_merge_and_collapse(&j->type, other->type, j->unit);
+        else
+                assert(other->type == JOB_NOP);
+
+        j->override = j->override || other->override;
+        j->irreversible = j->irreversible || other->irreversible;
+        j->ignore_order = j->ignore_order || other->ignore_order;
+}
+
+Job* job_install(Job *j) {
+        Job **pj;
+        Job *uj;
+
+        assert(!j->installed);
+        assert(j->type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX_IN_TRANSACTION);
+
+        pj = (j->type == JOB_NOP) ? &j->unit->nop_job : &j->unit->job;
+        uj = *pj;
+
+        if (uj) {
+                if (j->type != JOB_NOP && job_type_is_conflicting(uj->type, j->type))
+                        job_finish_and_invalidate(uj, JOB_CANCELED, false);
+                else {
+                        /* not conflicting, i.e. mergeable */
+
+                        if (j->type == JOB_NOP || uj->state == JOB_WAITING ||
+                            (job_type_allows_late_merge(j->type) && job_type_is_superset(uj->type, j->type))) {
+                                job_merge_into_installed(uj, j);
+                                log_debug_unit(uj->unit->id,
+                                               "Merged into installed job %s/%s as %u",
+                                               uj->unit->id, job_type_to_string(uj->type), (unsigned) uj->id);
+                                return uj;
+                        } else {
+                                /* already running and not safe to merge into */
+                                /* Patch uj to become a merged job and re-run it. */
+                                /* XXX It should be safer to queue j to run after uj finishes, but it is
+                                 * not currently possible to have more than one installed job per unit. */
+                                job_merge_into_installed(uj, j);
+                                log_debug_unit(uj->unit->id,
+                                               "Merged into running job, re-running: %s/%s as %u",
+                                               uj->unit->id, job_type_to_string(uj->type), (unsigned) uj->id);
+                                uj->state = JOB_WAITING;
+                                uj->manager->n_running_jobs--;
+                                return uj;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Install the job */
+        *pj = j;
+        j->installed = true;
+        j->manager->n_installed_jobs ++;
+        log_debug_unit(j->unit->id,
+                       "Installed new job %s/%s as %u",
+                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type), (unsigned) j->id);
+        return j;
+}
+
+int job_install_deserialized(Job *j) {
+        Job **pj;
+
+        assert(!j->installed);
+
+        if (j->type < 0 || j->type >= _JOB_TYPE_MAX_IN_TRANSACTION) {
+                log_debug("Invalid job type %s in deserialization.", strna(job_type_to_string(j->type)));
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        pj = (j->type == JOB_NOP) ? &j->unit->nop_job : &j->unit->job;
+
+        if (*pj) {
+                log_debug_unit(j->unit->id,
+                               "Unit %s already has a job installed. Not installing deserialized job.",
+                               j->unit->id);
+                return -EEXIST;
+        }
+        *pj = j;
+        j->installed = true;
+        log_debug_unit(j->unit->id,
+                       "Reinstalled deserialized job %s/%s as %u",
+                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type), (unsigned) j->id);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+JobDependency* job_dependency_new(Job *subject, Job *object, bool matters, bool conflicts) {
+        JobDependency *l;
+
+        assert(object);
+
+        /* Adds a new job link, which encodes that the 'subject' job
+         * needs the 'object' job in some way. If 'subject' is NULL
+         * this means the 'anchor' job (i.e. the one the user
+         * explicitly asked for) is the requester. */
+
+        if (!(l = new0(JobDependency, 1)))
+                return NULL;
+
+        l->subject = subject;
+        l->object = object;
+        l->matters = matters;
+        l->conflicts = conflicts;
+
+        if (subject)
+                LIST_PREPEND(JobDependency, subject, subject->subject_list, l);
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(JobDependency, object, object->object_list, l);
+
+        return l;
+}
+
+void job_dependency_free(JobDependency *l) {
+        assert(l);
+
+        if (l->subject)
+                LIST_REMOVE(JobDependency, subject, l->subject->subject_list, l);
+
+        LIST_REMOVE(JobDependency, object, l->object->object_list, l);
+
+        free(l);
+}
+
+void job_dump(Job *j, FILE*f, const char *prefix) {
+        assert(j);
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (!prefix)
+                prefix = "";
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%s-> Job %u:\n"
+                "%s\tAction: %s -> %s\n"
+                "%s\tState: %s\n"
+                "%s\tForced: %s\n"
+                "%s\tIrreversible: %s\n",
+                prefix, j->id,
+                prefix, j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type),
+                prefix, job_state_to_string(j->state),
+                prefix, yes_no(j->override),
+                prefix, yes_no(j->irreversible));
+}
+
+/*
+ * Merging is commutative, so imagine the matrix as symmetric. We store only
+ * its lower triangle to avoid duplication. We don't store the main diagonal,
+ * because A merged with A is simply A.
+ *
+ * If the resulting type is collapsed immediately afterwards (to get rid of
+ * the JOB_RELOAD_OR_START, which lies outside the lookup function's domain),
+ * the following properties hold:
+ *
+ * Merging is associative! A merged with B merged with C is the same as
+ * A merged with C merged with B.
+ *
+ * Mergeability is transitive! If A can be merged with B and B with C then
+ * A also with C.
+ *
+ * Also, if A merged with B cannot be merged with C, then either A or B cannot
+ * be merged with C either.
+ */
+static const JobType job_merging_table[] = {
+/* What \ With       *  JOB_START         JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE  JOB_STOP JOB_RELOAD */
+/*********************************************************************************/
+/*JOB_START          */
+/*JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE  */ JOB_START,
+/*JOB_STOP           */ -1,                  -1,
+/*JOB_RELOAD         */ JOB_RELOAD_OR_START, JOB_RELOAD,          -1,
+/*JOB_RESTART        */ JOB_RESTART,         JOB_RESTART,         -1, JOB_RESTART,
+};
+
+JobType job_type_lookup_merge(JobType a, JobType b) {
+        assert_cc(ELEMENTSOF(job_merging_table) == _JOB_TYPE_MAX_MERGING * (_JOB_TYPE_MAX_MERGING - 1) / 2);
+        assert(a >= 0 && a < _JOB_TYPE_MAX_MERGING);
+        assert(b >= 0 && b < _JOB_TYPE_MAX_MERGING);
+
+        if (a == b)
+                return a;
+
+        if (a < b) {
+                JobType tmp = a;
+                a = b;
+                b = tmp;
+        }
+
+        return job_merging_table[(a - 1) * a / 2 + b];
+}
+
+bool job_type_is_redundant(JobType a, UnitActiveState b) {
+        switch (a) {
+
+        case JOB_START:
+                return
+                        b == UNIT_ACTIVE ||
+                        b == UNIT_RELOADING;
+
+        case JOB_STOP:
+                return
+                        b == UNIT_INACTIVE ||
+                        b == UNIT_FAILED;
+
+        case JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE:
+                return
+                        b == UNIT_ACTIVE ||
+                        b == UNIT_RELOADING;
+
+        case JOB_RELOAD:
+                return
+                        b == UNIT_RELOADING;
+
+        case JOB_RESTART:
+                return
+                        b == UNIT_ACTIVATING;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Invalid job type");
+        }
+}
+
+void job_type_collapse(JobType *t, Unit *u) {
+        UnitActiveState s;
+
+        switch (*t) {
+
+        case JOB_TRY_RESTART:
+                s = unit_active_state(u);
+                if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(s))
+                        *t = JOB_NOP;
+                else
+                        *t = JOB_RESTART;
+                break;
+
+        case JOB_RELOAD_OR_START:
+                s = unit_active_state(u);
+                if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(s))
+                        *t = JOB_START;
+                else
+                        *t = JOB_RELOAD;
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                ;
+        }
+}
+
+int job_type_merge_and_collapse(JobType *a, JobType b, Unit *u) {
+        JobType t = job_type_lookup_merge(*a, b);
+        if (t < 0)
+                return -EEXIST;
+        *a = t;
+        job_type_collapse(a, u);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+bool job_is_runnable(Job *j) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *other;
+
+        assert(j);
+        assert(j->installed);
+
+        /* Checks whether there is any job running for the units this
+         * job needs to be running after (in the case of a 'positive'
+         * job type) or before (in the case of a 'negative' job
+         * type. */
+
+        /* First check if there is an override */
+        if (j->ignore_order)
+                return true;
+
+        if (j->type == JOB_NOP)
+                return true;
+
+        if (j->type == JOB_START ||
+            j->type == JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE ||
+            j->type == JOB_RELOAD) {
+
+                /* Immediate result is that the job is or might be
+                 * started. In this case lets wait for the
+                 * dependencies, regardless whether they are
+                 * starting or stopping something. */
+
+                SET_FOREACH(other, j->unit->dependencies[UNIT_AFTER], i)
+                        if (other->job)
+                                return false;
+        }
+
+        /* Also, if something else is being stopped and we should
+         * change state after it, then lets wait. */
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, j->unit->dependencies[UNIT_BEFORE], i)
+                if (other->job &&
+                    (other->job->type == JOB_STOP ||
+                     other->job->type == JOB_RESTART))
+                        return false;
+
+        /* This means that for a service a and a service b where b
+         * shall be started after a:
+         *
+         *  start a + start b → 1st step start a, 2nd step start b
+         *  start a + stop b  → 1st step stop b,  2nd step start a
+         *  stop a  + start b → 1st step stop a,  2nd step start b
+         *  stop a  + stop b  → 1st step stop b,  2nd step stop a
+         *
+         *  This has the side effect that restarts are properly
+         *  synchronized too. */
+
+        return true;
+}
+
+static void job_change_type(Job *j, JobType newtype) {
+        log_debug_unit(j->unit->id,
+                       "Converting job %s/%s -> %s/%s",
+                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type),
+                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(newtype));
+
+        j->type = newtype;
+}
+
+int job_run_and_invalidate(Job *j) {
+        int r;
+        uint32_t id;
+        Manager *m = j->manager;
+
+        assert(j);
+        assert(j->installed);
+        assert(j->type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX_IN_TRANSACTION);
+        assert(j->in_run_queue);
+
+        LIST_REMOVE(Job, run_queue, j->manager->run_queue, j);
+        j->in_run_queue = false;
+
+        if (j->state != JOB_WAITING)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!job_is_runnable(j))
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        j->state = JOB_RUNNING;
+        m->n_running_jobs++;
+        job_add_to_dbus_queue(j);
+
+        /* While we execute this operation the job might go away (for
+         * example: because it is replaced by a new, conflicting
+         * job.) To make sure we don't access a freed job later on we
+         * store the id here, so that we can verify the job is still
+         * valid. */
+        id = j->id;
+
+        switch (j->type) {
+
+                case JOB_START:
+                        r = unit_start(j->unit);
+
+                        /* If this unit cannot be started, then simply wait */
+                        if (r == -EBADR)
+                                r = 0;
+                        break;
+
+                case JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE: {
+                        UnitActiveState t = unit_active_state(j->unit);
+                        if (UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(t))
+                                r = -EALREADY;
+                        else if (t == UNIT_ACTIVATING)
+                                r = -EAGAIN;
+                        else
+                                r = -ENOEXEC;
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case JOB_STOP:
+                case JOB_RESTART:
+                        r = unit_stop(j->unit);
+
+                        /* If this unit cannot stopped, then simply wait. */
+                        if (r == -EBADR)
+                                r = 0;
+                        break;
+
+                case JOB_RELOAD:
+                        r = unit_reload(j->unit);
+                        break;
+
+                case JOB_NOP:
+                        r = -EALREADY;
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Unknown job type");
+        }
+
+        j = manager_get_job(m, id);
+        if (j) {
+                if (r == -EALREADY)
+                        r = job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_DONE, true);
+                else if (r == -ENOEXEC)
+                        r = job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_SKIPPED, true);
+                else if (r == -EAGAIN) {
+                        j->state = JOB_WAITING;
+                        m->n_running_jobs--;
+                } else if (r < 0)
+                        r = job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_FAILED, true);
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *job_get_status_message_format(Unit *u, JobType t, JobResult result) {
+        const UnitStatusMessageFormats *format_table;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(t >= 0);
+        assert(t < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        format_table = &UNIT_VTABLE(u)->status_message_formats;
+        if (!format_table)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (t == JOB_START)
+                return format_table->finished_start_job[result];
+        else if (t == JOB_STOP || t == JOB_RESTART)
+                return format_table->finished_stop_job[result];
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *job_get_status_message_format_try_harder(Unit *u, JobType t, JobResult result) {
+        const char *format;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(t >= 0);
+        assert(t < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        format = job_get_status_message_format(u, t, result);
+        if (format)
+                return format;
+
+        /* Return generic strings */
+        if (t == JOB_START) {
+                if (result == JOB_DONE)
+                        return "Started %s.";
+                else if (result == JOB_FAILED)
+                        return "Failed to start %s.";
+                else if (result == JOB_DEPENDENCY)
+                        return "Dependency failed for %s.";
+                else if (result == JOB_TIMEOUT)
+                        return "Timed out starting %s.";
+        } else if (t == JOB_STOP || t == JOB_RESTART) {
+                if (result == JOB_DONE)
+                        return "Stopped %s.";
+                else if (result == JOB_FAILED)
+                        return "Stopped (with error) %s.";
+                else if (result == JOB_TIMEOUT)
+                        return "Timed out stoppping %s.";
+        } else if (t == JOB_RELOAD) {
+                if (result == JOB_DONE)
+                        return "Reloaded %s.";
+                else if (result == JOB_FAILED)
+                        return "Reload failed for %s.";
+                else if (result == JOB_TIMEOUT)
+                        return "Timed out reloading %s.";
+        }
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+static void job_print_status_message(Unit *u, JobType t, JobResult result) {
+        const char *format;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(t >= 0);
+        assert(t < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        if (t == JOB_START) {
+                format = job_get_status_message_format(u, t, result);
+                if (!format)
+                        return;
+
+                switch (result) {
+
+                case JOB_DONE:
+                        if (u->condition_result)
+                                unit_status_printf(u, ANSI_GREEN_ON "  OK  " ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_OFF, format);
+                        break;
+
+                case JOB_FAILED:
+                        unit_status_printf(u, ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED_ON "FAILED" ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_OFF, format);
+                        manager_status_printf(u->manager, false, NULL, "See 'systemctl status %s' for details.", u->id);
+                        break;
+
+                case JOB_DEPENDENCY:
+                        unit_status_printf(u, ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_YELLOW_ON "DEPEND" ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_OFF, format);
+                        break;
+
+                case JOB_TIMEOUT:
+                        unit_status_printf(u, ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED_ON " TIME " ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_OFF, format);
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        ;
+                }
+
+        } else if (t == JOB_STOP || t == JOB_RESTART) {
+
+                format = job_get_status_message_format(u, t, result);
+                if (!format)
+                        return;
+
+                switch (result) {
+
+                case JOB_TIMEOUT:
+                        unit_status_printf(u, ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED_ON " TIME " ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_OFF, format);
+                        break;
+
+                case JOB_DONE:
+                case JOB_FAILED:
+                        unit_status_printf(u, ANSI_GREEN_ON "  OK  " ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_OFF, format);
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        ;
+                }
+
+        } else if (t == JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE) {
+
+                /* When verify-active detects the unit is inactive, report it.
+                 * Most likely a DEPEND warning from a requisiting unit will
+                 * occur next and it's nice to see what was requisited. */
+                if (result == JOB_SKIPPED)
+                        unit_status_printf(u, ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_ON " INFO " ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_OFF, "%s is not active.");
+        }
+}
+
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wformat-nonliteral"
+static void job_log_status_message(Unit *u, JobType t, JobResult result) {
+        const char *format;
+        char buf[LINE_MAX];
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(t >= 0);
+        assert(t < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        /* Skip this if it goes to the console. since we already print
+         * to the console anyway... */
+
+        if (log_on_console())
+                return;
+
+        format = job_get_status_message_format_try_harder(u, t, result);
+        if (!format)
+                return;
+
+        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), format, unit_description(u));
+        char_array_0(buf);
+
+        if (t == JOB_START) {
+                sd_id128_t mid;
+
+                mid = result == JOB_DONE ? SD_MESSAGE_UNIT_STARTED : SD_MESSAGE_UNIT_FAILED;
+                log_struct_unit(result == JOB_DONE ? LOG_INFO : LOG_ERR,
+                           u->id,
+                           MESSAGE_ID(mid),
+                           "RESULT=%s", job_result_to_string(result),
+                           "MESSAGE=%s", buf,
+                           NULL);
+
+        } else if (t == JOB_STOP)
+                log_struct_unit(result == JOB_DONE ? LOG_INFO : LOG_ERR,
+                           u->id,
+                           MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_UNIT_STOPPED),
+                           "RESULT=%s", job_result_to_string(result),
+                           "MESSAGE=%s", buf,
+                           NULL);
+
+        else if (t == JOB_RELOAD)
+                log_struct_unit(result == JOB_DONE ? LOG_INFO : LOG_ERR,
+                           u->id,
+                           MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_UNIT_RELOADED),
+                           "RESULT=%s", job_result_to_string(result),
+                           "MESSAGE=%s", buf,
+                           NULL);
+}
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+
+int job_finish_and_invalidate(Job *j, JobResult result, bool recursive) {
+        Unit *u;
+        Unit *other;
+        JobType t;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(j);
+        assert(j->installed);
+        assert(j->type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX_IN_TRANSACTION);
+
+        u = j->unit;
+        t = j->type;
+
+        j->result = result;
+
+        if (j->state == JOB_RUNNING)
+                j->manager->n_running_jobs--;
+
+        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Job %s/%s finished, result=%s",
+                       u->id, job_type_to_string(t), job_result_to_string(result));
+
+        job_print_status_message(u, t, result);
+        job_log_status_message(u, t, result);
+
+        job_add_to_dbus_queue(j);
+
+        /* Patch restart jobs so that they become normal start jobs */
+        if (result == JOB_DONE && t == JOB_RESTART) {
+
+                job_change_type(j, JOB_START);
+                j->state = JOB_WAITING;
+
+                job_add_to_run_queue(j);
+
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (result == JOB_FAILED)
+                j->manager->n_failed_jobs ++;
+
+        job_uninstall(j);
+        job_free(j);
+
+        /* Fail depending jobs on failure */
+        if (result != JOB_DONE && recursive) {
+
+                if (t == JOB_START ||
+                    t == JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE) {
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRED_BY], i)
+                                if (other->job &&
+                                    (other->job->type == JOB_START ||
+                                     other->job->type == JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE))
+                                        job_finish_and_invalidate(other->job, JOB_DEPENDENCY, true);
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_BOUND_BY], i)
+                                if (other->job &&
+                                    (other->job->type == JOB_START ||
+                                     other->job->type == JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE))
+                                        job_finish_and_invalidate(other->job, JOB_DEPENDENCY, true);
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRED_BY_OVERRIDABLE], i)
+                                if (other->job &&
+                                    !other->job->override &&
+                                    (other->job->type == JOB_START ||
+                                     other->job->type == JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE))
+                                        job_finish_and_invalidate(other->job, JOB_DEPENDENCY, true);
+
+                } else if (t == JOB_STOP) {
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_CONFLICTED_BY], i)
+                                if (other->job &&
+                                    (other->job->type == JOB_START ||
+                                     other->job->type == JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE))
+                                        job_finish_and_invalidate(other->job, JOB_DEPENDENCY, true);
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Trigger OnFailure dependencies that are not generated by
+         * the unit itself. We don't treat JOB_CANCELED as failure in
+         * this context. And JOB_FAILURE is already handled by the
+         * unit itself. */
+        if (result == JOB_TIMEOUT || result == JOB_DEPENDENCY) {
+                log_struct_unit(LOG_NOTICE,
+                           u->id,
+                           "JOB_TYPE=%s", job_type_to_string(t),
+                           "JOB_RESULT=%s", job_result_to_string(result),
+                           "Job %s/%s failed with result '%s'.",
+                           u->id,
+                           job_type_to_string(t),
+                           job_result_to_string(result),
+                           NULL);
+
+                unit_start_on_failure(u);
+        }
+
+        unit_trigger_notify(u);
+
+finish:
+        /* Try to start the next jobs that can be started */
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_AFTER], i)
+                if (other->job)
+                        job_add_to_run_queue(other->job);
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_BEFORE], i)
+                if (other->job)
+                        job_add_to_run_queue(other->job);
+
+        manager_check_finished(u->manager);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int job_start_timer(Job *j) {
+        struct itimerspec its = {};
+        struct epoll_event ev = {
+                .data.ptr = &j->timer_watch,
+                .events = EPOLLIN,
+        };
+        int fd, r;
+
+        if (j->unit->job_timeout <= 0 ||
+            j->timer_watch.type == WATCH_JOB_TIMER)
+                return 0;
+
+        assert(j->timer_watch.type == WATCH_INVALID);
+
+        if ((fd = timerfd_create(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, TFD_NONBLOCK|TFD_CLOEXEC)) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        timespec_store(&its.it_value, j->unit->job_timeout);
+
+        if (timerfd_settime(fd, 0, &its, NULL) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (epoll_ctl(j->manager->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, fd, &ev) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        j->timer_watch.type = WATCH_JOB_TIMER;
+        j->timer_watch.fd = fd;
+        j->timer_watch.data.job = j;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        if (fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+void job_add_to_run_queue(Job *j) {
+        assert(j);
+        assert(j->installed);
+
+        if (j->in_run_queue)
+                return;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(Job, run_queue, j->manager->run_queue, j);
+        j->in_run_queue = true;
+}
+
+void job_add_to_dbus_queue(Job *j) {
+        assert(j);
+        assert(j->installed);
+
+        if (j->in_dbus_queue)
+                return;
+
+        /* We don't check if anybody is subscribed here, since this
+         * job might just have been created and not yet assigned to a
+         * connection/client. */
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(Job, dbus_queue, j->manager->dbus_job_queue, j);
+        j->in_dbus_queue = true;
+}
+
+char *job_dbus_path(Job *j) {
+        char *p;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        if (asprintf(&p, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/job/%lu", (unsigned long) j->id) < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return p;
+}
+
+void job_timer_event(Job *j, uint64_t n_elapsed, Watch *w) {
+        assert(j);
+        assert(w == &j->timer_watch);
+
+        log_warning_unit(j->unit->id, "Job %s/%s timed out.",
+                         j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+        job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_TIMEOUT, true);
+}
+
+int job_serialize(Job *j, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        fprintf(f, "job-id=%u\n", j->id);
+        fprintf(f, "job-type=%s\n", job_type_to_string(j->type));
+        fprintf(f, "job-state=%s\n", job_state_to_string(j->state));
+        fprintf(f, "job-override=%s\n", yes_no(j->override));
+        fprintf(f, "job-irreversible=%s\n", yes_no(j->irreversible));
+        fprintf(f, "job-sent-dbus-new-signal=%s\n", yes_no(j->sent_dbus_new_signal));
+        fprintf(f, "job-ignore-order=%s\n", yes_no(j->ignore_order));
+        /* Cannot save bus clients. Just note the fact that we're losing
+         * them. job_send_message() will fallback to broadcasting. */
+        fprintf(f, "job-forgot-bus-clients=%s\n",
+                yes_no(j->forgot_bus_clients || j->bus_client_list));
+        if (j->timer_watch.type == WATCH_JOB_TIMER) {
+                int copy = fdset_put_dup(fds, j->timer_watch.fd);
+                if (copy < 0)
+                        return copy;
+                fprintf(f, "job-timer-watch-fd=%d\n", copy);
+        }
+
+        /* End marker */
+        fputc('\n', f);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int job_deserialize(Job *j, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        for (;;) {
+                char line[LINE_MAX], *l, *v;
+                size_t k;
+
+                if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
+                        if (feof(f))
+                                return 0;
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                char_array_0(line);
+                l = strstrip(line);
+
+                /* End marker */
+                if (l[0] == 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+                k = strcspn(l, "=");
+
+                if (l[k] == '=') {
+                        l[k] = 0;
+                        v = l+k+1;
+                } else
+                        v = l+k;
+
+                if (streq(l, "job-id")) {
+                        if (safe_atou32(v, &j->id) < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse job id value %s", v);
+                } else if (streq(l, "job-type")) {
+                        JobType t = job_type_from_string(v);
+                        if (t < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse job type %s", v);
+                        else if (t >= _JOB_TYPE_MAX_IN_TRANSACTION)
+                                log_debug("Cannot deserialize job of type %s", v);
+                        else
+                                j->type = t;
+                } else if (streq(l, "job-state")) {
+                        JobState s = job_state_from_string(v);
+                        if (s < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse job state %s", v);
+                        else
+                                j->state = s;
+                } else if (streq(l, "job-override")) {
+                        int b = parse_boolean(v);
+                        if (b < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse job override flag %s", v);
+                        else
+                                j->override = j->override || b;
+                } else if (streq(l, "job-irreversible")) {
+                        int b = parse_boolean(v);
+                        if (b < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse job irreversible flag %s", v);
+                        else
+                                j->irreversible = j->irreversible || b;
+                } else if (streq(l, "job-sent-dbus-new-signal")) {
+                        int b = parse_boolean(v);
+                        if (b < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse job sent_dbus_new_signal flag %s", v);
+                        else
+                                j->sent_dbus_new_signal = j->sent_dbus_new_signal || b;
+                } else if (streq(l, "job-ignore-order")) {
+                        int b = parse_boolean(v);
+                        if (b < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse job ignore_order flag %s", v);
+                        else
+                                j->ignore_order = j->ignore_order || b;
+                } else if (streq(l, "job-forgot-bus-clients")) {
+                        int b = parse_boolean(v);
+                        if (b < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse job forgot_bus_clients flag %s", v);
+                        else
+                                j->forgot_bus_clients = j->forgot_bus_clients || b;
+                } else if (streq(l, "job-timer-watch-fd")) {
+                        int fd;
+                        if (safe_atoi(v, &fd) < 0 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse job-timer-watch-fd value %s", v);
+                        else {
+                                if (j->timer_watch.type == WATCH_JOB_TIMER)
+                                        close_nointr_nofail(j->timer_watch.fd);
+
+                                j->timer_watch.type = WATCH_JOB_TIMER;
+                                j->timer_watch.fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                                j->timer_watch.data.job = j;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+int job_coldplug(Job *j) {
+        struct epoll_event ev = {
+                .data.ptr = &j->timer_watch,
+                .events = EPOLLIN,
+        };
+
+        if (j->timer_watch.type != WATCH_JOB_TIMER)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (epoll_ctl(j->manager->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, j->timer_watch.fd, &ev) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void job_shutdown_magic(Job *j) {
+        assert(j);
+
+        /* The shutdown target gets some special treatment here: we
+         * tell the kernel to begin with flushing its disk caches, to
+         * optimize shutdown time a bit. Ideally we wouldn't hardcode
+         * this magic into PID 1. However all other processes aren't
+         * options either since they'd exit much sooner than PID 1 and
+         * asynchronous sync() would cause their exit to be
+         * delayed. */
+
+        if (!unit_has_name(j->unit, SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET))
+                return;
+
+        if (j->type != JOB_START)
+                return;
+
+        if (detect_container(NULL) > 0)
+                return;
+
+        asynchronous_sync();
+}
+
+static const char* const job_state_table[_JOB_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [JOB_WAITING] = "waiting",
+        [JOB_RUNNING] = "running"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(job_state, JobState);
+
+static const char* const job_type_table[_JOB_TYPE_MAX] = {
+        [JOB_START] = "start",
+        [JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE] = "verify-active",
+        [JOB_STOP] = "stop",
+        [JOB_RELOAD] = "reload",
+        [JOB_RELOAD_OR_START] = "reload-or-start",
+        [JOB_RESTART] = "restart",
+        [JOB_TRY_RESTART] = "try-restart",
+        [JOB_NOP] = "nop",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(job_type, JobType);
+
+static const char* const job_mode_table[_JOB_MODE_MAX] = {
+        [JOB_FAIL] = "fail",
+        [JOB_REPLACE] = "replace",
+        [JOB_REPLACE_IRREVERSIBLY] = "replace-irreversibly",
+        [JOB_ISOLATE] = "isolate",
+        [JOB_IGNORE_DEPENDENCIES] = "ignore-dependencies",
+        [JOB_IGNORE_REQUIREMENTS] = "ignore-requirements"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(job_mode, JobMode);
+
+static const char* const job_result_table[_JOB_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [JOB_DONE] = "done",
+        [JOB_CANCELED] = "canceled",
+        [JOB_TIMEOUT] = "timeout",
+        [JOB_FAILED] = "failed",
+        [JOB_DEPENDENCY] = "dependency",
+        [JOB_SKIPPED] = "skipped"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(job_result, JobResult);
diff --git a/src/core/job.h b/src/core/job.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d90bc96b76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/job.h
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+typedef struct Job Job;
+typedef struct JobDependency JobDependency;
+typedef struct JobBusClient JobBusClient;
+typedef enum JobType JobType;
+typedef enum JobState JobState;
+typedef enum JobMode JobMode;
+typedef enum JobResult JobResult;
+
+/* Be careful when changing the job types! Adjust job_merging_table[] accordingly! */
+enum JobType {
+        JOB_START,                  /* if a unit does not support being started, we'll just wait until it becomes active */
+        JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE,
+
+        JOB_STOP,
+
+        JOB_RELOAD,                 /* if running, reload */
+
+        /* Note that restarts are first treated like JOB_STOP, but
+         * then instead of finishing are patched to become
+         * JOB_START. */
+        JOB_RESTART,                /* If running, stop. Then start unconditionally. */
+
+        _JOB_TYPE_MAX_MERGING,
+
+        /* JOB_NOP can enter into a transaction, but as it won't pull in
+         * any dependencies, it won't have to merge with anything.
+         * job_install() avoids the problem of merging JOB_NOP too (it's
+         * special-cased, only merges with other JOB_NOPs). */
+        JOB_NOP = _JOB_TYPE_MAX_MERGING, /* do nothing */
+
+        _JOB_TYPE_MAX_IN_TRANSACTION,
+
+        /* JOB_TRY_RESTART can never appear in a transaction, because
+         * it always collapses into JOB_RESTART or JOB_NOP before entering.
+         * Thus we never need to merge it with anything. */
+        JOB_TRY_RESTART = _JOB_TYPE_MAX_IN_TRANSACTION, /* if running, stop and then start */
+
+        /* JOB_RELOAD_OR_START won't enter into a transaction and cannot result
+         * from transaction merging (there's no way for JOB_RELOAD and
+         * JOB_START to meet in one transaction). It can result from a merge
+         * during job installation, but then it will immediately collapse into
+         * one of the two simpler types. */
+        JOB_RELOAD_OR_START,        /* if running, reload, otherwise start */
+
+        _JOB_TYPE_MAX,
+        _JOB_TYPE_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+enum JobState {
+        JOB_WAITING,
+        JOB_RUNNING,
+        _JOB_STATE_MAX,
+        _JOB_STATE_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+enum JobMode {
+        JOB_FAIL,                /* Fail if a conflicting job is already queued */
+        JOB_REPLACE,             /* Replace an existing conflicting job */
+        JOB_REPLACE_IRREVERSIBLY, /* Like JOB_REPLACE + produce irreversible jobs */
+        JOB_ISOLATE,             /* Start a unit, and stop all others */
+        JOB_IGNORE_DEPENDENCIES, /* Ignore both requirement and ordering dependencies */
+        JOB_IGNORE_REQUIREMENTS, /* Ignore requirement dependencies */
+        _JOB_MODE_MAX,
+        _JOB_MODE_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+enum JobResult {
+        JOB_DONE,                /* Job completed successfully */
+        JOB_CANCELED,            /* Job canceled by a conflicting job installation or by explicit cancel request */
+        JOB_TIMEOUT,             /* JobTimeout elapsed */
+        JOB_FAILED,              /* Job failed */
+        JOB_DEPENDENCY,          /* A required dependency job did not result in JOB_DONE */
+        JOB_SKIPPED,             /* JOB_RELOAD of inactive unit; negative result of JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE */
+        _JOB_RESULT_MAX,
+        _JOB_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+#include "manager.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "list.h"
+
+struct JobDependency {
+        /* Encodes that the 'subject' job needs the 'object' job in
+         * some way. This structure is used only while building a transaction. */
+        Job *subject;
+        Job *object;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(JobDependency, subject);
+        LIST_FIELDS(JobDependency, object);
+
+        bool matters;
+        bool conflicts;
+};
+
+struct JobBusClient {
+        LIST_FIELDS(JobBusClient, client);
+        /* Note that this bus object is not ref counted here. */
+        DBusConnection *bus;
+        char name[0];
+};
+
+struct Job {
+        Manager *manager;
+        Unit *unit;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(Job, transaction);
+        LIST_FIELDS(Job, run_queue);
+        LIST_FIELDS(Job, dbus_queue);
+
+        LIST_HEAD(JobDependency, subject_list);
+        LIST_HEAD(JobDependency, object_list);
+
+        /* Used for graph algs as a "I have been here" marker */
+        Job* marker;
+        unsigned generation;
+
+        uint32_t id;
+
+        JobType type;
+        JobState state;
+
+        Watch timer_watch;
+
+        /* There can be more than one client, because of job merging. */
+        LIST_HEAD(JobBusClient, bus_client_list);
+
+        JobResult result;
+
+        bool installed:1;
+        bool in_run_queue:1;
+        bool matters_to_anchor:1;
+        bool override:1;
+        bool in_dbus_queue:1;
+        bool sent_dbus_new_signal:1;
+        bool ignore_order:1;
+        bool forgot_bus_clients:1;
+        bool irreversible:1;
+};
+
+JobBusClient* job_bus_client_new(DBusConnection *connection, const char *name);
+
+Job* job_new(Unit *unit, JobType type);
+Job* job_new_raw(Unit *unit);
+void job_free(Job *job);
+Job* job_install(Job *j);
+int job_install_deserialized(Job *j);
+void job_uninstall(Job *j);
+void job_dump(Job *j, FILE*f, const char *prefix);
+int job_serialize(Job *j, FILE *f, FDSet *fds);
+int job_deserialize(Job *j, FILE *f, FDSet *fds);
+int job_coldplug(Job *j);
+
+JobDependency* job_dependency_new(Job *subject, Job *object, bool matters, bool conflicts);
+void job_dependency_free(JobDependency *l);
+
+int job_merge(Job *j, Job *other);
+
+JobType job_type_lookup_merge(JobType a, JobType b) _pure_;
+
+_pure_ static inline bool job_type_is_mergeable(JobType a, JobType b) {
+        return job_type_lookup_merge(a, b) >= 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static inline bool job_type_is_conflicting(JobType a, JobType b) {
+        return !job_type_is_mergeable(a, b);
+}
+
+_pure_ static inline bool job_type_is_superset(JobType a, JobType b) {
+        /* Checks whether operation a is a "superset" of b in its actions */
+        return a == job_type_lookup_merge(a, b);
+}
+
+bool job_type_is_redundant(JobType a, UnitActiveState b) _pure_;
+
+/* Collapses a state-dependent job type into a simpler type by observing
+ * the state of the unit which it is going to be applied to. */
+void job_type_collapse(JobType *t, Unit *u);
+
+int job_type_merge_and_collapse(JobType *a, JobType b, Unit *u);
+
+bool job_is_runnable(Job *j);
+
+void job_add_to_run_queue(Job *j);
+void job_add_to_dbus_queue(Job *j);
+
+int job_start_timer(Job *j);
+void job_timer_event(Job *j, uint64_t n_elapsed, Watch *w);
+
+int job_run_and_invalidate(Job *j);
+int job_finish_and_invalidate(Job *j, JobResult result, bool recursive);
+
+char *job_dbus_path(Job *j);
+
+void job_shutdown_magic(Job *j);
+
+const char* job_type_to_string(JobType t) _const_;
+JobType job_type_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* job_state_to_string(JobState t) _const_;
+JobState job_state_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* job_mode_to_string(JobMode t) _const_;
+JobMode job_mode_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* job_result_to_string(JobResult t) _const_;
+JobResult job_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/core/kill.c b/src/core/kill.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0775653f73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/kill.c
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "kill.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+void kill_context_init(KillContext *c) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        c->kill_signal = SIGTERM;
+        c->send_sigkill = true;
+}
+
+void kill_context_dump(KillContext *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (!prefix)
+                prefix = "";
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sKillMode: %s\n"
+                "%sKillSignal: SIG%s\n"
+                "%sSendSIGKILL: %s\n",
+                prefix, kill_mode_to_string(c->kill_mode),
+                prefix, signal_to_string(c->kill_signal),
+                prefix, yes_no(c->send_sigkill));
+}
+
+static const char* const kill_mode_table[_KILL_MODE_MAX] = {
+        [KILL_CONTROL_GROUP] = "control-group",
+        [KILL_PROCESS] = "process",
+        [KILL_NONE] = "none"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(kill_mode, KillMode);
+
+static const char* const kill_who_table[_KILL_WHO_MAX] = {
+        [KILL_MAIN] = "main",
+        [KILL_CONTROL] = "control",
+        [KILL_ALL] = "all"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(kill_who, KillWho);
diff --git a/src/core/kill.h b/src/core/kill.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..71a0513e84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/kill.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct KillContext KillContext;
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+
+typedef enum KillMode {
+        /* The kill mode is a property of a unit. */
+        KILL_CONTROL_GROUP = 0,
+        KILL_PROCESS,
+        KILL_NONE,
+        _KILL_MODE_MAX,
+        _KILL_MODE_INVALID = -1
+} KillMode;
+
+struct KillContext {
+        KillMode kill_mode;
+        int kill_signal;
+        bool send_sigkill;
+};
+
+typedef enum KillWho {
+        /* Kill who is a property of an operation */
+        KILL_MAIN,
+        KILL_CONTROL,
+        KILL_ALL,
+        _KILL_WHO_MAX,
+        _KILL_WHO_INVALID = -1
+} KillWho;
+
+void kill_context_init(KillContext *c);
+void kill_context_dump(KillContext *c, FILE *f, const char *prefix);
+
+const char *kill_mode_to_string(KillMode k) _const_;
+KillMode kill_mode_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char *kill_who_to_string(KillWho k) _const_;
+KillWho kill_who_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/core/killall.c b/src/core/killall.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a0f57455fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/killall.c
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 ProFUSION embedded systems
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "util.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "killall.h"
+#include "set.h"
+
+#define TIMEOUT_USEC (10 * USEC_PER_SEC)
+
+static bool ignore_proc(pid_t pid) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        char c;
+        size_t count;
+        uid_t uid;
+        int r;
+
+        /* We are PID 1, let's not commit suicide */
+        if (pid == 1)
+                return true;
+
+        r = get_process_uid(pid, &uid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return true; /* not really, but better safe than sorry */
+
+        /* Non-root processes otherwise are always subject to be killed */
+        if (uid != 0)
+                return false;
+
+        f = fopen(procfs_file_alloca(pid, "cmdline"), "re");
+        if (!f)
+                return true; /* not really, but has the desired effect */
+
+        count = fread(&c, 1, 1, f);
+
+        /* Kernel threads have an empty cmdline */
+        if (count <= 0)
+                return true;
+
+        /* Processes with argv[0][0] = '@' we ignore from the killing
+         * spree.
+         *
+         * http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/RootStorageDaemons */
+        if (count == 1 && c == '@')
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static void wait_for_children(Set *pids, sigset_t *mask) {
+        usec_t until;
+
+        assert(mask);
+
+        if (set_isempty(pids))
+                return;
+
+        until = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) + TIMEOUT_USEC;
+        for (;;) {
+                struct timespec ts;
+                int k;
+                usec_t n;
+                void *p;
+                Iterator i;
+
+                /* First, let the kernel inform us about killed
+                 * children. Most processes will probably be our
+                 * children, but some are not (might be our
+                 * grandchildren instead...). */
+                for (;;) {
+                        pid_t pid;
+
+                        pid = waitpid(-1, NULL, WNOHANG);
+                        if (pid == 0)
+                                break;
+                        if (pid < 0) {
+                                if (errno == ECHILD)
+                                        break;
+
+                                log_error("waitpid() failed: %m");
+                                return;
+                        }
+
+                        set_remove(pids, ULONG_TO_PTR(pid));
+                }
+
+                /* Now explicitly check who might be remaining, who
+                 * might not be our child. */
+                SET_FOREACH(p, pids, i) {
+
+                        /* We misuse getpgid as a check whether a
+                         * process still exists. */
+                        if (getpgid((pid_t) PTR_TO_ULONG(p)) >= 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (errno != ESRCH)
+                                continue;
+
+                        set_remove(pids, p);
+                }
+
+                if (set_isempty(pids))
+                        return;
+
+                n = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+                if (n >= until)
+                        return;
+
+                timespec_store(&ts, until - n);
+                k = sigtimedwait(mask, NULL, &ts);
+                if (k != SIGCHLD) {
+
+                        if (k < 0 && errno != EAGAIN) {
+                                log_error("sigtimedwait() failed: %m");
+                                return;
+                        }
+
+                        if (k >= 0)
+                                log_warning("sigtimedwait() returned unexpected signal.");
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+static int killall(int sig, Set *pids) {
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *dir = NULL;
+        struct dirent *d;
+
+        dir = opendir("/proc");
+        if (!dir)
+                return -errno;
+
+        while ((d = readdir(dir))) {
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                if (d->d_type != DT_DIR &&
+                    d->d_type != DT_UNKNOWN)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (parse_pid(d->d_name, &pid) < 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (ignore_proc(pid))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (sig == SIGKILL) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *s;
+
+                        get_process_comm(pid, &s);
+                        log_notice("Sending SIGKILL to PID %lu (%s).", (unsigned long) pid, strna(s));
+                }
+
+                if (kill(pid, sig) >= 0) {
+                        if (pids)
+                                set_put(pids, ULONG_TO_PTR((unsigned long) pid));
+                } else if (errno != ENOENT)
+                        log_warning("Could not kill %d: %m", pid);
+        }
+
+        return set_size(pids);
+}
+
+void broadcast_signal(int sig, bool wait_for_exit) {
+        sigset_t mask, oldmask;
+        Set *pids = NULL;
+
+        if (wait_for_exit)
+                pids = set_new(trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func);
+
+        assert_se(sigemptyset(&mask) == 0);
+        assert_se(sigaddset(&mask, SIGCHLD) == 0);
+        assert_se(sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask, &oldmask) == 0);
+
+        if (kill(-1, SIGSTOP) < 0 && errno != ESRCH)
+                log_warning("kill(-1, SIGSTOP) failed: %m");
+
+        killall(sig, pids);
+
+        if (kill(-1, SIGCONT) < 0 && errno != ESRCH)
+                log_warning("kill(-1, SIGCONT) failed: %m");
+
+        if (wait_for_exit)
+                wait_for_children(pids, &mask);
+
+        assert_se(sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &oldmask, NULL) == 0);
+
+        set_free(pids);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/killall.h b/src/core/killall.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d08ac142f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/killall.h
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#ifndef fookillallhfoo
+#define fookillallhfoo
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+void broadcast_signal(int sig, bool wait);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/core/kmod-setup.c b/src/core/kmod-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e4885fb212
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/kmod-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <libkmod.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "execute.h"
+
+#include "kmod-setup.h"
+
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wformat-nonliteral"
+
+static void systemd_kmod_log(
+                void *data,
+                int priority,
+                const char *file, int line,
+                const char *fn,
+                const char *format,
+                va_list args) {
+
+        /* library logging is enabled at debug only */
+        log_metav(LOG_DEBUG, file, line, fn, format, args);
+}
+
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+
+int kmod_setup(void) {
+
+        static const char kmod_table[] =
+                /* This one we need to load explicitly, since
+                 * auto-loading on use doesn't work before udev
+                 * created the ghost device nodes, and we need it
+                 * earlier than that. */
+                "autofs4\0" "/sys/class/misc/autofs\0"
+
+                /* This one we need to load explicitly, since
+                 * auto-loading of IPv6 is not done when we try to
+                 * configure ::1 on the loopback device. */
+                "ipv6\0"    "/sys/module/ipv6\0"
+
+                "unix\0"    "/proc/net/unix\0";
+
+        struct kmod_ctx *ctx = NULL;
+        const char *name, *path;
+        int r;
+
+        NULSTR_FOREACH_PAIR(name, path, kmod_table) {
+                struct kmod_module *mod;
+
+                if (access(path, F_OK) >= 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                log_debug("Your kernel apparently lacks built-in %s support. Might be a good idea to compile it in. "
+                          "We'll now try to work around this by loading the module...",
+                          name);
+
+                if (!ctx) {
+                        ctx = kmod_new(NULL, NULL);
+                        if (!ctx)
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                        kmod_set_log_fn(ctx, systemd_kmod_log, NULL);
+                        kmod_load_resources(ctx);
+                }
+
+                r = kmod_module_new_from_name(ctx, name, &mod);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to lookup module '%s'", name);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = kmod_module_probe_insert_module(mod, KMOD_PROBE_APPLY_BLACKLIST, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        log_info("Inserted module '%s'", kmod_module_get_name(mod));
+                else if (r == KMOD_PROBE_APPLY_BLACKLIST)
+                        log_info("Module '%s' is blacklisted", kmod_module_get_name(mod));
+                else
+                        log_error("Failed to insert module '%s'", kmod_module_get_name(mod));
+
+                kmod_module_unref(mod);
+        }
+
+        if (ctx)
+                kmod_unref(ctx);
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/kmod-setup.h b/src/core/kmod-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..24dcdddfa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/kmod-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int kmod_setup(void);
diff --git a/src/core/load-dropin.c b/src/core/load-dropin.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a877e66098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/load-dropin.c
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "load-dropin.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "conf-parser.h"
+#include "load-fragment.h"
+#include "conf-files.h"
+
+static int iterate_dir(
+                Unit *u,
+                const char *path,
+                UnitDependency dependency,
+                char ***strv) {
+
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(path);
+
+        /* The config directories are special, since the order of the
+         * drop-ins matters */
+        if (dependency < 0)  {
+                r = strv_extend(strv, path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        d = opendir(path);
+        if (!d) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                struct dirent *de;
+                union dirent_storage buf;
+                _cleanup_free_ char *f = NULL;
+                int k;
+
+                k = readdir_r(d, &buf.de, &de);
+                if (k != 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to read directory %s: %s", path, strerror(k));
+                        return -k;
+                }
+
+                if (!de)
+                        break;
+
+                if (ignore_file(de->d_name))
+                        continue;
+
+                f = strjoin(path, "/", de->d_name, NULL);
+                if (!f)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(u, dependency, de->d_name, f, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_error("Cannot add dependency %s to %s, ignoring: %s", de->d_name, u->id, strerror(-r));
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int process_dir(
+                Unit *u,
+                const char *unit_path,
+                const char *name,
+                const char *suffix,
+                UnitDependency dependency,
+                char ***strv) {
+
+        int r;
+        char *path;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(unit_path);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(suffix);
+
+        path = strjoin(unit_path, "/", name, suffix, NULL);
+        if (!path)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (u->manager->unit_path_cache &&
+            !set_get(u->manager->unit_path_cache, path))
+                r = 0;
+        else
+                r = iterate_dir(u, path, dependency, strv);
+        free(path);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u->instance) {
+                char *template;
+                /* Also try the template dir */
+
+                template = unit_name_template(name);
+                if (!template)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                path = strjoin(unit_path, "/", template, suffix, NULL);
+                free(template);
+
+                if (!path)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (u->manager->unit_path_cache &&
+                    !set_get(u->manager->unit_path_cache, path))
+                        r = 0;
+                else
+                        r = iterate_dir(u, path, dependency, strv);
+                free(path);
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+char **unit_find_dropin_paths(Unit *u) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **strv = NULL;
+        char **configs = NULL;
+        Iterator i;
+        char *t;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(t, u->names, i) {
+                char **p;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(p, u->manager->lookup_paths.unit_path) {
+                        /* This loads the drop-in config snippets */
+                        r = process_dir(u, *p, t, ".d", _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_INVALID, &strv);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return NULL;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (strv_isempty(strv))
+                return NULL;
+
+        r = conf_files_list_strv(&configs, ".conf", NULL, (const char**) strv);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to get list of configuration files: %s", strerror(-r));
+                strv_free(configs);
+                return NULL;
+        }
+
+        return configs;
+}
+
+int unit_load_dropin(Unit *u) {
+        Iterator i;
+        char *t, **f;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Load dependencies from supplementary drop-in directories */
+
+        SET_FOREACH(t, u->names, i) {
+                char **p;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(p, u->manager->lookup_paths.unit_path) {
+                        r = process_dir(u, *p, t, ".wants", UNIT_WANTS, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = process_dir(u, *p, t, ".requires", UNIT_REQUIRES, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        u->dropin_paths = unit_find_dropin_paths(u);
+        if (! u->dropin_paths)
+                return 0;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(f, u->dropin_paths) {
+                r = config_parse(u->id, *f, NULL,
+                                 UNIT_VTABLE(u)->sections, config_item_perf_lookup,
+                                 (void*) load_fragment_gperf_lookup, false, false, u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        u->dropin_mtime = now(CLOCK_REALTIME);
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/load-dropin.h b/src/core/load-dropin.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd551179e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/load-dropin.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+/* Read service data supplementary drop-in directories */
+
+char **unit_find_dropin_paths(Unit *u);
+int unit_load_dropin(Unit *u);
diff --git a/src/core/load-fragment-gperf.gperf.m4 b/src/core/load-fragment-gperf.gperf.m4
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4e1454ee6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/load-fragment-gperf.gperf.m4
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+%{
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include "conf-parser.h"
+#include "load-fragment.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+%}
+struct ConfigPerfItem;
+%null_strings
+%language=ANSI-C
+%define slot-name section_and_lvalue
+%define hash-function-name load_fragment_gperf_hash
+%define lookup-function-name load_fragment_gperf_lookup
+%readonly-tables
+%omit-struct-type
+%struct-type
+%includes
+%%
+m4_dnl Define the context options only once
+m4_define(`EXEC_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS',
+`$1.WorkingDirectory,            config_parse_unit_path_printf,      0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.working_directory)
+$1.RootDirectory,                config_parse_unit_path_printf,      0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.root_directory)
+$1.User,                         config_parse_unit_string_printf,    0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.user)
+$1.Group,                        config_parse_unit_string_printf,    0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.group)
+$1.SupplementaryGroups,          config_parse_strv,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.supplementary_groups)
+$1.Nice,                         config_parse_exec_nice,             0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.OOMScoreAdjust,               config_parse_exec_oom_score_adjust, 0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.IOSchedulingClass,            config_parse_exec_io_class,         0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.IOSchedulingPriority,         config_parse_exec_io_priority,      0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.CPUSchedulingPolicy,          config_parse_exec_cpu_sched_policy, 0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.CPUSchedulingPriority,        config_parse_exec_cpu_sched_prio,   0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.CPUSchedulingResetOnFork,     config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.cpu_sched_reset_on_fork)
+$1.CPUAffinity,                  config_parse_exec_cpu_affinity,     0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.UMask,                        config_parse_mode,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.umask)
+$1.Environment,                  config_parse_environ,               0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.environment)
+$1.EnvironmentFile,              config_parse_unit_env_file,         0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.environment_files)
+$1.StandardInput,                config_parse_input,                 0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.std_input)
+$1.StandardOutput,               config_parse_output,                0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.std_output)
+$1.StandardError,                config_parse_output,                0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.std_error)
+$1.TTYPath,                      config_parse_unit_path_printf,      0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.tty_path)
+$1.TTYReset,                     config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.tty_reset)
+$1.TTYVHangup,                   config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.tty_vhangup)
+$1.TTYVTDisallocate,             config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.tty_vt_disallocate)
+$1.SyslogIdentifier,             config_parse_unit_string_printf,    0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.syslog_identifier)
+$1.SyslogFacility,               config_parse_facility,              0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.syslog_priority)
+$1.SyslogLevel,                  config_parse_level,                 0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.syslog_priority)
+$1.SyslogLevelPrefix,            config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.syslog_level_prefix)
+$1.Capabilities,                 config_parse_exec_capabilities,     0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.SecureBits,                   config_parse_exec_secure_bits,      0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.CapabilityBoundingSet,        config_parse_bounding_set,          0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.capability_bounding_set_drop)
+$1.TimerSlackNSec,               config_parse_nsec,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.timer_slack_nsec)
+$1.NoNewPrivileges,              config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.no_new_privileges)
+$1.SystemCallFilter,             config_parse_syscall_filter,        0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.LimitCPU,                     config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_CPU,                    offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitFSIZE,                   config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_FSIZE,                  offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitDATA,                    config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_DATA,                   offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitSTACK,                   config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_STACK,                  offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitCORE,                    config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_CORE,                   offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitRSS,                     config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_RSS,                    offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitNOFILE,                  config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_NOFILE,                 offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitAS,                      config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_AS,                     offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitNPROC,                   config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_NPROC,                  offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitMEMLOCK,                 config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_MEMLOCK,                offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitLOCKS,                   config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_LOCKS,                  offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitSIGPENDING,              config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_SIGPENDING,             offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitMSGQUEUE,                config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE,               offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitNICE,                    config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_NICE,                   offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitRTPRIO,                  config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_RTPRIO,                 offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.LimitRTTIME,                  config_parse_limit,                 RLIMIT_RTTIME,                 offsetof($1, exec_context.rlimit)
+$1.ControlGroup,                 config_parse_unit_cgroup,           0,                             0
+$1.ControlGroupAttribute,        config_parse_unit_cgroup_attr,      0,                             0
+$1.CPUShares,                    config_parse_unit_cgroup_attr_pretty, 0,                           0
+$1.MemoryLimit,                  config_parse_unit_cgroup_attr_pretty, 0,                           0
+$1.MemorySoftLimit,              config_parse_unit_cgroup_attr_pretty, 0,                           0
+$1.DeviceAllow,                  config_parse_unit_cgroup_attr_pretty, 0,                           0
+$1.DeviceDeny,                   config_parse_unit_cgroup_attr_pretty, 0,                           0
+$1.BlockIOWeight,                config_parse_unit_cgroup_attr_pretty, 0,                           0
+$1.BlockIOReadBandwidth,         config_parse_unit_cgroup_attr_pretty, 0,                           0
+$1.BlockIOWriteBandwidth,        config_parse_unit_cgroup_attr_pretty, 0,                           0
+$1.ReadWriteDirectories,         config_parse_path_strv,             0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.read_write_dirs)
+$1.ReadOnlyDirectories,          config_parse_path_strv,             0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.read_only_dirs)
+$1.InaccessibleDirectories,      config_parse_path_strv,             0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.inaccessible_dirs)
+$1.PrivateTmp,                   config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.private_tmp)
+$1.PrivateNetwork,               config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.private_network)
+$1.MountFlags,                   config_parse_exec_mount_flags,      0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context)
+$1.TCPWrapName,                  config_parse_unit_string_printf,    0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.tcpwrap_name)
+$1.PAMName,                      config_parse_unit_string_printf,    0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.pam_name)
+$1.IgnoreSIGPIPE,                config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.ignore_sigpipe)
+$1.UtmpIdentifier,               config_parse_unit_string_printf,    0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.utmp_id)
+$1.ControlGroupModify,           config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.control_group_modify)
+$1.ControlGroupPersistent,       config_parse_tristate,              0,                             offsetof($1, exec_context.control_group_persistent)'
+)m4_dnl
+m4_define(`KILL_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS',
+`$1.SendSIGKILL,                 config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof($1, kill_context.send_sigkill)
+$1.KillMode,                     config_parse_kill_mode,             0,                             offsetof($1, kill_context.kill_mode)
+$1.KillSignal,                   config_parse_kill_signal,           0,                             offsetof($1, kill_context.kill_signal)'
+)m4_dnl
+Unit.Description,                config_parse_unit_string_printf,    0,                             offsetof(Unit, description)
+Unit.Documentation,              config_parse_documentation,         0,                             offsetof(Unit, documentation)
+Unit.SourcePath,                 config_parse_path,                  0,                             offsetof(Unit, source_path)
+Unit.Requires,                   config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_REQUIRES,                 0
+Unit.RequiresOverridable,        config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_REQUIRES_OVERRIDABLE,     0
+Unit.Requisite,                  config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_REQUISITE,                0
+Unit.RequisiteOverridable,       config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_REQUISITE_OVERRIDABLE,    0
+Unit.Wants,                      config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_WANTS,                    0
+Unit.BindsTo,                    config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_BINDS_TO,                 0
+Unit.BindTo,                     config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_BINDS_TO,                 0
+Unit.Conflicts,                  config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_CONFLICTS,                0
+Unit.Before,                     config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_BEFORE,                   0
+Unit.After,                      config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_AFTER,                    0
+Unit.OnFailure,                  config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_ON_FAILURE,               0
+Unit.PropagatesReloadTo,         config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_PROPAGATES_RELOAD_TO,     0
+Unit.PropagateReloadTo,          config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_PROPAGATES_RELOAD_TO,     0
+Unit.ReloadPropagatedFrom,       config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_RELOAD_PROPAGATED_FROM,   0
+Unit.PropagateReloadFrom,        config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_RELOAD_PROPAGATED_FROM,   0
+Unit.PartOf,                     config_parse_unit_deps,             UNIT_PART_OF,                  0
+Unit.RequiresMountsFor,          config_parse_unit_requires_mounts_for, 0,                          offsetof(Unit, requires_mounts_for)
+Unit.StopWhenUnneeded,           config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Unit, stop_when_unneeded)
+Unit.RefuseManualStart,          config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Unit, refuse_manual_start)
+Unit.RefuseManualStop,           config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Unit, refuse_manual_stop)
+Unit.AllowIsolate,               config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Unit, allow_isolate)
+Unit.DefaultDependencies,        config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Unit, default_dependencies)
+Unit.OnFailureIsolate,           config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Unit, on_failure_isolate)
+Unit.IgnoreOnIsolate,            config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Unit, ignore_on_isolate)
+Unit.IgnoreOnSnapshot,           config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Unit, ignore_on_snapshot)
+Unit.JobTimeoutSec,              config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Unit, job_timeout)
+Unit.ConditionPathExists,        config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS,         0
+Unit.ConditionPathExistsGlob,    config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_PATH_EXISTS_GLOB,    0
+Unit.ConditionPathIsDirectory,   config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_PATH_IS_DIRECTORY,   0
+Unit.ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink,config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_PATH_IS_SYMBOLIC_LINK,0
+Unit.ConditionPathIsMountPoint,  config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_PATH_IS_MOUNT_POINT, 0
+Unit.ConditionPathIsReadWrite,   config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_PATH_IS_READ_WRITE,  0
+Unit.ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty, config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY, 0
+Unit.ConditionFileNotEmpty,      config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_FILE_NOT_EMPTY,      0
+Unit.ConditionFileIsExecutable,  config_parse_unit_condition_path,   CONDITION_FILE_IS_EXECUTABLE,  0
+Unit.ConditionKernelCommandLine, config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_KERNEL_COMMAND_LINE, 0
+Unit.ConditionVirtualization,    config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_VIRTUALIZATION,      0
+Unit.ConditionSecurity,          config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_SECURITY,            0
+Unit.ConditionCapability,        config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_CAPABILITY,          0
+Unit.ConditionHost,              config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_HOST,                0
+Unit.ConditionACPower,           config_parse_unit_condition_string, CONDITION_AC_POWER,            0
+Unit.ConditionNull,              config_parse_unit_condition_null,   0,                             0
+m4_dnl
+Service.PIDFile,                 config_parse_unit_path_printf,      0,                             offsetof(Service, pid_file)
+Service.ExecStartPre,            config_parse_exec,                  SERVICE_EXEC_START_PRE,        offsetof(Service, exec_command)
+Service.ExecStart,               config_parse_exec,                  SERVICE_EXEC_START,            offsetof(Service, exec_command)
+Service.ExecStartPost,           config_parse_exec,                  SERVICE_EXEC_START_POST,       offsetof(Service, exec_command)
+Service.ExecReload,              config_parse_exec,                  SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD,           offsetof(Service, exec_command)
+Service.ExecStop,                config_parse_exec,                  SERVICE_EXEC_STOP,             offsetof(Service, exec_command)
+Service.ExecStopPost,            config_parse_exec,                  SERVICE_EXEC_STOP_POST,        offsetof(Service, exec_command)
+Service.RestartSec,              config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Service, restart_usec)
+Service.TimeoutSec,              config_parse_service_timeout,       0,                             offsetof(Service, timeout_start_usec)
+Service.TimeoutStartSec,         config_parse_service_timeout,       0,                             offsetof(Service, timeout_start_usec)
+Service.TimeoutStopSec,          config_parse_service_timeout,       0,                             offsetof(Service, timeout_stop_usec)
+Service.WatchdogSec,             config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Service, watchdog_usec)
+Service.StartLimitInterval,      config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Service, start_limit.interval)
+Service.StartLimitBurst,         config_parse_unsigned,              0,                             offsetof(Service, start_limit.burst)
+Service.StartLimitAction,        config_parse_start_limit_action,    0,                             offsetof(Service, start_limit_action)
+Service.Type,                    config_parse_service_type,          0,                             offsetof(Service, type)
+Service.Restart,                 config_parse_service_restart,       0,                             offsetof(Service, restart)
+Service.PermissionsStartOnly,    config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Service, permissions_start_only)
+Service.RootDirectoryStartOnly,  config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Service, root_directory_start_only)
+Service.RemainAfterExit,         config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Service, remain_after_exit)
+Service.GuessMainPID,            config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Service, guess_main_pid)
+Service.RestartPreventExitStatus, config_parse_set_status,           0,                             offsetof(Service, restart_ignore_status)
+Service.SuccessExitStatus,       config_parse_set_status,            0,                             offsetof(Service, success_status)
+m4_ifdef(`HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT',
+`Service.SysVStartPriority,      config_parse_sysv_priority,         0,                             offsetof(Service, sysv_start_priority)',
+`Service.SysVStartPriority,      config_parse_warn_compat,           0,                             0')
+Service.NonBlocking,             config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Service, exec_context.non_blocking)
+Service.BusName,                 config_parse_unit_string_printf,    0,                             offsetof(Service, bus_name)
+Service.NotifyAccess,            config_parse_notify_access,         0,                             offsetof(Service, notify_access)
+Service.Sockets,                 config_parse_service_sockets,       0,                             0
+Service.FsckPassNo,              config_parse_fsck_passno,           0,                             offsetof(Service, fsck_passno)
+EXEC_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Service)m4_dnl
+KILL_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Service)m4_dnl
+m4_dnl
+Socket.ListenStream,             config_parse_socket_listen,         SOCKET_SOCKET,                 0
+Socket.ListenDatagram,           config_parse_socket_listen,         SOCKET_SOCKET,                 0
+Socket.ListenSequentialPacket,   config_parse_socket_listen,         SOCKET_SOCKET,                 0
+Socket.ListenFIFO,               config_parse_socket_listen,         SOCKET_FIFO,                   0
+Socket.ListenNetlink,            config_parse_socket_listen,         SOCKET_SOCKET,                 0
+Socket.ListenSpecial,            config_parse_socket_listen,         SOCKET_SPECIAL,                0
+Socket.ListenMessageQueue,       config_parse_socket_listen,         SOCKET_MQUEUE,                 0
+Socket.BindIPv6Only,             config_parse_socket_bind,           0,                             0,
+Socket.Backlog,                  config_parse_unsigned,              0,                             offsetof(Socket, backlog)
+Socket.BindToDevice,             config_parse_socket_bindtodevice,   0,                             0
+Socket.ExecStartPre,             config_parse_exec,                  SOCKET_EXEC_START_PRE,         offsetof(Socket, exec_command)
+Socket.ExecStartPost,            config_parse_exec,                  SOCKET_EXEC_START_POST,        offsetof(Socket, exec_command)
+Socket.ExecStopPre,              config_parse_exec,                  SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_PRE,          offsetof(Socket, exec_command)
+Socket.ExecStopPost,             config_parse_exec,                  SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_POST,         offsetof(Socket, exec_command)
+Socket.TimeoutSec,               config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Socket, timeout_usec)
+Socket.DirectoryMode,            config_parse_mode,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, directory_mode)
+Socket.SocketMode,               config_parse_mode,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, socket_mode)
+Socket.Accept,                   config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, accept)
+Socket.MaxConnections,           config_parse_unsigned,              0,                             offsetof(Socket, max_connections)
+Socket.KeepAlive,                config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, keep_alive)
+Socket.Priority,                 config_parse_int,                   0,                             offsetof(Socket, priority)
+Socket.ReceiveBuffer,            config_parse_bytes_size,            0,                             offsetof(Socket, receive_buffer)
+Socket.SendBuffer,               config_parse_bytes_size,            0,                             offsetof(Socket, send_buffer)
+Socket.IPTOS,                    config_parse_ip_tos,                0,                             offsetof(Socket, ip_tos)
+Socket.IPTTL,                    config_parse_int,                   0,                             offsetof(Socket, ip_ttl)
+Socket.Mark,                     config_parse_int,                   0,                             offsetof(Socket, mark)
+Socket.PipeSize,                 config_parse_bytes_size,            0,                             offsetof(Socket, pipe_size)
+Socket.FreeBind,                 config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, free_bind)
+Socket.Transparent,              config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, transparent)
+Socket.Broadcast,                config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, broadcast)
+Socket.PassCredentials,          config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, pass_cred)
+Socket.PassSecurity,             config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, pass_sec)
+Socket.TCPCongestion,            config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(Socket, tcp_congestion)
+Socket.MessageQueueMaxMessages,  config_parse_long,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, mq_maxmsg)
+Socket.MessageQueueMessageSize,  config_parse_long,                  0,                             offsetof(Socket, mq_msgsize)
+Socket.Service,                  config_parse_socket_service,        0,                             0
+Socket.SmackLabel,               config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(Socket, smack)
+Socket.SmackLabelIPIn,           config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(Socket, smack_ip_in)
+Socket.SmackLabelIPOut,          config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(Socket, smack_ip_out)
+EXEC_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Socket)m4_dnl
+KILL_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Socket)m4_dnl
+m4_dnl
+Mount.What,                      config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(Mount, parameters_fragment.what)
+Mount.Where,                     config_parse_path,                  0,                             offsetof(Mount, where)
+Mount.Options,                   config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(Mount, parameters_fragment.options)
+Mount.Type,                      config_parse_string,                0,                             offsetof(Mount, parameters_fragment.fstype)
+Mount.FsckPassNo,                config_parse_fsck_passno,           0,                             offsetof(Mount, parameters_fragment.passno)
+Mount.TimeoutSec,                config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Mount, timeout_usec)
+Mount.DirectoryMode,             config_parse_mode,                  0,                             offsetof(Mount, directory_mode)
+EXEC_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Mount)m4_dnl
+KILL_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Mount)m4_dnl
+m4_dnl
+Automount.Where,                 config_parse_path,                  0,                             offsetof(Automount, where)
+Automount.DirectoryMode,         config_parse_mode,                  0,                             offsetof(Automount, directory_mode)
+m4_dnl
+Swap.What,                       config_parse_path,                  0,                             offsetof(Swap, parameters_fragment.what)
+Swap.Priority,                   config_parse_int,                   0,                             offsetof(Swap, parameters_fragment.priority)
+Swap.TimeoutSec,                 config_parse_sec,                   0,                             offsetof(Swap, timeout_usec)
+EXEC_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Swap)m4_dnl
+KILL_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(Swap)m4_dnl
+m4_dnl
+Timer.OnCalendar,                config_parse_timer,                 0,                             0
+Timer.OnActiveSec,               config_parse_timer,                 0,                             0
+Timer.OnBootSec,                 config_parse_timer,                 0,                             0
+Timer.OnStartupSec,              config_parse_timer,                 0,                             0
+Timer.OnUnitActiveSec,           config_parse_timer,                 0,                             0
+Timer.OnUnitInactiveSec,         config_parse_timer,                 0,                             0
+Timer.Unit,                      config_parse_trigger_unit,          0,                             0
+m4_dnl
+Path.PathExists,                 config_parse_path_spec,             0,                             0
+Path.PathExistsGlob,             config_parse_path_spec,             0,                             0
+Path.PathChanged,                config_parse_path_spec,             0,                             0
+Path.PathModified,               config_parse_path_spec,             0,                             0
+Path.DirectoryNotEmpty,          config_parse_path_spec,             0,                             0
+Path.Unit,                       config_parse_trigger_unit,          0,                             0
+Path.MakeDirectory,              config_parse_bool,                  0,                             offsetof(Path, make_directory)
+Path.DirectoryMode,              config_parse_mode,                  0,                             offsetof(Path, directory_mode)
+m4_dnl The [Install] section is ignored here.
+Install.Alias,                   NULL,                               0,                             0
+Install.WantedBy,                NULL,                               0,                             0
+Install.RequiredBy,              NULL,                               0,                             0
+Install.Also,                    NULL,                               0,                             0
diff --git a/src/core/load-fragment.c b/src/core/load-fragment.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e2015ed58f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/load-fragment.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2486 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright 2012 Holger Hans Peter Freyther
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <linux/oom.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-messages.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "conf-parser.h"
+#include "load-fragment.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "ioprio.h"
+#include "securebits.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit-printf.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "syscall-list.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+
+#ifndef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+int config_parse_warn_compat(const char *unit,
+                             const char *filename,
+                             unsigned line,
+                             const char *section,
+                             const char *lvalue,
+                             int ltype,
+                             const char *rvalue,
+                             void *data,
+                             void *userdata) {
+
+        log_syntax(unit, LOG_DEBUG, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                   "Support for option %s= has been disabled at compile time and is ignored",
+                   lvalue);
+        return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+int config_parse_unit_deps(const char* unit,
+                           const char *filename,
+                           unsigned line,
+                           const char *section,
+                           const char *lvalue,
+                           int ltype,
+                           const char *rvalue,
+                           void *data,
+                           void *userdata) {
+
+        UnitDependency d = ltype;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        char *w;
+        size_t l;
+        char *state;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, rvalue, state) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL, *k = NULL;
+                int r;
+
+                t = strndup(w, l);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                k = unit_name_printf(u, t);
+                if (!k)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(u, d, k, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r,
+                                   "Failed to add dependency on %s, ignoring: %s", k, strerror(-r));
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_string_printf(const char *unit,
+                                    const char *filename,
+                                    unsigned line,
+                                    const char *section,
+                                    const char *lvalue,
+                                    int ltype,
+                                    const char *rvalue,
+                                    void *data,
+                                    void *userdata) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(u);
+
+        k = unit_full_printf(u, rvalue);
+        if (!k)
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                           "Failed to resolve unit specifiers on %s. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+
+        return config_parse_string(unit, filename, line, section, lvalue, ltype,
+                                   k ? k : rvalue, data, userdata);
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_strv_printf(const char *unit,
+                                  const char *filename,
+                                  unsigned line,
+                                  const char *section,
+                                  const char *lvalue,
+                                  int ltype,
+                                  const char *rvalue,
+                                  void *data,
+                                  void *userdata) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(u);
+
+        k = unit_full_printf(u, rvalue);
+        if (!k)
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                           "Failed to resolve unit specifiers on %s. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+
+        return config_parse_strv(unit, filename, line, section, lvalue, ltype,
+                                 k ? k : rvalue, data, userdata);
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_path_printf(const char *unit,
+                                  const char *filename,
+                                  unsigned line,
+                                  const char *section,
+                                  const char *lvalue,
+                                  int ltype,
+                                  const char *rvalue,
+                                  void *data,
+                                  void *userdata) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(u);
+
+        k = unit_full_printf(u, rvalue);
+        if (!k)
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                           "Failed to resolve unit specifiers on %s. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+
+        return config_parse_path(unit, filename, line, section, lvalue, ltype,
+                                 k ? k : rvalue, data, userdata);
+}
+
+int config_parse_socket_listen(const char *unit,
+                               const char *filename,
+                               unsigned line,
+                               const char *section,
+                               const char *lvalue,
+                               int ltype,
+                               const char *rvalue,
+                               void *data,
+                               void *userdata) {
+
+        SocketPort *p, *tail;
+        Socket *s;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        s = SOCKET(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* An empty assignment removes all ports */
+                socket_free_ports(s);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        p = new0(SocketPort, 1);
+        if (!p)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (ltype != SOCKET_SOCKET) {
+
+                p->type = ltype;
+                p->path = unit_full_printf(UNIT(s), rvalue);
+                if (!p->path) {
+                        p->path = strdup(rvalue);
+                        if (!p->path) {
+                                free(p);
+                                return log_oom();
+                        } else
+                                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                           "Failed to resolve unit specifiers on %s. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+                }
+
+                path_kill_slashes(p->path);
+
+        } else if (streq(lvalue, "ListenNetlink")) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char  *k = NULL;
+                int r;
+
+                p->type = SOCKET_SOCKET;
+                k = unit_full_printf(UNIT(s), rvalue);
+                if (!k)
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                   "Failed to resolve unit specifiers on %s. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+
+                r = socket_address_parse_netlink(&p->address, k ? k : rvalue);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                   "Failed to parse address value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        free(p);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+        } else {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+                int r;
+
+                p->type = SOCKET_SOCKET;
+                k = unit_full_printf(UNIT(s), rvalue);
+                if (!k)
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                   "Failed to resolve unit specifiers on %s. Ignoring.", rvalue);
+
+                r = socket_address_parse(&p->address, k ? k : rvalue);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                   "Failed to parse address value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        free(p);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                if (streq(lvalue, "ListenStream"))
+                        p->address.type = SOCK_STREAM;
+                else if (streq(lvalue, "ListenDatagram"))
+                        p->address.type = SOCK_DGRAM;
+                else {
+                        assert(streq(lvalue, "ListenSequentialPacket"));
+                        p->address.type = SOCK_SEQPACKET;
+                }
+
+                if (socket_address_family(&p->address) != AF_LOCAL && p->address.type == SOCK_SEQPACKET) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, ENOTSUP,
+                                   "Address family not supported, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        free(p);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        p->fd = -1;
+
+        if (s->ports) {
+                LIST_FIND_TAIL(SocketPort, port, s->ports, tail);
+                LIST_INSERT_AFTER(SocketPort, port, s->ports, tail, p);
+        } else
+                LIST_PREPEND(SocketPort, port, s->ports, p);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_socket_bind(const char *unit,
+                             const char *filename,
+                             unsigned line,
+                             const char *section,
+                             const char *lvalue,
+                             int ltype,
+                             const char *rvalue,
+                             void *data,
+                             void *userdata) {
+
+        Socket *s;
+        SocketAddressBindIPv6Only b;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        s = SOCKET(data);
+
+        b = socket_address_bind_ipv6_only_from_string(rvalue);
+        if (b < 0) {
+                int r;
+
+                r = parse_boolean(rvalue);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                   "Failed to parse bind IPv6 only value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                s->bind_ipv6_only = r ? SOCKET_ADDRESS_IPV6_ONLY : SOCKET_ADDRESS_BOTH;
+        } else
+                s->bind_ipv6_only = b;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_nice(const char *unit,
+                           const char *filename,
+                           unsigned line,
+                           const char *section,
+                           const char *lvalue,
+                           int ltype,
+                           const char *rvalue,
+                           void *data,
+                           void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int priority, r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = safe_atoi(rvalue, &priority);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r,
+                           "Failed to parse nice priority, ignoring: %s. ", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (priority < PRIO_MIN || priority >= PRIO_MAX) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, ERANGE,
+                           "Nice priority out of range, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c->nice = priority;
+        c->nice_set = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_oom_score_adjust(const char* unit,
+                                       const char *filename,
+                                       unsigned line,
+                                       const char *section,
+                                       const char *lvalue,
+                                       int ltype,
+                                       const char *rvalue,
+                                       void *data,
+                                       void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int oa, r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = safe_atoi(rvalue, &oa);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r,
+                           "Failed to parse the OOM score adjust value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (oa < OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MIN || oa > OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, ERANGE,
+                           "OOM score adjust value out of range, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c->oom_score_adjust = oa;
+        c->oom_score_adjust_set = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec(const char *unit,
+                      const char *filename,
+                      unsigned line,
+                      const char *section,
+                      const char *lvalue,
+                      int ltype,
+                      const char *rvalue,
+                      void *data,
+                      void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecCommand **e = data, *nce;
+        char *path, **n;
+        unsigned k;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(e);
+
+        e += ltype;
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* An empty assignment resets the list */
+                exec_command_free_list(*e);
+                *e = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* We accept an absolute path as first argument, or
+         * alternatively an absolute prefixed with @ to allow
+         * overriding of argv[0]. */
+        for (;;) {
+                int i;
+                char *w;
+                size_t l;
+                char *state;
+                bool honour_argv0 = false, ignore = false;
+
+                path = NULL;
+                nce = NULL;
+                n = NULL;
+
+                rvalue += strspn(rvalue, WHITESPACE);
+
+                if (rvalue[0] == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+                        if (rvalue[0] == '-' && !ignore) {
+                                ignore = true;
+                                rvalue ++;
+                        }
+
+                        if (rvalue[0] == '@' && !honour_argv0) {
+                                honour_argv0 = true;
+                                rvalue ++;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (*rvalue != '/') {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                   "Executable path is not absolute, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                k = 0;
+                FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, rvalue, state) {
+                        if (strneq(w, ";", MAX(l, 1U)))
+                                break;
+
+                        k++;
+                }
+
+                n = new(char*, k + !honour_argv0);
+                if (!n)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                k = 0;
+                FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, rvalue, state) {
+                        if (strneq(w, ";", MAX(l, 1U)))
+                                break;
+                        else if (strneq(w, "\\;", MAX(l, 1U)))
+                                w ++;
+
+                        if (honour_argv0 && w == rvalue) {
+                                assert(!path);
+
+                                path = strndup(w, l);
+                                if (!path) {
+                                        r = log_oom();
+                                        goto fail;
+                                }
+
+                                if (!utf8_is_valid(path)) {
+                                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                                   "Path is not UTF-8 clean, ignoring assignment: %s",
+                                                   rvalue);
+                                        r = 0;
+                                        goto fail;
+                                }
+
+                        } else {
+                                char *c;
+
+                                c = n[k++] = cunescape_length(w, l);
+                                if (!c) {
+                                        r = log_oom();
+                                        goto fail;
+                                }
+
+                                if (!utf8_is_valid(c)) {
+                                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                                   "Path is not UTF-8 clean, ignoring assignment: %s",
+                                                   rvalue);
+                                        r = 0;
+                                        goto fail;
+                                }
+                        }
+                }
+
+                n[k] = NULL;
+
+                if (!n[0]) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                   "Invalid command line, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        r = 0;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                if (!path) {
+                        path = strdup(n[0]);
+                        if (!path) {
+                                r = log_oom();
+                                goto fail;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                assert(path_is_absolute(path));
+
+                nce = new0(ExecCommand, 1);
+                if (!nce) {
+                        r = log_oom();
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                nce->argv = n;
+                nce->path = path;
+                nce->ignore = ignore;
+
+                path_kill_slashes(nce->path);
+
+                exec_command_append_list(e, nce);
+
+                rvalue = state;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        n[k] = NULL;
+        strv_free(n);
+        free(path);
+        free(nce);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_service_type, service_type, ServiceType, "Failed to parse service type");
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_service_restart, service_restart, ServiceRestart, "Failed to parse service restart specifier");
+
+int config_parse_socket_bindtodevice(const char* unit,
+                                     const char *filename,
+                                     unsigned line,
+                                     const char *section,
+                                     const char *lvalue,
+                                     int ltype,
+                                     const char *rvalue,
+                                     void *data,
+                                     void *userdata) {
+
+        Socket *s = data;
+        char *n;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (rvalue[0] && !streq(rvalue, "*")) {
+                n = strdup(rvalue);
+                if (!n)
+                        return log_oom();
+        } else
+                n = NULL;
+
+        free(s->bind_to_device);
+        s->bind_to_device = n;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_output, exec_output, ExecOutput, "Failed to parse output specifier");
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_input, exec_input, ExecInput, "Failed to parse input specifier");
+
+int config_parse_exec_io_class(const char *unit,
+                               const char *filename,
+                               unsigned line,
+                               const char *section,
+                               const char *lvalue,
+                               int ltype,
+                               const char *rvalue,
+                               void *data,
+                               void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int x;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        x = ioprio_class_from_string(rvalue);
+        if (x < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                           "Failed to parse IO scheduling class, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c->ioprio = IOPRIO_PRIO_VALUE(x, IOPRIO_PRIO_DATA(c->ioprio));
+        c->ioprio_set = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_io_priority(const char *unit,
+                                  const char *filename,
+                                  unsigned line,
+                                  const char *section,
+                                  const char *lvalue,
+                                  int ltype,
+                                  const char *rvalue,
+                                  void *data,
+                                  void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int i, r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = safe_atoi(rvalue, &i);
+        if (r < 0 || i < 0 || i >= IOPRIO_BE_NR) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r,
+                           "Failed to parse IO priority, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c->ioprio = IOPRIO_PRIO_VALUE(IOPRIO_PRIO_CLASS(c->ioprio), i);
+        c->ioprio_set = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_cpu_sched_policy(const char *unit,
+                                       const char *filename,
+                                       unsigned line,
+                                       const char *section,
+                                       const char *lvalue,
+                                       int ltype,
+                                       const char *rvalue,
+                                       void *data,
+                                       void *userdata) {
+
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int x;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        x = sched_policy_from_string(rvalue);
+        if (x < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -x,
+                           "Failed to parse CPU scheduling policy, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c->cpu_sched_policy = x;
+        /* Moving to or from real-time policy? We need to adjust the priority */
+        c->cpu_sched_priority = CLAMP(c->cpu_sched_priority, sched_get_priority_min(x), sched_get_priority_max(x));
+        c->cpu_sched_set = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_cpu_sched_prio(const char *unit,
+                                     const char *filename,
+                                     unsigned line,
+                                     const char *section,
+                                     const char *lvalue,
+                                     int ltype,
+                                     const char *rvalue,
+                                     void *data,
+                                     void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        int i, min, max, r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = safe_atoi(rvalue, &i);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r,
+                           "Failed to parse CPU scheduling policy, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* On Linux RR/FIFO range from 1 to 99 and OTHER/BATCH may only be 0 */
+        min = sched_get_priority_min(c->cpu_sched_policy);
+        max = sched_get_priority_max(c->cpu_sched_policy);
+
+        if (i < min || i > max) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, ERANGE,
+                           "CPU scheduling priority is out of range, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c->cpu_sched_priority = i;
+        c->cpu_sched_set = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_cpu_affinity(const char *unit,
+                                   const char *filename,
+                                   unsigned line,
+                                   const char *section,
+                                   const char *lvalue,
+                                   int ltype,
+                                   const char *rvalue,
+                                   void *data,
+                                   void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        char *w;
+        size_t l;
+        char *state;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* An empty assignment resets the CPU list */
+                if (c->cpuset)
+                        CPU_FREE(c->cpuset);
+                c->cpuset = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, rvalue, state) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+                int r;
+                unsigned cpu;
+
+                t = strndup(w, l);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = safe_atou(t, &cpu);
+
+                if (!c->cpuset) {
+                        c->cpuset = cpu_set_malloc(&c->cpuset_ncpus);
+                        if (!c->cpuset)
+                                return log_oom();
+                }
+
+                if (r < 0 || cpu >= c->cpuset_ncpus) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, ERANGE,
+                                   "Failed to parse CPU affinity '%s', ignoring: %s", t, rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                CPU_SET_S(cpu, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(c->cpuset_ncpus), c->cpuset);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_capabilities(const char *unit,
+                                   const char *filename,
+                                   unsigned line,
+                                   const char *section,
+                                   const char *lvalue,
+                                   int ltype,
+                                   const char *rvalue,
+                                   void *data,
+                                   void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        cap_t cap;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        cap = cap_from_text(rvalue);
+        if (!cap) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, errno,
+                           "Failed to parse capabilities, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (c->capabilities)
+                cap_free(c->capabilities);
+        c->capabilities = cap;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_secure_bits(const char *unit,
+                                  const char *filename,
+                                  unsigned line,
+                                  const char *section,
+                                  const char *lvalue,
+                                  int ltype,
+                                  const char *rvalue,
+                                  void *data,
+                                  void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        char *w;
+        size_t l;
+        char *state;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* An empty assignment resets the field */
+                c->secure_bits = 0;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, rvalue, state) {
+                if (first_word(w, "keep-caps"))
+                        c->secure_bits |= 1<<SECURE_KEEP_CAPS;
+                else if (first_word(w, "keep-caps-locked"))
+                        c->secure_bits |= 1<<SECURE_KEEP_CAPS_LOCKED;
+                else if (first_word(w, "no-setuid-fixup"))
+                        c->secure_bits |= 1<<SECURE_NO_SETUID_FIXUP;
+                else if (first_word(w, "no-setuid-fixup-locked"))
+                        c->secure_bits |= 1<<SECURE_NO_SETUID_FIXUP_LOCKED;
+                else if (first_word(w, "noroot"))
+                        c->secure_bits |= 1<<SECURE_NOROOT;
+                else if (first_word(w, "noroot-locked"))
+                        c->secure_bits |= 1<<SECURE_NOROOT_LOCKED;
+                else {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                   "Failed to parse secure bits, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_bounding_set(const char *unit,
+                              const char *filename,
+                              unsigned line,
+                              const char *section,
+                              const char *lvalue,
+                              int ltype,
+                              const char *rvalue,
+                              void *data,
+                              void *userdata) {
+
+        uint64_t *capability_bounding_set_drop = data;
+        char *w;
+        size_t l;
+        char *state;
+        bool invert = false;
+        uint64_t sum = 0;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (rvalue[0] == '~') {
+                invert = true;
+                rvalue++;
+        }
+
+        /* Note that we store this inverted internally, since the
+         * kernel wants it like this. But we actually expose it
+         * non-inverted everywhere to have a fully normalized
+         * interface. */
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, rvalue, state) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+                int r;
+                cap_value_t cap;
+
+                t = strndup(w, l);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = cap_from_name(t, &cap);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, errno,
+                                   "Failed to parse capability in bounding set, ignoring: %s", t);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                sum |= ((uint64_t) 1ULL) << (uint64_t) cap;
+        }
+
+        if (invert)
+                *capability_bounding_set_drop |= sum;
+        else
+                *capability_bounding_set_drop |= ~sum;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_limit(const char *unit,
+                       const char *filename,
+                       unsigned line,
+                       const char *section,
+                       const char *lvalue,
+                       int ltype,
+                       const char *rvalue,
+                       void *data,
+                       void *userdata) {
+
+        struct rlimit **rl = data;
+        unsigned long long u;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        rl += ltype;
+
+        if (streq(rvalue, "infinity"))
+                u = (unsigned long long) RLIM_INFINITY;
+        else {
+                int r;
+
+                r = safe_atollu(rvalue, &u);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r,
+                                   "Failed to parse resource value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!*rl) {
+                *rl = new(struct rlimit, 1);
+                if (!*rl)
+                        return log_oom();
+        }
+
+        (*rl)->rlim_cur = (*rl)->rlim_max = (rlim_t) u;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_cgroup(const char *unit,
+                             const char *filename,
+                             unsigned line,
+                             const char *section,
+                             const char *lvalue,
+                             int ltype,
+                             const char *rvalue,
+                             void *data,
+                             void *userdata) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        char *w;
+        size_t l;
+        char *state;
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* An empty assignment resets the list */
+                cgroup_bonding_free_list(u->cgroup_bondings, false);
+                u->cgroup_bondings = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, rvalue, state) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL, *k = NULL, *ku = NULL;
+                int r;
+
+                t = strndup(w, l);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                k = unit_full_printf(u, t);
+                if (!k)
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                   "Failed to resolve unit specifiers on %s. Ignoring.",
+                                   t);
+
+                ku = cunescape(k ? k : t);
+                if (!ku)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = unit_add_cgroup_from_text(u, ku, true, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r,
+                                   "Failed to parse cgroup value %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                   k, rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+int config_parse_sysv_priority(const char *unit,
+                               const char *filename,
+                               unsigned line,
+                               const char *section,
+                               const char *lvalue,
+                               int ltype,
+                               const char *rvalue,
+                               void *data,
+                               void *userdata) {
+
+        int *priority = data;
+        int i, r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = safe_atoi(rvalue, &i);
+        if (r < 0 || i < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r,
+                           "Failed to parse SysV start priority, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *priority = (int) i;
+        return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+int config_parse_fsck_passno(const char *unit,
+                             const char *filename,
+                             unsigned line,
+                             const char *section,
+                             const char *lvalue,
+                             int ltype,
+                             const char *rvalue,
+                             void *data,
+                             void *userdata) {
+
+        int *passno = data;
+        int i, r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = safe_atoi(rvalue, &i);
+        if (r || i < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r,
+                           "Failed to parse fsck pass number, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *passno = (int) i;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_kill_mode, kill_mode, KillMode, "Failed to parse kill mode");
+
+int config_parse_kill_signal(const char *unit,
+                             const char *filename,
+                             unsigned line,
+                             const char *section,
+                             const char *lvalue,
+                             int ltype,
+                             const char *rvalue,
+                             void *data,
+                             void *userdata) {
+
+        int *sig = data;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(sig);
+
+        r = signal_from_string_try_harder(rvalue);
+        if (r <= 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r,
+                           "Failed to parse kill signal, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *sig = r;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_exec_mount_flags(const char *unit,
+                                  const char *filename,
+                                  unsigned line,
+                                  const char *section,
+                                  const char *lvalue,
+                                  int ltype,
+                                  const char *rvalue,
+                                  void *data,
+                                  void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        char *w;
+        size_t l;
+        char *state;
+        unsigned long flags = 0;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_SEPARATOR(w, l, rvalue, ", ", state) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t;
+
+                t = strndup(w, l);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (streq(t, "shared"))
+                        flags |= MS_SHARED;
+                else if (streq(t, "slave"))
+                        flags |= MS_SLAVE;
+                else if (streq(w, "private"))
+                        flags |= MS_PRIVATE;
+                else {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                   "Failed to parse mount flag %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                   t, rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+        }
+
+        c->mount_flags = flags;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_timer(const char *unit,
+                       const char *filename,
+                       unsigned line,
+                       const char *section,
+                       const char *lvalue,
+                       int ltype,
+                       const char *rvalue,
+                       void *data,
+                       void *userdata) {
+
+        Timer *t = data;
+        usec_t u = 0;
+        TimerValue *v;
+        TimerBase b;
+        CalendarSpec *c = NULL;
+        clockid_t id;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets list */
+                timer_free_values(t);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        b = timer_base_from_string(lvalue);
+        if (b < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -b,
+                           "Failed to parse timer base, ignoring: %s", lvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (b == TIMER_CALENDAR) {
+                if (calendar_spec_from_string(rvalue, &c) < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                   "Failed to parse calendar specification, ignoring: %s",
+                                   rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                id = CLOCK_REALTIME;
+        } else {
+                if (parse_sec(rvalue, &u) < 0) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                   "Failed to parse timer value, ignoring: %s",
+                                   rvalue);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                id = CLOCK_MONOTONIC;
+        }
+
+        v = new0(TimerValue, 1);
+        if (!v)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        v->base = b;
+        v->clock_id = id;
+        v->value = u;
+        v->calendar_spec = c;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(TimerValue, value, t->values, v);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_trigger_unit(
+                const char *unit,
+                const char *filename,
+                unsigned line,
+                const char *section,
+                const char *lvalue,
+                int ltype,
+                const char *rvalue,
+                void *data,
+                void *userdata) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        Unit *u = data;
+        UnitType type;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (!set_isempty(u->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERS])) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                           "Multiple units to trigger specified, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        p = unit_name_printf(u, rvalue);
+        if (!p)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        type = unit_name_to_type(p);
+        if (type < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                           "Unit type not valid, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (type == u->type) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                           "Trigger cannot be of same type, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(u, UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_TRIGGERS, p, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r,
+                           "Failed to add trigger on %s, ignoring: %s", p, strerror(-r));
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_path_spec(const char *unit,
+                           const char *filename,
+                           unsigned line,
+                           const char *section,
+                           const char *lvalue,
+                           int ltype,
+                           const char *rvalue,
+                           void *data,
+                           void *userdata) {
+
+        Path *p = data;
+        PathSpec *s;
+        PathType b;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment clears list */
+                path_free_specs(p);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        b = path_type_from_string(lvalue);
+        if (b < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                           "Failed to parse path type, ignoring: %s", lvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        k = unit_full_printf(UNIT(p), rvalue);
+        if (!k) {
+                k = strdup(rvalue);
+                if (!k)
+                        return log_oom();
+                else
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                   "Failed to resolve unit specifiers on %s. Ignoring.",
+                                   rvalue);
+        }
+
+        if (!path_is_absolute(k)) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                           "Path is not absolute, ignoring: %s", k);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        s = new0(PathSpec, 1);
+        if (!s)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        s->path = path_kill_slashes(k);
+        k = NULL;
+        s->type = b;
+        s->inotify_fd = -1;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(PathSpec, spec, p->specs, s);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_socket_service(const char *unit,
+                                const char *filename,
+                                unsigned line,
+                                const char *section,
+                                const char *lvalue,
+                                int ltype,
+                                const char *rvalue,
+                                void *data,
+                                void *userdata) {
+
+        Socket *s = data;
+        int r;
+        DBusError error;
+        Unit *x;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        p = unit_name_printf(UNIT(s), rvalue);
+        if (!p)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (!endswith(p, ".service")) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                           "Unit must be of type service, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(UNIT(s)->manager, p, NULL, &error, &x);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                           "Failed to load unit %s, ignoring: %s",
+                           rvalue, bus_error(&error, r));
+                dbus_error_free(&error);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        unit_ref_set(&s->service, x);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_service_sockets(const char *unit,
+                                 const char *filename,
+                                 unsigned line,
+                                 const char *section,
+                                 const char *lvalue,
+                                 int ltype,
+                                 const char *rvalue,
+                                 void *data,
+                                 void *userdata) {
+
+        Service *s = data;
+        int r;
+        char *state, *w;
+        size_t l;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, rvalue, state) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL, *k = NULL;
+
+                t = strndup(w, l);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                k = unit_name_printf(UNIT(s), t);
+                if (!k)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (!endswith(k, ".socket")) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                   "Unit must be of type socket, ignoring: %s", k);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_WANTS, UNIT_AFTER, k, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r,
+                                   "Failed to add dependency on %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                   k, strerror(-r));
+
+                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY, k, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_service_timeout(const char *unit,
+                                 const char *filename,
+                                 unsigned line,
+                                 const char *section,
+                                 const char *lvalue,
+                                 int ltype,
+                                 const char *rvalue,
+                                 void *data,
+                                 void *userdata) {
+
+        Service *s = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(s);
+
+        r = config_parse_sec(unit, filename, line, section, lvalue, ltype,
+                             rvalue, data, userdata);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (streq(lvalue, "TimeoutSec")) {
+                s->start_timeout_defined = true;
+                s->timeout_stop_usec = s->timeout_start_usec;
+        } else if (streq(lvalue, "TimeoutStartSec"))
+                s->start_timeout_defined = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_env_file(const char *unit,
+                               const char *filename,
+                               unsigned line,
+                               const char *section,
+                               const char *lvalue,
+                               int ltype,
+                               const char *rvalue,
+                               void *data,
+                               void *userdata) {
+
+        char ***env = data;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment frees the list */
+                strv_free(*env);
+                *env = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        s = unit_full_printf(u, rvalue);
+        if (!s)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (!path_is_absolute(s[0] == '-' ? s + 1 : s)) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                           "Path '%s' is not absolute, ignoring.", s);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = strv_extend(env, s);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_environ(const char *unit,
+                         const char *filename,
+                         unsigned line,
+                         const char *section,
+                         const char *lvalue,
+                         int ltype,
+                         const char *rvalue,
+                         void *data,
+                         void *userdata) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        char*** env = data, *w, *state;
+        size_t l;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets the list */
+                strv_free(*env);
+                *env = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        k = unit_full_printf(u, rvalue);
+        if (!k)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, k, state) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *n;
+                char **x;
+
+                n = cunescape_length(w, l);
+                if (!n)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (!env_assignment_is_valid(n)) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                   "Invalid environment assignment, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                x = strv_env_set(*env, n);
+                if (!x)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                strv_free(*env);
+                *env = x;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_ip_tos(const char *unit,
+                        const char *filename,
+                        unsigned line,
+                        const char *section,
+                        const char *lvalue,
+                        int ltype,
+                        const char *rvalue,
+                        void *data,
+                        void *userdata) {
+
+        int *ip_tos = data, x;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        x = ip_tos_from_string(rvalue);
+        if (x < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                           "Failed to parse IP TOS value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        *ip_tos = x;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_condition_path(const char *unit,
+                                     const char *filename,
+                                     unsigned line,
+                                     const char *section,
+                                     const char *lvalue,
+                                     int ltype,
+                                     const char *rvalue,
+                                     void *data,
+                                     void *userdata) {
+
+        ConditionType cond = ltype;
+        Unit *u = data;
+        bool trigger, negate;
+        Condition *c;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets the list */
+                condition_free_list(u->conditions);
+                u->conditions = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        trigger = rvalue[0] == '|';
+        if (trigger)
+                rvalue++;
+
+        negate = rvalue[0] == '!';
+        if (negate)
+                rvalue++;
+
+        p = unit_full_printf(u, rvalue);
+        if (!p)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        if (!path_is_absolute(p)) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                           "Path in condition not absolute, ignoring: %s", p);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        c = condition_new(cond, p, trigger, negate);
+        if (!c)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(Condition, conditions, u->conditions, c);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_condition_string(const char *unit,
+                                       const char *filename,
+                                       unsigned line,
+                                       const char *section,
+                                       const char *lvalue,
+                                       int ltype,
+                                       const char *rvalue,
+                                       void *data,
+                                       void *userdata) {
+
+        ConditionType cond = ltype;
+        Unit *u = data;
+        bool trigger, negate;
+        Condition *c;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets the list */
+                condition_free_list(u->conditions);
+                u->conditions = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        trigger = rvalue[0] == '|';
+        if (trigger)
+                rvalue++;
+
+        negate = rvalue[0] == '!';
+        if (negate)
+                rvalue++;
+
+        s = unit_full_printf(u, rvalue);
+        if (!s)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        c = condition_new(cond, s, trigger, negate);
+        if (!c)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(Condition, conditions, u->conditions, c);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_condition_null(const char *unit,
+                                     const char *filename,
+                                     unsigned line,
+                                     const char *section,
+                                     const char *lvalue,
+                                     int ltype,
+                                     const char *rvalue,
+                                     void *data,
+                                     void *userdata) {
+
+        Unit *u = data;
+        Condition *c;
+        bool trigger, negate;
+        int b;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets the list */
+                condition_free_list(u->conditions);
+                u->conditions = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        trigger = rvalue[0] == '|';
+        if (trigger)
+                rvalue++;
+
+        negate = rvalue[0] == '!';
+        if (negate)
+                rvalue++;
+
+        b = parse_boolean(rvalue);
+        if (b < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -b,
+                           "Failed to parse boolean value in condition, ignoring: %s",
+                           rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!b)
+                negate = !negate;
+
+        c = condition_new(CONDITION_NULL, NULL, trigger, negate);
+        if (!c)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(Condition, conditions, u->conditions, c);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_notify_access, notify_access, NotifyAccess, "Failed to parse notify access specifier");
+DEFINE_CONFIG_PARSE_ENUM(config_parse_start_limit_action, start_limit_action, StartLimitAction, "Failed to parse start limit action specifier");
+
+int config_parse_unit_cgroup_attr(const char *unit,
+                                  const char *filename,
+                                  unsigned line,
+                                  const char *section,
+                                  const char *lvalue,
+                                  int ltype,
+                                  const char *rvalue,
+                                  void *data,
+                                  void *userdata) {
+
+        Unit *u = data;
+        size_t a, b;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *n = NULL, *v = NULL;
+        const CGroupSemantics *s;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment clears the list */
+                cgroup_attribute_free_list(u->cgroup_attributes);
+                u->cgroup_attributes = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        a = strcspn(rvalue, WHITESPACE);
+        b = strspn(rvalue + a, WHITESPACE);
+        if (a <= 0 || b <= 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                           "Failed to parse cgroup attribute value, ignoring: %s",
+                           rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        n = strndup(rvalue, a);
+        if (!n)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        r = cgroup_semantics_find(NULL, n, rvalue + a + b, &v, &s);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r,
+                           "Failed to parse cgroup attribute value, ignoring: %s",
+                           rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_add_cgroup_attribute(u, s, NULL, n, v ? v : rvalue + a + b, NULL);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r,
+                           "Failed to add cgroup attribute value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_cgroup_attr_pretty(const char *unit,
+                                         const char *filename,
+                                         unsigned line,
+                                         const char *section,
+                                         const char *lvalue,
+                                         int ltype,
+                                         const char *rvalue,
+                                         void *data,
+                                         void *userdata) {
+
+        Unit *u = data;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *v = NULL;
+        const CGroupSemantics *s;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        r = cgroup_semantics_find(NULL, lvalue, rvalue, &v, &s);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r,
+                           "Failed to parse cgroup attribute value, ignoring: %s",
+                           rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        } else if (r == 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, ENOTSUP,
+                           "Unknown or unsupported cgroup attribute %s, ignoring: %s",
+                           lvalue, rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_add_cgroup_attribute(u, s, NULL, NULL, v, NULL);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r,
+                           "Failed to add cgroup attribute value, ignoring: %s", rvalue);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int config_parse_unit_requires_mounts_for(const char *unit,
+                                          const char *filename,
+                                          unsigned line,
+                                          const char *section,
+                                          const char *lvalue,
+                                          int ltype,
+                                          const char *rvalue,
+                                          void *data,
+                                          void *userdata) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int r;
+        bool empty_before;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(data);
+
+        empty_before = !u->requires_mounts_for;
+
+        r = config_parse_path_strv(unit, filename, line, section, lvalue, ltype,
+                                   rvalue, data, userdata);
+
+        /* Make it easy to find units with requires_mounts set */
+        if (empty_before && u->requires_mounts_for)
+                LIST_PREPEND(Unit, has_requires_mounts_for, u->manager->has_requires_mounts_for, u);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int config_parse_documentation(const char *unit,
+                               const char *filename,
+                               unsigned line,
+                               const char *section,
+                               const char *lvalue,
+                               int ltype,
+                               const char *rvalue,
+                               void *data,
+                               void *userdata) {
+
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        int r;
+        char **a, **b;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets the list */
+                strv_free(u->documentation);
+                u->documentation = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = config_parse_unit_strv_printf(unit, filename, line, section, lvalue, ltype,
+                                          rvalue, data, userdata);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (a = b = u->documentation; a && *a; a++) {
+
+                if (is_valid_documentation_url(*a))
+                        *(b++) = *a;
+                else {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                   "Invalid URL, ignoring: %s", *a);
+                        free(*a);
+                }
+        }
+        *b = NULL;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void syscall_set(uint32_t *p, int nr) {
+        nr = SYSCALL_TO_INDEX(nr);
+        p[nr >> 4] |= 1 << (nr & 31);
+}
+
+static void syscall_unset(uint32_t *p, int nr) {
+        nr = SYSCALL_TO_INDEX(nr);
+        p[nr >> 4] &= ~(1 << (nr & 31));
+}
+
+int config_parse_syscall_filter(const char *unit,
+                                const char *filename,
+                                unsigned line,
+                                const char *section,
+                                const char *lvalue,
+                                int ltype,
+                                const char *rvalue,
+                                void *data,
+                                void *userdata) {
+
+        ExecContext *c = data;
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        bool invert = false;
+        char *w;
+        size_t l;
+        char *state;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (isempty(rvalue)) {
+                /* Empty assignment resets the list */
+                free(c->syscall_filter);
+                c->syscall_filter = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (rvalue[0] == '~') {
+                invert = true;
+                rvalue++;
+        }
+
+        if (!c->syscall_filter) {
+                size_t n;
+
+                n = (syscall_max() + 31) >> 4;
+                c->syscall_filter = new(uint32_t, n);
+                if (!c->syscall_filter)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                memset(c->syscall_filter, invert ? 0xFF : 0, n * sizeof(uint32_t));
+
+                /* Add these by default */
+                syscall_set(c->syscall_filter, __NR_execve);
+                syscall_set(c->syscall_filter, __NR_rt_sigreturn);
+#ifdef __NR_sigreturn
+                syscall_set(c->syscall_filter, __NR_sigreturn);
+#endif
+                syscall_set(c->syscall_filter, __NR_exit_group);
+                syscall_set(c->syscall_filter, __NR_exit);
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, rvalue, state) {
+                int id;
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+
+                t = strndup(w, l);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                id = syscall_from_name(t);
+                if (id < 0)  {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, EINVAL,
+                                   "Failed to parse syscall, ignoring: %s", t);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (invert)
+                        syscall_unset(c->syscall_filter, id);
+                else
+                        syscall_set(c->syscall_filter, id);
+        }
+
+        c->no_new_privileges = true;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+#define FOLLOW_MAX 8
+
+static int open_follow(char **filename, FILE **_f, Set *names, char **_final) {
+        unsigned c = 0;
+        int fd, r;
+        FILE *f;
+        char *id = NULL;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(*filename);
+        assert(_f);
+        assert(names);
+
+        /* This will update the filename pointer if the loaded file is
+         * reached by a symlink. The old string will be freed. */
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char *target, *name;
+
+                if (c++ >= FOLLOW_MAX)
+                        return -ELOOP;
+
+                path_kill_slashes(*filename);
+
+                /* Add the file name we are currently looking at to
+                 * the names of this unit, but only if it is a valid
+                 * unit name. */
+                name = path_get_file_name(*filename);
+
+                if (unit_name_is_valid(name, true)) {
+
+                        id = set_get(names, name);
+                        if (!id) {
+                                id = strdup(name);
+                                if (!id)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                r = set_consume(names, id);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* Try to open the file name, but don't if its a symlink */
+                fd = open(*filename, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NOFOLLOW);
+                if (fd >= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (errno != ELOOP)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                /* Hmm, so this is a symlink. Let's read the name, and follow it manually */
+                r = readlink_and_make_absolute(*filename, &target);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                free(*filename);
+                *filename = target;
+        }
+
+        f = fdopen(fd, "re");
+        if (!f) {
+                r = -errno;
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        *_f = f;
+        *_final = id;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int merge_by_names(Unit **u, Set *names, const char *id) {
+        char *k;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(*u);
+        assert(names);
+
+        /* Let's try to add in all symlink names we found */
+        while ((k = set_steal_first(names))) {
+
+                /* First try to merge in the other name into our
+                 * unit */
+                r = unit_merge_by_name(*u, k);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        Unit *other;
+
+                        /* Hmm, we couldn't merge the other unit into
+                         * ours? Then let's try it the other way
+                         * round */
+
+                        other = manager_get_unit((*u)->manager, k);
+                        free(k);
+
+                        if (other) {
+                                r = unit_merge(other, *u);
+                                if (r >= 0) {
+                                        *u = other;
+                                        return merge_by_names(u, names, NULL);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                if (id == k)
+                        unit_choose_id(*u, id);
+
+                free(k);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int load_from_path(Unit *u, const char *path) {
+        int r;
+        Set *symlink_names;
+        FILE *f = NULL;
+        char *filename = NULL, *id = NULL;
+        Unit *merged;
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(path);
+
+        symlink_names = set_new(string_hash_func, string_compare_func);
+        if (!symlink_names)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (path_is_absolute(path)) {
+
+                filename = strdup(path);
+                if (!filename) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                r = open_follow(&filename, &f, symlink_names, &id);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        free(filename);
+                        filename = NULL;
+
+                        if (r != -ENOENT)
+                                goto finish;
+                }
+
+        } else  {
+                char **p;
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(p, u->manager->lookup_paths.unit_path) {
+
+                        /* Instead of opening the path right away, we manually
+                         * follow all symlinks and add their name to our unit
+                         * name set while doing so */
+                        filename = path_make_absolute(path, *p);
+                        if (!filename) {
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                        if (u->manager->unit_path_cache &&
+                            !set_get(u->manager->unit_path_cache, filename))
+                                r = -ENOENT;
+                        else
+                                r = open_follow(&filename, &f, symlink_names, &id);
+
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                free(filename);
+                                filename = NULL;
+
+                                if (r != -ENOENT)
+                                        goto finish;
+
+                                /* Empty the symlink names for the next run */
+                                set_clear_free(symlink_names);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!filename) {
+                /* Hmm, no suitable file found? */
+                r = 0;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        merged = u;
+        r = merge_by_names(&merged, symlink_names, id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        if (merged != u) {
+                u->load_state = UNIT_MERGED;
+                r = 0;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (fstat(fileno(f), &st) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (null_or_empty(&st))
+                u->load_state = UNIT_MASKED;
+        else {
+                /* Now, parse the file contents */
+                r = config_parse(u->id, filename, f, UNIT_VTABLE(u)->sections,
+                                 config_item_perf_lookup,
+                                 (void*) load_fragment_gperf_lookup, false, true, u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                u->load_state = UNIT_LOADED;
+        }
+
+        free(u->fragment_path);
+        u->fragment_path = filename;
+        filename = NULL;
+
+        u->fragment_mtime = timespec_load(&st.st_mtim);
+
+        if (u->source_path) {
+                if (stat(u->source_path, &st) >= 0)
+                        u->source_mtime = timespec_load(&st.st_mtim);
+                else
+                        u->source_mtime = 0;
+        }
+
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        set_free_free(symlink_names);
+        free(filename);
+
+        if (f)
+                fclose(f);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int unit_load_fragment(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+        Iterator i;
+        const char *t;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+        assert(u->id);
+
+        /* First, try to find the unit under its id. We always look
+         * for unit files in the default directories, to make it easy
+         * to override things by placing things in /etc/systemd/system */
+        r = load_from_path(u, u->id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* Try to find an alias we can load this with */
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB)
+                SET_FOREACH(t, u->names, i) {
+
+                        if (t == u->id)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = load_from_path(u, t);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (u->load_state != UNIT_STUB)
+                                break;
+                }
+
+        /* And now, try looking for it under the suggested (originally linked) path */
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB && u->fragment_path) {
+
+                r = load_from_path(u, u->fragment_path);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB) {
+                        /* Hmm, this didn't work? Then let's get rid
+                         * of the fragment path stored for us, so that
+                         * we don't point to an invalid location. */
+                        free(u->fragment_path);
+                        u->fragment_path = NULL;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Look for a template */
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB && u->instance) {
+                char *k;
+
+                k = unit_name_template(u->id);
+                if (!k)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = load_from_path(u, k);
+                free(k);
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB)
+                        SET_FOREACH(t, u->names, i) {
+
+                                if (t == u->id)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                k = unit_name_template(t);
+                                if (!k)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                r = load_from_path(u, k);
+                                free(k);
+
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                if (u->load_state != UNIT_STUB)
+                                        break;
+                        }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void unit_dump_config_items(FILE *f) {
+        static const struct {
+                const ConfigParserCallback callback;
+                const char *rvalue;
+        } table[] = {
+                { config_parse_int,                   "INTEGER" },
+                { config_parse_unsigned,              "UNSIGNED" },
+                { config_parse_bytes_size,            "SIZE" },
+                { config_parse_bool,                  "BOOLEAN" },
+                { config_parse_string,                "STRING" },
+                { config_parse_path,                  "PATH" },
+                { config_parse_unit_path_printf,      "PATH" },
+                { config_parse_strv,                  "STRING [...]" },
+                { config_parse_exec_nice,             "NICE" },
+                { config_parse_exec_oom_score_adjust, "OOMSCOREADJUST" },
+                { config_parse_exec_io_class,         "IOCLASS" },
+                { config_parse_exec_io_priority,      "IOPRIORITY" },
+                { config_parse_exec_cpu_sched_policy, "CPUSCHEDPOLICY" },
+                { config_parse_exec_cpu_sched_prio,   "CPUSCHEDPRIO" },
+                { config_parse_exec_cpu_affinity,     "CPUAFFINITY" },
+                { config_parse_mode,                  "MODE" },
+                { config_parse_unit_env_file,         "FILE" },
+                { config_parse_output,                "OUTPUT" },
+                { config_parse_input,                 "INPUT" },
+                { config_parse_facility,              "FACILITY" },
+                { config_parse_level,                 "LEVEL" },
+                { config_parse_exec_capabilities,     "CAPABILITIES" },
+                { config_parse_exec_secure_bits,      "SECUREBITS" },
+                { config_parse_bounding_set,          "BOUNDINGSET" },
+                { config_parse_limit,                 "LIMIT" },
+                { config_parse_unit_cgroup,           "CGROUP [...]" },
+                { config_parse_unit_deps,             "UNIT [...]" },
+                { config_parse_exec,                  "PATH [ARGUMENT [...]]" },
+                { config_parse_service_type,          "SERVICETYPE" },
+                { config_parse_service_restart,       "SERVICERESTART" },
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+                { config_parse_sysv_priority,         "SYSVPRIORITY" },
+#else
+                { config_parse_warn_compat,           "NOTSUPPORTED" },
+#endif
+                { config_parse_kill_mode,             "KILLMODE" },
+                { config_parse_kill_signal,           "SIGNAL" },
+                { config_parse_socket_listen,         "SOCKET [...]" },
+                { config_parse_socket_bind,           "SOCKETBIND" },
+                { config_parse_socket_bindtodevice,   "NETWORKINTERFACE" },
+                { config_parse_sec,                   "SECONDS" },
+                { config_parse_nsec,                  "NANOSECONDS" },
+                { config_parse_path_strv,             "PATH [...]" },
+                { config_parse_unit_requires_mounts_for, "PATH [...]" },
+                { config_parse_exec_mount_flags,      "MOUNTFLAG [...]" },
+                { config_parse_unit_string_printf,    "STRING" },
+                { config_parse_trigger_unit,          "UNIT" },
+                { config_parse_timer,                 "TIMER" },
+                { config_parse_path_spec,             "PATH" },
+                { config_parse_notify_access,         "ACCESS" },
+                { config_parse_ip_tos,                "TOS" },
+                { config_parse_unit_condition_path,   "CONDITION" },
+                { config_parse_unit_condition_string, "CONDITION" },
+                { config_parse_unit_condition_null,   "CONDITION" },
+        };
+
+        const char *prev = NULL;
+        const char *i;
+
+        assert(f);
+
+        NULSTR_FOREACH(i, load_fragment_gperf_nulstr) {
+                const char *rvalue = "OTHER", *lvalue;
+                unsigned j;
+                size_t prefix_len;
+                const char *dot;
+                const ConfigPerfItem *p;
+
+                assert_se(p = load_fragment_gperf_lookup(i, strlen(i)));
+
+                dot = strchr(i, '.');
+                lvalue = dot ? dot + 1 : i;
+                prefix_len = dot-i;
+
+                if (dot)
+                        if (!prev || !strneq(prev, i, prefix_len+1)) {
+                                if (prev)
+                                        fputc('\n', f);
+
+                                fprintf(f, "[%.*s]\n", (int) prefix_len, i);
+                        }
+
+                for (j = 0; j < ELEMENTSOF(table); j++)
+                        if (p->parse == table[j].callback) {
+                                rvalue = table[j].rvalue;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                fprintf(f, "%s=%s\n", lvalue, rvalue);
+                prev = i;
+        }
+}
diff --git a/src/core/load-fragment.h b/src/core/load-fragment.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff7f22a6f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/load-fragment.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+/* Read service data from .desktop file style configuration fragments */
+
+int unit_load_fragment(Unit *u);
+
+void unit_dump_config_items(FILE *f);
+
+int config_parse_warn_compat(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_deps(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_string_printf(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_strv_printf(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_path_printf(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_documentation(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_socket_listen(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_socket_bind(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_nice(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_oom_score_adjust(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_service_timeout(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_service_type(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_service_restart(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_socket_bindtodevice(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_output(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_input(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_io_class(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_io_priority(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_cpu_sched_policy(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_cpu_sched_prio(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_cpu_affinity(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_capabilities(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_secure_bits(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_bounding_set(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_limit(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_cgroup(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_sysv_priority(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_fsck_passno(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_kill_signal(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_exec_mount_flags(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_timer(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_trigger_unit(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_path_spec(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_socket_service(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_service_sockets(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_env_file(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_ip_tos(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_condition_path(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_condition_string(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_condition_null(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_kill_mode(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_notify_access(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_start_limit_action(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_cgroup_attr(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_cgroup_attr_pretty(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_unit_requires_mounts_for(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_syscall_filter(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+int config_parse_environ(const char *unit, const char *filename, unsigned line, const char *section, const char *lvalue, int ltype, const char *rvalue, void *data, void *userdata);
+
+/* gperf prototypes */
+const struct ConfigPerfItem* load_fragment_gperf_lookup(const char *key, unsigned length);
+extern const char load_fragment_gperf_nulstr[];
diff --git a/src/core/locale-setup.c b/src/core/locale-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d7113b9795
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/locale-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "locale-setup.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+
+enum {
+        /* We don't list LC_ALL here on purpose. People should be
+         * using LANG instead. */
+
+        VARIABLE_LANG,
+        VARIABLE_LANGUAGE,
+        VARIABLE_LC_CTYPE,
+        VARIABLE_LC_NUMERIC,
+        VARIABLE_LC_TIME,
+        VARIABLE_LC_COLLATE,
+        VARIABLE_LC_MONETARY,
+        VARIABLE_LC_MESSAGES,
+        VARIABLE_LC_PAPER,
+        VARIABLE_LC_NAME,
+        VARIABLE_LC_ADDRESS,
+        VARIABLE_LC_TELEPHONE,
+        VARIABLE_LC_MEASUREMENT,
+        VARIABLE_LC_IDENTIFICATION,
+        _VARIABLE_MAX
+};
+
+static const char * const variable_names[_VARIABLE_MAX] = {
+        [VARIABLE_LANG] = "LANG",
+        [VARIABLE_LANGUAGE] = "LANGUAGE",
+        [VARIABLE_LC_CTYPE] = "LC_CTYPE",
+        [VARIABLE_LC_NUMERIC] = "LC_NUMERIC",
+        [VARIABLE_LC_TIME] = "LC_TIME",
+        [VARIABLE_LC_COLLATE] = "LC_COLLATE",
+        [VARIABLE_LC_MONETARY] = "LC_MONETARY",
+        [VARIABLE_LC_MESSAGES] = "LC_MESSAGES",
+        [VARIABLE_LC_PAPER] = "LC_PAPER",
+        [VARIABLE_LC_NAME] = "LC_NAME",
+        [VARIABLE_LC_ADDRESS] = "LC_ADDRESS",
+        [VARIABLE_LC_TELEPHONE] = "LC_TELEPHONE",
+        [VARIABLE_LC_MEASUREMENT] = "LC_MEASUREMENT",
+        [VARIABLE_LC_IDENTIFICATION] = "LC_IDENTIFICATION"
+};
+
+int locale_setup(void) {
+        char *variables[_VARIABLE_MAX] = {};
+        int r = 0, i;
+
+        if (detect_container(NULL) <= 0) {
+                r = parse_env_file("/proc/cmdline", WHITESPACE,
+                                   "locale.LANG",              &variables[VARIABLE_LANG],
+                                   "locale.LANGUAGE",          &variables[VARIABLE_LANGUAGE],
+                                   "locale.LC_CTYPE",          &variables[VARIABLE_LC_CTYPE],
+                                   "locale.LC_NUMERIC",        &variables[VARIABLE_LC_NUMERIC],
+                                   "locale.LC_TIME",           &variables[VARIABLE_LC_TIME],
+                                   "locale.LC_COLLATE",        &variables[VARIABLE_LC_COLLATE],
+                                   "locale.LC_MONETARY",       &variables[VARIABLE_LC_MONETARY],
+                                   "locale.LC_MESSAGES",       &variables[VARIABLE_LC_MESSAGES],
+                                   "locale.LC_PAPER",          &variables[VARIABLE_LC_PAPER],
+                                   "locale.LC_NAME",           &variables[VARIABLE_LC_NAME],
+                                   "locale.LC_ADDRESS",        &variables[VARIABLE_LC_ADDRESS],
+                                   "locale.LC_TELEPHONE",      &variables[VARIABLE_LC_TELEPHONE],
+                                   "locale.LC_MEASUREMENT",    &variables[VARIABLE_LC_MEASUREMENT],
+                                   "locale.LC_IDENTIFICATION", &variables[VARIABLE_LC_IDENTIFICATION],
+                                   NULL);
+
+                if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
+                        log_warning("Failed to read /proc/cmdline: %s", strerror(-r));
+        }
+
+        /* Hmm, nothing set on the kernel cmd line? Then let's
+         * try /etc/locale.conf */
+        if (r <= 0) {
+                r = parse_env_file("/etc/locale.conf", NEWLINE,
+                                   "LANG",              &variables[VARIABLE_LANG],
+                                   "LANGUAGE",          &variables[VARIABLE_LANGUAGE],
+                                   "LC_CTYPE",          &variables[VARIABLE_LC_CTYPE],
+                                   "LC_NUMERIC",        &variables[VARIABLE_LC_NUMERIC],
+                                   "LC_TIME",           &variables[VARIABLE_LC_TIME],
+                                   "LC_COLLATE",        &variables[VARIABLE_LC_COLLATE],
+                                   "LC_MONETARY",       &variables[VARIABLE_LC_MONETARY],
+                                   "LC_MESSAGES",       &variables[VARIABLE_LC_MESSAGES],
+                                   "LC_PAPER",          &variables[VARIABLE_LC_PAPER],
+                                   "LC_NAME",           &variables[VARIABLE_LC_NAME],
+                                   "LC_ADDRESS",        &variables[VARIABLE_LC_ADDRESS],
+                                   "LC_TELEPHONE",      &variables[VARIABLE_LC_TELEPHONE],
+                                   "LC_MEASUREMENT",    &variables[VARIABLE_LC_MEASUREMENT],
+                                   "LC_IDENTIFICATION", &variables[VARIABLE_LC_IDENTIFICATION],
+                                   NULL);
+
+                if (r < 0 && r != -ENOENT)
+                        log_warning("Failed to read /etc/locale.conf: %s", strerror(-r));
+        }
+
+        if (!variables[VARIABLE_LANG]) {
+                variables[VARIABLE_LANG] = strdup("C");
+                if (!variables[VARIABLE_LANG]) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        for (i = 0; i < _VARIABLE_MAX; i++) {
+                if (variables[i]) {
+                        if (setenv(variable_names[i], variables[i], 1) < 0) {
+                                r = -errno;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+                } else
+                        unsetenv(variable_names[i]);
+        }
+
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        for (i = 0; i < _VARIABLE_MAX; i++)
+                free(variables[i]);
+
+        return r;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/locale-setup.h b/src/core/locale-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5a0f2f7888
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/locale-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int locale_setup(void);
diff --git a/src/core/loopback-setup.c b/src/core/loopback-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aff24fa642
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/loopback-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <net/if.h>
+#include <asm/types.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <linux/netlink.h>
+#include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
+
+#include "util.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "loopback-setup.h"
+#include "socket-util.h"
+
+#define NLMSG_TAIL(nmsg)                                                \
+        ((struct rtattr *) (((uint8_t*) (nmsg)) + NLMSG_ALIGN((nmsg)->nlmsg_len)))
+
+static int add_rtattr(struct nlmsghdr *n, size_t max_length, int type, const void *data, size_t data_length) {
+        size_t length;
+        struct rtattr *rta;
+
+        length = RTA_LENGTH(data_length);
+
+        if (NLMSG_ALIGN(n->nlmsg_len) + RTA_ALIGN(length) > max_length)
+                return -E2BIG;
+
+        rta = NLMSG_TAIL(n);
+        rta->rta_type = type;
+        rta->rta_len = length;
+        memcpy(RTA_DATA(rta), data, data_length);
+        n->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_ALIGN(n->nlmsg_len) + RTA_ALIGN(length);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static ssize_t sendto_loop(int fd, const void *buf, size_t buf_len, int flags, const struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t sa_len) {
+
+        for (;;) {
+                ssize_t l;
+
+                l = sendto(fd, buf, buf_len, flags, sa, sa_len);
+                if (l >= 0)
+                        return l;
+
+                if (errno != EINTR)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+}
+
+static ssize_t recvfrom_loop(int fd, void *buf, size_t buf_len, int flags, struct sockaddr *sa, socklen_t *sa_len) {
+
+        for (;;) {
+                ssize_t l;
+
+                l = recvfrom(fd, buf, buf_len, flags, sa, sa_len);
+                if (l >= 0)
+                        return l;
+
+                if (errno != EINTR)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+}
+
+static int add_adresses(int fd, int if_loopback, unsigned *requests) {
+        union {
+                struct sockaddr sa;
+                struct sockaddr_nl nl;
+        } sa = {
+                .nl.nl_family = AF_NETLINK,
+        };
+
+        union {
+                struct nlmsghdr header;
+                uint8_t buf[NLMSG_ALIGN(sizeof(struct nlmsghdr)) +
+                            NLMSG_ALIGN(sizeof(struct ifaddrmsg)) +
+                            RTA_LENGTH(sizeof(struct in6_addr))];
+        } request = {
+                .header.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct ifaddrmsg)),
+                .header.nlmsg_type = RTM_NEWADDR,
+                .header.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST|NLM_F_CREATE|NLM_F_ACK,
+                .header.nlmsg_seq = *requests + 1,
+        };
+
+        struct ifaddrmsg *ifaddrmsg;
+        uint32_t ipv4_address = htonl(INADDR_LOOPBACK);
+        int r;
+
+        ifaddrmsg = NLMSG_DATA(&request.header);
+        ifaddrmsg->ifa_family = AF_INET;
+        ifaddrmsg->ifa_prefixlen = 8;
+        ifaddrmsg->ifa_flags = IFA_F_PERMANENT;
+        ifaddrmsg->ifa_scope = RT_SCOPE_HOST;
+        ifaddrmsg->ifa_index = if_loopback;
+
+        r = add_rtattr(&request.header, sizeof(request), IFA_LOCAL,
+                       &ipv4_address, sizeof(ipv4_address));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (sendto_loop(fd, &request, request.header.nlmsg_len, 0, &sa.sa, sizeof(sa)) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+        (*requests)++;
+
+        if (!socket_ipv6_is_supported())
+                return 0;
+
+        request.header.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct ifaddrmsg));
+        request.header.nlmsg_seq = *requests + 1;
+
+        ifaddrmsg->ifa_family = AF_INET6;
+        ifaddrmsg->ifa_prefixlen = 128;
+
+        r = add_rtattr(&request.header, sizeof(request), IFA_LOCAL,
+                       &in6addr_loopback, sizeof(in6addr_loopback));
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (sendto_loop(fd, &request, request.header.nlmsg_len, 0, &sa.sa, sizeof(sa)) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+        (*requests)++;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int start_interface(int fd, int if_loopback, unsigned *requests) {
+        union {
+                struct sockaddr sa;
+                struct sockaddr_nl nl;
+        } sa = {
+                .nl.nl_family = AF_NETLINK,
+        };
+
+        union {
+                struct nlmsghdr header;
+                uint8_t buf[NLMSG_ALIGN(sizeof(struct nlmsghdr)) +
+                            NLMSG_ALIGN(sizeof(struct ifinfomsg))];
+        } request = {
+                .header.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct ifinfomsg)),
+                .header.nlmsg_type = RTM_NEWLINK,
+                .header.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST|NLM_F_ACK,
+                .header.nlmsg_seq = *requests + 1,
+        };
+
+        struct ifinfomsg *ifinfomsg;
+
+        ifinfomsg = NLMSG_DATA(&request.header);
+        ifinfomsg->ifi_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+        ifinfomsg->ifi_index = if_loopback;
+        ifinfomsg->ifi_flags = IFF_UP;
+        ifinfomsg->ifi_change = IFF_UP;
+
+        if (sendto_loop(fd, &request, request.header.nlmsg_len, 0, &sa.sa, sizeof(sa)) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        (*requests)++;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int read_response(int fd, unsigned requests_max) {
+        union {
+                struct sockaddr sa;
+                struct sockaddr_nl nl;
+        } sa;
+        union {
+                struct nlmsghdr header;
+                uint8_t buf[NLMSG_ALIGN(sizeof(struct nlmsghdr)) +
+                            NLMSG_ALIGN(sizeof(struct nlmsgerr))];
+        } response;
+
+        ssize_t l;
+        socklen_t sa_len = sizeof(sa);
+        struct nlmsgerr *nlmsgerr;
+
+        l = recvfrom_loop(fd, &response, sizeof(response), 0, &sa.sa, &sa_len);
+        if (l < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (sa_len != sizeof(sa.nl) ||
+            sa.nl.nl_family != AF_NETLINK)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        if (sa.nl.nl_pid != 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        if ((size_t) l < sizeof(struct nlmsghdr))
+                return -EIO;
+
+        if (response.header.nlmsg_type != NLMSG_ERROR ||
+            (pid_t) response.header.nlmsg_pid != getpid() ||
+            response.header.nlmsg_seq >= requests_max)
+                return 0;
+
+        if ((size_t) l < NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct nlmsgerr)) ||
+            response.header.nlmsg_len < NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct nlmsgerr)))
+                return -EIO;
+
+        nlmsgerr = NLMSG_DATA(&response.header);
+
+        if (nlmsgerr->error < 0 && nlmsgerr->error != -EEXIST)
+                return nlmsgerr->error;
+
+        return response.header.nlmsg_seq;
+}
+
+static int check_loopback(void) {
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd;
+        union {
+                struct sockaddr sa;
+                struct sockaddr_in in;
+        } sa = {
+                .in.sin_family = AF_INET,
+                .in.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_LOOPBACK,
+        };
+
+        /* If we failed to set up the loop back device, check whether
+         * it might already be set up */
+
+        fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM|SOCK_NONBLOCK|SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (bind(fd, &sa.sa, sizeof(sa.in)) >= 0)
+                r = 1;
+        else
+                r = errno == EADDRNOTAVAIL ? 0 : -errno;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int loopback_setup(void) {
+        int r, if_loopback;
+        union {
+                struct sockaddr sa;
+                struct sockaddr_nl nl;
+        } sa = {
+                .nl.nl_family = AF_NETLINK,
+        };
+        unsigned requests = 0, i;
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        bool eperm = false;
+
+        errno = 0;
+        if_loopback = (int) if_nametoindex("lo");
+        if (if_loopback <= 0)
+                return errno ? -errno : -ENODEV;
+
+        fd = socket(PF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, NETLINK_ROUTE);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (bind(fd, &sa.sa, sizeof(sa)) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto error;
+        }
+
+        r = add_adresses(fd, if_loopback, &requests);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto error;
+
+        r = start_interface(fd, if_loopback, &requests);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto error;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < requests; i++) {
+                r = read_response(fd, requests);
+
+                if (r == -EPERM)
+                        eperm = true;
+                else if (r  < 0)
+                        goto error;
+        }
+
+        if (eperm && check_loopback() < 0) {
+                r = -EPERM;
+                goto error;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+error:
+        log_warning("Failed to configure loopback device: %s", strerror(-r));
+        return r;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/loopback-setup.h b/src/core/loopback-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd83cf13a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/loopback-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int loopback_setup(void);
diff --git a/src/core/machine-id-setup.c b/src/core/machine-id-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..18e015fe7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/machine-id-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+
+#include <systemd/sd-id128.h>
+
+#include "machine-id-setup.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+
+static int shorten_uuid(char destination[36], const char *source) {
+        unsigned i, j;
+
+        for (i = 0, j = 0; i < 36 && j < 32; i++) {
+                int t;
+
+                t = unhexchar(source[i]);
+                if (t < 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                destination[j++] = hexchar(t);
+        }
+
+        if (i == 36 && j == 32) {
+                destination[32] = '\n';
+                destination[33] = 0;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        return -EINVAL;
+}
+
+static int generate(char id[34]) {
+        int fd, r;
+        unsigned char *p;
+        sd_id128_t buf;
+        char *q;
+        ssize_t k;
+        const char *vm_id;
+
+        assert(id);
+
+        /* First, try reading the D-Bus machine id, unless it is a symlink */
+        fd = open("/var/lib/dbus/machine-id", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NOFOLLOW);
+        if (fd >= 0) {
+                k = loop_read(fd, id, 33, false);
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+                if (k == 33 && id[32] == '\n') {
+
+                        id[32] = 0;
+                        if (id128_is_valid(id)) {
+                                id[32] = '\n';
+                                id[33] = 0;
+
+                                log_info("Initializing machine ID from D-Bus machine ID.");
+                                return 0;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* If that didn't work, see if we are running in qemu/kvm and a
+         * machine ID was passed in via -uuid on the qemu/kvm command
+         * line */
+
+        r = detect_vm(&vm_id);
+        if (r > 0 && streq(vm_id, "kvm")) {
+                char uuid[37];
+
+                fd = open("/sys/class/dmi/id/product_uuid", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NOFOLLOW);
+                if (fd >= 0) {
+                        k = loop_read(fd, uuid, 36, false);
+                        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+                        if (k >= 36) {
+                                r = shorten_uuid(id, uuid);
+                                if (r >= 0) {
+                                        log_info("Initializing machine ID from KVM UUID.");
+                                        return 0;
+                                }
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* If that didn't work either, see if we are running in a
+         * container, and a machine ID was passed in via
+         * $container_uuid the way libvirt/LXC does it */
+        r = detect_container(NULL);
+        if (r > 0) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL;
+
+                r = getenv_for_pid(1, "container_uuid", &e);
+                if (r > 0) {
+                        if (strlen(e) >= 36) {
+                                r = shorten_uuid(id, e);
+                                if (r >= 0) {
+                                        log_info("Initializing machine ID from container UUID.");
+                                        return 0;
+                                }
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* If that didn't work, generate a random machine id */
+        r = sd_id128_randomize(&buf);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to open /dev/urandom: %s", strerror(-r));
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        for (p = buf.bytes, q = id; p < buf.bytes + sizeof(buf); p++, q += 2) {
+                q[0] = hexchar(*p >> 4);
+                q[1] = hexchar(*p & 15);
+        }
+
+        id[32] = '\n';
+        id[33] = 0;
+
+        log_info("Initializing machine ID from random generator.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int machine_id_setup(void) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        int r;
+        bool writable;
+        struct stat st;
+        char id[34]; /* 32 + \n + \0 */
+
+        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0000) {
+                /* We create this 0444, to indicate that this isn't really
+                 * something you should ever modify. Of course, since the file
+                 * will be owned by root it doesn't matter much, but maybe
+                 * people look. */
+
+                fd = open("/etc/machine-id", O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY, 0444);
+                if (fd >= 0)
+                        writable = true;
+                else {
+                        fd = open("/etc/machine-id", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY);
+                        if (fd < 0) {
+                                log_error("Cannot open /etc/machine-id: %m");
+                                return -errno;
+                        }
+
+                        writable = false;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0) {
+                log_error("fstat() failed: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
+                if (loop_read(fd, id, 33, false) == 33 && id[32] == '\n') {
+                        id[32] = 0;
+
+                        if (id128_is_valid(id))
+                                return 0;
+                }
+
+        /* Hmm, so, the id currently stored is not useful, then let's
+         * generate one */
+
+        r = generate(id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (S_ISREG(st.st_mode) && writable) {
+                lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
+
+                if (loop_write(fd, id, 33, false) == 33)
+                        return 0;
+        }
+
+        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+        fd = -1;
+
+        /* Hmm, we couldn't write it? So let's write it to
+         * /run/machine-id as a replacement */
+
+        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0022) {
+                r = write_string_file("/run/machine-id", id);
+        }
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Cannot write /run/machine-id: %s", strerror(-r));
+                unlink("/run/machine-id");
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        /* And now, let's mount it over */
+        r = mount("/run/machine-id", "/etc/machine-id", NULL, MS_BIND, NULL);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to mount /etc/machine-id: %m");
+                unlink_noerrno("/run/machine-id");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        log_info("Installed transient /etc/machine-id file.");
+
+        /* Mark the mount read-only */
+        if (mount(NULL, "/etc/machine-id", NULL, MS_BIND|MS_RDONLY|MS_REMOUNT, NULL) < 0)
+                log_warning("Failed to make transient /etc/machine-id read-only: %m");
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/machine-id-setup.h b/src/core/machine-id-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b9e6b4d674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/machine-id-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int machine_id_setup(void);
diff --git a/src/core/macros.systemd.in b/src/core/macros.systemd.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f77082c2db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/macros.systemd.in
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#  -*- Mode: makefile; indent-tabs-mode: t -*- */
+#
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+#  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+#  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+#  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+#  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+# RPM macros for packages installing systemd unit files
+
+%_unitdir @systemunitdir@
+%_presetdir @systempresetdir@
+%_udevhwdbdir @udevhwdbdir@
+%_udevrulesdir @udevrulesdir@
+%_journalcatalogdir @catalogdir@
+%_tmpfilesdir @tmpfilesdir@
+%_sysctldir @sysctldir@
+
+%systemd_requires \
+Requires(post): systemd \
+Requires(preun): systemd \
+Requires(postun): systemd \
+%{nil}
+
+%systemd_post() \
+if [ $1 -eq 1 ] ; then \
+        # Initial installation \
+        @rootbindir@/systemctl preset %{?*} >/dev/null 2>&1 || : \
+fi \
+%{nil}
+
+%systemd_preun() \
+if [ $1 -eq 0 ] ; then \
+        # Package removal, not upgrade \
+        @rootbindir@/systemctl --no-reload disable %{?*} > /dev/null 2>&1 || : \
+        @rootbindir@/systemctl stop %{?*} > /dev/null 2>&1 || : \
+fi \
+%{nil}
+
+%systemd_postun() \
+@rootbindir@/systemctl daemon-reload >/dev/null 2>&1 || : \
+%{nil}
+
+%systemd_postun_with_restart() \
+@rootbindir@/systemctl daemon-reload >/dev/null 2>&1 || : \
+if [ $1 -ge 1 ] ; then \
+        # Package upgrade, not uninstall \
+        @rootbindir@/systemctl try-restart %{?*} >/dev/null 2>&1 || : \
+fi \
+%{nil}
+
+%udev_hwdb_update() \
+@rootbindir@/udevadm hwdb --update >/dev/null 2>&1 || : \
+%{nil}
+
+%udev_rules_update() \
+@rootbindir@/udevadm control --reload >/dev/null 2>&1 || : \
+%{nil}
+
+%journal_catalog_update() \
+@rootbindir@/journalctl --update-catalog >/dev/null 2>&1 || : \
+%{nil}
diff --git a/src/core/main.c b/src/core/main.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7fc06bea05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/main.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1958 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+
+#include "manager.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "load-fragment.h"
+#include "fdset.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "conf-parser.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "label.h"
+#include "build.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+#include "watchdog.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "switch-root.h"
+#include "capability.h"
+#include "killall.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "hwclock.h"
+#include "sd-daemon.h"
+#include "sd-messages.h"
+
+#include "mount-setup.h"
+#include "loopback-setup.h"
+#ifdef HAVE_KMOD
+#include "kmod-setup.h"
+#endif
+#include "hostname-setup.h"
+#include "machine-id-setup.h"
+#include "locale-setup.h"
+#include "selinux-setup.h"
+#include "ima-setup.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "smack-setup.h"
+#include "efivars.h"
+
+static enum {
+        ACTION_RUN,
+        ACTION_HELP,
+        ACTION_VERSION,
+        ACTION_TEST,
+        ACTION_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS,
+        ACTION_DONE
+} arg_action = ACTION_RUN;
+
+static char *arg_default_unit = NULL;
+static SystemdRunningAs arg_running_as = _SYSTEMD_RUNNING_AS_INVALID;
+
+static bool arg_dump_core = true;
+static bool arg_crash_shell = false;
+static int arg_crash_chvt = -1;
+static bool arg_confirm_spawn = false;
+static bool arg_show_status = true;
+static bool arg_switched_root = false;
+static char **arg_default_controllers = NULL;
+static char ***arg_join_controllers = NULL;
+static ExecOutput arg_default_std_output = EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL;
+static ExecOutput arg_default_std_error = EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT;
+static usec_t arg_runtime_watchdog = 0;
+static usec_t arg_shutdown_watchdog = 10 * USEC_PER_MINUTE;
+static struct rlimit *arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NLIMITS] = {};
+static uint64_t arg_capability_bounding_set_drop = 0;
+static nsec_t arg_timer_slack_nsec = (nsec_t) -1;
+
+static FILE* serialization = NULL;
+
+static void nop_handler(int sig) {
+}
+
+_noreturn_ static void crash(int sig) {
+
+        if (!arg_dump_core)
+                log_error("Caught <%s>, not dumping core.", signal_to_string(sig));
+        else {
+                struct sigaction sa = {
+                        .sa_handler = nop_handler,
+                        .sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP|SA_RESTART,
+                };
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                /* We want to wait for the core process, hence let's enable SIGCHLD */
+                assert_se(sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL) == 0);
+
+                pid = fork();
+                if (pid < 0)
+                        log_error("Caught <%s>, cannot fork for core dump: %s", signal_to_string(sig), strerror(errno));
+
+                else if (pid == 0) {
+                        struct rlimit rl = {};
+
+                        /* Enable default signal handler for core dump */
+                        zero(sa);
+                        sa.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
+                        assert_se(sigaction(sig, &sa, NULL) == 0);
+
+                        /* Don't limit the core dump size */
+                        rl.rlim_cur = RLIM_INFINITY;
+                        rl.rlim_max = RLIM_INFINITY;
+                        setrlimit(RLIMIT_CORE, &rl);
+
+                        /* Just to be sure... */
+                        assert_se(chdir("/") == 0);
+
+                        /* Raise the signal again */
+                        raise(sig);
+
+                        assert_not_reached("We shouldn't be here...");
+                        _exit(1);
+
+                } else {
+                        siginfo_t status;
+                        int r;
+
+                        /* Order things nicely. */
+                        r = wait_for_terminate(pid, &status);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_error("Caught <%s>, waitpid() failed: %s", signal_to_string(sig), strerror(-r));
+                        else if (status.si_code != CLD_DUMPED)
+                                log_error("Caught <%s>, core dump failed.", signal_to_string(sig));
+                        else
+                                log_error("Caught <%s>, dumped core as pid %lu.", signal_to_string(sig), (unsigned long) pid);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (arg_crash_chvt)
+                chvt(arg_crash_chvt);
+
+        if (arg_crash_shell) {
+                struct sigaction sa = {
+                        .sa_handler = SIG_IGN,
+                        .sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP|SA_NOCLDWAIT|SA_RESTART,
+                };
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                log_info("Executing crash shell in 10s...");
+                sleep(10);
+
+                /* Let the kernel reap children for us */
+                assert_se(sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL) == 0);
+
+                pid = fork();
+                if (pid < 0)
+                        log_error("Failed to fork off crash shell: %m");
+                else if (pid == 0) {
+                        make_console_stdio();
+                        execl("/bin/sh", "/bin/sh", NULL);
+
+                        log_error("execl() failed: %m");
+                        _exit(1);
+                }
+
+                log_info("Successfully spawned crash shell as pid %lu.", (unsigned long) pid);
+        }
+
+        log_info("Freezing execution.");
+        freeze();
+}
+
+static void install_crash_handler(void) {
+        struct sigaction sa = {
+                .sa_handler = crash,
+                .sa_flags = SA_NODEFER,
+        };
+
+        sigaction_many(&sa, SIGNALS_CRASH_HANDLER, -1);
+}
+
+static int console_setup(bool do_reset) {
+        int tty_fd, r;
+
+        /* If we are init, we connect stdin/stdout/stderr to /dev/null
+         * and make sure we don't have a controlling tty. */
+
+        release_terminal();
+
+        if (!do_reset)
+                return 0;
+
+        tty_fd = open_terminal("/dev/console", O_WRONLY|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (tty_fd < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to open /dev/console: %s", strerror(-tty_fd));
+                return -tty_fd;
+        }
+
+        /* We don't want to force text mode.
+         * plymouth may be showing pictures already from initrd. */
+        r = reset_terminal_fd(tty_fd, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_error("Failed to reset /dev/console: %s", strerror(-r));
+
+        close_nointr_nofail(tty_fd);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int set_default_unit(const char *u) {
+        char *c;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        c = strdup(u);
+        if (!c)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        free(arg_default_unit);
+        arg_default_unit = c;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int parse_proc_cmdline_word(const char *word) {
+
+        static const char * const rlmap[] = {
+                "emergency", SPECIAL_EMERGENCY_TARGET,
+                "-b",        SPECIAL_EMERGENCY_TARGET,
+                "single",    SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,
+                "-s",        SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,
+                "s",         SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,
+                "S",         SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,
+                "1",         SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,
+                "2",         SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL2_TARGET,
+                "3",         SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL3_TARGET,
+                "4",         SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL4_TARGET,
+                "5",         SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL5_TARGET,
+        };
+
+        assert(word);
+
+        if (startswith(word, "systemd.unit=")) {
+
+                if (!in_initrd())
+                        return set_default_unit(word + 13);
+
+        } else if (startswith(word, "rd.systemd.unit=")) {
+
+                if (in_initrd())
+                        return set_default_unit(word + 16);
+
+        } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.log_target=")) {
+
+                if (log_set_target_from_string(word + 19) < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse log target %s. Ignoring.", word + 19);
+
+        } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.log_level=")) {
+
+                if (log_set_max_level_from_string(word + 18) < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse log level %s. Ignoring.", word + 18);
+
+        } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.log_color=")) {
+
+                if (log_show_color_from_string(word + 18) < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse log color setting %s. Ignoring.", word + 18);
+
+        } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.log_location=")) {
+
+                if (log_show_location_from_string(word + 21) < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse log location setting %s. Ignoring.", word + 21);
+
+        } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.dump_core=")) {
+                int r;
+
+                if ((r = parse_boolean(word + 18)) < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse dump core switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 18);
+                else
+                        arg_dump_core = r;
+
+        } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.crash_shell=")) {
+                int r;
+
+                if ((r = parse_boolean(word + 20)) < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse crash shell switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 20);
+                else
+                        arg_crash_shell = r;
+
+        } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.confirm_spawn=")) {
+                int r;
+
+                if ((r = parse_boolean(word + 22)) < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse confirm spawn switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 22);
+                else
+                        arg_confirm_spawn = r;
+
+        } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.crash_chvt=")) {
+                int k;
+
+                if (safe_atoi(word + 19, &k) < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse crash chvt switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 19);
+                else
+                        arg_crash_chvt = k;
+
+        } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.show_status=")) {
+                int r;
+
+                if ((r = parse_boolean(word + 20)) < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse show status switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 20);
+                else
+                        arg_show_status = r;
+        } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.default_standard_output=")) {
+                int r;
+
+                if ((r = exec_output_from_string(word + 32)) < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse default standard output switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 32);
+                else
+                        arg_default_std_output = r;
+        } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.default_standard_error=")) {
+                int r;
+
+                if ((r = exec_output_from_string(word + 31)) < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse default standard error switch %s. Ignoring.", word + 31);
+                else
+                        arg_default_std_error = r;
+        } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.setenv=")) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *cenv = NULL;
+                char *eq;
+                int r;
+
+                cenv = strdup(word + 15);
+                if (!cenv)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                eq = strchr(cenv, '=');
+                if (!eq) {
+                        if (!env_name_is_valid(cenv))
+                                log_warning("Environment variable name '%s' is not valid. Ignoring.", cenv);
+                        else  {
+                                r = unsetenv(cenv);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        log_warning("Unsetting environment variable '%s' failed, ignoring: %m", cenv);
+                        }
+                } else {
+                        if (!env_assignment_is_valid(cenv))
+                                log_warning("Environment variable assignment '%s' is not valid. Ignoring.", cenv);
+                        else {
+                                *eq = 0;
+                                r = setenv(cenv, eq + 1, 1);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        log_warning("Setting environment variable '%s=%s' failed, ignoring: %m", cenv, eq + 1);
+                        }
+                }
+
+        } else if (startswith(word, "systemd.") ||
+                   (in_initrd() && startswith(word, "rd.systemd."))) {
+
+                const char *c;
+
+                /* Ignore systemd.journald.xyz and friends */
+                c = word;
+                if (startswith(c, "rd."))
+                        c += 3;
+                if (startswith(c, "systemd."))
+                        c += 8;
+                if (c[strcspn(c, ".=")] != '.')  {
+
+                        log_warning("Unknown kernel switch %s. Ignoring.", word);
+
+                        log_info("Supported kernel switches:\n"
+                                 "systemd.unit=UNIT                        Default unit to start\n"
+                                 "rd.systemd.unit=UNIT                     Default unit to start when run in initrd\n"
+                                 "systemd.dump_core=0|1                    Dump core on crash\n"
+                                 "systemd.crash_shell=0|1                  Run shell on crash\n"
+                                 "systemd.crash_chvt=N                     Change to VT #N on crash\n"
+                                 "systemd.confirm_spawn=0|1                Confirm every process spawn\n"
+                                 "systemd.show_status=0|1                  Show status updates on the console during bootup\n"
+                                 "systemd.log_target=console|kmsg|journal|journal-or-kmsg|syslog|syslog-or-kmsg|null\n"
+                                 "                                         Log target\n"
+                                 "systemd.log_level=LEVEL                  Log level\n"
+                                 "systemd.log_color=0|1                    Highlight important log messages\n"
+                                 "systemd.log_location=0|1                 Include code location in log messages\n"
+                                 "systemd.default_standard_output=null|tty|syslog|syslog+console|kmsg|kmsg+console|journal|journal+console\n"
+                                 "                                         Set default log output for services\n"
+                                 "systemd.default_standard_error=null|tty|syslog|syslog+console|kmsg|kmsg+console|journal|journal+console\n"
+                                 "                                         Set default log error output for services\n"
+                                 "systemd.setenv=ASSIGNMENT                Set an environment variable for all spawned processes\n");
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(word, "quiet"))
+                arg_show_status = false;
+        else if (!in_initrd()) {
+                unsigned i;
+
+                /* SysV compatibility */
+                for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(rlmap); i += 2)
+                        if (streq(word, rlmap[i]))
+                                return set_default_unit(rlmap[i+1]);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+#define DEFINE_SETTER(name, func, descr)                              \
+        static int name(const char *unit,                             \
+                        const char *filename,                         \
+                        unsigned line,                                \
+                        const char *section,                          \
+                        const char *lvalue,                           \
+                        int ltype,                                    \
+                        const char *rvalue,                           \
+                        void *data,                                   \
+                        void *userdata) {                             \
+                                                                      \
+                int r;                                                \
+                                                                      \
+                assert(filename);                                     \
+                assert(lvalue);                                       \
+                assert(rvalue);                                       \
+                                                                      \
+                r = func(rvalue);                                     \
+                if (r < 0)                                            \
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r, \
+                                   "Invalid " descr "'%s': %s",       \
+                                   rvalue, strerror(-r));             \
+                                                                      \
+                return 0;                                             \
+        }
+
+DEFINE_SETTER(config_parse_level2, log_set_max_level_from_string, "log level")
+DEFINE_SETTER(config_parse_target, log_set_target_from_string, "target")
+DEFINE_SETTER(config_parse_color, log_show_color_from_string, "color" )
+DEFINE_SETTER(config_parse_location, log_show_location_from_string, "location")
+
+
+static int config_parse_cpu_affinity2(const char *unit,
+                                      const char *filename,
+                                      unsigned line,
+                                      const char *section,
+                                      const char *lvalue,
+                                      int ltype,
+                                      const char *rvalue,
+                                      void *data,
+                                      void *userdata) {
+
+        char *w;
+        size_t l;
+        char *state;
+        cpu_set_t *c = NULL;
+        unsigned ncpus = 0;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, rvalue, state) {
+                char *t;
+                int r;
+                unsigned cpu;
+
+                if (!(t = strndup(w, l)))
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = safe_atou(t, &cpu);
+                free(t);
+
+                if (!c)
+                        if (!(c = cpu_set_malloc(&ncpus)))
+                                return log_oom();
+
+                if (r < 0 || cpu >= ncpus) {
+                        log_syntax(unit, LOG_ERR, filename, line, -r,
+                                   "Failed to parse CPU affinity '%s'", rvalue);
+                        CPU_FREE(c);
+                        return -EBADMSG;
+                }
+
+                CPU_SET_S(cpu, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(ncpus), c);
+        }
+
+        if (c) {
+                if (sched_setaffinity(0, CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(ncpus), c) < 0)
+                        log_warning_unit(unit, "Failed to set CPU affinity: %m");
+
+                CPU_FREE(c);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void strv_free_free(char ***l) {
+        char ***i;
+
+        if (!l)
+                return;
+
+        for (i = l; *i; i++)
+                strv_free(*i);
+
+        free(l);
+}
+
+static void free_join_controllers(void) {
+        strv_free_free(arg_join_controllers);
+        arg_join_controllers = NULL;
+}
+
+static int config_parse_join_controllers(const char *unit,
+                                         const char *filename,
+                                         unsigned line,
+                                         const char *section,
+                                         const char *lvalue,
+                                         int ltype,
+                                         const char *rvalue,
+                                         void *data,
+                                         void *userdata) {
+
+        unsigned n = 0;
+        char *state, *w;
+        size_t length;
+
+        assert(filename);
+        assert(lvalue);
+        assert(rvalue);
+
+        free_join_controllers();
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, length, rvalue, state) {
+                char *s, **l;
+
+                s = strndup(w, length);
+                if (!s)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                l = strv_split(s, ",");
+                free(s);
+
+                strv_uniq(l);
+
+                if (strv_length(l) <= 1) {
+                        strv_free(l);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!arg_join_controllers) {
+                        arg_join_controllers = new(char**, 2);
+                        if (!arg_join_controllers) {
+                                strv_free(l);
+                                return log_oom();
+                        }
+
+                        arg_join_controllers[0] = l;
+                        arg_join_controllers[1] = NULL;
+
+                        n = 1;
+                } else {
+                        char ***a;
+                        char ***t;
+
+                        t = new0(char**, n+2);
+                        if (!t) {
+                                strv_free(l);
+                                return log_oom();
+                        }
+
+                        n = 0;
+
+                        for (a = arg_join_controllers; *a; a++) {
+
+                                if (strv_overlap(*a, l)) {
+                                        char **c;
+
+                                        c = strv_merge(*a, l);
+                                        if (!c) {
+                                                strv_free(l);
+                                                strv_free_free(t);
+                                                return log_oom();
+                                        }
+
+                                        strv_free(l);
+                                        l = c;
+                                } else {
+                                        char **c;
+
+                                        c = strv_copy(*a);
+                                        if (!c) {
+                                                strv_free(l);
+                                                strv_free_free(t);
+                                                return log_oom();
+                                        }
+
+                                        t[n++] = c;
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        t[n++] = strv_uniq(l);
+
+                        strv_free_free(arg_join_controllers);
+                        arg_join_controllers = t;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int parse_config_file(void) {
+
+        const ConfigTableItem items[] = {
+                { "Manager", "LogLevel",              config_parse_level2,       0, NULL                     },
+                { "Manager", "LogTarget",             config_parse_target,       0, NULL                     },
+                { "Manager", "LogColor",              config_parse_color,        0, NULL                     },
+                { "Manager", "LogLocation",           config_parse_location,     0, NULL                     },
+                { "Manager", "DumpCore",              config_parse_bool,         0, &arg_dump_core           },
+                { "Manager", "CrashShell",            config_parse_bool,         0, &arg_crash_shell         },
+                { "Manager", "ShowStatus",            config_parse_bool,         0, &arg_show_status         },
+                { "Manager", "CrashChVT",             config_parse_int,          0, &arg_crash_chvt          },
+                { "Manager", "CPUAffinity",           config_parse_cpu_affinity2, 0, NULL                    },
+                { "Manager", "DefaultControllers",    config_parse_strv,         0, &arg_default_controllers },
+                { "Manager", "DefaultStandardOutput", config_parse_output,       0, &arg_default_std_output  },
+                { "Manager", "DefaultStandardError",  config_parse_output,       0, &arg_default_std_error   },
+                { "Manager", "JoinControllers",       config_parse_join_controllers, 0, &arg_join_controllers },
+                { "Manager", "RuntimeWatchdogSec",    config_parse_sec,          0, &arg_runtime_watchdog    },
+                { "Manager", "ShutdownWatchdogSec",   config_parse_sec,          0, &arg_shutdown_watchdog   },
+                { "Manager", "CapabilityBoundingSet", config_parse_bounding_set, 0, &arg_capability_bounding_set_drop },
+                { "Manager", "TimerSlackNSec",        config_parse_nsec,         0, &arg_timer_slack_nsec    },
+                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitCPU",       config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_CPU]},
+                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitFSIZE",     config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_FSIZE]},
+                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitDATA",      config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_DATA]},
+                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitSTACK",     config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_STACK]},
+                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitCORE",      config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_CORE]},
+                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitRSS",       config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_RSS]},
+                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitNOFILE",    config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE]},
+                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitAS",        config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_AS]},
+                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitNPROC",     config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NPROC]},
+                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitMEMLOCK",   config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_MEMLOCK]},
+                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitLOCKS",     config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_LOCKS]},
+                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitSIGPENDING",config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_SIGPENDING]},
+                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitMSGQUEUE",  config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_MSGQUEUE]},
+                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitNICE",      config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NICE]},
+                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitRTPRIO",    config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_RTPRIO]},
+                { "Manager", "DefaultLimitRTTIME",    config_parse_limit,        0, &arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_RTTIME]},
+                { NULL, NULL, NULL, 0, NULL }
+        };
+
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f;
+        const char *fn;
+        int r;
+
+        fn = arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM ? PKGSYSCONFDIR "/system.conf" : PKGSYSCONFDIR "/user.conf";
+        f = fopen(fn, "re");
+        if (!f) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        return 0;
+
+                log_warning("Failed to open configuration file '%s': %m", fn);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = config_parse(NULL, fn, f, "Manager\0", config_item_table_lookup, (void*) items, false, false, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning("Failed to parse configuration file: %s", strerror(-r));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int parse_proc_cmdline(void) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *line = NULL;
+        char *w, *state;
+        int r;
+        size_t l;
+
+        /* Don't read /proc/cmdline if we are in a container, since
+         * that is only relevant for the host system */
+        if (detect_container(NULL) > 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = read_one_line_file("/proc/cmdline", &line);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning("Failed to read /proc/cmdline, ignoring: %s", strerror(-r));
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, l, line, state) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *word;
+
+                word = strndup(w, l);
+                if (!word)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = parse_proc_cmdline_word(word);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed on cmdline argument %s: %s", word, strerror(-r));
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+
+        enum {
+                ARG_LOG_LEVEL = 0x100,
+                ARG_LOG_TARGET,
+                ARG_LOG_COLOR,
+                ARG_LOG_LOCATION,
+                ARG_UNIT,
+                ARG_SYSTEM,
+                ARG_USER,
+                ARG_TEST,
+                ARG_VERSION,
+                ARG_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS,
+                ARG_DUMP_CORE,
+                ARG_CRASH_SHELL,
+                ARG_CONFIRM_SPAWN,
+                ARG_SHOW_STATUS,
+                ARG_DESERIALIZE,
+                ARG_SWITCHED_ROOT,
+                ARG_INTROSPECT,
+                ARG_DEFAULT_STD_OUTPUT,
+                ARG_DEFAULT_STD_ERROR
+        };
+
+        static const struct option options[] = {
+                { "log-level",                required_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_LEVEL                },
+                { "log-target",               required_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_TARGET               },
+                { "log-color",                optional_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_COLOR                },
+                { "log-location",             optional_argument, NULL, ARG_LOG_LOCATION             },
+                { "unit",                     required_argument, NULL, ARG_UNIT                     },
+                { "system",                   no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SYSTEM                   },
+                { "user",                     no_argument,       NULL, ARG_USER                     },
+                { "test",                     no_argument,       NULL, ARG_TEST                     },
+                { "help",                     no_argument,       NULL, 'h'                          },
+                { "version",                  no_argument,       NULL, ARG_VERSION                  },
+                { "dump-configuration-items", no_argument,       NULL, ARG_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS },
+                { "dump-core",                optional_argument, NULL, ARG_DUMP_CORE                },
+                { "crash-shell",              optional_argument, NULL, ARG_CRASH_SHELL              },
+                { "confirm-spawn",            optional_argument, NULL, ARG_CONFIRM_SPAWN            },
+                { "show-status",              optional_argument, NULL, ARG_SHOW_STATUS              },
+                { "deserialize",              required_argument, NULL, ARG_DESERIALIZE              },
+                { "switched-root",            no_argument,       NULL, ARG_SWITCHED_ROOT            },
+                { "introspect",               optional_argument, NULL, ARG_INTROSPECT               },
+                { "default-standard-output",  required_argument, NULL, ARG_DEFAULT_STD_OUTPUT,      },
+                { "default-standard-error",   required_argument, NULL, ARG_DEFAULT_STD_ERROR,       },
+                { NULL,                       0,                 NULL, 0                            }
+        };
+
+        int c, r;
+
+        assert(argc >= 1);
+        assert(argv);
+
+        if (getpid() == 1)
+                opterr = 0;
+
+        while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hDbsz:", options, NULL)) >= 0)
+
+                switch (c) {
+
+                case ARG_LOG_LEVEL:
+                        if ((r = log_set_max_level_from_string(optarg)) < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse log level %s.", optarg);
+                                return r;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_LOG_TARGET:
+
+                        if ((r = log_set_target_from_string(optarg)) < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse log target %s.", optarg);
+                                return r;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_LOG_COLOR:
+
+                        if (optarg) {
+                                if ((r = log_show_color_from_string(optarg)) < 0) {
+                                        log_error("Failed to parse log color setting %s.", optarg);
+                                        return r;
+                                }
+                        } else
+                                log_show_color(true);
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_LOG_LOCATION:
+
+                        if (optarg) {
+                                if ((r = log_show_location_from_string(optarg)) < 0) {
+                                        log_error("Failed to parse log location setting %s.", optarg);
+                                        return r;
+                                }
+                        } else
+                                log_show_location(true);
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_DEFAULT_STD_OUTPUT:
+
+                        if ((r = exec_output_from_string(optarg)) < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse default standard output setting %s.", optarg);
+                                return r;
+                        } else
+                                arg_default_std_output = r;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_DEFAULT_STD_ERROR:
+
+                        if ((r = exec_output_from_string(optarg)) < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse default standard error output setting %s.", optarg);
+                                return r;
+                        } else
+                                arg_default_std_error = r;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_UNIT:
+
+                        if ((r = set_default_unit(optarg)) < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to set default unit %s: %s", optarg, strerror(-r));
+                                return r;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_SYSTEM:
+                        arg_running_as = SYSTEMD_SYSTEM;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_USER:
+                        arg_running_as = SYSTEMD_USER;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_TEST:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_TEST;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_VERSION:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_VERSION;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS:
+                        arg_action = ACTION_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_DUMP_CORE:
+                        r = optarg ? parse_boolean(optarg) : 1;
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse dump core boolean %s.", optarg);
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                        arg_dump_core = r;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_CRASH_SHELL:
+                        r = optarg ? parse_boolean(optarg) : 1;
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse crash shell boolean %s.", optarg);
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                        arg_crash_shell = r;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_CONFIRM_SPAWN:
+                        r = optarg ? parse_boolean(optarg) : 1;
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse confirm spawn boolean %s.", optarg);
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                        arg_confirm_spawn = r;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_SHOW_STATUS:
+                        r = optarg ? parse_boolean(optarg) : 1;
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse show status boolean %s.", optarg);
+                                return r;
+                        }
+                        arg_show_status = r;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_DESERIALIZE: {
+                        int fd;
+                        FILE *f;
+
+                        r = safe_atoi(optarg, &fd);
+                        if (r < 0 || fd < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to parse deserialize option %s.", optarg);
+                                return r < 0 ? r : -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        fd_cloexec(fd, true);
+
+                        f = fdopen(fd, "r");
+                        if (!f) {
+                                log_error("Failed to open serialization fd: %m");
+                                return -errno;
+                        }
+
+                        if (serialization)
+                                fclose(serialization);
+
+                        serialization = f;
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case ARG_SWITCHED_ROOT:
+                        arg_switched_root = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case ARG_INTROSPECT: {
+                        const char * const * i = NULL;
+
+                        for (i = bus_interface_table; *i; i += 2)
+                                if (!optarg || streq(i[0], optarg)) {
+                                        fputs(DBUS_INTROSPECT_1_0_XML_DOCTYPE_DECL_NODE
+                                              "<node>\n", stdout);
+                                        fputs(i[1], stdout);
+                                        fputs("</node>\n", stdout);
+
+                                        if (optarg)
+                                                break;
+                                }
+
+                        if (!i[0] && optarg)
+                                log_error("Unknown interface %s.", optarg);
+
+                        arg_action = ACTION_DONE;
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case 'h':
+                        arg_action = ACTION_HELP;
+                        break;
+
+                case 'D':
+                        log_set_max_level(LOG_DEBUG);
+                        break;
+
+                case 'b':
+                case 's':
+                case 'z':
+                        /* Just to eat away the sysvinit kernel
+                         * cmdline args without getopt() error
+                         * messages that we'll parse in
+                         * parse_proc_cmdline_word() or ignore. */
+
+                case '?':
+                default:
+                        if (getpid() != 1) {
+                                log_error("Unknown option code %c", c);
+                                return -EINVAL;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+        if (optind < argc && getpid() != 1) {
+                /* Hmm, when we aren't run as init system
+                 * let's complain about excess arguments */
+
+                log_error("Excess arguments.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (detect_container(NULL) > 0) {
+                char **a;
+
+                /* All /proc/cmdline arguments the kernel didn't
+                 * understand it passed to us. We're not really
+                 * interested in that usually since /proc/cmdline is
+                 * more interesting and complete. With one exception:
+                 * if we are run in a container /proc/cmdline is not
+                 * relevant for the container, hence we rely on argv[]
+                 * instead. */
+
+                for (a = argv; a < argv + argc; a++)
+                        if ((r = parse_proc_cmdline_word(*a)) < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed on cmdline argument %s: %s", *a, strerror(-r));
+                                return r;
+                        }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int help(void) {
+
+        printf("%s [OPTIONS...]\n\n"
+               "Starts up and maintains the system or user services.\n\n"
+               "  -h --help                      Show this help\n"
+               "     --test                      Determine startup sequence, dump it and exit\n"
+               "     --dump-configuration-items  Dump understood unit configuration items\n"
+               "     --introspect[=INTERFACE]    Extract D-Bus interface data\n"
+               "     --unit=UNIT                 Set default unit\n"
+               "     --system                    Run a system instance, even if PID != 1\n"
+               "     --user                      Run a user instance\n"
+               "     --dump-core[=0|1]           Dump core on crash\n"
+               "     --crash-shell[=0|1]         Run shell on crash\n"
+               "     --confirm-spawn[=0|1]       Ask for confirmation when spawning processes\n"
+               "     --show-status[=0|1]         Show status updates on the console during bootup\n"
+               "     --log-target=TARGET         Set log target (console, journal, syslog, kmsg, journal-or-kmsg, syslog-or-kmsg, null)\n"
+               "     --log-level=LEVEL           Set log level (debug, info, notice, warning, err, crit, alert, emerg)\n"
+               "     --log-color[=0|1]           Highlight important log messages\n"
+               "     --log-location[=0|1]        Include code location in log messages\n"
+               "     --default-standard-output=  Set default standard output for services\n"
+               "     --default-standard-error=   Set default standard error output for services\n",
+               program_invocation_short_name);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int version(void) {
+        puts(PACKAGE_STRING);
+        puts(SYSTEMD_FEATURES);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int prepare_reexecute(Manager *m, FILE **_f, FDSet **_fds, bool switching_root) {
+        FILE *f = NULL;
+        FDSet *fds = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(_f);
+        assert(_fds);
+
+        /* Make sure nothing is really destructed when we shut down */
+        m->n_reloading ++;
+
+        r = manager_open_serialization(m, &f);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to create serialization file: %s", strerror(-r));
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        fds = fdset_new();
+        if (!fds) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                log_error("Failed to allocate fd set: %s", strerror(-r));
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = manager_serialize(m, f, fds, switching_root);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to serialize state: %s", strerror(-r));
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (fseeko(f, 0, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to rewind serialization fd: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = fd_cloexec(fileno(f), false);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to disable O_CLOEXEC for serialization: %s", strerror(-r));
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = fdset_cloexec(fds, false);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to disable O_CLOEXEC for serialization fds: %s", strerror(-r));
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        *_f = f;
+        *_fds = fds;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        fdset_free(fds);
+
+        if (f)
+                fclose(f);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int bump_rlimit_nofile(struct rlimit *saved_rlimit) {
+        struct rlimit nl;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(saved_rlimit);
+
+        /* Save the original RLIMIT_NOFILE so that we can reset it
+         * later when transitioning from the initrd to the main
+         * systemd or suchlike. */
+        if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, saved_rlimit) < 0) {
+                log_error("Reading RLIMIT_NOFILE failed: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        /* Make sure forked processes get the default kernel setting */
+        if (!arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE]) {
+                struct rlimit *rl;
+
+                rl = newdup(struct rlimit, saved_rlimit, 1);
+                if (!rl)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                arg_default_rlimit[RLIMIT_NOFILE] = rl;
+        }
+
+        /* Bump up the resource limit for ourselves substantially */
+        nl.rlim_cur = nl.rlim_max = 64*1024;
+        r = setrlimit_closest(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &nl);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Setting RLIMIT_NOFILE failed: %s", strerror(-r));
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static struct dual_timestamp* parse_initrd_timestamp(struct dual_timestamp *t) {
+        const char *e;
+        unsigned long long a, b;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        e = getenv("RD_TIMESTAMP");
+        if (!e)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (sscanf(e, "%llu %llu", &a, &b) != 2)
+                return NULL;
+
+        t->realtime = (usec_t) a;
+        t->monotonic = (usec_t) b;
+
+        return t;
+}
+
+static void test_mtab(void) {
+        char *p;
+
+        /* Check that /etc/mtab is a symlink */
+
+        if (readlink_malloc("/etc/mtab", &p) >= 0) {
+                bool b;
+
+                b = streq(p, "/proc/self/mounts") || streq(p, "/proc/mounts");
+                free(p);
+
+                if (b)
+                        return;
+        }
+
+        log_warning("/etc/mtab is not a symlink or not pointing to /proc/self/mounts. "
+                    "This is not supported anymore. "
+                    "Please make sure to replace this file by a symlink to avoid incorrect or misleading mount(8) output.");
+}
+
+static void test_usr(void) {
+
+        /* Check that /usr is not a separate fs */
+
+        if (dir_is_empty("/usr") <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        log_warning("/usr appears to be on its own filesytem and is not already mounted. This is not a supported setup. "
+                    "Some things will probably break (sometimes even silently) in mysterious ways. "
+                    "Consult http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/separate-usr-is-broken for more information.");
+}
+
+static void test_cgroups(void) {
+
+        if (access("/proc/cgroups", F_OK) >= 0)
+                return;
+
+        log_warning("CONFIG_CGROUPS was not set when your kernel was compiled. "
+                    "Systems without control groups are not supported. "
+                    "We will now sleep for 10s, and then continue boot-up. "
+                    "Expect breakage and please do not file bugs. "
+                    "Instead fix your kernel and enable CONFIG_CGROUPS. "
+                    "Consult http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/cgroups-vs-cgroups.html for more information.");
+
+        sleep(10);
+}
+
+static int initialize_join_controllers(void) {
+        /* By default, mount "cpu" + "cpuacct" together, and "net_cls"
+         * + "net_prio". We'd like to add "cpuset" to the mix, but
+         * "cpuset" does't really work for groups with no initialized
+         * attributes. */
+
+        arg_join_controllers = new(char**, 3);
+        if (!arg_join_controllers)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        arg_join_controllers[0] = strv_new("cpu", "cpuacct", NULL);
+        arg_join_controllers[1] = strv_new("net_cls", "net_prio", NULL);
+        arg_join_controllers[2] = NULL;
+
+        if (!arg_join_controllers[0] || !arg_join_controllers[1]) {
+                free_join_controllers();
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        Manager *m = NULL;
+        int r, retval = EXIT_FAILURE;
+        usec_t before_startup, after_startup;
+        char timespan[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+        FDSet *fds = NULL;
+        bool reexecute = false;
+        const char *shutdown_verb = NULL;
+        dual_timestamp initrd_timestamp = { 0ULL, 0ULL };
+        dual_timestamp userspace_timestamp = { 0ULL, 0ULL };
+        dual_timestamp kernel_timestamp = { 0ULL, 0ULL };
+        dual_timestamp firmware_timestamp = { 0ULL, 0ULL };
+        dual_timestamp loader_timestamp = { 0ULL, 0ULL };
+        static char systemd[] = "systemd";
+        bool skip_setup = false;
+        int j;
+        bool loaded_policy = false;
+        bool arm_reboot_watchdog = false;
+        bool queue_default_job = false;
+        char *switch_root_dir = NULL, *switch_root_init = NULL;
+        static struct rlimit saved_rlimit_nofile = { 0, 0 };
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+        if (getpid() != 1 && strstr(program_invocation_short_name, "init")) {
+                /* This is compatibility support for SysV, where
+                 * calling init as a user is identical to telinit. */
+
+                errno = -ENOENT;
+                execv(SYSTEMCTL_BINARY_PATH, argv);
+                log_error("Failed to exec " SYSTEMCTL_BINARY_PATH ": %m");
+                return 1;
+        }
+#endif
+
+        dual_timestamp_from_monotonic(&kernel_timestamp, 0);
+        dual_timestamp_get(&userspace_timestamp);
+
+        /* Determine if this is a reexecution or normal bootup. We do
+         * the full command line parsing much later, so let's just
+         * have a quick peek here. */
+        if (strv_find(argv+1, "--deserialize"))
+                skip_setup = true;
+
+        /* If we have switched root, do all the special setup
+         * things */
+        if (strv_find(argv+1, "--switched-root"))
+                skip_setup = false;
+
+        /* If we get started via the /sbin/init symlink then we are
+           called 'init'. After a subsequent reexecution we are then
+           called 'systemd'. That is confusing, hence let's call us
+           systemd right-away. */
+        program_invocation_short_name = systemd;
+        prctl(PR_SET_NAME, systemd);
+
+        saved_argv = argv;
+        saved_argc = argc;
+
+        log_show_color(isatty(STDERR_FILENO) > 0);
+
+        if (getpid() == 1 && detect_container(NULL) <= 0) {
+#ifdef ENABLE_EFI
+                efi_get_boot_timestamps(&userspace_timestamp, &firmware_timestamp, &loader_timestamp);
+#endif
+                /* Running outside of a container as PID 1 */
+                arg_running_as = SYSTEMD_SYSTEM;
+                make_null_stdio();
+                log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_KMSG);
+                log_open();
+
+                if (in_initrd()) {
+                        char *rd_timestamp = NULL;
+
+                        initrd_timestamp = userspace_timestamp;
+                        asprintf(&rd_timestamp, "%llu %llu",
+                                 (unsigned long long) initrd_timestamp.realtime,
+                                 (unsigned long long) initrd_timestamp.monotonic);
+                        if (rd_timestamp) {
+                                setenv("RD_TIMESTAMP", rd_timestamp, 1);
+                                free(rd_timestamp);
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (!skip_setup) {
+                        mount_setup_early();
+                        if (selinux_setup(&loaded_policy) < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+                        if (ima_setup() < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+                        if (smack_setup() < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (label_init(NULL) < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                if (!skip_setup) {
+                        if (hwclock_is_localtime() > 0) {
+                                int min;
+
+                                /* The first-time call to settimeofday() does a time warp in the kernel */
+                                r = hwclock_set_timezone(&min);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        log_error("Failed to apply local time delta, ignoring: %s", strerror(-r));
+                                else
+                                        log_info("RTC configured in localtime, applying delta of %i minutes to system time.", min);
+                        } else if (!in_initrd()) {
+                                /*
+                                 * Do dummy first-time call to seal the kernel's time warp magic
+                                 *
+                                 * Do not call this this from inside the initrd. The initrd might not
+                                 * carry /etc/adjtime with LOCAL, but the real system could be set up
+                                 * that way. In such case, we need to delay the time-warp or the sealing
+                                 * until we reach the real system.
+                                 */
+                                hwclock_reset_timezone();
+
+                                /* Tell the kernel our time zone */
+                                r = hwclock_set_timezone(NULL);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        log_error("Failed to set the kernel's time zone, ignoring: %s", strerror(-r));
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* Set the default for later on, but don't actually
+                 * open the logs like this for now. Note that if we
+                 * are transitioning from the initrd there might still
+                 * be journal fd open, and we shouldn't attempt
+                 * opening that before we parsed /proc/cmdline which
+                 * might redirect output elsewhere. */
+                log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_JOURNAL_OR_KMSG);
+
+        } else if (getpid() == 1) {
+                /* Running inside a container, as PID 1 */
+                arg_running_as = SYSTEMD_SYSTEM;
+                log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_CONSOLE);
+                log_open();
+
+                /* For the later on, see above... */
+                log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_JOURNAL);
+
+                /* clear the kernel timestamp,
+                 * because we are in a container */
+                kernel_timestamp.monotonic = 0ULL;
+                kernel_timestamp.realtime = 0ULL;
+
+        } else {
+                /* Running as user instance */
+                arg_running_as = SYSTEMD_USER;
+                log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_AUTO);
+                log_open();
+
+                /* clear the kernel timestamp,
+                 * because we are not PID 1 */
+                kernel_timestamp.monotonic = 0ULL;
+                kernel_timestamp.realtime = 0ULL;
+        }
+
+        /* Initialize default unit */
+        r = set_default_unit(SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to set default unit %s: %s", SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET, strerror(-r));
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = initialize_join_controllers();
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        /* Mount /proc, /sys and friends, so that /proc/cmdline and
+         * /proc/$PID/fd is available. */
+        if (getpid() == 1) {
+                r = mount_setup(loaded_policy);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+        /* Reset all signal handlers. */
+        assert_se(reset_all_signal_handlers() == 0);
+
+        /* If we are init, we can block sigkill. Yay. */
+        ignore_signals(SIGNALS_IGNORE, -1);
+
+        if (parse_config_file() < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                if (parse_proc_cmdline() < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+        log_parse_environment();
+
+        if (parse_argv(argc, argv) < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        if (arg_action == ACTION_TEST &&
+            geteuid() == 0) {
+                log_error("Don't run test mode as root.");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_USER &&
+            arg_action == ACTION_RUN &&
+            sd_booted() <= 0) {
+                log_error("Trying to run as user instance, but the system has not been booted with systemd.");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM &&
+            arg_action == ACTION_RUN &&
+            running_in_chroot() > 0) {
+                log_error("Cannot be run in a chroot() environment.");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (arg_action == ACTION_HELP) {
+                retval = help();
+                goto finish;
+        } else if (arg_action == ACTION_VERSION) {
+                retval = version();
+                goto finish;
+        } else if (arg_action == ACTION_DUMP_CONFIGURATION_ITEMS) {
+                unit_dump_config_items(stdout);
+                retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
+                goto finish;
+        } else if (arg_action == ACTION_DONE) {
+                retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        assert_se(arg_action == ACTION_RUN || arg_action == ACTION_TEST);
+
+        /* Close logging fds, in order not to confuse fdset below */
+        log_close();
+
+        /* Remember open file descriptors for later deserialization */
+        r = fdset_new_fill(&fds);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to allocate fd set: %s", strerror(-r));
+                goto finish;
+        } else
+                fdset_cloexec(fds, true);
+
+        if (serialization)
+                assert_se(fdset_remove(fds, fileno(serialization)) >= 0);
+
+        /* Set up PATH unless it is already set */
+        setenv("PATH",
+#ifdef HAVE_SPLIT_USR
+               "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
+#else
+               "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin",
+#endif
+               arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM);
+
+        if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                /* Parse the data passed to us. We leave this
+                 * variables set, but the manager later on will not
+                 * pass them on to our children. */
+                if (!in_initrd())
+                        parse_initrd_timestamp(&initrd_timestamp);
+
+                /* Unset some environment variables passed in from the
+                 * kernel that don't really make sense for us. */
+                unsetenv("HOME");
+                unsetenv("TERM");
+
+                /* When we are invoked by a shell, these might be set,
+                 * but make little sense to pass on */
+                unsetenv("PWD");
+                unsetenv("SHLVL");
+                unsetenv("_");
+
+                /* When we are invoked by a chroot-like tool such as
+                 * nspawn, these might be set, but make little sense
+                 * to pass on */
+                unsetenv("USER");
+                unsetenv("LOGNAME");
+
+                /* We suppress the socket activation env vars, as
+                 * we'll try to match *any* open fd to units if
+                 * possible. */
+                unsetenv("LISTEN_FDS");
+                unsetenv("LISTEN_PID");
+
+                /* All other variables are left as is, so that clients
+                 * can still read them via /proc/1/environ */
+        }
+
+        /* Move out of the way, so that we won't block unmounts */
+        assert_se(chdir("/")  == 0);
+
+        if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                /* Become a session leader if we aren't one yet. */
+                setsid();
+
+                /* Disable the umask logic */
+                umask(0);
+        }
+
+        /* Make sure D-Bus doesn't fiddle with the SIGPIPE handlers */
+        dbus_connection_set_change_sigpipe(FALSE);
+
+        /* Reset the console, but only if this is really init and we
+         * are freshly booted */
+        if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM && arg_action == ACTION_RUN)
+                console_setup(getpid() == 1 && !skip_setup);
+
+        /* Open the logging devices, if possible and necessary */
+        log_open();
+
+        /* Make sure we leave a core dump without panicing the
+         * kernel. */
+        if (getpid() == 1) {
+                install_crash_handler();
+
+                r = mount_cgroup_controllers(arg_join_controllers);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                const char *virtualization = NULL;
+
+                log_info(PACKAGE_STRING " running in system mode. (" SYSTEMD_FEATURES ")");
+
+                detect_virtualization(&virtualization);
+                if (virtualization)
+                        log_info("Detected virtualization '%s'.", virtualization);
+
+                if (in_initrd())
+                        log_info("Running in initial RAM disk.");
+
+        } else
+                log_debug(PACKAGE_STRING " running in user mode. (" SYSTEMD_FEATURES ")");
+
+        if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM && !skip_setup) {
+                locale_setup();
+
+                if (arg_show_status || plymouth_running())
+                        status_welcome();
+
+#ifdef HAVE_KMOD
+                kmod_setup();
+#endif
+                hostname_setup();
+                machine_id_setup();
+                loopback_setup();
+
+                test_mtab();
+                test_usr();
+                test_cgroups();
+        }
+
+        if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM && arg_runtime_watchdog > 0)
+                watchdog_set_timeout(&arg_runtime_watchdog);
+
+        if (arg_timer_slack_nsec != (nsec_t) -1)
+                if (prctl(PR_SET_TIMERSLACK, arg_timer_slack_nsec) < 0)
+                        log_error("Failed to adjust timer slack: %m");
+
+        if (arg_capability_bounding_set_drop) {
+                r = capability_bounding_set_drop(arg_capability_bounding_set_drop, true);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to drop capability bounding set: %s", strerror(-r));
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+                r = capability_bounding_set_drop_usermode(arg_capability_bounding_set_drop);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to drop capability bounding set of usermode helpers: %s", strerror(-r));
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_USER) {
+                /* Become reaper of our children */
+                if (prctl(PR_SET_CHILD_SUBREAPER, 1) < 0) {
+                        log_warning("Failed to make us a subreaper: %m");
+                        if (errno == EINVAL)
+                                log_info("Perhaps the kernel version is too old (< 3.4?)");
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                bump_rlimit_nofile(&saved_rlimit_nofile);
+
+        r = manager_new(arg_running_as, &m);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to allocate manager object: %s", strerror(-r));
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        m->confirm_spawn = arg_confirm_spawn;
+        m->default_std_output = arg_default_std_output;
+        m->default_std_error = arg_default_std_error;
+        m->runtime_watchdog = arg_runtime_watchdog;
+        m->shutdown_watchdog = arg_shutdown_watchdog;
+        m->userspace_timestamp = userspace_timestamp;
+        m->kernel_timestamp = kernel_timestamp;
+        m->firmware_timestamp = firmware_timestamp;
+        m->loader_timestamp = loader_timestamp;
+        m->initrd_timestamp = initrd_timestamp;
+
+        manager_set_default_rlimits(m, arg_default_rlimit);
+
+        if (arg_default_controllers)
+                manager_set_default_controllers(m, arg_default_controllers);
+
+        manager_set_show_status(m, arg_show_status);
+
+        /* Remember whether we should queue the default job */
+        queue_default_job = !serialization || arg_switched_root;
+
+        before_startup = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+        r = manager_startup(m, serialization, fds);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_error("Failed to fully start up daemon: %s", strerror(-r));
+
+        /* This will close all file descriptors that were opened, but
+         * not claimed by any unit. */
+        fdset_free(fds);
+
+        if (serialization) {
+                fclose(serialization);
+                serialization = NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (queue_default_job) {
+                DBusError error;
+                Unit *target = NULL;
+                Job *default_unit_job;
+
+                dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+                log_debug("Activating default unit: %s", arg_default_unit);
+
+                r = manager_load_unit(m, arg_default_unit, NULL, &error, &target);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to load default target: %s", bus_error(&error, r));
+                        dbus_error_free(&error);
+                } else if (target->load_state == UNIT_ERROR)
+                        log_error("Failed to load default target: %s", strerror(-target->load_error));
+                else if (target->load_state == UNIT_MASKED)
+                        log_error("Default target masked.");
+
+                if (!target || target->load_state != UNIT_LOADED) {
+                        log_info("Trying to load rescue target...");
+
+                        r = manager_load_unit(m, SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET, NULL, &error, &target);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to load rescue target: %s", bus_error(&error, r));
+                                dbus_error_free(&error);
+                                goto finish;
+                        } else if (target->load_state == UNIT_ERROR) {
+                                log_error("Failed to load rescue target: %s", strerror(-target->load_error));
+                                goto finish;
+                        } else if (target->load_state == UNIT_MASKED) {
+                                log_error("Rescue target masked.");
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                assert(target->load_state == UNIT_LOADED);
+
+                if (arg_action == ACTION_TEST) {
+                        printf("-> By units:\n");
+                        manager_dump_units(m, stdout, "\t");
+                }
+
+                r = manager_add_job(m, JOB_START, target, JOB_ISOLATE, false, &error, &default_unit_job);
+                if (r == -EPERM) {
+                        log_debug("Default target could not be isolated, starting instead: %s", bus_error(&error, r));
+                        dbus_error_free(&error);
+
+                        r = manager_add_job(m, JOB_START, target, JOB_REPLACE, false, &error, &default_unit_job);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_error("Failed to start default target: %s", bus_error(&error, r));
+                                dbus_error_free(&error);
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+                } else if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to isolate default target: %s", bus_error(&error, r));
+                        dbus_error_free(&error);
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                m->default_unit_job_id = default_unit_job->id;
+
+                after_startup = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+                log_full(arg_action == ACTION_TEST ? LOG_INFO : LOG_DEBUG,
+                         "Loaded units and determined initial transaction in %s.",
+                         format_timespan(timespan, sizeof(timespan), after_startup - before_startup, 0));
+
+                if (arg_action == ACTION_TEST) {
+                        printf("-> By jobs:\n");
+                        manager_dump_jobs(m, stdout, "\t");
+                        retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                r = manager_loop(m);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to run mainloop: %s", strerror(-r));
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                switch (m->exit_code) {
+
+                case MANAGER_EXIT:
+                        retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
+                        log_debug("Exit.");
+                        goto finish;
+
+                case MANAGER_RELOAD:
+                        log_info("Reloading.");
+                        r = manager_reload(m);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_error("Failed to reload: %s", strerror(-r));
+                        break;
+
+                case MANAGER_REEXECUTE:
+
+                        if (prepare_reexecute(m, &serialization, &fds, false) < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+
+                        reexecute = true;
+                        log_notice("Reexecuting.");
+                        goto finish;
+
+                case MANAGER_SWITCH_ROOT:
+                        /* Steal the switch root parameters */
+                        switch_root_dir = m->switch_root;
+                        switch_root_init = m->switch_root_init;
+                        m->switch_root = m->switch_root_init = NULL;
+
+                        if (!switch_root_init)
+                                if (prepare_reexecute(m, &serialization, &fds, true) < 0)
+                                        goto finish;
+
+                        reexecute = true;
+                        log_notice("Switching root.");
+                        goto finish;
+
+                case MANAGER_REBOOT:
+                case MANAGER_POWEROFF:
+                case MANAGER_HALT:
+                case MANAGER_KEXEC: {
+                        static const char * const table[_MANAGER_EXIT_CODE_MAX] = {
+                                [MANAGER_REBOOT] = "reboot",
+                                [MANAGER_POWEROFF] = "poweroff",
+                                [MANAGER_HALT] = "halt",
+                                [MANAGER_KEXEC] = "kexec"
+                        };
+
+                        assert_se(shutdown_verb = table[m->exit_code]);
+                        arm_reboot_watchdog = m->exit_code == MANAGER_REBOOT;
+
+                        log_notice("Shutting down.");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Unknown exit code.");
+                }
+        }
+
+finish:
+        if (m)
+                manager_free(m);
+
+        for (j = 0; j < RLIMIT_NLIMITS; j++)
+                free(arg_default_rlimit[j]);
+
+        free(arg_default_unit);
+        strv_free(arg_default_controllers);
+        free_join_controllers();
+
+        dbus_shutdown();
+        label_finish();
+
+        if (reexecute) {
+                const char **args;
+                unsigned i, args_size;
+
+                /* Close and disarm the watchdog, so that the new
+                 * instance can reinitialize it, but doesn't get
+                 * rebooted while we do that */
+                watchdog_close(true);
+
+                /* Reset the RLIMIT_NOFILE to the kernel default, so
+                 * that the new systemd can pass the kernel default to
+                 * its child processes */
+                if (saved_rlimit_nofile.rlim_cur > 0)
+                        setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &saved_rlimit_nofile);
+
+                if (switch_root_dir) {
+                        /* Kill all remaining processes from the
+                         * initrd, but don't wait for them, so that we
+                         * can handle the SIGCHLD for them after
+                         * deserializing. */
+                        broadcast_signal(SIGTERM, false);
+
+                        /* And switch root */
+                        r = switch_root(switch_root_dir);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                log_error("Failed to switch root, ignoring: %s", strerror(-r));
+                }
+
+                args_size = MAX(6, argc+1);
+                args = newa(const char*, args_size);
+
+                if (!switch_root_init) {
+                        char sfd[16];
+
+                        /* First try to spawn ourselves with the right
+                         * path, and with full serialization. We do
+                         * this only if the user didn't specify an
+                         * explicit init to spawn. */
+
+                        assert(serialization);
+                        assert(fds);
+
+                        snprintf(sfd, sizeof(sfd), "%i", fileno(serialization));
+                        char_array_0(sfd);
+
+                        i = 0;
+                        args[i++] = SYSTEMD_BINARY_PATH;
+                        if (switch_root_dir)
+                                args[i++] = "--switched-root";
+                        args[i++] = arg_running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM ? "--system" : "--user";
+                        args[i++] = "--deserialize";
+                        args[i++] = sfd;
+                        args[i++] = NULL;
+
+                        assert(i <= args_size);
+                        execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
+                }
+
+                /* Try the fallback, if there is any, without any
+                 * serialization. We pass the original argv[] and
+                 * envp[]. (Well, modulo the ordering changes due to
+                 * getopt() in argv[], and some cleanups in envp[],
+                 * but let's hope that doesn't matter.) */
+
+                if (serialization) {
+                        fclose(serialization);
+                        serialization = NULL;
+                }
+
+                if (fds) {
+                        fdset_free(fds);
+                        fds = NULL;
+                }
+
+                /* Reopen the console */
+                make_console_stdio();
+
+                for (j = 1, i = 1; j < argc; j++)
+                        args[i++] = argv[j];
+                args[i++] = NULL;
+                assert(i <= args_size);
+
+                if (switch_root_init) {
+                        args[0] = switch_root_init;
+                        execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
+                        log_warning("Failed to execute configured init, trying fallback: %m");
+                }
+
+                args[0] = "/sbin/init";
+                execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
+
+                if (errno == ENOENT) {
+                        log_warning("No /sbin/init, trying fallback");
+
+                        args[0] = "/bin/sh";
+                        args[1] = NULL;
+                        execv(args[0], (char* const*) args);
+                        log_error("Failed to execute /bin/sh, giving up: %m");
+                } else
+                        log_warning("Failed to execute /sbin/init, giving up: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (serialization)
+                fclose(serialization);
+
+        if (fds)
+                fdset_free(fds);
+
+        if (shutdown_verb) {
+                const char * command_line[] = {
+                        SYSTEMD_SHUTDOWN_BINARY_PATH,
+                        shutdown_verb,
+                        NULL
+                };
+                char **env_block;
+
+                if (arm_reboot_watchdog && arg_shutdown_watchdog > 0) {
+                        char e[32];
+
+                        /* If we reboot let's set the shutdown
+                         * watchdog and tell the shutdown binary to
+                         * repeatedly ping it */
+                        watchdog_set_timeout(&arg_shutdown_watchdog);
+                        watchdog_close(false);
+
+                        /* Tell the binary how often to ping */
+                        snprintf(e, sizeof(e), "WATCHDOG_USEC=%llu", (unsigned long long) arg_shutdown_watchdog);
+                        char_array_0(e);
+
+                        env_block = strv_append(environ, e);
+                } else {
+                        env_block = strv_copy(environ);
+                        watchdog_close(true);
+                }
+
+                execve(SYSTEMD_SHUTDOWN_BINARY_PATH, (char **) command_line, env_block);
+                free(env_block);
+                log_error("Failed to execute shutdown binary, freezing: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (getpid() == 1)
+                freeze();
+
+        return retval;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/manager.c b/src/core/manager.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c7f8f20a70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/manager.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2674 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/signalfd.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/poll.h>
+#include <sys/reboot.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <linux/kd.h>
+#include <termios.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <sys/timerfd.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+#include <libaudit.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "systemd/sd-daemon.h"
+#include "systemd/sd-id128.h"
+#include "systemd/sd-messages.h"
+
+#include "manager.h"
+#include "transaction.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "ratelimit.h"
+#include "cgroup.h"
+#include "mount-setup.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "dbus-job.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "path-lookup.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "bus-errors.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+#include "watchdog.h"
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "audit-fd.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+
+/* As soon as 16 units are in our GC queue, make sure to run a gc sweep */
+#define GC_QUEUE_ENTRIES_MAX 16
+
+/* As soon as 5s passed since a unit was added to our GC queue, make sure to run a gc sweep */
+#define GC_QUEUE_USEC_MAX (10*USEC_PER_SEC)
+
+/* Initial delay and the interval for printing status messages about running jobs */
+#define JOBS_IN_PROGRESS_WAIT_SEC 5
+#define JOBS_IN_PROGRESS_PERIOD_SEC 1
+#define JOBS_IN_PROGRESS_PERIOD_DIVISOR 3
+
+/* Where clients shall send notification messages to */
+#define NOTIFY_SOCKET "@/org/freedesktop/systemd1/notify"
+
+#define TIME_T_MAX (time_t)((1UL << ((sizeof(time_t) << 3) - 1)) - 1)
+
+static int manager_setup_notify(Manager *m) {
+        union {
+                struct sockaddr sa;
+                struct sockaddr_un un;
+        } sa = {
+                .sa.sa_family = AF_UNIX,
+        };
+        struct epoll_event ev = {
+                .events = EPOLLIN,
+                .data.ptr = &m->notify_watch,
+        };
+        int one = 1, r;
+
+        m->notify_watch.type = WATCH_NOTIFY;
+        m->notify_watch.fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_DGRAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC|SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0);
+        if (m->notify_watch.fd < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to allocate notification socket: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (getpid() != 1 || detect_container(NULL) > 0)
+                snprintf(sa.un.sun_path, sizeof(sa.un.sun_path), NOTIFY_SOCKET "/%llu", random_ull());
+        else
+                strncpy(sa.un.sun_path, NOTIFY_SOCKET, sizeof(sa.un.sun_path));
+
+        sa.un.sun_path[0] = 0;
+
+        r = bind(m->notify_watch.fd, &sa.sa,
+                 offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + 1 + strlen(sa.un.sun_path+1));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("bind() failed: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        r = setsockopt(m->notify_watch.fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PASSCRED, &one, sizeof(one));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("SO_PASSCRED failed: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        r = epoll_ctl(m->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, m->notify_watch.fd, &ev);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to add notification socket fd to epoll: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        sa.un.sun_path[0] = '@';
+        m->notify_socket = strdup(sa.un.sun_path);
+        if (!m->notify_socket)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        log_debug("Using notification socket %s", m->notify_socket);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_jobs_in_progress_mod_timer(Manager *m) {
+        struct itimerspec its = {
+                .it_value.tv_sec = JOBS_IN_PROGRESS_WAIT_SEC,
+                .it_interval.tv_sec = JOBS_IN_PROGRESS_PERIOD_SEC,
+        };
+
+        if (m->jobs_in_progress_watch.type != WATCH_JOBS_IN_PROGRESS)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (timerfd_settime(m->jobs_in_progress_watch.fd, 0, &its, NULL) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_watch_jobs_in_progress(Manager *m) {
+        struct epoll_event ev = {
+                .events = EPOLLIN,
+                .data.ptr = &m->jobs_in_progress_watch,
+        };
+        int r;
+
+        if (m->jobs_in_progress_watch.type != WATCH_INVALID)
+                return 0;
+
+        m->jobs_in_progress_watch.type = WATCH_JOBS_IN_PROGRESS;
+        m->jobs_in_progress_watch.fd = timerfd_create(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, TFD_NONBLOCK|TFD_CLOEXEC);
+        if (m->jobs_in_progress_watch.fd < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to create timerfd: %m");
+                r = -errno;
+                goto err;
+        }
+
+        r = manager_jobs_in_progress_mod_timer(m);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to set up timer for jobs progress watch: %s", strerror(-r));
+                goto err;
+        }
+
+        if (epoll_ctl(m->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, m->jobs_in_progress_watch.fd, &ev) < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to add jobs progress timer fd to epoll: %m");
+                r = -errno;
+                goto err;
+        }
+
+        log_debug("Set up jobs progress timerfd.");
+
+        return 0;
+
+err:
+        if (m->jobs_in_progress_watch.fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(m->jobs_in_progress_watch.fd);
+        watch_init(&m->jobs_in_progress_watch);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void manager_unwatch_jobs_in_progress(Manager *m) {
+        if (m->jobs_in_progress_watch.type != WATCH_JOBS_IN_PROGRESS)
+                return;
+
+        assert_se(epoll_ctl(m->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, m->jobs_in_progress_watch.fd, NULL) >= 0);
+        close_nointr_nofail(m->jobs_in_progress_watch.fd);
+        watch_init(&m->jobs_in_progress_watch);
+        m->jobs_in_progress_iteration = 0;
+
+        log_debug("Closed jobs progress timerfd.");
+}
+
+#define CYLON_BUFFER_EXTRA (2*strlen(ANSI_RED_ON) + strlen(ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED_ON) + 2*strlen(ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_OFF))
+static void draw_cylon(char buffer[], size_t buflen, unsigned width, unsigned pos) {
+        char *p = buffer;
+
+        assert(buflen >= CYLON_BUFFER_EXTRA + width + 1);
+        assert(pos <= width+1); /* 0 or width+1 mean that the center light is behind the corner */
+
+        if (pos > 1) {
+                if (pos > 2)
+                        p = mempset(p, ' ', pos-2);
+                p = stpcpy(p, ANSI_RED_ON);
+                *p++ = '*';
+        }
+
+        if (pos > 0 && pos <= width) {
+                p = stpcpy(p, ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED_ON);
+                *p++ = '*';
+        }
+
+        p = stpcpy(p, ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_OFF);
+
+        if (pos < width) {
+                p = stpcpy(p, ANSI_RED_ON);
+                *p++ = '*';
+                if (pos < width-1)
+                        p = mempset(p, ' ', width-1-pos);
+                p = stpcpy(p, ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_OFF);
+        }
+}
+
+static void manager_print_jobs_in_progress(Manager *m) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Job *j;
+        char *job_of_n = NULL;
+        unsigned counter = 0, print_nr;
+        char cylon[6 + CYLON_BUFFER_EXTRA + 1];
+        unsigned cylon_pos;
+
+        print_nr = (m->jobs_in_progress_iteration / JOBS_IN_PROGRESS_PERIOD_DIVISOR) % m->n_running_jobs;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, m->jobs, i)
+                if (j->state == JOB_RUNNING && counter++ == print_nr)
+                        break;
+
+        /* m->n_running_jobs must be consistent with the contents of m->jobs,
+         * so the above loop must have succeeded in finding j. */
+        assert(counter == print_nr + 1);
+
+        cylon_pos = m->jobs_in_progress_iteration % 14;
+        if (cylon_pos >= 8)
+                cylon_pos = 14 - cylon_pos;
+        draw_cylon(cylon, sizeof(cylon), 6, cylon_pos);
+
+        if (m->n_running_jobs > 1)
+                if (asprintf(&job_of_n, "(%u of %u) ", counter, m->n_running_jobs) < 0)
+                        job_of_n = NULL;
+
+        manager_status_printf(m, true, cylon, "%sA %s job is running for %s",
+                              strempty(job_of_n), job_type_to_string(j->type), unit_description(j->unit));
+        free(job_of_n);
+
+        m->jobs_in_progress_iteration++;
+}
+
+static int manager_setup_time_change(Manager *m) {
+        struct epoll_event ev = {
+                .events = EPOLLIN,
+                .data.ptr = &m->time_change_watch,
+        };
+
+        /* We only care for the cancellation event, hence we set the
+         * timeout to the latest possible value. */
+        struct itimerspec its = {
+                .it_value.tv_sec = TIME_T_MAX,
+        };
+        assert_cc(sizeof(time_t) == sizeof(TIME_T_MAX));
+
+        assert(m->time_change_watch.type == WATCH_INVALID);
+
+        /* Uses TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET to get notifications whenever
+         * CLOCK_REALTIME makes a jump relative to CLOCK_MONOTONIC */
+
+        m->time_change_watch.type = WATCH_TIME_CHANGE;
+        m->time_change_watch.fd = timerfd_create(CLOCK_REALTIME, TFD_NONBLOCK|TFD_CLOEXEC);
+        if (m->time_change_watch.fd < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to create timerfd: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (timerfd_settime(m->time_change_watch.fd, TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME|TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET, &its, NULL) < 0) {
+                log_debug("Failed to set up TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET, ignoring: %m");
+                close_nointr_nofail(m->time_change_watch.fd);
+                watch_init(&m->time_change_watch);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (epoll_ctl(m->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, m->time_change_watch.fd, &ev) < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to add timer change fd to epoll: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        log_debug("Set up TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET timerfd.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int enable_special_signals(Manager *m) {
+        int fd;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Enable that we get SIGINT on control-alt-del. In containers
+         * this will fail with EPERM (older) or EINVAL (newer), so
+         * ignore that. */
+        if (reboot(RB_DISABLE_CAD) < 0 && errno != EPERM && errno != EINVAL)
+                log_warning("Failed to enable ctrl-alt-del handling: %m");
+
+        fd = open_terminal("/dev/tty0", O_RDWR|O_NOCTTY|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                /* Support systems without virtual console */
+                if (fd != -ENOENT)
+                        log_warning("Failed to open /dev/tty0: %m");
+        } else {
+                /* Enable that we get SIGWINCH on kbrequest */
+                if (ioctl(fd, KDSIGACCEPT, SIGWINCH) < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to enable kbrequest handling: %s", strerror(errno));
+
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_setup_signals(Manager *m) {
+        sigset_t mask;
+        struct epoll_event ev = {
+                .events = EPOLLIN,
+                .data.ptr = &m->signal_watch,
+        };
+        struct sigaction sa = {
+                .sa_handler = SIG_DFL,
+                .sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP|SA_RESTART,
+        };
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* We are not interested in SIGSTOP and friends. */
+        assert_se(sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sa, NULL) == 0);
+
+        assert_se(sigemptyset(&mask) == 0);
+
+        sigset_add_many(&mask,
+                        SIGCHLD,     /* Child died */
+                        SIGTERM,     /* Reexecute daemon */
+                        SIGHUP,      /* Reload configuration */
+                        SIGUSR1,     /* systemd/upstart: reconnect to D-Bus */
+                        SIGUSR2,     /* systemd: dump status */
+                        SIGINT,      /* Kernel sends us this on control-alt-del */
+                        SIGWINCH,    /* Kernel sends us this on kbrequest (alt-arrowup) */
+                        SIGPWR,      /* Some kernel drivers and upsd send us this on power failure */
+                        SIGRTMIN+0,  /* systemd: start default.target */
+                        SIGRTMIN+1,  /* systemd: isolate rescue.target */
+                        SIGRTMIN+2,  /* systemd: isolate emergency.target */
+                        SIGRTMIN+3,  /* systemd: start halt.target */
+                        SIGRTMIN+4,  /* systemd: start poweroff.target */
+                        SIGRTMIN+5,  /* systemd: start reboot.target */
+                        SIGRTMIN+6,  /* systemd: start kexec.target */
+                        SIGRTMIN+13, /* systemd: Immediate halt */
+                        SIGRTMIN+14, /* systemd: Immediate poweroff */
+                        SIGRTMIN+15, /* systemd: Immediate reboot */
+                        SIGRTMIN+16, /* systemd: Immediate kexec */
+                        SIGRTMIN+20, /* systemd: enable status messages */
+                        SIGRTMIN+21, /* systemd: disable status messages */
+                        SIGRTMIN+22, /* systemd: set log level to LOG_DEBUG */
+                        SIGRTMIN+23, /* systemd: set log level to LOG_INFO */
+                        SIGRTMIN+24, /* systemd: Immediate exit (--user only) */
+                        SIGRTMIN+26, /* systemd: set log target to journal-or-kmsg */
+                        SIGRTMIN+27, /* systemd: set log target to console */
+                        SIGRTMIN+28, /* systemd: set log target to kmsg */
+                        SIGRTMIN+29, /* systemd: set log target to syslog-or-kmsg */
+                        -1);
+        assert_se(sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &mask, NULL) == 0);
+
+        m->signal_watch.type = WATCH_SIGNAL;
+        m->signal_watch.fd = signalfd(-1, &mask, SFD_NONBLOCK|SFD_CLOEXEC);
+        if (m->signal_watch.fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (epoll_ctl(m->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, m->signal_watch.fd, &ev) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                return enable_special_signals(m);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void manager_strip_environment(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Remove variables from the inherited set that are part of
+         * the container interface:
+         * http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/ContainerInterface */
+        strv_remove_prefix(m->environment, "container=");
+        strv_remove_prefix(m->environment, "container_");
+
+        /* Remove variables from the inherited set that are part of
+         * the initrd interface:
+         * http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/InitrdInterface */
+        strv_remove_prefix(m->environment, "RD_");
+
+        /* Drop invalid entries */
+        strv_env_clean(m->environment);
+}
+
+int manager_new(SystemdRunningAs running_as, Manager **_m) {
+        Manager *m;
+        int r = -ENOMEM;
+
+        assert(_m);
+        assert(running_as >= 0);
+        assert(running_as < _SYSTEMD_RUNNING_AS_MAX);
+
+        m = new0(Manager, 1);
+        if (!m)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        m->running_as = running_as;
+        m->name_data_slot = m->conn_data_slot = m->subscribed_data_slot = -1;
+        m->exit_code = _MANAGER_EXIT_CODE_INVALID;
+        m->pin_cgroupfs_fd = -1;
+        m->idle_pipe[0] = m->idle_pipe[1] = -1;
+
+        watch_init(&m->signal_watch);
+        watch_init(&m->mount_watch);
+        watch_init(&m->swap_watch);
+        watch_init(&m->udev_watch);
+        watch_init(&m->time_change_watch);
+        watch_init(&m->jobs_in_progress_watch);
+
+        m->epoll_fd = m->dev_autofs_fd = -1;
+        m->current_job_id = 1; /* start as id #1, so that we can leave #0 around as "null-like" value */
+
+        m->environment = strv_copy(environ);
+        if (!m->environment)
+                goto fail;
+
+        manager_strip_environment(m);
+
+        if (running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                m->default_controllers = strv_new("cpu", NULL);
+                if (!m->default_controllers)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (!(m->units = hashmap_new(string_hash_func, string_compare_func)))
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (!(m->jobs = hashmap_new(trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func)))
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (!(m->watch_pids = hashmap_new(trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func)))
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (!(m->cgroup_bondings = hashmap_new(string_hash_func, string_compare_func)))
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (!(m->watch_bus = hashmap_new(string_hash_func, string_compare_func)))
+                goto fail;
+
+        m->epoll_fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC);
+        if (m->epoll_fd < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = manager_setup_signals(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = manager_setup_cgroup(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = manager_setup_notify(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = manager_setup_time_change(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* Try to connect to the busses, if possible. */
+        r = bus_init(m, running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        m->taint_usr = dir_is_empty("/usr") > 0;
+
+        *_m = m;
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        manager_free(m);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static unsigned manager_dispatch_cleanup_queue(Manager *m) {
+        Unit *u;
+        unsigned n = 0;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        while ((u = m->cleanup_queue)) {
+                assert(u->in_cleanup_queue);
+
+                unit_free(u);
+                n++;
+        }
+
+        return n;
+}
+
+enum {
+        GC_OFFSET_IN_PATH,  /* This one is on the path we were traveling */
+        GC_OFFSET_UNSURE,   /* No clue */
+        GC_OFFSET_GOOD,     /* We still need this unit */
+        GC_OFFSET_BAD,      /* We don't need this unit anymore */
+        _GC_OFFSET_MAX
+};
+
+static void unit_gc_sweep(Unit *u, unsigned gc_marker) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *other;
+        bool is_bad;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->gc_marker == gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_GOOD ||
+            u->gc_marker == gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_BAD ||
+            u->gc_marker == gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_IN_PATH)
+                return;
+
+        if (u->in_cleanup_queue)
+                goto bad;
+
+        if (unit_check_gc(u))
+                goto good;
+
+        u->gc_marker = gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_IN_PATH;
+
+        is_bad = true;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_REFERENCED_BY], i) {
+                unit_gc_sweep(other, gc_marker);
+
+                if (other->gc_marker == gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_GOOD)
+                        goto good;
+
+                if (other->gc_marker != gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_BAD)
+                        is_bad = false;
+        }
+
+        if (is_bad)
+                goto bad;
+
+        /* We were unable to find anything out about this entry, so
+         * let's investigate it later */
+        u->gc_marker = gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_UNSURE;
+        unit_add_to_gc_queue(u);
+        return;
+
+bad:
+        /* We definitely know that this one is not useful anymore, so
+         * let's mark it for deletion */
+        u->gc_marker = gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_BAD;
+        unit_add_to_cleanup_queue(u);
+        return;
+
+good:
+        u->gc_marker = gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_GOOD;
+}
+
+static unsigned manager_dispatch_gc_queue(Manager *m) {
+        Unit *u;
+        unsigned n = 0;
+        unsigned gc_marker;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if ((m->n_in_gc_queue < GC_QUEUE_ENTRIES_MAX) &&
+            (m->gc_queue_timestamp <= 0 ||
+             (m->gc_queue_timestamp + GC_QUEUE_USEC_MAX) > now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC)))
+                return 0;
+
+        log_debug("Running GC...");
+
+        m->gc_marker += _GC_OFFSET_MAX;
+        if (m->gc_marker + _GC_OFFSET_MAX <= _GC_OFFSET_MAX)
+                m->gc_marker = 1;
+
+        gc_marker = m->gc_marker;
+
+        while ((u = m->gc_queue)) {
+                assert(u->in_gc_queue);
+
+                unit_gc_sweep(u, gc_marker);
+
+                LIST_REMOVE(Unit, gc_queue, m->gc_queue, u);
+                u->in_gc_queue = false;
+
+                n++;
+
+                if (u->gc_marker == gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_BAD ||
+                    u->gc_marker == gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_UNSURE) {
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Collecting %s", u->id);
+                        u->gc_marker = gc_marker + GC_OFFSET_BAD;
+                        unit_add_to_cleanup_queue(u);
+                }
+        }
+
+        m->n_in_gc_queue = 0;
+        m->gc_queue_timestamp = 0;
+
+        return n;
+}
+
+static void manager_clear_jobs_and_units(Manager *m) {
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        while ((u = hashmap_first(m->units)))
+                unit_free(u);
+
+        manager_dispatch_cleanup_queue(m);
+
+        assert(!m->load_queue);
+        assert(!m->run_queue);
+        assert(!m->dbus_unit_queue);
+        assert(!m->dbus_job_queue);
+        assert(!m->cleanup_queue);
+        assert(!m->gc_queue);
+
+        assert(hashmap_isempty(m->jobs));
+        assert(hashmap_isempty(m->units));
+
+        m->n_on_console = 0;
+        m->n_running_jobs = 0;
+}
+
+void manager_free(Manager *m) {
+        UnitType c;
+        int i;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        manager_clear_jobs_and_units(m);
+
+        for (c = 0; c < _UNIT_TYPE_MAX; c++)
+                if (unit_vtable[c]->shutdown)
+                        unit_vtable[c]->shutdown(m);
+
+        /* If we reexecute ourselves, we keep the root cgroup
+         * around */
+        manager_shutdown_cgroup(m, m->exit_code != MANAGER_REEXECUTE);
+
+        manager_undo_generators(m);
+
+        bus_done(m);
+
+        hashmap_free(m->units);
+        hashmap_free(m->jobs);
+        hashmap_free(m->watch_pids);
+        hashmap_free(m->watch_bus);
+
+        if (m->epoll_fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(m->epoll_fd);
+        if (m->signal_watch.fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(m->signal_watch.fd);
+        if (m->notify_watch.fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(m->notify_watch.fd);
+        if (m->time_change_watch.fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(m->time_change_watch.fd);
+        if (m->jobs_in_progress_watch.fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(m->jobs_in_progress_watch.fd);
+
+        free(m->notify_socket);
+
+        lookup_paths_free(&m->lookup_paths);
+        strv_free(m->environment);
+
+        strv_free(m->default_controllers);
+
+        hashmap_free(m->cgroup_bondings);
+        set_free_free(m->unit_path_cache);
+
+        close_pipe(m->idle_pipe);
+
+        free(m->switch_root);
+        free(m->switch_root_init);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < RLIMIT_NLIMITS; i++)
+                free(m->rlimit[i]);
+
+        free(m);
+}
+
+int manager_enumerate(Manager *m) {
+        int r = 0, q;
+        UnitType c;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Let's ask every type to load all units from disk/kernel
+         * that it might know */
+        for (c = 0; c < _UNIT_TYPE_MAX; c++)
+                if (unit_vtable[c]->enumerate)
+                        if ((q = unit_vtable[c]->enumerate(m)) < 0)
+                                r = q;
+
+        manager_dispatch_load_queue(m);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int manager_coldplug(Manager *m) {
+        int r = 0, q;
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *u;
+        char *k;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Then, let's set up their initial state. */
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(u, k, m->units, i) {
+
+                /* ignore aliases */
+                if (u->id != k)
+                        continue;
+
+                if ((q = unit_coldplug(u)) < 0)
+                        r = q;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void manager_build_unit_path_cache(Manager *m) {
+        char **i;
+        _cleanup_free_ DIR *d = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        set_free_free(m->unit_path_cache);
+
+        m->unit_path_cache = set_new(string_hash_func, string_compare_func);
+        if (!m->unit_path_cache) {
+                log_error("Failed to allocate unit path cache.");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        /* This simply builds a list of files we know exist, so that
+         * we don't always have to go to disk */
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, m->lookup_paths.unit_path) {
+                struct dirent *de;
+
+                d = opendir(*i);
+                if (!d) {
+                        if (errno != ENOENT)
+                                log_error("Failed to open directory %s: %m", *i);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                while ((de = readdir(d))) {
+                        char *p;
+
+                        if (ignore_file(de->d_name))
+                                continue;
+
+                        p = strjoin(streq(*i, "/") ? "" : *i, "/", de->d_name, NULL);
+                        if (!p) {
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                goto fail;
+                        }
+
+                        r = set_consume(m->unit_path_cache, p);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+                }
+
+                closedir(d);
+                d = NULL;
+        }
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_error("Failed to build unit path cache: %s", strerror(-r));
+
+        set_free_free(m->unit_path_cache);
+        m->unit_path_cache = NULL;
+}
+
+int manager_startup(Manager *m, FILE *serialization, FDSet *fds) {
+        int r, q;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        manager_run_generators(m);
+
+        r = lookup_paths_init(
+                        &m->lookup_paths, m->running_as, true,
+                        m->generator_unit_path,
+                        m->generator_unit_path_early,
+                        m->generator_unit_path_late);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        manager_build_unit_path_cache(m);
+
+        /* If we will deserialize make sure that during enumeration
+         * this is already known, so we increase the counter here
+         * already */
+        if (serialization)
+                m->n_reloading ++;
+
+        /* First, enumerate what we can from all config files */
+        r = manager_enumerate(m);
+
+        /* Second, deserialize if there is something to deserialize */
+        if (serialization) {
+                q = manager_deserialize(m, serialization, fds);
+                if (q < 0)
+                        r = q;
+        }
+
+        /* Any fds left? Find some unit which wants them. This is
+         * useful to allow container managers to pass some file
+         * descriptors to us pre-initialized. This enables
+         * socket-based activation of entire containers. */
+        if (fdset_size(fds) > 0) {
+                q = manager_distribute_fds(m, fds);
+                if (q < 0)
+                        r = q;
+        }
+
+        /* Third, fire things up! */
+        q = manager_coldplug(m);
+        if (q < 0)
+                r = q;
+
+        if (serialization) {
+                assert(m->n_reloading > 0);
+                m->n_reloading --;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int manager_add_job(Manager *m, JobType type, Unit *unit, JobMode mode, bool override, DBusError *e, Job **_ret) {
+        int r;
+        Transaction *tr;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+        assert(unit);
+        assert(mode < _JOB_MODE_MAX);
+
+        if (mode == JOB_ISOLATE && type != JOB_START) {
+                dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_INVALID_JOB_MODE, "Isolate is only valid for start.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (mode == JOB_ISOLATE && !unit->allow_isolate) {
+                dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_NO_ISOLATION, "Operation refused, unit may not be isolated.");
+                return -EPERM;
+        }
+
+        log_debug_unit(unit->id,
+                       "Trying to enqueue job %s/%s/%s", unit->id,
+                       job_type_to_string(type), job_mode_to_string(mode));
+
+        job_type_collapse(&type, unit);
+
+        tr = transaction_new(mode == JOB_REPLACE_IRREVERSIBLY);
+        if (!tr)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, type, unit, NULL, true, override, false,
+                                                 mode == JOB_IGNORE_DEPENDENCIES || mode == JOB_IGNORE_REQUIREMENTS,
+                                                 mode == JOB_IGNORE_DEPENDENCIES, e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto tr_abort;
+
+        if (mode == JOB_ISOLATE) {
+                r = transaction_add_isolate_jobs(tr, m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto tr_abort;
+        }
+
+        r = transaction_activate(tr, m, mode, e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto tr_abort;
+
+        log_debug_unit(unit->id,
+                       "Enqueued job %s/%s as %u", unit->id,
+                       job_type_to_string(type), (unsigned) tr->anchor_job->id);
+
+        if (_ret)
+                *_ret = tr->anchor_job;
+
+        transaction_free(tr);
+        return 0;
+
+tr_abort:
+        transaction_abort(tr);
+        transaction_free(tr);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int manager_add_job_by_name(Manager *m, JobType type, const char *name, JobMode mode, bool override, DBusError *e, Job **_ret) {
+        Unit *unit;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(mode < _JOB_MODE_MAX);
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(m, name, NULL, NULL, &unit);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return manager_add_job(m, type, unit, mode, override, e, _ret);
+}
+
+Job *manager_get_job(Manager *m, uint32_t id) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        return hashmap_get(m->jobs, UINT32_TO_PTR(id));
+}
+
+Unit *manager_get_unit(Manager *m, const char *name) {
+        assert(m);
+        assert(name);
+
+        return hashmap_get(m->units, name);
+}
+
+unsigned manager_dispatch_load_queue(Manager *m) {
+        Unit *u;
+        unsigned n = 0;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Make sure we are not run recursively */
+        if (m->dispatching_load_queue)
+                return 0;
+
+        m->dispatching_load_queue = true;
+
+        /* Dispatches the load queue. Takes a unit from the queue and
+         * tries to load its data until the queue is empty */
+
+        while ((u = m->load_queue)) {
+                assert(u->in_load_queue);
+
+                unit_load(u);
+                n++;
+        }
+
+        m->dispatching_load_queue = false;
+        return n;
+}
+
+int manager_load_unit_prepare(Manager *m, const char *name, const char *path, DBusError *e, Unit **_ret) {
+        Unit *ret;
+        UnitType t;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(name || path);
+
+        /* This will prepare the unit for loading, but not actually
+         * load anything from disk. */
+
+        if (path && !is_path(path)) {
+                dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_INVALID_PATH, "Path %s is not absolute.", path);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (!name)
+                name = path_get_file_name(path);
+
+        t = unit_name_to_type(name);
+
+        if (t == _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID || !unit_name_is_valid(name, false)) {
+                dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_INVALID_NAME, "Unit name %s is not valid.", name);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        ret = manager_get_unit(m, name);
+        if (ret) {
+                *_ret = ret;
+                return 1;
+        }
+
+        ret = unit_new(m, unit_vtable[t]->object_size);
+        if (!ret)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (path) {
+                ret->fragment_path = strdup(path);
+                if (!ret->fragment_path) {
+                        unit_free(ret);
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if ((r = unit_add_name(ret, name)) < 0) {
+                unit_free(ret);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        unit_add_to_load_queue(ret);
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(ret);
+        unit_add_to_gc_queue(ret);
+
+        if (_ret)
+                *_ret = ret;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_load_unit(Manager *m, const char *name, const char *path, DBusError *e, Unit **_ret) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* This will load the service information files, but not actually
+         * start any services or anything. */
+
+        r = manager_load_unit_prepare(m, name, path, e, _ret);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return r;
+
+        manager_dispatch_load_queue(m);
+
+        if (_ret)
+                *_ret = unit_follow_merge(*_ret);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void manager_dump_jobs(Manager *s, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Job *j;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, s->jobs, i)
+                job_dump(j, f, prefix);
+}
+
+void manager_dump_units(Manager *s, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *u;
+        const char *t;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(u, t, s->units, i)
+                if (u->id == t)
+                        unit_dump(u, f, prefix);
+}
+
+void manager_clear_jobs(Manager *m) {
+        Job *j;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        while ((j = hashmap_first(m->jobs)))
+                /* No need to recurse. We're cancelling all jobs. */
+                job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_CANCELED, false);
+}
+
+unsigned manager_dispatch_run_queue(Manager *m) {
+        Job *j;
+        unsigned n = 0;
+
+        if (m->dispatching_run_queue)
+                return 0;
+
+        m->dispatching_run_queue = true;
+
+        while ((j = m->run_queue)) {
+                assert(j->installed);
+                assert(j->in_run_queue);
+
+                job_run_and_invalidate(j);
+                n++;
+        }
+
+        m->dispatching_run_queue = false;
+
+        if (m->n_running_jobs > 0)
+                manager_watch_jobs_in_progress(m);
+
+        return n;
+}
+
+unsigned manager_dispatch_dbus_queue(Manager *m) {
+        Job *j;
+        Unit *u;
+        unsigned n = 0;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->dispatching_dbus_queue)
+                return 0;
+
+        m->dispatching_dbus_queue = true;
+
+        while ((u = m->dbus_unit_queue)) {
+                assert(u->in_dbus_queue);
+
+                bus_unit_send_change_signal(u);
+                n++;
+        }
+
+        while ((j = m->dbus_job_queue)) {
+                assert(j->in_dbus_queue);
+
+                bus_job_send_change_signal(j);
+                n++;
+        }
+
+        m->dispatching_dbus_queue = false;
+        return n;
+}
+
+static int manager_process_notify_fd(Manager *m) {
+        ssize_t n;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char buf[4096];
+                struct iovec iovec = {
+                        .iov_base = buf,
+                        .iov_len = sizeof(buf)-1,
+                };
+
+                union {
+                        struct cmsghdr cmsghdr;
+                        uint8_t buf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(struct ucred))];
+                } control = {};
+
+                struct msghdr msghdr = {
+                        .msg_iov = &iovec,
+                        .msg_iovlen = 1,
+                        .msg_control = &control,
+                        .msg_controllen = sizeof(control),
+                };
+                struct ucred *ucred;
+                Unit *u;
+                _cleanup_strv_free_ char **tags = NULL;
+
+                n = recvmsg(m->notify_watch.fd, &msghdr, MSG_DONTWAIT);
+                if (n <= 0) {
+                        if (n == 0)
+                                return -EIO;
+
+                        if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR)
+                                break;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                if (msghdr.msg_controllen < CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct ucred)) ||
+                    control.cmsghdr.cmsg_level != SOL_SOCKET ||
+                    control.cmsghdr.cmsg_type != SCM_CREDENTIALS ||
+                    control.cmsghdr.cmsg_len != CMSG_LEN(sizeof(struct ucred))) {
+                        log_warning("Received notify message without credentials. Ignoring.");
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                ucred = (struct ucred*) CMSG_DATA(&control.cmsghdr);
+
+                u = hashmap_get(m->watch_pids, LONG_TO_PTR(ucred->pid));
+                if (!u) {
+                        u = cgroup_unit_by_pid(m, ucred->pid);
+                        if (!u) {
+                                log_warning("Cannot find unit for notify message of PID %lu.", (unsigned long) ucred->pid);
+                                continue;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                assert((size_t) n < sizeof(buf));
+                buf[n] = 0;
+                tags = strv_split(buf, "\n\r");
+                if (!tags)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                log_debug_unit(u->id, "Got notification message for unit %s", u->id);
+
+                if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->notify_message)
+                        UNIT_VTABLE(u)->notify_message(u, ucred->pid, tags);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_dispatch_sigchld(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                siginfo_t si = {};
+                Unit *u;
+                int r;
+
+                /* First we call waitd() for a PID and do not reap the
+                 * zombie. That way we can still access /proc/$PID for
+                 * it while it is a zombie. */
+                if (waitid(P_ALL, 0, &si, WEXITED|WNOHANG|WNOWAIT) < 0) {
+
+                        if (errno == ECHILD)
+                                break;
+
+                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                continue;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                if (si.si_pid <= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (si.si_code == CLD_EXITED || si.si_code == CLD_KILLED || si.si_code == CLD_DUMPED) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *name = NULL;
+
+                        get_process_comm(si.si_pid, &name);
+                        log_debug("Got SIGCHLD for process %lu (%s)", (unsigned long) si.si_pid, strna(name));
+                }
+
+                /* Let's flush any message the dying child might still
+                 * have queued for us. This ensures that the process
+                 * still exists in /proc so that we can figure out
+                 * which cgroup and hence unit it belongs to. */
+                r = manager_process_notify_fd(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                /* And now figure out the unit this belongs to */
+                u = hashmap_get(m->watch_pids, LONG_TO_PTR(si.si_pid));
+                if (!u)
+                        u = cgroup_unit_by_pid(m, si.si_pid);
+
+                /* And now, we actually reap the zombie. */
+                if (waitid(P_PID, si.si_pid, &si, WEXITED) < 0) {
+                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                continue;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                if (si.si_code != CLD_EXITED && si.si_code != CLD_KILLED && si.si_code != CLD_DUMPED)
+                        continue;
+
+                log_debug("Child %lu died (code=%s, status=%i/%s)",
+                          (long unsigned) si.si_pid,
+                          sigchld_code_to_string(si.si_code),
+                          si.si_status,
+                          strna(si.si_code == CLD_EXITED
+                                ? exit_status_to_string(si.si_status, EXIT_STATUS_FULL)
+                                : signal_to_string(si.si_status)));
+
+                if (!u)
+                        continue;
+
+                log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                               "Child %lu belongs to %s", (long unsigned) si.si_pid, u->id);
+
+                hashmap_remove(m->watch_pids, LONG_TO_PTR(si.si_pid));
+                UNIT_VTABLE(u)->sigchld_event(u, si.si_pid, si.si_code, si.si_status);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int manager_start_target(Manager *m, const char *name, JobMode mode) {
+        int r;
+        DBusError error;
+
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        log_debug_unit(name, "Activating special unit %s", name);
+
+        r = manager_add_job_by_name(m, JOB_START, name, mode, true, &error, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_error_unit(name,
+                               "Failed to enqueue %s job: %s", name, bus_error(&error, r));
+
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int manager_process_signal_fd(Manager *m) {
+        ssize_t n;
+        struct signalfd_siginfo sfsi;
+        bool sigchld = false;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                n = read(m->signal_watch.fd, &sfsi, sizeof(sfsi));
+                if (n != sizeof(sfsi)) {
+
+                        if (n >= 0)
+                                return -EIO;
+
+                        if (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN)
+                                break;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                if (sfsi.ssi_pid > 0) {
+                        char *p = NULL;
+
+                        get_process_comm(sfsi.ssi_pid, &p);
+
+                        log_debug("Received SIG%s from PID %lu (%s).",
+                                  signal_to_string(sfsi.ssi_signo),
+                                  (unsigned long) sfsi.ssi_pid, strna(p));
+                        free(p);
+                } else
+                        log_debug("Received SIG%s.", signal_to_string(sfsi.ssi_signo));
+
+                switch (sfsi.ssi_signo) {
+
+                case SIGCHLD:
+                        sigchld = true;
+                        break;
+
+                case SIGTERM:
+                        if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                                /* This is for compatibility with the
+                                 * original sysvinit */
+                                m->exit_code = MANAGER_REEXECUTE;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Fall through */
+
+                case SIGINT:
+                        if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                                manager_start_target(m, SPECIAL_CTRL_ALT_DEL_TARGET, JOB_REPLACE);
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Run the exit target if there is one, if not, just exit. */
+                        if (manager_start_target(m, SPECIAL_EXIT_TARGET, JOB_REPLACE) < 0) {
+                                m->exit_code = MANAGER_EXIT;
+                                return 0;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case SIGWINCH:
+                        if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                                manager_start_target(m, SPECIAL_KBREQUEST_TARGET, JOB_REPLACE);
+
+                        /* This is a nop on non-init */
+                        break;
+
+                case SIGPWR:
+                        if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                                manager_start_target(m, SPECIAL_SIGPWR_TARGET, JOB_REPLACE);
+
+                        /* This is a nop on non-init */
+                        break;
+
+                case SIGUSR1: {
+                        Unit *u;
+
+                        u = manager_get_unit(m, SPECIAL_DBUS_SERVICE);
+
+                        if (!u || UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(unit_active_state(u))) {
+                                log_info("Trying to reconnect to bus...");
+                                bus_init(m, true);
+                        }
+
+                        if (!u || !UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(u))) {
+                                log_info("Loading D-Bus service...");
+                                manager_start_target(m, SPECIAL_DBUS_SERVICE, JOB_REPLACE);
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case SIGUSR2: {
+                        FILE *f;
+                        char *dump = NULL;
+                        size_t size;
+
+                        if (!(f = open_memstream(&dump, &size))) {
+                                log_warning("Failed to allocate memory stream.");
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        manager_dump_units(m, f, "\t");
+                        manager_dump_jobs(m, f, "\t");
+
+                        if (ferror(f)) {
+                                fclose(f);
+                                free(dump);
+                                log_warning("Failed to write status stream");
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        fclose(f);
+                        log_dump(LOG_INFO, dump);
+                        free(dump);
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                case SIGHUP:
+                        m->exit_code = MANAGER_RELOAD;
+                        break;
+
+                default: {
+
+                        /* Starting SIGRTMIN+0 */
+                        static const char * const target_table[] = {
+                                [0] = SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET,
+                                [1] = SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,
+                                [2] = SPECIAL_EMERGENCY_TARGET,
+                                [3] = SPECIAL_HALT_TARGET,
+                                [4] = SPECIAL_POWEROFF_TARGET,
+                                [5] = SPECIAL_REBOOT_TARGET,
+                                [6] = SPECIAL_KEXEC_TARGET
+                        };
+
+                        /* Starting SIGRTMIN+13, so that target halt and system halt are 10 apart */
+                        static const ManagerExitCode code_table[] = {
+                                [0] = MANAGER_HALT,
+                                [1] = MANAGER_POWEROFF,
+                                [2] = MANAGER_REBOOT,
+                                [3] = MANAGER_KEXEC
+                        };
+
+                        if ((int) sfsi.ssi_signo >= SIGRTMIN+0 &&
+                            (int) sfsi.ssi_signo < SIGRTMIN+(int) ELEMENTSOF(target_table)) {
+                                int idx = (int) sfsi.ssi_signo - SIGRTMIN;
+                                manager_start_target(m, target_table[idx],
+                                                     (idx == 1 || idx == 2) ? JOB_ISOLATE : JOB_REPLACE);
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        if ((int) sfsi.ssi_signo >= SIGRTMIN+13 &&
+                            (int) sfsi.ssi_signo < SIGRTMIN+13+(int) ELEMENTSOF(code_table)) {
+                                m->exit_code = code_table[sfsi.ssi_signo - SIGRTMIN - 13];
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        switch (sfsi.ssi_signo - SIGRTMIN) {
+
+                        case 20:
+                                log_debug("Enabling showing of status.");
+                                manager_set_show_status(m, true);
+                                break;
+
+                        case 21:
+                                log_debug("Disabling showing of status.");
+                                manager_set_show_status(m, false);
+                                break;
+
+                        case 22:
+                                log_set_max_level(LOG_DEBUG);
+                                log_notice("Setting log level to debug.");
+                                break;
+
+                        case 23:
+                                log_set_max_level(LOG_INFO);
+                                log_notice("Setting log level to info.");
+                                break;
+
+                        case 24:
+                                if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_USER) {
+                                        m->exit_code = MANAGER_EXIT;
+                                        return 0;
+                                }
+
+                                /* This is a nop on init */
+                                break;
+
+                        case 26:
+                                log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_JOURNAL_OR_KMSG);
+                                log_notice("Setting log target to journal-or-kmsg.");
+                                break;
+
+                        case 27:
+                                log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_CONSOLE);
+                                log_notice("Setting log target to console.");
+                                break;
+
+                        case 28:
+                                log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_KMSG);
+                                log_notice("Setting log target to kmsg.");
+                                break;
+
+                        case 29:
+                                log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_SYSLOG_OR_KMSG);
+                                log_notice("Setting log target to syslog-or-kmsg.");
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                log_warning("Got unhandled signal <%s>.", signal_to_string(sfsi.ssi_signo));
+                        }
+                }
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (sigchld)
+                return manager_dispatch_sigchld(m);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int process_event(Manager *m, struct epoll_event *ev) {
+        int r;
+        Watch *w;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(ev);
+
+        assert_se(w = ev->data.ptr);
+
+        if (w->type == WATCH_INVALID)
+                return 0;
+
+        switch (w->type) {
+
+        case WATCH_SIGNAL:
+
+                /* An incoming signal? */
+                if (ev->events != EPOLLIN)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                if ((r = manager_process_signal_fd(m)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                break;
+
+        case WATCH_NOTIFY:
+
+                /* An incoming daemon notification event? */
+                if (ev->events != EPOLLIN)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                if ((r = manager_process_notify_fd(m)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                break;
+
+        case WATCH_FD:
+
+                /* Some fd event, to be dispatched to the units */
+                UNIT_VTABLE(w->data.unit)->fd_event(w->data.unit, w->fd, ev->events, w);
+                break;
+
+        case WATCH_UNIT_TIMER:
+        case WATCH_JOB_TIMER: {
+                uint64_t v;
+                ssize_t k;
+
+                /* Some timer event, to be dispatched to the units */
+                k = read(w->fd, &v, sizeof(v));
+                if (k != sizeof(v)) {
+
+                        if (k < 0 && (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN))
+                                break;
+
+                        log_error("Failed to read timer event counter: %s", k < 0 ? strerror(-k) : "Short read");
+                        return k < 0 ? -errno : -EIO;
+                }
+
+                if (w->type == WATCH_UNIT_TIMER)
+                        UNIT_VTABLE(w->data.unit)->timer_event(w->data.unit, v, w);
+                else
+                        job_timer_event(w->data.job, v, w);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case WATCH_MOUNT:
+                /* Some mount table change, intended for the mount subsystem */
+                mount_fd_event(m, ev->events);
+                break;
+
+        case WATCH_SWAP:
+                /* Some swap table change, intended for the swap subsystem */
+                swap_fd_event(m, ev->events);
+                break;
+
+        case WATCH_UDEV:
+                /* Some notification from udev, intended for the device subsystem */
+                device_fd_event(m, ev->events);
+                break;
+
+        case WATCH_DBUS_WATCH:
+                bus_watch_event(m, w, ev->events);
+                break;
+
+        case WATCH_DBUS_TIMEOUT:
+                bus_timeout_event(m, w, ev->events);
+                break;
+
+        case WATCH_TIME_CHANGE: {
+                Unit *u;
+                Iterator i;
+
+                log_struct(LOG_INFO,
+                           MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_TIME_CHANGE),
+                           "MESSAGE=Time has been changed",
+                           NULL);
+
+                /* Restart the watch */
+                epoll_ctl(m->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, m->time_change_watch.fd,
+                          NULL);
+                close_nointr_nofail(m->time_change_watch.fd);
+                watch_init(&m->time_change_watch);
+                manager_setup_time_change(m);
+
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH(u, m->units, i) {
+                        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->time_change)
+                                UNIT_VTABLE(u)->time_change(u);
+                }
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case WATCH_JOBS_IN_PROGRESS: {
+                uint64_t v;
+
+                /* not interested in the data */
+                read(w->fd, &v, sizeof(v));
+
+                manager_print_jobs_in_progress(m);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        default:
+                log_error("event type=%i", w->type);
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown epoll event type.");
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_loop(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        RATELIMIT_DEFINE(rl, 1*USEC_PER_SEC, 50000);
+
+        assert(m);
+        m->exit_code = MANAGER_RUNNING;
+
+        /* Release the path cache */
+        set_free_free(m->unit_path_cache);
+        m->unit_path_cache = NULL;
+
+        manager_check_finished(m);
+
+        /* There might still be some zombies hanging around from
+         * before we were exec()'ed. Leat's reap them */
+        r = manager_dispatch_sigchld(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        while (m->exit_code == MANAGER_RUNNING) {
+                struct epoll_event event;
+                int n;
+                int wait_msec = -1;
+
+                if (m->runtime_watchdog > 0 && m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                        watchdog_ping();
+
+                if (!ratelimit_test(&rl)) {
+                        /* Yay, something is going seriously wrong, pause a little */
+                        log_warning("Looping too fast. Throttling execution a little.");
+                        sleep(1);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (manager_dispatch_load_queue(m) > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (manager_dispatch_run_queue(m) > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (bus_dispatch(m) > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (manager_dispatch_cleanup_queue(m) > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (manager_dispatch_gc_queue(m) > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (manager_dispatch_dbus_queue(m) > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (swap_dispatch_reload(m) > 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Sleep for half the watchdog time */
+                if (m->runtime_watchdog > 0 && m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                        wait_msec = (int) (m->runtime_watchdog / 2 / USEC_PER_MSEC);
+                        if (wait_msec <= 0)
+                                wait_msec = 1;
+                } else
+                        wait_msec = -1;
+
+                n = epoll_wait(m->epoll_fd, &event, 1, wait_msec);
+                if (n < 0) {
+
+                        if (errno == EINTR)
+                                continue;
+
+                        return -errno;
+                } else if (n == 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                assert(n == 1);
+
+                r = process_event(m, &event);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return m->exit_code;
+}
+
+int manager_load_unit_from_dbus_path(Manager *m, const char *s, DBusError *e, Unit **_u) {
+        char *n;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(s);
+        assert(_u);
+
+        if (!startswith(s, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit/"))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        n = bus_path_unescape(s+31);
+        if (!n)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(m, n, NULL, e, &u);
+        free(n);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        *_u = u;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_get_job_from_dbus_path(Manager *m, const char *s, Job **_j) {
+        Job *j;
+        unsigned id;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(s);
+        assert(_j);
+
+        if (!startswith(s, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/job/"))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = safe_atou(s + 30, &id);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        j = manager_get_job(m, id);
+        if (!j)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        *_j = j;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void manager_send_unit_audit(Manager *m, Unit *u, int type, bool success) {
+
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+        char *p;
+        int audit_fd;
+
+        audit_fd = get_audit_fd();
+        if (audit_fd < 0)
+                return;
+
+        /* Don't generate audit events if the service was already
+         * started and we're just deserializing */
+        if (m->n_reloading > 0)
+                return;
+
+        if (m->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                return;
+
+        if (u->type != UNIT_SERVICE)
+                return;
+
+        p = unit_name_to_prefix_and_instance(u->id);
+        if (!p) {
+                log_error_unit(u->id,
+                               "Failed to allocate unit name for audit message: %s", strerror(ENOMEM));
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (audit_log_user_comm_message(audit_fd, type, "", p, NULL, NULL, NULL, success) < 0) {
+                if (errno == EPERM) {
+                        /* We aren't allowed to send audit messages?
+                         * Then let's not retry again. */
+                        close_audit_fd();
+                } else
+                        log_warning("Failed to send audit message: %m");
+        }
+
+        free(p);
+#endif
+
+}
+
+void manager_send_unit_plymouth(Manager *m, Unit *u) {
+        int fd = -1;
+        union sockaddr_union sa;
+        int n = 0;
+        char *message = NULL;
+
+        /* Don't generate plymouth events if the service was already
+         * started and we're just deserializing */
+        if (m->n_reloading > 0)
+                return;
+
+        if (m->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                return;
+
+        if (u->type != UNIT_SERVICE &&
+            u->type != UNIT_MOUNT &&
+            u->type != UNIT_SWAP)
+                return;
+
+        /* We set SOCK_NONBLOCK here so that we rather drop the
+         * message then wait for plymouth */
+        fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC|SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0);
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                log_error("socket() failed: %m");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        zero(sa);
+        sa.sa.sa_family = AF_UNIX;
+        strncpy(sa.un.sun_path+1, "/org/freedesktop/plymouthd", sizeof(sa.un.sun_path)-1);
+        if (connect(fd, &sa.sa, offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + 1 + strlen(sa.un.sun_path+1)) < 0) {
+
+                if (errno != EPIPE &&
+                    errno != EAGAIN &&
+                    errno != ENOENT &&
+                    errno != ECONNREFUSED &&
+                    errno != ECONNRESET &&
+                    errno != ECONNABORTED)
+                        log_error("connect() failed: %m");
+
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (asprintf(&message, "U\002%c%s%n", (int) (strlen(u->id) + 1), u->id, &n) < 0) {
+                log_oom();
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        errno = 0;
+        if (write(fd, message, n + 1) != n + 1) {
+
+                if (errno != EPIPE &&
+                    errno != EAGAIN &&
+                    errno != ENOENT &&
+                    errno != ECONNREFUSED &&
+                    errno != ECONNRESET &&
+                    errno != ECONNABORTED)
+                        log_error("Failed to write Plymouth message: %m");
+
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+finish:
+        if (fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        free(message);
+}
+
+void manager_dispatch_bus_name_owner_changed(
+                Manager *m,
+                const char *name,
+                const char* old_owner,
+                const char *new_owner) {
+
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (!(u = hashmap_get(m->watch_bus, name)))
+                return;
+
+        UNIT_VTABLE(u)->bus_name_owner_change(u, name, old_owner, new_owner);
+}
+
+void manager_dispatch_bus_query_pid_done(
+                Manager *m,
+                const char *name,
+                pid_t pid) {
+
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(pid >= 1);
+
+        if (!(u = hashmap_get(m->watch_bus, name)))
+                return;
+
+        UNIT_VTABLE(u)->bus_query_pid_done(u, name, pid);
+}
+
+int manager_open_serialization(Manager *m, FILE **_f) {
+        char *path = NULL;
+        int fd;
+        FILE *f;
+
+        assert(_f);
+
+        if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                asprintf(&path, "/run/systemd/dump-%lu-XXXXXX", (unsigned long) getpid());
+        else
+                asprintf(&path, "/tmp/systemd-dump-%lu-XXXXXX", (unsigned long) getpid());
+
+        if (!path)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0077) {
+                fd = mkostemp(path, O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC);
+        }
+
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                free(path);
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        unlink(path);
+
+        log_debug("Serializing state to %s", path);
+        free(path);
+
+        f = fdopen(fd, "w+");
+        if (!f)
+                return -errno;
+
+        *_f = f;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_serialize(Manager *m, FILE *f, FDSet *fds, bool switching_root) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *u;
+        const char *t;
+        char **e;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        m->n_reloading ++;
+
+        fprintf(f, "current-job-id=%i\n", m->current_job_id);
+        fprintf(f, "taint-usr=%s\n", yes_no(m->taint_usr));
+        fprintf(f, "n-installed-jobs=%u\n", m->n_installed_jobs);
+        fprintf(f, "n-failed-jobs=%u\n", m->n_failed_jobs);
+
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "firmware-timestamp", &m->firmware_timestamp);
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "kernel-timestamp", &m->kernel_timestamp);
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "loader-timestamp", &m->loader_timestamp);
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "initrd-timestamp", &m->initrd_timestamp);
+
+        if (!in_initrd()) {
+                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "userspace-timestamp", &m->userspace_timestamp);
+                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "finish-timestamp", &m->finish_timestamp);
+        }
+
+        if (!switching_root) {
+                STRV_FOREACH(e, m->environment) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *ce;
+
+                        ce = cescape(*e);
+                        if (ce)
+                                fprintf(f, "env=%s\n", *e);
+                }
+        }
+
+        fputc('\n', f);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(u, t, m->units, i) {
+                if (u->id != t)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!unit_can_serialize(u))
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Start marker */
+                fputs(u->id, f);
+                fputc('\n', f);
+
+                if ((r = unit_serialize(u, f, fds, !switching_root)) < 0) {
+                        m->n_reloading --;
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        assert(m->n_reloading > 0);
+        m->n_reloading --;
+
+        if (ferror(f))
+                return -EIO;
+
+        r = bus_fdset_add_all(m, fds);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_deserialize(Manager *m, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(f);
+
+        log_debug("Deserializing state...");
+
+        m->n_reloading ++;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char line[LINE_MAX], *l;
+
+                if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
+                        if (feof(f))
+                                r = 0;
+                        else
+                                r = -errno;
+
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                char_array_0(line);
+                l = strstrip(line);
+
+                if (l[0] == 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (startswith(l, "current-job-id=")) {
+                        uint32_t id;
+
+                        if (safe_atou32(l+15, &id) < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse current job id value %s", l+15);
+                        else
+                                m->current_job_id = MAX(m->current_job_id, id);
+                } else if (startswith(l, "n-installed-jobs=")) {
+                        uint32_t n;
+
+                        if (safe_atou32(l+17, &n) < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse installed jobs counter %s", l+17);
+                        else
+                                m->n_installed_jobs += n;
+                } else if (startswith(l, "n-failed-jobs=")) {
+                        uint32_t n;
+
+                        if (safe_atou32(l+14, &n) < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse failed jobs counter %s", l+14);
+                        else
+                                m->n_failed_jobs += n;
+                } else if (startswith(l, "taint-usr=")) {
+                        int b;
+
+                        if ((b = parse_boolean(l+10)) < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse taint /usr flag %s", l+10);
+                        else
+                                m->taint_usr = m->taint_usr || b;
+                } else if (startswith(l, "firmware-timestamp="))
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(l+19, &m->firmware_timestamp);
+                else if (startswith(l, "loader-timestamp="))
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(l+17, &m->loader_timestamp);
+                else if (startswith(l, "kernel-timestamp="))
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(l+17, &m->kernel_timestamp);
+                else if (startswith(l, "initrd-timestamp="))
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(l+17, &m->initrd_timestamp);
+                else if (startswith(l, "userspace-timestamp="))
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(l+20, &m->userspace_timestamp);
+                else if (startswith(l, "finish-timestamp="))
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(l+17, &m->finish_timestamp);
+                else if (startswith(l, "env=")) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *uce = NULL;
+                        char **e;
+
+                        uce = cunescape(l+4);
+                        if (!uce) {
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                        e = strv_env_set(m->environment, uce);
+                        if (!e) {
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                        strv_free(m->environment);
+                        m->environment = e;
+                } else
+                        log_debug("Unknown serialization item '%s'", l);
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                Unit *u;
+                char name[UNIT_NAME_MAX+2];
+
+                /* Start marker */
+                if (!fgets(name, sizeof(name), f)) {
+                        if (feof(f))
+                                r = 0;
+                        else
+                                r = -errno;
+
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                char_array_0(name);
+
+                r = manager_load_unit(m, strstrip(name), NULL, NULL, &u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+
+                r = unit_deserialize(u, f, fds);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+finish:
+        if (ferror(f)) {
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        assert(m->n_reloading > 0);
+        m->n_reloading --;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int manager_distribute_fds(Manager *m, FDSet *fds) {
+        Unit *u;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(u, m->units, i) {
+
+                if (fdset_size(fds) <= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->distribute_fds) {
+                        r = UNIT_VTABLE(u)->distribute_fds(u, fds);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_reload(Manager *m) {
+        int r, q;
+        FILE *f;
+        FDSet *fds;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        r = manager_open_serialization(m, &f);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        m->n_reloading ++;
+
+        fds = fdset_new();
+        if (!fds) {
+                m->n_reloading --;
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = manager_serialize(m, f, fds, false);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                m->n_reloading --;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (fseeko(f, 0, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
+                m->n_reloading --;
+                r = -errno;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        /* From here on there is no way back. */
+        manager_clear_jobs_and_units(m);
+        manager_undo_generators(m);
+        lookup_paths_free(&m->lookup_paths);
+
+        /* Find new unit paths */
+        manager_run_generators(m);
+
+        q = lookup_paths_init(
+                        &m->lookup_paths, m->running_as, true,
+                        m->generator_unit_path,
+                        m->generator_unit_path_early,
+                        m->generator_unit_path_late);
+        if (q < 0)
+                r = q;
+
+        manager_build_unit_path_cache(m);
+
+        /* First, enumerate what we can from all config files */
+        q = manager_enumerate(m);
+        if (q < 0)
+                r = q;
+
+        /* Second, deserialize our stored data */
+        q = manager_deserialize(m, f, fds);
+        if (q < 0)
+                r = q;
+
+        fclose(f);
+        f = NULL;
+
+        /* Third, fire things up! */
+        q = manager_coldplug(m);
+        if (q < 0)
+                r = q;
+
+        assert(m->n_reloading > 0);
+        m->n_reloading--;
+
+finish:
+        if (f)
+                fclose(f);
+
+        if (fds)
+                fdset_free(fds);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static bool manager_is_booting_or_shutting_down(Manager *m) {
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Is the initial job still around? */
+        if (manager_get_job(m, m->default_unit_job_id))
+                return true;
+
+        /* Is there a job for the shutdown target? */
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET);
+        if (u)
+                return !!u->job;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+bool manager_is_reloading_or_reexecuting(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        return m->n_reloading != 0;
+}
+
+void manager_reset_failed(Manager *m) {
+        Unit *u;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(u, m->units, i)
+                unit_reset_failed(u);
+}
+
+bool manager_unit_inactive_or_pending(Manager *m, const char *name) {
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(name);
+
+        /* Returns true if the unit is inactive or going down */
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, name);
+        if (!u)
+                return true;
+
+        return unit_inactive_or_pending(u);
+}
+
+void manager_check_finished(Manager *m) {
+        char userspace[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX], initrd[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX], kernel[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX], sum[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+        usec_t firmware_usec, loader_usec, kernel_usec, initrd_usec, userspace_usec, total_usec;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->n_running_jobs == 0)
+                manager_unwatch_jobs_in_progress(m);
+
+        if (hashmap_size(m->jobs) > 0) {
+                manager_jobs_in_progress_mod_timer(m);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        /* Notify Type=idle units that we are done now */
+        close_pipe(m->idle_pipe);
+
+        /* Turn off confirm spawn now */
+        m->confirm_spawn = false;
+
+        if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&m->finish_timestamp))
+                return;
+
+        dual_timestamp_get(&m->finish_timestamp);
+
+        if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM && detect_container(NULL) <= 0) {
+
+                /* Note that m->kernel_usec.monotonic is always at 0,
+                 * and m->firmware_usec.monotonic and
+                 * m->loader_usec.monotonic should be considered
+                 * negative values. */
+
+                firmware_usec = m->firmware_timestamp.monotonic - m->loader_timestamp.monotonic;
+                loader_usec = m->loader_timestamp.monotonic - m->kernel_timestamp.monotonic;
+                userspace_usec = m->finish_timestamp.monotonic - m->userspace_timestamp.monotonic;
+                total_usec = m->firmware_timestamp.monotonic + m->finish_timestamp.monotonic;
+
+                if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&m->initrd_timestamp)) {
+
+                        kernel_usec = m->initrd_timestamp.monotonic - m->kernel_timestamp.monotonic;
+                        initrd_usec = m->userspace_timestamp.monotonic - m->initrd_timestamp.monotonic;
+
+                        if (!log_on_console())
+                                log_struct(LOG_INFO,
+                                           MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_STARTUP_FINISHED),
+                                           "KERNEL_USEC=%llu", (unsigned long long) kernel_usec,
+                                           "INITRD_USEC=%llu", (unsigned long long) initrd_usec,
+                                           "USERSPACE_USEC=%llu", (unsigned long long) userspace_usec,
+                                           "MESSAGE=Startup finished in %s (kernel) + %s (initrd) + %s (userspace) = %s.",
+                                           format_timespan(kernel, sizeof(kernel), kernel_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC),
+                                           format_timespan(initrd, sizeof(initrd), initrd_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC),
+                                           format_timespan(userspace, sizeof(userspace), userspace_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC),
+                                           format_timespan(sum, sizeof(sum), total_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC),
+                                           NULL);
+                } else {
+                        kernel_usec = m->userspace_timestamp.monotonic - m->kernel_timestamp.monotonic;
+                        initrd_usec = 0;
+
+                        if (!log_on_console())
+                                log_struct(LOG_INFO,
+                                           MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_STARTUP_FINISHED),
+                                           "KERNEL_USEC=%llu", (unsigned long long) kernel_usec,
+                                           "USERSPACE_USEC=%llu", (unsigned long long) userspace_usec,
+                                           "MESSAGE=Startup finished in %s (kernel) + %s (userspace) = %s.",
+                                           format_timespan(kernel, sizeof(kernel), kernel_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC),
+                                           format_timespan(userspace, sizeof(userspace), userspace_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC),
+                                           format_timespan(sum, sizeof(sum), total_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC),
+                                           NULL);
+                }
+        } else {
+                firmware_usec = loader_usec = initrd_usec = kernel_usec = 0;
+                total_usec = userspace_usec = m->finish_timestamp.monotonic - m->userspace_timestamp.monotonic;
+
+                if (!log_on_console())
+                        log_struct(LOG_INFO,
+                                   MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_STARTUP_FINISHED),
+                                   "USERSPACE_USEC=%llu", (unsigned long long) userspace_usec,
+                                   "MESSAGE=Startup finished in %s.",
+                                   format_timespan(sum, sizeof(sum), total_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC),
+                                   NULL);
+        }
+
+        bus_broadcast_finished(m, firmware_usec, loader_usec, kernel_usec, initrd_usec, userspace_usec, total_usec);
+
+        sd_notifyf(false,
+                   "READY=1\nSTATUS=Startup finished in %s.",
+                   format_timespan(sum, sizeof(sum), total_usec, USEC_PER_MSEC));
+}
+
+static int create_generator_dir(Manager *m, char **generator, const char *name) {
+        char *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(generator);
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (*generator)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM && getpid() == 1) {
+
+                p = strappend("/run/systemd/", name);
+                if (!p)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = mkdir_p_label(p, 0755);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to create generator directory %s: %s",
+                                  p, strerror(-r));
+                        free(p);
+                        return r;
+                }
+        } else {
+                p = strjoin("/tmp/systemd-", name, ".XXXXXX", NULL);
+                if (!p)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                if (!mkdtemp(p)) {
+                        log_error("Failed to create generator directory %s: %m",
+                                  p);
+                        free(p);
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+        }
+
+        *generator = p;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void trim_generator_dir(Manager *m, char **generator) {
+        assert(m);
+        assert(generator);
+
+        if (!*generator)
+                return;
+
+        if (rmdir(*generator) >= 0) {
+                free(*generator);
+                *generator = NULL;
+        }
+
+        return;
+}
+
+void manager_run_generators(Manager *m) {
+        DIR *d = NULL;
+        const char *generator_path;
+        const char *argv[5];
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        generator_path = m->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM ? SYSTEM_GENERATOR_PATH : USER_GENERATOR_PATH;
+        d = opendir(generator_path);
+        if (!d) {
+                if (errno == ENOENT)
+                        return;
+
+                log_error("Failed to enumerate generator directory %s: %m",
+                          generator_path);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        r = create_generator_dir(m, &m->generator_unit_path, "generator");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = create_generator_dir(m, &m->generator_unit_path_early, "generator.early");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = create_generator_dir(m, &m->generator_unit_path_late, "generator.late");
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        argv[0] = NULL; /* Leave this empty, execute_directory() will fill something in */
+        argv[1] = m->generator_unit_path;
+        argv[2] = m->generator_unit_path_early;
+        argv[3] = m->generator_unit_path_late;
+        argv[4] = NULL;
+
+        RUN_WITH_UMASK(0022) {
+                execute_directory(generator_path, d, (char**) argv);
+        }
+
+        trim_generator_dir(m, &m->generator_unit_path);
+        trim_generator_dir(m, &m->generator_unit_path_early);
+        trim_generator_dir(m, &m->generator_unit_path_late);
+
+finish:
+        if (d)
+                closedir(d);
+}
+
+static void remove_generator_dir(Manager *m, char **generator) {
+        assert(m);
+        assert(generator);
+
+        if (!*generator)
+                return;
+
+        strv_remove(m->lookup_paths.unit_path, *generator);
+        rm_rf(*generator, false, true, false);
+
+        free(*generator);
+        *generator = NULL;
+}
+
+void manager_undo_generators(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        remove_generator_dir(m, &m->generator_unit_path);
+        remove_generator_dir(m, &m->generator_unit_path_early);
+        remove_generator_dir(m, &m->generator_unit_path_late);
+}
+
+int manager_set_default_controllers(Manager *m, char **controllers) {
+        char **l;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        l = strv_copy(controllers);
+        if (!l)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        strv_free(m->default_controllers);
+        m->default_controllers = l;
+
+        cg_shorten_controllers(m->default_controllers);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int manager_set_default_rlimits(Manager *m, struct rlimit **default_rlimit) {
+        int i;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < RLIMIT_NLIMITS; i++) {
+                if (!default_rlimit[i])
+                        continue;
+
+                m->rlimit[i] = newdup(struct rlimit, default_rlimit[i], 1);
+                if (!m->rlimit[i])
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void manager_recheck_journal(Manager *m) {
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                return;
+
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, SPECIAL_JOURNALD_SOCKET);
+        if (u && SOCKET(u)->state != SOCKET_RUNNING) {
+                log_close_journal();
+                return;
+        }
+
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, SPECIAL_JOURNALD_SERVICE);
+        if (u && SERVICE(u)->state != SERVICE_RUNNING) {
+                log_close_journal();
+                return;
+        }
+
+        /* Hmm, OK, so the socket is fully up and the service is up
+         * too, then let's make use of the thing. */
+        log_open();
+}
+
+void manager_set_show_status(Manager *m, bool b) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                return;
+
+        m->show_status = b;
+
+        if (b)
+                touch("/run/systemd/show-status");
+        else
+                unlink("/run/systemd/show-status");
+}
+
+static bool manager_get_show_status(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                return false;
+
+        if (m->show_status)
+                return true;
+
+        /* If Plymouth is running make sure we show the status, so
+         * that there's something nice to see when people press Esc */
+
+        return plymouth_running();
+}
+
+void manager_status_printf(Manager *m, bool ephemeral, const char *status, const char *format, ...) {
+        va_list ap;
+
+        if (!manager_get_show_status(m))
+                return;
+
+        /* XXX We should totally drop the check for ephemeral here
+         * and thus effectively make 'Type=idle' pointless. */
+        if (ephemeral && m->n_on_console > 0)
+                return;
+
+        if (!manager_is_booting_or_shutting_down(m))
+                return;
+
+        va_start(ap, format);
+        status_vprintf(status, true, ephemeral, format, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+}
+
+void watch_init(Watch *w) {
+        assert(w);
+
+        w->type = WATCH_INVALID;
+        w->fd = -1;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/manager.h b/src/core/manager.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf833540ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/manager.h
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <dbus/dbus.h>
+
+#include "fdset.h"
+
+/* Enforce upper limit how many names we allow */
+#define MANAGER_MAX_NAMES 131072 /* 128K */
+
+typedef struct Manager Manager;
+typedef enum WatchType WatchType;
+typedef struct Watch Watch;
+
+typedef enum ManagerExitCode {
+        MANAGER_RUNNING,
+        MANAGER_EXIT,
+        MANAGER_RELOAD,
+        MANAGER_REEXECUTE,
+        MANAGER_REBOOT,
+        MANAGER_POWEROFF,
+        MANAGER_HALT,
+        MANAGER_KEXEC,
+        MANAGER_SWITCH_ROOT,
+        _MANAGER_EXIT_CODE_MAX,
+        _MANAGER_EXIT_CODE_INVALID = -1
+} ManagerExitCode;
+
+enum WatchType {
+        WATCH_INVALID,
+        WATCH_SIGNAL,
+        WATCH_NOTIFY,
+        WATCH_FD,
+        WATCH_UNIT_TIMER,
+        WATCH_JOB_TIMER,
+        WATCH_MOUNT,
+        WATCH_SWAP,
+        WATCH_UDEV,
+        WATCH_DBUS_WATCH,
+        WATCH_DBUS_TIMEOUT,
+        WATCH_TIME_CHANGE,
+        WATCH_JOBS_IN_PROGRESS
+};
+
+struct Watch {
+        int fd;
+        WatchType type;
+        union {
+                struct Unit *unit;
+                struct Job *job;
+                DBusWatch *bus_watch;
+                DBusTimeout *bus_timeout;
+        } data;
+        bool fd_is_dupped:1;
+        bool socket_accept:1;
+};
+
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "job.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "list.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "dbus.h"
+#include "path-lookup.h"
+#include "execute.h"
+
+struct Manager {
+        /* Note that the set of units we know of is allowed to be
+         * inconsistent. However the subset of it that is loaded may
+         * not, and the list of jobs may neither. */
+
+        /* Active jobs and units */
+        Hashmap *units;  /* name string => Unit object n:1 */
+        Hashmap *jobs;   /* job id => Job object 1:1 */
+
+        /* To make it easy to iterate through the units of a specific
+         * type we maintain a per type linked list */
+        LIST_HEAD(Unit, units_by_type[_UNIT_TYPE_MAX]);
+
+        /* To optimize iteration of units that have requires_mounts_for set */
+        LIST_HEAD(Unit, has_requires_mounts_for);
+
+        /* Units that need to be loaded */
+        LIST_HEAD(Unit, load_queue); /* this is actually more a stack than a queue, but uh. */
+
+        /* Jobs that need to be run */
+        LIST_HEAD(Job, run_queue);   /* more a stack than a queue, too */
+
+        /* Units and jobs that have not yet been announced via
+         * D-Bus. When something about a job changes it is added here
+         * if it is not in there yet. This allows easy coalescing of
+         * D-Bus change signals. */
+        LIST_HEAD(Unit, dbus_unit_queue);
+        LIST_HEAD(Job, dbus_job_queue);
+
+        /* Units to remove */
+        LIST_HEAD(Unit, cleanup_queue);
+
+        /* Units to check when doing GC */
+        LIST_HEAD(Unit, gc_queue);
+
+        Hashmap *watch_pids;  /* pid => Unit object n:1 */
+
+        char *notify_socket;
+
+        Watch notify_watch;
+        Watch signal_watch;
+        Watch time_change_watch;
+        Watch jobs_in_progress_watch;
+
+        int epoll_fd;
+
+        unsigned n_snapshots;
+
+        LookupPaths lookup_paths;
+        Set *unit_path_cache;
+
+        char **environment;
+        char **default_controllers;
+
+        usec_t runtime_watchdog;
+        usec_t shutdown_watchdog;
+
+        dual_timestamp firmware_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp loader_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp kernel_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp initrd_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp userspace_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp finish_timestamp;
+
+        char *generator_unit_path;
+        char *generator_unit_path_early;
+        char *generator_unit_path_late;
+
+        /* Data specific to the device subsystem */
+        struct udev* udev;
+        struct udev_monitor* udev_monitor;
+        Watch udev_watch;
+        Hashmap *devices_by_sysfs;
+
+        /* Data specific to the mount subsystem */
+        FILE *proc_self_mountinfo;
+        Watch mount_watch;
+
+        /* Data specific to the swap filesystem */
+        FILE *proc_swaps;
+        Hashmap *swaps_by_proc_swaps;
+        bool request_reload;
+        Watch swap_watch;
+
+        /* Data specific to the D-Bus subsystem */
+        DBusConnection *api_bus, *system_bus;
+        DBusServer *private_bus;
+        Set *bus_connections, *bus_connections_for_dispatch;
+
+        DBusMessage *queued_message; /* This is used during reloading:
+                                      * before the reload we queue the
+                                      * reply message here, and
+                                      * afterwards we send it */
+        DBusConnection *queued_message_connection; /* The connection to send the queued message on */
+
+        Hashmap *watch_bus;  /* D-Bus names => Unit object n:1 */
+        int32_t name_data_slot;
+        int32_t conn_data_slot;
+        int32_t subscribed_data_slot;
+
+        uint32_t current_job_id;
+        uint32_t default_unit_job_id;
+
+        /* Data specific to the Automount subsystem */
+        int dev_autofs_fd;
+
+        /* Data specific to the cgroup subsystem */
+        Hashmap *cgroup_bondings; /* path string => CGroupBonding object 1:n */
+        char *cgroup_hierarchy;
+
+        usec_t gc_queue_timestamp;
+        int gc_marker;
+        unsigned n_in_gc_queue;
+
+        /* Make sure the user cannot accidentally unmount our cgroup
+         * file system */
+        int pin_cgroupfs_fd;
+
+        /* Flags */
+        SystemdRunningAs running_as;
+        ManagerExitCode exit_code:5;
+
+        bool dispatching_load_queue:1;
+        bool dispatching_run_queue:1;
+        bool dispatching_dbus_queue:1;
+
+        bool taint_usr:1;
+
+        bool show_status;
+        bool confirm_spawn;
+
+        ExecOutput default_std_output, default_std_error;
+
+        struct rlimit *rlimit[RLIMIT_NLIMITS];
+
+        /* non-zero if we are reloading or reexecuting, */
+        int n_reloading;
+
+        unsigned n_installed_jobs;
+        unsigned n_failed_jobs;
+
+        /* Jobs in progress watching */
+        unsigned n_running_jobs;
+        unsigned n_on_console;
+        unsigned jobs_in_progress_iteration;
+
+        /* Type=idle pipes */
+        int idle_pipe[2];
+
+        char *switch_root;
+        char *switch_root_init;
+};
+
+int manager_new(SystemdRunningAs running_as, Manager **m);
+void manager_free(Manager *m);
+
+int manager_enumerate(Manager *m);
+int manager_coldplug(Manager *m);
+int manager_startup(Manager *m, FILE *serialization, FDSet *fds);
+
+Job *manager_get_job(Manager *m, uint32_t id);
+Unit *manager_get_unit(Manager *m, const char *name);
+
+int manager_get_job_from_dbus_path(Manager *m, const char *s, Job **_j);
+
+int manager_load_unit_prepare(Manager *m, const char *name, const char *path, DBusError *e, Unit **_ret);
+int manager_load_unit(Manager *m, const char *name, const char *path, DBusError *e, Unit **_ret);
+int manager_load_unit_from_dbus_path(Manager *m, const char *s, DBusError *e, Unit **_u);
+
+int manager_add_job(Manager *m, JobType type, Unit *unit, JobMode mode, bool force, DBusError *e, Job **_ret);
+int manager_add_job_by_name(Manager *m, JobType type, const char *name, JobMode mode, bool force, DBusError *e, Job **_ret);
+
+void manager_dump_units(Manager *s, FILE *f, const char *prefix);
+void manager_dump_jobs(Manager *s, FILE *f, const char *prefix);
+
+void manager_clear_jobs(Manager *m);
+
+unsigned manager_dispatch_load_queue(Manager *m);
+unsigned manager_dispatch_run_queue(Manager *m);
+unsigned manager_dispatch_dbus_queue(Manager *m);
+
+int manager_set_default_controllers(Manager *m, char **controllers);
+int manager_set_default_rlimits(Manager *m, struct rlimit **default_rlimit);
+
+int manager_loop(Manager *m);
+
+void manager_dispatch_bus_name_owner_changed(Manager *m, const char *name, const char* old_owner, const char *new_owner);
+void manager_dispatch_bus_query_pid_done(Manager *m, const char *name, pid_t pid);
+
+int manager_open_serialization(Manager *m, FILE **_f);
+
+int manager_serialize(Manager *m, FILE *f, FDSet *fds, bool switching_root);
+int manager_deserialize(Manager *m, FILE *f, FDSet *fds);
+int manager_distribute_fds(Manager *m, FDSet *fds);
+
+int manager_reload(Manager *m);
+
+bool manager_is_reloading_or_reexecuting(Manager *m) _pure_;
+
+void manager_reset_failed(Manager *m);
+
+void manager_send_unit_audit(Manager *m, Unit *u, int type, bool success);
+void manager_send_unit_plymouth(Manager *m, Unit *u);
+
+bool manager_unit_inactive_or_pending(Manager *m, const char *name);
+
+void manager_check_finished(Manager *m);
+
+void manager_run_generators(Manager *m);
+void manager_undo_generators(Manager *m);
+
+void manager_recheck_journal(Manager *m);
+
+void manager_set_show_status(Manager *m, bool b);
+void manager_status_printf(Manager *m, bool ephemeral, const char *status, const char *format, ...) _printf_attr_(4,5);
+
+void watch_init(Watch *w);
diff --git a/src/core/mount-setup.c b/src/core/mount-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4629808a7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/mount-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <libgen.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <ftw.h>
+
+#include "mount-setup.h"
+#include "dev-setup.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "label.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+#include "efivars.h"
+
+#ifndef TTY_GID
+#define TTY_GID 5
+#endif
+
+typedef enum MountMode {
+        MNT_NONE  =        0,
+        MNT_FATAL =        1 <<  0,
+        MNT_IN_CONTAINER = 1 <<  1,
+} MountMode;
+
+typedef struct MountPoint {
+        const char *what;
+        const char *where;
+        const char *type;
+        const char *options;
+        unsigned long flags;
+        bool (*condition_fn)(void);
+        MountMode mode;
+} MountPoint;
+
+/* The first three entries we might need before SELinux is up. The
+ * fourth (securityfs) is needed by IMA to load a custom policy. The
+ * other ones we can delay until SELinux and IMA are loaded. */
+#define N_EARLY_MOUNT 5
+
+static const MountPoint mount_table[] = {
+        { "proc",       "/proc",                     "proc",       NULL, MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+          NULL,       MNT_FATAL|MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
+        { "sysfs",      "/sys",                      "sysfs",      NULL, MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+          NULL,       MNT_FATAL|MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
+        { "devtmpfs",   "/dev",                      "devtmpfs",   "mode=755", MS_NOSUID|MS_STRICTATIME,
+          NULL,       MNT_FATAL|MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
+        { "securityfs", "/sys/kernel/security",      "securityfs", NULL, MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+          NULL,       MNT_NONE },
+        { "smackfs",    "/sys/fs/smackfs",           "smackfs",    "smackfsdef=*", MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME,
+          NULL,       MNT_NONE },
+        { "tmpfs",      "/dev/shm",                  "tmpfs",      "mode=1777", MS_NOSUID|MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME,
+          NULL,       MNT_FATAL|MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
+        { "devpts",     "/dev/pts",                  "devpts",     "mode=620,gid=" STRINGIFY(TTY_GID), MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC,
+          NULL,       MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
+        { "tmpfs",      "/run",                      "tmpfs",      "mode=755", MS_NOSUID|MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME,
+          NULL,       MNT_FATAL|MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
+        { "tmpfs",      "/sys/fs/cgroup",            "tmpfs",      "mode=755", MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV|MS_STRICTATIME,
+          NULL,       MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
+#ifdef HAVE_XATTR
+        { "cgroup",     "/sys/fs/cgroup/systemd",    "cgroup",     "none,name=systemd,xattr", MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+          NULL,       MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
+#endif
+        { "cgroup",     "/sys/fs/cgroup/systemd",    "cgroup",     "none,name=systemd", MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+          NULL,       MNT_IN_CONTAINER },
+        { "pstore",     "/sys/fs/pstore",            "pstore",     NULL, MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+          NULL,       MNT_NONE },
+#ifdef ENABLE_EFI
+        { "efivarfs",   "/sys/firmware/efi/efivars", "efivarfs",   NULL, MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+          is_efi_boot, MNT_NONE },
+#endif
+};
+
+/* These are API file systems that might be mounted by other software,
+ * we just list them here so that we know that we should ignore them */
+
+static const char ignore_paths[] =
+        /* SELinux file systems */
+        "/sys/fs/selinux\0"
+        "/selinux\0"
+        /* Legacy cgroup mount points */
+        "/dev/cgroup\0"
+        "/cgroup\0"
+        /* Legacy kernel file system */
+        "/proc/bus/usb\0"
+        /* Container bind mounts */
+        "/proc/sys\0"
+        "/dev/console\0"
+        "/proc/kmsg\0";
+
+bool mount_point_is_api(const char *path) {
+        unsigned i;
+
+        /* Checks if this mount point is considered "API", and hence
+         * should be ignored */
+
+        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(mount_table); i ++)
+                if (path_equal(path, mount_table[i].where))
+                        return true;
+
+        return path_startswith(path, "/sys/fs/cgroup/");
+}
+
+bool mount_point_ignore(const char *path) {
+        const char *i;
+
+        NULSTR_FOREACH(i, ignore_paths)
+                if (path_equal(path, i))
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int mount_one(const MountPoint *p, bool relabel) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (p->condition_fn && !p->condition_fn())
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Relabel first, just in case */
+        if (relabel)
+                label_fix(p->where, true, true);
+
+        r = path_is_mount_point(p->where, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (r > 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Skip securityfs in a container */
+        if (!(p->mode & MNT_IN_CONTAINER) && detect_container(NULL) > 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* The access mode here doesn't really matter too much, since
+         * the mounted file system will take precedence anyway. */
+        mkdir_p_label(p->where, 0755);
+
+        log_debug("Mounting %s to %s of type %s with options %s.",
+                  p->what,
+                  p->where,
+                  p->type,
+                  strna(p->options));
+
+        if (mount(p->what,
+                  p->where,
+                  p->type,
+                  p->flags,
+                  p->options) < 0) {
+                log_full((p->mode & MNT_FATAL) ? LOG_ERR : LOG_DEBUG, "Failed to mount %s: %s", p->where, strerror(errno));
+                return (p->mode & MNT_FATAL) ? -errno : 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Relabel again, since we now mounted something fresh here */
+        if (relabel)
+                label_fix(p->where, false, false);
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int mount_setup_early(void) {
+        unsigned i;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert_cc(N_EARLY_MOUNT <= ELEMENTSOF(mount_table));
+
+        /* Do a minimal mount of /proc and friends to enable the most
+         * basic stuff, such as SELinux */
+        for (i = 0; i < N_EARLY_MOUNT; i ++)  {
+                int j;
+
+                j = mount_one(mount_table + i, false);
+                if (r == 0)
+                        r = j;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int mount_cgroup_controllers(char ***join_controllers) {
+        int r;
+        char buf[LINE_MAX];
+        _cleanup_set_free_free_ Set *controllers = NULL;
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f;
+
+        /* Mount all available cgroup controllers that are built into the kernel. */
+
+        f = fopen("/proc/cgroups", "re");
+        if (!f) {
+                log_error("Failed to enumerate cgroup controllers: %m");
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        controllers = set_new(string_hash_func, string_compare_func);
+        if (!controllers)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        /* Ignore the header line */
+        (void) fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), f);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char *controller;
+                int enabled = 0;
+
+                if (fscanf(f, "%ms %*i %*i %i", &controller, &enabled) != 2) {
+
+                        if (feof(f))
+                                break;
+
+                        log_error("Failed to parse /proc/cgroups.");
+                        return -EIO;
+                }
+
+                if (!enabled) {
+                        free(controller);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                r = set_consume(controllers, controller);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to add controller to set.");
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                MountPoint p = {
+                        .what = "cgroup",
+                        .type = "cgroup",
+                        .flags = MS_NOSUID|MS_NOEXEC|MS_NODEV,
+                        .mode = MNT_IN_CONTAINER,
+                };
+                char ***k = NULL;
+                _cleanup_free_ char *options = NULL, *controller;
+
+                controller = set_steal_first(controllers);
+                if (!controller)
+                        break;
+
+                if (join_controllers)
+                        for (k = join_controllers; *k; k++)
+                                if (strv_find(*k, controller))
+                                        break;
+
+                if (k && *k) {
+                        char **i, **j;
+
+                        for (i = *k, j = *k; *i; i++) {
+
+                                if (!streq(*i, controller)) {
+                                        char _cleanup_free_ *t;
+
+                                        t = set_remove(controllers, *i);
+                                        if (!t) {
+                                                free(*i);
+                                                continue;
+                                        }
+                                }
+
+                                *(j++) = *i;
+                        }
+
+                        *j = NULL;
+
+                        options = strv_join(*k, ",");
+                        if (!options)
+                                return log_oom();
+                } else {
+                        options = controller;
+                        controller = NULL;
+                }
+
+                p.where = strappenda("/sys/fs/cgroup/", options);
+                p.options = options;
+
+                r = mount_one(&p, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (r > 0 && k && *k) {
+                        char **i;
+
+                        for (i = *k; *i; i++) {
+                                char *t = strappenda("/sys/fs/cgroup/", *i);
+
+                                r = symlink(options, t);
+                                if (r < 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
+                                        log_error("Failed to create symlink %s: %m", t);
+                                        return -errno;
+                                }
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int nftw_cb(
+                const char *fpath,
+                const struct stat *sb,
+                int tflag,
+                struct FTW *ftwbuf) {
+
+        /* No need to label /dev twice in a row... */
+        if (_unlikely_(ftwbuf->level == 0))
+                return FTW_CONTINUE;
+
+        label_fix(fpath, false, false);
+
+        /* /run/initramfs is static data and big, no need to
+         * dynamically relabel its contents at boot... */
+        if (_unlikely_(ftwbuf->level == 1 &&
+                      tflag == FTW_D &&
+                      streq(fpath, "/run/initramfs")))
+                return FTW_SKIP_SUBTREE;
+
+        return FTW_CONTINUE;
+};
+
+int mount_setup(bool loaded_policy) {
+
+        static const char relabel[] =
+                "/run/initramfs/root-fsck\0"
+                "/run/initramfs/shutdown\0";
+
+        int r;
+        unsigned i;
+        const char *j;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(mount_table); i ++) {
+                r = mount_one(mount_table + i, true);
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        /* Nodes in devtmpfs and /run need to be manually updated for
+         * the appropriate labels, after mounting. The other virtual
+         * API file systems like /sys and /proc do not need that, they
+         * use the same label for all their files. */
+        if (loaded_policy) {
+                usec_t before_relabel, after_relabel;
+                char timespan[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+
+                before_relabel = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+                nftw("/dev", nftw_cb, 64, FTW_MOUNT|FTW_PHYS|FTW_ACTIONRETVAL);
+                nftw("/run", nftw_cb, 64, FTW_MOUNT|FTW_PHYS|FTW_ACTIONRETVAL);
+
+                /* Explicitly relabel these */
+                NULSTR_FOREACH(j, relabel)
+                        label_fix(j, true, false);
+
+                after_relabel = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+                log_info("Relabelled /dev and /run in %s.",
+                         format_timespan(timespan, sizeof(timespan), after_relabel - before_relabel, 0));
+        }
+
+        /* Create a few default symlinks, which are normally created
+         * by udevd, but some scripts might need them before we start
+         * udevd. */
+        dev_setup(NULL);
+
+        /* Mark the root directory as shared in regards to mount
+         * propagation. The kernel defaults to "private", but we think
+         * it makes more sense to have a default of "shared" so that
+         * nspawn and the container tools work out of the box. If
+         * specific setups need other settings they can reset the
+         * propagation mode to private if needed. */
+        if (detect_container(NULL) <= 0)
+                if (mount(NULL, "/", NULL, MS_REC|MS_SHARED, NULL) < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to set up the root directory for shared mount propagation: %m");
+
+        /* Create a few directories we always want around, Note that
+         * sd_booted() checks for /run/systemd/system, so this mkdir
+         * really needs to stay for good, otherwise software that
+         * copied sd-daemon.c into their sources will misdetect
+         * systemd. */
+        mkdir_label("/run/systemd", 0755);
+        mkdir_label("/run/systemd/system", 0755);
+        mkdir_label("/run/systemd/inaccessible", 0000);
+
+        return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/mount-setup.h b/src/core/mount-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b521ad0e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/mount-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+int mount_setup_early(void);
+
+int mount_setup(bool loaded_policy);
+
+int mount_cgroup_controllers(char ***join_controllers);
+
+bool mount_point_is_api(const char *path);
+bool mount_point_ignore(const char *path);
diff --git a/src/core/mount.c b/src/core/mount.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..10073b50be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/mount.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1932 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <mntent.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+
+#include "manager.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "mount.h"
+#include "load-fragment.h"
+#include "load-dropin.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "sd-messages.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "mount-setup.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "dbus-mount.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "bus-errors.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "def.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_MOUNT_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [MOUNT_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [MOUNT_MOUNTING] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
+        [MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [MOUNT_MOUNTED] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [MOUNT_REMOUNTING] = UNIT_RELOADING,
+        [MOUNT_UNMOUNTING] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM] = UNIT_RELOADING,
+        [MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL] = UNIT_RELOADING,
+        [MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [MOUNT_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED
+};
+
+static void mount_init(Unit *u) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        m->timeout_usec = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_USEC;
+        m->directory_mode = 0755;
+
+        exec_context_init(&m->exec_context);
+
+        if (unit_has_name(u, "-.mount")) {
+                /* Don't allow start/stop for root directory */
+                UNIT(m)->refuse_manual_start = true;
+                UNIT(m)->refuse_manual_stop = true;
+        } else {
+                /* The stdio/kmsg bridge socket is on /, in order to avoid a
+                 * dep loop, don't use kmsg logging for -.mount */
+                m->exec_context.std_output = u->manager->default_std_output;
+                m->exec_context.std_error = u->manager->default_std_error;
+        }
+
+        kill_context_init(&m->kill_context);
+
+        /* We need to make sure that /bin/mount is always called in
+         * the same process group as us, so that the autofs kernel
+         * side doesn't send us another mount request while we are
+         * already trying to comply its last one. */
+        m->exec_context.same_pgrp = true;
+
+        m->timer_watch.type = WATCH_INVALID;
+
+        m->control_command_id = _MOUNT_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+
+        UNIT(m)->ignore_on_isolate = true;
+}
+
+static void mount_unwatch_control_pid(Mount *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->control_pid <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        unit_unwatch_pid(UNIT(m), m->control_pid);
+        m->control_pid = 0;
+}
+
+static void mount_parameters_done(MountParameters *p) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        free(p->what);
+        free(p->options);
+        free(p->fstype);
+
+        p->what = p->options = p->fstype = NULL;
+}
+
+static void mount_done(Unit *u) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        free(m->where);
+        m->where = NULL;
+
+        mount_parameters_done(&m->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo);
+        mount_parameters_done(&m->parameters_fragment);
+
+        exec_context_done(&m->exec_context, manager_is_reloading_or_reexecuting(u->manager));
+        exec_command_done_array(m->exec_command, _MOUNT_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX);
+        m->control_command = NULL;
+
+        mount_unwatch_control_pid(m);
+
+        unit_unwatch_timer(u, &m->timer_watch);
+}
+
+_pure_ static MountParameters* get_mount_parameters_fragment(Mount *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->from_fragment)
+                return &m->parameters_fragment;
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+_pure_ static MountParameters* get_mount_parameters(Mount *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                return &m->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo;
+
+        return get_mount_parameters_fragment(m);
+}
+
+static int mount_add_mount_links(Mount *m) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+        MountParameters *pm;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        pm = get_mount_parameters_fragment(m);
+
+        /* Adds in links to other mount points that might lie below or
+         * above us in the hierarchy */
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, other, UNIT(m)->manager->units_by_type[UNIT_MOUNT]) {
+                Mount *n = MOUNT(other);
+                MountParameters *pn;
+
+                if (n == m)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (UNIT(n)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                        continue;
+
+                pn = get_mount_parameters_fragment(n);
+
+                if (path_startswith(m->where, n->where)) {
+
+                        if ((r = unit_add_dependency(UNIT(m), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT(n), true)) < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (pn)
+                                if ((r = unit_add_dependency(UNIT(m), UNIT_REQUIRES, UNIT(n), true)) < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                } else if (path_startswith(n->where, m->where)) {
+
+                        if ((r = unit_add_dependency(UNIT(n), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT(m), true)) < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (pm)
+                                if ((r = unit_add_dependency(UNIT(n), UNIT_REQUIRES, UNIT(m), true)) < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                } else if (pm && pm->what && path_startswith(pm->what, n->where)) {
+
+                        if ((r = unit_add_dependency(UNIT(m), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT(n), true)) < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if ((r = unit_add_dependency(UNIT(m), UNIT_REQUIRES, UNIT(n), true)) < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                } else if (pn && pn->what && path_startswith(pn->what, m->where)) {
+
+                        if ((r = unit_add_dependency(UNIT(n), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT(m), true)) < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if ((r = unit_add_dependency(UNIT(n), UNIT_REQUIRES, UNIT(m), true)) < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_add_swap_links(Mount *m) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, other, UNIT(m)->manager->units_by_type[UNIT_SWAP]) {
+                r = swap_add_one_mount_link(SWAP(other), m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_add_path_links(Mount *m) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, other, UNIT(m)->manager->units_by_type[UNIT_PATH]) {
+                r = path_add_one_mount_link(PATH(other), m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_add_automount_links(Mount *m) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, other, UNIT(m)->manager->units_by_type[UNIT_AUTOMOUNT]) {
+                r = automount_add_one_mount_link(AUTOMOUNT(other), m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_add_socket_links(Mount *m) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, other, UNIT(m)->manager->units_by_type[UNIT_SOCKET]) {
+                r = socket_add_one_mount_link(SOCKET(other), m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_add_requires_mounts_links(Mount *m) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(has_requires_mounts_for, other, UNIT(m)->manager->has_requires_mounts_for) {
+                r = unit_add_one_mount_link(other, m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static char* mount_test_option(const char *haystack, const char *needle) {
+        struct mntent me = { .mnt_opts = (char*) haystack };
+
+        assert(needle);
+
+        /* Like glibc's hasmntopt(), but works on a string, not a
+         * struct mntent */
+
+        if (!haystack)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return hasmntopt(&me, needle);
+}
+
+static bool mount_is_network(MountParameters *p) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (mount_test_option(p->options, "_netdev"))
+                return true;
+
+        if (p->fstype && fstype_is_network(p->fstype))
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static bool mount_is_bind(MountParameters *p) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (mount_test_option(p->options, "bind"))
+                return true;
+
+        if (p->fstype && streq(p->fstype, "bind"))
+                return true;
+
+        if (mount_test_option(p->options, "rbind"))
+                return true;
+
+        if (p->fstype && streq(p->fstype, "rbind"))
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static bool needs_quota(MountParameters *p) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (mount_is_network(p))
+                return false;
+
+        if (mount_is_bind(p))
+                return false;
+
+        return mount_test_option(p->options, "usrquota") ||
+                mount_test_option(p->options, "grpquota") ||
+                mount_test_option(p->options, "quota") ||
+                mount_test_option(p->options, "usrjquota") ||
+                mount_test_option(p->options, "grpjquota");
+}
+
+static int mount_add_device_links(Mount *m) {
+        MountParameters *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        p = get_mount_parameters_fragment(m);
+        if (!p)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!p->what)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (mount_is_bind(p))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!is_device_path(p->what))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (path_equal(m->where, "/"))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_add_node_link(UNIT(m), p->what, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (p->passno > 0 &&
+            UNIT(m)->manager->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                char *name;
+                Unit *fsck;
+                /* Let's add in the fsck service */
+
+                /* aka SPECIAL_FSCK_SERVICE */
+                name = unit_name_from_path_instance("systemd-fsck", p->what, ".service");
+                if (!name)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                r = manager_load_unit_prepare(UNIT(m)->manager, name, NULL, NULL, &fsck);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_warning_unit(name,
+                                         "Failed to prepare unit %s: %s", name, strerror(-r));
+                        free(name);
+                        return r;
+                }
+                free(name);
+
+                SERVICE(fsck)->fsck_passno = p->passno;
+
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies(UNIT(m), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES, fsck, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_add_quota_links(Mount *m) {
+        int r;
+        MountParameters *p;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (UNIT(m)->manager->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                return 0;
+
+        p = get_mount_parameters_fragment(m);
+        if (!p)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!needs_quota(p))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(m), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_WANTS, SPECIAL_QUOTACHECK_SERVICE, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(m), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_WANTS, SPECIAL_QUOTAON_SERVICE, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_add_default_dependencies(Mount *m) {
+        const char *after, *after2, *online;
+        MountParameters *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (UNIT(m)->manager->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                return 0;
+
+        p = get_mount_parameters(m);
+
+        if (!p)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (path_equal(m->where, "/"))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (mount_is_network(p)) {
+                after = SPECIAL_REMOTE_FS_PRE_TARGET;
+                after2 = SPECIAL_NETWORK_TARGET;
+                online = SPECIAL_NETWORK_ONLINE_TARGET;
+        } else {
+                after = SPECIAL_LOCAL_FS_PRE_TARGET;
+                after2 = NULL;
+                online = NULL;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(m), UNIT_AFTER, after, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (after2) {
+                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(m), UNIT_AFTER, after2, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (online) {
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(m), UNIT_WANTS, UNIT_AFTER, online, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(m), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS, SPECIAL_UMOUNT_TARGET, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_fix_timeouts(Mount *m) {
+        MountParameters *p;
+        const char *timeout = NULL;
+        Unit *other;
+        Iterator i;
+        usec_t u;
+        char *t;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        p = get_mount_parameters_fragment(m);
+        if (!p)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Allow configuration how long we wait for a device that
+         * backs a mount point to show up. This is useful to support
+         * endless device timeouts for devices that show up only after
+         * user input, like crypto devices. */
+
+        if ((timeout = mount_test_option(p->options, "comment=systemd.device-timeout")))
+                timeout += 31;
+        else if ((timeout = mount_test_option(p->options, "x-systemd.device-timeout")))
+                timeout += 25;
+        else
+                return 0;
+
+        t = strndup(timeout, strcspn(timeout, ",;" WHITESPACE));
+        if (!t)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = parse_sec(t, &u);
+        free(t);
+
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning_unit(UNIT(m)->id,
+                                 "Failed to parse timeout for %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                 m->where, timeout);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, UNIT(m)->dependencies[UNIT_AFTER], i) {
+                if (other->type != UNIT_DEVICE)
+                        continue;
+
+                other->job_timeout = u;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_verify(Mount *m) {
+        bool b;
+        char *e;
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (UNIT(m)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!m->from_fragment && !m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        if (!(e = unit_name_from_path(m->where, ".mount")))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        b = unit_has_name(UNIT(m), e);
+        free(e);
+
+        if (!b) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(m)->id,
+                               "%s's Where setting doesn't match unit name. Refusing.",
+                               UNIT(m)->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (mount_point_is_api(m->where) || mount_point_ignore(m->where)) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(m)->id,
+                               "Cannot create mount unit for API file system %s. Refusing.",
+                               m->where);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (UNIT(m)->fragment_path && !m->parameters_fragment.what) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(m)->id,
+                               "%s's What setting is missing. Refusing.", UNIT(m)->id);
+                return -EBADMSG;
+        }
+
+        if (m->exec_context.pam_name && m->kill_context.kill_mode != KILL_CONTROL_GROUP) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(m)->id,
+                               "%s has PAM enabled. Kill mode must be set to control-group'. Refusing.",
+                               UNIT(m)->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_add_extras(Mount *m) {
+        Unit *u = UNIT(m);
+        int r;
+
+        if (UNIT(m)->fragment_path)
+                m->from_fragment = true;
+
+        if (!m->where) {
+                m->where = unit_name_to_path(u->id);
+                if (!m->where)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        path_kill_slashes(m->where);
+
+        r = unit_add_exec_dependencies(u, &m->exec_context);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!UNIT(m)->description) {
+                r = unit_set_description(u, m->where);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = mount_add_device_links(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = mount_add_mount_links(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = mount_add_socket_links(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = mount_add_swap_links(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = mount_add_path_links(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = mount_add_requires_mounts_links(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = mount_add_automount_links(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = mount_add_quota_links(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (UNIT(m)->default_dependencies) {
+                r = mount_add_default_dependencies(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_add_default_cgroups(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = mount_fix_timeouts(m);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_load(Unit *u) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                r = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin_optional(u);
+        else
+                r = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin(u);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* This is a new unit? Then let's add in some extras */
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+                r = mount_add_extras(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = unit_exec_context_defaults(u, &m->exec_context);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return mount_verify(m);
+}
+
+static int mount_notify_automount(Mount *m, int status) {
+        Unit *p;
+        int r;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(p, UNIT(m)->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY], i)
+                if (p->type == UNIT_AUTOMOUNT) {
+                         r = automount_send_ready(AUTOMOUNT(p), status);
+                         if (r < 0)
+                                 return r;
+                }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void mount_set_state(Mount *m, MountState state) {
+        MountState old_state;
+        assert(m);
+
+        old_state = m->state;
+        m->state = state;
+
+        if (state != MOUNT_MOUNTING &&
+            state != MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE &&
+            state != MOUNT_REMOUNTING &&
+            state != MOUNT_UNMOUNTING &&
+            state != MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM &&
+            state != MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL &&
+            state != MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM &&
+            state != MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL &&
+            state != MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM &&
+            state != MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL) {
+                unit_unwatch_timer(UNIT(m), &m->timer_watch);
+                mount_unwatch_control_pid(m);
+                m->control_command = NULL;
+                m->control_command_id = _MOUNT_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+        }
+
+        if (state == MOUNT_MOUNTED ||
+            state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING)
+                mount_notify_automount(m, 0);
+        else if (state == MOUNT_DEAD ||
+                 state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING ||
+                 state == MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM ||
+                 state == MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL ||
+                 state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM ||
+                 state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL ||
+                 state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM ||
+                 state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL ||
+                 state == MOUNT_FAILED) {
+                if (state != old_state)
+                        mount_notify_automount(m, -ENODEV);
+        }
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(m)->id,
+                               "%s changed %s -> %s",
+                               UNIT(m)->id,
+                               mount_state_to_string(old_state),
+                               mount_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(m), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], m->reload_result == MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+        m->reload_result = MOUNT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int mount_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+        MountState new_state = MOUNT_DEAD;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(m->state == MOUNT_DEAD);
+
+        if (m->deserialized_state != m->state)
+                new_state = m->deserialized_state;
+        else if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                new_state = MOUNT_MOUNTED;
+
+        if (new_state != m->state) {
+
+                if (new_state == MOUNT_MOUNTING ||
+                    new_state == MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE ||
+                    new_state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING ||
+                    new_state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING ||
+                    new_state == MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM ||
+                    new_state == MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL ||
+                    new_state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM ||
+                    new_state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL ||
+                    new_state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM ||
+                    new_state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL) {
+
+                        if (m->control_pid <= 0)
+                                return -EBADMSG;
+
+                        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(m), m->control_pid);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = unit_watch_timer(UNIT(m), CLOCK_MONOTONIC, true, m->timeout_usec, &m->timer_watch);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                mount_set_state(m, new_state);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void mount_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+        MountParameters *p;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(f);
+
+        p = get_mount_parameters(m);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sMount State: %s\n"
+                "%sResult: %s\n"
+                "%sWhere: %s\n"
+                "%sWhat: %s\n"
+                "%sFile System Type: %s\n"
+                "%sOptions: %s\n"
+                "%sFrom /proc/self/mountinfo: %s\n"
+                "%sFrom fragment: %s\n"
+                "%sDirectoryMode: %04o\n",
+                prefix, mount_state_to_string(m->state),
+                prefix, mount_result_to_string(m->result),
+                prefix, m->where,
+                prefix, strna(p->what),
+                prefix, strna(p->fstype),
+                prefix, strna(p->options),
+                prefix, yes_no(m->from_proc_self_mountinfo),
+                prefix, yes_no(m->from_fragment),
+                prefix, m->directory_mode);
+
+        if (m->control_pid > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sControl PID: %lu\n",
+                        prefix, (unsigned long) m->control_pid);
+
+        exec_context_dump(&m->exec_context, f, prefix);
+        kill_context_dump(&m->kill_context, f, prefix);
+}
+
+static int mount_spawn(Mount *m, ExecCommand *c, pid_t *_pid) {
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(c);
+        assert(_pid);
+
+        r = unit_watch_timer(UNIT(m), CLOCK_MONOTONIC, true, m->timeout_usec, &m->timer_watch);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if ((r = exec_spawn(c,
+                            NULL,
+                            &m->exec_context,
+                            NULL, 0,
+                            UNIT(m)->manager->environment,
+                            true,
+                            true,
+                            true,
+                            UNIT(m)->manager->confirm_spawn,
+                            UNIT(m)->cgroup_bondings,
+                            UNIT(m)->cgroup_attributes,
+                            NULL,
+                            UNIT(m)->id,
+                            NULL,
+                            &pid)) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if ((r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(m), pid)) < 0)
+                /* FIXME: we need to do something here */
+                goto fail;
+
+        *_pid = pid;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        unit_unwatch_timer(UNIT(m), &m->timer_watch);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void mount_enter_dead(Mount *m, MountResult f) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (f != MOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                m->result = f;
+
+        exec_context_tmp_dirs_done(&m->exec_context);
+        mount_set_state(m, m->result != MOUNT_SUCCESS ? MOUNT_FAILED : MOUNT_DEAD);
+}
+
+static void mount_enter_mounted(Mount *m, MountResult f) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (f != MOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                m->result = f;
+
+        mount_set_state(m, MOUNT_MOUNTED);
+}
+
+static void mount_enter_signal(Mount *m, MountState state, MountResult f) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (f != MOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                m->result = f;
+
+        r = unit_kill_context(
+                        UNIT(m),
+                        &m->kill_context,
+                        state != MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM && state != MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM && state != MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM,
+                        -1,
+                        m->control_pid,
+                        false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (r > 0) {
+                r = unit_watch_timer(UNIT(m), CLOCK_MONOTONIC, true, m->timeout_usec, &m->timer_watch);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                mount_set_state(m, state);
+        } else if (state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM || state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL)
+                mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+        else
+                mount_enter_dead(m, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(m)->id,
+                         "%s failed to kill processes: %s", UNIT(m)->id, strerror(-r));
+
+        if (state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM || state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL)
+                mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        else
+                mount_enter_dead(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+void warn_if_dir_nonempty(const char *unit, const char* where) {
+        assert(unit);
+        assert(where);
+
+        if (dir_is_empty(where) > 0)
+                return;
+
+        log_struct_unit(LOG_NOTICE,
+                   unit,
+                   "MESSAGE=%s: Directory %s to mount over is not empty, mounting anyway.",
+                   unit, where,
+                   "WHERE=%s", where,
+                   MESSAGE_ID(SD_MESSAGE_OVERMOUNTING),
+                   NULL);
+}
+
+static void mount_enter_unmounting(Mount *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        m->control_command_id = MOUNT_EXEC_UNMOUNT;
+        m->control_command = m->exec_command + MOUNT_EXEC_UNMOUNT;
+
+        if ((r = exec_command_set(
+                             m->control_command,
+                             "/bin/umount",
+                             m->where,
+                             NULL)) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        mount_unwatch_control_pid(m);
+
+        if ((r = mount_spawn(m, m->control_command, &m->control_pid)) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        mount_set_state(m, MOUNT_UNMOUNTING);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(m)->id,
+                         "%s failed to run 'umount' task: %s",
+                         UNIT(m)->id, strerror(-r));
+        mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void mount_enter_mounting(Mount *m) {
+        int r;
+        MountParameters *p;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        m->control_command_id = MOUNT_EXEC_MOUNT;
+        m->control_command = m->exec_command + MOUNT_EXEC_MOUNT;
+
+        mkdir_p_label(m->where, m->directory_mode);
+
+        warn_if_dir_nonempty(m->meta.id, m->where);
+
+        /* Create the source directory for bind-mounts if needed */
+        p = get_mount_parameters_fragment(m);
+        if (p && mount_is_bind(p))
+                mkdir_p_label(p->what, m->directory_mode);
+
+        if (m->from_fragment)
+                r = exec_command_set(
+                                m->control_command,
+                                "/bin/mount",
+                                m->parameters_fragment.what,
+                                m->where,
+                                "-t", m->parameters_fragment.fstype ? m->parameters_fragment.fstype : "auto",
+                                m->parameters_fragment.options ? "-o" : NULL, m->parameters_fragment.options,
+                                NULL);
+        else
+                r = -ENOENT;
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        mount_unwatch_control_pid(m);
+
+        r = mount_spawn(m, m->control_command, &m->control_pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        mount_set_state(m, MOUNT_MOUNTING);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(m)->id,
+                         "%s failed to run 'mount' task: %s",
+                         UNIT(m)->id, strerror(-r));
+        mount_enter_dead(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void mount_enter_mounting_done(Mount *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        mount_set_state(m, MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE);
+}
+
+static void mount_enter_remounting(Mount *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        m->control_command_id = MOUNT_EXEC_REMOUNT;
+        m->control_command = m->exec_command + MOUNT_EXEC_REMOUNT;
+
+        if (m->from_fragment) {
+                char *buf = NULL;
+                const char *o;
+
+                if (m->parameters_fragment.options) {
+                        if (!(buf = strappend("remount,", m->parameters_fragment.options))) {
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                goto fail;
+                        }
+
+                        o = buf;
+                } else
+                        o = "remount";
+
+                r = exec_command_set(
+                                m->control_command,
+                                "/bin/mount",
+                                m->parameters_fragment.what,
+                                m->where,
+                                "-t", m->parameters_fragment.fstype ? m->parameters_fragment.fstype : "auto",
+                                "-o", o,
+                                NULL);
+
+                free(buf);
+        } else
+                r = -ENOENT;
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        mount_unwatch_control_pid(m);
+
+        if ((r = mount_spawn(m, m->control_command, &m->control_pid)) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        mount_set_state(m, MOUNT_REMOUNTING);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(m)->id,
+                         "%s failed to run 'remount' task: %s",
+                         UNIT(m)->id, strerror(-r));
+        m->reload_result = MOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES;
+        mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+static int mount_start(Unit *u) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* We cannot fulfill this request right now, try again later
+         * please! */
+        if (m->state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING ||
+            m->state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM ||
+            m->state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL ||
+            m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM ||
+            m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL)
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        /* Already on it! */
+        if (m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTING)
+                return 0;
+
+        assert(m->state == MOUNT_DEAD || m->state == MOUNT_FAILED);
+
+        m->result = MOUNT_SUCCESS;
+        m->reload_result = MOUNT_SUCCESS;
+
+        mount_enter_mounting(m);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* Already on it */
+        if (m->state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING ||
+            m->state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL ||
+            m->state == MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM ||
+            m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM ||
+            m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL)
+                return 0;
+
+        assert(m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTING ||
+               m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE ||
+               m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTED ||
+               m->state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING ||
+               m->state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM ||
+               m->state == MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL);
+
+        mount_enter_unmounting(m);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_reload(Unit *u) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE)
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        assert(m->state == MOUNT_MOUNTED);
+
+        mount_enter_remounting(m);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", mount_state_to_string(m->state));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "result", mount_result_to_string(m->result));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "reload-result", mount_result_to_string(m->reload_result));
+
+        if (m->control_pid > 0)
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "control-pid", "%lu", (unsigned long) m->control_pid);
+
+        if (m->control_command_id >= 0)
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "control-command", mount_exec_command_to_string(m->control_command_id));
+
+        exec_context_serialize(&m->exec_context, UNIT(m), f);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                MountState state;
+
+                if ((state = mount_state_from_string(value)) < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse state value %s", value);
+                else
+                        m->deserialized_state = state;
+        } else if (streq(key, "result")) {
+                MountResult f;
+
+                f = mount_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(UNIT(m)->id,
+                                       "Failed to parse result value %s", value);
+                else if (f != MOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                        m->result = f;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "reload-result")) {
+                MountResult f;
+
+                f = mount_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(UNIT(m)->id,
+                                       "Failed to parse reload result value %s", value);
+                else if (f != MOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                        m->reload_result = f;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "control-pid")) {
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                if (parse_pid(value, &pid) < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(UNIT(m)->id,
+                                       "Failed to parse control-pid value %s", value);
+                else
+                        m->control_pid = pid;
+        } else if (streq(key, "control-command")) {
+                MountExecCommand id;
+
+                if ((id = mount_exec_command_from_string(value)) < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(UNIT(m)->id,
+                                       "Failed to parse exec-command value %s", value);
+                else {
+                        m->control_command_id = id;
+                        m->control_command = m->exec_command + id;
+                }
+        } else if (streq(key, "tmp-dir")) {
+                char *t;
+
+                t = strdup(value);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                m->exec_context.tmp_dir = t;
+        } else if (streq(key, "var-tmp-dir")) {
+                char *t;
+
+                t = strdup(value);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                m->exec_context.var_tmp_dir = t;
+        } else
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(m)->id,
+                               "Unknown serialization key '%s'", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState mount_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[MOUNT(u)->state];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *mount_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return mount_state_to_string(MOUNT(u)->state);
+}
+
+_pure_ static bool mount_check_gc(Unit *u) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        return m->from_proc_self_mountinfo;
+}
+
+static void mount_sigchld_event(Unit *u, pid_t pid, int code, int status) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+        MountResult f;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(pid >= 0);
+
+        if (pid != m->control_pid)
+                return;
+
+        m->control_pid = 0;
+
+        if (is_clean_exit(code, status, NULL))
+                f = MOUNT_SUCCESS;
+        else if (code == CLD_EXITED)
+                f = MOUNT_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE;
+        else if (code == CLD_KILLED)
+                f = MOUNT_FAILURE_SIGNAL;
+        else if (code == CLD_DUMPED)
+                f = MOUNT_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP;
+        else
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown code");
+
+        if (f != MOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                m->result = f;
+
+        if (m->control_command) {
+                exec_status_exit(&m->control_command->exec_status, &m->exec_context, pid, code, status);
+
+                m->control_command = NULL;
+                m->control_command_id = _MOUNT_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+        }
+
+        log_full_unit(f == MOUNT_SUCCESS ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_NOTICE, u->id,
+                      "%s mount process exited, code=%s status=%i",
+                      u->id, sigchld_code_to_string(code), status);
+
+        /* Note that mount(8) returning and the kernel sending us a
+         * mount table change event might happen out-of-order. If an
+         * operation succeed we assume the kernel will follow soon too
+         * and already change into the resulting state.  If it fails
+         * we check if the kernel still knows about the mount. and
+         * change state accordingly. */
+
+        switch (m->state) {
+
+        case MOUNT_MOUNTING:
+        case MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE:
+        case MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL:
+        case MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM:
+
+                if (f == MOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                        mount_enter_mounted(m, f);
+                else if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                        mount_enter_mounted(m, f);
+                else
+                        mount_enter_dead(m, f);
+                break;
+
+        case MOUNT_REMOUNTING:
+        case MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL:
+        case MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM:
+
+                m->reload_result = f;
+                if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                        mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+                else
+                        mount_enter_dead(m, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+
+                break;
+
+        case MOUNT_UNMOUNTING:
+        case MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL:
+        case MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM:
+
+                if (f == MOUNT_SUCCESS)
+                        mount_enter_dead(m, f);
+                else if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                        mount_enter_mounted(m, f);
+                else
+                        mount_enter_dead(m, f);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Uh, control process died at wrong time.");
+        }
+
+        /* Notify clients about changed exit status */
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+}
+
+static void mount_timer_event(Unit *u, uint64_t elapsed, Watch *w) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(elapsed == 1);
+        assert(w == &m->timer_watch);
+
+        switch (m->state) {
+
+        case MOUNT_MOUNTING:
+        case MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s mounting timed out. Stopping.", u->id);
+                mount_enter_signal(m, MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case MOUNT_REMOUNTING:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s remounting timed out. Stopping.", u->id);
+                m->reload_result = MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT;
+                mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+                break;
+
+        case MOUNT_UNMOUNTING:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s unmounting timed out. Stopping.", u->id);
+                mount_enter_signal(m, MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM:
+                if (m->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                         "%s mounting timed out. Killing.", u->id);
+                        mount_enter_signal(m, MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                         "%s mounting timed out. Skipping SIGKILL. Ignoring.",
+                                         u->id);
+
+                        if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                                mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                        else
+                                mount_enter_dead(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM:
+                if (m->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                         "%s remounting timed out. Killing.", u->id);
+                        mount_enter_signal(m, MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                         "%s remounting timed out. Skipping SIGKILL. Ignoring.",
+                                         u->id);
+
+                        if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                                mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                        else
+                                mount_enter_dead(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM:
+                if (m->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                         "%s unmounting timed out. Killing.", u->id);
+                        mount_enter_signal(m, MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                         "%s unmounting timed out. Skipping SIGKILL. Ignoring.",
+                                         u->id);
+
+                        if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                                mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                        else
+                                mount_enter_dead(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL:
+        case MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL:
+        case MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s mount process still around after SIGKILL. Ignoring.",
+                                 u->id);
+
+                if (m->from_proc_self_mountinfo)
+                        mount_enter_mounted(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                else
+                        mount_enter_dead(m, MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Timeout at wrong time.");
+        }
+}
+
+static int mount_add_one(
+                Manager *m,
+                const char *what,
+                const char *where,
+                const char *options,
+                const char *fstype,
+                int passno,
+                bool set_flags) {
+        int r;
+        Unit *u;
+        bool delete;
+        char *e, *w = NULL, *o = NULL, *f = NULL;
+        MountParameters *p;
+        bool load_extras = false;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(what);
+        assert(where);
+        assert(options);
+        assert(fstype);
+
+        /* Ignore API mount points. They should never be referenced in
+         * dependencies ever. */
+        if (mount_point_is_api(where) || mount_point_ignore(where))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (streq(fstype, "autofs"))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* probably some kind of swap, ignore */
+        if (!is_path(where))
+                return 0;
+
+        e = unit_name_from_path(where, ".mount");
+        if (!e)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, e);
+        if (!u) {
+                delete = true;
+
+                u = unit_new(m, sizeof(Mount));
+                if (!u) {
+                        free(e);
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                r = unit_add_name(u, e);
+                free(e);
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                MOUNT(u)->where = strdup(where);
+                if (!MOUNT(u)->where) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                u->source_path = strdup("/proc/self/mountinfo");
+                if (!u->source_path) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(u, UNIT_BEFORE, SPECIAL_LOCAL_FS_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(u, UNIT_CONFLICTS, SPECIAL_UMOUNT_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                unit_add_to_load_queue(u);
+        } else {
+                delete = false;
+                free(e);
+
+                if (!MOUNT(u)->where) {
+                        MOUNT(u)->where = strdup(where);
+                        if (!MOUNT(u)->where) {
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                goto fail;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (u->load_state == UNIT_ERROR) {
+                        u->load_state = UNIT_LOADED;
+                        u->load_error = 0;
+
+                        /* Load in the extras later on, after we
+                         * finished initialization of the unit */
+                        load_extras = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!(w = strdup(what)) ||
+            !(o = strdup(options)) ||
+            !(f = strdup(fstype))) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        p = &MOUNT(u)->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo;
+        if (set_flags) {
+                MOUNT(u)->is_mounted = true;
+                MOUNT(u)->just_mounted = !MOUNT(u)->from_proc_self_mountinfo;
+                MOUNT(u)->just_changed = !streq_ptr(p->options, o);
+        }
+
+        MOUNT(u)->from_proc_self_mountinfo = true;
+
+        free(p->what);
+        p->what = w;
+
+        free(p->options);
+        p->options = o;
+
+        free(p->fstype);
+        p->fstype = f;
+
+        p->passno = passno;
+
+        if (load_extras) {
+                r = mount_add_extras(MOUNT(u));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        free(w);
+        free(o);
+        free(f);
+
+        if (delete && u)
+                unit_free(u);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int mount_load_proc_self_mountinfo(Manager *m, bool set_flags) {
+        int r = 0;
+        unsigned i;
+        char *device, *path, *options, *options2, *fstype, *d, *p, *o;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        rewind(m->proc_self_mountinfo);
+
+        for (i = 1;; i++) {
+                int k;
+
+                device = path = options = options2 = fstype = d = p = o = NULL;
+
+                if ((k = fscanf(m->proc_self_mountinfo,
+                                "%*s "       /* (1) mount id */
+                                "%*s "       /* (2) parent id */
+                                "%*s "       /* (3) major:minor */
+                                "%*s "       /* (4) root */
+                                "%ms "       /* (5) mount point */
+                                "%ms"        /* (6) mount options */
+                                "%*[^-]"     /* (7) optional fields */
+                                "- "         /* (8) separator */
+                                "%ms "       /* (9) file system type */
+                                "%ms"        /* (10) mount source */
+                                "%ms"        /* (11) mount options 2 */
+                                "%*[^\n]",   /* some rubbish at the end */
+                                &path,
+                                &options,
+                                &fstype,
+                                &device,
+                                &options2)) != 5) {
+
+                        if (k == EOF)
+                                break;
+
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse /proc/self/mountinfo:%u.", i);
+                        goto clean_up;
+                }
+
+                o = strjoin(options, ",", options2, NULL);
+                if (!o) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (!(d = cunescape(device)) ||
+                    !(p = cunescape(path))) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if ((k = mount_add_one(m, d, p, o, fstype, 0, set_flags)) < 0)
+                        r = k;
+
+clean_up:
+                free(device);
+                free(path);
+                free(options);
+                free(options2);
+                free(fstype);
+                free(d);
+                free(p);
+                free(o);
+        }
+
+finish:
+        free(device);
+        free(path);
+        free(options);
+        free(options2);
+        free(fstype);
+        free(d);
+        free(p);
+        free(o);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void mount_shutdown(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->proc_self_mountinfo) {
+                fclose(m->proc_self_mountinfo);
+                m->proc_self_mountinfo = NULL;
+        }
+}
+
+static int mount_enumerate(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (!m->proc_self_mountinfo) {
+                struct epoll_event ev = {
+                        .events = EPOLLPRI,
+                        .data.ptr = &m->mount_watch,
+                };
+
+                m->proc_self_mountinfo = fopen("/proc/self/mountinfo", "re");
+                if (!m->proc_self_mountinfo)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                m->mount_watch.type = WATCH_MOUNT;
+                m->mount_watch.fd = fileno(m->proc_self_mountinfo);
+
+                if (epoll_ctl(m->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, m->mount_watch.fd, &ev) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        r = mount_load_proc_self_mountinfo(m, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        mount_shutdown(m);
+        return r;
+}
+
+void mount_fd_event(Manager *m, int events) {
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(events & EPOLLPRI);
+
+        /* The manager calls this for every fd event happening on the
+         * /proc/self/mountinfo file, which informs us about mounting
+         * table changes */
+
+        r = mount_load_proc_self_mountinfo(m, true);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to reread /proc/self/mountinfo: %s", strerror(-r));
+
+                /* Reset flags, just in case, for later calls */
+                LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, u, m->units_by_type[UNIT_MOUNT]) {
+                        Mount *mount = MOUNT(u);
+
+                        mount->is_mounted = mount->just_mounted = mount->just_changed = false;
+                }
+
+                return;
+        }
+
+        manager_dispatch_load_queue(m);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, u, m->units_by_type[UNIT_MOUNT]) {
+                Mount *mount = MOUNT(u);
+
+                if (!mount->is_mounted) {
+                        /* This has just been unmounted. */
+
+                        mount->from_proc_self_mountinfo = false;
+
+                        switch (mount->state) {
+
+                        case MOUNT_MOUNTED:
+                                mount_enter_dead(mount, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                mount_set_state(mount, mount->state);
+                                break;
+
+                        }
+
+                } else if (mount->just_mounted || mount->just_changed) {
+
+                        /* New or changed mount entry */
+
+                        switch (mount->state) {
+
+                        case MOUNT_DEAD:
+                        case MOUNT_FAILED:
+                                mount_enter_mounted(mount, MOUNT_SUCCESS);
+                                break;
+
+                        case MOUNT_MOUNTING:
+                                mount_enter_mounting_done(mount);
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                /* Nothing really changed, but let's
+                                 * issue an notification call
+                                 * nonetheless, in case somebody is
+                                 * waiting for this. (e.g. file system
+                                 * ro/rw remounts.) */
+                                mount_set_state(mount, mount->state);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* Reset the flags for later calls */
+                mount->is_mounted = mount->just_mounted = mount->just_changed = false;
+        }
+}
+
+static void mount_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
+        Mount *m = MOUNT(u);
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->state == MOUNT_FAILED)
+                mount_set_state(m, MOUNT_DEAD);
+
+        m->result = MOUNT_SUCCESS;
+        m->reload_result = MOUNT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int mount_kill(Unit *u, KillWho who, int signo, DBusError *error) {
+        return unit_kill_common(u, who, signo, -1, MOUNT(u)->control_pid, error);
+}
+
+static const char* const mount_state_table[_MOUNT_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [MOUNT_DEAD] = "dead",
+        [MOUNT_MOUNTING] = "mounting",
+        [MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE] = "mounting-done",
+        [MOUNT_MOUNTED] = "mounted",
+        [MOUNT_REMOUNTING] = "remounting",
+        [MOUNT_UNMOUNTING] = "unmounting",
+        [MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM] = "mounting-sigterm",
+        [MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL] = "mounting-sigkill",
+        [MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM] = "remounting-sigterm",
+        [MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL] = "remounting-sigkill",
+        [MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM] = "unmounting-sigterm",
+        [MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL] = "unmounting-sigkill",
+        [MOUNT_FAILED] = "failed"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(mount_state, MountState);
+
+static const char* const mount_exec_command_table[_MOUNT_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX] = {
+        [MOUNT_EXEC_MOUNT] = "ExecMount",
+        [MOUNT_EXEC_UNMOUNT] = "ExecUnmount",
+        [MOUNT_EXEC_REMOUNT] = "ExecRemount",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(mount_exec_command, MountExecCommand);
+
+static const char* const mount_result_table[_MOUNT_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [MOUNT_SUCCESS] = "success",
+        [MOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES] = "resources",
+        [MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT] = "timeout",
+        [MOUNT_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE] = "exit-code",
+        [MOUNT_FAILURE_SIGNAL] = "signal",
+        [MOUNT_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP] = "core-dump"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(mount_result, MountResult);
+
+const UnitVTable mount_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Mount),
+
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Mount\0"
+                "Install\0",
+
+        .exec_context_offset = offsetof(Mount, exec_context),
+        .exec_section = "Mount",
+
+        .no_alias = true,
+        .no_instances = true,
+
+        .init = mount_init,
+        .load = mount_load,
+        .done = mount_done,
+
+        .coldplug = mount_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = mount_dump,
+
+        .start = mount_start,
+        .stop = mount_stop,
+        .reload = mount_reload,
+
+        .kill = mount_kill,
+
+        .serialize = mount_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = mount_deserialize_item,
+
+        .active_state = mount_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = mount_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .check_gc = mount_check_gc,
+
+        .sigchld_event = mount_sigchld_event,
+        .timer_event = mount_timer_event,
+
+        .reset_failed = mount_reset_failed,
+
+        .bus_interface = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Mount",
+        .bus_message_handler = bus_mount_message_handler,
+        .bus_invalidating_properties =  bus_mount_invalidating_properties,
+
+        .enumerate = mount_enumerate,
+        .shutdown = mount_shutdown,
+
+        .status_message_formats = {
+                .starting_stopping = {
+                        [0] = "Mounting %s...",
+                        [1] = "Unmounting %s...",
+                },
+                .finished_start_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Mounted %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed to mount %s.",
+                        [JOB_DEPENDENCY] = "Dependency failed for %s.",
+                        [JOB_TIMEOUT]    = "Timed out mounting %s.",
+                },
+                .finished_stop_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Unmounted %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed unmounting %s.",
+                        [JOB_TIMEOUT]    = "Timed out unmounting %s.",
+                },
+        },
+};
diff --git a/src/core/mount.h b/src/core/mount.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bcc10ee0d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/mount.h
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Mount Mount;
+
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "kill.h"
+
+typedef enum MountState {
+        MOUNT_DEAD,
+        MOUNT_MOUNTING,               /* /bin/mount is running, but the mount is not done yet. */
+        MOUNT_MOUNTING_DONE,          /* /bin/mount is running, and the mount is done. */
+        MOUNT_MOUNTED,
+        MOUNT_REMOUNTING,
+        MOUNT_UNMOUNTING,
+        MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM,
+        MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL,
+        MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGTERM,
+        MOUNT_REMOUNTING_SIGKILL,
+        MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM,
+        MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL,
+        MOUNT_FAILED,
+        _MOUNT_STATE_MAX,
+        _MOUNT_STATE_INVALID = -1
+} MountState;
+
+typedef enum MountExecCommand {
+        MOUNT_EXEC_MOUNT,
+        MOUNT_EXEC_UNMOUNT,
+        MOUNT_EXEC_REMOUNT,
+        _MOUNT_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX,
+        _MOUNT_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID = -1
+} MountExecCommand;
+
+typedef struct MountParameters {
+        char *what;
+        char *options;
+        char *fstype;
+        int passno;
+} MountParameters;
+
+typedef enum MountResult {
+        MOUNT_SUCCESS,
+        MOUNT_FAILURE_RESOURCES,
+        MOUNT_FAILURE_TIMEOUT,
+        MOUNT_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE,
+        MOUNT_FAILURE_SIGNAL,
+        MOUNT_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP,
+        _MOUNT_RESULT_MAX,
+        _MOUNT_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+} MountResult;
+
+struct Mount {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        char *where;
+
+        MountParameters parameters_proc_self_mountinfo;
+        MountParameters parameters_fragment;
+
+        bool from_proc_self_mountinfo:1;
+        bool from_fragment:1;
+
+        /* Used while looking for mount points that vanished or got
+         * added from/to /proc/self/mountinfo */
+        bool is_mounted:1;
+        bool just_mounted:1;
+        bool just_changed:1;
+
+        MountResult result;
+        MountResult reload_result;
+
+        mode_t directory_mode;
+
+        usec_t timeout_usec;
+
+        ExecCommand exec_command[_MOUNT_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX];
+        ExecContext exec_context;
+        KillContext kill_context;
+
+        MountState state, deserialized_state;
+
+        ExecCommand* control_command;
+        MountExecCommand control_command_id;
+        pid_t control_pid;
+
+        Watch timer_watch;
+};
+
+extern const UnitVTable mount_vtable;
+
+void mount_fd_event(Manager *m, int events);
+
+const char* mount_state_to_string(MountState i) _const_;
+MountState mount_state_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* mount_exec_command_to_string(MountExecCommand i) _const_;
+MountExecCommand mount_exec_command_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* mount_result_to_string(MountResult i) _const_;
+MountResult mount_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+void warn_if_dir_nonempty(const char *unit, const char* where);
diff --git a/src/core/namespace.c b/src/core/namespace.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7e33d84156
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/namespace.c
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "namespace.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "execute.h"
+
+typedef enum MountMode {
+        /* This is ordered by priority! */
+        INACCESSIBLE,
+        READONLY,
+        PRIVATE_TMP,
+        PRIVATE_VAR_TMP,
+        READWRITE
+} MountMode;
+
+typedef struct BindMount {
+        const char *path;
+        MountMode mode;
+        bool done;
+} BindMount;
+
+static int append_mounts(BindMount **p, char **strv, MountMode mode) {
+        char **i;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, strv) {
+
+                if (!path_is_absolute(*i))
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                (*p)->path = *i;
+                (*p)->mode = mode;
+                (*p)++;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int mount_path_compare(const void *a, const void *b) {
+        const BindMount *p = a, *q = b;
+
+        if (path_equal(p->path, q->path)) {
+
+                /* If the paths are equal, check the mode */
+                if (p->mode < q->mode)
+                        return -1;
+
+                if (p->mode > q->mode)
+                        return 1;
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* If the paths are not equal, then order prefixes first */
+        if (path_startswith(p->path, q->path))
+                return 1;
+
+        if (path_startswith(q->path, p->path))
+                return -1;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void drop_duplicates(BindMount *m, unsigned *n) {
+        BindMount *f, *t, *previous;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(n);
+
+        for (f = m, t = m, previous = NULL; f < m+*n; f++) {
+
+                /* The first one wins */
+                if (previous && path_equal(f->path, previous->path))
+                        continue;
+
+                t->path = f->path;
+                t->mode = f->mode;
+
+                previous = t;
+
+                t++;
+        }
+
+        *n = t - m;
+}
+
+static int apply_mount(
+                BindMount *m,
+                const char *tmp_dir,
+                const char *var_tmp_dir) {
+
+        const char *what;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        switch (m->mode) {
+
+        case INACCESSIBLE:
+                what = "/run/systemd/inaccessible";
+                break;
+
+        case READONLY:
+        case READWRITE:
+                what = m->path;
+                break;
+
+        case PRIVATE_TMP:
+                what = tmp_dir;
+                break;
+
+        case PRIVATE_VAR_TMP:
+                what = var_tmp_dir;
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown mode");
+        }
+
+        assert(what);
+
+        r = mount(what, m->path, NULL, MS_BIND|MS_REC, NULL);
+        if (r >= 0)
+                log_debug("Successfully mounted %s to %s", what, m->path);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int make_read_only(BindMount *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->mode != INACCESSIBLE && m->mode != READONLY)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = mount(NULL, m->path, NULL, MS_BIND|MS_REMOUNT|MS_RDONLY|MS_REC, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int setup_tmpdirs(char **tmp_dir,
+                  char **var_tmp_dir) {
+        int r = 0;
+        char tmp_dir_template[] = "/tmp/systemd-private-XXXXXX",
+             var_tmp_dir_template[] = "/var/tmp/systemd-private-XXXXXX";
+
+        assert(tmp_dir);
+        assert(var_tmp_dir);
+
+        r = create_tmp_dir(tmp_dir_template, tmp_dir);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = create_tmp_dir(var_tmp_dir_template, var_tmp_dir);
+        if (r == 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* failure */
+        rmdir(*tmp_dir);
+        rmdir(tmp_dir_template);
+        free(*tmp_dir);
+        *tmp_dir = NULL;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int setup_namespace(char** read_write_dirs,
+                    char** read_only_dirs,
+                    char** inaccessible_dirs,
+                    char* tmp_dir,
+                    char* var_tmp_dir,
+                    bool private_tmp,
+                    unsigned mount_flags) {
+
+        unsigned n = strv_length(read_write_dirs) +
+                     strv_length(read_only_dirs) +
+                     strv_length(inaccessible_dirs) +
+                     (private_tmp ? 2 : 0);
+        BindMount *m, *mounts;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        if (!mount_flags)
+                mount_flags = MS_SHARED;
+
+        if (unshare(CLONE_NEWNS) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        m = mounts = (BindMount *) alloca(n * sizeof(BindMount));
+        if ((r = append_mounts(&m, read_write_dirs, READWRITE)) < 0 ||
+                (r = append_mounts(&m, read_only_dirs, READONLY)) < 0 ||
+                (r = append_mounts(&m, inaccessible_dirs, INACCESSIBLE)) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (private_tmp) {
+                m->path = "/tmp";
+                m->mode = PRIVATE_TMP;
+                m++;
+
+                m->path = "/var/tmp";
+                m->mode = PRIVATE_VAR_TMP;
+                m++;
+        }
+
+        assert(mounts + n == m);
+
+        qsort(mounts, n, sizeof(BindMount), mount_path_compare);
+        drop_duplicates(mounts, &n);
+
+        /* Remount / as SLAVE so that nothing now mounted in the namespace
+           shows up in the parent */
+        if (mount(NULL, "/", NULL, MS_SLAVE|MS_REC, NULL) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        for (m = mounts; m < mounts + n; ++m) {
+                r = apply_mount(m, tmp_dir, var_tmp_dir);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto undo_mounts;
+        }
+
+        for (m = mounts; m < mounts + n; ++m) {
+                r = make_read_only(m);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto undo_mounts;
+        }
+
+        /* Remount / as the desired mode */
+        if (mount(NULL, "/", NULL, mount_flags | MS_REC, NULL) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto undo_mounts;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+undo_mounts:
+        for (m = mounts; m < mounts + n; ++m) {
+                if (m->done)
+                        umount2(m->path, MNT_DETACH);
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/namespace.h b/src/core/namespace.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ddb579468d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/namespace.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+int setup_tmpdirs(char **tmp_dir, char **var_tmp_dir);
+int setup_namespace(char **read_write_dirs,
+                    char **read_only_dirs,
+                    char **inaccessible_dirs,
+                    char *tmp_dir,
+                    char *var_tmp_dir,
+                    bool private_tmp,
+                    unsigned mount_flags);
diff --git a/src/core/org.freedesktop.systemd1.conf b/src/core/org.freedesktop.systemd1.conf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a07a8e1ce3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/org.freedesktop.systemd1.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
+<!DOCTYPE busconfig PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD D-BUS Bus Configuration 1.0//EN"
+        "http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/busconfig.dtd">
+
+<!--
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+-->
+
+<busconfig>
+
+        <policy user="root">
+                <allow own="org.freedesktop.systemd1"/>
+
+                <!-- Root clients can do everything -->
+                <allow send_destination="org.freedesktop.systemd1"/>
+                <allow receive_sender="org.freedesktop.systemd1"/>
+
+                <!-- systemd may receive activator requests -->
+                <allow receive_interface="org.freedesktop.systemd1.Activator"
+                       receive_member="ActivationRequest"/>
+        </policy>
+
+        <policy context="default">
+                <deny send_destination="org.freedesktop.systemd1"/>
+
+                <allow send_destination="org.freedesktop.systemd1"
+                       send_interface="org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable"/>
+
+                <allow send_destination="org.freedesktop.systemd1"
+                       send_interface="org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer"/>
+
+                <allow send_destination="org.freedesktop.systemd1"
+                       send_interface="org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties"
+                       send_member="Get"/>
+
+                <allow send_destination="org.freedesktop.systemd1"
+                       send_interface="org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties"
+                       send_member="GetAll"/>
+
+                <allow send_destination="org.freedesktop.systemd1"
+                       send_interface="org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager"
+                       send_member="GetUnit"/>
+
+                <allow send_destination="org.freedesktop.systemd1"
+                       send_interface="org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager"
+                       send_member="GetUnitByPID"/>
+
+                <allow send_destination="org.freedesktop.systemd1"
+                       send_interface="org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager"
+                       send_member="LoadUnit"/>
+
+                <allow send_destination="org.freedesktop.systemd1"
+                       send_interface="org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager"
+                       send_member="GetJob"/>
+
+                <allow send_destination="org.freedesktop.systemd1"
+                       send_interface="org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager"
+                       send_member="ListUnits"/>
+
+                <allow send_destination="org.freedesktop.systemd1"
+                       send_interface="org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager"
+                       send_member="ListUnitFiles"/>
+
+                <allow send_destination="org.freedesktop.systemd1"
+                       send_interface="org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager"
+                       send_member="GetUnitFileState"/>
+
+                <allow send_destination="org.freedesktop.systemd1"
+                       send_interface="org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager"
+                       send_member="ListJobs"/>
+
+                <allow send_destination="org.freedesktop.systemd1"
+                       send_interface="org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager"
+                       send_member="Subscribe"/>
+
+                <allow send_destination="org.freedesktop.systemd1"
+                       send_interface="org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager"
+                       send_member="Unsubscribe"/>
+
+                <allow send_destination="org.freedesktop.systemd1"
+                       send_interface="org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager"
+                       send_member="Dump"/>
+
+                <allow receive_sender="org.freedesktop.systemd1"/>
+        </policy>
+
+</busconfig>
diff --git a/src/core/org.freedesktop.systemd1.policy.in.in b/src/core/org.freedesktop.systemd1.policy.in.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..51bdafac45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/org.freedesktop.systemd1.policy.in.in
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
+<!DOCTYPE policyconfig PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD PolicyKit Policy Configuration 1.0//EN"
+        "http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/PolicyKit/1/policyconfig.dtd">
+
+<!--
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+-->
+
+<policyconfig>
+
+        <vendor>The systemd Project</vendor>
+        <vendor_url>http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd</vendor_url>
+
+        <action id="org.freedesktop.systemd1.reply-password">
+                <_description>Send passphrase back to system</_description>
+                <_message>Authentication is required to send the entered passphrase back to the system.</_message>
+                <defaults>
+                        <allow_any>no</allow_any>
+                        <allow_inactive>no</allow_inactive>
+                        <allow_active>auth_admin_keep</allow_active>
+                </defaults>
+                <annotate key="org.freedesktop.policykit.exec.path">@rootlibexecdir@/systemd-reply-password</annotate>
+        </action>
+
+        <action id="org.freedesktop.systemd1.bus-access">
+                <_description>Privileged system and service manager access</_description>
+                <_message>Authentication is required to access the system and service manager.</_message>
+                <defaults>
+                        <allow_any>no</allow_any>
+                        <allow_inactive>no</allow_inactive>
+                        <allow_active>auth_admin_keep</allow_active>
+                </defaults>
+                <annotate key="org.freedesktop.policykit.exec.path">@bindir@/systemd-stdio-bridge</annotate>
+        </action>
+
+</policyconfig>
diff --git a/src/core/org.freedesktop.systemd1.service b/src/core/org.freedesktop.systemd1.service
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d4df3e93a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/org.freedesktop.systemd1.service
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+[D-BUS Service]
+Name=org.freedesktop.systemd1
+Exec=/bin/false
+User=root
diff --git a/src/core/path.c b/src/core/path.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8a09deb4ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/path.c
@@ -0,0 +1,833 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/inotify.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "path.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "dbus-path.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_PATH_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [PATH_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [PATH_WAITING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [PATH_RUNNING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [PATH_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED
+};
+
+int path_spec_watch(PathSpec *s, Unit *u) {
+
+        static const int flags_table[_PATH_TYPE_MAX] = {
+                [PATH_EXISTS] = IN_DELETE_SELF|IN_MOVE_SELF|IN_ATTRIB,
+                [PATH_EXISTS_GLOB] = IN_DELETE_SELF|IN_MOVE_SELF|IN_ATTRIB,
+                [PATH_CHANGED] = IN_DELETE_SELF|IN_MOVE_SELF|IN_ATTRIB|IN_CLOSE_WRITE|IN_CREATE|IN_DELETE|IN_MOVED_FROM|IN_MOVED_TO,
+                [PATH_MODIFIED] = IN_DELETE_SELF|IN_MOVE_SELF|IN_ATTRIB|IN_CLOSE_WRITE|IN_CREATE|IN_DELETE|IN_MOVED_FROM|IN_MOVED_TO|IN_MODIFY,
+                [PATH_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY] = IN_DELETE_SELF|IN_MOVE_SELF|IN_ATTRIB|IN_CREATE|IN_MOVED_TO
+        };
+
+        bool exists = false;
+        char *slash, *oldslash = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(s);
+
+        path_spec_unwatch(s, u);
+
+        s->inotify_fd = inotify_init1(IN_NONBLOCK|IN_CLOEXEC);
+        if (s->inotify_fd < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_watch_fd(u, s->inotify_fd, EPOLLIN, &s->watch);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* This assumes the path was passed through path_kill_slashes()! */
+
+        for (slash = strchr(s->path, '/'); ; slash = strchr(slash+1, '/')) {
+                char *cut = NULL;
+                int flags;
+                char tmp;
+
+                if (slash) {
+                        cut = slash + (slash == s->path);
+                        tmp = *cut;
+                        *cut = '\0';
+
+                        flags = IN_MOVE_SELF | IN_DELETE_SELF | IN_ATTRIB | IN_CREATE | IN_MOVED_TO;
+                } else
+                        flags = flags_table[s->type];
+
+                r = inotify_add_watch(s->inotify_fd, s->path, flags);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (errno == EACCES || errno == ENOENT) {
+                                if (cut)
+                                        *cut = tmp;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                        log_warning("Failed to add watch on %s: %m", s->path);
+                        r = -errno;
+                        if (cut)
+                                *cut = tmp;
+                        goto fail;
+                } else {
+                        exists = true;
+
+                        /* Path exists, we don't need to watch parent
+                           too closely. */
+                        if (oldslash) {
+                                char *cut2 = oldslash + (oldslash == s->path);
+                                char tmp2 = *cut2;
+                                *cut2 = '\0';
+
+                                inotify_add_watch(s->inotify_fd, s->path, IN_MOVE_SELF);
+                                /* Error is ignored, the worst can happen is
+                                   we get spurious events. */
+
+                                *cut2 = tmp2;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if (cut)
+                        *cut = tmp;
+
+                if (slash)
+                        oldslash = slash;
+                else {
+                        /* whole path has been iterated over */
+                        s->primary_wd = r;
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!exists) {
+                log_error("Failed to add watch on any of the components of %s: %m",
+                          s->path);
+                r = -errno; /* either EACCESS or ENOENT */
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        path_spec_unwatch(s, u);
+        return r;
+}
+
+void path_spec_unwatch(PathSpec *s, Unit *u) {
+
+        if (s->inotify_fd < 0)
+                return;
+
+        unit_unwatch_fd(u, &s->watch);
+
+        close_nointr_nofail(s->inotify_fd);
+        s->inotify_fd = -1;
+}
+
+int path_spec_fd_event(PathSpec *s, uint32_t events) {
+        _cleanup_free_ uint8_t *buf = NULL;
+        struct inotify_event *e;
+        ssize_t k;
+        int l;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        if (events != EPOLLIN) {
+                log_error("Got invalid poll event on inotify.");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (ioctl(s->inotify_fd, FIONREAD, &l) < 0) {
+                log_error("FIONREAD failed: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        assert(l > 0);
+
+        buf = malloc(l);
+        if (!buf)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        k = read(s->inotify_fd, buf, l);
+        if (k < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to read inotify event: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        e = (struct inotify_event*) buf;
+
+        while (k > 0) {
+                size_t step;
+
+                if ((s->type == PATH_CHANGED || s->type == PATH_MODIFIED) &&
+                    s->primary_wd == e->wd)
+                        r = 1;
+
+                step = sizeof(struct inotify_event) + e->len;
+                assert(step <= (size_t) k);
+
+                e = (struct inotify_event*) ((uint8_t*) e + step);
+                k -= step;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static bool path_spec_check_good(PathSpec *s, bool initial) {
+        bool good = false;
+
+        switch (s->type) {
+
+        case PATH_EXISTS:
+                good = access(s->path, F_OK) >= 0;
+                break;
+
+        case PATH_EXISTS_GLOB:
+                good = glob_exists(s->path) > 0;
+                break;
+
+        case PATH_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY: {
+                int k;
+
+                k = dir_is_empty(s->path);
+                good = !(k == -ENOENT || k > 0);
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case PATH_CHANGED:
+        case PATH_MODIFIED: {
+                bool b;
+
+                b = access(s->path, F_OK) >= 0;
+                good = !initial && b != s->previous_exists;
+                s->previous_exists = b;
+                break;
+        }
+
+        default:
+                ;
+        }
+
+        return good;
+}
+
+static bool path_spec_startswith(PathSpec *s, const char *what) {
+        return path_startswith(s->path, what);
+}
+
+static void path_spec_mkdir(PathSpec *s, mode_t mode) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (s->type == PATH_EXISTS || s->type == PATH_EXISTS_GLOB)
+                return;
+
+        r = mkdir_p_label(s->path, mode);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning("mkdir(%s) failed: %s", s->path, strerror(-r));
+}
+
+static void path_spec_dump(PathSpec *s, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%s%s: %s\n",
+                prefix,
+                path_type_to_string(s->type),
+                s->path);
+}
+
+void path_spec_done(PathSpec *s) {
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->inotify_fd == -1);
+
+        free(s->path);
+}
+
+static void path_init(Unit *u) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        p->directory_mode = 0755;
+}
+
+void path_free_specs(Path *p) {
+        PathSpec *s;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        while ((s = p->specs)) {
+                path_spec_unwatch(s, UNIT(p));
+                LIST_REMOVE(PathSpec, spec, p->specs, s);
+                path_spec_done(s);
+                free(s);
+        }
+}
+
+static void path_done(Unit *u) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        path_free_specs(p);
+}
+
+int path_add_one_mount_link(Path *p, Mount *m) {
+        PathSpec *s;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (UNIT(p)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED ||
+            UNIT(m)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(spec, s, p->specs) {
+                if (!path_spec_startswith(s, m->where))
+                        continue;
+
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies(UNIT(p), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES,
+                                              UNIT(m), true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int path_add_mount_links(Path *p) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, other, UNIT(p)->manager->units_by_type[UNIT_MOUNT]) {
+                r = path_add_one_mount_link(p, MOUNT(other));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int path_verify(Path *p) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (UNIT(p)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!p->specs) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(p)->id,
+                               "%s lacks path setting. Refusing.", UNIT(p)->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int path_add_default_dependencies(Path *p) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(p), UNIT_BEFORE,
+                                        SPECIAL_PATHS_TARGET, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (UNIT(p)->manager->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(p), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES,
+                                                      SPECIAL_SYSINIT_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(p), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS,
+                                                 SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET, NULL, true);
+}
+
+static int path_load(Unit *u) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        r = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+
+                if (set_isempty(u->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERS])) {
+                        Unit *x;
+
+                        r = unit_load_related_unit(u, ".service", &x);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = unit_add_two_dependencies(u, UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_TRIGGERS, x, true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = path_add_mount_links(p);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (UNIT(p)->default_dependencies) {
+                        r = path_add_default_dependencies(p);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return path_verify(p);
+}
+
+static void path_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+        Unit *trigger;
+        PathSpec *s;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(f);
+
+        trigger = UNIT_TRIGGER(u);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sPath State: %s\n"
+                "%sResult: %s\n"
+                "%sUnit: %s\n"
+                "%sMakeDirectory: %s\n"
+                "%sDirectoryMode: %04o\n",
+                prefix, path_state_to_string(p->state),
+                prefix, path_result_to_string(p->result),
+                prefix, trigger ? trigger->id : "n/a",
+                prefix, yes_no(p->make_directory),
+                prefix, p->directory_mode);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(spec, s, p->specs)
+                path_spec_dump(s, f, prefix);
+}
+
+static void path_unwatch(Path *p) {
+        PathSpec *s;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(spec, s, p->specs)
+                path_spec_unwatch(s, UNIT(p));
+}
+
+static int path_watch(Path *p) {
+        int r;
+        PathSpec *s;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(spec, s, p->specs) {
+                r = path_spec_watch(s, UNIT(p));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void path_set_state(Path *p, PathState state) {
+        PathState old_state;
+        assert(p);
+
+        old_state = p->state;
+        p->state = state;
+
+        if (state != PATH_WAITING &&
+            (state != PATH_RUNNING || p->inotify_triggered))
+                path_unwatch(p);
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_debug("%s changed %s -> %s",
+                          UNIT(p)->id,
+                          path_state_to_string(old_state),
+                          path_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(p), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], true);
+}
+
+static void path_enter_waiting(Path *p, bool initial, bool recheck);
+
+static int path_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(p->state == PATH_DEAD);
+
+        if (p->deserialized_state != p->state) {
+
+                if (p->deserialized_state == PATH_WAITING ||
+                    p->deserialized_state == PATH_RUNNING)
+                        path_enter_waiting(p, true, true);
+                else
+                        path_set_state(p, p->deserialized_state);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void path_enter_dead(Path *p, PathResult f) {
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (f != PATH_SUCCESS)
+                p->result = f;
+
+        path_set_state(p, p->result != PATH_SUCCESS ? PATH_FAILED : PATH_DEAD);
+}
+
+static void path_enter_running(Path *p) {
+        _cleanup_dbus_error_free_ DBusError error;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        /* Don't start job if we are supposed to go down */
+        if (unit_stop_pending(UNIT(p)))
+                return;
+
+        r = manager_add_job(UNIT(p)->manager, JOB_START, UNIT_TRIGGER(UNIT(p)),
+                            JOB_REPLACE, true, &error, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        p->inotify_triggered = false;
+
+        r = path_watch(p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        path_set_state(p, PATH_RUNNING);
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning("%s failed to queue unit startup job: %s",
+                    UNIT(p)->id, bus_error(&error, r));
+        path_enter_dead(p, PATH_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static bool path_check_good(Path *p, bool initial) {
+        PathSpec *s;
+        bool good = false;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(spec, s, p->specs) {
+                good = path_spec_check_good(s, initial);
+
+                if (good)
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        return good;
+}
+
+static void path_enter_waiting(Path *p, bool initial, bool recheck) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (recheck)
+                if (path_check_good(p, initial)) {
+                        log_debug("%s got triggered.", UNIT(p)->id);
+                        path_enter_running(p);
+                        return;
+                }
+
+        r = path_watch(p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* Hmm, so now we have created inotify watches, but the file
+         * might have appeared/been removed by now, so we must
+         * recheck */
+
+        if (recheck)
+                if (path_check_good(p, false)) {
+                        log_debug("%s got triggered.", UNIT(p)->id);
+                        path_enter_running(p);
+                        return;
+                }
+
+        path_set_state(p, PATH_WAITING);
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning("%s failed to enter waiting state: %s",
+                    UNIT(p)->id, strerror(-r));
+        path_enter_dead(p, PATH_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void path_mkdir(Path *p) {
+        PathSpec *s;
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (!p->make_directory)
+                return;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(spec, s, p->specs)
+                path_spec_mkdir(s, p->directory_mode);
+}
+
+static int path_start(Unit *u) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(p->state == PATH_DEAD || p->state == PATH_FAILED);
+
+        if (UNIT_TRIGGER(u)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        path_mkdir(p);
+
+        p->result = PATH_SUCCESS;
+        path_enter_waiting(p, true, true);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int path_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(p->state == PATH_WAITING || p->state == PATH_RUNNING);
+
+        path_enter_dead(p, PATH_SUCCESS);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int path_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", path_state_to_string(p->state));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "result", path_result_to_string(p->result));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int path_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                PathState state;
+
+                state = path_state_from_string(value);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        log_debug("Failed to parse state value %s", value);
+                else
+                        p->deserialized_state = state;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "result")) {
+                PathResult f;
+
+                f = path_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_debug("Failed to parse result value %s", value);
+                else if (f != PATH_SUCCESS)
+                        p->result = f;
+
+        } else
+                log_debug("Unknown serialization key '%s'", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState path_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[PATH(u)->state];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *path_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return path_state_to_string(PATH(u)->state);
+}
+
+static void path_fd_event(Unit *u, int fd, uint32_t events, Watch *w) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+        PathSpec *s;
+        int changed;
+
+        assert(p);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        if (p->state != PATH_WAITING &&
+            p->state != PATH_RUNNING)
+                return;
+
+        /* log_debug("inotify wakeup on %s.", u->id); */
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(spec, s, p->specs)
+                if (path_spec_owns_inotify_fd(s, fd))
+                        break;
+
+        if (!s) {
+                log_error("Got event on unknown fd.");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        changed = path_spec_fd_event(s, events);
+        if (changed < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* If we are already running, then remember that one event was
+         * dispatched so that we restart the service only if something
+         * actually changed on disk */
+        p->inotify_triggered = true;
+
+        if (changed)
+                path_enter_running(p);
+        else
+                path_enter_waiting(p, false, true);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        path_enter_dead(p, PATH_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void path_trigger_notify(Unit *u, Unit *other) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(other);
+
+        /* Invoked whenever the unit we trigger changes state or gains
+         * or loses a job */
+
+        if (other->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return;
+
+        if (p->state == PATH_RUNNING &&
+            UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(unit_active_state(other))) {
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(p)->id,
+                               "%s got notified about unit deactivation.",
+                               UNIT(p)->id);
+
+                /* Hmm, so inotify was triggered since the
+                 * last activation, so I guess we need to
+                 * recheck what is going on. */
+                path_enter_waiting(p, false, p->inotify_triggered);
+        }
+}
+
+static void path_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
+        Path *p = PATH(u);
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (p->state == PATH_FAILED)
+                path_set_state(p, PATH_DEAD);
+
+        p->result = PATH_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static const char* const path_state_table[_PATH_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [PATH_DEAD] = "dead",
+        [PATH_WAITING] = "waiting",
+        [PATH_RUNNING] = "running",
+        [PATH_FAILED] = "failed"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(path_state, PathState);
+
+static const char* const path_type_table[_PATH_TYPE_MAX] = {
+        [PATH_EXISTS] = "PathExists",
+        [PATH_EXISTS_GLOB] = "PathExistsGlob",
+        [PATH_CHANGED] = "PathChanged",
+        [PATH_MODIFIED] = "PathModified",
+        [PATH_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY] = "DirectoryNotEmpty"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(path_type, PathType);
+
+static const char* const path_result_table[_PATH_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [PATH_SUCCESS] = "success",
+        [PATH_FAILURE_RESOURCES] = "resources"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(path_result, PathResult);
+
+const UnitVTable path_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Path),
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Path\0"
+                "Install\0",
+
+        .init = path_init,
+        .done = path_done,
+        .load = path_load,
+
+        .coldplug = path_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = path_dump,
+
+        .start = path_start,
+        .stop = path_stop,
+
+        .serialize = path_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = path_deserialize_item,
+
+        .active_state = path_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = path_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .fd_event = path_fd_event,
+
+        .trigger_notify = path_trigger_notify,
+
+        .reset_failed = path_reset_failed,
+
+        .bus_interface = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Path",
+        .bus_message_handler = bus_path_message_handler,
+        .bus_invalidating_properties = bus_path_invalidating_properties
+};
diff --git a/src/core/path.h b/src/core/path.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6adab5897d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/path.h
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Path Path;
+
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "mount.h"
+
+typedef enum PathState {
+        PATH_DEAD,
+        PATH_WAITING,
+        PATH_RUNNING,
+        PATH_FAILED,
+        _PATH_STATE_MAX,
+        _PATH_STATE_INVALID = -1
+} PathState;
+
+typedef enum PathType {
+        PATH_EXISTS,
+        PATH_EXISTS_GLOB,
+        PATH_DIRECTORY_NOT_EMPTY,
+        PATH_CHANGED,
+        PATH_MODIFIED,
+        _PATH_TYPE_MAX,
+        _PATH_TYPE_INVALID = -1
+} PathType;
+
+typedef struct PathSpec {
+        char *path;
+
+        Watch watch;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(struct PathSpec, spec);
+
+        PathType type;
+        int inotify_fd;
+        int primary_wd;
+
+        bool previous_exists;
+} PathSpec;
+
+int path_spec_watch(PathSpec *s, Unit *u);
+void path_spec_unwatch(PathSpec *s, Unit *u);
+int path_spec_fd_event(PathSpec *s, uint32_t events);
+void path_spec_done(PathSpec *s);
+
+static inline bool path_spec_owns_inotify_fd(PathSpec *s, int fd) {
+        return s->inotify_fd == fd;
+}
+
+typedef enum PathResult {
+        PATH_SUCCESS,
+        PATH_FAILURE_RESOURCES,
+        _PATH_RESULT_MAX,
+        _PATH_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+} PathResult;
+
+struct Path {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        LIST_HEAD(PathSpec, specs);
+
+        PathState state, deserialized_state;
+
+        bool inotify_triggered;
+
+        bool make_directory;
+        mode_t directory_mode;
+
+        PathResult result;
+};
+
+/* Called from the mount code figure out if a mount is a dependency of
+ * any of the paths of this path object */
+int path_add_one_mount_link(Path *p, Mount *m);
+
+void path_free_specs(Path *p);
+
+extern const UnitVTable path_vtable;
+
+const char* path_state_to_string(PathState i) _const_;
+PathState path_state_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* path_type_to_string(PathType i) _const_;
+PathType path_type_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* path_result_to_string(PathResult i) _const_;
+PathResult path_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/core/securebits.h b/src/core/securebits.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ba0bba5353
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/securebits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#ifndef _LINUX_SECUREBITS_H
+#define _LINUX_SECUREBITS_H 1
+
+/* This is minimal version of Linux' linux/securebits.h header file,
+ * which is licensed GPL2 */
+
+#define SECUREBITS_DEFAULT 0x00000000
+
+/* When set UID 0 has no special privileges. When unset, we support
+   inheritance of root-permissions and suid-root executable under
+   compatibility mode. We raise the effective and inheritable bitmasks
+   *of the executable file* if the effective uid of the new process is
+   0. If the real uid is 0, we raise the effective (legacy) bit of the
+   executable file. */
+#define SECURE_NOROOT			0
+#define SECURE_NOROOT_LOCKED		1  /* make bit-0 immutable */
+
+/* When set, setuid to/from uid 0 does not trigger capability-"fixup".
+   When unset, to provide compatibility with old programs relying on
+   set*uid to gain/lose privilege, transitions to/from uid 0 cause
+   capabilities to be gained/lost. */
+#define SECURE_NO_SETUID_FIXUP		2
+#define SECURE_NO_SETUID_FIXUP_LOCKED	3  /* make bit-2 immutable */
+
+/* When set, a process can retain its capabilities even after
+   transitioning to a non-root user (the set-uid fixup suppressed by
+   bit 2). Bit-4 is cleared when a process calls exec(); setting both
+   bit 4 and 5 will create a barrier through exec that no exec()'d
+   child can use this feature again. */
+#define SECURE_KEEP_CAPS		4
+#define SECURE_KEEP_CAPS_LOCKED		5  /* make bit-4 immutable */
+
+/* Each securesetting is implemented using two bits. One bit specifies
+   whether the setting is on or off. The other bit specify whether the
+   setting is locked or not. A setting which is locked cannot be
+   changed from user-level. */
+#define issecure_mask(X)	(1 << (X))
+#define issecure(X)		(issecure_mask(X) & current_cred_xxx(securebits))
+
+#define SECURE_ALL_BITS		(issecure_mask(SECURE_NOROOT) | \
+				 issecure_mask(SECURE_NO_SETUID_FIXUP) | \
+				 issecure_mask(SECURE_KEEP_CAPS))
+#define SECURE_ALL_LOCKS	(SECURE_ALL_BITS << 1)
+
+#endif /* !_LINUX_SECUREBITS_H */
diff --git a/src/core/selinux-access.c b/src/core/selinux-access.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..426aed07d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/selinux-access.c
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Dan Walsh
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "selinux-access.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#include <selinux/avc.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+#include <libaudit.h>
+#endif
+#include <dbus.h>
+
+#include "util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "bus-errors.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "audit.h"
+#include "selinux-util.h"
+#include "audit-fd.h"
+
+static bool initialized = false;
+
+struct auditstruct {
+        const char *path;
+        char *cmdline;
+        uid_t loginuid;
+        uid_t uid;
+        gid_t gid;
+};
+
+static int bus_get_selinux_security_context(
+                DBusConnection *connection,
+                const char *name,
+                char **scon,
+                DBusError *error) {
+
+        _cleanup_dbus_message_unref_ DBusMessage *m = NULL, *reply = NULL;
+        DBusMessageIter iter, sub;
+        const char *bytes;
+        char *b;
+        int nbytes;
+
+        m = dbus_message_new_method_call(
+                        DBUS_SERVICE_DBUS,
+                        DBUS_PATH_DBUS,
+                        DBUS_INTERFACE_DBUS,
+                        "GetConnectionSELinuxSecurityContext");
+        if (!m) {
+                dbus_set_error_const(error, DBUS_ERROR_NO_MEMORY, NULL);
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        if (!dbus_message_append_args(
+                            m,
+                            DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
+                            DBUS_TYPE_INVALID)) {
+                dbus_set_error_const(error, DBUS_ERROR_NO_MEMORY, NULL);
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        reply = dbus_connection_send_with_reply_and_block(connection, m, -1, error);
+        if (!reply)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        if (dbus_set_error_from_message(error, reply))
+                return -EIO;
+
+        if (!dbus_message_iter_init(reply, &iter))
+                return -EIO;
+
+        if (dbus_message_iter_get_arg_type(&iter) != DBUS_TYPE_ARRAY)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        dbus_message_iter_recurse(&iter, &sub);
+        dbus_message_iter_get_fixed_array(&sub, &bytes, &nbytes);
+
+        b = strndup(bytes, nbytes);
+        if (!b)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        *scon = b;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int bus_get_audit_data(
+                DBusConnection *connection,
+                const char *name,
+                struct auditstruct *audit,
+                DBusError *error) {
+
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+
+        pid = bus_get_unix_process_id(connection, name, error);
+        if (pid <= 0)
+                return -EIO;
+
+        r = audit_loginuid_from_pid(pid, &audit->loginuid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = get_process_uid(pid, &audit->uid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = get_process_gid(pid, &audit->gid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = get_process_cmdline(pid, 0, true, &audit->cmdline);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+   Any time an access gets denied this callback will be called
+   with the aduit data.  We then need to just copy the audit data into the msgbuf.
+*/
+static int audit_callback(
+                void *auditdata,
+                security_class_t cls,
+                char *msgbuf,
+                size_t msgbufsize) {
+
+        struct auditstruct *audit = (struct auditstruct *) auditdata;
+
+        snprintf(msgbuf, msgbufsize,
+                 "auid=%d uid=%d gid=%d%s%s%s%s%s%s",
+                 audit->loginuid,
+                 audit->uid,
+                 audit->gid,
+                 (audit->path ? " path=\"" : ""),
+                 strempty(audit->path),
+                 (audit->path ? "\"" : ""),
+                 (audit->cmdline ? " cmdline=\"" : ""),
+                 strempty(audit->cmdline),
+                 (audit->cmdline ? "\"" : ""));
+
+        msgbuf[msgbufsize-1] = 0;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+   Any time an access gets denied this callback will be called
+   code copied from dbus. If audit is turned on the messages will go as
+   user_avc's into the /var/log/audit/audit.log, otherwise they will be
+   sent to syslog.
+*/
+_printf_attr_(2, 3) static int log_callback(int type, const char *fmt, ...) {
+        va_list ap;
+
+        va_start(ap, fmt);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_AUDIT
+        if (get_audit_fd() >= 0) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL;
+                int r;
+
+                r = vasprintf(&buf, fmt, ap);
+                va_end(ap);
+
+                if (r >= 0) {
+                        audit_log_user_avc_message(get_audit_fd(), AUDIT_USER_AVC, buf, NULL, NULL, NULL, 0);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                va_start(ap, fmt);
+        }
+#endif
+        log_metav(LOG_USER | LOG_INFO, __FILE__, __LINE__, __FUNCTION__, fmt, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+   Function must be called once to initialize the SELinux AVC environment.
+   Sets up callbacks.
+   If you want to cleanup memory you should need to call selinux_access_finish.
+*/
+static int access_init(void) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (avc_open(NULL, 0)) {
+                log_error("avc_open() failed: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        selinux_set_callback(SELINUX_CB_AUDIT, (union selinux_callback) audit_callback);
+        selinux_set_callback(SELINUX_CB_LOG, (union selinux_callback) log_callback);
+
+        if (security_getenforce() >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = -errno;
+        avc_destroy();
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int selinux_access_init(DBusError *error) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (initialized)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (use_selinux()) {
+                r = access_init();
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        dbus_set_error(error, DBUS_ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED, "Failed to initialize SELinux.");
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        initialized = true;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void selinux_access_free(void) {
+        if (!initialized)
+                return;
+
+        avc_destroy();
+        initialized = false;
+}
+
+static int get_audit_data(
+                DBusConnection *connection,
+                DBusMessage *message,
+                struct auditstruct *audit,
+                DBusError *error) {
+
+        const char *sender;
+        int r, fd;
+        struct ucred ucred;
+        socklen_t len = sizeof(ucred);
+
+        sender = dbus_message_get_sender(message);
+        if (sender)
+                return bus_get_audit_data(connection, sender, audit, error);
+
+        if (!dbus_connection_get_unix_fd(connection, &fd))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        r = getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PEERCRED, &ucred, &len);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to determine peer credentials: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        audit->uid = ucred.uid;
+        audit->gid = ucred.gid;
+
+        r = audit_loginuid_from_pid(ucred.pid, &audit->loginuid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = get_process_cmdline(ucred.pid, 0, true, &audit->cmdline);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+   This function returns the security context of the remote end of the dbus
+   connections.  Whether it is on the bus or a local connection.
+*/
+static int get_calling_context(
+                DBusConnection *connection,
+                DBusMessage *message,
+                security_context_t *scon,
+                DBusError *error) {
+
+        const char *sender;
+        int r;
+        int fd;
+
+        /*
+           If sender exists then
+           if sender is NULL this indicates a local connection.  Grab the fd
+           from dbus and do an getpeercon to peers process context
+        */
+        sender = dbus_message_get_sender(message);
+        if (sender) {
+                r = bus_get_selinux_security_context(connection, sender, scon, error);
+                if (r >= 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                log_error("bus_get_selinux_security_context failed: %m");
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (!dbus_connection_get_unix_fd(connection, &fd)) {
+                log_error("bus_connection_get_unix_fd failed %m");
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        r = getpeercon(fd, scon);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("getpeercon failed %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+   This function communicates with the kernel to check whether or not it should
+   allow the access.
+   If the machine is in permissive mode it will return ok.  Audit messages will
+   still be generated if the access would be denied in enforcing mode.
+*/
+int selinux_access_check(
+                DBusConnection *connection,
+                DBusMessage *message,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *permission,
+                DBusError *error) {
+
+        security_context_t scon = NULL, fcon = NULL;
+        int r = 0;
+        const char *tclass = NULL;
+        struct auditstruct audit;
+
+        assert(connection);
+        assert(message);
+        assert(permission);
+        assert(error);
+
+        if (!use_selinux())
+                return 0;
+
+        r = selinux_access_init(error);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        audit.uid = audit.loginuid = (uid_t) -1;
+        audit.gid = (gid_t) -1;
+        audit.cmdline = NULL;
+        audit.path = path;
+
+        r = get_calling_context(connection, message, &scon, error);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to get caller's security context on: %m");
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (path) {
+                tclass = "service";
+                /* get the file context of the unit file */
+                r = getfilecon(path, &fcon);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        dbus_set_error(error, DBUS_ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED, "Failed to get file context on %s.", path);
+                        r = -errno;
+                        log_error("Failed to get security context on %s: %m",path);
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+        } else {
+                tclass = "system";
+                r = getcon(&fcon);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        dbus_set_error(error, DBUS_ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED, "Failed to get current context.");
+                        r = -errno;
+                        log_error("Failed to get current process context on: %m");
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+        }
+
+        (void) get_audit_data(connection, message, &audit, error);
+
+        errno = 0;
+        r = selinux_check_access(scon, fcon, tclass, permission, &audit);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                dbus_set_error(error, DBUS_ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED, "SELinux policy denies access.");
+                r = -errno;
+                log_error("SELinux policy denies access.");
+        }
+
+        log_debug("SELinux access check scon=%s tcon=%s tclass=%s perm=%s path=%s cmdline=%s: %i", scon, fcon, tclass, permission, path, audit.cmdline, r);
+
+finish:
+        free(audit.cmdline);
+        freecon(scon);
+        freecon(fcon);
+
+        if (r && security_getenforce() != 1) {
+                dbus_error_init(error);
+                r = 0;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+#else
+
+int selinux_access_check(
+                DBusConnection *connection,
+                DBusMessage *message,
+                const char *path,
+                const char *permission,
+                DBusError *error) {
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void selinux_access_free(void) {
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/core/selinux-access.h b/src/core/selinux-access.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9183cbc9a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/selinux-access.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Dan Walsh
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <dbus.h>
+
+void selinux_access_free(void);
+
+int selinux_access_check(DBusConnection *connection, DBusMessage *message, const char *path, const char *permission, DBusError *error);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+
+#define SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, permission) \
+        do {                                                            \
+                DBusError _error;                                       \
+                int _r;                                                 \
+                DBusConnection *_c = (connection);                      \
+                DBusMessage *_m = (message);                            \
+                dbus_error_init(&_error);                               \
+                _r = selinux_access_check(_c, _m, NULL, (permission), &_error); \
+                if (_r < 0)                                             \
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(_c, _m, &_error, _r); \
+        } while (false)
+
+#define SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(unit, connection, message, permission) \
+        do {                                                            \
+                DBusError _error;                                       \
+                int _r;                                                 \
+                DBusConnection *_c = (connection);                      \
+                DBusMessage *_m = (message);                            \
+                Unit *_u = (unit);                                      \
+                dbus_error_init(&_error);                               \
+                _r = selinux_access_check(_c, _m, _u->source_path ?: _u->fragment_path, (permission), &_error); \
+                if (_r < 0)                                             \
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(_c, _m, &_error, _r); \
+        } while (false)
+
+#else
+
+#define SELINUX_ACCESS_CHECK(connection, message, permission) do { } while (false)
+#define SELINUX_UNIT_ACCESS_CHECK(unit, connection, message, permission) do { } while (false)
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/core/selinux-setup.c b/src/core/selinux-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7a32ed59a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/selinux-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+#include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "selinux-setup.h"
+#include "selinux-util.h"
+#include "label.h"
+#include "mount-setup.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+static int null_log(int type, const char *fmt, ...) {
+        return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+int selinux_setup(bool *loaded_policy) {
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SELINUX
+       int enforce = 0;
+       usec_t before_load, after_load;
+       security_context_t con;
+       int r;
+       union selinux_callback cb;
+
+       assert(loaded_policy);
+
+       /* Turn off all of SELinux' own logging, we want to do that */
+       cb.func_log = null_log;
+       selinux_set_callback(SELINUX_CB_LOG, cb);
+
+       /* Already initialized by somebody else? */
+       r = getcon_raw(&con);
+       if (r == 0) {
+               bool initialized;
+
+               initialized = !streq(con, "kernel");
+               freecon(con);
+
+               if (initialized)
+                       return 0;
+       }
+
+       /* Make sure we have no fds open while loading the policy and
+        * transitioning */
+       log_close();
+
+       /* Now load the policy */
+       before_load = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+       r = selinux_init_load_policy(&enforce);
+       if (r == 0) {
+               char timespan[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+               char *label;
+
+               retest_selinux();
+
+               /* Transition to the new context */
+               r = label_get_create_label_from_exe(SYSTEMD_BINARY_PATH, &label);
+               if (r < 0 || label == NULL) {
+                       log_open();
+                       log_error("Failed to compute init label, ignoring.");
+               } else {
+                       r = setcon(label);
+
+                       log_open();
+                       if (r < 0)
+                               log_error("Failed to transition into init label '%s', ignoring.", label);
+
+                       label_free(label);
+               }
+
+               after_load = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+               log_info("Successfully loaded SELinux policy in %s.",
+                        format_timespan(timespan, sizeof(timespan), after_load - before_load, 0));
+
+               *loaded_policy = true;
+
+       } else {
+               log_open();
+
+               if (enforce > 0) {
+                       log_error("Failed to load SELinux policy. Freezing.");
+                       return -EIO;
+               } else
+                       log_debug("Unable to load SELinux policy. Ignoring.");
+       }
+#endif
+
+       return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/selinux-setup.h b/src/core/selinux-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39e2bc25bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/selinux-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+int selinux_setup(bool *loaded_policy);
diff --git a/src/core/service.c b/src/core/service.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3617c24711
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/service.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3888 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/reboot.h>
+
+#include "manager.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "service.h"
+#include "load-fragment.h"
+#include "load-dropin.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit-printf.h"
+#include "dbus-service.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+
+#define DEFAULT_SYSV_TIMEOUT_USEC (5*USEC_PER_MINUTE)
+
+typedef enum RunlevelType {
+        RUNLEVEL_UP,
+        RUNLEVEL_DOWN
+} RunlevelType;
+
+static const struct {
+        const char *path;
+        const char *target;
+        const RunlevelType type;
+} rcnd_table[] = {
+        /* Standard SysV runlevels for start-up */
+        { "rc1.d",  SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET,    RUNLEVEL_UP },
+        { "rc2.d",  SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL2_TARGET, RUNLEVEL_UP },
+        { "rc3.d",  SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL3_TARGET, RUNLEVEL_UP },
+        { "rc4.d",  SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL4_TARGET, RUNLEVEL_UP },
+        { "rc5.d",  SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL5_TARGET, RUNLEVEL_UP },
+
+        /* Standard SysV runlevels for shutdown */
+        { "rc0.d",  SPECIAL_POWEROFF_TARGET,  RUNLEVEL_DOWN },
+        { "rc6.d",  SPECIAL_REBOOT_TARGET,    RUNLEVEL_DOWN }
+
+        /* Note that the order here matters, as we read the
+           directories in this order, and we want to make sure that
+           sysv_start_priority is known when we first load the
+           unit. And that value we only know from S links. Hence
+           UP must be read before DOWN */
+};
+
+#define RUNLEVELS_UP "12345"
+#endif
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_SERVICE_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [SERVICE_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [SERVICE_START_PRE] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_START] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_START_POST] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_RUNNING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SERVICE_EXITED] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SERVICE_RELOAD] = UNIT_RELOADING,
+        [SERVICE_STOP] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_STOP_POST] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED,
+        [SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART] = UNIT_ACTIVATING
+};
+
+/* For Type=idle we never want to delay any other jobs, hence we
+ * consider idle jobs active as soon as we start working on them */
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table_idle[_SERVICE_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [SERVICE_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [SERVICE_START_PRE] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SERVICE_START] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SERVICE_START_POST] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SERVICE_RUNNING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SERVICE_EXITED] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SERVICE_RELOAD] = UNIT_RELOADING,
+        [SERVICE_STOP] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_STOP_POST] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SERVICE_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED,
+        [SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART] = UNIT_ACTIVATING
+};
+
+static void service_init(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        s->timeout_start_usec = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_USEC;
+        s->timeout_stop_usec = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_USEC;
+        s->restart_usec = DEFAULT_RESTART_USEC;
+        s->type = _SERVICE_TYPE_INVALID;
+
+        watch_init(&s->watchdog_watch);
+        watch_init(&s->timer_watch);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+        s->sysv_start_priority = -1;
+        s->sysv_start_priority_from_rcnd = -1;
+#endif
+        s->socket_fd = -1;
+        s->guess_main_pid = true;
+
+        exec_context_init(&s->exec_context);
+        kill_context_init(&s->kill_context);
+
+        RATELIMIT_INIT(s->start_limit, 10*USEC_PER_SEC, 5);
+
+        s->control_command_id = _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+}
+
+static void service_unwatch_control_pid(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->control_pid <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        unit_unwatch_pid(UNIT(s), s->control_pid);
+        s->control_pid = 0;
+}
+
+static void service_unwatch_main_pid(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->main_pid <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        unit_unwatch_pid(UNIT(s), s->main_pid);
+        s->main_pid = 0;
+}
+
+static void service_unwatch_pid_file(Service *s) {
+        if (!s->pid_file_pathspec)
+                return;
+
+        log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "Stopping watch for %s's PID file %s",
+                       UNIT(s)->id, s->pid_file_pathspec->path);
+        path_spec_unwatch(s->pid_file_pathspec, UNIT(s));
+        path_spec_done(s->pid_file_pathspec);
+        free(s->pid_file_pathspec);
+        s->pid_file_pathspec = NULL;
+}
+
+static int service_set_main_pid(Service *s, pid_t pid) {
+        pid_t ppid;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (pid <= 1)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (pid == getpid())
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        s->main_pid = pid;
+        s->main_pid_known = true;
+
+        if (get_parent_of_pid(pid, &ppid) >= 0 && ppid != getpid()) {
+                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                 "%s: Supervising process %lu which is not our child. We'll most likely not notice when it exits.",
+                                 UNIT(s)->id, (unsigned long) pid);
+
+                s->main_pid_alien = true;
+        } else
+                s->main_pid_alien = false;
+
+        exec_status_start(&s->main_exec_status, pid);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void service_close_socket_fd(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->socket_fd < 0)
+                return;
+
+        close_nointr_nofail(s->socket_fd);
+        s->socket_fd = -1;
+}
+
+static void service_connection_unref(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!UNIT_DEREF(s->accept_socket))
+                return;
+
+        socket_connection_unref(SOCKET(UNIT_DEREF(s->accept_socket)));
+        unit_ref_unset(&s->accept_socket);
+}
+
+static void service_stop_watchdog(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        unit_unwatch_timer(UNIT(s), &s->watchdog_watch);
+        s->watchdog_timestamp.realtime = 0;
+        s->watchdog_timestamp.monotonic = 0;
+}
+
+static void service_enter_dead(Service *s, ServiceResult f, bool allow_restart);
+
+static void service_handle_watchdog(Service *s) {
+        usec_t offset;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->watchdog_usec == 0)
+                return;
+
+        offset = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - s->watchdog_timestamp.monotonic;
+        if (offset >= s->watchdog_usec) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "%s watchdog timeout!", UNIT(s)->id);
+                service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_WATCHDOG, true);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        r = unit_watch_timer(UNIT(s), CLOCK_MONOTONIC, true, s->watchdog_usec - offset, &s->watchdog_watch);
+        if (r < 0)
+                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                 "%s failed to install watchdog timer: %s",
+                                 UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+}
+
+static void service_reset_watchdog(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        dual_timestamp_get(&s->watchdog_timestamp);
+        service_handle_watchdog(s);
+}
+
+static void service_done(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        free(s->pid_file);
+        s->pid_file = NULL;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+        free(s->sysv_runlevels);
+        s->sysv_runlevels = NULL;
+#endif
+
+        free(s->status_text);
+        s->status_text = NULL;
+
+        exec_context_done(&s->exec_context, manager_is_reloading_or_reexecuting(u->manager));
+        exec_command_free_array(s->exec_command, _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX);
+        s->control_command = NULL;
+        s->main_command = NULL;
+
+        set_free(s->restart_ignore_status.code);
+        s->restart_ignore_status.code = NULL;
+        set_free(s->restart_ignore_status.signal);
+        s->restart_ignore_status.signal = NULL;
+
+        set_free(s->success_status.code);
+        s->success_status.code = NULL;
+        set_free(s->success_status.signal);
+        s->success_status.signal = NULL;
+
+        /* This will leak a process, but at least no memory or any of
+         * our resources */
+        service_unwatch_main_pid(s);
+        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+        service_unwatch_pid_file(s);
+
+        if (s->bus_name)  {
+                unit_unwatch_bus_name(u, s->bus_name);
+                free(s->bus_name);
+                s->bus_name = NULL;
+        }
+
+        service_close_socket_fd(s);
+        service_connection_unref(s);
+
+        unit_ref_unset(&s->accept_socket);
+
+        service_stop_watchdog(s);
+
+        unit_unwatch_timer(u, &s->timer_watch);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+static char *sysv_translate_name(const char *name) {
+        char *r;
+
+        r = new(char, strlen(name) + sizeof(".service"));
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (endswith(name, ".sh"))
+                /* Drop .sh suffix */
+                strcpy(stpcpy(r, name) - 3, ".service");
+        else
+                /* Normal init script name */
+                strcpy(stpcpy(r, name), ".service");
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int sysv_translate_facility(const char *name, const char *filename, char **_r) {
+
+        /* We silently ignore the $ prefix here. According to the LSB
+         * spec it simply indicates whether something is a
+         * standardized name or a distribution-specific one. Since we
+         * just follow what already exists and do not introduce new
+         * uses or names we don't care who introduced a new name. */
+
+        static const char * const table[] = {
+                /* LSB defined facilities */
+                "local_fs",             NULL,
+                "network",              SPECIAL_NETWORK_TARGET,
+                "named",                SPECIAL_NSS_LOOKUP_TARGET,
+                "portmap",              SPECIAL_RPCBIND_TARGET,
+                "remote_fs",            SPECIAL_REMOTE_FS_TARGET,
+                "syslog",               NULL,
+                "time",                 SPECIAL_TIME_SYNC_TARGET,
+        };
+
+        unsigned i;
+        char *r;
+        const char *n;
+
+        assert(name);
+        assert(_r);
+
+        n = *name == '$' ? name + 1 : name;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(table); i += 2) {
+
+                if (!streq(table[i], n))
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!table[i+1])
+                        return 0;
+
+                r = strdup(table[i+1]);
+                if (!r)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        /* If we don't know this name, fallback heuristics to figure
+         * out whether something is a target or a service alias. */
+
+        if (*name == '$') {
+                if (!unit_prefix_is_valid(n))
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                /* Facilities starting with $ are most likely targets */
+                r = unit_name_build(n, NULL, ".target");
+        } else if (filename && streq(name, filename))
+                /* Names equaling the file name of the services are redundant */
+                return 0;
+        else
+                /* Everything else we assume to be normal service names */
+                r = sysv_translate_name(n);
+
+        if (!r)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+finish:
+        *_r = r;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static int sysv_fix_order(Service *s) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->sysv_start_priority < 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* For each pair of services where at least one lacks a LSB
+         * header, we use the start priority value to order things. */
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, other, UNIT(s)->manager->units_by_type[UNIT_SERVICE]) {
+                Service *t;
+                UnitDependency d;
+                bool special_s, special_t;
+
+                t = SERVICE(other);
+
+                if (s == t)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (UNIT(t)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (t->sysv_start_priority < 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* If both units have modern headers we don't care
+                 * about the priorities */
+                if ((UNIT(s)->fragment_path || s->sysv_has_lsb) &&
+                    (UNIT(t)->fragment_path || t->sysv_has_lsb))
+                        continue;
+
+                special_s = s->sysv_runlevels && !chars_intersect(RUNLEVELS_UP, s->sysv_runlevels);
+                special_t = t->sysv_runlevels && !chars_intersect(RUNLEVELS_UP, t->sysv_runlevels);
+
+                if (special_t && !special_s)
+                        d = UNIT_AFTER;
+                else if (special_s && !special_t)
+                        d = UNIT_BEFORE;
+                else if (t->sysv_start_priority < s->sysv_start_priority)
+                        d = UNIT_AFTER;
+                else if (t->sysv_start_priority > s->sysv_start_priority)
+                        d = UNIT_BEFORE;
+                else
+                        continue;
+
+                /* FIXME: Maybe we should compare the name here lexicographically? */
+
+                if ((r = unit_add_dependency(UNIT(s), d, UNIT(t), true)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static ExecCommand *exec_command_new(const char *path, const char *arg1) {
+        ExecCommand *c;
+
+        if (!(c = new0(ExecCommand, 1)))
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (!(c->path = strdup(path))) {
+                free(c);
+                return NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (!(c->argv = strv_new(path, arg1, NULL))) {
+                free(c->path);
+                free(c);
+                return NULL;
+        }
+
+        return c;
+}
+
+static int sysv_exec_commands(Service *s, const bool supports_reload) {
+        ExecCommand *c;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->is_sysv);
+        assert(UNIT(s)->source_path);
+
+        c = exec_command_new(UNIT(s)->source_path, "start");
+        if (!c)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        exec_command_append_list(s->exec_command+SERVICE_EXEC_START, c);
+
+        c = exec_command_new(UNIT(s)->source_path, "stop");
+        if (!c)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        exec_command_append_list(s->exec_command+SERVICE_EXEC_STOP, c);
+
+        if (supports_reload) {
+                c = exec_command_new(UNIT(s)->source_path, "reload");
+                if (!c)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+                exec_command_append_list(s->exec_command+SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD, c);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static bool usage_contains_reload(const char *line) {
+        return (strcasestr(line, "{reload|") ||
+                strcasestr(line, "{reload}") ||
+                strcasestr(line, "{reload\"") ||
+                strcasestr(line, "|reload|") ||
+                strcasestr(line, "|reload}") ||
+                strcasestr(line, "|reload\""));
+}
+
+static int service_load_sysv_path(Service *s, const char *path) {
+        FILE *f;
+        Unit *u;
+        unsigned line = 0;
+        int r;
+        enum {
+                NORMAL,
+                DESCRIPTION,
+                LSB,
+                LSB_DESCRIPTION,
+                USAGE_CONTINUATION
+        } state = NORMAL;
+        char *short_description = NULL, *long_description = NULL, *chkconfig_description = NULL, *description;
+        struct stat st;
+        bool supports_reload = false;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(path);
+
+        u = UNIT(s);
+
+        f = fopen(path, "re");
+        if (!f) {
+                r = errno == ENOENT ? 0 : -errno;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (fstat(fileno(f), &st) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        free(u->source_path);
+        u->source_path = strdup(path);
+        if (!u->source_path) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+        u->source_mtime = timespec_load(&st.st_mtim);
+
+        if (null_or_empty(&st)) {
+                u->load_state = UNIT_MASKED;
+                r = 0;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        s->is_sysv = true;
+
+        while (!feof(f)) {
+                char l[LINE_MAX], *t;
+
+                if (!fgets(l, sizeof(l), f)) {
+                        if (feof(f))
+                                break;
+
+                        r = -errno;
+                        log_error_unit(u->id,
+                                       "Failed to read configuration file '%s': %s",
+                                       path, strerror(-r));
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                line++;
+
+                t = strstrip(l);
+                if (*t != '#') {
+                        /* Try to figure out whether this init script supports
+                         * the reload operation. This heuristic looks for
+                         * "Usage" lines which include the reload option. */
+                        if ( state == USAGE_CONTINUATION ||
+                            (state == NORMAL && strcasestr(t, "usage"))) {
+                                if (usage_contains_reload(t)) {
+                                        supports_reload = true;
+                                        state = NORMAL;
+                                } else if (t[strlen(t)-1] == '\\')
+                                        state = USAGE_CONTINUATION;
+                                else
+                                        state = NORMAL;
+                        }
+
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (state == NORMAL && streq(t, "### BEGIN INIT INFO")) {
+                        state = LSB;
+                        s->sysv_has_lsb = true;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if ((state == LSB_DESCRIPTION || state == LSB) && streq(t, "### END INIT INFO")) {
+                        state = NORMAL;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                t++;
+                t += strspn(t, WHITESPACE);
+
+                if (state == NORMAL) {
+
+                        /* Try to parse Red Hat style chkconfig headers */
+
+                        if (startswith_no_case(t, "chkconfig:")) {
+                                int start_priority;
+                                char runlevels[16], *k;
+
+                                state = NORMAL;
+
+                                if (sscanf(t+10, "%15s %i %*i",
+                                           runlevels,
+                                           &start_priority) != 2) {
+
+                                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                                         "[%s:%u] Failed to parse chkconfig line. Ignoring.",
+                                                         path, line);
+                                        continue;
+                                }
+
+                                /* A start priority gathered from the
+                                 * symlink farms is preferred over the
+                                 * data from the LSB header. */
+                                if (start_priority < 0 || start_priority > 99)
+                                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                                         "[%s:%u] Start priority out of range. Ignoring.",
+                                                         path, line);
+                                else
+                                        s->sysv_start_priority = start_priority;
+
+                                char_array_0(runlevels);
+                                k = delete_chars(runlevels, WHITESPACE "-");
+
+                                if (k[0]) {
+                                        char *d;
+
+                                        if (!(d = strdup(k))) {
+                                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                                goto finish;
+                                        }
+
+                                        free(s->sysv_runlevels);
+                                        s->sysv_runlevels = d;
+                                }
+
+                        } else if (startswith_no_case(t, "description:")) {
+
+                                size_t k = strlen(t);
+                                char *d;
+                                const char *j;
+
+                                if (t[k-1] == '\\') {
+                                        state = DESCRIPTION;
+                                        t[k-1] = 0;
+                                }
+
+                                if ((j = strstrip(t+12)) && *j) {
+                                        if (!(d = strdup(j))) {
+                                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                                goto finish;
+                                        }
+                                } else
+                                        d = NULL;
+
+                                free(chkconfig_description);
+                                chkconfig_description = d;
+
+                        } else if (startswith_no_case(t, "pidfile:")) {
+
+                                char *fn;
+
+                                state = NORMAL;
+
+                                fn = strstrip(t+8);
+                                if (!path_is_absolute(fn)) {
+                                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                                         "[%s:%u] PID file not absolute. Ignoring.",
+                                                         path, line);
+                                        continue;
+                                }
+
+                                if (!(fn = strdup(fn))) {
+                                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+
+                                free(s->pid_file);
+                                s->pid_file = fn;
+                        }
+
+                } else if (state == DESCRIPTION) {
+
+                        /* Try to parse Red Hat style description
+                         * continuation */
+
+                        size_t k = strlen(t);
+                        char *j;
+
+                        if (t[k-1] == '\\')
+                                t[k-1] = 0;
+                        else
+                                state = NORMAL;
+
+                        if ((j = strstrip(t)) && *j) {
+                                char *d = NULL;
+
+                                if (chkconfig_description)
+                                        d = strjoin(chkconfig_description, " ", j, NULL);
+                                else
+                                        d = strdup(j);
+
+                                if (!d) {
+                                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+
+                                free(chkconfig_description);
+                                chkconfig_description = d;
+                        }
+
+                } else if (state == LSB || state == LSB_DESCRIPTION) {
+
+                        if (startswith_no_case(t, "Provides:")) {
+                                char *i, *w;
+                                size_t z;
+
+                                state = LSB;
+
+                                FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, z, t+9, i) {
+                                        char *n, *m;
+
+                                        if (!(n = strndup(w, z))) {
+                                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                                goto finish;
+                                        }
+
+                                        r = sysv_translate_facility(n, path_get_file_name(path), &m);
+                                        free(n);
+
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                goto finish;
+
+                                        if (r == 0)
+                                                continue;
+
+                                        if (unit_name_to_type(m) == UNIT_SERVICE)
+                                                r = unit_merge_by_name(u, m);
+                                        else
+                                                /* NB: SysV targets
+                                                 * which are provided
+                                                 * by a service are
+                                                 * pulled in by the
+                                                 * services, as an
+                                                 * indication that the
+                                                 * generic service is
+                                                 * now available. This
+                                                 * is strictly
+                                                 * one-way. The
+                                                 * targets do NOT pull
+                                                 * in the SysV
+                                                 * services! */
+                                                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(u, UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_WANTS, m, NULL, true);
+
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                log_error_unit(u->id,
+                                                               "[%s:%u] Failed to add LSB Provides name %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                                               path, line, m, strerror(-r));
+
+                                        free(m);
+                                }
+
+                        } else if (startswith_no_case(t, "Required-Start:") ||
+                                   startswith_no_case(t, "Should-Start:") ||
+                                   startswith_no_case(t, "X-Start-Before:") ||
+                                   startswith_no_case(t, "X-Start-After:")) {
+                                char *i, *w;
+                                size_t z;
+
+                                state = LSB;
+
+                                FOREACH_WORD_QUOTED(w, z, strchr(t, ':')+1, i) {
+                                        char *n, *m;
+
+                                        if (!(n = strndup(w, z))) {
+                                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                                goto finish;
+                                        }
+
+                                        r = sysv_translate_facility(n, path_get_file_name(path), &m);
+                                        if (r < 0) {
+                                                log_error_unit(u->id,
+                                                               "[%s:%u] Failed to translate LSB dependency %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                                               path, line, n, strerror(-r));
+                                                free(n);
+                                                continue;
+                                        }
+
+                                        free(n);
+
+                                        if (r == 0)
+                                                continue;
+
+                                        r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(u, startswith_no_case(t, "X-Start-Before:") ? UNIT_BEFORE : UNIT_AFTER, m, NULL, true);
+
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                log_error_unit(u->id, "[%s:%u] Failed to add dependency on %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                                               path, line, m, strerror(-r));
+
+                                        free(m);
+                                }
+                        } else if (startswith_no_case(t, "Default-Start:")) {
+                                char *k, *d;
+
+                                state = LSB;
+
+                                k = delete_chars(t+14, WHITESPACE "-");
+
+                                if (k[0] != 0) {
+                                        if (!(d = strdup(k))) {
+                                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                                goto finish;
+                                        }
+
+                                        free(s->sysv_runlevels);
+                                        s->sysv_runlevels = d;
+                                }
+
+                        } else if (startswith_no_case(t, "Description:")) {
+                                char *d, *j;
+
+                                state = LSB_DESCRIPTION;
+
+                                if ((j = strstrip(t+12)) && *j) {
+                                        if (!(d = strdup(j))) {
+                                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                                goto finish;
+                                        }
+                                } else
+                                        d = NULL;
+
+                                free(long_description);
+                                long_description = d;
+
+                        } else if (startswith_no_case(t, "Short-Description:")) {
+                                char *d, *j;
+
+                                state = LSB;
+
+                                if ((j = strstrip(t+18)) && *j) {
+                                        if (!(d = strdup(j))) {
+                                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                                goto finish;
+                                        }
+                                } else
+                                        d = NULL;
+
+                                free(short_description);
+                                short_description = d;
+
+                        } else if (state == LSB_DESCRIPTION) {
+
+                                if (startswith(l, "#\t") || startswith(l, "#  ")) {
+                                        char *j;
+
+                                        if ((j = strstrip(t)) && *j) {
+                                                char *d = NULL;
+
+                                                if (long_description)
+                                                        d = strjoin(long_description, " ", t, NULL);
+                                                else
+                                                        d = strdup(j);
+
+                                                if (!d) {
+                                                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                                                        goto finish;
+                                                }
+
+                                                free(long_description);
+                                                long_description = d;
+                                        }
+
+                                } else
+                                        state = LSB;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        if ((r = sysv_exec_commands(s, supports_reload)) < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        if (s->sysv_runlevels && !chars_intersect(RUNLEVELS_UP, s->sysv_runlevels)) {
+                /* If there a runlevels configured for this service
+                 * but none of the standard ones, then we assume this
+                 * is some special kind of service (which might be
+                 * needed for early boot) and don't create any links
+                 * to it. */
+
+                UNIT(s)->default_dependencies = false;
+
+                /* Don't timeout special services during boot (like fsck) */
+                s->timeout_start_usec = 0;
+                s->timeout_stop_usec = 0;
+        } else {
+                s->timeout_start_usec = DEFAULT_SYSV_TIMEOUT_USEC;
+                s->timeout_stop_usec = DEFAULT_SYSV_TIMEOUT_USEC;
+        }
+
+        /* Special setting for all SysV services */
+        s->type = SERVICE_FORKING;
+        s->remain_after_exit = !s->pid_file;
+        s->guess_main_pid = false;
+        s->restart = SERVICE_RESTART_NO;
+        s->exec_context.ignore_sigpipe = false;
+        s->kill_context.kill_mode = KILL_PROCESS;
+
+        /* We use the long description only if
+         * no short description is set. */
+
+        if (short_description)
+                description = short_description;
+        else if (chkconfig_description)
+                description = chkconfig_description;
+        else if (long_description)
+                description = long_description;
+        else
+                description = NULL;
+
+        if (description) {
+                char *d;
+
+                if (!(d = strappend(s->sysv_has_lsb ? "LSB: " : "SYSV: ", description))) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                u->description = d;
+        }
+
+        /* The priority that has been set in /etc/rcN.d/ hierarchies
+         * takes precedence over what is stored as default in the LSB
+         * header */
+        if (s->sysv_start_priority_from_rcnd >= 0)
+                s->sysv_start_priority = s->sysv_start_priority_from_rcnd;
+
+        u->load_state = UNIT_LOADED;
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+
+        if (f)
+                fclose(f);
+
+        free(short_description);
+        free(long_description);
+        free(chkconfig_description);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int service_load_sysv_name(Service *s, const char *name) {
+        char **p;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(name);
+
+	/* For SysV services we strip the *.sh suffixes. */
+        if (endswith(name, ".sh.service"))
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(p, UNIT(s)->manager->lookup_paths.sysvinit_path) {
+                char *path;
+                int r;
+
+                path = strjoin(*p, "/", name, NULL);
+                if (!path)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                assert(endswith(path, ".service"));
+                path[strlen(path)-8] = 0;
+
+                r = service_load_sysv_path(s, path);
+
+                if (r >= 0 && UNIT(s)->load_state == UNIT_STUB) {
+                        /* Try *.sh source'able init scripts */
+                        strcat(path, ".sh");
+                        r = service_load_sysv_path(s, path);
+                }
+                free(path);
+
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (UNIT(s)->load_state != UNIT_STUB)
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_load_sysv(Service *s) {
+        const char *t;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Load service data from SysV init scripts, preferably with
+         * LSB headers ... */
+
+        if (strv_isempty(UNIT(s)->manager->lookup_paths.sysvinit_path))
+                return 0;
+
+        if ((t = UNIT(s)->id))
+                if ((r = service_load_sysv_name(s, t)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->load_state == UNIT_STUB)
+                SET_FOREACH(t, UNIT(s)->names, i) {
+                        if (t == UNIT(s)->id)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if ((r = service_load_sysv_name(s, t)) < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (UNIT(s)->load_state != UNIT_STUB)
+                                break;
+                }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int fsck_fix_order(Service *s) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->fsck_passno <= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* For each pair of services where both have an fsck priority
+         * we order things based on it. */
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, other, UNIT(s)->manager->units_by_type[UNIT_SERVICE]) {
+                Service *t;
+                UnitDependency d;
+
+                t = SERVICE(other);
+
+                if (s == t)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (UNIT(t)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (t->fsck_passno <= 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (t->fsck_passno < s->fsck_passno)
+                        d = UNIT_AFTER;
+                else if (t->fsck_passno > s->fsck_passno)
+                        d = UNIT_BEFORE;
+                else
+                        continue;
+
+                r = unit_add_dependency(UNIT(s), d, UNIT(t), true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_verify(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "%s lacks ExecStart setting. Refusing.", UNIT(s)->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->type != SERVICE_ONESHOT &&
+            s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]->command_next) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "%s has more than one ExecStart setting, which is only allowed for Type=oneshot services. Refusing.", UNIT(s)->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->type == SERVICE_DBUS && !s->bus_name) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "%s is of type D-Bus but no D-Bus service name has been specified. Refusing.", UNIT(s)->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->bus_name && s->type != SERVICE_DBUS)
+                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                 "%s has a D-Bus service name specified, but is not of type dbus. Ignoring.", UNIT(s)->id);
+
+        if (s->exec_context.pam_name && s->kill_context.kill_mode != KILL_CONTROL_GROUP) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "%s has PAM enabled. Kill mode must be set to 'control-group'. Refusing.", UNIT(s)->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_add_default_dependencies(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Add a number of automatic dependencies useful for the
+         * majority of services. */
+
+        /* First, pull in base system */
+        if (UNIT(s)->manager->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES,
+                                                      SPECIAL_BASIC_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+        } else if (UNIT(s)->manager->running_as == SYSTEMD_USER) {
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES,
+                                                      SPECIAL_SOCKETS_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES,
+                                                      SPECIAL_TIMERS_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES,
+                                                      SPECIAL_PATHS_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        /* Second, activate normal shutdown */
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS,
+                                              SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET, NULL, true);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void service_fix_output(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* If nothing has been explicitly configured, patch default
+         * output in. If input is socket/tty we avoid this however,
+         * since in that case we want output to default to the same
+         * place as we read input from. */
+
+        if (s->exec_context.std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT &&
+            s->exec_context.std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT &&
+            s->exec_context.std_input == EXEC_INPUT_NULL)
+                s->exec_context.std_error = UNIT(s)->manager->default_std_error;
+
+        if (s->exec_context.std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_INHERIT &&
+            s->exec_context.std_input == EXEC_INPUT_NULL)
+                s->exec_context.std_output = UNIT(s)->manager->default_std_output;
+}
+
+static int service_load(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Load a .service file */
+        if ((r = unit_load_fragment(u)) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+        /* Load a classic init script as a fallback, if we couldn't find anything */
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB)
+                if ((r = service_load_sysv(s)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+#endif
+
+        /* Still nothing found? Then let's give up */
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        /* We were able to load something, then let's add in the
+         * dropin directories. */
+        if ((r = unit_load_dropin(unit_follow_merge(u))) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* This is a new unit? Then let's add in some extras */
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+                if (s->type == _SERVICE_TYPE_INVALID)
+                        s->type = s->bus_name ? SERVICE_DBUS : SERVICE_SIMPLE;
+
+                /* Oneshot services have disabled start timeout by default */
+                if (s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT && !s->start_timeout_defined)
+                        s->timeout_start_usec = 0;
+
+                service_fix_output(s);
+
+                r = unit_add_exec_dependencies(u, &s->exec_context);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = unit_add_default_cgroups(u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+                r = sysv_fix_order(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+#endif
+
+                r = fsck_fix_order(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (s->bus_name)
+                        if ((r = unit_watch_bus_name(u, s->bus_name)) < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                if (s->type == SERVICE_NOTIFY && s->notify_access == NOTIFY_NONE)
+                        s->notify_access = NOTIFY_MAIN;
+
+                if (s->watchdog_usec > 0 && s->notify_access == NOTIFY_NONE)
+                        s->notify_access = NOTIFY_MAIN;
+
+                if (s->type == SERVICE_DBUS || s->bus_name) {
+                        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(u, UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES,
+                                                              SPECIAL_DBUS_SOCKET, NULL, true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                if (UNIT(s)->default_dependencies) {
+                        r = service_add_default_dependencies(s);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = unit_exec_context_defaults(u, &s->exec_context);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return service_verify(s);
+}
+
+static void service_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+
+        ServiceExecCommand c;
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+        const char *prefix2;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p2 = NULL;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        p2 = strappend(prefix, "\t");
+        prefix2 = p2 ? p2 : prefix;
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sService State: %s\n"
+                "%sResult: %s\n"
+                "%sReload Result: %s\n"
+                "%sPermissionsStartOnly: %s\n"
+                "%sRootDirectoryStartOnly: %s\n"
+                "%sRemainAfterExit: %s\n"
+                "%sGuessMainPID: %s\n"
+                "%sType: %s\n"
+                "%sRestart: %s\n"
+                "%sNotifyAccess: %s\n",
+                prefix, service_state_to_string(s->state),
+                prefix, service_result_to_string(s->result),
+                prefix, service_result_to_string(s->reload_result),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->permissions_start_only),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->root_directory_start_only),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->remain_after_exit),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->guess_main_pid),
+                prefix, service_type_to_string(s->type),
+                prefix, service_restart_to_string(s->restart),
+                prefix, notify_access_to_string(s->notify_access));
+
+        if (s->control_pid > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sControl PID: %lu\n",
+                        prefix, (unsigned long) s->control_pid);
+
+        if (s->main_pid > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sMain PID: %lu\n"
+                        "%sMain PID Known: %s\n"
+                        "%sMain PID Alien: %s\n",
+                        prefix, (unsigned long) s->main_pid,
+                        prefix, yes_no(s->main_pid_known),
+                        prefix, yes_no(s->main_pid_alien));
+
+        if (s->pid_file)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sPIDFile: %s\n",
+                        prefix, s->pid_file);
+
+        if (s->bus_name)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sBusName: %s\n"
+                        "%sBus Name Good: %s\n",
+                        prefix, s->bus_name,
+                        prefix, yes_no(s->bus_name_good));
+
+        kill_context_dump(&s->kill_context, f, prefix);
+        exec_context_dump(&s->exec_context, f, prefix);
+
+        for (c = 0; c < _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX; c++) {
+
+                if (!s->exec_command[c])
+                        continue;
+
+                fprintf(f, "%s-> %s:\n",
+                        prefix, service_exec_command_to_string(c));
+
+                exec_command_dump_list(s->exec_command[c], f, prefix2);
+        }
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+        if (s->is_sysv)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sSysV Init Script has LSB Header: %s\n"
+                        "%sSysVEnabled: %s\n",
+                        prefix, yes_no(s->sysv_has_lsb),
+                        prefix, yes_no(s->sysv_enabled));
+
+        if (s->sysv_start_priority >= 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sSysVStartPriority: %i\n",
+                        prefix, s->sysv_start_priority);
+
+        if (s->sysv_runlevels)
+                fprintf(f, "%sSysVRunLevels: %s\n",
+                        prefix, s->sysv_runlevels);
+#endif
+
+        if (s->fsck_passno > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sFsckPassNo: %i\n",
+                        prefix, s->fsck_passno);
+
+        if (s->status_text)
+                fprintf(f, "%sStatus Text: %s\n",
+                        prefix, s->status_text);
+}
+
+static int service_load_pid_file(Service *s, bool may_warn) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *k = NULL;
+        int r;
+        pid_t pid;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!s->pid_file)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        r = read_one_line_file(s->pid_file, &k);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (may_warn)
+                        log_info_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                      "PID file %s not readable (yet?) after %s.",
+                                      s->pid_file, service_state_to_string(s->state));
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        r = parse_pid(k, &pid);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                if (may_warn)
+                        log_info_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                      "Failed to read PID from file %s: %s",
+                                      s->pid_file, strerror(-r));
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (kill(pid, 0) < 0 && errno != EPERM) {
+                if (may_warn)
+                        log_info_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                      "PID %lu read from file %s does not exist.",
+                                      (unsigned long) pid, s->pid_file);
+                return -ESRCH;
+        }
+
+        if (s->main_pid_known) {
+                if (pid == s->main_pid)
+                        return 0;
+
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "Main PID changing: %lu -> %lu",
+                               (unsigned long) s->main_pid, (unsigned long) pid);
+                service_unwatch_main_pid(s);
+                s->main_pid_known = false;
+        } else
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "Main PID loaded: %lu", (unsigned long) pid);
+
+        r = service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                /* FIXME: we need to do something here */
+                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                 "Failed to watch PID %lu from service %s",
+                                 (unsigned long) pid, UNIT(s)->id);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_search_main_pid(Service *s) {
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* If we know it anyway, don't ever fallback to unreliable
+         * heuristics */
+        if (s->main_pid_known)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!s->guess_main_pid)
+                return 0;
+
+        assert(s->main_pid <= 0);
+
+        pid = cgroup_bonding_search_main_pid_list(UNIT(s)->cgroup_bondings);
+        if (pid <= 0)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                       "Main PID guessed: %lu", (unsigned long) pid);
+        r = service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                /* FIXME: we need to do something here */
+                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                 "Failed to watch PID %lu from service %s",
+                                 (unsigned long) pid, UNIT(s)->id);
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void service_notify_sockets_dead(Service *s, bool failed_permanent) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Notifies all our sockets when we die */
+
+        if (s->socket_fd >= 0)
+                return;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(u, UNIT(s)->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY], i)
+                if (u->type == UNIT_SOCKET)
+                        socket_notify_service_dead(SOCKET(u), failed_permanent);
+
+        return;
+}
+
+static void service_set_state(Service *s, ServiceState state) {
+        ServiceState old_state;
+        const UnitActiveState *table;
+        assert(s);
+
+        table = s->type == SERVICE_IDLE ? state_translation_table_idle : state_translation_table;
+
+        old_state = s->state;
+        s->state = state;
+
+        service_unwatch_pid_file(s);
+
+        if (state != SERVICE_START_PRE &&
+            state != SERVICE_START &&
+            state != SERVICE_START_POST &&
+            state != SERVICE_RELOAD &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP_POST &&
+            state != SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM &&
+            state != SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL &&
+            state != SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART)
+                unit_unwatch_timer(UNIT(s), &s->timer_watch);
+
+        if (state != SERVICE_START &&
+            state != SERVICE_START_POST &&
+            state != SERVICE_RUNNING &&
+            state != SERVICE_RELOAD &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL) {
+                service_unwatch_main_pid(s);
+                s->main_command = NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (state != SERVICE_START_PRE &&
+            state != SERVICE_START &&
+            state != SERVICE_START_POST &&
+            state != SERVICE_RELOAD &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP_POST &&
+            state != SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM &&
+            state != SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL) {
+                service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+                s->control_command = NULL;
+                s->control_command_id = _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+        }
+
+        if (state == SERVICE_FAILED)
+                service_notify_sockets_dead(s, s->result == SERVICE_FAILURE_START_LIMIT);
+
+        if (state == SERVICE_DEAD ||
+            state == SERVICE_STOP ||
+            state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM ||
+            state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL ||
+            state == SERVICE_STOP_POST ||
+            state == SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM ||
+            state == SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL ||
+            state == SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART)
+                service_notify_sockets_dead(s, false);
+
+        if (state != SERVICE_START_PRE &&
+            state != SERVICE_START &&
+            state != SERVICE_START_POST &&
+            state != SERVICE_RUNNING &&
+            state != SERVICE_RELOAD &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP_POST &&
+            state != SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM &&
+            state != SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL &&
+            !(state == SERVICE_DEAD && UNIT(s)->job)) {
+                service_close_socket_fd(s);
+                service_connection_unref(s);
+        }
+
+        if (state == SERVICE_STOP || state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM)
+                service_stop_watchdog(s);
+
+        /* For the inactive states unit_notify() will trim the cgroup,
+         * but for exit we have to do that ourselves... */
+        if (state == SERVICE_EXITED && UNIT(s)->manager->n_reloading <= 0)
+                cgroup_bonding_trim_list(UNIT(s)->cgroup_bondings, true);
+
+        if (old_state != state)
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "%s changed %s -> %s", UNIT(s)->id,
+                               service_state_to_string(old_state),
+                               service_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(s), table[old_state], table[state], s->reload_result == SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+        s->reload_result = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int service_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->state == SERVICE_DEAD);
+
+        if (s->deserialized_state != s->state) {
+
+                if (s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_START_PRE ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_START ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_START_POST ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_RELOAD ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_STOP ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_STOP_POST ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART) {
+                        if (s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART || s->timeout_start_usec > 0) {
+                                usec_t k;
+
+                                k = s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART ? s->restart_usec : s->timeout_start_usec;
+
+                                r = unit_watch_timer(UNIT(s), CLOCK_MONOTONIC, true, k, &s->timer_watch);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                if ((s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_START &&
+                     (s->type == SERVICE_FORKING ||
+                      s->type == SERVICE_DBUS ||
+                      s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT ||
+                      s->type == SERVICE_NOTIFY)) ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_START_POST ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_RUNNING ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_RELOAD ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_STOP ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL)
+                        if (s->main_pid > 0) {
+                                r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), s->main_pid);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+
+                if (s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_START_PRE ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_START ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_START_POST ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_RELOAD ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_STOP ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_STOP_POST ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL)
+                        if (s->control_pid > 0) {
+                                r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), s->control_pid);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+                        }
+
+                if (s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_START_POST ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SERVICE_RUNNING)
+                        service_handle_watchdog(s);
+
+                service_set_state(s, s->deserialized_state);
+        }
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_collect_fds(Service *s, int **fds, unsigned *n_fds) {
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+        int *rfds = NULL;
+        unsigned rn_fds = 0;
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(fds);
+        assert(n_fds);
+
+        if (s->socket_fd >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(u, UNIT(s)->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY], i) {
+                int *cfds;
+                unsigned cn_fds;
+                Socket *sock;
+
+                if (u->type != UNIT_SOCKET)
+                        continue;
+
+                sock = SOCKET(u);
+
+                r = socket_collect_fds(sock, &cfds, &cn_fds);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                if (!cfds)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!rfds) {
+                        rfds = cfds;
+                        rn_fds = cn_fds;
+                } else {
+                        int *t;
+
+                        t = new(int, rn_fds+cn_fds);
+                        if (!t) {
+                                free(cfds);
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                goto fail;
+                        }
+
+                        memcpy(t, rfds, rn_fds * sizeof(int));
+                        memcpy(t+rn_fds, cfds, cn_fds * sizeof(int));
+                        free(rfds);
+                        free(cfds);
+
+                        rfds = t;
+                        rn_fds = rn_fds+cn_fds;
+                }
+        }
+
+        *fds = rfds;
+        *n_fds = rn_fds;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        free(rfds);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int service_spawn(
+                Service *s,
+                ExecCommand *c,
+                bool timeout,
+                bool pass_fds,
+                bool apply_permissions,
+                bool apply_chroot,
+                bool apply_tty_stdin,
+                bool set_notify_socket,
+                bool is_control,
+                pid_t *_pid) {
+
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+        int *fds = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ int *fdsbuf = NULL;
+        unsigned n_fds = 0, n_env = 0;
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char
+                **argv = NULL, **final_env = NULL, **our_env = NULL;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(c);
+        assert(_pid);
+
+        if (pass_fds ||
+            s->exec_context.std_input == EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET ||
+            s->exec_context.std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET ||
+            s->exec_context.std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET) {
+
+                if (s->socket_fd >= 0) {
+                        fds = &s->socket_fd;
+                        n_fds = 1;
+                } else {
+                        r = service_collect_fds(s, &fdsbuf, &n_fds);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+
+                        fds = fdsbuf;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (timeout && s->timeout_start_usec) {
+                r = unit_watch_timer(UNIT(s), CLOCK_MONOTONIC, true,
+                                     s->timeout_start_usec, &s->timer_watch);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        } else
+                unit_unwatch_timer(UNIT(s), &s->timer_watch);
+
+        argv = unit_full_printf_strv(UNIT(s), c->argv);
+        if (!argv) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        our_env = new0(char*, 5);
+        if (!our_env) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (set_notify_socket)
+                if (asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "NOTIFY_SOCKET=%s", UNIT(s)->manager->notify_socket) < 0) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+        if (s->main_pid > 0)
+                if (asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "MAINPID=%lu", (unsigned long) s->main_pid) < 0) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+        if (s->watchdog_usec > 0)
+                if (asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "WATCHDOG_USEC=%llu", (unsigned long long) s->watchdog_usec) < 0) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+        if (s->meta.manager->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                if (asprintf(our_env + n_env++, "MANAGERPID=%lu", (unsigned long) getpid()) < 0) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+        final_env = strv_env_merge(2, UNIT(s)->manager->environment, our_env, NULL);
+        if (!final_env) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = exec_spawn(c,
+                       argv,
+                       &s->exec_context,
+                       fds, n_fds,
+                       final_env,
+                       apply_permissions,
+                       apply_chroot,
+                       apply_tty_stdin,
+                       UNIT(s)->manager->confirm_spawn,
+                       UNIT(s)->cgroup_bondings,
+                       UNIT(s)->cgroup_attributes,
+                       is_control ? "control" : NULL,
+                       UNIT(s)->id,
+                       s->type == SERVICE_IDLE ? UNIT(s)->manager->idle_pipe : NULL,
+                       &pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                /* FIXME: we need to do something here */
+                goto fail;
+
+        *_pid = pid;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        if (timeout)
+                unit_unwatch_timer(UNIT(s), &s->timer_watch);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int main_pid_good(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Returns 0 if the pid is dead, 1 if it is good, -1 if we
+         * don't know */
+
+        /* If we know the pid file, then lets just check if it is
+         * still valid */
+        if (s->main_pid_known) {
+
+                /* If it's an alien child let's check if it is still
+                 * alive ... */
+                if (s->main_pid_alien)
+                        return kill(s->main_pid, 0) >= 0 || errno != ESRCH;
+
+                /* .. otherwise assume we'll get a SIGCHLD for it,
+                 * which we really should wait for to collect exit
+                 * status and code */
+                return s->main_pid > 0;
+        }
+
+        /* We don't know the pid */
+        return -EAGAIN;
+}
+
+_pure_ static int control_pid_good(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        return s->control_pid > 0;
+}
+
+static int cgroup_good(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        r = cgroup_bonding_is_empty_list(UNIT(s)->cgroup_bondings);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return !r;
+}
+
+static void service_enter_dead(Service *s, ServiceResult f, bool allow_restart) {
+        int r;
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        service_set_state(s, s->result != SERVICE_SUCCESS ? SERVICE_FAILED : SERVICE_DEAD);
+
+        if (allow_restart &&
+            !s->forbid_restart &&
+            (s->restart == SERVICE_RESTART_ALWAYS ||
+             (s->restart == SERVICE_RESTART_ON_SUCCESS && s->result == SERVICE_SUCCESS) ||
+             (s->restart == SERVICE_RESTART_ON_FAILURE && s->result != SERVICE_SUCCESS) ||
+             (s->restart == SERVICE_RESTART_ON_ABORT && (s->result == SERVICE_FAILURE_SIGNAL ||
+                                                         s->result == SERVICE_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP))) &&
+            (s->result != SERVICE_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE ||
+             !set_contains(s->restart_ignore_status.code, INT_TO_PTR(s->main_exec_status.status))) &&
+            (s->result != SERVICE_FAILURE_SIGNAL ||
+             !set_contains(s->restart_ignore_status.signal, INT_TO_PTR(s->main_exec_status.status)))
+                ) {
+
+                r = unit_watch_timer(UNIT(s), CLOCK_MONOTONIC, true, s->restart_usec, &s->timer_watch);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART);
+        }
+
+        s->forbid_restart = false;
+
+        /* we want fresh tmpdirs in case service is started again immediately */
+        exec_context_tmp_dirs_done(&s->exec_context);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to run install restart timer: %s",
+                         UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+        service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES, false);
+}
+
+static void service_enter_signal(Service *s, ServiceState state, ServiceResult f);
+
+static void service_enter_stop_post(Service *s, ServiceResult f) {
+        int r;
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_STOP_POST];
+        if (s->control_command) {
+                s->control_command_id = SERVICE_EXEC_STOP_POST;
+
+                r = service_spawn(s,
+                                  s->control_command,
+                                  true,
+                                  false,
+                                  !s->permissions_start_only,
+                                  !s->root_directory_start_only,
+                                  true,
+                                  false,
+                                  true,
+                                  &s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_STOP_POST);
+        } else
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to run 'stop-post' task: %s",
+                         UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void service_enter_signal(Service *s, ServiceState state, ServiceResult f) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        r = unit_kill_context(
+                        UNIT(s),
+                        &s->kill_context,
+                        state != SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM && state != SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM,
+                        s->main_pid,
+                        s->control_pid,
+                        s->main_pid_alien);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (r > 0) {
+                if (s->timeout_stop_usec > 0) {
+                        r = unit_watch_timer(UNIT(s), CLOCK_MONOTONIC, true,
+                                             s->timeout_stop_usec, &s->timer_watch);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+                }
+
+                service_set_state(s, state);
+        } else if (state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM || state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL)
+                service_enter_stop_post(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+        else
+                service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS, true);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to kill processes: %s", UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+
+        if (state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM || state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL)
+                service_enter_stop_post(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        else
+                service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES, true);
+}
+
+static void service_enter_stop(Service *s, ServiceResult f) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_STOP];
+        if (s->control_command) {
+                s->control_command_id = SERVICE_EXEC_STOP;
+
+                r = service_spawn(s,
+                                  s->control_command,
+                                  true,
+                                  false,
+                                  !s->permissions_start_only,
+                                  !s->root_directory_start_only,
+                                  false,
+                                  false,
+                                  true,
+                                  &s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_STOP);
+        } else
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to run 'stop' task: %s", UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void service_enter_running(Service *s, ServiceResult f) {
+        int main_pid_ok, cgroup_ok;
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        main_pid_ok = main_pid_good(s);
+        cgroup_ok = cgroup_good(s);
+
+        if ((main_pid_ok > 0 || (main_pid_ok < 0 && cgroup_ok != 0)) &&
+            (s->bus_name_good || s->type != SERVICE_DBUS))
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_RUNNING);
+        else if (s->remain_after_exit)
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_EXITED);
+        else
+                service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+static void service_enter_start_post(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+        assert(s);
+
+        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        if (s->watchdog_usec > 0)
+                service_reset_watchdog(s);
+
+        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START_POST];
+        if (s->control_command) {
+                s->control_command_id = SERVICE_EXEC_START_POST;
+
+                r = service_spawn(s,
+                                  s->control_command,
+                                  true,
+                                  false,
+                                  !s->permissions_start_only,
+                                  !s->root_directory_start_only,
+                                  false,
+                                  false,
+                                  true,
+                                  &s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_START_POST);
+        } else
+                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to run 'start-post' task: %s", UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+        service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void service_enter_start(Service *s) {
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+        ExecCommand *c;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        assert(s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]);
+        assert(!s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]->command_next || s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT);
+
+        if (s->type == SERVICE_FORKING)
+                service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+        else
+                service_unwatch_main_pid(s);
+
+        /* We want to ensure that nobody leaks processes from
+         * START_PRE here, so let's go on a killing spree, People
+         * should not spawn long running processes from START_PRE. */
+        cgroup_bonding_kill_list(UNIT(s)->cgroup_bondings, SIGKILL, true, true, NULL, "control");
+
+        if (s->type == SERVICE_FORKING) {
+                s->control_command_id = SERVICE_EXEC_START;
+                c = s->control_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START];
+
+                s->main_command = NULL;
+        } else {
+                s->control_command_id = _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+                s->control_command = NULL;
+
+                c = s->main_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START];
+        }
+
+        r = service_spawn(s,
+                          c,
+                          s->type == SERVICE_FORKING || s->type == SERVICE_DBUS ||
+                            s->type == SERVICE_NOTIFY || s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT,
+                          true,
+                          true,
+                          true,
+                          true,
+                          s->notify_access != NOTIFY_NONE,
+                          false,
+                          &pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (s->type == SERVICE_SIMPLE || s->type == SERVICE_IDLE) {
+                /* For simple services we immediately start
+                 * the START_POST binaries. */
+
+                service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
+                service_enter_start_post(s);
+
+        } else  if (s->type == SERVICE_FORKING) {
+
+                /* For forking services we wait until the start
+                 * process exited. */
+
+                s->control_pid = pid;
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_START);
+
+        } else if (s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT ||
+                   s->type == SERVICE_DBUS ||
+                   s->type == SERVICE_NOTIFY) {
+
+                /* For oneshot services we wait until the start
+                 * process exited, too, but it is our main process. */
+
+                /* For D-Bus services we know the main pid right away,
+                 * but wait for the bus name to appear on the
+                 * bus. Notify services are similar. */
+
+                service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_START);
+        } else
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown service type");
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to run 'start' task: %s", UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void service_enter_start_pre(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START_PRE];
+        if (s->control_command) {
+
+                /* Before we start anything, let's clear up what might
+                 * be left from previous runs. */
+                cgroup_bonding_kill_list(UNIT(s)->cgroup_bondings, SIGKILL,
+                                         true,true, NULL, "control");
+
+                s->control_command_id = SERVICE_EXEC_START_PRE;
+
+                r = service_spawn(s,
+                                  s->control_command,
+                                  true,
+                                  false,
+                                  !s->permissions_start_only,
+                                  !s->root_directory_start_only,
+                                  true,
+                                  false,
+                                  true,
+                                  &s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_START_PRE);
+        } else
+                service_enter_start(s);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to run 'start-pre' task: %s", UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+        service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES, true);
+}
+
+static void service_enter_restart(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+        DBusError error;
+
+        assert(s);
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->job && UNIT(s)->job->type == JOB_STOP) {
+                /* Don't restart things if we are going down anyway */
+                log_info_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                              "Stop job pending for unit, delaying automatic restart.");
+
+                r = unit_watch_timer(UNIT(s), CLOCK_MONOTONIC, true, s->restart_usec, &s->timer_watch);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                return;
+        }
+
+        /* Any units that are bound to this service must also be
+         * restarted. We use JOB_RESTART (instead of the more obvious
+         * JOB_START) here so that those dependency jobs will be added
+         * as well. */
+        r = manager_add_job(UNIT(s)->manager, JOB_RESTART, UNIT(s), JOB_FAIL, false, &error, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* Note that we stay in the SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART state here,
+         * it will be canceled as part of the service_stop() call that
+         * is executed as part of JOB_RESTART. */
+
+        log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                       "%s scheduled restart job.", UNIT(s)->id);
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to schedule restart job: %s",
+                         UNIT(s)->id, bus_error(&error, -r));
+        service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES, false);
+
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+}
+
+static void service_enter_reload(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        s->control_command = s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD];
+        if (s->control_command) {
+                s->control_command_id = SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD;
+
+                r = service_spawn(s,
+                                  s->control_command,
+                                  true,
+                                  false,
+                                  !s->permissions_start_only,
+                                  !s->root_directory_start_only,
+                                  false,
+                                  false,
+                                  true,
+                                  &s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_RELOAD);
+        } else
+                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to run 'reload' task: %s",
+                         UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+        s->reload_result = SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES;
+        service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+static void service_run_next_control(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->control_command);
+        assert(s->control_command->command_next);
+
+        assert(s->control_command_id != SERVICE_EXEC_START);
+
+        s->control_command = s->control_command->command_next;
+        service_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        r = service_spawn(s,
+                          s->control_command,
+                          true,
+                          false,
+                          !s->permissions_start_only,
+                          !s->root_directory_start_only,
+                          s->control_command_id == SERVICE_EXEC_START_PRE ||
+                          s->control_command_id == SERVICE_EXEC_STOP_POST,
+                          false,
+                          true,
+                          &s->control_pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to run next control task: %s",
+                         UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+
+        if (s->state == SERVICE_START_PRE)
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        else if (s->state == SERVICE_STOP)
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        else if (s->state == SERVICE_STOP_POST)
+                service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES, true);
+        else if (s->state == SERVICE_RELOAD) {
+                s->reload_result = SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES;
+                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+        } else
+                service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void service_run_next_main(Service *s) {
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->main_command);
+        assert(s->main_command->command_next);
+        assert(s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT);
+
+        s->main_command = s->main_command->command_next;
+        service_unwatch_main_pid(s);
+
+        r = service_spawn(s,
+                          s->main_command,
+                          true,
+                          true,
+                          true,
+                          true,
+                          true,
+                          s->notify_access != NOTIFY_NONE,
+                          false,
+                          &pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to run next main task: %s", UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+        service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static int service_start_limit_test(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (ratelimit_test(&s->start_limit))
+                return 0;
+
+        switch (s->start_limit_action) {
+
+        case SERVICE_START_LIMIT_NONE:
+                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                 "%s start request repeated too quickly, refusing to start.",
+                                 UNIT(s)->id);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_START_LIMIT_REBOOT: {
+                DBusError error;
+                int r;
+
+                dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                 "%s start request repeated too quickly, rebooting.", UNIT(s)->id);
+
+                r = manager_add_job_by_name(UNIT(s)->manager, JOB_START,
+                                            SPECIAL_REBOOT_TARGET, JOB_REPLACE,
+                                            true, &error, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                       "Failed to reboot: %s.", bus_error(&error, r));
+                        dbus_error_free(&error);
+                }
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case SERVICE_START_LIMIT_REBOOT_FORCE:
+                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                 "%s start request repeated too quickly, forcibly rebooting.", UNIT(s)->id);
+                UNIT(s)->manager->exit_code = MANAGER_REBOOT;
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_START_LIMIT_REBOOT_IMMEDIATE:
+                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                 "%s start request repeated too quickly, rebooting immediately.", UNIT(s)->id);
+                sync();
+                reboot(RB_AUTOBOOT);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "start limit action=%i", s->start_limit_action);
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown StartLimitAction.");
+        }
+
+        return -ECANCELED;
+}
+
+static int service_start(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* We cannot fulfill this request right now, try again later
+         * please! */
+        if (s->state == SERVICE_STOP ||
+            s->state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM ||
+            s->state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL ||
+            s->state == SERVICE_STOP_POST ||
+            s->state == SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM ||
+            s->state == SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL)
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        /* Already on it! */
+        if (s->state == SERVICE_START_PRE ||
+            s->state == SERVICE_START ||
+            s->state == SERVICE_START_POST)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* A service that will be restarted must be stopped first to
+         * trigger BindsTo and/or OnFailure dependencies. If a user
+         * does not want to wait for the holdoff time to elapse, the
+         * service should be manually restarted, not started. We
+         * simply return EAGAIN here, so that any start jobs stay
+         * queued, and assume that the auto restart timer will
+         * eventually trigger the restart. */
+        if (s->state == SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART)
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        assert(s->state == SERVICE_DEAD || s->state == SERVICE_FAILED);
+
+        /* Make sure we don't enter a busy loop of some kind. */
+        r = service_start_limit_test(s);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_START_LIMIT, false);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        s->result = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+        s->reload_result = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+        s->main_pid_known = false;
+        s->main_pid_alien = false;
+        s->forbid_restart = false;
+
+        service_enter_start_pre(s);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Don't create restart jobs from here. */
+        s->forbid_restart = true;
+
+        /* Already on it */
+        if (s->state == SERVICE_STOP ||
+            s->state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM ||
+            s->state == SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL ||
+            s->state == SERVICE_STOP_POST ||
+            s->state == SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM ||
+            s->state == SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* A restart will be scheduled or is in progress. */
+        if (s->state == SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART) {
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_DEAD);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        /* If there's already something running we go directly into
+         * kill mode. */
+        if (s->state == SERVICE_START_PRE ||
+            s->state == SERVICE_START ||
+            s->state == SERVICE_START_POST ||
+            s->state == SERVICE_RELOAD) {
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        assert(s->state == SERVICE_RUNNING ||
+               s->state == SERVICE_EXITED);
+
+        service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_reload(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        assert(s->state == SERVICE_RUNNING || s->state == SERVICE_EXITED);
+
+        service_enter_reload(s);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static bool service_can_reload(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        return !!s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD];
+}
+
+static int service_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", service_state_to_string(s->state));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "result", service_result_to_string(s->result));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "reload-result", service_result_to_string(s->reload_result));
+
+        if (s->control_pid > 0)
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "control-pid", "%lu",
+                                           (unsigned long) s->control_pid);
+
+        if (s->main_pid_known && s->main_pid > 0)
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "main-pid", "%lu", (unsigned long) s->main_pid);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "main-pid-known", yes_no(s->main_pid_known));
+
+        if (s->status_text)
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "status-text", s->status_text);
+
+        /* FIXME: There's a minor uncleanliness here: if there are
+         * multiple commands attached here, we will start from the
+         * first one again */
+        if (s->control_command_id >= 0)
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "control-command",
+                                    service_exec_command_to_string(s->control_command_id));
+
+        if (s->socket_fd >= 0) {
+                int copy;
+
+                if ((copy = fdset_put_dup(fds, s->socket_fd)) < 0)
+                        return copy;
+
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "socket-fd", "%i", copy);
+        }
+
+        if (s->main_exec_status.pid > 0) {
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "main-exec-status-pid", "%lu",
+                                           (unsigned long) s->main_exec_status.pid);
+                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "main-exec-status-start",
+                                         &s->main_exec_status.start_timestamp);
+                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "main-exec-status-exit",
+                                         &s->main_exec_status.exit_timestamp);
+
+                if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&s->main_exec_status.exit_timestamp)) {
+                        unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "main-exec-status-code", "%i",
+                                                   s->main_exec_status.code);
+                        unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "main-exec-status-status", "%i",
+                                                   s->main_exec_status.status);
+                }
+        }
+        if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&s->watchdog_timestamp))
+                dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "watchdog-timestamp",
+                                         &s->watchdog_timestamp);
+
+        if (s->exec_context.tmp_dir)
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "tmp-dir", s->exec_context.tmp_dir);
+
+        if (s->exec_context.var_tmp_dir)
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "var-tmp-dir", s->exec_context.var_tmp_dir);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                ServiceState state;
+
+                state = service_state_from_string(value);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse state value %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->deserialized_state = state;
+        } else if (streq(key, "result")) {
+                ServiceResult f;
+
+                f = service_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse result value %s", value);
+                else if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                        s->result = f;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "reload-result")) {
+                ServiceResult f;
+
+                f = service_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse reload result value %s", value);
+                else if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                        s->reload_result = f;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "control-pid")) {
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                if (parse_pid(value, &pid) < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse control-pid value %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->control_pid = pid;
+        } else if (streq(key, "main-pid")) {
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                if (parse_pid(value, &pid) < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse main-pid value %s", value);
+                else
+                        service_set_main_pid(s, (pid_t) pid);
+        } else if (streq(key, "main-pid-known")) {
+                int b;
+
+                b = parse_boolean(value);
+                if (b < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse main-pid-known value %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->main_pid_known = b;
+        } else if (streq(key, "status-text")) {
+                char *t;
+
+                t = strdup(value);
+                if (!t)
+                        log_oom();
+                else {
+                        free(s->status_text);
+                        s->status_text = t;
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "control-command")) {
+                ServiceExecCommand id;
+
+                id = service_exec_command_from_string(value);
+                if (id < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse exec-command value %s", value);
+                else {
+                        s->control_command_id = id;
+                        s->control_command = s->exec_command[id];
+                }
+        } else if (streq(key, "socket-fd")) {
+                int fd;
+
+                if (safe_atoi(value, &fd) < 0 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse socket-fd value %s", value);
+                else {
+
+                        if (s->socket_fd >= 0)
+                                close_nointr_nofail(s->socket_fd);
+                        s->socket_fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                }
+        } else if (streq(key, "main-exec-status-pid")) {
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                if (parse_pid(value, &pid) < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse main-exec-status-pid value %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->main_exec_status.pid = pid;
+        } else if (streq(key, "main-exec-status-code")) {
+                int i;
+
+                if (safe_atoi(value, &i) < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse main-exec-status-code value %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->main_exec_status.code = i;
+        } else if (streq(key, "main-exec-status-status")) {
+                int i;
+
+                if (safe_atoi(value, &i) < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse main-exec-status-status value %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->main_exec_status.status = i;
+        } else if (streq(key, "main-exec-status-start"))
+                dual_timestamp_deserialize(value, &s->main_exec_status.start_timestamp);
+        else if (streq(key, "main-exec-status-exit"))
+                dual_timestamp_deserialize(value, &s->main_exec_status.exit_timestamp);
+        else if (streq(key, "watchdog-timestamp"))
+                dual_timestamp_deserialize(value, &s->watchdog_timestamp);
+        else if (streq(key, "tmp-dir")) {
+                char *t;
+
+                t = strdup(value);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                s->exec_context.tmp_dir = t;
+        } else if (streq(key, "var-tmp-dir")) {
+                char *t;
+
+                t = strdup(value);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                s->exec_context.var_tmp_dir = t;
+        } else
+                log_debug_unit(u->id, "Unknown serialization key '%s'", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState service_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        const UnitActiveState *table;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        table = SERVICE(u)->type == SERVICE_IDLE ? state_translation_table_idle : state_translation_table;
+
+        return table[SERVICE(u)->state];
+}
+
+static const char *service_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return service_state_to_string(SERVICE(u)->state);
+}
+
+static bool service_check_gc(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Never clean up services that still have a process around,
+         * even if the service is formally dead. */
+        if (cgroup_good(s) > 0 ||
+            main_pid_good(s) > 0 ||
+            control_pid_good(s) > 0)
+                return true;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+        if (s->is_sysv)
+                return true;
+#endif
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+_pure_ static bool service_check_snapshot(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        return !s->got_socket_fd;
+}
+
+static int service_retry_pid_file(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s->pid_file);
+        assert(s->state == SERVICE_START || s->state == SERVICE_START_POST);
+
+        r = service_load_pid_file(s, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        service_unwatch_pid_file(s);
+
+        service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int service_watch_pid_file(Service *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                       "Setting watch for %s's PID file %s",
+                       UNIT(s)->id, s->pid_file_pathspec->path);
+        r = path_spec_watch(s->pid_file_pathspec, UNIT(s));
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* the pidfile might have appeared just before we set the watch */
+        log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                       "Trying to read %s's PID file %s in case it changed",
+                       UNIT(s)->id, s->pid_file_pathspec->path);
+        service_retry_pid_file(s);
+
+        return 0;
+fail:
+        log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                       "Failed to set a watch for %s's PID file %s: %s",
+                       UNIT(s)->id, s->pid_file_pathspec->path, strerror(-r));
+        service_unwatch_pid_file(s);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int service_demand_pid_file(Service *s) {
+        PathSpec *ps;
+
+        assert(s->pid_file);
+        assert(!s->pid_file_pathspec);
+
+        ps = new0(PathSpec, 1);
+        if (!ps)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        ps->path = strdup(s->pid_file);
+        if (!ps->path) {
+                free(ps);
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        path_kill_slashes(ps->path);
+
+        /* PATH_CHANGED would not be enough. There are daemons (sendmail) that
+         * keep their PID file open all the time. */
+        ps->type = PATH_MODIFIED;
+        ps->inotify_fd = -1;
+
+        s->pid_file_pathspec = ps;
+
+        return service_watch_pid_file(s);
+}
+
+static void service_fd_event(Unit *u, int fd, uint32_t events, Watch *w) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(s->state == SERVICE_START || s->state == SERVICE_START_POST);
+        assert(s->pid_file_pathspec);
+        assert(path_spec_owns_inotify_fd(s->pid_file_pathspec, fd));
+
+        log_debug_unit(u->id, "inotify event for %s", u->id);
+
+        if (path_spec_fd_event(s->pid_file_pathspec, events) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (service_retry_pid_file(s) == 0)
+                return;
+
+        if (service_watch_pid_file(s) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return;
+fail:
+        service_unwatch_pid_file(s);
+        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void service_sigchld_event(Unit *u, pid_t pid, int code, int status) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+        ServiceResult f;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(pid >= 0);
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->fragment_path ? is_clean_exit(code, status, &s->success_status) :
+                                     is_clean_exit_lsb(code, status, &s->success_status))
+                f = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+        else if (code == CLD_EXITED)
+                f = SERVICE_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE;
+        else if (code == CLD_KILLED)
+                f = SERVICE_FAILURE_SIGNAL;
+        else if (code == CLD_DUMPED)
+                f = SERVICE_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP;
+        else
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown code");
+
+        if (s->main_pid == pid) {
+                /* Forking services may occasionally move to a new PID.
+                 * As long as they update the PID file before exiting the old
+                 * PID, they're fine. */
+                if (service_load_pid_file(s, false) == 0)
+                        return;
+
+                s->main_pid = 0;
+                exec_status_exit(&s->main_exec_status, &s->exec_context, pid, code, status);
+
+                if (s->main_command) {
+                        /* If this is not a forking service than the
+                         * main process got started and hence we copy
+                         * the exit status so that it is recorded both
+                         * as main and as control process exit
+                         * status */
+
+                        s->main_command->exec_status = s->main_exec_status;
+
+                        if (s->main_command->ignore)
+                                f = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+                } else if (s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]) {
+
+                        /* If this is a forked process, then we should
+                         * ignore the return value if this was
+                         * configured for the starter process */
+
+                        if (s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]->ignore)
+                                f = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+                }
+
+                log_struct_unit(f == SERVICE_SUCCESS ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_NOTICE,
+                           u->id,
+                           "MESSAGE=%s: main process exited, code=%s, status=%i/%s",
+                                  u->id, sigchld_code_to_string(code), status,
+                                  strna(code == CLD_EXITED
+                                        ? exit_status_to_string(status, EXIT_STATUS_FULL)
+                                        : signal_to_string(status)),
+                           "EXIT_CODE=%s", sigchld_code_to_string(code),
+                           "EXIT_STATUS=%i", status,
+                           NULL);
+
+                if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                        s->result = f;
+
+                if (s->main_command &&
+                    s->main_command->command_next &&
+                    f == SERVICE_SUCCESS) {
+
+                        /* There is another command to *
+                         * execute, so let's do that. */
+
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                                       "%s running next main command for state %s",
+                                       u->id, service_state_to_string(s->state));
+                        service_run_next_main(s);
+
+                } else {
+
+                        /* The service exited, so the service is officially
+                         * gone. */
+                        s->main_command = NULL;
+
+                        switch (s->state) {
+
+                        case SERVICE_START_POST:
+                        case SERVICE_RELOAD:
+                        case SERVICE_STOP:
+                                /* Need to wait until the operation is
+                                 * done */
+                                break;
+
+                        case SERVICE_START:
+                                if (s->type == SERVICE_ONESHOT) {
+                                        /* This was our main goal, so let's go on */
+                                        if (f == SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                                                service_enter_start_post(s);
+                                        else
+                                                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, f);
+                                        break;
+                                }
+
+                                /* Fall through */
+
+                        case SERVICE_RUNNING:
+                                service_enter_running(s, f);
+                                break;
+
+                        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM:
+                        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL:
+
+                                if (!control_pid_good(s))
+                                        service_enter_stop_post(s, f);
+
+                                /* If there is still a control process, wait for that first */
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                assert_not_reached("Uh, main process died at wrong time.");
+                        }
+                }
+
+        } else if (s->control_pid == pid) {
+
+                s->control_pid = 0;
+
+                if (s->control_command) {
+                        exec_status_exit(&s->control_command->exec_status,
+                                         &s->exec_context, pid, code, status);
+
+                        if (s->control_command->ignore)
+                                f = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+                }
+
+                log_full_unit(f == SERVICE_SUCCESS ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_NOTICE, u->id,
+                              "%s: control process exited, code=%s status=%i",
+                              u->id, sigchld_code_to_string(code), status);
+
+                if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                        s->result = f;
+
+                /* Immediately get rid of the cgroup, so that the
+                 * kernel doesn't delay the cgroup empty messages for
+                 * the service cgroup any longer than necessary */
+                cgroup_bonding_kill_list(UNIT(s)->cgroup_bondings, SIGKILL,
+                                         true, true, NULL, "control");
+
+                if (s->control_command &&
+                    s->control_command->command_next &&
+                    f == SERVICE_SUCCESS) {
+
+                        /* There is another command to *
+                         * execute, so let's do that. */
+
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                                       "%s running next control command for state %s",
+                                       u->id, service_state_to_string(s->state));
+                        service_run_next_control(s);
+
+                } else {
+                        /* No further commands for this step, so let's
+                         * figure out what to do next */
+
+                        s->control_command = NULL;
+                        s->control_command_id = _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                                       "%s got final SIGCHLD for state %s",
+                                       u->id, service_state_to_string(s->state));
+
+                        switch (s->state) {
+
+                        case SERVICE_START_PRE:
+                                if (f == SERVICE_SUCCESS)
+                                        service_enter_start(s);
+                                else
+                                        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, f);
+                                break;
+
+                        case SERVICE_START:
+                                if (s->type != SERVICE_FORKING)
+                                        /* Maybe spurious event due to a reload that changed the type? */
+                                        break;
+
+                                if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS) {
+                                        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, f);
+                                        break;
+                                }
+
+                                if (s->pid_file) {
+                                        bool has_start_post;
+                                        int r;
+
+                                        /* Let's try to load the pid file here if we can.
+                                         * The PID file might actually be created by a START_POST
+                                         * script. In that case don't worry if the loading fails. */
+
+                                        has_start_post = !!s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START_POST];
+                                        r = service_load_pid_file(s, !has_start_post);
+                                        if (!has_start_post && r < 0) {
+                                                r = service_demand_pid_file(s);
+                                                if (r < 0 || !cgroup_good(s))
+                                                        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+                                                break;
+                                        }
+                                } else
+                                        service_search_main_pid(s);
+
+                                service_enter_start_post(s);
+                                break;
+
+                        case SERVICE_START_POST:
+                                if (f != SERVICE_SUCCESS) {
+                                        service_enter_stop(s, f);
+                                        break;
+                                }
+
+                                if (s->pid_file) {
+                                        int r;
+
+                                        r = service_load_pid_file(s, true);
+                                        if (r < 0) {
+                                                r = service_demand_pid_file(s);
+                                                if (r < 0 || !cgroup_good(s))
+                                                        service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+                                                break;
+                                        }
+                                } else
+                                        service_search_main_pid(s);
+
+                                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+                                break;
+
+                        case SERVICE_RELOAD:
+                                if (f == SERVICE_SUCCESS) {
+                                        service_load_pid_file(s, true);
+                                        service_search_main_pid(s);
+                                }
+
+                                s->reload_result = f;
+                                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+                                break;
+
+                        case SERVICE_STOP:
+                                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, f);
+                                break;
+
+                        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM:
+                        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL:
+                                if (main_pid_good(s) <= 0)
+                                        service_enter_stop_post(s, f);
+
+                                /* If there is still a service
+                                 * process around, wait until
+                                 * that one quit, too */
+                                break;
+
+                        case SERVICE_STOP_POST:
+                        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM:
+                        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL:
+                                service_enter_dead(s, f, true);
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                assert_not_reached("Uh, control process died at wrong time.");
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Notify clients about changed exit status */
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+}
+
+static void service_timer_event(Unit *u, uint64_t elapsed, Watch* w) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(elapsed == 1);
+
+        if (w == &s->watchdog_watch) {
+                service_handle_watchdog(s);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        assert(w == &s->timer_watch);
+
+        switch (s->state) {
+
+        case SERVICE_START_PRE:
+        case SERVICE_START:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s operation timed out. Terminating.", u->id);
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_START_POST:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s operation timed out. Stopping.", u->id);
+                service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_RELOAD:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s operation timed out. Stopping.", u->id);
+                s->reload_result = SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT;
+                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_STOP:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s stopping timed out. Terminating.", u->id);
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM:
+                if (s->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                         "%s stopping timed out. Killing.", u->id);
+                        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                         "%s stopping timed out. Skipping SIGKILL.", u->id);
+                        service_enter_stop_post(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                }
+
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL:
+                /* Uh, we sent a SIGKILL and it is still not gone?
+                 * Must be something we cannot kill, so let's just be
+                 * weirded out and continue */
+
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s still around after SIGKILL. Ignoring.", u->id);
+                service_enter_stop_post(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_STOP_POST:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s stopping timed out (2). Terminating.", u->id);
+                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM:
+                if (s->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                         "%s stopping timed out (2). Killing.", u->id);
+                        service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                         "%s stopping timed out (2). Skipping SIGKILL. Entering failed mode.",
+                                         u->id);
+                        service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT, false);
+                }
+
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s still around after SIGKILL (2). Entering failed mode.", u->id);
+                service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT, true);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART:
+                log_info_unit(u->id,
+                              "%s holdoff time over, scheduling restart.", u->id);
+                service_enter_restart(s);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Timeout at wrong time.");
+        }
+}
+
+static void service_cgroup_notify_event(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                       "%s: cgroup is empty", u->id);
+
+        switch (s->state) {
+
+                /* Waiting for SIGCHLD is usually more interesting,
+                 * because it includes return codes/signals. Which is
+                 * why we ignore the cgroup events for most cases,
+                 * except when we don't know pid which to expect the
+                 * SIGCHLD for. */
+
+        case SERVICE_START:
+        case SERVICE_START_POST:
+                /* If we were hoping for the daemon to write its PID file,
+                 * we can give up now. */
+                if (s->pid_file_pathspec) {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                         "%s never wrote its PID file. Failing.", UNIT(s)->id);
+                        service_unwatch_pid_file(s);
+                        if (s->state == SERVICE_START)
+                                service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+                        else
+                                service_enter_stop(s, SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_RUNNING:
+                /* service_enter_running() will figure out what to do */
+                service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM:
+        case SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL:
+
+                if (main_pid_good(s) <= 0 && !control_pid_good(s))
+                        service_enter_stop_post(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+
+                break;
+
+        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM:
+        case SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL:
+                if (main_pid_good(s) <= 0 && !control_pid_good(s))
+                        service_enter_dead(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS, true);
+
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                ;
+        }
+}
+
+static void service_notify_message(Unit *u, pid_t pid, char **tags) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+        const char *e;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (s->notify_access == NOTIFY_NONE) {
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s: Got notification message from PID %lu, but reception is disabled.",
+                                 u->id, (unsigned long) pid);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (s->notify_access == NOTIFY_MAIN && pid != s->main_pid) {
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s: Got notification message from PID %lu, but reception only permitted for PID %lu",
+                                 u->id, (unsigned long) pid, (unsigned long) s->main_pid);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                       "%s: Got message", u->id);
+
+        /* Interpret MAINPID= */
+        if ((e = strv_find_prefix(tags, "MAINPID=")) &&
+            (s->state == SERVICE_START ||
+             s->state == SERVICE_START_POST ||
+             s->state == SERVICE_RUNNING ||
+             s->state == SERVICE_RELOAD)) {
+
+                if (parse_pid(e + 8, &pid) < 0)
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                         "Failed to parse notification message %s", e);
+                else {
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                                       "%s: got %s", u->id, e);
+                        service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Interpret READY= */
+        if (s->type == SERVICE_NOTIFY &&
+            s->state == SERVICE_START &&
+            strv_find(tags, "READY=1")) {
+                log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                               "%s: got READY=1", u->id);
+
+                service_enter_start_post(s);
+        }
+
+        /* Interpret STATUS= */
+        e = strv_find_prefix(tags, "STATUS=");
+        if (e) {
+                char *t;
+
+                if (e[7]) {
+
+                        if (!utf8_is_valid(e+7)) {
+                                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                                 "Status message in notification is not UTF-8 clean.");
+                                return;
+                        }
+
+                        t = strdup(e+7);
+                        if (!t) {
+                                log_error_unit(u->id,
+                                               "Failed to allocate string.");
+                                return;
+                        }
+
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                                       "%s: got %s", u->id, e);
+
+                        free(s->status_text);
+                        s->status_text = t;
+                } else {
+                        free(s->status_text);
+                        s->status_text = NULL;
+                }
+
+        }
+        if (strv_find(tags, "WATCHDOG=1")) {
+                log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                               "%s: got WATCHDOG=1", u->id);
+                if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&s->watchdog_timestamp))
+                        service_reset_watchdog(s);
+        }
+
+        /* Notify clients about changed status or main pid */
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+
+static int service_enumerate(Manager *m) {
+        char **p;
+        unsigned i;
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *path = NULL, *fpath = NULL, *name = NULL;
+        Set *runlevel_services[ELEMENTSOF(rcnd_table)] = {};
+        _cleanup_set_free_ Set *shutdown_services = NULL;
+        Unit *service;
+        Iterator j;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                return 0;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(p, m->lookup_paths.sysvrcnd_path)
+                for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(rcnd_table); i ++) {
+                        struct dirent *de;
+
+                        free(path);
+                        path = strjoin(*p, "/", rcnd_table[i].path, NULL);
+                        if (!path) {
+                                r = -ENOMEM;
+                                goto finish;
+                        }
+
+                        if (d)
+                                closedir(d);
+
+                        d = opendir(path);
+                        if (!d) {
+                                if (errno != ENOENT)
+                                        log_warning("opendir(%s) failed: %s", path, strerror(errno));
+
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        while ((de = readdir(d))) {
+                                int a, b;
+
+                                if (ignore_file(de->d_name))
+                                        continue;
+
+                                if (de->d_name[0] != 'S' && de->d_name[0] != 'K')
+                                        continue;
+
+                                if (strlen(de->d_name) < 4)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                a = undecchar(de->d_name[1]);
+                                b = undecchar(de->d_name[2]);
+
+                                if (a < 0 || b < 0)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                free(fpath);
+                                fpath = strjoin(path, "/", de->d_name, NULL);
+                                if (!fpath) {
+                                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+
+                                if (access(fpath, X_OK) < 0) {
+
+                                        if (errno != ENOENT)
+                                                log_warning("access() failed on %s: %s", fpath, strerror(errno));
+
+                                        continue;
+                                }
+
+                                free(name);
+                                name = sysv_translate_name(de->d_name + 3);
+                                if (!name) {
+                                        r = log_oom();
+                                        goto finish;
+                                }
+
+                                r = manager_load_unit_prepare(m, name, NULL, NULL, &service);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_warning("Failed to prepare unit %s: %s", name, strerror(-r));
+                                        continue;
+                                }
+
+                                if (de->d_name[0] == 'S')  {
+
+                                        if (rcnd_table[i].type == RUNLEVEL_UP) {
+                                                SERVICE(service)->sysv_start_priority_from_rcnd =
+                                                        MAX(a*10 + b, SERVICE(service)->sysv_start_priority_from_rcnd);
+
+                                                SERVICE(service)->sysv_enabled = true;
+                                        }
+
+                                        r = set_ensure_allocated(&runlevel_services[i],
+                                                                 trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func);
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                goto finish;
+
+                                        r = set_put(runlevel_services[i], service);
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                goto finish;
+
+                                } else if (de->d_name[0] == 'K' &&
+                                           (rcnd_table[i].type == RUNLEVEL_DOWN)) {
+
+                                        r = set_ensure_allocated(&shutdown_services,
+                                                                 trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func);
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                goto finish;
+
+                                        r = set_put(shutdown_services, service);
+                                        if (r < 0)
+                                                goto finish;
+                                }
+                        }
+                }
+
+        /* Now we loaded all stubs and are aware of the lowest
+        start-up priority for all services, not let's actually load
+        the services, this will also tell us which services are
+        actually native now */
+        manager_dispatch_load_queue(m);
+
+        /* If this is a native service, rely on native ways to pull in
+         * a service, don't pull it in via sysv rcN.d links. */
+        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(rcnd_table); i ++)
+                SET_FOREACH(service, runlevel_services[i], j) {
+                        service = unit_follow_merge(service);
+
+                        if (service->fragment_path)
+                                continue;
+
+                        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name_inverse(
+                                service, UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_WANTS,
+                                rcnd_table[i].target, NULL, true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto finish;
+                }
+
+        /* We honour K links only for halt/reboot. For the normal
+         * runlevels we assume the stop jobs will be implicitly added
+         * by the core logic. Also, we don't really distinguish here
+         * between the runlevels 0 and 6 and just add them to the
+         * special shutdown target. */
+        SET_FOREACH(service, shutdown_services, j) {
+                service = unit_follow_merge(service);
+
+                if (service->fragment_path)
+                        continue;
+
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(
+                        service, UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS,
+                        SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+
+        for (i = 0; i < ELEMENTSOF(rcnd_table); i++)
+                set_free(runlevel_services[i]);
+
+        return r;
+}
+#endif
+
+static void service_bus_name_owner_change(
+                Unit *u,
+                const char *name,
+                const char *old_owner,
+                const char *new_owner) {
+
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(name);
+
+        assert(streq(s->bus_name, name));
+        assert(old_owner || new_owner);
+
+        if (old_owner && new_owner)
+                log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                               "%s's D-Bus name %s changed owner from %s to %s",
+                               u->id, name, old_owner, new_owner);
+        else if (old_owner)
+                log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                               "%s's D-Bus name %s no longer registered by %s",
+                               u->id, name, old_owner);
+        else
+                log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                               "%s's D-Bus name %s now registered by %s",
+                               u->id, name, new_owner);
+
+        s->bus_name_good = !!new_owner;
+
+        if (s->type == SERVICE_DBUS) {
+
+                /* service_enter_running() will figure out what to
+                 * do */
+                if (s->state == SERVICE_RUNNING)
+                        service_enter_running(s, SERVICE_SUCCESS);
+                else if (s->state == SERVICE_START && new_owner)
+                        service_enter_start_post(s);
+
+        } else if (new_owner &&
+                   s->main_pid <= 0 &&
+                   (s->state == SERVICE_START ||
+                    s->state == SERVICE_START_POST ||
+                    s->state == SERVICE_RUNNING ||
+                    s->state == SERVICE_RELOAD)) {
+
+                /* Try to acquire PID from bus service */
+                log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                               "Trying to acquire PID from D-Bus name...");
+
+                bus_query_pid(u->manager, name);
+        }
+}
+
+static void service_bus_query_pid_done(
+                Unit *u,
+                const char *name,
+                pid_t pid) {
+
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(name);
+
+        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                       "%s's D-Bus name %s is now owned by process %u",
+                       u->id, name, (unsigned) pid);
+
+        if (s->main_pid <= 0 &&
+            (s->state == SERVICE_START ||
+             s->state == SERVICE_START_POST ||
+             s->state == SERVICE_RUNNING ||
+             s->state == SERVICE_RELOAD))
+                service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
+}
+
+int service_set_socket_fd(Service *s, int fd, Socket *sock) {
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        /* This is called by the socket code when instantiating a new
+         * service for a stream socket and the socket needs to be
+         * configured. */
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (s->socket_fd >= 0)
+                return -EBUSY;
+
+        if (s->state != SERVICE_DEAD)
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        s->socket_fd = fd;
+        s->got_socket_fd = true;
+
+        unit_ref_set(&s->accept_socket, UNIT(sock));
+
+        return unit_add_two_dependencies(UNIT(sock), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_TRIGGERS, UNIT(s), false);
+}
+
+static void service_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->state == SERVICE_FAILED)
+                service_set_state(s, SERVICE_DEAD);
+
+        s->result = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+        s->reload_result = SERVICE_SUCCESS;
+
+        RATELIMIT_RESET(s->start_limit);
+}
+
+static int service_kill(Unit *u, KillWho who, int signo, DBusError *error) {
+        Service *s = SERVICE(u);
+        return unit_kill_common(u, who, signo, s->main_pid, s->control_pid, error);
+}
+
+static const char* const service_state_table[_SERVICE_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [SERVICE_DEAD] = "dead",
+        [SERVICE_START_PRE] = "start-pre",
+        [SERVICE_START] = "start",
+        [SERVICE_START_POST] = "start-post",
+        [SERVICE_RUNNING] = "running",
+        [SERVICE_EXITED] = "exited",
+        [SERVICE_RELOAD] = "reload",
+        [SERVICE_STOP] = "stop",
+        [SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM] = "stop-sigterm",
+        [SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL] = "stop-sigkill",
+        [SERVICE_STOP_POST] = "stop-post",
+        [SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM] = "final-sigterm",
+        [SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL] = "final-sigkill",
+        [SERVICE_FAILED] = "failed",
+        [SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART] = "auto-restart",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(service_state, ServiceState);
+
+static const char* const service_restart_table[_SERVICE_RESTART_MAX] = {
+        [SERVICE_RESTART_NO] = "no",
+        [SERVICE_RESTART_ON_SUCCESS] = "on-success",
+        [SERVICE_RESTART_ON_FAILURE] = "on-failure",
+        [SERVICE_RESTART_ON_ABORT] = "on-abort",
+        [SERVICE_RESTART_ALWAYS] = "always"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(service_restart, ServiceRestart);
+
+static const char* const service_type_table[_SERVICE_TYPE_MAX] = {
+        [SERVICE_SIMPLE] = "simple",
+        [SERVICE_FORKING] = "forking",
+        [SERVICE_ONESHOT] = "oneshot",
+        [SERVICE_DBUS] = "dbus",
+        [SERVICE_NOTIFY] = "notify",
+        [SERVICE_IDLE] = "idle"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(service_type, ServiceType);
+
+static const char* const service_exec_command_table[_SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX] = {
+        [SERVICE_EXEC_START_PRE] = "ExecStartPre",
+        [SERVICE_EXEC_START] = "ExecStart",
+        [SERVICE_EXEC_START_POST] = "ExecStartPost",
+        [SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD] = "ExecReload",
+        [SERVICE_EXEC_STOP] = "ExecStop",
+        [SERVICE_EXEC_STOP_POST] = "ExecStopPost",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(service_exec_command, ServiceExecCommand);
+
+static const char* const notify_access_table[_NOTIFY_ACCESS_MAX] = {
+        [NOTIFY_NONE] = "none",
+        [NOTIFY_MAIN] = "main",
+        [NOTIFY_ALL] = "all"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(notify_access, NotifyAccess);
+
+static const char* const service_result_table[_SERVICE_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [SERVICE_SUCCESS] = "success",
+        [SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES] = "resources",
+        [SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT] = "timeout",
+        [SERVICE_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE] = "exit-code",
+        [SERVICE_FAILURE_SIGNAL] = "signal",
+        [SERVICE_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP] = "core-dump",
+        [SERVICE_FAILURE_WATCHDOG] = "watchdog",
+        [SERVICE_FAILURE_START_LIMIT] = "start-limit"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(service_result, ServiceResult);
+
+static const char* const start_limit_action_table[_SERVICE_START_LIMIT_MAX] = {
+        [SERVICE_START_LIMIT_NONE] = "none",
+        [SERVICE_START_LIMIT_REBOOT] = "reboot",
+        [SERVICE_START_LIMIT_REBOOT_FORCE] = "reboot-force",
+        [SERVICE_START_LIMIT_REBOOT_IMMEDIATE] = "reboot-immediate"
+};
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(start_limit_action, StartLimitAction);
+
+const UnitVTable service_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Service),
+
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Service\0"
+                "Install\0",
+
+        .exec_context_offset = offsetof(Service, exec_context),
+        .exec_section = "Service",
+
+        .init = service_init,
+        .done = service_done,
+        .load = service_load,
+
+        .coldplug = service_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = service_dump,
+
+        .start = service_start,
+        .stop = service_stop,
+        .reload = service_reload,
+
+        .can_reload = service_can_reload,
+
+        .kill = service_kill,
+
+        .serialize = service_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = service_deserialize_item,
+
+        .active_state = service_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = service_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .check_gc = service_check_gc,
+        .check_snapshot = service_check_snapshot,
+
+        .sigchld_event = service_sigchld_event,
+        .timer_event = service_timer_event,
+        .fd_event = service_fd_event,
+
+        .reset_failed = service_reset_failed,
+
+        .cgroup_notify_empty = service_cgroup_notify_event,
+        .notify_message = service_notify_message,
+
+        .bus_name_owner_change = service_bus_name_owner_change,
+        .bus_query_pid_done = service_bus_query_pid_done,
+
+        .bus_interface = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Service",
+        .bus_message_handler = bus_service_message_handler,
+        .bus_invalidating_properties =  bus_service_invalidating_properties,
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+        .enumerate = service_enumerate,
+#endif
+        .status_message_formats = {
+                .starting_stopping = {
+                        [0] = "Starting %s...",
+                        [1] = "Stopping %s...",
+                },
+                .finished_start_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Started %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed to start %s.",
+                        [JOB_DEPENDENCY] = "Dependency failed for %s.",
+                        [JOB_TIMEOUT]    = "Timed out starting %s.",
+                },
+                .finished_stop_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Stopped %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Stopped (with error) %s.",
+                        [JOB_TIMEOUT]    = "Timed out stopping %s.",
+                },
+        },
+};
diff --git a/src/core/service.h b/src/core/service.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..703d3faa45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/service.h
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Service Service;
+
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "path.h"
+#include "ratelimit.h"
+#include "service.h"
+#include "kill.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
+
+typedef enum ServiceState {
+        SERVICE_DEAD,
+        SERVICE_START_PRE,
+        SERVICE_START,
+        SERVICE_START_POST,
+        SERVICE_RUNNING,
+        SERVICE_EXITED,            /* Nothing is running anymore, but RemainAfterExit is true hence this is OK */
+        SERVICE_RELOAD,
+        SERVICE_STOP,              /* No STOP_PRE state, instead just register multiple STOP executables */
+        SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM,
+        SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL,
+        SERVICE_STOP_POST,
+        SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM,     /* In case the STOP_POST executable hangs, we shoot that down, too */
+        SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL,
+        SERVICE_FAILED,
+        SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART,
+        _SERVICE_STATE_MAX,
+        _SERVICE_STATE_INVALID = -1
+} ServiceState;
+
+typedef enum ServiceRestart {
+        SERVICE_RESTART_NO,
+        SERVICE_RESTART_ON_SUCCESS,
+        SERVICE_RESTART_ON_FAILURE,
+        SERVICE_RESTART_ON_ABORT,
+        SERVICE_RESTART_ALWAYS,
+        _SERVICE_RESTART_MAX,
+        _SERVICE_RESTART_INVALID = -1
+} ServiceRestart;
+
+typedef enum ServiceType {
+        SERVICE_SIMPLE,   /* we fork and go on right-away (i.e. modern socket activated daemons) */
+        SERVICE_FORKING,  /* forks by itself (i.e. traditional daemons) */
+        SERVICE_ONESHOT,  /* we fork and wait until the program finishes (i.e. programs like fsck which run and need to finish before we continue) */
+        SERVICE_DBUS,     /* we fork and wait until a specific D-Bus name appears on the bus */
+        SERVICE_NOTIFY,   /* we fork and wait until a daemon sends us a ready message with sd_notify() */
+        SERVICE_IDLE,     /* much like simple, but delay exec() until all jobs are dispatched. */
+        _SERVICE_TYPE_MAX,
+        _SERVICE_TYPE_INVALID = -1
+} ServiceType;
+
+typedef enum ServiceExecCommand {
+        SERVICE_EXEC_START_PRE,
+        SERVICE_EXEC_START,
+        SERVICE_EXEC_START_POST,
+        SERVICE_EXEC_RELOAD,
+        SERVICE_EXEC_STOP,
+        SERVICE_EXEC_STOP_POST,
+        _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX,
+        _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID = -1
+} ServiceExecCommand;
+
+typedef enum NotifyAccess {
+        NOTIFY_NONE,
+        NOTIFY_ALL,
+        NOTIFY_MAIN,
+        _NOTIFY_ACCESS_MAX,
+        _NOTIFY_ACCESS_INVALID = -1
+} NotifyAccess;
+
+typedef enum ServiceResult {
+        SERVICE_SUCCESS,
+        SERVICE_FAILURE_RESOURCES,
+        SERVICE_FAILURE_TIMEOUT,
+        SERVICE_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE,
+        SERVICE_FAILURE_SIGNAL,
+        SERVICE_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP,
+        SERVICE_FAILURE_WATCHDOG,
+        SERVICE_FAILURE_START_LIMIT,
+        _SERVICE_RESULT_MAX,
+        _SERVICE_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+} ServiceResult;
+
+typedef enum StartLimitAction {
+        SERVICE_START_LIMIT_NONE,
+        SERVICE_START_LIMIT_REBOOT,
+        SERVICE_START_LIMIT_REBOOT_FORCE,
+        SERVICE_START_LIMIT_REBOOT_IMMEDIATE,
+        _SERVICE_START_LIMIT_MAX,
+        _SERVICE_START_LIMIT_INVALID = -1
+} StartLimitAction;
+
+struct Service {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        ServiceType type;
+        ServiceRestart restart;
+        ExitStatusSet restart_ignore_status;
+        ExitStatusSet success_status;
+
+        /* If set we'll read the main daemon PID from this file */
+        char *pid_file;
+
+        usec_t restart_usec;
+        usec_t timeout_start_usec;
+        usec_t timeout_stop_usec;
+
+        dual_timestamp watchdog_timestamp;
+        usec_t watchdog_usec;
+        Watch watchdog_watch;
+
+        ExecCommand* exec_command[_SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX];
+
+        ExecContext exec_context;
+        KillContext kill_context;
+
+        ServiceState state, deserialized_state;
+
+        /* The exit status of the real main process */
+        ExecStatus main_exec_status;
+
+        /* The currently executed control process */
+        ExecCommand *control_command;
+
+        /* The currently executed main process, which may be NULL if
+         * the main process got started via forking mode and not by
+         * us */
+        ExecCommand *main_command;
+
+        /* The ID of the control command currently being executed */
+        ServiceExecCommand control_command_id;
+
+        pid_t main_pid, control_pid;
+        int socket_fd;
+
+        int fsck_passno;
+
+        bool permissions_start_only;
+        bool root_directory_start_only;
+        bool remain_after_exit;
+        bool guess_main_pid;
+
+        /* If we shut down, remember why */
+        ServiceResult result;
+        ServiceResult reload_result;
+
+        bool main_pid_known:1;
+        bool main_pid_alien:1;
+        bool bus_name_good:1;
+        bool forbid_restart:1;
+        bool got_socket_fd:1;
+        bool start_timeout_defined:1;
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+        bool is_sysv:1;
+        bool sysv_has_lsb:1;
+        bool sysv_enabled:1;
+        int sysv_start_priority_from_rcnd;
+        int sysv_start_priority;
+
+        char *sysv_runlevels;
+#endif
+
+        char *bus_name;
+
+        char *status_text;
+
+        RateLimit start_limit;
+        StartLimitAction start_limit_action;
+
+        UnitRef accept_socket;
+
+        Watch timer_watch;
+        PathSpec *pid_file_pathspec;
+
+        NotifyAccess notify_access;
+};
+
+extern const UnitVTable service_vtable;
+
+struct Socket;
+
+int service_set_socket_fd(Service *s, int fd, struct Socket *socket);
+
+const char* service_state_to_string(ServiceState i) _const_;
+ServiceState service_state_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* service_restart_to_string(ServiceRestart i) _const_;
+ServiceRestart service_restart_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* service_type_to_string(ServiceType i) _const_;
+ServiceType service_type_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* service_exec_command_to_string(ServiceExecCommand i) _const_;
+ServiceExecCommand service_exec_command_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* notify_access_to_string(NotifyAccess i) _const_;
+NotifyAccess notify_access_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* service_result_to_string(ServiceResult i) _const_;
+ServiceResult service_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* start_limit_action_to_string(StartLimitAction i) _const_;
+StartLimitAction start_limit_action_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/core/shutdown.c b/src/core/shutdown.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2db761de36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/shutdown.c
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 ProFUSION embedded systems
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/reboot.h>
+#include <linux/reboot.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "umount.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+#include "watchdog.h"
+#include "killall.h"
+
+#define FINALIZE_ATTEMPTS 50
+
+static int prepare_new_root(void) {
+        static const char dirs[] =
+                "/run/initramfs/oldroot\0"
+                "/run/initramfs/proc\0"
+                "/run/initramfs/sys\0"
+                "/run/initramfs/dev\0"
+                "/run/initramfs/run\0";
+
+        const char *dir;
+
+        if (mount("/run/initramfs", "/run/initramfs", NULL, MS_BIND, NULL) < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to mount bind /run/initramfs on /run/initramfs: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (mount(NULL, "/run/initramfs", NULL, MS_PRIVATE, NULL) < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to make /run/initramfs private mount: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        NULSTR_FOREACH(dir, dirs)
+                if (mkdir_p_label(dir, 0755) < 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
+                        log_error("Failed to mkdir %s: %m", dir);
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+        if (mount("/sys", "/run/initramfs/sys", NULL, MS_BIND, NULL) < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to mount bind /sys on /run/initramfs/sys: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (mount("/proc", "/run/initramfs/proc", NULL, MS_BIND, NULL) < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to mount bind /proc on /run/initramfs/proc: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (mount("/dev", "/run/initramfs/dev", NULL, MS_BIND, NULL) < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to mount bind /dev on /run/initramfs/dev: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        if (mount("/run", "/run/initramfs/run", NULL, MS_BIND, NULL) < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to mount bind /run on /run/initramfs/run: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int pivot_to_new_root(void) {
+
+        if (chdir("/run/initramfs") < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to change directory to /run/initramfs: %m");
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        /* Work-around for a kernel bug: for some reason the kernel
+         * refuses switching root if any file systems are mounted
+         * MS_SHARED. Hence remount them MS_PRIVATE here as a
+         * work-around.
+         *
+         * https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=847418 */
+        if (mount(NULL, "/", NULL, MS_REC|MS_PRIVATE, NULL) < 0)
+                log_warning("Failed to make \"/\" private mount: %m");
+
+        if (pivot_root(".", "oldroot") < 0) {
+                log_error("pivot failed: %m");
+                /* only chroot if pivot root succeeded */
+                return -errno;
+        }
+
+        chroot(".");
+
+        setsid();
+        make_console_stdio();
+
+        log_info("Successfully changed into root pivot.");
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+        int cmd, r;
+        unsigned retries;
+        bool need_umount = true, need_swapoff = true, need_loop_detach = true, need_dm_detach = true;
+        bool in_container, use_watchdog = false;
+        char *arguments[3];
+
+        log_parse_environment();
+        log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_CONSOLE); /* syslog will die if not gone yet */
+        log_open();
+
+        umask(0022);
+
+        if (getpid() != 1) {
+                log_error("Not executed by init (pid 1).");
+                r = -EPERM;
+                goto error;
+        }
+
+        if (argc != 2) {
+                log_error("Invalid number of arguments.");
+                r = -EINVAL;
+                goto error;
+        }
+
+        in_container = detect_container(NULL) > 0;
+
+        if (streq(argv[1], "reboot"))
+                cmd = RB_AUTOBOOT;
+        else if (streq(argv[1], "poweroff"))
+                cmd = RB_POWER_OFF;
+        else if (streq(argv[1], "halt"))
+                cmd = RB_HALT_SYSTEM;
+        else if (streq(argv[1], "kexec"))
+                cmd = LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_KEXEC;
+        else {
+                log_error("Unknown action '%s'.", argv[1]);
+                r = -EINVAL;
+                goto error;
+        }
+
+        use_watchdog = !!getenv("WATCHDOG_USEC");
+
+        /* lock us into memory */
+        mlockall(MCL_CURRENT|MCL_FUTURE);
+
+        log_info("Sending SIGTERM to remaining processes...");
+        broadcast_signal(SIGTERM, true);
+
+        log_info("Sending SIGKILL to remaining processes...");
+        broadcast_signal(SIGKILL, true);
+
+        if (in_container) {
+                need_swapoff = false;
+                need_dm_detach = false;
+                need_loop_detach = false;
+        }
+
+        /* Unmount all mountpoints, swaps, and loopback devices */
+        for (retries = 0; retries < FINALIZE_ATTEMPTS; retries++) {
+                bool changed = false;
+
+                if (use_watchdog)
+                        watchdog_ping();
+
+                if (need_umount) {
+                        log_info("Unmounting file systems.");
+                        r = umount_all(&changed);
+                        if (r == 0) {
+                                need_umount = false;
+                                log_info("All filesystems unmounted.");
+                        } else if (r > 0)
+                                log_info("Not all file systems unmounted, %d left.", r);
+                        else
+                                log_error("Failed to unmount file systems: %s", strerror(-r));
+                }
+
+                if (need_swapoff) {
+                        log_info("Deactivating swaps.");
+                        r = swapoff_all(&changed);
+                        if (r == 0) {
+                                need_swapoff = false;
+                                log_info("All swaps deactivated.");
+                        } else if (r > 0)
+                                log_info("Not all swaps deactivated, %d left.", r);
+                        else
+                                log_error("Failed to deactivate swaps: %s", strerror(-r));
+                }
+
+                if (need_loop_detach) {
+                        log_info("Detaching loop devices.");
+                        r = loopback_detach_all(&changed);
+                        if (r == 0) {
+                                need_loop_detach = false;
+                                log_info("All loop devices detached.");
+                        } else if (r > 0)
+                                log_info("Not all loop devices detached, %d left.", r);
+                        else
+                                log_error("Failed to detach loop devices: %s", strerror(-r));
+                }
+
+                if (need_dm_detach) {
+                        log_info("Detaching DM devices.");
+                        r = dm_detach_all(&changed);
+                        if (r == 0) {
+                                need_dm_detach = false;
+                                log_info("All DM devices detached.");
+                        } else if (r > 0)
+                                log_info("Not all DM devices detached, %d left.", r);
+                        else
+                                log_error("Failed to detach DM devices: %s", strerror(-r));
+                }
+
+                if (!need_umount && !need_swapoff && !need_loop_detach && !need_dm_detach) {
+                        if (retries > 0)
+                                log_info("All filesystems, swaps, loop devices, DM devices detached.");
+                        /* Yay, done */
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                /* If in this iteration we didn't manage to
+                 * unmount/deactivate anything, we simply give up */
+                if (!changed) {
+                        log_error("Cannot finalize remaining file systems and devices, giving up.");
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                log_debug("Couldn't finalize remaining file systems and devices after %u retries, trying again.", retries+1);
+        }
+
+        if (retries >= FINALIZE_ATTEMPTS)
+                log_error("Too many iterations, giving up.");
+        else
+                log_info("Storage is finalized.");
+
+        arguments[0] = NULL;
+        arguments[1] = argv[1];
+        arguments[2] = NULL;
+        execute_directory(SYSTEM_SHUTDOWN_PATH, NULL, arguments);
+
+        if (!in_container && !in_initrd() &&
+            access("/run/initramfs/shutdown", X_OK) == 0) {
+
+                if (prepare_new_root() >= 0 &&
+                    pivot_to_new_root() >= 0) {
+
+                        log_info("Returning to initrd...");
+
+                        execv("/shutdown", argv);
+                        log_error("Failed to execute shutdown binary: %m");
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* The kernel will automaticall flush ATA disks and suchlike
+         * on reboot(), but the file systems need to be synce'd
+         * explicitly in advance. So let's do this here, but not
+         * needlessly slow down containers. */
+        if (!in_container)
+                sync();
+
+        if (cmd == LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_KEXEC) {
+
+                if (!in_container) {
+                        /* We cheat and exec kexec to avoid doing all its work */
+                        pid_t pid = fork();
+
+                        if (pid < 0)
+                                log_error("Could not fork: %m. Falling back to normal reboot.");
+                        else if (pid > 0) {
+                                wait_for_terminate_and_warn("kexec", pid);
+                                log_warning("kexec failed. Falling back to normal reboot.");
+                        } else {
+                                /* Child */
+                                const char *args[3] = { "/sbin/kexec", "-e", NULL };
+                                execv(args[0], (char * const *) args);
+                                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                cmd = RB_AUTOBOOT;
+        }
+
+        reboot(cmd);
+
+        if (errno == EPERM && in_container) {
+                /* If we are in a container, and we lacked
+                 * CAP_SYS_BOOT just exit, this will kill our
+                 * container for good. */
+                log_error("Exiting container.");
+                exit(0);
+        }
+
+        log_error("Failed to invoke reboot(): %m");
+        r = -errno;
+
+  error:
+        log_error("Critical error while doing system shutdown: %s", strerror(-r));
+
+        freeze();
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/smack-setup.c b/src/core/smack-setup.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..73eeb04190
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/smack-setup.c
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright (C) 2013 Intel Corporation
+  Authors:
+        Nathaniel Chen <nathaniel.chen@intel.com>
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published
+  by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License,
+  or (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/vfs.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "smack-setup.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "label.h"
+
+#define SMACK_CONFIG "/etc/smack/accesses.d/"
+#define CIPSO_CONFIG "/etc/smack/cipso/"
+
+static int write_rules(const char* dstpath, const char* srcdir) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *dst = NULL;
+        _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *dir = NULL;
+        struct dirent *entry;
+        char buf[NAME_MAX];
+        int dfd = -1;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        dst = fopen(dstpath, "we");
+        if (!dst)  {
+                if (errno != ENOENT)
+                        log_warning("Failed to open %s: %m", dstpath);
+                return -errno; /* negative error */
+        }
+
+        /* write rules to dst from every file in the directory */
+        dir = opendir(srcdir);
+        if (!dir) {
+                if (errno != ENOENT)
+                        log_warning("Failed to opendir %s: %m", srcdir);
+                return errno; /* positive on purpose */
+        }
+
+        dfd = dirfd(dir);
+        assert(dfd >= 0);
+
+        FOREACH_DIRENT(entry, dir, return 0) {
+                int fd;
+                _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *policy = NULL;
+
+                fd = openat(dfd, entry->d_name, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
+                if (fd < 0) {
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                r = -errno;
+                        log_warning("Failed to open %s: %m", entry->d_name);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                policy = fdopen(fd, "re");
+                if (!policy) {
+                        if (r == 0)
+                                r = -errno;
+                        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+                        log_error("Failed to open %s: %m", entry->d_name);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                /* load2 write rules in the kernel require a line buffered stream */
+                FOREACH_LINE(buf, policy,
+                             log_error("Failed to read line from %s: %m",
+                                       entry->d_name)) {
+                        if (!fputs(buf, dst)) {
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        r = -EINVAL;
+                                log_error("Failed to write line to %s", dstpath);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                        if (fflush(dst)) {
+                                if (r == 0)
+                                        r = -errno;
+                                log_error("Failed to flush writes to %s: %m", dstpath);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+       return r;
+}
+
+
+int smack_setup(void) {
+        int r;
+
+        r = write_rules("/sys/fs/smackfs/load2", SMACK_CONFIG);
+        switch(r) {
+        case -ENOENT:
+                log_debug("Smack is not enabled in the kernel.");
+                return 0;
+        case ENOENT:
+                log_debug("Smack access rules directory " SMACK_CONFIG " not found");
+                return 0;
+        case 0:
+                log_info("Successfully loaded Smack policies.");
+                break;
+        default:
+                log_warning("Failed to load Smack access rules: %s, ignoring.",
+                            strerror(abs(r)));
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        r = write_rules("/sys/fs/smackfs/cipso2", CIPSO_CONFIG);
+        switch(r) {
+        case -ENOENT:
+                log_debug("Smack/CIPSO is not enabled in the kernel.");
+                return 0;
+        case ENOENT:
+                log_debug("Smack/CIPSO access rules directory " CIPSO_CONFIG " not found");
+                return 0;
+        case 0:
+                log_info("Successfully loaded Smack/CIPSO policies.");
+                return 0;
+        default:
+                log_warning("Failed to load Smack/CIPSO access rules: %s, ignoring.",
+                            strerror(abs(r)));
+                return 0;
+        }
+}
diff --git a/src/core/smack-setup.h b/src/core/smack-setup.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ffe91843c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/smack-setup.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright (C) 2013 Intel Corporation
+  Authors:
+        Nathaniel Chen <nathaniel.chen@intel.com>
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published
+  by  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License,
+  or  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int smack_setup(void);
diff --git a/src/core/snapshot.c b/src/core/snapshot.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a63eccd8de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/snapshot.c
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "snapshot.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "dbus-snapshot.h"
+#include "bus-errors.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_SNAPSHOT_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [SNAPSHOT_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [SNAPSHOT_ACTIVE] = UNIT_ACTIVE
+};
+
+static void snapshot_init(Unit *u) {
+        Snapshot *s = SNAPSHOT(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(UNIT(s)->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        UNIT(s)->ignore_on_isolate = true;
+        UNIT(s)->ignore_on_snapshot = true;
+}
+
+static void snapshot_set_state(Snapshot *s, SnapshotState state) {
+        SnapshotState old_state;
+        assert(s);
+
+        old_state = s->state;
+        s->state = state;
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_debug("%s changed %s -> %s",
+                          UNIT(s)->id,
+                          snapshot_state_to_string(old_state),
+                          snapshot_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(s), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], true);
+}
+
+static int snapshot_load(Unit *u) {
+        Snapshot *s = SNAPSHOT(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        /* Make sure that only snapshots created via snapshot_create()
+         * can be loaded */
+        if (!s->by_snapshot_create && UNIT(s)->manager->n_reloading <= 0)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        u->load_state = UNIT_LOADED;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int snapshot_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Snapshot *s = SNAPSHOT(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->state == SNAPSHOT_DEAD);
+
+        if (s->deserialized_state != s->state)
+                snapshot_set_state(s, s->deserialized_state);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void snapshot_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Snapshot *s = SNAPSHOT(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sSnapshot State: %s\n"
+                "%sClean Up: %s\n",
+                prefix, snapshot_state_to_string(s->state),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->cleanup));
+}
+
+static int snapshot_start(Unit *u) {
+        Snapshot *s = SNAPSHOT(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->state == SNAPSHOT_DEAD);
+
+        snapshot_set_state(s, SNAPSHOT_ACTIVE);
+
+        if (s->cleanup)
+                unit_add_to_cleanup_queue(u);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int snapshot_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Snapshot *s = SNAPSHOT(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->state == SNAPSHOT_ACTIVE);
+
+        snapshot_set_state(s, SNAPSHOT_DEAD);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int snapshot_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Snapshot *s = SNAPSHOT(u);
+        Unit *other;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", snapshot_state_to_string(s->state));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "cleanup", yes_no(s->cleanup));
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_WANTS], i)
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "wants", other->id);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int snapshot_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Snapshot *s = SNAPSHOT(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                SnapshotState state;
+
+                if ((state = snapshot_state_from_string(value)) < 0)
+                        log_debug("Failed to parse state value %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->deserialized_state = state;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "cleanup")) {
+
+                if ((r = parse_boolean(value)) < 0)
+                        log_debug("Failed to parse cleanup value %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->cleanup = r;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "wants")) {
+
+                if ((r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(u, UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_WANTS, value, NULL, true)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+        } else
+                log_debug("Unknown serialization key '%s'", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState snapshot_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[SNAPSHOT(u)->state];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *snapshot_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return snapshot_state_to_string(SNAPSHOT(u)->state);
+}
+
+int snapshot_create(Manager *m, const char *name, bool cleanup, DBusError *e, Snapshot **_s) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *other, *u = NULL;
+        char *n = NULL;
+        int r;
+        const char *k;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(_s);
+
+        if (name) {
+                if (!unit_name_is_valid(name, false)) {
+                        dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_INVALID_NAME, "Unit name %s is not valid.", name);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                if (unit_name_to_type(name) != UNIT_SNAPSHOT) {
+                        dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_UNIT_TYPE_MISMATCH, "Unit name %s lacks snapshot suffix.", name);
+                        return -EINVAL;
+                }
+
+                if (manager_get_unit(m, name)) {
+                        dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_UNIT_EXISTS, "Snapshot %s exists already.", name);
+                        return -EEXIST;
+                }
+
+        } else {
+
+                for (;;) {
+                        if (asprintf(&n, "snapshot-%u.snapshot", ++ m->n_snapshots) < 0)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        if (!manager_get_unit(m, n))
+                                break;
+
+                        free(n);
+                }
+
+                name = n;
+        }
+
+        r = manager_load_unit_prepare(m, name, NULL, e, &u);
+        free(n);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        SNAPSHOT(u)->by_snapshot_create = true;
+        manager_dispatch_load_queue(m);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(other, k, m->units, i) {
+
+                if (other->ignore_on_snapshot)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (k != other->id)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (UNIT_VTABLE(other)->check_snapshot)
+                        if (!UNIT_VTABLE(other)->check_snapshot(other))
+                            continue;
+
+                if (!UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        continue;
+
+                if ((r = unit_add_two_dependencies(u, UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_WANTS, other, true)) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        SNAPSHOT(u)->cleanup = cleanup;
+        u->allow_isolate = true;
+        *_s = SNAPSHOT(u);
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        if (u)
+                unit_add_to_cleanup_queue(u);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+void snapshot_remove(Snapshot *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        unit_add_to_cleanup_queue(UNIT(s));
+}
+
+static const char* const snapshot_state_table[_SNAPSHOT_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [SNAPSHOT_DEAD] = "dead",
+        [SNAPSHOT_ACTIVE] = "active"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(snapshot_state, SnapshotState);
+
+const UnitVTable snapshot_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Snapshot),
+
+        .no_alias = true,
+        .no_instances = true,
+        .no_gc = true,
+
+        .init = snapshot_init,
+
+        .load = snapshot_load,
+        .coldplug = snapshot_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = snapshot_dump,
+
+        .start = snapshot_start,
+        .stop = snapshot_stop,
+
+        .serialize = snapshot_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = snapshot_deserialize_item,
+
+        .active_state = snapshot_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = snapshot_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .bus_interface = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Snapshot",
+        .bus_message_handler = bus_snapshot_message_handler
+};
diff --git a/src/core/snapshot.h b/src/core/snapshot.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56f87cff4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/snapshot.h
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Snapshot Snapshot;
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+typedef enum SnapshotState {
+        SNAPSHOT_DEAD,
+        SNAPSHOT_ACTIVE,
+        _SNAPSHOT_STATE_MAX,
+        _SNAPSHOT_STATE_INVALID = -1
+} SnapshotState;
+
+struct Snapshot {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        SnapshotState state, deserialized_state;
+
+        bool cleanup;
+        bool by_snapshot_create:1;
+};
+
+extern const UnitVTable snapshot_vtable;
+
+int snapshot_create(Manager *m, const char *name, bool cleanup, DBusError *e, Snapshot **s);
+void snapshot_remove(Snapshot *s);
+
+const char* snapshot_state_to_string(SnapshotState i) _const_;
+SnapshotState snapshot_state_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/core/socket.c b/src/core/socket.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b08f0a5fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/socket.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2411 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <mqueue.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_XATTR
+#include <attr/xattr.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "socket.h"
+#include "netinet/tcp.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "load-dropin.h"
+#include "load-fragment.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit-printf.h"
+#include "dbus-socket.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+#include "label.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "def.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_SOCKET_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [SOCKET_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [SOCKET_START_PRE] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
+        [SOCKET_START_POST] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
+        [SOCKET_LISTENING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SOCKET_RUNNING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SOCKET_STOP_PRE] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SOCKET_STOP_POST] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SOCKET_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED
+};
+
+static void socket_init(Unit *u) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        s->backlog = SOMAXCONN;
+        s->timeout_usec = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_USEC;
+        s->directory_mode = 0755;
+        s->socket_mode = 0666;
+
+        s->max_connections = 64;
+
+        s->priority = -1;
+        s->ip_tos = -1;
+        s->ip_ttl = -1;
+        s->mark = -1;
+
+        exec_context_init(&s->exec_context);
+        s->exec_context.std_output = u->manager->default_std_output;
+        s->exec_context.std_error = u->manager->default_std_error;
+        kill_context_init(&s->kill_context);
+
+        s->control_command_id = _SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+}
+
+static void socket_unwatch_control_pid(Socket *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->control_pid <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        unit_unwatch_pid(UNIT(s), s->control_pid);
+        s->control_pid = 0;
+}
+
+void socket_free_ports(Socket *s) {
+        SocketPort *p;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        while ((p = s->ports)) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(SocketPort, port, s->ports, p);
+
+                if (p->fd >= 0) {
+                        unit_unwatch_fd(UNIT(s), &p->fd_watch);
+                        close_nointr_nofail(p->fd);
+                }
+
+                free(p->path);
+                free(p);
+        }
+}
+
+static void socket_done(Unit *u) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        socket_free_ports(s);
+
+        exec_context_done(&s->exec_context, manager_is_reloading_or_reexecuting(u->manager));
+        exec_command_free_array(s->exec_command, _SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX);
+        s->control_command = NULL;
+
+        socket_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        unit_ref_unset(&s->service);
+
+        free(s->tcp_congestion);
+        s->tcp_congestion = NULL;
+
+        free(s->bind_to_device);
+        s->bind_to_device = NULL;
+
+        free(s->smack);
+        free(s->smack_ip_in);
+        free(s->smack_ip_out);
+
+        unit_unwatch_timer(u, &s->timer_watch);
+}
+
+static int socket_instantiate_service(Socket *s) {
+        char *prefix, *name;
+        int r;
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* This fills in s->service if it isn't filled in yet. For
+         * Accept=yes sockets we create the next connection service
+         * here. For Accept=no this is mostly a NOP since the service
+         * is figured out at load time anyway. */
+
+        if (UNIT_DEREF(s->service))
+                return 0;
+
+        assert(s->accept);
+
+        if (!(prefix = unit_name_to_prefix(UNIT(s)->id)))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = asprintf(&name, "%s@%u.service", prefix, s->n_accepted);
+        free(prefix);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(UNIT(s)->manager, name, NULL, NULL, &u);
+        free(name);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+        if (SERVICE(u)->is_sysv) {
+                log_error("Using SysV services for socket activation is not supported. Refusing.");
+                return -ENOENT;
+        }
+#endif
+
+        u->no_gc = true;
+        unit_ref_set(&s->service, u);
+
+        return unit_add_two_dependencies(UNIT(s), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_TRIGGERS, u, false);
+}
+
+static bool have_non_accept_socket(Socket *s) {
+        SocketPort *p;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!s->accept)
+                return true;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+
+                if (p->type != SOCKET_SOCKET)
+                        return true;
+
+                if (!socket_address_can_accept(&p->address))
+                        return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int socket_verify(Socket *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!s->ports) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "%s lacks Listen setting. Refusing.", UNIT(s)->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->accept && have_non_accept_socket(s)) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "%s configured for accepting sockets, but sockets are non-accepting. Refusing.",
+                               UNIT(s)->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->accept && s->max_connections <= 0) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "%s's MaxConnection setting too small. Refusing.", UNIT(s)->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->accept && UNIT_DEREF(s->service)) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "Explicit service configuration for accepting sockets not supported on %s. Refusing.",
+                               UNIT(s)->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->exec_context.pam_name && s->kill_context.kill_mode != KILL_CONTROL_GROUP) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "%s has PAM enabled. Kill mode must be set to 'control-group'. Refusing.",
+                               UNIT(s)->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static bool socket_needs_mount(Socket *s, const char *prefix) {
+        SocketPort *p;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+
+                if (p->type == SOCKET_SOCKET) {
+                        if (socket_address_needs_mount(&p->address, prefix))
+                                return true;
+                } else if (p->type == SOCKET_FIFO || p->type == SOCKET_SPECIAL) {
+                        if (path_startswith(p->path, prefix))
+                                return true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+int socket_add_one_mount_link(Socket *s, Mount *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED ||
+            UNIT(m)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!socket_needs_mount(s, m->where))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies(UNIT(s), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES, UNIT(m), true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int socket_add_mount_links(Socket *s) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, other, UNIT(s)->manager->units_by_type[UNIT_MOUNT]) {
+                r = socket_add_one_mount_link(s, MOUNT(other));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int socket_add_device_link(Socket *s) {
+        char *t;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!s->bind_to_device || streq(s->bind_to_device, "lo"))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (asprintf(&t, "/sys/subsystem/net/devices/%s", s->bind_to_device) < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = unit_add_node_link(UNIT(s), t, false);
+        free(t);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int socket_add_default_dependencies(Socket *s) {
+        int r;
+        assert(s);
+
+        r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_BEFORE, SPECIAL_SOCKETS_TARGET, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->manager->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES, SPECIAL_SYSINIT_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS, SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET, NULL, true);
+}
+
+_pure_ static bool socket_has_exec(Socket *s) {
+        unsigned i;
+        assert(s);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < _SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX; i++)
+                if (s->exec_command[i])
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int socket_load(Unit *u) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        if ((r = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin(u)) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* This is a new unit? Then let's add in some extras */
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+
+                if (have_non_accept_socket(s)) {
+
+                        if (!UNIT_DEREF(s->service)) {
+                                Unit *x;
+
+                                r = unit_load_related_unit(u, ".service", &x);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                unit_ref_set(&s->service, x);
+                        }
+
+                        r = unit_add_two_dependencies(u, UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_TRIGGERS, UNIT_DEREF(s->service), true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                if ((r = socket_add_mount_links(s)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if ((r = socket_add_device_link(s)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (socket_has_exec(s))
+                        if ((r = unit_add_exec_dependencies(u, &s->exec_context)) < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                if ((r = unit_add_default_cgroups(u)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (UNIT(s)->default_dependencies)
+                        if ((r = socket_add_default_dependencies(s)) < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                r = unit_exec_context_defaults(u, &s->exec_context);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return socket_verify(s);
+}
+
+_const_ static const char* listen_lookup(int family, int type) {
+
+        if (family == AF_NETLINK)
+                return "ListenNetlink";
+
+        if (type == SOCK_STREAM)
+                return "ListenStream";
+        else if (type == SOCK_DGRAM)
+                return "ListenDatagram";
+        else if (type == SOCK_SEQPACKET)
+                return "ListenSequentialPacket";
+
+        assert_not_reached("Unknown socket type");
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+static void socket_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+
+        SocketExecCommand c;
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+        SocketPort *p;
+        const char *prefix2;
+        char *p2;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+
+        p2 = strappend(prefix, "\t");
+        prefix2 = p2 ? p2 : prefix;
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sSocket State: %s\n"
+                "%sResult: %s\n"
+                "%sBindIPv6Only: %s\n"
+                "%sBacklog: %u\n"
+                "%sSocketMode: %04o\n"
+                "%sDirectoryMode: %04o\n"
+                "%sKeepAlive: %s\n"
+                "%sFreeBind: %s\n"
+                "%sTransparent: %s\n"
+                "%sBroadcast: %s\n"
+                "%sPassCredentials: %s\n"
+                "%sPassSecurity: %s\n"
+                "%sTCPCongestion: %s\n",
+                prefix, socket_state_to_string(s->state),
+                prefix, socket_result_to_string(s->result),
+                prefix, socket_address_bind_ipv6_only_to_string(s->bind_ipv6_only),
+                prefix, s->backlog,
+                prefix, s->socket_mode,
+                prefix, s->directory_mode,
+                prefix, yes_no(s->keep_alive),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->free_bind),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->transparent),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->broadcast),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->pass_cred),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->pass_sec),
+                prefix, strna(s->tcp_congestion));
+
+        if (s->control_pid > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sControl PID: %lu\n",
+                        prefix, (unsigned long) s->control_pid);
+
+        if (s->bind_to_device)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sBindToDevice: %s\n",
+                        prefix, s->bind_to_device);
+
+        if (s->accept)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sAccepted: %u\n"
+                        "%sNConnections: %u\n"
+                        "%sMaxConnections: %u\n",
+                        prefix, s->n_accepted,
+                        prefix, s->n_connections,
+                        prefix, s->max_connections);
+
+        if (s->priority >= 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sPriority: %i\n",
+                        prefix, s->priority);
+
+        if (s->receive_buffer > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sReceiveBuffer: %zu\n",
+                        prefix, s->receive_buffer);
+
+        if (s->send_buffer > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sSendBuffer: %zu\n",
+                        prefix, s->send_buffer);
+
+        if (s->ip_tos >= 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sIPTOS: %i\n",
+                        prefix, s->ip_tos);
+
+        if (s->ip_ttl >= 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sIPTTL: %i\n",
+                        prefix, s->ip_ttl);
+
+        if (s->pipe_size > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sPipeSize: %zu\n",
+                        prefix, s->pipe_size);
+
+        if (s->mark >= 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sMark: %i\n",
+                        prefix, s->mark);
+
+        if (s->mq_maxmsg > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sMessageQueueMaxMessages: %li\n",
+                        prefix, s->mq_maxmsg);
+
+        if (s->mq_msgsize > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sMessageQueueMessageSize: %li\n",
+                        prefix, s->mq_msgsize);
+
+        if (s->smack)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sSmackLabel: %s\n",
+                        prefix, s->smack);
+
+        if (s->smack_ip_in)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sSmackLabelIPIn: %s\n",
+                        prefix, s->smack_ip_in);
+
+        if (s->smack_ip_out)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sSmackLabelIPOut: %s\n",
+                        prefix, s->smack_ip_out);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+
+                if (p->type == SOCKET_SOCKET) {
+                        const char *t;
+                        int r;
+                        char *k = NULL;
+
+                        if ((r = socket_address_print(&p->address, &k)) < 0)
+                                t = strerror(-r);
+                        else
+                                t = k;
+
+                        fprintf(f, "%s%s: %s\n", prefix, listen_lookup(socket_address_family(&p->address), p->address.type), t);
+                        free(k);
+                } else if (p->type == SOCKET_SPECIAL)
+                        fprintf(f, "%sListenSpecial: %s\n", prefix, p->path);
+                else if (p->type == SOCKET_MQUEUE)
+                        fprintf(f, "%sListenMessageQueue: %s\n", prefix, p->path);
+                else
+                        fprintf(f, "%sListenFIFO: %s\n", prefix, p->path);
+        }
+
+        exec_context_dump(&s->exec_context, f, prefix);
+        kill_context_dump(&s->kill_context, f, prefix);
+
+        for (c = 0; c < _SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX; c++) {
+                if (!s->exec_command[c])
+                        continue;
+
+                fprintf(f, "%s-> %s:\n",
+                        prefix, socket_exec_command_to_string(c));
+
+                exec_command_dump_list(s->exec_command[c], f, prefix2);
+        }
+
+        free(p2);
+}
+
+static int instance_from_socket(int fd, unsigned nr, char **instance) {
+        socklen_t l;
+        char *r;
+        union {
+                struct sockaddr sa;
+                struct sockaddr_un un;
+                struct sockaddr_in in;
+                struct sockaddr_in6 in6;
+                struct sockaddr_storage storage;
+        } local, remote;
+
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(instance);
+
+        l = sizeof(local);
+        if (getsockname(fd, &local.sa, &l) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        l = sizeof(remote);
+        if (getpeername(fd, &remote.sa, &l) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        switch (local.sa.sa_family) {
+
+        case AF_INET: {
+                uint32_t
+                        a = ntohl(local.in.sin_addr.s_addr),
+                        b = ntohl(remote.in.sin_addr.s_addr);
+
+                if (asprintf(&r,
+                             "%u-%u.%u.%u.%u:%u-%u.%u.%u.%u:%u",
+                             nr,
+                             a >> 24, (a >> 16) & 0xFF, (a >> 8) & 0xFF, a & 0xFF,
+                             ntohs(local.in.sin_port),
+                             b >> 24, (b >> 16) & 0xFF, (b >> 8) & 0xFF, b & 0xFF,
+                             ntohs(remote.in.sin_port)) < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case AF_INET6: {
+                static const unsigned char ipv4_prefix[] = {
+                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0xFF, 0xFF
+                };
+
+                if (memcmp(&local.in6.sin6_addr, ipv4_prefix, sizeof(ipv4_prefix)) == 0 &&
+                    memcmp(&remote.in6.sin6_addr, ipv4_prefix, sizeof(ipv4_prefix)) == 0) {
+                        const uint8_t
+                                *a = local.in6.sin6_addr.s6_addr+12,
+                                *b = remote.in6.sin6_addr.s6_addr+12;
+
+                        if (asprintf(&r,
+                                     "%u-%u.%u.%u.%u:%u-%u.%u.%u.%u:%u",
+                                     nr,
+                                     a[0], a[1], a[2], a[3],
+                                     ntohs(local.in6.sin6_port),
+                                     b[0], b[1], b[2], b[3],
+                                     ntohs(remote.in6.sin6_port)) < 0)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                } else {
+                        char a[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN], b[INET6_ADDRSTRLEN];
+
+                        if (asprintf(&r,
+                                     "%u-%s:%u-%s:%u",
+                                     nr,
+                                     inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &local.in6.sin6_addr, a, sizeof(a)),
+                                     ntohs(local.in6.sin6_port),
+                                     inet_ntop(AF_INET6, &remote.in6.sin6_addr, b, sizeof(b)),
+                                     ntohs(remote.in6.sin6_port)) < 0)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        case AF_UNIX: {
+                struct ucred ucred;
+
+                l = sizeof(ucred);
+                if (getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PEERCRED, &ucred, &l) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+
+                if (asprintf(&r,
+                             "%u-%lu-%lu",
+                             nr,
+                             (unsigned long) ucred.pid,
+                             (unsigned long) ucred.uid) < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unhandled socket type.");
+        }
+
+        *instance = r;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void socket_close_fds(Socket *s) {
+        SocketPort *p;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+                if (p->fd < 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                unit_unwatch_fd(UNIT(s), &p->fd_watch);
+                close_nointr_nofail(p->fd);
+
+                /* One little note: we should never delete any sockets
+                 * in the file system here! After all some other
+                 * process we spawned might still have a reference of
+                 * this fd and wants to continue to use it. Therefore
+                 * we delete sockets in the file system before we
+                 * create a new one, not after we stopped using
+                 * one! */
+
+                p->fd = -1;
+        }
+}
+
+static void socket_apply_socket_options(Socket *s, int fd) {
+        assert(s);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        if (s->keep_alive) {
+                int b = s->keep_alive;
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_KEEPALIVE, &b, sizeof(b)) < 0)
+                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "SO_KEEPALIVE failed: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->broadcast) {
+                int one = 1;
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, &one, sizeof(one)) < 0)
+                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "SO_BROADCAST failed: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->pass_cred) {
+                int one = 1;
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PASSCRED, &one, sizeof(one)) < 0)
+                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "SO_PASSCRED failed: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->pass_sec) {
+                int one = 1;
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PASSSEC, &one, sizeof(one)) < 0)
+                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "SO_PASSSEC failed: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->priority >= 0)
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PRIORITY, &s->priority, sizeof(s->priority)) < 0)
+                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "SO_PRIORITY failed: %m");
+
+        if (s->receive_buffer > 0) {
+                int value = (int) s->receive_buffer;
+
+                /* We first try with SO_RCVBUFFORCE, in case we have the perms for that */
+
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUFFORCE, &value, sizeof(value)) < 0)
+                        if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVBUF, &value, sizeof(value)) < 0)
+                                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "SO_RCVBUF failed: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->send_buffer > 0) {
+                int value = (int) s->send_buffer;
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUFFORCE, &value, sizeof(value)) < 0)
+                        if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, &value, sizeof(value)) < 0)
+                                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "SO_SNDBUF failed: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->mark >= 0)
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK, &s->mark, sizeof(s->mark)) < 0)
+                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "SO_MARK failed: %m");
+
+        if (s->ip_tos >= 0)
+                if (setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TOS, &s->ip_tos, sizeof(s->ip_tos)) < 0)
+                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "IP_TOS failed: %m");
+
+        if (s->ip_ttl >= 0) {
+                int r, x;
+
+                r = setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL, &s->ip_ttl, sizeof(s->ip_ttl));
+
+                if (socket_ipv6_is_supported())
+                        x = setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS, &s->ip_ttl, sizeof(s->ip_ttl));
+                else {
+                        x = -1;
+                        errno = EAFNOSUPPORT;
+                }
+
+                if (r < 0 && x < 0)
+                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                         "IP_TTL/IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS failed: %m");
+        }
+
+        if (s->tcp_congestion)
+                if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_TCP, TCP_CONGESTION, s->tcp_congestion, strlen(s->tcp_congestion)+1) < 0)
+                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id, "TCP_CONGESTION failed: %m");
+
+#ifdef HAVE_XATTR
+        if (s->smack_ip_in)
+                if (fsetxattr(fd, "security.SMACK64IPIN", s->smack_ip_in, strlen(s->smack_ip_in), 0) < 0)
+                        log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                       "fsetxattr(\"security.SMACK64IPIN\"): %m");
+
+        if (s->smack_ip_out)
+                if (fsetxattr(fd, "security.SMACK64IPOUT", s->smack_ip_out, strlen(s->smack_ip_out), 0) < 0)
+                        log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                       "fsetxattr(\"security.SMACK64IPOUT\"): %m");
+#endif
+}
+
+static void socket_apply_fifo_options(Socket *s, int fd) {
+        assert(s);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        if (s->pipe_size > 0)
+                if (fcntl(fd, F_SETPIPE_SZ, s->pipe_size) < 0)
+                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                         "F_SETPIPE_SZ: %m");
+
+#ifdef HAVE_XATTR
+        if (s->smack)
+                if (fsetxattr(fd, "security.SMACK64", s->smack, strlen(s->smack), 0) < 0)
+                        log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                       "fsetxattr(\"security.SMACK64\"): %m");
+#endif
+}
+
+static int fifo_address_create(
+                const char *path,
+                mode_t directory_mode,
+                mode_t socket_mode,
+                int *_fd) {
+
+        int fd = -1, r = 0;
+        struct stat st;
+        mode_t old_mask;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(_fd);
+
+        mkdir_parents_label(path, directory_mode);
+
+        r = label_context_set(path, S_IFIFO);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        /* Enforce the right access mode for the fifo */
+        old_mask = umask(~ socket_mode);
+
+        /* Include the original umask in our mask */
+        umask(~socket_mode | old_mask);
+
+        r = mkfifo(path, socket_mode);
+        umask(old_mask);
+
+        if (r < 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if ((fd = open(path, O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOFOLLOW)) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        label_context_clear();
+
+        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (!S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode) ||
+            (st.st_mode & 0777) != (socket_mode & ~old_mask) ||
+            st.st_uid != getuid() ||
+            st.st_gid != getgid()) {
+
+                r = -EEXIST;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        *_fd = fd;
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        label_context_clear();
+
+        if (fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int special_address_create(
+                const char *path,
+                int *_fd) {
+
+        int fd = -1, r = 0;
+        struct stat st;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(_fd);
+
+        if ((fd = open(path, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_NONBLOCK|O_NOFOLLOW)) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* Check whether this is a /proc, /sys or /dev file or char device */
+        if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode) && !S_ISCHR(st.st_mode)) {
+                r = -EEXIST;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        *_fd = fd;
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        if (fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int mq_address_create(
+                const char *path,
+                mode_t mq_mode,
+                long maxmsg,
+                long msgsize,
+                int *_fd) {
+
+        int fd = -1, r = 0;
+        struct stat st;
+        mode_t old_mask;
+        struct mq_attr _attr, *attr = NULL;
+
+        assert(path);
+        assert(_fd);
+
+        if (maxmsg > 0 && msgsize > 0) {
+                zero(_attr);
+                _attr.mq_flags = O_NONBLOCK;
+                _attr.mq_maxmsg = maxmsg;
+                _attr.mq_msgsize = msgsize;
+                attr = &_attr;
+        }
+
+        /* Enforce the right access mode for the mq */
+        old_mask = umask(~ mq_mode);
+
+        /* Include the original umask in our mask */
+        umask(~mq_mode | old_mask);
+
+        fd = mq_open(path, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC|O_NONBLOCK|O_CREAT, mq_mode, attr);
+        umask(old_mask);
+
+        if (fd < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if ((st.st_mode & 0777) != (mq_mode & ~old_mask) ||
+            st.st_uid != getuid() ||
+            st.st_gid != getgid()) {
+
+                r = -EEXIST;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        *_fd = fd;
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        if (fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int socket_open_fds(Socket *s) {
+        SocketPort *p;
+        int r;
+        char *label = NULL;
+        bool know_label = false;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+
+                if (p->fd >= 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (p->type == SOCKET_SOCKET) {
+
+                        if (!know_label) {
+
+                                if ((r = socket_instantiate_service(s)) < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                if (UNIT_DEREF(s->service) &&
+                                    SERVICE(UNIT_DEREF(s->service))->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]) {
+                                        r = label_get_create_label_from_exe(SERVICE(UNIT_DEREF(s->service))->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]->path, &label);
+
+                                        if (r < 0) {
+                                                if (r != -EPERM)
+                                                        return r;
+                                        }
+                                }
+
+                                know_label = true;
+                        }
+
+                        if ((r = socket_address_listen(
+                                             &p->address,
+                                             s->backlog,
+                                             s->bind_ipv6_only,
+                                             s->bind_to_device,
+                                             s->free_bind,
+                                             s->transparent,
+                                             s->directory_mode,
+                                             s->socket_mode,
+                                             label,
+                                             &p->fd)) < 0)
+                                goto rollback;
+
+                        socket_apply_socket_options(s, p->fd);
+
+                } else  if (p->type == SOCKET_SPECIAL) {
+
+                        if ((r = special_address_create(
+                                             p->path,
+                                             &p->fd)) < 0)
+                                goto rollback;
+
+                } else  if (p->type == SOCKET_FIFO) {
+
+                        if ((r = fifo_address_create(
+                                             p->path,
+                                             s->directory_mode,
+                                             s->socket_mode,
+                                             &p->fd)) < 0)
+                                goto rollback;
+
+                        socket_apply_fifo_options(s, p->fd);
+                } else if (p->type == SOCKET_MQUEUE) {
+
+                        if ((r = mq_address_create(
+                                             p->path,
+                                             s->socket_mode,
+                                             s->mq_maxmsg,
+                                             s->mq_msgsize,
+                                             &p->fd)) < 0)
+                                goto rollback;
+                } else
+                        assert_not_reached("Unknown port type");
+        }
+
+        label_free(label);
+        return 0;
+
+rollback:
+        socket_close_fds(s);
+        label_free(label);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void socket_unwatch_fds(Socket *s) {
+        SocketPort *p;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+                if (p->fd < 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                unit_unwatch_fd(UNIT(s), &p->fd_watch);
+        }
+}
+
+static int socket_watch_fds(Socket *s) {
+        SocketPort *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+                if (p->fd < 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                p->fd_watch.socket_accept =
+                        s->accept &&
+                        p->type == SOCKET_SOCKET &&
+                        socket_address_can_accept(&p->address);
+
+                if ((r = unit_watch_fd(UNIT(s), p->fd, EPOLLIN, &p->fd_watch)) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        socket_unwatch_fds(s);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void socket_set_state(Socket *s, SocketState state) {
+        SocketState old_state;
+        assert(s);
+
+        old_state = s->state;
+        s->state = state;
+
+        if (state != SOCKET_START_PRE &&
+            state != SOCKET_START_POST &&
+            state != SOCKET_STOP_PRE &&
+            state != SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM &&
+            state != SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL &&
+            state != SOCKET_STOP_POST &&
+            state != SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM &&
+            state != SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL) {
+                unit_unwatch_timer(UNIT(s), &s->timer_watch);
+                socket_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+                s->control_command = NULL;
+                s->control_command_id = _SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+        }
+
+        if (state != SOCKET_LISTENING)
+                socket_unwatch_fds(s);
+
+        if (state != SOCKET_START_POST &&
+            state != SOCKET_LISTENING &&
+            state != SOCKET_RUNNING &&
+            state != SOCKET_STOP_PRE &&
+            state != SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM &&
+            state != SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL)
+                socket_close_fds(s);
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "%s changed %s -> %s", UNIT(s)->id,
+                               socket_state_to_string(old_state),
+                               socket_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(s), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], true);
+}
+
+static int socket_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->state == SOCKET_DEAD);
+
+        if (s->deserialized_state != s->state) {
+
+                if (s->deserialized_state == SOCKET_START_PRE ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SOCKET_START_POST ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SOCKET_STOP_POST ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL) {
+
+                        if (s->control_pid <= 0)
+                                return -EBADMSG;
+
+                        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), s->control_pid);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = unit_watch_timer(UNIT(s), CLOCK_MONOTONIC, true, s->timeout_usec, &s->timer_watch);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                if (s->deserialized_state == SOCKET_START_POST ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SOCKET_LISTENING ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SOCKET_RUNNING ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM ||
+                    s->deserialized_state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL)
+                        if ((r = socket_open_fds(s)) < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                if (s->deserialized_state == SOCKET_LISTENING)
+                        if ((r = socket_watch_fds(s)) < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                socket_set_state(s, s->deserialized_state);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int socket_spawn(Socket *s, ExecCommand *c, pid_t *_pid) {
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+        char **argv;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(c);
+        assert(_pid);
+
+        r = unit_watch_timer(UNIT(s), CLOCK_MONOTONIC, true, s->timeout_usec, &s->timer_watch);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        argv = unit_full_printf_strv(UNIT(s), c->argv);
+        if (!argv) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        r = exec_spawn(c,
+                       argv,
+                       &s->exec_context,
+                       NULL, 0,
+                       UNIT(s)->manager->environment,
+                       true,
+                       true,
+                       true,
+                       UNIT(s)->manager->confirm_spawn,
+                       UNIT(s)->cgroup_bondings,
+                       UNIT(s)->cgroup_attributes,
+                       NULL,
+                       UNIT(s)->id,
+                       NULL,
+                       &pid);
+
+        strv_free(argv);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if ((r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid)) < 0)
+                /* FIXME: we need to do something here */
+                goto fail;
+
+        *_pid = pid;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        unit_unwatch_timer(UNIT(s), &s->timer_watch);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void socket_enter_dead(Socket *s, SocketResult f) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SOCKET_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        exec_context_tmp_dirs_done(&s->exec_context);
+        socket_set_state(s, s->result != SOCKET_SUCCESS ? SOCKET_FAILED : SOCKET_DEAD);
+}
+
+static void socket_enter_signal(Socket *s, SocketState state, SocketResult f);
+
+static void socket_enter_stop_post(Socket *s, SocketResult f) {
+        int r;
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SOCKET_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        socket_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        s->control_command_id = SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_POST;
+
+        if ((s->control_command = s->exec_command[SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_POST])) {
+                if ((r = socket_spawn(s, s->control_command, &s->control_pid)) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                socket_set_state(s, SOCKET_STOP_POST);
+        } else
+                socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM, SOCKET_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to run 'stop-post' task: %s",
+                         UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+        socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void socket_enter_signal(Socket *s, SocketState state, SocketResult f) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SOCKET_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        r = unit_kill_context(
+                        UNIT(s),
+                        &s->kill_context,
+                        state != SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM && state != SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM,
+                        -1,
+                        s->control_pid,
+                        false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (r > 0) {
+                r = unit_watch_timer(UNIT(s), CLOCK_MONOTONIC, true, s->timeout_usec, &s->timer_watch);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                socket_set_state(s, state);
+        } else if (state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM || state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL)
+                socket_enter_stop_post(s, SOCKET_SUCCESS);
+        else
+                socket_enter_dead(s, SOCKET_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to kill processes: %s",
+                         UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+
+        if (state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM || state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL)
+                socket_enter_stop_post(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        else
+                socket_enter_dead(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void socket_enter_stop_pre(Socket *s, SocketResult f) {
+        int r;
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SOCKET_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        socket_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        s->control_command_id = SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_PRE;
+
+        if ((s->control_command = s->exec_command[SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_PRE])) {
+                if ((r = socket_spawn(s, s->control_command, &s->control_pid)) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                socket_set_state(s, SOCKET_STOP_PRE);
+        } else
+                socket_enter_stop_post(s, SOCKET_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to run 'stop-pre' task: %s",
+                         UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+        socket_enter_stop_post(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void socket_enter_listening(Socket *s) {
+        int r;
+        assert(s);
+
+        r = socket_watch_fds(s);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                 "%s failed to watch sockets: %s",
+                                 UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        socket_set_state(s, SOCKET_LISTENING);
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void socket_enter_start_post(Socket *s) {
+        int r;
+        assert(s);
+
+        r = socket_open_fds(s);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                 "%s failed to listen on sockets: %s",
+                                 UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        socket_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        s->control_command_id = SOCKET_EXEC_START_POST;
+
+        if ((s->control_command = s->exec_command[SOCKET_EXEC_START_POST])) {
+                r = socket_spawn(s, s->control_command, &s->control_pid);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                         "%s failed to run 'start-post' task: %s",
+                                         UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                socket_set_state(s, SOCKET_START_POST);
+        } else
+                socket_enter_listening(s);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void socket_enter_start_pre(Socket *s) {
+        int r;
+        assert(s);
+
+        socket_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        s->control_command_id = SOCKET_EXEC_START_PRE;
+
+        if ((s->control_command = s->exec_command[SOCKET_EXEC_START_PRE])) {
+                if ((r = socket_spawn(s, s->control_command, &s->control_pid)) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                socket_set_state(s, SOCKET_START_PRE);
+        } else
+                socket_enter_start_post(s);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to run 'start-pre' task: %s",
+                         UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+        socket_enter_dead(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void socket_enter_running(Socket *s, int cfd) {
+        int r;
+        DBusError error;
+
+        assert(s);
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        /* We don't take connections anymore if we are supposed to
+         * shut down anyway */
+        if (unit_stop_pending(UNIT(s))) {
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "Suppressing connection request on %s since unit stop is scheduled.",
+                               UNIT(s)->id);
+
+                if (cfd >= 0)
+                        close_nointr_nofail(cfd);
+                else  {
+                        /* Flush all sockets by closing and reopening them */
+                        socket_close_fds(s);
+
+                        r = socket_watch_fds(s);
+                        if (r < 0) {
+                                log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                                 "%s failed to watch sockets: %s",
+                                                 UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+                                socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+                        }
+                }
+
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (cfd < 0) {
+                Iterator i;
+                Unit *u;
+                bool pending = false;
+
+                /* If there's already a start pending don't bother to
+                 * do anything */
+                SET_FOREACH(u, UNIT(s)->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERS], i)
+                        if (unit_active_or_pending(u)) {
+                                pending = true;
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                if (!pending) {
+                        r = manager_add_job(UNIT(s)->manager, JOB_START, UNIT_DEREF(s->service), JOB_REPLACE, true, &error, NULL);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+                }
+
+                socket_set_state(s, SOCKET_RUNNING);
+        } else {
+                char *prefix, *instance = NULL, *name;
+                Service *service;
+
+                if (s->n_connections >= s->max_connections) {
+                        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                                         "%s: Too many incoming connections (%u)",
+                                         UNIT(s)->id, s->n_connections);
+                        close_nointr_nofail(cfd);
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                r = socket_instantiate_service(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                r = instance_from_socket(cfd, s->n_accepted, &instance);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (r != -ENOTCONN)
+                                goto fail;
+
+                        /* ENOTCONN is legitimate if TCP RST was received.
+                         * This connection is over, but the socket unit lives on. */
+                        close_nointr_nofail(cfd);
+                        return;
+                }
+
+                prefix = unit_name_to_prefix(UNIT(s)->id);
+                if (!prefix) {
+                        free(instance);
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                name = unit_name_build(prefix, instance, ".service");
+                free(prefix);
+                free(instance);
+
+                if (!name) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                r = unit_add_name(UNIT_DEREF(s->service), name);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        free(name);
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                service = SERVICE(UNIT_DEREF(s->service));
+                unit_ref_unset(&s->service);
+                s->n_accepted ++;
+
+                UNIT(service)->no_gc = false;
+
+                unit_choose_id(UNIT(service), name);
+                free(name);
+
+                r = service_set_socket_fd(service, cfd, s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                cfd = -1;
+                s->n_connections ++;
+
+                r = manager_add_job(UNIT(s)->manager, JOB_START, UNIT(service), JOB_REPLACE, true, &error, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                /* Notify clients about changed counters */
+                unit_add_to_dbus_queue(UNIT(s));
+        }
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to queue service startup job (Maybe the service file is missing or not a %s unit?): %s",
+                         UNIT(s)->id,
+                         cfd >= 0 ? "template" : "non-template",
+                         bus_error(&error, r));
+        socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+
+        if (cfd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(cfd);
+
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+}
+
+static void socket_run_next(Socket *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->control_command);
+        assert(s->control_command->command_next);
+
+        socket_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        s->control_command = s->control_command->command_next;
+
+        if ((r = socket_spawn(s, s->control_command, &s->control_pid)) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to run next task: %s",
+                         UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+
+        if (s->state == SOCKET_START_POST)
+                socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        else if (s->state == SOCKET_STOP_POST)
+                socket_enter_dead(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+        else
+                socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static int socket_start(Unit *u) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* We cannot fulfill this request right now, try again later
+         * please! */
+        if (s->state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE ||
+            s->state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL ||
+            s->state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM ||
+            s->state == SOCKET_STOP_POST ||
+            s->state == SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM ||
+            s->state == SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL)
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        if (s->state == SOCKET_START_PRE ||
+            s->state == SOCKET_START_POST)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Cannot run this without the service being around */
+        if (UNIT_DEREF(s->service)) {
+                Service *service;
+
+                service = SERVICE(UNIT_DEREF(s->service));
+
+                if (UNIT(service)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED) {
+                        log_error_unit(u->id,
+                                       "Socket service %s not loaded, refusing.",
+                                       UNIT(service)->id);
+                        return -ENOENT;
+                }
+
+                /* If the service is already active we cannot start the
+                 * socket */
+                if (service->state != SERVICE_DEAD &&
+                    service->state != SERVICE_FAILED &&
+                    service->state != SERVICE_AUTO_RESTART) {
+                        log_error_unit(u->id,
+                                       "Socket service %s already active, refusing.",
+                                       UNIT(service)->id);
+                        return -EBUSY;
+                }
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYSV_COMPAT
+                if (service->is_sysv) {
+                        log_error_unit(u->id,
+                                       "Using SysV services for socket activation is not supported. Refusing.");
+                        return -ENOENT;
+                }
+#endif
+        }
+
+        assert(s->state == SOCKET_DEAD || s->state == SOCKET_FAILED);
+
+        s->result = SOCKET_SUCCESS;
+        socket_enter_start_pre(s);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int socket_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* Already on it */
+        if (s->state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE ||
+            s->state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM ||
+            s->state == SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL ||
+            s->state == SOCKET_STOP_POST ||
+            s->state == SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM ||
+            s->state == SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* If there's already something running we go directly into
+         * kill mode. */
+        if (s->state == SOCKET_START_PRE ||
+            s->state == SOCKET_START_POST) {
+                socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM, SOCKET_SUCCESS);
+                return -EAGAIN;
+        }
+
+        assert(s->state == SOCKET_LISTENING || s->state == SOCKET_RUNNING);
+
+        socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_SUCCESS);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int socket_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+        SocketPort *p;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", socket_state_to_string(s->state));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "result", socket_result_to_string(s->result));
+        unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "n-accepted", "%u", s->n_accepted);
+
+        if (s->control_pid > 0)
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "control-pid", "%lu", (unsigned long) s->control_pid);
+
+        if (s->control_command_id >= 0)
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "control-command", socket_exec_command_to_string(s->control_command_id));
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+                int copy;
+
+                if (p->fd < 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                if ((copy = fdset_put_dup(fds, p->fd)) < 0)
+                        return copy;
+
+                if (p->type == SOCKET_SOCKET) {
+                        char *t;
+
+                        r = socket_address_print(&p->address, &t);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        if (socket_address_family(&p->address) == AF_NETLINK)
+                                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "netlink", "%i %s", copy, t);
+                        else
+                                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "socket", "%i %i %s", copy, p->address.type, t);
+                        free(t);
+                } else if (p->type == SOCKET_SPECIAL)
+                        unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "special", "%i %s", copy, p->path);
+                else if (p->type == SOCKET_MQUEUE)
+                        unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "mqueue", "%i %s", copy, p->path);
+                else {
+                        assert(p->type == SOCKET_FIFO);
+                        unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "fifo", "%i %s", copy, p->path);
+                }
+        }
+
+        exec_context_serialize(&s->exec_context, UNIT(s), f);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int socket_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                SocketState state;
+
+                state = socket_state_from_string(value);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                                       "Failed to parse state value %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->deserialized_state = state;
+        } else if (streq(key, "result")) {
+                SocketResult f;
+
+                f = socket_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                                       "Failed to parse result value %s", value);
+                else if (f != SOCKET_SUCCESS)
+                        s->result = f;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "n-accepted")) {
+                unsigned k;
+
+                if (safe_atou(value, &k) < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                                       "Failed to parse n-accepted value %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->n_accepted += k;
+        } else if (streq(key, "control-pid")) {
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                if (parse_pid(value, &pid) < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                                       "Failed to parse control-pid value %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->control_pid = pid;
+        } else if (streq(key, "control-command")) {
+                SocketExecCommand id;
+
+                id = socket_exec_command_from_string(value);
+                if (id < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                                       "Failed to parse exec-command value %s", value);
+                else {
+                        s->control_command_id = id;
+                        s->control_command = s->exec_command[id];
+                }
+        } else if (streq(key, "fifo")) {
+                int fd, skip = 0;
+                SocketPort *p;
+
+                if (sscanf(value, "%i %n", &fd, &skip) < 1 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                                       "Failed to parse fifo value %s", value);
+                else {
+
+                        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports)
+                                if (p->type == SOCKET_FIFO &&
+                                    streq_ptr(p->path, value+skip))
+                                        break;
+
+                        if (p) {
+                                if (p->fd >= 0)
+                                        close_nointr_nofail(p->fd);
+                                p->fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                        }
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "special")) {
+                int fd, skip = 0;
+                SocketPort *p;
+
+                if (sscanf(value, "%i %n", &fd, &skip) < 1 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                                       "Failed to parse special value %s", value);
+                else {
+
+                        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports)
+                                if (p->type == SOCKET_SPECIAL &&
+                                    streq_ptr(p->path, value+skip))
+                                        break;
+
+                        if (p) {
+                                if (p->fd >= 0)
+                                        close_nointr_nofail(p->fd);
+                                p->fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                        }
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "mqueue")) {
+                int fd, skip = 0;
+                SocketPort *p;
+
+                if (sscanf(value, "%i %n", &fd, &skip) < 1 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                                       "Failed to parse mqueue value %s", value);
+                else {
+
+                        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports)
+                                if (p->type == SOCKET_MQUEUE &&
+                                    streq_ptr(p->path, value+skip))
+                                        break;
+
+                        if (p) {
+                                if (p->fd >= 0)
+                                        close_nointr_nofail(p->fd);
+                                p->fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                        }
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "socket")) {
+                int fd, type, skip = 0;
+                SocketPort *p;
+
+                if (sscanf(value, "%i %i %n", &fd, &type, &skip) < 2 || fd < 0 || type < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                                       "Failed to parse socket value %s", value);
+                else {
+
+                        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports)
+                                if (socket_address_is(&p->address, value+skip, type))
+                                        break;
+
+                        if (p) {
+                                if (p->fd >= 0)
+                                        close_nointr_nofail(p->fd);
+                                p->fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                        }
+                }
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "netlink")) {
+                int fd, skip = 0;
+                SocketPort *p;
+
+                if (sscanf(value, "%i %n", &fd, &skip) < 1 || fd < 0 || !fdset_contains(fds, fd))
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                                       "Failed to parse socket value %s", value);
+                else {
+
+                        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports)
+                                if (socket_address_is_netlink(&p->address, value+skip))
+                                        break;
+
+                        if (p) {
+                                if (p->fd >= 0)
+                                        close_nointr_nofail(p->fd);
+                                p->fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                        }
+                }
+        } else if (streq(key, "tmp-dir")) {
+                char *t;
+
+                t = strdup(value);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                s->exec_context.tmp_dir = t;
+        } else if (streq(key, "var-tmp-dir")) {
+                char *t;
+
+                t = strdup(value);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                s->exec_context.var_tmp_dir = t;
+        } else
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "Unknown serialization key '%s'", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int socket_distribute_fds(Unit *u, FDSet *fds) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+        SocketPort *p;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
+                Iterator i;
+                int fd;
+
+                if (p->type != SOCKET_SOCKET)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (p->fd >= 0)
+                        continue;
+
+                FDSET_FOREACH(fd, fds, i) {
+                        if (socket_address_matches_fd(&p->address, fd)) {
+                                p->fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
+                                s->deserialized_state = SOCKET_LISTENING;
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState socket_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[SOCKET(u)->state];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *socket_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return socket_state_to_string(SOCKET(u)->state);
+}
+
+const char* socket_port_type_to_string(SocketPort *p) {
+
+        assert(p);
+
+        switch (p->type) {
+                case SOCKET_SOCKET:
+                        switch (p->address.type) {
+                                case SOCK_STREAM: return "Stream";
+                                case SOCK_DGRAM: return "Datagram";
+                                case SOCK_SEQPACKET: return "SequentialPacket";
+                                case SOCK_RAW:
+                                        if (socket_address_family(&p->address) == AF_NETLINK)
+                                                return "Netlink";
+                                default: return "Invalid";
+                        }
+                case SOCKET_SPECIAL: return "Special";
+                case SOCKET_MQUEUE: return "MessageQueue";
+                case SOCKET_FIFO: return "FIFO";
+                default: return NULL;
+        }
+}
+
+_pure_ static bool socket_check_gc(Unit *u) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        return s->n_connections > 0;
+}
+
+static void socket_fd_event(Unit *u, int fd, uint32_t events, Watch *w) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+        int cfd = -1;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+
+        if (s->state != SOCKET_LISTENING)
+                return;
+
+        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Incoming traffic on %s", u->id);
+
+        if (events != EPOLLIN) {
+
+                if (events & EPOLLHUP)
+                        log_error_unit(u->id,
+                                       "%s: Got POLLHUP on a listening socket. The service probably invoked shutdown() on it, and should better not do that.",
+                                       u->id);
+                else
+                        log_error_unit(u->id,
+                                       "%s: Got unexpected poll event (0x%x) on socket.",
+                                       u->id, events);
+
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (w->socket_accept) {
+                for (;;) {
+
+                        cfd = accept4(fd, NULL, NULL, SOCK_NONBLOCK);
+                        if (cfd < 0) {
+
+                                if (errno == EINTR)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                log_error_unit(u->id,
+                                               "Failed to accept socket: %m");
+                                goto fail;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                }
+
+                socket_apply_socket_options(s, cfd);
+        }
+
+        socket_enter_running(s, cfd);
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void socket_sigchld_event(Unit *u, pid_t pid, int code, int status) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+        SocketResult f;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(pid >= 0);
+
+        if (pid != s->control_pid)
+                return;
+
+        s->control_pid = 0;
+
+        if (is_clean_exit(code, status, NULL))
+                f = SOCKET_SUCCESS;
+        else if (code == CLD_EXITED)
+                f = SOCKET_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE;
+        else if (code == CLD_KILLED)
+                f = SOCKET_FAILURE_SIGNAL;
+        else if (code == CLD_DUMPED)
+                f = SOCKET_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP;
+        else
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown code");
+
+        if (s->control_command) {
+                exec_status_exit(&s->control_command->exec_status, &s->exec_context, pid, code, status);
+
+                if (s->control_command->ignore)
+                        f = SOCKET_SUCCESS;
+        }
+
+        log_full_unit(f == SOCKET_SUCCESS ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_NOTICE,
+                      u->id,
+                      "%s control process exited, code=%s status=%i",
+                      u->id, sigchld_code_to_string(code), status);
+
+        if (f != SOCKET_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        if (s->control_command &&
+            s->control_command->command_next &&
+            f == SOCKET_SUCCESS) {
+
+                log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                               "%s running next command for state %s",
+                               u->id, socket_state_to_string(s->state));
+                socket_run_next(s);
+        } else {
+                s->control_command = NULL;
+                s->control_command_id = _SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+
+                /* No further commands for this step, so let's figure
+                 * out what to do next */
+
+                log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                               "%s got final SIGCHLD for state %s",
+                               u->id, socket_state_to_string(s->state));
+
+                switch (s->state) {
+
+                case SOCKET_START_PRE:
+                        if (f == SOCKET_SUCCESS)
+                                socket_enter_start_post(s);
+                        else
+                                socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM, f);
+                        break;
+
+                case SOCKET_START_POST:
+                        if (f == SOCKET_SUCCESS)
+                                socket_enter_listening(s);
+                        else
+                                socket_enter_stop_pre(s, f);
+                        break;
+
+                case SOCKET_STOP_PRE:
+                case SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM:
+                case SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL:
+                        socket_enter_stop_post(s, f);
+                        break;
+
+                case SOCKET_STOP_POST:
+                case SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM:
+                case SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL:
+                        socket_enter_dead(s, f);
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Uh, control process died at wrong time.");
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Notify clients about changed exit status */
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+}
+
+static void socket_timer_event(Unit *u, uint64_t elapsed, Watch *w) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(elapsed == 1);
+        assert(w == &s->timer_watch);
+
+        switch (s->state) {
+
+        case SOCKET_START_PRE:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s starting timed out. Terminating.", u->id);
+                socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SOCKET_START_POST:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s starting timed out. Stopping.", u->id);
+                socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SOCKET_STOP_PRE:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s stopping timed out. Terminating.", u->id);
+                socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM:
+                if (s->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                         "%s stopping timed out. Killing.", u->id);
+                        socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                         "%s stopping timed out. Skipping SIGKILL. Ignoring.",
+                                         u->id);
+                        socket_enter_stop_post(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s still around after SIGKILL. Ignoring.", u->id);
+                socket_enter_stop_post(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SOCKET_STOP_POST:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s stopping timed out (2). Terminating.", u->id);
+                socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM:
+                if (s->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                         "%s stopping timed out (2). Killing.", u->id);
+                        socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                         "%s stopping timed out (2). Skipping SIGKILL. Ignoring.",
+                                         u->id);
+                        socket_enter_dead(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "%s still around after SIGKILL (2). Entering failed mode.",
+                                 u->id);
+                socket_enter_dead(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Timeout at wrong time.");
+        }
+}
+
+int socket_collect_fds(Socket *s, int **fds, unsigned *n_fds) {
+        int *rfds;
+        unsigned rn_fds, k;
+        SocketPort *p;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(fds);
+        assert(n_fds);
+
+        /* Called from the service code for requesting our fds */
+
+        rn_fds = 0;
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports)
+                if (p->fd >= 0)
+                        rn_fds++;
+
+        if (rn_fds <= 0) {
+                *fds = NULL;
+                *n_fds = 0;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!(rfds = new(int, rn_fds)))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        k = 0;
+        LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports)
+                if (p->fd >= 0)
+                        rfds[k++] = p->fd;
+
+        assert(k == rn_fds);
+
+        *fds = rfds;
+        *n_fds = rn_fds;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void socket_notify_service_dead(Socket *s, bool failed_permanent) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* The service is dead. Dang!
+         *
+         * This is strictly for one-instance-for-all-connections
+         * services. */
+
+        if (s->state == SOCKET_RUNNING) {
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "%s got notified about service death (failed permanently: %s)",
+                               UNIT(s)->id, yes_no(failed_permanent));
+                if (failed_permanent)
+                        socket_enter_stop_pre(s, SOCKET_FAILURE_SERVICE_FAILED_PERMANENT);
+                else
+                        socket_enter_listening(s);
+        }
+}
+
+void socket_connection_unref(Socket *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* The service is dead. Yay!
+         *
+         * This is strictly for one-instance-per-connection
+         * services. */
+
+        assert(s->n_connections > 0);
+        s->n_connections--;
+
+        log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                       "%s: One connection closed, %u left.", UNIT(s)->id, s->n_connections);
+}
+
+static void socket_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->state == SOCKET_FAILED)
+                socket_set_state(s, SOCKET_DEAD);
+
+        s->result = SOCKET_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int socket_kill(Unit *u, KillWho who, int signo, DBusError *error) {
+        return unit_kill_common(u, who, signo, -1, SOCKET(u)->control_pid, error);
+}
+
+static const char* const socket_state_table[_SOCKET_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [SOCKET_DEAD] = "dead",
+        [SOCKET_START_PRE] = "start-pre",
+        [SOCKET_START_POST] = "start-post",
+        [SOCKET_LISTENING] = "listening",
+        [SOCKET_RUNNING] = "running",
+        [SOCKET_STOP_PRE] = "stop-pre",
+        [SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM] = "stop-pre-sigterm",
+        [SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL] = "stop-pre-sigkill",
+        [SOCKET_STOP_POST] = "stop-post",
+        [SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM] = "final-sigterm",
+        [SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL] = "final-sigkill",
+        [SOCKET_FAILED] = "failed"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(socket_state, SocketState);
+
+static const char* const socket_exec_command_table[_SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX] = {
+        [SOCKET_EXEC_START_PRE] = "StartPre",
+        [SOCKET_EXEC_START_POST] = "StartPost",
+        [SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_PRE] = "StopPre",
+        [SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_POST] = "StopPost"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(socket_exec_command, SocketExecCommand);
+
+static const char* const socket_result_table[_SOCKET_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [SOCKET_SUCCESS] = "success",
+        [SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES] = "resources",
+        [SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT] = "timeout",
+        [SOCKET_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE] = "exit-code",
+        [SOCKET_FAILURE_SIGNAL] = "signal",
+        [SOCKET_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP] = "core-dump",
+        [SOCKET_FAILURE_SERVICE_FAILED_PERMANENT] = "service-failed-permanent"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(socket_result, SocketResult);
+
+const UnitVTable socket_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Socket),
+
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Socket\0"
+                "Install\0",
+
+        .exec_context_offset = offsetof(Socket, exec_context),
+        .exec_section = "Socket",
+
+        .init = socket_init,
+        .done = socket_done,
+        .load = socket_load,
+
+        .kill = socket_kill,
+
+        .coldplug = socket_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = socket_dump,
+
+        .start = socket_start,
+        .stop = socket_stop,
+
+        .serialize = socket_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = socket_deserialize_item,
+        .distribute_fds = socket_distribute_fds,
+
+        .active_state = socket_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = socket_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .check_gc = socket_check_gc,
+
+        .fd_event = socket_fd_event,
+        .sigchld_event = socket_sigchld_event,
+        .timer_event = socket_timer_event,
+
+        .reset_failed = socket_reset_failed,
+
+        .bus_interface = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Socket",
+        .bus_message_handler = bus_socket_message_handler,
+        .bus_invalidating_properties =  bus_socket_invalidating_properties,
+
+        .status_message_formats = {
+                /*.starting_stopping = {
+                        [0] = "Starting socket %s...",
+                        [1] = "Stopping socket %s...",
+                },*/
+                .finished_start_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Listening on %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed to listen on %s.",
+                        [JOB_DEPENDENCY] = "Dependency failed for %s.",
+                        [JOB_TIMEOUT]    = "Timed out starting %s.",
+                },
+                .finished_stop_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Closed %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed stopping %s.",
+                        [JOB_TIMEOUT]    = "Timed out stopping %s.",
+                },
+        },
+};
diff --git a/src/core/socket.h b/src/core/socket.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d48cde0a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/socket.h
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Socket Socket;
+
+#include "manager.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "socket-util.h"
+#include "mount.h"
+#include "service.h"
+
+typedef enum SocketState {
+        SOCKET_DEAD,
+        SOCKET_START_PRE,
+        SOCKET_START_POST,
+        SOCKET_LISTENING,
+        SOCKET_RUNNING,
+        SOCKET_STOP_PRE,
+        SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGTERM,
+        SOCKET_STOP_PRE_SIGKILL,
+        SOCKET_STOP_POST,
+        SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM,
+        SOCKET_FINAL_SIGKILL,
+        SOCKET_FAILED,
+        _SOCKET_STATE_MAX,
+        _SOCKET_STATE_INVALID = -1
+} SocketState;
+
+typedef enum SocketExecCommand {
+        SOCKET_EXEC_START_PRE,
+        SOCKET_EXEC_START_POST,
+        SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_PRE,
+        SOCKET_EXEC_STOP_POST,
+        _SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX,
+        _SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID = -1
+} SocketExecCommand;
+
+typedef enum SocketType {
+        SOCKET_SOCKET,
+        SOCKET_FIFO,
+        SOCKET_SPECIAL,
+        SOCKET_MQUEUE,
+        _SOCKET_FIFO_MAX,
+        _SOCKET_FIFO_INVALID = -1
+} SocketType;
+
+typedef enum SocketResult {
+        SOCKET_SUCCESS,
+        SOCKET_FAILURE_RESOURCES,
+        SOCKET_FAILURE_TIMEOUT,
+        SOCKET_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE,
+        SOCKET_FAILURE_SIGNAL,
+        SOCKET_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP,
+        SOCKET_FAILURE_SERVICE_FAILED_PERMANENT,
+        _SOCKET_RESULT_MAX,
+        _SOCKET_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+} SocketResult;
+
+typedef struct SocketPort {
+        SocketType type;
+        int fd;
+
+        SocketAddress address;
+        char *path;
+        Watch fd_watch;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(struct SocketPort, port);
+} SocketPort;
+
+struct Socket {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        LIST_HEAD(SocketPort, ports);
+
+        unsigned n_accepted;
+        unsigned n_connections;
+        unsigned max_connections;
+
+        unsigned backlog;
+        usec_t timeout_usec;
+
+        ExecCommand* exec_command[_SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX];
+        ExecContext exec_context;
+        KillContext kill_context;
+
+        /* For Accept=no sockets refers to the one service we'll
+        activate. For Accept=yes sockets is either NULL, or filled
+        when the next service we spawn. */
+        UnitRef service;
+
+        SocketState state, deserialized_state;
+
+        Watch timer_watch;
+
+        ExecCommand* control_command;
+        SocketExecCommand control_command_id;
+        pid_t control_pid;
+
+        mode_t directory_mode;
+        mode_t socket_mode;
+
+        SocketResult result;
+
+        bool accept;
+
+        /* Socket options */
+        bool keep_alive;
+        bool free_bind;
+        bool transparent;
+        bool broadcast;
+        bool pass_cred;
+        bool pass_sec;
+
+        /* Only for INET6 sockets: issue IPV6_V6ONLY sockopt */
+        SocketAddressBindIPv6Only bind_ipv6_only;
+
+        int priority;
+        int mark;
+        size_t receive_buffer;
+        size_t send_buffer;
+        int ip_tos;
+        int ip_ttl;
+        size_t pipe_size;
+        char *bind_to_device;
+        char *tcp_congestion;
+        long mq_maxmsg;
+        long mq_msgsize;
+
+        char *smack;
+        char *smack_ip_in;
+        char *smack_ip_out;
+};
+
+/* Called from the service code when collecting fds */
+int socket_collect_fds(Socket *s, int **fds, unsigned *n_fds);
+
+/* Called from the service when it shut down */
+void socket_notify_service_dead(Socket *s, bool failed_permanent);
+
+/* Called from the mount code figure out if a mount is a dependency of
+ * any of the sockets of this socket */
+int socket_add_one_mount_link(Socket *s, Mount *m);
+
+/* Called from the service code when a per-connection service ended */
+void socket_connection_unref(Socket *s);
+
+void socket_free_ports(Socket *s);
+
+extern const UnitVTable socket_vtable;
+
+const char* socket_state_to_string(SocketState i) _const_;
+SocketState socket_state_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* socket_exec_command_to_string(SocketExecCommand i) _const_;
+SocketExecCommand socket_exec_command_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* socket_result_to_string(SocketResult i) _const_;
+SocketResult socket_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* socket_port_type_to_string(SocketPort *p) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/core/special.h b/src/core/special.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a9b50bce05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/special.h
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#define SPECIAL_DEFAULT_TARGET "default.target"
+
+/* Shutdown targets */
+#define SPECIAL_UMOUNT_TARGET "umount.target"
+/* This is not really intended to be started by directly. This is
+ * mostly so that other targets (reboot/halt/poweroff) can depend on
+ * it to bring all services down that want to be brought down on
+ * system shutdown. */
+#define SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET "shutdown.target"
+#define SPECIAL_HALT_TARGET "halt.target"
+#define SPECIAL_POWEROFF_TARGET "poweroff.target"
+#define SPECIAL_REBOOT_TARGET "reboot.target"
+#define SPECIAL_KEXEC_TARGET "kexec.target"
+#define SPECIAL_EXIT_TARGET "exit.target"
+#define SPECIAL_SUSPEND_TARGET "suspend.target"
+#define SPECIAL_HIBERNATE_TARGET "hibernate.target"
+#define SPECIAL_HYBRID_SLEEP_TARGET "hybrid-sleep.target"
+
+/* Special boot targets */
+#define SPECIAL_RESCUE_TARGET "rescue.target"
+#define SPECIAL_EMERGENCY_TARGET "emergency.target"
+
+/* Early boot targets */
+#define SPECIAL_SYSINIT_TARGET "sysinit.target"
+#define SPECIAL_SOCKETS_TARGET "sockets.target"
+#define SPECIAL_TIMERS_TARGET "timers.target"
+#define SPECIAL_PATHS_TARGET "paths.target"
+#define SPECIAL_LOCAL_FS_TARGET "local-fs.target"
+#define SPECIAL_LOCAL_FS_PRE_TARGET "local-fs-pre.target"
+#define SPECIAL_INITRD_FS_TARGET "initrd-fs.target"
+#define SPECIAL_INITRD_ROOT_FS_TARGET "initrd-root-fs.target"
+#define SPECIAL_REMOTE_FS_TARGET "remote-fs.target"       /* LSB's $remote_fs */
+#define SPECIAL_REMOTE_FS_PRE_TARGET "remote-fs-pre.target"
+#define SPECIAL_SWAP_TARGET "swap.target"
+#define SPECIAL_NETWORK_ONLINE_TARGET "network-online.target"
+#define SPECIAL_BASIC_TARGET "basic.target"
+
+/* LSB compatibility */
+#define SPECIAL_NETWORK_TARGET "network.target"           /* LSB's $network */
+#define SPECIAL_NSS_LOOKUP_TARGET "nss-lookup.target"     /* LSB's $named */
+#define SPECIAL_RPCBIND_TARGET "rpcbind.target"           /* LSB's $portmap */
+#define SPECIAL_TIME_SYNC_TARGET "time-sync.target"       /* LSB's $time */
+
+/*
+ * Rules regarding adding further high level targets like the above:
+ *
+ * - Be conservative, only add more of these when we really need
+ *   them. We need strong usecases for further additions.
+ *
+ * - When there can be multiple implementations running side-by-side,
+ *   it needs to be a .target unit which can pull in all
+ *   implementations.
+ *
+ * - If something can be implemented with socket activation, and
+ *   without, it needs to be a .target unit, so that it can pull in
+ *   the appropriate unit.
+ *
+ * - Otherwise, it should be a .service unit.
+ *
+ * - In some cases it is OK to have both a .service and a .target
+ *   unit, i.e. if there can be multiple parallel implementations, but
+ *   only one is the "system" one. Example: syslog.
+ *
+ * Or to put this in other words: .service symlinks can be used to
+ * arbitrate between multiple implementations if there can be only one
+ * of a kind. .target units can be used to support multiple
+ * implementations that can run side-by-side.
+ */
+
+/* Magic early boot services */
+#define SPECIAL_FSCK_SERVICE "systemd-fsck@.service"
+#define SPECIAL_QUOTACHECK_SERVICE "systemd-quotacheck.service"
+#define SPECIAL_QUOTAON_SERVICE "quotaon.service"
+#define SPECIAL_REMOUNT_FS_SERVICE "systemd-remount-fs.service"
+
+/* Services systemd relies on */
+#define SPECIAL_DBUS_SERVICE "dbus.service"
+#define SPECIAL_DBUS_SOCKET "dbus.socket"
+#define SPECIAL_JOURNALD_SOCKET "systemd-journald.socket"
+#define SPECIAL_JOURNALD_SERVICE "systemd-journald.service"
+
+/* Magic init signals */
+#define SPECIAL_KBREQUEST_TARGET "kbrequest.target"
+#define SPECIAL_SIGPWR_TARGET "sigpwr.target"
+#define SPECIAL_CTRL_ALT_DEL_TARGET "ctrl-alt-del.target"
+
+/* For SysV compatibility. Usually an alias for a saner target. On
+ * SysV-free systems this doesn't exist. */
+#define SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL2_TARGET "runlevel2.target"
+#define SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL3_TARGET "runlevel3.target"
+#define SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL4_TARGET "runlevel4.target"
+#define SPECIAL_RUNLEVEL5_TARGET "runlevel5.target"
diff --git a/src/core/swap.c b/src/core/swap.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d503fe20df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/swap.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1385 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/swap.h>
+#include <libudev.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "swap.h"
+#include "load-fragment.h"
+#include "load-dropin.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "dbus-swap.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "bus-errors.h"
+#include "exit-status.h"
+#include "def.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_SWAP_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [SWAP_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [SWAP_ACTIVATING] = UNIT_ACTIVATING,
+        [SWAP_ACTIVE] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [SWAP_DEACTIVATING] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL] = UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        [SWAP_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED
+};
+
+static void swap_unset_proc_swaps(Swap *s) {
+        Swap *first;
+        Hashmap *swaps;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!s->parameters_proc_swaps.what)
+                return;
+
+        /* Remove this unit from the chain of swaps which share the
+         * same kernel swap device. */
+        swaps = UNIT(s)->manager->swaps_by_proc_swaps;
+        first = hashmap_get(swaps, s->parameters_proc_swaps.what);
+        LIST_REMOVE(Swap, same_proc_swaps, first, s);
+
+        if (first)
+                hashmap_remove_and_replace(swaps,
+                                           s->parameters_proc_swaps.what,
+                                           first->parameters_proc_swaps.what,
+                                           first);
+        else
+                hashmap_remove(swaps, s->parameters_proc_swaps.what);
+
+        free(s->parameters_proc_swaps.what);
+        s->parameters_proc_swaps.what = NULL;
+}
+
+static void swap_init(Unit *u) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(UNIT(s)->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        s->timeout_usec = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_USEC;
+
+        exec_context_init(&s->exec_context);
+        s->exec_context.std_output = u->manager->default_std_output;
+        s->exec_context.std_error = u->manager->default_std_error;
+        kill_context_init(&s->kill_context);
+
+        s->parameters_proc_swaps.priority = s->parameters_fragment.priority = -1;
+
+        s->timer_watch.type = WATCH_INVALID;
+
+        s->control_command_id = _SWAP_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+
+        UNIT(s)->ignore_on_isolate = true;
+}
+
+static void swap_unwatch_control_pid(Swap *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->control_pid <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        unit_unwatch_pid(UNIT(s), s->control_pid);
+        s->control_pid = 0;
+}
+
+static void swap_done(Unit *u) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        swap_unset_proc_swaps(s);
+
+        free(s->what);
+        s->what = NULL;
+
+        free(s->parameters_fragment.what);
+        s->parameters_fragment.what = NULL;
+
+        exec_context_done(&s->exec_context, manager_is_reloading_or_reexecuting(u->manager));
+        exec_command_done_array(s->exec_command, _SWAP_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX);
+        s->control_command = NULL;
+
+        swap_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        unit_unwatch_timer(u, &s->timer_watch);
+}
+
+int swap_add_one_mount_link(Swap *s, Mount *m) {
+         int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED ||
+            UNIT(m)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (is_device_path(s->what))
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!path_startswith(s->what, m->where))
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies(UNIT(s), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES, UNIT(m), true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int swap_add_mount_links(Swap *s) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, other, UNIT(s)->manager->units_by_type[UNIT_MOUNT])
+                if ((r = swap_add_one_mount_link(s, MOUNT(other))) < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int swap_add_device_links(Swap *s) {
+        SwapParameters *p;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!s->what)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (s->from_fragment)
+                p = &s->parameters_fragment;
+        else
+                return 0;
+
+        if (is_device_path(s->what))
+                return unit_add_node_link(UNIT(s), s->what,
+                                          !p->noauto && p->nofail &&
+                                          UNIT(s)->manager->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM);
+        else
+                /* File based swap devices need to be ordered after
+                 * systemd-remount-fs.service, since they might need a
+                 * writable file system. */
+                return unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_AFTER, SPECIAL_REMOUNT_FS_SERVICE, NULL, true);
+}
+
+static int swap_add_default_dependencies(Swap *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->manager->running_as != SYSTEMD_SYSTEM)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (detect_container(NULL) > 0)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(s), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS, SPECIAL_UMOUNT_TARGET, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int swap_verify(Swap *s) {
+        bool b;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL;
+
+        if (UNIT(s)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                  return 0;
+
+        e = unit_name_from_path(s->what, ".swap");
+        if (e == NULL)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        b = unit_has_name(UNIT(s), e);
+        if (!b) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "%s: Value of \"What\" and unit name do not match, not loading.",
+                               UNIT(s)->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (s->exec_context.pam_name && s->kill_context.kill_mode != KILL_CONTROL_GROUP) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "%s has PAM enabled. Kill mode must be set to 'control-group'. Refusing to load.",
+                               UNIT(s)->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int swap_load(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        /* Load a .swap file */
+        r = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin_optional(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+                r = unit_add_exec_dependencies(u, &s->exec_context);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (UNIT(s)->fragment_path)
+                        s->from_fragment = true;
+
+                if (!s->what) {
+                        if (s->parameters_fragment.what)
+                                s->what = strdup(s->parameters_fragment.what);
+                        else if (s->parameters_proc_swaps.what)
+                                s->what = strdup(s->parameters_proc_swaps.what);
+                        else
+                                s->what = unit_name_to_path(u->id);
+
+                        if (!s->what)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+                path_kill_slashes(s->what);
+
+                if (!UNIT(s)->description)
+                        if ((r = unit_set_description(u, s->what)) < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                r = swap_add_device_links(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = swap_add_mount_links(s);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                r = unit_add_default_cgroups(u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                if (UNIT(s)->default_dependencies) {
+                        r = swap_add_default_dependencies(s);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = unit_exec_context_defaults(u, &s->exec_context);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return swap_verify(s);
+}
+
+static int swap_add_one(
+                Manager *m,
+                const char *what,
+                const char *what_proc_swaps,
+                int priority,
+                bool noauto,
+                bool nofail,
+                bool set_flags) {
+
+        Unit *u = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *e = NULL;
+        char *wp = NULL;
+        bool delete = false;
+        int r;
+        SwapParameters *p;
+        Swap *first;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(what);
+        assert(what_proc_swaps);
+
+        e = unit_name_from_path(what, ".swap");
+        if (!e)
+                return log_oom();
+
+        u = manager_get_unit(m, e);
+
+        if (u &&
+            SWAP(u)->from_proc_swaps &&
+            !path_equal(SWAP(u)->parameters_proc_swaps.what, what_proc_swaps))
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        if (!u) {
+                delete = true;
+
+                u = unit_new(m, sizeof(Swap));
+                if (!u)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                r = unit_add_name(u, e);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                SWAP(u)->what = strdup(what);
+                if (!SWAP(u)->what) {
+                        r = log_oom();
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                unit_add_to_load_queue(u);
+        } else
+                delete = false;
+
+        p = &SWAP(u)->parameters_proc_swaps;
+
+        if (!p->what) {
+                wp = strdup(what_proc_swaps);
+                if (!wp) {
+                        r = log_oom();
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                if (!m->swaps_by_proc_swaps) {
+                        m->swaps_by_proc_swaps = hashmap_new(string_hash_func, string_compare_func);
+                        if (!m->swaps_by_proc_swaps) {
+                                r = log_oom();
+                                goto fail;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                free(p->what);
+                p->what = wp;
+
+                first = hashmap_get(m->swaps_by_proc_swaps, wp);
+                LIST_PREPEND(Swap, same_proc_swaps, first, SWAP(u));
+
+                r = hashmap_replace(m->swaps_by_proc_swaps, wp, first);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (set_flags) {
+                SWAP(u)->is_active = true;
+                SWAP(u)->just_activated = !SWAP(u)->from_proc_swaps;
+        }
+
+        SWAP(u)->from_proc_swaps = true;
+
+        p->priority = priority;
+        p->noauto = noauto;
+        p->nofail = nofail;
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(e, "Failed to load swap unit: %s", strerror(-r));
+
+        free(wp);
+
+        if (delete && u)
+                unit_free(u);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int swap_process_new_swap(Manager *m, const char *device, int prio, bool set_flags) {
+        struct stat st;
+        int r = 0, k;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (stat(device, &st) >= 0 && S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) {
+                struct udev_device *d;
+                const char *dn;
+                struct udev_list_entry *item = NULL, *first = NULL;
+
+                /* So this is a proper swap device. Create swap units
+                 * for all names this swap device is known under */
+
+                d = udev_device_new_from_devnum(m->udev, 'b', st.st_rdev);
+                if (!d)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                dn = udev_device_get_devnode(d);
+                /* Skip dn==device, since that case will be handled below */
+                if (dn && !streq(dn, device))
+                        r = swap_add_one(m, dn, device, prio, false, false, set_flags);
+
+                /* Add additional units for all symlinks */
+                first = udev_device_get_devlinks_list_entry(d);
+                udev_list_entry_foreach(item, first) {
+                        const char *p;
+
+                        /* Don't bother with the /dev/block links */
+                        p = udev_list_entry_get_name(item);
+
+                        if (path_startswith(p, "/dev/block/"))
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (stat(p, &st) >= 0)
+                                if ((!S_ISBLK(st.st_mode)) ||
+                                    st.st_rdev != udev_device_get_devnum(d))
+                                        continue;
+
+                        k = swap_add_one(m, p, device, prio, false, false, set_flags);
+                        if (k < 0)
+                                r = k;
+                }
+
+                udev_device_unref(d);
+        }
+
+        k = swap_add_one(m, device, device, prio, false, false, set_flags);
+        if (k < 0)
+                r = k;
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void swap_set_state(Swap *s, SwapState state) {
+        SwapState old_state;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        old_state = s->state;
+        s->state = state;
+
+        if (state != SWAP_ACTIVATING &&
+            state != SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM &&
+            state != SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL &&
+            state != SWAP_DEACTIVATING &&
+            state != SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM &&
+            state != SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL) {
+                unit_unwatch_timer(UNIT(s), &s->timer_watch);
+                swap_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+                s->control_command = NULL;
+                s->control_command_id = _SWAP_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+        }
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                               "%s changed %s -> %s",
+                               UNIT(s)->id,
+                               swap_state_to_string(old_state),
+                               swap_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(s), state_translation_table[old_state],
+                    state_translation_table[state], true);
+}
+
+static int swap_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+        SwapState new_state = SWAP_DEAD;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(s->state == SWAP_DEAD);
+
+        if (s->deserialized_state != s->state)
+                new_state = s->deserialized_state;
+        else if (s->from_proc_swaps)
+                new_state = SWAP_ACTIVE;
+
+        if (new_state != s->state) {
+
+                if (new_state == SWAP_ACTIVATING ||
+                    new_state == SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM ||
+                    new_state == SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL ||
+                    new_state == SWAP_DEACTIVATING ||
+                    new_state == SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM ||
+                    new_state == SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL) {
+
+                        if (s->control_pid <= 0)
+                                return -EBADMSG;
+
+                        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), s->control_pid);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = unit_watch_timer(UNIT(s), CLOCK_MONOTONIC, true, s->timeout_usec, &s->timer_watch);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                swap_set_state(s, new_state);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void swap_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+        SwapParameters *p;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+
+        if (s->from_proc_swaps)
+                p = &s->parameters_proc_swaps;
+        else if (s->from_fragment)
+                p = &s->parameters_fragment;
+        else
+                p = NULL;
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sSwap State: %s\n"
+                "%sResult: %s\n"
+                "%sWhat: %s\n"
+                "%sFrom /proc/swaps: %s\n"
+                "%sFrom fragment: %s\n",
+                prefix, swap_state_to_string(s->state),
+                prefix, swap_result_to_string(s->result),
+                prefix, s->what,
+                prefix, yes_no(s->from_proc_swaps),
+                prefix, yes_no(s->from_fragment));
+
+        if (p)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sPriority: %i\n"
+                        "%sNoAuto: %s\n"
+                        "%sNoFail: %s\n",
+                        prefix, p->priority,
+                        prefix, yes_no(p->noauto),
+                        prefix, yes_no(p->nofail));
+
+        if (s->control_pid > 0)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%sControl PID: %lu\n",
+                        prefix, (unsigned long) s->control_pid);
+
+        exec_context_dump(&s->exec_context, f, prefix);
+        kill_context_dump(&s->kill_context, f, prefix);
+}
+
+static int swap_spawn(Swap *s, ExecCommand *c, pid_t *_pid) {
+        pid_t pid;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(c);
+        assert(_pid);
+
+        r = unit_watch_timer(UNIT(s), CLOCK_MONOTONIC, true, s->timeout_usec, &s->timer_watch);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = exec_spawn(c,
+                       NULL,
+                       &s->exec_context,
+                       NULL, 0,
+                       UNIT(s)->manager->environment,
+                       true,
+                       true,
+                       true,
+                       UNIT(s)->manager->confirm_spawn,
+                       UNIT(s)->cgroup_bondings,
+                       UNIT(s)->cgroup_attributes,
+                       NULL,
+                       UNIT(s)->id,
+                       NULL,
+                       &pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                /* FIXME: we need to do something here */
+                goto fail;
+
+        *_pid = pid;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        unit_unwatch_timer(UNIT(s), &s->timer_watch);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void swap_enter_dead(Swap *s, SwapResult f) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SWAP_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        exec_context_tmp_dirs_done(&s->exec_context);
+        swap_set_state(s, s->result != SWAP_SUCCESS ? SWAP_FAILED : SWAP_DEAD);
+}
+
+static void swap_enter_active(Swap *s, SwapResult f) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SWAP_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        swap_set_state(s, SWAP_ACTIVE);
+}
+
+static void swap_enter_signal(Swap *s, SwapState state, SwapResult f) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (f != SWAP_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        r = unit_kill_context(
+                        UNIT(s),
+                        &s->kill_context,
+                        state != SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM && state != SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM,
+                        -1,
+                        s->control_pid,
+                        false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (r > 0) {
+                r = unit_watch_timer(UNIT(s), CLOCK_MONOTONIC, true, s->timeout_usec, &s->timer_watch);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+                swap_set_state(s, state);
+        } else
+                swap_enter_dead(s, SWAP_SUCCESS);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to kill processes: %s", UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+
+        swap_enter_dead(s, SWAP_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void swap_enter_activating(Swap *s) {
+        int r, priority;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        s->control_command_id = SWAP_EXEC_ACTIVATE;
+        s->control_command = s->exec_command + SWAP_EXEC_ACTIVATE;
+
+        if (s->from_fragment)
+                priority = s->parameters_fragment.priority;
+        else
+                priority = -1;
+
+        if (priority >= 0) {
+                char p[LINE_MAX];
+
+                snprintf(p, sizeof(p), "%i", priority);
+                char_array_0(p);
+
+                r = exec_command_set(
+                                s->control_command,
+                                "/sbin/swapon",
+                                "-p",
+                                p,
+                                s->what,
+                                NULL);
+        } else
+                r = exec_command_set(
+                                s->control_command,
+                                "/sbin/swapon",
+                                s->what,
+                                NULL);
+
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        swap_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        r = swap_spawn(s, s->control_command, &s->control_pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        swap_set_state(s, SWAP_ACTIVATING);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to run 'swapon' task: %s",
+                         UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+        swap_enter_dead(s, SWAP_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void swap_enter_deactivating(Swap *s) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        s->control_command_id = SWAP_EXEC_DEACTIVATE;
+        s->control_command = s->exec_command + SWAP_EXEC_DEACTIVATE;
+
+        r = exec_command_set(s->control_command,
+                             "/sbin/swapoff",
+                             s->what,
+                             NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        swap_unwatch_control_pid(s);
+
+        r = swap_spawn(s, s->control_command, &s->control_pid);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        swap_set_state(s, SWAP_DEACTIVATING);
+
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
+                         "%s failed to run 'swapoff' task: %s",
+                         UNIT(s)->id, strerror(-r));
+        swap_enter_active(s, SWAP_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static int swap_start(Unit *u) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* We cannot fulfill this request right now, try again later
+         * please! */
+
+        if (s->state == SWAP_DEACTIVATING ||
+            s->state == SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM ||
+            s->state == SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL ||
+            s->state == SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM ||
+            s->state == SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL)
+                return -EAGAIN;
+
+        if (s->state == SWAP_ACTIVATING)
+                return 0;
+
+        assert(s->state == SWAP_DEAD || s->state == SWAP_FAILED);
+
+        if (detect_container(NULL) > 0)
+                return -EPERM;
+
+        s->result = SWAP_SUCCESS;
+        swap_enter_activating(s);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int swap_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->state == SWAP_DEACTIVATING ||
+            s->state == SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM ||
+            s->state == SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL ||
+            s->state == SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM ||
+            s->state == SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL)
+                return 0;
+
+        assert(s->state == SWAP_ACTIVATING ||
+               s->state == SWAP_ACTIVE);
+
+        if (detect_container(NULL) > 0)
+                return -EPERM;
+
+        swap_enter_deactivating(s);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int swap_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", swap_state_to_string(s->state));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "result", swap_result_to_string(s->result));
+
+        if (s->control_pid > 0)
+                unit_serialize_item_format(u, f, "control-pid", "%lu", (unsigned long) s->control_pid);
+
+        if (s->control_command_id >= 0)
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "control-command", swap_exec_command_to_string(s->control_command_id));
+
+        exec_context_serialize(&s->exec_context, UNIT(s), f);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int swap_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                SwapState state;
+
+                state = swap_state_from_string(value);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse state value %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->deserialized_state = state;
+        } else if (streq(key, "result")) {
+                SwapResult f;
+
+                f = swap_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse result value %s", value);
+                else if (f != SWAP_SUCCESS)
+                        s->result = f;
+        } else if (streq(key, "control-pid")) {
+                pid_t pid;
+
+                if (parse_pid(value, &pid) < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse control-pid value %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->control_pid = pid;
+
+        } else if (streq(key, "control-command")) {
+                SwapExecCommand id;
+
+                id = swap_exec_command_from_string(value);
+                if (id < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse exec-command value %s", value);
+                else {
+                        s->control_command_id = id;
+                        s->control_command = s->exec_command + id;
+                }
+        } else if (streq(key, "tmp-dir")) {
+                char *t;
+
+                t = strdup(value);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                s->exec_context.tmp_dir = t;
+        } else if (streq(key, "var-tmp-dir")) {
+                char *t;
+
+                t = strdup(value);
+                if (!t)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                s->exec_context.var_tmp_dir = t;
+        } else
+                log_debug_unit(u->id, "Unknown serialization key '%s'", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState swap_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[SWAP(u)->state];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *swap_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return swap_state_to_string(SWAP(u)->state);
+}
+
+_pure_ static bool swap_check_gc(Unit *u) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        return s->from_proc_swaps;
+}
+
+static void swap_sigchld_event(Unit *u, pid_t pid, int code, int status) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+        SwapResult f;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(pid >= 0);
+
+        if (pid != s->control_pid)
+                return;
+
+        s->control_pid = 0;
+
+        if (is_clean_exit(code, status, NULL))
+                f = SWAP_SUCCESS;
+        else if (code == CLD_EXITED)
+                f = SWAP_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE;
+        else if (code == CLD_KILLED)
+                f = SWAP_FAILURE_SIGNAL;
+        else if (code == CLD_DUMPED)
+                f = SWAP_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP;
+        else
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown code");
+
+        if (f != SWAP_SUCCESS)
+                s->result = f;
+
+        if (s->control_command) {
+                exec_status_exit(&s->control_command->exec_status, &s->exec_context, pid, code, status);
+
+                s->control_command = NULL;
+                s->control_command_id = _SWAP_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
+        }
+
+        log_full_unit(f == SWAP_SUCCESS ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_NOTICE,
+                      u->id,
+                      "%s swap process exited, code=%s status=%i",
+                      u->id, sigchld_code_to_string(code), status);
+
+        switch (s->state) {
+
+        case SWAP_ACTIVATING:
+        case SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM:
+        case SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL:
+
+                if (f == SWAP_SUCCESS)
+                        swap_enter_active(s, f);
+                else
+                        swap_enter_dead(s, f);
+                break;
+
+        case SWAP_DEACTIVATING:
+        case SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL:
+        case SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM:
+
+                if (f == SWAP_SUCCESS)
+                        swap_enter_dead(s, f);
+                else
+                        swap_enter_dead(s, f);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Uh, control process died at wrong time.");
+        }
+
+        /* Notify clients about changed exit status */
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+
+        /* Request a reload of /proc/swaps, so that following units
+         * can follow our state change */
+        u->manager->request_reload = true;
+}
+
+static void swap_timer_event(Unit *u, uint64_t elapsed, Watch *w) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(elapsed == 1);
+        assert(w == &s->timer_watch);
+
+        switch (s->state) {
+
+        case SWAP_ACTIVATING:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id, "%s activation timed out. Stopping.", u->id);
+                swap_enter_signal(s, SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM, SWAP_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SWAP_DEACTIVATING:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id, "%s deactivation timed out. Stopping.", u->id);
+                swap_enter_signal(s, SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM, SWAP_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        case SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM:
+                if (s->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id, "%s activation timed out. Killing.", u->id);
+                        swap_enter_signal(s, SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL, SWAP_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id, "%s activation timed out. Skipping SIGKILL. Ignoring.", u->id);
+                        swap_enter_dead(s, SWAP_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM:
+                if (s->kill_context.send_sigkill) {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id, "%s deactivation timed out. Killing.", u->id);
+                        swap_enter_signal(s, SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL, SWAP_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                } else {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id, "%s deactivation timed out. Skipping SIGKILL. Ignoring.", u->id);
+                        swap_enter_dead(s, SWAP_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL:
+        case SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL:
+                log_warning_unit(u->id, "%s swap process still around after SIGKILL. Ignoring.", u->id);
+                swap_enter_dead(s, SWAP_FAILURE_TIMEOUT);
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Timeout at wrong time.");
+        }
+}
+
+static int swap_load_proc_swaps(Manager *m, bool set_flags) {
+        unsigned i;
+        int r = 0;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        rewind(m->proc_swaps);
+
+        (void) fscanf(m->proc_swaps, "%*s %*s %*s %*s %*s\n");
+
+        for (i = 1;; i++) {
+                char *dev = NULL, *d;
+                int prio = 0, k;
+
+                k = fscanf(m->proc_swaps,
+                           "%ms "  /* device/file */
+                           "%*s "  /* type of swap */
+                           "%*s "  /* swap size */
+                           "%*s "  /* used */
+                           "%i\n", /* priority */
+                           &dev, &prio);
+                if (k != 2) {
+                        if (k == EOF)
+                                break;
+
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse /proc/swaps:%u", i);
+                        free(dev);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                d = cunescape(dev);
+                free(dev);
+
+                if (!d)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                k = swap_process_new_swap(m, d, prio, set_flags);
+                free(d);
+
+                if (k < 0)
+                        r = k;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int swap_dispatch_reload(Manager *m) {
+        /* This function should go as soon as the kernel properly notifies us */
+
+        if (_likely_(!m->request_reload))
+                return 0;
+
+        m->request_reload = false;
+
+        return swap_fd_event(m, EPOLLPRI);
+}
+
+int swap_fd_event(Manager *m, int events) {
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(events & EPOLLPRI);
+
+        r = swap_load_proc_swaps(m, true);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_error("Failed to reread /proc/swaps: %s", strerror(-r));
+
+                /* Reset flags, just in case, for late calls */
+                LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, u, m->units_by_type[UNIT_SWAP]) {
+                        Swap *swap = SWAP(u);
+
+                        swap->is_active = swap->just_activated = false;
+                }
+
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        manager_dispatch_load_queue(m);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, u, m->units_by_type[UNIT_SWAP]) {
+                Swap *swap = SWAP(u);
+
+                if (!swap->is_active) {
+                        /* This has just been deactivated */
+
+                        swap->from_proc_swaps = false;
+                        swap_unset_proc_swaps(swap);
+
+                        switch (swap->state) {
+
+                        case SWAP_ACTIVE:
+                                swap_enter_dead(swap, SWAP_SUCCESS);
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                swap_set_state(swap, swap->state);
+                                break;
+                        }
+
+                } else if (swap->just_activated) {
+
+                        /* New swap entry */
+
+                        switch (swap->state) {
+
+                        case SWAP_DEAD:
+                        case SWAP_FAILED:
+                                swap_enter_active(swap, SWAP_SUCCESS);
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                /* Nothing really changed, but let's
+                                 * issue an notification call
+                                 * nonetheless, in case somebody is
+                                 * waiting for this. */
+                                swap_set_state(swap, swap->state);
+                                break;
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* Reset the flags for later calls */
+                swap->is_active = swap->just_activated = false;
+        }
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+static Unit *swap_following(Unit *u) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+        Swap *other, *first = NULL;
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (streq_ptr(s->what, s->parameters_proc_swaps.what))
+                return NULL;
+
+        /* Make everybody follow the unit that's named after the swap
+         * device in the kernel */
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_AFTER(same_proc_swaps, other, s)
+                if (streq_ptr(other->what, other->parameters_proc_swaps.what))
+                        return UNIT(other);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_BEFORE(same_proc_swaps, other, s) {
+                if (streq_ptr(other->what, other->parameters_proc_swaps.what))
+                        return UNIT(other);
+
+                first = other;
+        }
+
+        return UNIT(first);
+}
+
+static int swap_following_set(Unit *u, Set **_set) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+        Swap *other;
+        Set *set;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(_set);
+
+        if (LIST_JUST_US(same_proc_swaps, s)) {
+                *_set = NULL;
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!(set = set_new(NULL, NULL)))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_AFTER(same_proc_swaps, other, s)
+                if ((r = set_put(set, other)) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_BEFORE(same_proc_swaps, other, s)
+                if ((r = set_put(set, other)) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+        *_set = set;
+        return 1;
+
+fail:
+        set_free(set);
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void swap_shutdown(Manager *m) {
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (m->proc_swaps) {
+                fclose(m->proc_swaps);
+                m->proc_swaps = NULL;
+        }
+
+        hashmap_free(m->swaps_by_proc_swaps);
+        m->swaps_by_proc_swaps = NULL;
+}
+
+static int swap_enumerate(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (!m->proc_swaps) {
+                struct epoll_event ev = {
+                        .events = EPOLLPRI,
+                        .data.ptr = &m->swap_watch,
+                };
+
+                m->proc_swaps = fopen("/proc/swaps", "re");
+                if (!m->proc_swaps)
+                        return (errno == ENOENT) ? 0 : -errno;
+
+                m->swap_watch.type = WATCH_SWAP;
+                m->swap_watch.fd = fileno(m->proc_swaps);
+
+                if (epoll_ctl(m->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, m->swap_watch.fd, &ev) < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        }
+
+        r = swap_load_proc_swaps(m, false);
+        if (r < 0)
+                swap_shutdown(m);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static void swap_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
+        Swap *s = SWAP(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (s->state == SWAP_FAILED)
+                swap_set_state(s, SWAP_DEAD);
+
+        s->result = SWAP_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int swap_kill(Unit *u, KillWho who, int signo, DBusError *error) {
+        return unit_kill_common(u, who, signo, -1, SWAP(u)->control_pid, error);
+}
+
+static const char* const swap_state_table[_SWAP_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [SWAP_DEAD] = "dead",
+        [SWAP_ACTIVATING] = "activating",
+        [SWAP_ACTIVE] = "active",
+        [SWAP_DEACTIVATING] = "deactivating",
+        [SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM] = "activating-sigterm",
+        [SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL] = "activating-sigkill",
+        [SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM] = "deactivating-sigterm",
+        [SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL] = "deactivating-sigkill",
+        [SWAP_FAILED] = "failed"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(swap_state, SwapState);
+
+static const char* const swap_exec_command_table[_SWAP_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX] = {
+        [SWAP_EXEC_ACTIVATE] = "ExecActivate",
+        [SWAP_EXEC_DEACTIVATE] = "ExecDeactivate",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(swap_exec_command, SwapExecCommand);
+
+static const char* const swap_result_table[_SWAP_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [SWAP_SUCCESS] = "success",
+        [SWAP_FAILURE_RESOURCES] = "resources",
+        [SWAP_FAILURE_TIMEOUT] = "timeout",
+        [SWAP_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE] = "exit-code",
+        [SWAP_FAILURE_SIGNAL] = "signal",
+        [SWAP_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP] = "core-dump"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(swap_result, SwapResult);
+
+const UnitVTable swap_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Swap),
+
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Swap\0"
+                "Install\0",
+
+        .exec_context_offset = offsetof(Swap, exec_context),
+        .exec_section = "Swap",
+
+        .no_alias = true,
+        .no_instances = true,
+
+        .init = swap_init,
+        .load = swap_load,
+        .done = swap_done,
+
+        .coldplug = swap_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = swap_dump,
+
+        .start = swap_start,
+        .stop = swap_stop,
+
+        .kill = swap_kill,
+
+        .serialize = swap_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = swap_deserialize_item,
+
+        .active_state = swap_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = swap_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .check_gc = swap_check_gc,
+
+        .sigchld_event = swap_sigchld_event,
+        .timer_event = swap_timer_event,
+
+        .reset_failed = swap_reset_failed,
+
+        .bus_interface = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Swap",
+        .bus_message_handler = bus_swap_message_handler,
+        .bus_invalidating_properties =  bus_swap_invalidating_properties,
+
+        .following = swap_following,
+        .following_set = swap_following_set,
+
+        .enumerate = swap_enumerate,
+        .shutdown = swap_shutdown,
+
+        .status_message_formats = {
+                .starting_stopping = {
+                        [0] = "Activating swap %s...",
+                        [1] = "Deactivating swap %s...",
+                },
+                .finished_start_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Activated swap %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed to activate swap %s.",
+                        [JOB_DEPENDENCY] = "Dependency failed for %s.",
+                        [JOB_TIMEOUT]    = "Timed out activating swap %s.",
+                },
+                .finished_stop_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Deactivated swap %s.",
+                        [JOB_FAILED]     = "Failed deactivating swap %s.",
+                        [JOB_TIMEOUT]    = "Timed out deactivating swap %s.",
+                },
+        },
+};
diff --git a/src/core/swap.h b/src/core/swap.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..121889d1d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/swap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright 2010 Maarten Lankhorst
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Swap Swap;
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+typedef enum SwapState {
+        SWAP_DEAD,
+        SWAP_ACTIVATING,
+        SWAP_ACTIVE,
+        SWAP_DEACTIVATING,
+        SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGTERM,
+        SWAP_ACTIVATING_SIGKILL,
+        SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGTERM,
+        SWAP_DEACTIVATING_SIGKILL,
+        SWAP_FAILED,
+        _SWAP_STATE_MAX,
+        _SWAP_STATE_INVALID = -1
+} SwapState;
+
+typedef enum SwapExecCommand {
+        SWAP_EXEC_ACTIVATE,
+        SWAP_EXEC_DEACTIVATE,
+        _SWAP_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX,
+        _SWAP_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID = -1
+} SwapExecCommand;
+
+typedef struct SwapParameters {
+        char *what;
+        int priority;
+        bool noauto:1;
+        bool nofail:1;
+} SwapParameters;
+
+typedef enum SwapResult {
+        SWAP_SUCCESS,
+        SWAP_FAILURE_RESOURCES,
+        SWAP_FAILURE_TIMEOUT,
+        SWAP_FAILURE_EXIT_CODE,
+        SWAP_FAILURE_SIGNAL,
+        SWAP_FAILURE_CORE_DUMP,
+        _SWAP_RESULT_MAX,
+        _SWAP_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+} SwapResult;
+
+struct Swap {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        char *what;
+
+        SwapParameters parameters_proc_swaps;
+        SwapParameters parameters_fragment;
+
+        bool from_proc_swaps:1;
+        bool from_fragment:1;
+
+        /* Used while looking for swaps that vanished or got added
+         * from/to /proc/swaps */
+        bool is_active:1;
+        bool just_activated:1;
+
+        SwapResult result;
+
+        usec_t timeout_usec;
+
+        ExecCommand exec_command[_SWAP_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX];
+        ExecContext exec_context;
+        KillContext kill_context;
+
+        SwapState state, deserialized_state;
+
+        ExecCommand* control_command;
+        SwapExecCommand control_command_id;
+        pid_t control_pid;
+
+        Watch timer_watch;
+
+        /* In order to be able to distinguish dependencies on
+        different device nodes we might end up creating multiple
+        devices for the same swap. We chain them up here. */
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(struct Swap, same_proc_swaps);
+};
+
+extern const UnitVTable swap_vtable;
+
+int swap_add_one_mount_link(Swap *s, Mount *m);
+
+int swap_dispatch_reload(Manager *m);
+int swap_fd_event(Manager *m, int events);
+
+const char* swap_state_to_string(SwapState i) _const_;
+SwapState swap_state_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* swap_exec_command_to_string(SwapExecCommand i) _const_;
+SwapExecCommand swap_exec_command_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* swap_result_to_string(SwapResult i) _const_;
+SwapResult swap_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/core/switch-root.c b/src/core/switch-root.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ce0e41d510
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/switch-root.c
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Harald Hoyer, Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
+#include "util.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "switch-root.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+
+int switch_root(const char *new_root) {
+
+        /*  Don't try to unmount/move the old "/", there's no way to do it. */
+        static const char move_mounts[] =
+                "/dev\0"
+                "/proc\0"
+                "/sys\0"
+                "/run\0";
+
+        int r, old_root_fd = -1;
+        struct stat new_root_stat;
+        bool old_root_remove;
+        const char *i;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *temporary_old_root = NULL;
+
+        if (path_equal(new_root, "/"))
+                return 0;
+
+        /* When using pivot_root() we assume that /mnt exists as place
+         * we can temporarily move the old root to. As we immediately
+         * unmount it from there it doesn't matter much which
+         * directory we choose for this, but it should be more likely
+         * than not that /mnt exists and is suitable as mount point
+         * and is on the same fs as the old root dir */
+        temporary_old_root = strappend(new_root, "/mnt");
+        if (!temporary_old_root)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        old_root_remove = in_initrd();
+
+        if (stat(new_root, &new_root_stat) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                log_error("Failed to stat directory %s: %m", new_root);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* Work-around for a kernel bug: for some reason the kernel
+         * refuses switching root if any file systems are mounted
+         * MS_SHARED. Hence remount them MS_PRIVATE here as a
+         * work-around.
+         *
+         * https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=847418 */
+        if (mount(NULL, "/", NULL, MS_REC|MS_PRIVATE, NULL) < 0)
+                log_warning("Failed to make \"/\" private mount: %m");
+
+        NULSTR_FOREACH(i, move_mounts) {
+                char new_mount[PATH_MAX];
+                struct stat sb;
+
+                snprintf(new_mount, sizeof(new_mount), "%s%s", new_root, i);
+                char_array_0(new_mount);
+
+                if ((stat(new_mount, &sb) < 0) ||
+                    sb.st_dev != new_root_stat.st_dev) {
+
+                        /* Mount point seems to be mounted already or
+                         * stat failed. Unmount the old mount
+                         * point. */
+                        if (umount2(i, MNT_DETACH) < 0)
+                                log_warning("Failed to unmount %s: %m", i);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (mount(i, new_mount, NULL, MS_MOVE, NULL) < 0) {
+                        log_error("Failed to move mount %s to %s, forcing unmount: %m", i, new_mount);
+
+                        if (umount2(i, MNT_FORCE) < 0)
+                                log_warning("Failed to unmount %s: %m", i);
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (chdir(new_root) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                log_error("Failed to change directory to %s: %m", new_root);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (old_root_remove) {
+                old_root_fd = open("/", O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_CLOEXEC|O_NOCTTY|O_DIRECTORY);
+                if (old_root_fd < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to open root directory: %m");
+        }
+
+        /* We first try a pivot_root() so that we can umount the old
+         * root dir. In many cases (i.e. where rootfs is /), that's
+         * not possible however, and hence we simply overmount root */
+        if (pivot_root(new_root, temporary_old_root) >= 0) {
+
+                /* Immediately get rid of the old root. Since we are
+                 * running off it we need to do this lazily. */
+                if (umount2(temporary_old_root, MNT_DETACH) < 0) {
+                        r = -errno;
+                        log_error("Failed to umount old root dir %s: %m", temporary_old_root);
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+        } else if (mount(new_root, "/", NULL, MS_MOVE, NULL) < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                log_error("Failed to mount moving %s to /: %m", new_root);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (chroot(".") < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                log_error("Failed to change root: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (chdir("/") < 0) {
+                r = -errno;
+                log_error("Failed to change directory: %m");
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (old_root_fd >= 0) {
+                struct stat rb;
+
+                if (fstat(old_root_fd, &rb) < 0)
+                        log_warning("Failed to stat old root directory, leaving: %m");
+                else {
+                        rm_rf_children(old_root_fd, false, false, &rb);
+                        old_root_fd = -1;
+                }
+        }
+
+        r = 0;
+
+fail:
+        if (old_root_fd >= 0)
+                close_nointr_nofail(old_root_fd);
+
+        return r;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/switch-root.h b/src/core/switch-root.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c4cd1e403
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/switch-root.h
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#ifndef fooswitchroothfoo
+#define fooswitchroothfoo
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Harald Hoyer, Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int switch_root(const char *switch_root);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/core/sync.c b/src/core/sync.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7e74b63071
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/sync.c
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "sync.h"
+
+static void *sync_thread(void *p) {
+        sync();
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+int asynchronous_sync(void) {
+        pthread_attr_t a;
+        pthread_t t;
+        int r;
+
+        /* It kinda sucks that we have to resort to threads to
+         * implement an asynchronous sync(), but well, such is
+         * life.
+         *
+         * Note that issuing this command right before exiting a
+         * process will cause the process to wait for the sync() to
+         * complete. This function hence is nicely asynchronous really
+         * only in long running processes. */
+
+        r = pthread_attr_init(&a);
+        if (r != 0)
+                return -r;
+
+        r = pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&a, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED);
+        if (r != 0) {
+                r = -r;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        r = pthread_create(&t, &a, sync_thread, NULL);
+        if (r != 0) {
+                r = -r;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+finish:
+        pthread_attr_destroy(&a);
+        return r;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/sync.h b/src/core/sync.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb26c88deb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/sync.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2013 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int asynchronous_sync(void);
diff --git a/src/core/syscall-list.c b/src/core/syscall-list.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..35216b2a88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/syscall-list.c
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "util.h"
+
+#include "syscall-list.h"
+
+static const struct syscall_name* lookup_syscall(register const char *str,
+                                                 register unsigned int len);
+
+#include "syscall-to-name.h"
+#include "syscall-from-name.h"
+
+const char *syscall_to_name(int id) {
+        id = SYSCALL_TO_INDEX(id);
+        if (id < 0 || id >= (int) ELEMENTSOF(syscall_names))
+                return NULL;
+
+        return syscall_names[id];
+}
+
+int syscall_from_name(const char *name) {
+        const struct syscall_name *sc;
+
+        assert(name);
+
+        sc = lookup_syscall(name, strlen(name));
+        if (!sc)
+                return -1;
+
+        return sc->id;
+}
+
+int syscall_max(void) {
+        return ELEMENTSOF(syscall_names);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/syscall-list.h b/src/core/syscall-list.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6bb4d91f91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/syscall-list.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#ifndef foosyscalllisthfoo
+#define foosyscalllisthfoo
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2012 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#if defined __x86_64__ && defined __ILP32__
+/* The x32 ABI defines all of its syscalls with bit 30 set, which causes
+   issues when attempting to use syscalls as simple indices into an array.
+   Instead, use the syscall id & ~SYSCALL_MASK as the index, and | the
+   internal id with the syscall mask as needed.
+*/
+#include <asm/unistd.h>
+#define SYSCALL_TO_INDEX(x) ((x) & ~__X32_SYSCALL_BIT)
+#define INDEX_TO_SYSCALL(x) ((x) | __X32_SYSCALL_BIT)
+#else
+#define SYSCALL_TO_INDEX(x) (x)
+#define INDEX_TO_SYSCALL(x) (x)
+#endif
+
+const char *syscall_to_name(int id);
+int syscall_from_name(const char *name);
+
+int syscall_max(void);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/core/sysfs-show.h b/src/core/sysfs-show.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9ffd129c48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/sysfs-show.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2011 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int show_sysfs(const char *seat, const char *prefix, unsigned columns);
diff --git a/src/core/system.conf b/src/core/system.conf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..508e0f5fa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/system.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# See systemd-system.conf(5) for details
+
+[Manager]
+#LogLevel=info
+#LogTarget=journal-or-kmsg
+#LogColor=yes
+#LogLocation=no
+#DumpCore=yes
+#CrashShell=no
+#ShowStatus=yes
+#CrashChVT=1
+#CPUAffinity=1 2
+#DefaultControllers=cpu
+#DefaultStandardOutput=journal
+#DefaultStandardError=inherit
+#JoinControllers=cpu,cpuacct,cpuset net_cls,net_prio
+#RuntimeWatchdogSec=0
+#ShutdownWatchdogSec=10min
+#CapabilityBoundingSet=
+#TimerSlackNSec=
+#DefaultLimitCPU=
+#DefaultLimitFSIZE=
+#DefaultLimitDATA=
+#DefaultLimitSTACK=
+#DefaultLimitCORE=
+#DefaultLimitRSS=
+#DefaultLimitNOFILE=
+#DefaultLimitAS=
+#DefaultLimitNPROC=
+#DefaultLimitMEMLOCK=
+#DefaultLimitLOCKS=
+#DefaultLimitSIGPENDING=
+#DefaultLimitMSGQUEUE=
+#DefaultLimitNICE=
+#DefaultLimitRTPRIO=
+#DefaultLimitRTTIME=
diff --git a/src/core/systemd.pc.in b/src/core/systemd.pc.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f49d5df52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/systemd.pc.in
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+
+prefix=@prefix@
+exec_prefix=@exec_prefix@
+systemdutildir=@rootlibexecdir@
+systemdsystemunitdir=@systemunitdir@
+systemdsystempresetdir=@systempresetdir@
+systemduserunitdir=@userunitdir@
+systemduserpresetdir=@userpresetdir@
+systemdsystemconfdir=@pkgsysconfdir@/system
+systemduserconfdir=@pkgsysconfdir@/user
+systemdsystemunitpath=${systemdsystemconfdir}:/etc/systemd/system:/run/systemd/system:/usr/local/lib/systemd/system:${systemdsystemunitdir}:/usr/lib/systemd/system:/lib/systemd/system
+systemduserunitpath=${systemduserconfdir}:/etc/systemd/user:/run/systemd/user:/usr/local/lib/systemd/user:/usr/local/share/systemd/user:${systemduserunitdir}:/usr/lib/systemd/user:/usr/share/systemd/user
+
+Name: systemd
+Description: systemd System and Service Manager
+URL: @PACKAGE_URL@
+Version: @PACKAGE_VERSION@
diff --git a/src/core/target.c b/src/core/target.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3fffa0d2f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/target.c
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "target.h"
+#include "load-fragment.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "dbus-target.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_TARGET_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [TARGET_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [TARGET_ACTIVE] = UNIT_ACTIVE
+};
+
+static void target_set_state(Target *t, TargetState state) {
+        TargetState old_state;
+        assert(t);
+
+        old_state = t->state;
+        t->state = state;
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_debug("%s changed %s -> %s",
+                          UNIT(t)->id,
+                          target_state_to_string(old_state),
+                          target_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(t), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], true);
+}
+
+static int target_add_default_dependencies(Target *t) {
+
+        static const UnitDependency deps[] = {
+                UNIT_REQUIRES,
+                UNIT_REQUIRES_OVERRIDABLE,
+                UNIT_REQUISITE,
+                UNIT_REQUISITE_OVERRIDABLE,
+                UNIT_WANTS,
+                UNIT_BINDS_TO,
+                UNIT_PART_OF
+        };
+
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+        unsigned k;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        /* Imply ordering for requirement dependencies on target
+         * units. Note that when the user created a contradicting
+         * ordering manually we won't add anything in here to make
+         * sure we don't create a loop. */
+
+        for (k = 0; k < ELEMENTSOF(deps); k++)
+                SET_FOREACH(other, UNIT(t)->dependencies[deps[k]], i) {
+                        r = unit_add_default_target_dependency(other, UNIT(t));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+        /* Make sure targets are unloaded on shutdown */
+        return unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(t), UNIT_CONFLICTS, SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET, NULL, true);
+}
+
+static int target_load(Unit *u) {
+        Target *t = TARGET(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        r = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        /* This is a new unit? Then let's add in some extras */
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED && u->default_dependencies) {
+                r = target_add_default_dependencies(t);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int target_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Target *t = TARGET(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->state == TARGET_DEAD);
+
+        if (t->deserialized_state != t->state)
+                target_set_state(t, t->deserialized_state);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void target_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Target *t = TARGET(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(f);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sTarget State: %s\n",
+                prefix, target_state_to_string(t->state));
+}
+
+static int target_start(Unit *u) {
+        Target *t = TARGET(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->state == TARGET_DEAD);
+
+        target_set_state(t, TARGET_ACTIVE);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int target_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Target *t = TARGET(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->state == TARGET_ACTIVE);
+
+        target_set_state(t, TARGET_DEAD);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int target_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Target *s = TARGET(u);
+
+        assert(s);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", target_state_to_string(s->state));
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int target_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Target *s = TARGET(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                TargetState state;
+
+                state = target_state_from_string(value);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        log_debug("Failed to parse state value %s", value);
+                else
+                        s->deserialized_state = state;
+
+        } else
+                log_debug("Unknown serialization key '%s'", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState target_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[TARGET(u)->state];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *target_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return target_state_to_string(TARGET(u)->state);
+}
+
+static const char* const target_state_table[_TARGET_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [TARGET_DEAD] = "dead",
+        [TARGET_ACTIVE] = "active"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(target_state, TargetState);
+
+const UnitVTable target_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Target),
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Target\0"
+                "Install\0",
+
+        .load = target_load,
+        .coldplug = target_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = target_dump,
+
+        .start = target_start,
+        .stop = target_stop,
+
+        .serialize = target_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = target_deserialize_item,
+
+        .active_state = target_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = target_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .bus_interface = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Target",
+        .bus_message_handler = bus_target_message_handler,
+
+        .status_message_formats = {
+                .finished_start_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Reached target %s.",
+                        [JOB_DEPENDENCY] = "Dependency failed for %s.",
+                },
+                .finished_stop_job = {
+                        [JOB_DONE]       = "Stopped target %s.",
+                },
+        },
+};
diff --git a/src/core/target.h b/src/core/target.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a5398d9e98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/target.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Target Target;
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+typedef enum TargetState {
+        TARGET_DEAD,
+        TARGET_ACTIVE,
+        _TARGET_STATE_MAX,
+        _TARGET_STATE_INVALID = -1
+} TargetState;
+
+struct Target {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        TargetState state, deserialized_state;
+};
+
+extern const UnitVTable target_vtable;
+
+const char* target_state_to_string(TargetState i) _const_;
+TargetState target_state_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/core/tcpwrap.c b/src/core/tcpwrap.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c630fac60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/tcpwrap.c
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/un.h>
+#include <arpa/inet.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBWRAP
+#include <tcpd.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "tcpwrap.h"
+#include "log.h"
+
+bool socket_tcpwrap(int fd, const char *name) {
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBWRAP
+        struct request_info req;
+        union {
+                struct sockaddr sa;
+                struct sockaddr_in in;
+                struct sockaddr_in6 in6;
+                struct sockaddr_un un;
+                struct sockaddr_storage storage;
+        } sa_union;
+        socklen_t l = sizeof(sa_union);
+
+        if (getsockname(fd, &sa_union.sa, &l) < 0)
+                return true;
+
+        if (sa_union.sa.sa_family != AF_INET &&
+            sa_union.sa.sa_family != AF_INET6)
+                return true;
+
+        request_init(&req,
+                     RQ_DAEMON, name,
+                     RQ_FILE, fd,
+                     NULL);
+
+        fromhost(&req);
+
+        if (!hosts_access(&req)) {
+                log_warning("Connection refused by tcpwrap.");
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        log_debug("Connection accepted by tcpwrap.");
+#endif
+        return true;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/tcpwrap.h b/src/core/tcpwrap.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3353b6596e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/tcpwrap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+bool socket_tcpwrap(int fd, const char *name);
diff --git a/src/core/timer.c b/src/core/timer.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9166c1e2fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/timer.c
@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "timer.h"
+#include "dbus-timer.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+
+static const UnitActiveState state_translation_table[_TIMER_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [TIMER_DEAD] = UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        [TIMER_WAITING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [TIMER_RUNNING] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [TIMER_ELAPSED] = UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        [TIMER_FAILED] = UNIT_FAILED
+};
+
+static void timer_init(Unit *u) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        t->next_elapse_monotonic = (usec_t) -1;
+        t->next_elapse_realtime = (usec_t) -1;
+        watch_init(&t->monotonic_watch);
+        watch_init(&t->realtime_watch);
+}
+
+void timer_free_values(Timer *t) {
+        TimerValue *v;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        while ((v = t->values)) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(TimerValue, value, t->values, v);
+
+                if (v->calendar_spec)
+                        calendar_spec_free(v->calendar_spec);
+
+                free(v);
+        }
+}
+
+static void timer_done(Unit *u) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        timer_free_values(t);
+
+        unit_unwatch_timer(u, &t->monotonic_watch);
+        unit_unwatch_timer(u, &t->realtime_watch);
+}
+
+static int timer_verify(Timer *t) {
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (UNIT(t)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!t->values) {
+                log_error_unit(UNIT(t)->id,
+                               "%s lacks value setting. Refusing.", UNIT(t)->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int timer_add_default_dependencies(Timer *t) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(UNIT(t), UNIT_BEFORE, SPECIAL_TIMERS_TARGET, NULL, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (UNIT(t)->manager->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                r = unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(t), UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES, SPECIAL_SYSINIT_TARGET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(UNIT(t), UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_CONFLICTS, SPECIAL_SHUTDOWN_TARGET, NULL, true);
+}
+
+static int timer_load(Unit *u) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->load_state == UNIT_STUB);
+
+        r = unit_load_fragment_and_dropin(u);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+
+                if (set_isempty(u->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERS])) {
+                        Unit *x;
+
+                        r = unit_load_related_unit(u, ".service", &x);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+                        r = unit_add_two_dependencies(u, UNIT_BEFORE, UNIT_TRIGGERS, x, true);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                if (UNIT(t)->default_dependencies) {
+                        r = timer_add_default_dependencies(t);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return timer_verify(t);
+}
+
+static void timer_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+        Unit *trigger;
+        TimerValue *v;
+
+        trigger = UNIT_TRIGGER(u);
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%sTimer State: %s\n"
+                "%sResult: %s\n"
+                "%sUnit: %s\n",
+                prefix, timer_state_to_string(t->state),
+                prefix, timer_result_to_string(t->result),
+                prefix, trigger ? trigger->id : "n/a");
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(value, v, t->values) {
+
+                if (v->base == TIMER_CALENDAR) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+                        calendar_spec_to_string(v->calendar_spec, &p);
+
+                        fprintf(f,
+                                "%s%s: %s\n",
+                                prefix,
+                                timer_base_to_string(v->base),
+                                strna(p));
+                } else  {
+                        char timespan1[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+
+                        fprintf(f,
+                                "%s%s: %s\n",
+                                prefix,
+                                timer_base_to_string(v->base),
+                                strna(format_timespan(timespan1, sizeof(timespan1), v->value, 0)));
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+static void timer_set_state(Timer *t, TimerState state) {
+        TimerState old_state;
+        assert(t);
+
+        old_state = t->state;
+        t->state = state;
+
+        if (state != TIMER_WAITING) {
+                unit_unwatch_timer(UNIT(t), &t->monotonic_watch);
+                unit_unwatch_timer(UNIT(t), &t->realtime_watch);
+        }
+
+        if (state != old_state)
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(t)->id,
+                               "%s changed %s -> %s", UNIT(t)->id,
+                               timer_state_to_string(old_state),
+                               timer_state_to_string(state));
+
+        unit_notify(UNIT(t), state_translation_table[old_state], state_translation_table[state], true);
+}
+
+static void timer_enter_waiting(Timer *t, bool initial);
+
+static int timer_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->state == TIMER_DEAD);
+
+        if (t->deserialized_state != t->state) {
+
+                if (t->deserialized_state == TIMER_WAITING)
+                        timer_enter_waiting(t, false);
+                else
+                        timer_set_state(t, t->deserialized_state);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void timer_enter_dead(Timer *t, TimerResult f) {
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (f != TIMER_SUCCESS)
+                t->result = f;
+
+        timer_set_state(t, t->result != TIMER_SUCCESS ? TIMER_FAILED : TIMER_DEAD);
+}
+
+static void timer_enter_waiting(Timer *t, bool initial) {
+        TimerValue *v;
+        usec_t base = 0;
+        dual_timestamp ts;
+        bool found_monotonic = false, found_realtime = false;
+        int r;
+
+        dual_timestamp_get(&ts);
+        t->next_elapse_monotonic = t->next_elapse_realtime = 0;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(value, v, t->values) {
+
+                if (v->disabled)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (v->base == TIMER_CALENDAR) {
+
+                        r = calendar_spec_next_usec(v->calendar_spec, ts.realtime, &v->next_elapse);
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (!found_realtime)
+                                t->next_elapse_realtime = v->next_elapse;
+                        else
+                                t->next_elapse_realtime = MIN(t->next_elapse_realtime, v->next_elapse);
+
+                        found_realtime = true;
+
+                } else  {
+                        switch (v->base) {
+
+                        case TIMER_ACTIVE:
+                                if (state_translation_table[t->state] == UNIT_ACTIVE)
+                                        base = UNIT(t)->inactive_exit_timestamp.monotonic;
+                                else
+                                        base = ts.monotonic;
+                                break;
+
+                        case TIMER_BOOT:
+                                /* CLOCK_MONOTONIC equals the uptime on Linux */
+                                base = 0;
+                                break;
+
+                        case TIMER_STARTUP:
+                                base = UNIT(t)->manager->userspace_timestamp.monotonic;
+                                break;
+
+                        case TIMER_UNIT_ACTIVE:
+
+                                base = UNIT_TRIGGER(UNIT(t))->inactive_exit_timestamp.monotonic;
+
+                                if (base <= 0)
+                                        base = t->last_trigger_monotonic;
+
+                                if (base <= 0)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                break;
+
+                        case TIMER_UNIT_INACTIVE:
+
+                                base = UNIT_TRIGGER(UNIT(t))->inactive_enter_timestamp.monotonic;
+
+                                if (base <= 0)
+                                        base = t->last_trigger_monotonic;
+
+                                if (base <= 0)
+                                        continue;
+
+                                break;
+
+                        default:
+                                assert_not_reached("Unknown timer base");
+                        }
+
+                        v->next_elapse = base + v->value;
+
+                        if (!initial &&
+                            v->next_elapse < ts.monotonic &&
+                            (v->base == TIMER_ACTIVE || v->base == TIMER_BOOT || v->base == TIMER_STARTUP)) {
+                                /* This is a one time trigger, disable it now */
+                                v->disabled = true;
+                                continue;
+                        }
+
+                        if (!found_monotonic)
+                                t->next_elapse_monotonic = v->next_elapse;
+                        else
+                                t->next_elapse_monotonic = MIN(t->next_elapse_monotonic, v->next_elapse);
+
+                        found_monotonic = true;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (!found_monotonic && !found_realtime) {
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(t)->id, "%s: Timer is elapsed.", UNIT(t)->id);
+                timer_set_state(t, TIMER_ELAPSED);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (found_monotonic) {
+                char buf[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(t)->id,
+                               "%s: Monotonic timer elapses in %s.",
+                               UNIT(t)->id,
+                               format_timespan(buf, sizeof(buf), t->next_elapse_monotonic > ts.monotonic ? t->next_elapse_monotonic - ts.monotonic : 0, 0));
+
+                r = unit_watch_timer(UNIT(t), CLOCK_MONOTONIC, false, t->next_elapse_monotonic, &t->monotonic_watch);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        } else
+                unit_unwatch_timer(UNIT(t), &t->monotonic_watch);
+
+        if (found_realtime) {
+                char buf[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX];
+                log_debug_unit(UNIT(t)->id,
+                               "%s: Realtime timer elapses at %s.",
+                               UNIT(t)->id,
+                               format_timestamp(buf, sizeof(buf), t->next_elapse_realtime));
+
+                r = unit_watch_timer(UNIT(t), CLOCK_REALTIME, false, t->next_elapse_realtime, &t->realtime_watch);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        } else
+                unit_unwatch_timer(UNIT(t), &t->realtime_watch);
+
+        timer_set_state(t, TIMER_WAITING);
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(t)->id,
+                         "%s failed to enter waiting state: %s",
+                         UNIT(t)->id, strerror(-r));
+        timer_enter_dead(t, TIMER_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+}
+
+static void timer_enter_running(Timer *t) {
+        DBusError error;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(t);
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        /* Don't start job if we are supposed to go down */
+        if (unit_stop_pending(UNIT(t)))
+                return;
+
+        r = manager_add_job(UNIT(t)->manager, JOB_START, UNIT_TRIGGER(UNIT(t)),
+                            JOB_REPLACE, true, &error, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        t->last_trigger_monotonic = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+
+        timer_set_state(t, TIMER_RUNNING);
+        return;
+
+fail:
+        log_warning_unit(UNIT(t)->id,
+                         "%s failed to queue unit startup job: %s",
+                         UNIT(t)->id, bus_error(&error, r));
+        timer_enter_dead(t, TIMER_FAILURE_RESOURCES);
+
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+}
+
+static int timer_start(Unit *u) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->state == TIMER_DEAD || t->state == TIMER_FAILED);
+
+        if (UNIT_TRIGGER(u)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        t->result = TIMER_SUCCESS;
+        timer_enter_waiting(t, true);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int timer_stop(Unit *u) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(t->state == TIMER_WAITING || t->state == TIMER_RUNNING || t->state == TIMER_ELAPSED);
+
+        timer_enter_dead(t, TIMER_SUCCESS);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int timer_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "state", timer_state_to_string(t->state));
+        unit_serialize_item(u, f, "result", timer_result_to_string(t->result));
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int timer_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FDSet *fds) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (streq(key, "state")) {
+                TimerState state;
+
+                state = timer_state_from_string(value);
+                if (state < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse state value %s", value);
+                else
+                        t->deserialized_state = state;
+        } else if (streq(key, "result")) {
+                TimerResult f;
+
+                f = timer_result_from_string(value);
+                if (f < 0)
+                        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to parse result value %s", value);
+                else if (f != TIMER_SUCCESS)
+                        t->result = f;
+
+        } else
+                log_debug_unit(u->id, "Unknown serialization key '%s'", key);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+_pure_ static UnitActiveState timer_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return state_translation_table[TIMER(u)->state];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *timer_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return timer_state_to_string(TIMER(u)->state);
+}
+
+static void timer_timer_event(Unit *u, uint64_t elapsed, Watch *w) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+        assert(elapsed == 1);
+
+        if (t->state != TIMER_WAITING)
+                return;
+
+        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Timer elapsed on %s", u->id);
+        timer_enter_running(t);
+}
+
+static void timer_trigger_notify(Unit *u, Unit *other) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+        TimerValue *v;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(other);
+
+        if (other->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return;
+
+        /* Reenable all timers that depend on unit state */
+        LIST_FOREACH(value, v, t->values)
+                if (v->base == TIMER_UNIT_ACTIVE ||
+                    v->base == TIMER_UNIT_INACTIVE)
+                        v->disabled = false;
+
+        switch (t->state) {
+
+        case TIMER_WAITING:
+        case TIMER_ELAPSED:
+
+                /* Recalculate sleep time */
+                timer_enter_waiting(t, false);
+                break;
+
+        case TIMER_RUNNING:
+
+                if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(unit_active_state(other))) {
+                        log_debug_unit(UNIT(t)->id,
+                                       "%s got notified about unit deactivation.",
+                                       UNIT(t)->id);
+                        timer_enter_waiting(t, false);
+                }
+                break;
+
+        case TIMER_DEAD:
+        case TIMER_FAILED:
+                break;
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Unknown timer state");
+        }
+}
+
+static void timer_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+
+        assert(t);
+
+        if (t->state == TIMER_FAILED)
+                timer_set_state(t, TIMER_DEAD);
+
+        t->result = TIMER_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static void timer_time_change(Unit *u) {
+        Timer *t = TIMER(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (t->state != TIMER_WAITING)
+                return;
+
+        log_debug_unit(u->id,
+                       "%s: time change, recalculating next elapse.", u->id);
+        timer_enter_waiting(t, false);
+}
+
+static const char* const timer_state_table[_TIMER_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [TIMER_DEAD] = "dead",
+        [TIMER_WAITING] = "waiting",
+        [TIMER_RUNNING] = "running",
+        [TIMER_ELAPSED] = "elapsed",
+        [TIMER_FAILED] = "failed"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(timer_state, TimerState);
+
+static const char* const timer_base_table[_TIMER_BASE_MAX] = {
+        [TIMER_ACTIVE] = "OnActiveSec",
+        [TIMER_BOOT] = "OnBootSec",
+        [TIMER_STARTUP] = "OnStartupSec",
+        [TIMER_UNIT_ACTIVE] = "OnUnitActiveSec",
+        [TIMER_UNIT_INACTIVE] = "OnUnitInactiveSec",
+        [TIMER_CALENDAR] = "OnCalendar"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(timer_base, TimerBase);
+
+static const char* const timer_result_table[_TIMER_RESULT_MAX] = {
+        [TIMER_SUCCESS] = "success",
+        [TIMER_FAILURE_RESOURCES] = "resources"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(timer_result, TimerResult);
+
+const UnitVTable timer_vtable = {
+        .object_size = sizeof(Timer),
+        .sections =
+                "Unit\0"
+                "Timer\0"
+                "Install\0",
+
+        .init = timer_init,
+        .done = timer_done,
+        .load = timer_load,
+
+        .coldplug = timer_coldplug,
+
+        .dump = timer_dump,
+
+        .start = timer_start,
+        .stop = timer_stop,
+
+        .serialize = timer_serialize,
+        .deserialize_item = timer_deserialize_item,
+
+        .active_state = timer_active_state,
+        .sub_state_to_string = timer_sub_state_to_string,
+
+        .timer_event = timer_timer_event,
+
+        .trigger_notify = timer_trigger_notify,
+
+        .reset_failed = timer_reset_failed,
+        .time_change = timer_time_change,
+
+        .bus_interface = "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Timer",
+        .bus_message_handler = bus_timer_message_handler,
+        .bus_invalidating_properties =  bus_timer_invalidating_properties
+};
diff --git a/src/core/timer.h b/src/core/timer.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4168553e9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/timer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Timer Timer;
+
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "calendarspec.h"
+
+typedef enum TimerState {
+        TIMER_DEAD,
+        TIMER_WAITING,
+        TIMER_RUNNING,
+        TIMER_ELAPSED,
+        TIMER_FAILED,
+        _TIMER_STATE_MAX,
+        _TIMER_STATE_INVALID = -1
+} TimerState;
+
+typedef enum TimerBase {
+        TIMER_ACTIVE,
+        TIMER_BOOT,
+        TIMER_STARTUP,
+        TIMER_UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        TIMER_UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        TIMER_CALENDAR,
+        _TIMER_BASE_MAX,
+        _TIMER_BASE_INVALID = -1
+} TimerBase;
+
+typedef struct TimerValue {
+        TimerBase base;
+        bool disabled;
+        clockid_t clock_id;
+
+        usec_t value; /* only for monotonic events */
+        CalendarSpec *calendar_spec; /* only for calendar events */
+        usec_t next_elapse;
+
+        LIST_FIELDS(struct TimerValue, value);
+} TimerValue;
+
+typedef enum TimerResult {
+        TIMER_SUCCESS,
+        TIMER_FAILURE_RESOURCES,
+        _TIMER_RESULT_MAX,
+        _TIMER_RESULT_INVALID = -1
+} TimerResult;
+
+struct Timer {
+        Unit meta;
+
+        LIST_HEAD(TimerValue, values);
+        usec_t next_elapse_monotonic;
+        usec_t next_elapse_realtime;
+
+        TimerState state, deserialized_state;
+
+        Watch monotonic_watch;
+        Watch realtime_watch;
+
+        TimerResult result;
+
+        usec_t last_trigger_monotonic;
+};
+
+void timer_free_values(Timer *t);
+
+extern const UnitVTable timer_vtable;
+
+const char *timer_state_to_string(TimerState i) _const_;
+TimerState timer_state_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char *timer_base_to_string(TimerBase i) _const_;
+TimerBase timer_base_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char* timer_result_to_string(TimerResult i) _const_;
+TimerResult timer_result_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
diff --git a/src/core/transaction.c b/src/core/transaction.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fa97b69755
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/transaction.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1132 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
+#include "transaction.h"
+#include "bus-errors.h"
+#include "dbus-common.h"
+
+static void transaction_unlink_job(Transaction *tr, Job *j, bool delete_dependencies);
+
+static void transaction_delete_job(Transaction *tr, Job *j, bool delete_dependencies) {
+        assert(tr);
+        assert(j);
+
+        /* Deletes one job from the transaction */
+
+        transaction_unlink_job(tr, j, delete_dependencies);
+
+        job_free(j);
+}
+
+static void transaction_delete_unit(Transaction *tr, Unit *u) {
+        Job *j;
+
+        /* Deletes all jobs associated with a certain unit from the
+         * transaction */
+
+        while ((j = hashmap_get(tr->jobs, u)))
+                transaction_delete_job(tr, j, true);
+}
+
+void transaction_abort(Transaction *tr) {
+        Job *j;
+
+        assert(tr);
+
+        while ((j = hashmap_first(tr->jobs)))
+                transaction_delete_job(tr, j, false);
+
+        assert(hashmap_isempty(tr->jobs));
+}
+
+static void transaction_find_jobs_that_matter_to_anchor(Job *j, unsigned generation) {
+        JobDependency *l;
+
+        /* A recursive sweep through the graph that marks all units
+         * that matter to the anchor job, i.e. are directly or
+         * indirectly a dependency of the anchor job via paths that
+         * are fully marked as mattering. */
+
+        j->matters_to_anchor = true;
+        j->generation = generation;
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(subject, l, j->subject_list) {
+
+                /* This link does not matter */
+                if (!l->matters)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* This unit has already been marked */
+                if (l->object->generation == generation)
+                        continue;
+
+                transaction_find_jobs_that_matter_to_anchor(l->object, generation);
+        }
+}
+
+static void transaction_merge_and_delete_job(Transaction *tr, Job *j, Job *other, JobType t) {
+        JobDependency *l, *last;
+
+        assert(j);
+        assert(other);
+        assert(j->unit == other->unit);
+        assert(!j->installed);
+
+        /* Merges 'other' into 'j' and then deletes 'other'. */
+
+        j->type = t;
+        j->state = JOB_WAITING;
+        j->override = j->override || other->override;
+        j->irreversible = j->irreversible || other->irreversible;
+
+        j->matters_to_anchor = j->matters_to_anchor || other->matters_to_anchor;
+
+        /* Patch us in as new owner of the JobDependency objects */
+        last = NULL;
+        LIST_FOREACH(subject, l, other->subject_list) {
+                assert(l->subject == other);
+                l->subject = j;
+                last = l;
+        }
+
+        /* Merge both lists */
+        if (last) {
+                last->subject_next = j->subject_list;
+                if (j->subject_list)
+                        j->subject_list->subject_prev = last;
+                j->subject_list = other->subject_list;
+        }
+
+        /* Patch us in as new owner of the JobDependency objects */
+        last = NULL;
+        LIST_FOREACH(object, l, other->object_list) {
+                assert(l->object == other);
+                l->object = j;
+                last = l;
+        }
+
+        /* Merge both lists */
+        if (last) {
+                last->object_next = j->object_list;
+                if (j->object_list)
+                        j->object_list->object_prev = last;
+                j->object_list = other->object_list;
+        }
+
+        /* Kill the other job */
+        other->subject_list = NULL;
+        other->object_list = NULL;
+        transaction_delete_job(tr, other, true);
+}
+
+_pure_ static bool job_is_conflicted_by(Job *j) {
+        JobDependency *l;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        /* Returns true if this job is pulled in by a least one
+         * ConflictedBy dependency. */
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(object, l, j->object_list)
+                if (l->conflicts)
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int delete_one_unmergeable_job(Transaction *tr, Job *j) {
+        Job *k;
+
+        assert(j);
+
+        /* Tries to delete one item in the linked list
+         * j->transaction_next->transaction_next->... that conflicts
+         * with another one, in an attempt to make an inconsistent
+         * transaction work. */
+
+        /* We rely here on the fact that if a merged with b does not
+         * merge with c, either a or b merge with c neither */
+        LIST_FOREACH(transaction, j, j)
+                LIST_FOREACH(transaction, k, j->transaction_next) {
+                        Job *d;
+
+                        /* Is this one mergeable? Then skip it */
+                        if (job_type_is_mergeable(j->type, k->type))
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* Ok, we found two that conflict, let's see if we can
+                         * drop one of them */
+                        if (!j->matters_to_anchor && !k->matters_to_anchor) {
+
+                                /* Both jobs don't matter, so let's
+                                 * find the one that is smarter to
+                                 * remove. Let's think positive and
+                                 * rather remove stops then starts --
+                                 * except if something is being
+                                 * stopped because it is conflicted by
+                                 * another unit in which case we
+                                 * rather remove the start. */
+
+                                log_debug_unit(j->unit->id,
+                                               "Looking at job %s/%s conflicted_by=%s",
+                                               j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type),
+                                               yes_no(j->type == JOB_STOP && job_is_conflicted_by(j)));
+                                log_debug_unit(k->unit->id,
+                                               "Looking at job %s/%s conflicted_by=%s",
+                                               k->unit->id, job_type_to_string(k->type),
+                                               yes_no(k->type == JOB_STOP && job_is_conflicted_by(k)));
+
+                                if (j->type == JOB_STOP) {
+
+                                        if (job_is_conflicted_by(j))
+                                                d = k;
+                                        else
+                                                d = j;
+
+                                } else if (k->type == JOB_STOP) {
+
+                                        if (job_is_conflicted_by(k))
+                                                d = j;
+                                        else
+                                                d = k;
+                                } else
+                                        d = j;
+
+                        } else if (!j->matters_to_anchor)
+                                d = j;
+                        else if (!k->matters_to_anchor)
+                                d = k;
+                        else
+                                return -ENOEXEC;
+
+                        /* Ok, we can drop one, so let's do so. */
+                        log_debug_unit(d->unit->id,
+                                       "Fixing conflicting jobs by deleting job %s/%s",
+                                       d->unit->id, job_type_to_string(d->type));
+                        transaction_delete_job(tr, d, true);
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+        return -EINVAL;
+}
+
+static int transaction_merge_jobs(Transaction *tr, DBusError *e) {
+        Job *j;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(tr);
+
+        /* First step, check whether any of the jobs for one specific
+         * task conflict. If so, try to drop one of them. */
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
+                JobType t;
+                Job *k;
+
+                t = j->type;
+                LIST_FOREACH(transaction, k, j->transaction_next) {
+                        if (job_type_merge_and_collapse(&t, k->type, j->unit) >= 0)
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* OK, we could not merge all jobs for this
+                         * action. Let's see if we can get rid of one
+                         * of them */
+
+                        r = delete_one_unmergeable_job(tr, j);
+                        if (r >= 0)
+                                /* Ok, we managed to drop one, now
+                                 * let's ask our callers to call us
+                                 * again after garbage collecting */
+                                return -EAGAIN;
+
+                        /* We couldn't merge anything. Failure */
+                        dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_TRANSACTION_JOBS_CONFLICTING, "Transaction contains conflicting jobs '%s' and '%s' for %s. Probably contradicting requirement dependencies configured.",
+                                       job_type_to_string(t), job_type_to_string(k->type), k->unit->id);
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Second step, merge the jobs. */
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
+                JobType t = j->type;
+                Job *k;
+
+                /* Merge all transaction jobs for j->unit */
+                LIST_FOREACH(transaction, k, j->transaction_next)
+                        assert_se(job_type_merge_and_collapse(&t, k->type, j->unit) == 0);
+
+                while ((k = j->transaction_next)) {
+                        if (tr->anchor_job == k) {
+                                transaction_merge_and_delete_job(tr, k, j, t);
+                                j = k;
+                        } else
+                                transaction_merge_and_delete_job(tr, j, k, t);
+                }
+
+                assert(!j->transaction_next);
+                assert(!j->transaction_prev);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void transaction_drop_redundant(Transaction *tr) {
+        Job *j;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        /* Goes through the transaction and removes all jobs of the units
+         * whose jobs are all noops. If not all of a unit's jobs are
+         * redundant, they are kept. */
+
+        assert(tr);
+
+rescan:
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
+                Job *k;
+
+                LIST_FOREACH(transaction, k, j) {
+
+                        if (tr->anchor_job == k ||
+                            !job_type_is_redundant(k->type, unit_active_state(k->unit)) ||
+                            (k->unit->job && job_type_is_conflicting(k->type, k->unit->job->type)))
+                                goto next_unit;
+                }
+
+                /* log_debug("Found redundant job %s/%s, dropping.", j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type)); */
+                transaction_delete_job(tr, j, false);
+                goto rescan;
+        next_unit:;
+        }
+}
+
+_pure_ static bool unit_matters_to_anchor(Unit *u, Job *j) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(!j->transaction_prev);
+
+        /* Checks whether at least one of the jobs for this unit
+         * matters to the anchor. */
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(transaction, j, j)
+                if (j->matters_to_anchor)
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+static int transaction_verify_order_one(Transaction *tr, Job *j, Job *from, unsigned generation, DBusError *e) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *u;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(tr);
+        assert(j);
+        assert(!j->transaction_prev);
+
+        /* Does a recursive sweep through the ordering graph, looking
+         * for a cycle. If we find cycle we try to break it. */
+
+        /* Have we seen this before? */
+        if (j->generation == generation) {
+                Job *k, *delete;
+
+                /* If the marker is NULL we have been here already and
+                 * decided the job was loop-free from here. Hence
+                 * shortcut things and return right-away. */
+                if (!j->marker)
+                        return 0;
+
+                /* So, the marker is not NULL and we already have been
+                 * here. We have a cycle. Let's try to break it. We go
+                 * backwards in our path and try to find a suitable
+                 * job to remove. We use the marker to find our way
+                 * back, since smart how we are we stored our way back
+                 * in there. */
+                log_warning_unit(j->unit->id,
+                                 "Found ordering cycle on %s/%s",
+                                 j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+
+                delete = NULL;
+                for (k = from; k; k = ((k->generation == generation && k->marker != k) ? k->marker : NULL)) {
+
+                        /* logging for j not k here here to provide consistent narrative */
+                        log_info_unit(j->unit->id,
+                                      "Walked on cycle path to %s/%s",
+                                      k->unit->id, job_type_to_string(k->type));
+
+                        if (!delete &&
+                            !unit_matters_to_anchor(k->unit, k)) {
+                                /* Ok, we can drop this one, so let's
+                                 * do so. */
+                                delete = k;
+                        }
+
+                        /* Check if this in fact was the beginning of
+                         * the cycle */
+                        if (k == j)
+                                break;
+                }
+
+
+                if (delete) {
+                        /* logging for j not k here here to provide consistent narrative */
+                        log_warning_unit(j->unit->id,
+                                         "Breaking ordering cycle by deleting job %s/%s",
+                                         delete->unit->id, job_type_to_string(delete->type));
+                        log_error_unit(delete->unit->id,
+                                       "Job %s/%s deleted to break ordering cycle starting with %s/%s",
+                                       delete->unit->id, job_type_to_string(delete->type),
+                                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+                        unit_status_printf(delete->unit, ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_RED_ON " SKIP " ANSI_HIGHLIGHT_OFF,
+                                           "Ordering cycle found, skipping %s");
+                        transaction_delete_unit(tr, delete->unit);
+                        return -EAGAIN;
+                }
+
+                log_error("Unable to break cycle");
+
+                dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_TRANSACTION_ORDER_IS_CYCLIC,
+                               "Transaction order is cyclic. See system logs for details.");
+                return -ENOEXEC;
+        }
+
+        /* Make the marker point to where we come from, so that we can
+         * find our way backwards if we want to break a cycle. We use
+         * a special marker for the beginning: we point to
+         * ourselves. */
+        j->marker = from ? from : j;
+        j->generation = generation;
+
+        /* We assume that the dependencies are bidirectional, and
+         * hence can ignore UNIT_AFTER */
+        SET_FOREACH(u, j->unit->dependencies[UNIT_BEFORE], i) {
+                Job *o;
+
+                /* Is there a job for this unit? */
+                o = hashmap_get(tr->jobs, u);
+                if (!o) {
+                        /* Ok, there is no job for this in the
+                         * transaction, but maybe there is already one
+                         * running? */
+                        o = u->job;
+                        if (!o)
+                                continue;
+                }
+
+                r = transaction_verify_order_one(tr, o, j, generation, e);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        /* Ok, let's backtrack, and remember that this entry is not on
+         * our path anymore. */
+        j->marker = NULL;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int transaction_verify_order(Transaction *tr, unsigned *generation, DBusError *e) {
+        Job *j;
+        int r;
+        Iterator i;
+        unsigned g;
+
+        assert(tr);
+        assert(generation);
+
+        /* Check if the ordering graph is cyclic. If it is, try to fix
+         * that up by dropping one of the jobs. */
+
+        g = (*generation)++;
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i)
+                if ((r = transaction_verify_order_one(tr, j, NULL, g, e)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void transaction_collect_garbage(Transaction *tr) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Job *j;
+
+        assert(tr);
+
+        /* Drop jobs that are not required by any other job */
+
+rescan:
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
+                if (tr->anchor_job == j || j->object_list) {
+                        /* log_debug("Keeping job %s/%s because of %s/%s", */
+                        /*           j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type), */
+                        /*           j->object_list->subject ? j->object_list->subject->unit->id : "root", */
+                        /*           j->object_list->subject ? job_type_to_string(j->object_list->subject->type) : "root"); */
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                /* log_debug("Garbage collecting job %s/%s", j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type)); */
+                transaction_delete_job(tr, j, true);
+                goto rescan;
+        }
+}
+
+static int transaction_is_destructive(Transaction *tr, JobMode mode, DBusError *e) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Job *j;
+
+        assert(tr);
+
+        /* Checks whether applying this transaction means that
+         * existing jobs would be replaced */
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
+
+                /* Assume merged */
+                assert(!j->transaction_prev);
+                assert(!j->transaction_next);
+
+                if (j->unit->job && (mode == JOB_FAIL || j->unit->job->irreversible) &&
+                    !job_type_is_superset(j->type, j->unit->job->type)) {
+
+                        dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_TRANSACTION_IS_DESTRUCTIVE, "Transaction is destructive.");
+                        return -EEXIST;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static void transaction_minimize_impact(Transaction *tr) {
+        Job *j;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(tr);
+
+        /* Drops all unnecessary jobs that reverse already active jobs
+         * or that stop a running service. */
+
+rescan:
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
+                LIST_FOREACH(transaction, j, j) {
+                        bool stops_running_service, changes_existing_job;
+
+                        /* If it matters, we shouldn't drop it */
+                        if (j->matters_to_anchor)
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* Would this stop a running service?
+                         * Would this change an existing job?
+                         * If so, let's drop this entry */
+
+                        stops_running_service =
+                                j->type == JOB_STOP && UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(j->unit));
+
+                        changes_existing_job =
+                                j->unit->job &&
+                                job_type_is_conflicting(j->type, j->unit->job->type);
+
+                        if (!stops_running_service && !changes_existing_job)
+                                continue;
+
+                        if (stops_running_service)
+                                log_debug_unit(j->unit->id,
+                                               "%s/%s would stop a running service.",
+                                               j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+
+                        if (changes_existing_job)
+                                log_debug_unit(j->unit->id,
+                                               "%s/%s would change existing job.",
+                                               j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+
+                        /* Ok, let's get rid of this */
+                        log_debug_unit(j->unit->id,
+                                       "Deleting %s/%s to minimize impact.",
+                                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+
+                        transaction_delete_job(tr, j, true);
+                        goto rescan;
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+static int transaction_apply(Transaction *tr, Manager *m, JobMode mode) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Job *j;
+        int r;
+
+        /* Moves the transaction jobs to the set of active jobs */
+
+        if (mode == JOB_ISOLATE) {
+
+                /* When isolating first kill all installed jobs which
+                 * aren't part of the new transaction */
+                HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, m->jobs, i) {
+                        assert(j->installed);
+
+                        if (hashmap_get(tr->jobs, j->unit))
+                                continue;
+
+                        /* Not invalidating recursively. Avoids triggering
+                         * OnFailure= actions of dependent jobs. Also avoids
+                         * invalidating our iterator. */
+                        job_finish_and_invalidate(j, JOB_CANCELED, false);
+                }
+        }
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i) {
+                /* Assume merged */
+                assert(!j->transaction_prev);
+                assert(!j->transaction_next);
+
+                r = hashmap_put(m->jobs, UINT32_TO_PTR(j->id), j);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        goto rollback;
+        }
+
+        while ((j = hashmap_steal_first(tr->jobs))) {
+                Job *installed_job;
+
+                /* Clean the job dependencies */
+                transaction_unlink_job(tr, j, false);
+
+                installed_job = job_install(j);
+                if (installed_job != j) {
+                        /* j has been merged into a previously installed job */
+                        if (tr->anchor_job == j)
+                                tr->anchor_job = installed_job;
+                        hashmap_remove(m->jobs, UINT32_TO_PTR(j->id));
+                        job_free(j);
+                        j = installed_job;
+                }
+
+                job_add_to_run_queue(j);
+                job_add_to_dbus_queue(j);
+                job_start_timer(j);
+                job_shutdown_magic(j);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+rollback:
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, tr->jobs, i)
+                hashmap_remove(m->jobs, UINT32_TO_PTR(j->id));
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int transaction_activate(Transaction *tr, Manager *m, JobMode mode, DBusError *e) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Job *j;
+        int r;
+        unsigned generation = 1;
+
+        assert(tr);
+
+        /* This applies the changes recorded in tr->jobs to
+         * the actual list of jobs, if possible. */
+
+        /* Reset the generation counter of all installed jobs. The detection of cycles
+         * looks at installed jobs. If they had a non-zero generation from some previous
+         * walk of the graph, the algorithm would break. */
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH(j, m->jobs, i)
+                j->generation = 0;
+
+        /* First step: figure out which jobs matter */
+        transaction_find_jobs_that_matter_to_anchor(tr->anchor_job, generation++);
+
+        /* Second step: Try not to stop any running services if
+         * we don't have to. Don't try to reverse running
+         * jobs if we don't have to. */
+        if (mode == JOB_FAIL)
+                transaction_minimize_impact(tr);
+
+        /* Third step: Drop redundant jobs */
+        transaction_drop_redundant(tr);
+
+        for (;;) {
+                /* Fourth step: Let's remove unneeded jobs that might
+                 * be lurking. */
+                if (mode != JOB_ISOLATE)
+                        transaction_collect_garbage(tr);
+
+                /* Fifth step: verify order makes sense and correct
+                 * cycles if necessary and possible */
+                r = transaction_verify_order(tr, &generation, e);
+                if (r >= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (r != -EAGAIN) {
+                        log_warning("Requested transaction contains an unfixable cyclic ordering dependency: %s", bus_error(e, r));
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                /* Let's see if the resulting transaction ordering
+                 * graph is still cyclic... */
+        }
+
+        for (;;) {
+                /* Sixth step: let's drop unmergeable entries if
+                 * necessary and possible, merge entries we can
+                 * merge */
+                r = transaction_merge_jobs(tr, e);
+                if (r >= 0)
+                        break;
+
+                if (r != -EAGAIN) {
+                        log_warning("Requested transaction contains unmergeable jobs: %s", bus_error(e, r));
+                        return r;
+                }
+
+                /* Seventh step: an entry got dropped, let's garbage
+                 * collect its dependencies. */
+                if (mode != JOB_ISOLATE)
+                        transaction_collect_garbage(tr);
+
+                /* Let's see if the resulting transaction still has
+                 * unmergeable entries ... */
+        }
+
+        /* Eights step: Drop redundant jobs again, if the merging now allows us to drop more. */
+        transaction_drop_redundant(tr);
+
+        /* Ninth step: check whether we can actually apply this */
+        r = transaction_is_destructive(tr, mode, e);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_notice("Requested transaction contradicts existing jobs: %s", bus_error(e, r));
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        /* Tenth step: apply changes */
+        r = transaction_apply(tr, m, mode);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning("Failed to apply transaction: %s", strerror(-r));
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        assert(hashmap_isempty(tr->jobs));
+
+        if (!hashmap_isempty(m->jobs)) {
+                /* Are there any jobs now? Then make sure we have the
+                 * idle pipe around. We don't really care too much
+                 * whether this works or not, as the idle pipe is a
+                 * feature for cosmetics, not actually useful for
+                 * anything beyond that. */
+
+                if (m->idle_pipe[0] < 0 && m->idle_pipe[1] < 0)
+                        pipe2(m->idle_pipe, O_NONBLOCK|O_CLOEXEC);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static Job* transaction_add_one_job(Transaction *tr, JobType type, Unit *unit, bool override, bool *is_new) {
+        Job *j, *f;
+
+        assert(tr);
+        assert(unit);
+
+        /* Looks for an existing prospective job and returns that. If
+         * it doesn't exist it is created and added to the prospective
+         * jobs list. */
+
+        f = hashmap_get(tr->jobs, unit);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(transaction, j, f) {
+                assert(j->unit == unit);
+
+                if (j->type == type) {
+                        if (is_new)
+                                *is_new = false;
+                        return j;
+                }
+        }
+
+        j = job_new(unit, type);
+        if (!j)
+                return NULL;
+
+        j->generation = 0;
+        j->marker = NULL;
+        j->matters_to_anchor = false;
+        j->override = override;
+        j->irreversible = tr->irreversible;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(Job, transaction, f, j);
+
+        if (hashmap_replace(tr->jobs, unit, f) < 0) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(Job, transaction, f, j);
+                job_free(j);
+                return NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (is_new)
+                *is_new = true;
+
+        /* log_debug("Added job %s/%s to transaction.", unit->id, job_type_to_string(type)); */
+
+        return j;
+}
+
+static void transaction_unlink_job(Transaction *tr, Job *j, bool delete_dependencies) {
+        assert(tr);
+        assert(j);
+
+        if (j->transaction_prev)
+                j->transaction_prev->transaction_next = j->transaction_next;
+        else if (j->transaction_next)
+                hashmap_replace(tr->jobs, j->unit, j->transaction_next);
+        else
+                hashmap_remove_value(tr->jobs, j->unit, j);
+
+        if (j->transaction_next)
+                j->transaction_next->transaction_prev = j->transaction_prev;
+
+        j->transaction_prev = j->transaction_next = NULL;
+
+        while (j->subject_list)
+                job_dependency_free(j->subject_list);
+
+        while (j->object_list) {
+                Job *other = j->object_list->matters ? j->object_list->subject : NULL;
+
+                job_dependency_free(j->object_list);
+
+                if (other && delete_dependencies) {
+                        log_debug_unit(other->unit->id,
+                                       "Deleting job %s/%s as dependency of job %s/%s",
+                                       other->unit->id, job_type_to_string(other->type),
+                                       j->unit->id, job_type_to_string(j->type));
+                        transaction_delete_job(tr, other, delete_dependencies);
+                }
+        }
+}
+
+int transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(
+                Transaction *tr,
+                JobType type,
+                Unit *unit,
+                Job *by,
+                bool matters,
+                bool override,
+                bool conflicts,
+                bool ignore_requirements,
+                bool ignore_order,
+                DBusError *e) {
+        Job *ret;
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *dep;
+        int r;
+        bool is_new;
+
+        assert(tr);
+        assert(type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+        assert(type < _JOB_TYPE_MAX_IN_TRANSACTION);
+        assert(unit);
+
+        /* log_debug("Pulling in %s/%s from %s/%s", */
+        /*           unit->id, job_type_to_string(type), */
+        /*           by ? by->unit->id : "NA", */
+        /*           by ? job_type_to_string(by->type) : "NA"); */
+
+        if (unit->load_state != UNIT_LOADED &&
+            unit->load_state != UNIT_ERROR &&
+            unit->load_state != UNIT_MASKED) {
+                dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_LOAD_FAILED, "Unit %s is not loaded properly.", unit->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (type != JOB_STOP && unit->load_state == UNIT_ERROR) {
+                dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_LOAD_FAILED,
+                               "Unit %s failed to load: %s. "
+                               "See system logs and 'systemctl status %s' for details.",
+                               unit->id,
+                               strerror(-unit->load_error),
+                               unit->id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if (type != JOB_STOP && unit->load_state == UNIT_MASKED) {
+                dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_MASKED, "Unit %s is masked.", unit->id);
+                return -EADDRNOTAVAIL;
+        }
+
+        if (!unit_job_is_applicable(unit, type)) {
+                dbus_set_error(e, BUS_ERROR_JOB_TYPE_NOT_APPLICABLE, "Job type %s is not applicable for unit %s.", job_type_to_string(type), unit->id);
+                return -EBADR;
+        }
+
+        /* First add the job. */
+        ret = transaction_add_one_job(tr, type, unit, override, &is_new);
+        if (!ret)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        ret->ignore_order = ret->ignore_order || ignore_order;
+
+        /* Then, add a link to the job. */
+        if (by) {
+                if (!job_dependency_new(by, ret, matters, conflicts))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        } else {
+                /* If the job has no parent job, it is the anchor job. */
+                assert(!tr->anchor_job);
+                tr->anchor_job = ret;
+        }
+
+        if (is_new && !ignore_requirements && type != JOB_NOP) {
+                Set *following;
+
+                /* If we are following some other unit, make sure we
+                 * add all dependencies of everybody following. */
+                if (unit_following_set(ret->unit, &following) > 0) {
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, following, i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, type, dep, ret, false, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_warning_unit(dep->id,
+                                                         "Cannot add dependency job for unit %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                                         dep->id, bus_error(e, r));
+
+                                        if (e)
+                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        set_free(following);
+                }
+
+                /* Finally, recursively add in all dependencies. */
+                if (type == JOB_START || type == JOB_RESTART) {
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRES], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_START, dep, ret, true, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        if (r != -EBADR)
+                                                goto fail;
+
+                                        if (e)
+                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_BINDS_TO], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_START, dep, ret, true, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        if (r != -EBADR)
+                                                goto fail;
+
+                                        if (e)
+                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRES_OVERRIDABLE], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_START, dep, ret, !override, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_full_unit(r == -EADDRNOTAVAIL ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, dep->id,
+                                                      "Cannot add dependency job for unit %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                                      dep->id, bus_error(e, r));
+
+                                        if (e)
+                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_WANTS], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_START, dep, ret, false, false, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_full_unit(r == -EADDRNOTAVAIL ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, dep->id,
+                                                      "Cannot add dependency job for unit %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                                      dep->id, bus_error(e, r));
+
+                                        if (e)
+                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_REQUISITE], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE, dep, ret, true, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        if (r != -EBADR)
+                                                goto fail;
+
+                                        if (e)
+                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_REQUISITE_OVERRIDABLE], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE, dep, ret, !override, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_full_unit(r == -EADDRNOTAVAIL ? LOG_DEBUG : LOG_WARNING, dep->id,
+                                                      "Cannot add dependency job for unit %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                                      dep->id, bus_error(e, r));
+
+                                        if (e)
+                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_CONFLICTS], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_STOP, dep, ret, true, override, true, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        if (r != -EBADR)
+                                                goto fail;
+
+                                        if (e)
+                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_CONFLICTED_BY], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_STOP, dep, ret, false, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_warning_unit(dep->id,
+                                                         "Cannot add dependency job for unit %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                                         dep->id, bus_error(e, r));
+
+                                        if (e)
+                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                }
+
+                if (type == JOB_STOP || type == JOB_RESTART) {
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRED_BY], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, type, dep, ret, true, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        if (r != -EBADR)
+                                                goto fail;
+
+                                        if (e)
+                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_BOUND_BY], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, type, dep, ret, true, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        if (r != -EBADR)
+                                                goto fail;
+
+                                        if (e)
+                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_CONSISTS_OF], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, type, dep, ret, true, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        if (r != -EBADR)
+                                                goto fail;
+
+                                        if (e)
+                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                }
+
+                if (type == JOB_RELOAD) {
+
+                        SET_FOREACH(dep, ret->unit->dependencies[UNIT_PROPAGATES_RELOAD_TO], i) {
+                                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_RELOAD, dep, ret, false, override, false, false, ignore_order, e);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        log_warning_unit(dep->id,
+                                                         "Cannot add dependency reload job for unit %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                                         dep->id, bus_error(e, r));
+
+                                        if (e)
+                                                dbus_error_free(e);
+                                }
+                        }
+                }
+
+                /* JOB_VERIFY_STARTED require no dependency handling */
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        return r;
+}
+
+int transaction_add_isolate_jobs(Transaction *tr, Manager *m) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *u;
+        char *k;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(tr);
+        assert(m);
+
+        HASHMAP_FOREACH_KEY(u, k, m->units, i) {
+
+                /* ignore aliases */
+                if (u->id != k)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (u->ignore_on_isolate)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* No need to stop inactive jobs */
+                if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(unit_active_state(u)) && !u->job)
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Is there already something listed for this? */
+                if (hashmap_get(tr->jobs, u))
+                        continue;
+
+                r = transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(tr, JOB_STOP, u, tr->anchor_job, true, false, false, false, false, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                         "Cannot add isolate job for unit %s, ignoring: %s",
+                                         u->id, strerror(-r));
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+Transaction *transaction_new(bool irreversible) {
+        Transaction *tr;
+
+        tr = new0(Transaction, 1);
+        if (!tr)
+                return NULL;
+
+        tr->jobs = hashmap_new(trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func);
+        if (!tr->jobs) {
+                free(tr);
+                return NULL;
+        }
+
+        tr->irreversible = irreversible;
+
+        return tr;
+}
+
+void transaction_free(Transaction *tr) {
+        assert(hashmap_isempty(tr->jobs));
+        hashmap_free(tr->jobs);
+        free(tr);
+}
diff --git a/src/core/transaction.h b/src/core/transaction.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..12f9194927
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/transaction.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#ifndef footransactionhfoo
+#define footransactionhfoo
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+typedef struct Transaction Transaction;
+
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "manager.h"
+#include "job.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+
+struct Transaction {
+        /* Jobs to be added */
+        Hashmap *jobs;      /* Unit object => Job object list 1:1 */
+        Job *anchor_job;      /* the job the user asked for */
+        bool irreversible;
+};
+
+Transaction *transaction_new(bool irreversible);
+void transaction_free(Transaction *tr);
+
+int transaction_add_job_and_dependencies(
+                Transaction *tr,
+                JobType type,
+                Unit *unit,
+                Job *by,
+                bool matters,
+                bool override,
+                bool conflicts,
+                bool ignore_requirements,
+                bool ignore_order,
+                DBusError *e);
+int transaction_activate(Transaction *tr, Manager *m, JobMode mode, DBusError *e);
+int transaction_add_isolate_jobs(Transaction *tr, Manager *m);
+void transaction_abort(Transaction *tr);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/core/umount.c b/src/core/umount.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1e95ad70dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/umount.c
@@ -0,0 +1,639 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 ProFUSION embedded systems
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sys/swap.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <linux/loop.h>
+#include <linux/dm-ioctl.h>
+#include <libudev.h>
+
+#include "list.h"
+#include "mount-setup.h"
+#include "umount.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "virt.h"
+
+typedef struct MountPoint {
+        char *path;
+        dev_t devnum;
+        LIST_FIELDS (struct MountPoint, mount_point);
+} MountPoint;
+
+static void mount_point_free(MountPoint **head, MountPoint *m) {
+        assert(head);
+        assert(m);
+
+        LIST_REMOVE(MountPoint, mount_point, *head, m);
+
+        free(m->path);
+        free(m);
+}
+
+static void mount_points_list_free(MountPoint **head) {
+        assert(head);
+
+        while (*head)
+                mount_point_free(head, *head);
+}
+
+static int mount_points_list_get(MountPoint **head) {
+        FILE *proc_self_mountinfo;
+        char *path, *p;
+        unsigned int i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(head);
+
+        if (!(proc_self_mountinfo = fopen("/proc/self/mountinfo", "re")))
+                return -errno;
+
+        for (i = 1;; i++) {
+                int k;
+                MountPoint *m;
+
+                path = p = NULL;
+
+                if ((k = fscanf(proc_self_mountinfo,
+                                "%*s "       /* (1) mount id */
+                                "%*s "       /* (2) parent id */
+                                "%*s "       /* (3) major:minor */
+                                "%*s "       /* (4) root */
+                                "%ms "       /* (5) mount point */
+                                "%*s"        /* (6) mount options */
+                                "%*[^-]"     /* (7) optional fields */
+                                "- "         /* (8) separator */
+                                "%*s "       /* (9) file system type */
+                                "%*s"        /* (10) mount source */
+                                "%*s"        /* (11) mount options 2 */
+                                "%*[^\n]",   /* some rubbish at the end */
+                                &path)) != 1) {
+                        if (k == EOF)
+                                break;
+
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse /proc/self/mountinfo:%u.", i);
+
+                        free(path);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                p = cunescape(path);
+                free(path);
+
+                if (!p) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                /* Ignore mount points we can't unmount because they
+                 * are API or because we are keeping them open (like
+                 * /dev/console) */
+                if (mount_point_is_api(p) ||
+                    mount_point_ignore(p) ||
+                    path_equal(p, "/dev/console")) {
+                        free(p);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (!(m = new0(MountPoint, 1))) {
+                        free(p);
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                m->path = p;
+                LIST_PREPEND(MountPoint, mount_point, *head, m);
+        }
+
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        fclose(proc_self_mountinfo);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int swap_list_get(MountPoint **head) {
+        FILE *proc_swaps;
+        unsigned int i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(head);
+
+        if (!(proc_swaps = fopen("/proc/swaps", "re")))
+                return (errno == ENOENT) ? 0 : -errno;
+
+        (void) fscanf(proc_swaps, "%*s %*s %*s %*s %*s\n");
+
+        for (i = 2;; i++) {
+                MountPoint *swap;
+                char *dev = NULL, *d;
+                int k;
+
+                if ((k = fscanf(proc_swaps,
+                                "%ms " /* device/file */
+                                "%*s " /* type of swap */
+                                "%*s " /* swap size */
+                                "%*s " /* used */
+                                "%*s\n", /* priority */
+                                &dev)) != 1) {
+
+                        if (k == EOF)
+                                break;
+
+                        log_warning("Failed to parse /proc/swaps:%u.", i);
+
+                        free(dev);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if (endswith(dev, "(deleted)")) {
+                        free(dev);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                d = cunescape(dev);
+                free(dev);
+
+                if (!d) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (!(swap = new0(MountPoint, 1))) {
+                        free(d);
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                swap->path = d;
+                LIST_PREPEND(MountPoint, mount_point, *head, swap);
+        }
+
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        fclose(proc_swaps);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int loopback_list_get(MountPoint **head) {
+        int r;
+        struct udev *udev;
+        struct udev_enumerate *e = NULL;
+        struct udev_list_entry *item = NULL, *first = NULL;
+
+        assert(head);
+
+        if (!(udev = udev_new())) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (!(e = udev_enumerate_new(udev))) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (udev_enumerate_add_match_subsystem(e, "block") < 0 ||
+            udev_enumerate_add_match_sysname(e, "loop*") < 0 ||
+            udev_enumerate_add_match_sysattr(e, "loop/backing_file", NULL) < 0) {
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (udev_enumerate_scan_devices(e) < 0) {
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        first = udev_enumerate_get_list_entry(e);
+        udev_list_entry_foreach(item, first) {
+                MountPoint *lb;
+                struct udev_device *d;
+                char *loop;
+                const char *dn;
+
+                if (!(d = udev_device_new_from_syspath(udev, udev_list_entry_get_name(item)))) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (!(dn = udev_device_get_devnode(d))) {
+                        udev_device_unref(d);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                loop = strdup(dn);
+                udev_device_unref(d);
+
+                if (!loop) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (!(lb = new0(MountPoint, 1))) {
+                        free(loop);
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                lb->path = loop;
+                LIST_PREPEND(MountPoint, mount_point, *head, lb);
+        }
+
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        if (e)
+                udev_enumerate_unref(e);
+
+        if (udev)
+                udev_unref(udev);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int dm_list_get(MountPoint **head) {
+        int r;
+        struct udev *udev;
+        struct udev_enumerate *e = NULL;
+        struct udev_list_entry *item = NULL, *first = NULL;
+
+        assert(head);
+
+        if (!(udev = udev_new())) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (!(e = udev_enumerate_new(udev))) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (udev_enumerate_add_match_subsystem(e, "block") < 0 ||
+            udev_enumerate_add_match_sysname(e, "dm-*") < 0) {
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        if (udev_enumerate_scan_devices(e) < 0) {
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto finish;
+        }
+
+        first = udev_enumerate_get_list_entry(e);
+
+        udev_list_entry_foreach(item, first) {
+                MountPoint *m;
+                struct udev_device *d;
+                dev_t devnum;
+                char *node;
+                const char *dn;
+
+                if (!(d = udev_device_new_from_syspath(udev, udev_list_entry_get_name(item)))) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                devnum = udev_device_get_devnum(d);
+                dn = udev_device_get_devnode(d);
+
+                if (major(devnum) == 0 || !dn) {
+                        udev_device_unref(d);
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                node = strdup(dn);
+                udev_device_unref(d);
+
+                if (!node) {
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                if (!(m = new(MountPoint, 1))) {
+                        free(node);
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto finish;
+                }
+
+                m->path = node;
+                m->devnum = devnum;
+                LIST_PREPEND(MountPoint, mount_point, *head, m);
+        }
+
+        r = 0;
+
+finish:
+        if (e)
+                udev_enumerate_unref(e);
+
+        if (udev)
+                udev_unref(udev);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int delete_loopback(const char *device) {
+        int fd, r;
+
+        if ((fd = open(device, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC)) < 0)
+                return errno == ENOENT ? 0 : -errno;
+
+        r = ioctl(fd, LOOP_CLR_FD, 0);
+        close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        if (r >= 0)
+                return 1;
+
+        /* ENXIO: not bound, so no error */
+        if (errno == ENXIO)
+                return 0;
+
+        return -errno;
+}
+
+static int delete_dm(dev_t devnum) {
+        _cleanup_close_ int fd = -1;
+        int r;
+        struct dm_ioctl dm = {
+                .version = {DM_VERSION_MAJOR,
+                            DM_VERSION_MINOR,
+                            DM_VERSION_PATCHLEVEL},
+                .data_size = sizeof(dm),
+                .dev = devnum,
+        };
+
+        assert(major(devnum) != 0);
+
+        fd = open("/dev/mapper/control", O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC);
+        if (fd < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        r = ioctl(fd, DM_DEV_REMOVE, &dm);
+        return r >= 0 ? 0 : -errno;
+}
+
+static int mount_points_list_umount(MountPoint **head, bool *changed, bool log_error) {
+        MountPoint *m, *n;
+        int n_failed = 0;
+
+        assert(head);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(mount_point, m, n, *head) {
+
+                /* If we are in a container, don't attempt to
+                   read-only mount anything as that brings no real
+                   benefits, but might confuse the host, as we remount
+                   the superblock here, not the bind mound. */
+                if (detect_container(NULL) <= 0)  {
+                        /* We always try to remount directories
+                         * read-only first, before we go on and umount
+                         * them.
+                         *
+                         * Mount points can be stacked. If a mount
+                         * point is stacked below / or /usr, we
+                         * cannot umount or remount it directly,
+                         * since there is no way to refer to the
+                         * underlying mount. There's nothing we can do
+                         * about it for the general case, but we can
+                         * do something about it if it is aliased
+                         * somehwere else via a bind mount. If we
+                         * explicitly remount the super block of that
+                         * alias read-only we hence should be
+                         * relatively safe regarding keeping the fs we
+                         * can otherwise not see dirty. */
+                        mount(NULL, m->path, NULL, MS_REMOUNT|MS_RDONLY, NULL);
+                }
+
+                /* Skip / and /usr since we cannot unmount that
+                 * anyway, since we are running from it. They have
+                 * already been remounted ro. */
+                if (path_equal(m->path, "/")
+#ifndef HAVE_SPLIT_USR
+                    || path_equal(m->path, "/usr")
+#endif
+                )
+                        continue;
+
+                /* Trying to umount. We don't force here since we rely
+                 * on busy NFS and FUSE file systems to return EBUSY
+                 * until we closed everything on top of them. */
+                log_info("Unmounting %s.", m->path);
+                if (umount2(m->path, 0) == 0) {
+                        if (changed)
+                                *changed = true;
+
+                        mount_point_free(head, m);
+                } else if (log_error) {
+                        log_warning("Could not unmount %s: %m", m->path);
+                        n_failed++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return n_failed;
+}
+
+static int swap_points_list_off(MountPoint **head, bool *changed) {
+        MountPoint *m, *n;
+        int n_failed = 0;
+
+        assert(head);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(mount_point, m, n, *head) {
+                log_info("Deactivating swap %s.", m->path);
+                if (swapoff(m->path) == 0) {
+                        if (changed)
+                                *changed = true;
+
+                        mount_point_free(head, m);
+                } else {
+                        log_warning("Could not deactivate swap %s: %m", m->path);
+                        n_failed++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return n_failed;
+}
+
+static int loopback_points_list_detach(MountPoint **head, bool *changed) {
+        MountPoint *m, *n;
+        int n_failed = 0, k;
+        struct stat root_st;
+
+        assert(head);
+
+        k = lstat("/", &root_st);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(mount_point, m, n, *head) {
+                int r;
+                struct stat loopback_st;
+
+                if (k >= 0 &&
+                    major(root_st.st_dev) != 0 &&
+                    lstat(m->path, &loopback_st) >= 0 &&
+                    root_st.st_dev == loopback_st.st_rdev) {
+                        n_failed ++;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                log_info("Detaching loopback %s.", m->path);
+                r = delete_loopback(m->path);
+                if (r >= 0) {
+                        if (r > 0 && changed)
+                                *changed = true;
+
+                        mount_point_free(head, m);
+                } else {
+                        log_warning("Could not detach loopback %s: %m", m->path);
+                        n_failed++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return n_failed;
+}
+
+static int dm_points_list_detach(MountPoint **head, bool *changed) {
+        MountPoint *m, *n;
+        int n_failed = 0, k;
+        struct stat root_st;
+
+        assert(head);
+
+        k = lstat("/", &root_st);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH_SAFE(mount_point, m, n, *head) {
+                int r;
+
+                if (k >= 0 &&
+                    major(root_st.st_dev) != 0 &&
+                    root_st.st_dev == m->devnum) {
+                        n_failed ++;
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                log_info("Detaching DM %u:%u.", major(m->devnum), minor(m->devnum));
+                r = delete_dm(m->devnum);
+                if (r >= 0) {
+                        if (changed)
+                                *changed = true;
+
+                        mount_point_free(head, m);
+                } else {
+                        log_warning("Could not detach DM %s: %m", m->path);
+                        n_failed++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        return n_failed;
+}
+
+int umount_all(bool *changed) {
+        int r;
+        bool umount_changed;
+        LIST_HEAD(MountPoint, mp_list_head);
+
+        LIST_HEAD_INIT(MountPoint, mp_list_head);
+        r = mount_points_list_get(&mp_list_head);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto end;
+
+        /* retry umount, until nothing can be umounted anymore */
+        do {
+                umount_changed = false;
+
+                mount_points_list_umount(&mp_list_head, &umount_changed, false);
+                if (umount_changed)
+                        *changed = true;
+
+        } while (umount_changed);
+
+        /* umount one more time with logging enabled */
+        r = mount_points_list_umount(&mp_list_head, &umount_changed, true);
+        if (r <= 0)
+                goto end;
+
+  end:
+        mount_points_list_free(&mp_list_head);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int swapoff_all(bool *changed) {
+        int r;
+        LIST_HEAD(MountPoint, swap_list_head);
+
+        LIST_HEAD_INIT(MountPoint, swap_list_head);
+
+        r = swap_list_get(&swap_list_head);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto end;
+
+        r = swap_points_list_off(&swap_list_head, changed);
+
+  end:
+        mount_points_list_free(&swap_list_head);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int loopback_detach_all(bool *changed) {
+        int r;
+        LIST_HEAD(MountPoint, loopback_list_head);
+
+        LIST_HEAD_INIT(MountPoint, loopback_list_head);
+
+        r = loopback_list_get(&loopback_list_head);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto end;
+
+        r = loopback_points_list_detach(&loopback_list_head, changed);
+
+  end:
+        mount_points_list_free(&loopback_list_head);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int dm_detach_all(bool *changed) {
+        int r;
+        LIST_HEAD(MountPoint, dm_list_head);
+
+        LIST_HEAD_INIT(MountPoint, dm_list_head);
+
+        r = dm_list_get(&dm_list_head);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto end;
+
+        r = dm_points_list_detach(&dm_list_head, changed);
+
+  end:
+        mount_points_list_free(&dm_list_head);
+
+        return r;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/umount.h b/src/core/umount.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8439ffe58f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/umount.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 ProFUSION embedded systems
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+int umount_all(bool *changed);
+
+int swapoff_all(bool *changed);
+
+int loopback_detach_all(bool *changed);
+
+int dm_detach_all(bool *changed);
diff --git a/src/core/unit-printf.c b/src/core/unit-printf.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..85a05b872a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/unit-printf.c
@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "systemd/sd-id128.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "specifier.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "unit-printf.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+
+static char *specifier_prefix_and_instance(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        assert(u);
+
+        return unit_name_to_prefix_and_instance(u->id);
+}
+
+static char *specifier_prefix(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        assert(u);
+
+        return unit_name_to_prefix(u->id);
+}
+
+static char *specifier_prefix_unescaped(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        char *p, *r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        p = unit_name_to_prefix(u->id);
+        if (!p)
+                return NULL;
+
+        r = unit_name_unescape(p);
+        free(p);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static char *specifier_instance_unescaped(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->instance)
+                return unit_name_unescape(u->instance);
+
+        return strdup("");
+}
+
+static char *specifier_filename(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->instance)
+                return unit_name_path_unescape(u->instance);
+
+        return unit_name_to_path(u->id);
+}
+
+static char *specifier_cgroup(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        assert(u);
+
+        return unit_default_cgroup_path(u);
+}
+
+static char *specifier_cgroup_root(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        char *p;
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (specifier == 'r')
+                return strdup(u->manager->cgroup_hierarchy);
+
+        if (path_get_parent(u->manager->cgroup_hierarchy, &p) < 0)
+                return strdup("");
+
+        if (streq(p, "/")) {
+                free(p);
+                return strdup("");
+        }
+
+        return p;
+}
+
+static char *specifier_runtime(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->manager->running_as == SYSTEMD_USER) {
+                const char *e;
+
+                e = getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR");
+                if (e)
+                        return strdup(e);
+        }
+
+        return strdup("/run");
+}
+
+static char *specifier_user_name(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        ExecContext *c;
+        int r;
+        const char *username;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *tmp = NULL;
+        uid_t uid;
+        char *printed = NULL;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        c = unit_get_exec_context(u);
+
+        if (c && c->user)
+                username = c->user;
+        else
+                /* get USER env from env or our own uid */
+                username = tmp = getusername_malloc();
+
+        /* fish username from passwd */
+        r = get_user_creds(&username, &uid, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        switch (specifier) {
+                case 'U':
+                        if (asprintf(&printed, "%d", uid) < 0)
+                                return NULL;
+                        break;
+                case 'u':
+                        printed = strdup(username);
+                        break;
+        }
+
+        return printed;
+}
+
+static char *specifier_user_home(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        ExecContext *c;
+        int r;
+        const char *username, *home;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        c = unit_get_exec_context(u);
+
+        /* return HOME if set, otherwise from passwd */
+        if (!c || !c->user) {
+                char *h;
+
+                r = get_home_dir(&h);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                return h;
+        }
+
+        username = c->user;
+        r = get_user_creds(&username, NULL, NULL, &home, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+               return NULL;
+
+        return strdup(home);
+}
+
+static char *specifier_user_shell(char specifier, void *data, void *userdata) {
+        Unit *u = userdata;
+        ExecContext *c;
+        int r;
+        const char *username, *shell;
+        char *ret;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        c = unit_get_exec_context(u);
+
+        if (c && c->user)
+                username = c->user;
+        else
+                username = "root";
+
+        /* return /bin/sh for root, otherwise the value from passwd */
+        r = get_user_creds(&username, NULL, NULL, NULL, &shell);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "Failed to determine shell: %s",
+                                 strerror(-r));
+                return NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (!path_is_absolute(shell)) {
+                log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                 "Shell %s is not absolute, ignoring.",
+                                 shell);
+        }
+
+        ret = strdup(shell);
+        if (!ret)
+                log_oom();
+
+        return ret;
+}
+
+char *unit_name_printf(Unit *u, const char* format) {
+
+        /*
+         * This will use the passed string as format string and
+         * replace the following specifiers:
+         *
+         * %n: the full id of the unit                 (foo@bar.waldo)
+         * %N: the id of the unit without the suffix   (foo@bar)
+         * %p: the prefix                              (foo)
+         * %i: the instance                            (bar)
+         */
+
+        const Specifier table[] = {
+                { 'n', specifier_string,              u->id },
+                { 'N', specifier_prefix_and_instance, NULL },
+                { 'p', specifier_prefix,              NULL },
+                { 'i', specifier_string,              u->instance },
+                { 0, NULL, NULL }
+        };
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(format);
+
+        return specifier_printf(format, table, u);
+}
+
+char *unit_full_printf(Unit *u, const char *format) {
+
+        /* This is similar to unit_name_printf() but also supports
+         * unescaping. Also, adds a couple of additional codes:
+         *
+         * %f the the instance if set, otherwise the id
+         * %c cgroup path of unit
+         * %r root cgroup path of this systemd instance (e.g. "/user/lennart/shared/systemd-4711")
+         * %R parent of root cgroup path (e.g. "/usr/lennart/shared")
+         * %t the runtime directory to place sockets in (e.g. "/run" or $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR)
+         * %U the UID of the configured user or running user
+         * %u the username of the configured user or running user
+         * %h the homedir of the configured user or running user
+         * %s the shell of the configured user or running user
+         * %m the machine ID of the running system
+         * %H the host name of the running system
+         * %b the boot ID of the running system
+         */
+
+        const Specifier table[] = {
+                { 'n', specifier_string,              u->id },
+                { 'N', specifier_prefix_and_instance, NULL },
+                { 'p', specifier_prefix,              NULL },
+                { 'P', specifier_prefix_unescaped,    NULL },
+                { 'i', specifier_string,              u->instance },
+                { 'I', specifier_instance_unescaped,  NULL },
+
+                { 'f', specifier_filename,            NULL },
+                { 'c', specifier_cgroup,              NULL },
+                { 'r', specifier_cgroup_root,         NULL },
+                { 'R', specifier_cgroup_root,         NULL },
+                { 't', specifier_runtime,             NULL },
+                { 'U', specifier_user_name,           NULL },
+                { 'u', specifier_user_name,           NULL },
+                { 'h', specifier_user_home,           NULL },
+                { 's', specifier_user_shell,          NULL },
+
+                { 'm', specifier_machine_id,          NULL },
+                { 'H', specifier_host_name,           NULL },
+                { 'b', specifier_boot_id,             NULL },
+                { 0, NULL, NULL }
+        };
+
+        assert(format);
+
+        return specifier_printf(format, table, u);
+}
+
+char **unit_full_printf_strv(Unit *u, char **l) {
+        size_t n;
+        char **r, **i, **j;
+
+        /* Applies unit_full_printf to every entry in l */
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        n = strv_length(l);
+        r = new(char*, n+1);
+        if (!r)
+                return NULL;
+
+        for (i = l, j = r; *i; i++, j++) {
+                *j = unit_full_printf(u, *i);
+                if (!*j)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        *j = NULL;
+        return r;
+
+fail:
+        for (j--; j >= r; j--)
+                free(*j);
+
+        free(r);
+
+        return NULL;
+}
diff --git a/src/core/unit-printf.h b/src/core/unit-printf.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d2f4ccd178
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/unit-printf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include "unit.h"
+
+char *unit_name_printf(Unit *u, const char* text);
+char *unit_full_printf(Unit *u, const char *text);
+char **unit_full_printf_strv(Unit *u, char **l);
diff --git a/src/core/unit.c b/src/core/unit.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9b36b225fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/unit.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3089 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/epoll.h>
+#include <sys/timerfd.h>
+#include <sys/poll.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+#include "systemd/sd-id128.h"
+#include "systemd/sd-messages.h"
+#include "set.h"
+#include "unit.h"
+#include "macro.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "path-util.h"
+#include "load-fragment.h"
+#include "load-dropin.h"
+#include "log.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "dbus-unit.h"
+#include "special.h"
+#include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "missing.h"
+#include "cgroup-attr.h"
+#include "mkdir.h"
+#include "label.h"
+#include "fileio-label.h"
+#include "bus-errors.h"
+
+const UnitVTable * const unit_vtable[_UNIT_TYPE_MAX] = {
+        [UNIT_SERVICE] = &service_vtable,
+        [UNIT_TIMER] = &timer_vtable,
+        [UNIT_SOCKET] = &socket_vtable,
+        [UNIT_TARGET] = &target_vtable,
+        [UNIT_DEVICE] = &device_vtable,
+        [UNIT_MOUNT] = &mount_vtable,
+        [UNIT_AUTOMOUNT] = &automount_vtable,
+        [UNIT_SNAPSHOT] = &snapshot_vtable,
+        [UNIT_SWAP] = &swap_vtable,
+        [UNIT_PATH] = &path_vtable
+};
+
+Unit *unit_new(Manager *m, size_t size) {
+        Unit *u;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(size >= sizeof(Unit));
+
+        u = malloc0(size);
+        if (!u)
+                return NULL;
+
+        u->names = set_new(string_hash_func, string_compare_func);
+        if (!u->names) {
+                free(u);
+                return NULL;
+        }
+
+        u->manager = m;
+        u->type = _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID;
+        u->deserialized_job = _JOB_TYPE_INVALID;
+        u->default_dependencies = true;
+        u->unit_file_state = _UNIT_FILE_STATE_INVALID;
+
+        return u;
+}
+
+bool unit_has_name(Unit *u, const char *name) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name);
+
+        return !!set_get(u->names, (char*) name);
+}
+
+int unit_add_name(Unit *u, const char *text) {
+        UnitType t;
+        char *s, *i = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(text);
+
+        if (unit_name_is_template(text)) {
+                if (!u->instance)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                s = unit_name_replace_instance(text, u->instance);
+        } else
+                s = strdup(text);
+
+        if (!s)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (!unit_name_is_valid(s, false)) {
+                r = -EINVAL;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        assert_se((t = unit_name_to_type(s)) >= 0);
+
+        if (u->type != _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID && t != u->type) {
+                r = -EINVAL;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if ((r = unit_name_to_instance(s, &i)) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (i && unit_vtable[t]->no_instances) {
+                r = -EINVAL;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* Ensure that this unit is either instanced or not instanced,
+         * but not both. */
+        if (u->type != _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID && !u->instance != !i) {
+                r = -EINVAL;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (unit_vtable[t]->no_alias &&
+            !set_isempty(u->names) &&
+            !set_get(u->names, s)) {
+                r = -EEXIST;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (hashmap_size(u->manager->units) >= MANAGER_MAX_NAMES) {
+                r = -E2BIG;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if ((r = set_put(u->names, s)) < 0) {
+                if (r == -EEXIST)
+                        r = 0;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if ((r = hashmap_put(u->manager->units, s, u)) < 0) {
+                set_remove(u->names, s);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (u->type == _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID) {
+
+                u->type = t;
+                u->id = s;
+                u->instance = i;
+
+                LIST_PREPEND(Unit, units_by_type, u->manager->units_by_type[t], u);
+
+                if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->init)
+                        UNIT_VTABLE(u)->init(u);
+        } else
+                free(i);
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        free(s);
+        free(i);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int unit_choose_id(Unit *u, const char *name) {
+        char *s, *t = NULL, *i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (unit_name_is_template(name)) {
+
+                if (!u->instance)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                if (!(t = unit_name_replace_instance(name, u->instance)))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                name = t;
+        }
+
+        /* Selects one of the names of this unit as the id */
+        s = set_get(u->names, (char*) name);
+        free(t);
+
+        if (!s)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        if ((r = unit_name_to_instance(s, &i)) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        u->id = s;
+
+        free(u->instance);
+        u->instance = i;
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_set_description(Unit *u, const char *description) {
+        char *s;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!(s = strdup(description)))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        free(u->description);
+        u->description = s;
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+bool unit_check_gc(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB)
+                return true;
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->no_gc)
+                return true;
+
+        if (u->no_gc)
+                return true;
+
+        if (u->job)
+                return true;
+
+        if (u->nop_job)
+                return true;
+
+        if (unit_active_state(u) != UNIT_INACTIVE)
+                return true;
+
+        if (u->refs)
+                return true;
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->check_gc)
+                if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->check_gc(u))
+                        return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+void unit_add_to_load_queue(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->type != _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID);
+
+        if (u->load_state != UNIT_STUB || u->in_load_queue)
+                return;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(Unit, load_queue, u->manager->load_queue, u);
+        u->in_load_queue = true;
+}
+
+void unit_add_to_cleanup_queue(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->in_cleanup_queue)
+                return;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(Unit, cleanup_queue, u->manager->cleanup_queue, u);
+        u->in_cleanup_queue = true;
+}
+
+void unit_add_to_gc_queue(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->in_gc_queue || u->in_cleanup_queue)
+                return;
+
+        if (unit_check_gc(u))
+                return;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(Unit, gc_queue, u->manager->gc_queue, u);
+        u->in_gc_queue = true;
+
+        u->manager->n_in_gc_queue ++;
+
+        if (u->manager->gc_queue_timestamp <= 0)
+                u->manager->gc_queue_timestamp = now(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+}
+
+void unit_add_to_dbus_queue(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->type != _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID);
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB || u->in_dbus_queue)
+                return;
+
+        /* Shortcut things if nobody cares */
+        if (!bus_has_subscriber(u->manager)) {
+                u->sent_dbus_new_signal = true;
+                return;
+        }
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(Unit, dbus_queue, u->manager->dbus_unit_queue, u);
+        u->in_dbus_queue = true;
+}
+
+static void bidi_set_free(Unit *u, Set *s) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *other;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Frees the set and makes sure we are dropped from the
+         * inverse pointers */
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, s, i) {
+                UnitDependency d;
+
+                for (d = 0; d < _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX; d++)
+                        set_remove(other->dependencies[d], u);
+
+                unit_add_to_gc_queue(other);
+        }
+
+        set_free(s);
+}
+
+void unit_free(Unit *u) {
+        UnitDependency d;
+        Iterator i;
+        char *t;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        bus_unit_send_removed_signal(u);
+
+        if (u->load_state != UNIT_STUB)
+                if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->done)
+                        UNIT_VTABLE(u)->done(u);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(t, u->names, i)
+                hashmap_remove_value(u->manager->units, t, u);
+
+        if (u->job) {
+                Job *j = u->job;
+                job_uninstall(j);
+                job_free(j);
+        }
+
+        if (u->nop_job) {
+                Job *j = u->nop_job;
+                job_uninstall(j);
+                job_free(j);
+        }
+
+        for (d = 0; d < _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX; d++)
+                bidi_set_free(u, u->dependencies[d]);
+
+        if (u->requires_mounts_for) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(Unit, has_requires_mounts_for, u->manager->has_requires_mounts_for, u);
+                strv_free(u->requires_mounts_for);
+        }
+
+        if (u->type != _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID)
+                LIST_REMOVE(Unit, units_by_type, u->manager->units_by_type[u->type], u);
+
+        if (u->in_load_queue)
+                LIST_REMOVE(Unit, load_queue, u->manager->load_queue, u);
+
+        if (u->in_dbus_queue)
+                LIST_REMOVE(Unit, dbus_queue, u->manager->dbus_unit_queue, u);
+
+        if (u->in_cleanup_queue)
+                LIST_REMOVE(Unit, cleanup_queue, u->manager->cleanup_queue, u);
+
+        if (u->in_gc_queue) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(Unit, gc_queue, u->manager->gc_queue, u);
+                u->manager->n_in_gc_queue--;
+        }
+
+        cgroup_bonding_free_list(u->cgroup_bondings, u->manager->n_reloading <= 0);
+        cgroup_attribute_free_list(u->cgroup_attributes);
+
+        free(u->description);
+        strv_free(u->documentation);
+        free(u->fragment_path);
+        free(u->source_path);
+        strv_free(u->dropin_paths);
+        free(u->instance);
+
+        set_free_free(u->names);
+
+        condition_free_list(u->conditions);
+
+        while (u->refs)
+                unit_ref_unset(u->refs);
+
+        free(u);
+}
+
+UnitActiveState unit_active_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_MERGED)
+                return unit_active_state(unit_follow_merge(u));
+
+        /* After a reload it might happen that a unit is not correctly
+         * loaded but still has a process around. That's why we won't
+         * shortcut failed loading to UNIT_INACTIVE_FAILED. */
+
+        return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->active_state(u);
+}
+
+const char* unit_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->sub_state_to_string(u);
+}
+
+static void complete_move(Set **s, Set **other) {
+        assert(s);
+        assert(other);
+
+        if (!*other)
+                return;
+
+        if (*s)
+                set_move(*s, *other);
+        else {
+                *s = *other;
+                *other = NULL;
+        }
+}
+
+static void merge_names(Unit *u, Unit *other) {
+        char *t;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(other);
+
+        complete_move(&u->names, &other->names);
+
+        set_free_free(other->names);
+        other->names = NULL;
+        other->id = NULL;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(t, u->names, i)
+                assert_se(hashmap_replace(u->manager->units, t, u) == 0);
+}
+
+static void merge_dependencies(Unit *u, Unit *other, UnitDependency d) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *back;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(other);
+        assert(d < _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX);
+
+        /* Fix backwards pointers */
+        SET_FOREACH(back, other->dependencies[d], i) {
+                UnitDependency k;
+
+                for (k = 0; k < _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX; k++)
+                        if ((r = set_remove_and_put(back->dependencies[k], other, u)) < 0) {
+
+                                if (r == -EEXIST)
+                                        set_remove(back->dependencies[k], other);
+                                else
+                                        assert(r == -ENOENT);
+                        }
+        }
+
+        complete_move(&u->dependencies[d], &other->dependencies[d]);
+
+        set_free(other->dependencies[d]);
+        other->dependencies[d] = NULL;
+}
+
+int unit_merge(Unit *u, Unit *other) {
+        UnitDependency d;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(other);
+        assert(u->manager == other->manager);
+        assert(u->type != _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID);
+
+        other = unit_follow_merge(other);
+
+        if (other == u)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (u->type != other->type)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!u->instance != !other->instance)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (other->load_state != UNIT_STUB &&
+            other->load_state != UNIT_ERROR)
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        if (other->job)
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        if (other->nop_job)
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(unit_active_state(other)))
+                return -EEXIST;
+
+        /* Merge names */
+        merge_names(u, other);
+
+        /* Redirect all references */
+        while (other->refs)
+                unit_ref_set(other->refs, u);
+
+        /* Merge dependencies */
+        for (d = 0; d < _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX; d++)
+                merge_dependencies(u, other, d);
+
+        other->load_state = UNIT_MERGED;
+        other->merged_into = u;
+
+        /* If there is still some data attached to the other node, we
+         * don't need it anymore, and can free it. */
+        if (other->load_state != UNIT_STUB)
+                if (UNIT_VTABLE(other)->done)
+                        UNIT_VTABLE(other)->done(other);
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+        unit_add_to_cleanup_queue(other);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_merge_by_name(Unit *u, const char *name) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+        char *s = NULL;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name);
+
+        if (unit_name_is_template(name)) {
+                if (!u->instance)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                if (!(s = unit_name_replace_instance(name, u->instance)))
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                name = s;
+        }
+
+        if (!(other = manager_get_unit(u->manager, name)))
+                r = unit_add_name(u, name);
+        else
+                r = unit_merge(u, other);
+
+        free(s);
+        return r;
+}
+
+Unit* unit_follow_merge(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        while (u->load_state == UNIT_MERGED)
+                assert_se(u = u->merged_into);
+
+        return u;
+}
+
+int unit_add_exec_dependencies(Unit *u, ExecContext *c) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->std_output != EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG &&
+            c->std_output != EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG &&
+            c->std_output != EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL &&
+            c->std_output != EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE &&
+            c->std_output != EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE &&
+            c->std_output != EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE &&
+            c->std_error != EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG &&
+            c->std_error != EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG &&
+            c->std_error != EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL &&
+            c->std_error != EXEC_OUTPUT_KMSG_AND_CONSOLE &&
+            c->std_error != EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE &&
+            c->std_error != EXEC_OUTPUT_SYSLOG_AND_CONSOLE)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* If syslog or kernel logging is requested, make sure our own
+         * logging daemon is run first. */
+
+        if (u->manager->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM) {
+                r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(u, UNIT_AFTER, SPECIAL_JOURNALD_SOCKET, NULL, true);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+const char *unit_description(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->description)
+                return u->description;
+
+        return strna(u->id);
+}
+
+void unit_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
+        char *t, **j;
+        UnitDependency d;
+        Iterator i;
+        char *p2;
+        const char *prefix2;
+        char
+                timestamp1[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX],
+                timestamp2[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX],
+                timestamp3[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX],
+                timestamp4[FORMAT_TIMESTAMP_MAX],
+                timespan[FORMAT_TIMESPAN_MAX];
+        Unit *following;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(u->type >= 0);
+
+        if (!prefix)
+                prefix = "";
+        p2 = strappend(prefix, "\t");
+        prefix2 = p2 ? p2 : prefix;
+
+        fprintf(f,
+                "%s-> Unit %s:\n"
+                "%s\tDescription: %s\n"
+                "%s\tInstance: %s\n"
+                "%s\tUnit Load State: %s\n"
+                "%s\tUnit Active State: %s\n"
+                "%s\tInactive Exit Timestamp: %s\n"
+                "%s\tActive Enter Timestamp: %s\n"
+                "%s\tActive Exit Timestamp: %s\n"
+                "%s\tInactive Enter Timestamp: %s\n"
+                "%s\tGC Check Good: %s\n"
+                "%s\tNeed Daemon Reload: %s\n",
+                prefix, u->id,
+                prefix, unit_description(u),
+                prefix, strna(u->instance),
+                prefix, unit_load_state_to_string(u->load_state),
+                prefix, unit_active_state_to_string(unit_active_state(u)),
+                prefix, strna(format_timestamp(timestamp1, sizeof(timestamp1), u->inactive_exit_timestamp.realtime)),
+                prefix, strna(format_timestamp(timestamp2, sizeof(timestamp2), u->active_enter_timestamp.realtime)),
+                prefix, strna(format_timestamp(timestamp3, sizeof(timestamp3), u->active_exit_timestamp.realtime)),
+                prefix, strna(format_timestamp(timestamp4, sizeof(timestamp4), u->inactive_enter_timestamp.realtime)),
+                prefix, yes_no(unit_check_gc(u)),
+                prefix, yes_no(unit_need_daemon_reload(u)));
+
+        SET_FOREACH(t, u->names, i)
+                fprintf(f, "%s\tName: %s\n", prefix, t);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(j, u->documentation)
+                fprintf(f, "%s\tDocumentation: %s\n", prefix, *j);
+
+        if ((following = unit_following(u)))
+                fprintf(f, "%s\tFollowing: %s\n", prefix, following->id);
+
+        if (u->fragment_path)
+                fprintf(f, "%s\tFragment Path: %s\n", prefix, u->fragment_path);
+
+        if (u->source_path)
+                fprintf(f, "%s\tSource Path: %s\n", prefix, u->source_path);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(j, u->dropin_paths)
+                fprintf(f, "%s\tDropIn Path: %s\n", prefix, *j);
+
+        if (u->job_timeout > 0)
+                fprintf(f, "%s\tJob Timeout: %s\n", prefix, format_timespan(timespan, sizeof(timespan), u->job_timeout, 0));
+
+        condition_dump_list(u->conditions, f, prefix);
+
+        if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&u->condition_timestamp))
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%s\tCondition Timestamp: %s\n"
+                        "%s\tCondition Result: %s\n",
+                        prefix, strna(format_timestamp(timestamp1, sizeof(timestamp1), u->condition_timestamp.realtime)),
+                        prefix, yes_no(u->condition_result));
+
+        for (d = 0; d < _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX; d++) {
+                Unit *other;
+
+                SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[d], i)
+                        fprintf(f, "%s\t%s: %s\n", prefix, unit_dependency_to_string(d), other->id);
+        }
+
+        if (!strv_isempty(u->requires_mounts_for)) {
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%s\tRequiresMountsFor:", prefix);
+
+                STRV_FOREACH(j, u->requires_mounts_for)
+                        fprintf(f, " %s", *j);
+
+                fputs("\n", f);
+        }
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+                CGroupBonding *b;
+                CGroupAttribute *a;
+
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%s\tStopWhenUnneeded: %s\n"
+                        "%s\tRefuseManualStart: %s\n"
+                        "%s\tRefuseManualStop: %s\n"
+                        "%s\tDefaultDependencies: %s\n"
+                        "%s\tOnFailureIsolate: %s\n"
+                        "%s\tIgnoreOnIsolate: %s\n"
+                        "%s\tIgnoreOnSnapshot: %s\n",
+                        prefix, yes_no(u->stop_when_unneeded),
+                        prefix, yes_no(u->refuse_manual_start),
+                        prefix, yes_no(u->refuse_manual_stop),
+                        prefix, yes_no(u->default_dependencies),
+                        prefix, yes_no(u->on_failure_isolate),
+                        prefix, yes_no(u->ignore_on_isolate),
+                        prefix, yes_no(u->ignore_on_snapshot));
+
+                LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, b, u->cgroup_bondings)
+                        fprintf(f, "%s\tControlGroup: %s:%s\n",
+                                prefix, b->controller, b->path);
+
+                LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, a, u->cgroup_attributes) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *v = NULL;
+
+                        if (a->semantics && a->semantics->map_write)
+                                a->semantics->map_write(a->semantics, a->value, &v);
+
+                        fprintf(f, "%s\tControlGroupAttribute: %s %s \"%s\"\n",
+                                prefix, a->controller, a->name, v ? v : a->value);
+                }
+
+                if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->dump)
+                        UNIT_VTABLE(u)->dump(u, f, prefix2);
+
+        } else if (u->load_state == UNIT_MERGED)
+                fprintf(f,
+                        "%s\tMerged into: %s\n",
+                        prefix, u->merged_into->id);
+        else if (u->load_state == UNIT_ERROR)
+                fprintf(f, "%s\tLoad Error Code: %s\n", prefix, strerror(-u->load_error));
+
+
+        if (u->job)
+                job_dump(u->job, f, prefix2);
+
+        if (u->nop_job)
+                job_dump(u->nop_job, f, prefix2);
+
+        free(p2);
+}
+
+/* Common implementation for multiple backends */
+int unit_load_fragment_and_dropin(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Load a .service file */
+        if ((r = unit_load_fragment(u)) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        /* Load drop-in directory data */
+        if ((r = unit_load_dropin(unit_follow_merge(u))) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+/* Common implementation for multiple backends */
+int unit_load_fragment_and_dropin_optional(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Same as unit_load_fragment_and_dropin(), but whether
+         * something can be loaded or not doesn't matter. */
+
+        /* Load a .service file */
+        if ((r = unit_load_fragment(u)) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB)
+                u->load_state = UNIT_LOADED;
+
+        /* Load drop-in directory data */
+        if ((r = unit_load_dropin(unit_follow_merge(u))) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_add_default_target_dependency(Unit *u, Unit *target) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(target);
+
+        if (target->type != UNIT_TARGET)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Only add the dependency if both units are loaded, so that
+         * that loop check below is reliable */
+        if (u->load_state != UNIT_LOADED ||
+            target->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* If either side wants no automatic dependencies, then let's
+         * skip this */
+        if (!u->default_dependencies ||
+            !target->default_dependencies)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Don't create loops */
+        if (set_get(target->dependencies[UNIT_BEFORE], u))
+                return 0;
+
+        return unit_add_dependency(target, UNIT_AFTER, u, true);
+}
+
+static int unit_add_default_dependencies(Unit *u) {
+        static const UnitDependency deps[] = {
+                UNIT_REQUIRED_BY,
+                UNIT_REQUIRED_BY_OVERRIDABLE,
+                UNIT_WANTED_BY,
+                UNIT_BOUND_BY
+        };
+
+        Unit *target;
+        Iterator i;
+        int r;
+        unsigned k;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        for (k = 0; k < ELEMENTSOF(deps); k++)
+                SET_FOREACH(target, u->dependencies[deps[k]], i)
+                        if ((r = unit_add_default_target_dependency(u, target)) < 0)
+                                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_load(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->in_load_queue) {
+                LIST_REMOVE(Unit, load_queue, u->manager->load_queue, u);
+                u->in_load_queue = false;
+        }
+
+        if (u->type == _UNIT_TYPE_INVALID)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (u->load_state != UNIT_STUB)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->load)
+                if ((r = UNIT_VTABLE(u)->load(u)) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_STUB) {
+                r = -ENOENT;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED &&
+            u->default_dependencies)
+                if ((r = unit_add_default_dependencies(u)) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+
+        if (u->load_state == UNIT_LOADED) {
+                r = unit_add_mount_links(u);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (u->on_failure_isolate &&
+            set_size(u->dependencies[UNIT_ON_FAILURE]) > 1) {
+
+                log_error_unit(u->id,
+                               "More than one OnFailure= dependencies specified for %s but OnFailureIsolate= enabled. Refusing.", u->id);
+
+                r = -EINVAL;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        assert((u->load_state != UNIT_MERGED) == !u->merged_into);
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(unit_follow_merge(u));
+        unit_add_to_gc_queue(u);
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        u->load_state = UNIT_ERROR;
+        u->load_error = r;
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+        unit_add_to_gc_queue(u);
+
+        log_debug_unit(u->id, "Failed to load configuration for %s: %s",
+                       u->id, strerror(-r));
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+bool unit_condition_test(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        dual_timestamp_get(&u->condition_timestamp);
+        u->condition_result = condition_test_list(u->conditions);
+
+        return u->condition_result;
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char* unit_get_status_message_format(Unit *u, JobType t) {
+        const UnitStatusMessageFormats *format_table;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(t >= 0);
+        assert(t < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        if (t != JOB_START && t != JOB_STOP)
+                return NULL;
+
+        format_table = &UNIT_VTABLE(u)->status_message_formats;
+        if (!format_table)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return format_table->starting_stopping[t == JOB_STOP];
+}
+
+_pure_ static const char *unit_get_status_message_format_try_harder(Unit *u, JobType t) {
+        const char *format;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(t >= 0);
+        assert(t < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        format = unit_get_status_message_format(u, t);
+        if (format)
+                return format;
+
+        /* Return generic strings */
+        if (t == JOB_START)
+                return "Starting %s.";
+        else if (t == JOB_STOP)
+                return "Stopping %s.";
+        else if (t == JOB_RELOAD)
+                return "Reloading %s.";
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+static void unit_status_print_starting_stopping(Unit *u, JobType t) {
+        const char *format;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* We only print status messages for selected units on
+         * selected operations. */
+
+        format = unit_get_status_message_format(u, t);
+        if (!format)
+                return;
+
+        unit_status_printf(u, "", format);
+}
+
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wformat-nonliteral"
+static void unit_status_log_starting_stopping_reloading(Unit *u, JobType t) {
+        const char *format;
+        char buf[LINE_MAX];
+        sd_id128_t mid;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (t != JOB_START && t != JOB_STOP && t != JOB_RELOAD)
+                return;
+
+        if (log_on_console())
+                return;
+
+        /* We log status messages for all units and all operations. */
+
+        format = unit_get_status_message_format_try_harder(u, t);
+        if (!format)
+                return;
+
+        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), format, unit_description(u));
+        char_array_0(buf);
+
+        mid = t == JOB_START ? SD_MESSAGE_UNIT_STARTING :
+              t == JOB_STOP  ? SD_MESSAGE_UNIT_STOPPING :
+                               SD_MESSAGE_UNIT_RELOADING;
+
+        log_struct_unit(LOG_INFO,
+                        u->id,
+                        MESSAGE_ID(mid),
+                        "MESSAGE=%s", buf,
+                        NULL);
+}
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+
+/* Errors:
+ *         -EBADR:     This unit type does not support starting.
+ *         -EALREADY:  Unit is already started.
+ *         -EAGAIN:    An operation is already in progress. Retry later.
+ *         -ECANCELED: Too many requests for now.
+ */
+int unit_start(Unit *u) {
+        UnitActiveState state;
+        Unit *following;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        /* If this is already started, then this will succeed. Note
+         * that this will even succeed if this unit is not startable
+         * by the user. This is relied on to detect when we need to
+         * wait for units and when waiting is finished. */
+        state = unit_active_state(u);
+        if (UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(state))
+                return -EALREADY;
+
+        /* If the conditions failed, don't do anything at all. If we
+         * already are activating this call might still be useful to
+         * speed up activation in case there is some hold-off time,
+         * but we don't want to recheck the condition in that case. */
+        if (state != UNIT_ACTIVATING &&
+            !unit_condition_test(u)) {
+                log_debug_unit(u->id, "Starting of %s requested but condition failed. Ignoring.", u->id);
+                return -EALREADY;
+        }
+
+        /* Forward to the main object, if we aren't it. */
+        if ((following = unit_following(u))) {
+                log_debug_unit(u->id, "Redirecting start request from %s to %s.",
+                               u->id, following->id);
+                return unit_start(following);
+        }
+
+        unit_status_log_starting_stopping_reloading(u, JOB_START);
+        unit_status_print_starting_stopping(u, JOB_START);
+
+        /* If it is stopped, but we cannot start it, then fail */
+        if (!UNIT_VTABLE(u)->start)
+                return -EBADR;
+
+        /* We don't suppress calls to ->start() here when we are
+         * already starting, to allow this request to be used as a
+         * "hurry up" call, for example when the unit is in some "auto
+         * restart" state where it waits for a holdoff timer to elapse
+         * before it will start again. */
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+
+        return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->start(u);
+}
+
+bool unit_can_start(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return !!UNIT_VTABLE(u)->start;
+}
+
+bool unit_can_isolate(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return unit_can_start(u) &&
+                u->allow_isolate;
+}
+
+/* Errors:
+ *         -EBADR:    This unit type does not support stopping.
+ *         -EALREADY: Unit is already stopped.
+ *         -EAGAIN:   An operation is already in progress. Retry later.
+ */
+int unit_stop(Unit *u) {
+        UnitActiveState state;
+        Unit *following;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        state = unit_active_state(u);
+        if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(state))
+                return -EALREADY;
+
+        if ((following = unit_following(u))) {
+                log_debug_unit(u->id, "Redirecting stop request from %s to %s.",
+                               u->id, following->id);
+                return unit_stop(following);
+        }
+
+        unit_status_log_starting_stopping_reloading(u, JOB_STOP);
+        unit_status_print_starting_stopping(u, JOB_STOP);
+
+        if (!UNIT_VTABLE(u)->stop)
+                return -EBADR;
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+
+        return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->stop(u);
+}
+
+/* Errors:
+ *         -EBADR:    This unit type does not support reloading.
+ *         -ENOEXEC:  Unit is not started.
+ *         -EAGAIN:   An operation is already in progress. Retry later.
+ */
+int unit_reload(Unit *u) {
+        UnitActiveState state;
+        Unit *following;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!unit_can_reload(u))
+                return -EBADR;
+
+        state = unit_active_state(u);
+        if (state == UNIT_RELOADING)
+                return -EALREADY;
+
+        if (state != UNIT_ACTIVE)
+                return -ENOEXEC;
+
+        if ((following = unit_following(u))) {
+                log_debug_unit(u->id, "Redirecting reload request from %s to %s.",
+                               u->id, following->id);
+                return unit_reload(following);
+        }
+
+        unit_status_log_starting_stopping_reloading(u, JOB_RELOAD);
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+        return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->reload(u);
+}
+
+bool unit_can_reload(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!UNIT_VTABLE(u)->reload)
+                return false;
+
+        if (!UNIT_VTABLE(u)->can_reload)
+                return true;
+
+        return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->can_reload(u);
+}
+
+static void unit_check_unneeded(Unit *u) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *other;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* If this service shall be shut down when unneeded then do
+         * so. */
+
+        if (!u->stop_when_unneeded)
+                return;
+
+        if (!UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(u)))
+                return;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRED_BY], i)
+                if (unit_active_or_pending(other))
+                        return;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRED_BY_OVERRIDABLE], i)
+                if (unit_active_or_pending(other))
+                        return;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_WANTED_BY], i)
+                if (unit_active_or_pending(other))
+                        return;
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_BOUND_BY], i)
+                if (unit_active_or_pending(other))
+                        return;
+
+        log_info_unit(u->id, "Service %s is not needed anymore. Stopping.", u->id);
+
+        /* Ok, nobody needs us anymore. Sniff. Then let's commit suicide */
+        manager_add_job(u->manager, JOB_STOP, u, JOB_FAIL, true, NULL, NULL);
+}
+
+static void retroactively_start_dependencies(Unit *u) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *other;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(u)));
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRES], i)
+                if (!set_get(u->dependencies[UNIT_AFTER], other) &&
+                    !UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        manager_add_job(u->manager, JOB_START, other, JOB_REPLACE, true, NULL, NULL);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_BINDS_TO], i)
+                if (!set_get(u->dependencies[UNIT_AFTER], other) &&
+                    !UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        manager_add_job(u->manager, JOB_START, other, JOB_REPLACE, true, NULL, NULL);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRES_OVERRIDABLE], i)
+                if (!set_get(u->dependencies[UNIT_AFTER], other) &&
+                    !UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        manager_add_job(u->manager, JOB_START, other, JOB_FAIL, false, NULL, NULL);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_WANTS], i)
+                if (!set_get(u->dependencies[UNIT_AFTER], other) &&
+                    !UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        manager_add_job(u->manager, JOB_START, other, JOB_FAIL, false, NULL, NULL);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_CONFLICTS], i)
+                if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        manager_add_job(u->manager, JOB_STOP, other, JOB_REPLACE, true, NULL, NULL);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_CONFLICTED_BY], i)
+                if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        manager_add_job(u->manager, JOB_STOP, other, JOB_REPLACE, true, NULL, NULL);
+}
+
+static void retroactively_stop_dependencies(Unit *u) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *other;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(u)));
+
+        /* Pull down units which are bound to us recursively if enabled */
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_BOUND_BY], i)
+                if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        manager_add_job(u->manager, JOB_STOP, other, JOB_REPLACE, true, NULL, NULL);
+}
+
+static void check_unneeded_dependencies(Unit *u) {
+        Iterator i;
+        Unit *other;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(u)));
+
+        /* Garbage collect services that might not be needed anymore, if enabled */
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRES], i)
+                if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        unit_check_unneeded(other);
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_REQUIRES_OVERRIDABLE], i)
+                if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        unit_check_unneeded(other);
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_WANTS], i)
+                if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        unit_check_unneeded(other);
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_REQUISITE], i)
+                if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        unit_check_unneeded(other);
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_REQUISITE_OVERRIDABLE], i)
+                if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        unit_check_unneeded(other);
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_BINDS_TO], i)
+                if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(other)))
+                        unit_check_unneeded(other);
+}
+
+void unit_start_on_failure(Unit *u) {
+        Unit *other;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (set_size(u->dependencies[UNIT_ON_FAILURE]) <= 0)
+                return;
+
+        log_info_unit(u->id, "Triggering OnFailure= dependencies of %s.", u->id);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_ON_FAILURE], i) {
+                int r;
+
+                r = manager_add_job(u->manager, JOB_START, other, u->on_failure_isolate ? JOB_ISOLATE : JOB_REPLACE, true, NULL, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        log_error_unit(u->id, "Failed to enqueue OnFailure= job: %s", strerror(-r));
+        }
+}
+
+void unit_trigger_notify(Unit *u) {
+        Unit *other;
+        Iterator i;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(other, u->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY], i)
+                if (UNIT_VTABLE(other)->trigger_notify)
+                        UNIT_VTABLE(other)->trigger_notify(other, u);
+}
+
+void unit_notify(Unit *u, UnitActiveState os, UnitActiveState ns, bool reload_success) {
+        Manager *m;
+        bool unexpected;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(os < _UNIT_ACTIVE_STATE_MAX);
+        assert(ns < _UNIT_ACTIVE_STATE_MAX);
+
+        /* Note that this is called for all low-level state changes,
+         * even if they might map to the same high-level
+         * UnitActiveState! That means that ns == os is OK an expected
+         * behavior here. For example: if a mount point is remounted
+         * this function will be called too! */
+
+        m = u->manager;
+
+        if (m->n_reloading <= 0) {
+                dual_timestamp ts;
+
+                dual_timestamp_get(&ts);
+
+                if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(os) && !UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(ns))
+                        u->inactive_exit_timestamp = ts;
+                else if (!UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(os) && UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(ns))
+                        u->inactive_enter_timestamp = ts;
+
+                if (!UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(os) && UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(ns))
+                        u->active_enter_timestamp = ts;
+                else if (UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(os) && !UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(ns))
+                        u->active_exit_timestamp = ts;
+        }
+
+        if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(ns))
+                cgroup_bonding_trim_list(u->cgroup_bondings, true);
+
+        if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(os) != UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(ns)) {
+                ExecContext *ec = unit_get_exec_context(u);
+                if (ec && exec_context_may_touch_console(ec)) {
+                        if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(ns))
+                                m->n_on_console--;
+                        else
+                                m->n_on_console++;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (u->job) {
+                unexpected = false;
+
+                if (u->job->state == JOB_WAITING)
+
+                        /* So we reached a different state for this
+                         * job. Let's see if we can run it now if it
+                         * failed previously due to EAGAIN. */
+                        job_add_to_run_queue(u->job);
+
+                /* Let's check whether this state change constitutes a
+                 * finished job, or maybe contradicts a running job and
+                 * hence needs to invalidate jobs. */
+
+                switch (u->job->type) {
+
+                case JOB_START:
+                case JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE:
+
+                        if (UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(ns))
+                                job_finish_and_invalidate(u->job, JOB_DONE, true);
+                        else if (u->job->state == JOB_RUNNING && ns != UNIT_ACTIVATING) {
+                                unexpected = true;
+
+                                if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(ns))
+                                        job_finish_and_invalidate(u->job, ns == UNIT_FAILED ? JOB_FAILED : JOB_DONE, true);
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case JOB_RELOAD:
+                case JOB_RELOAD_OR_START:
+
+                        if (u->job->state == JOB_RUNNING) {
+                                if (ns == UNIT_ACTIVE)
+                                        job_finish_and_invalidate(u->job, reload_success ? JOB_DONE : JOB_FAILED, true);
+                                else if (ns != UNIT_ACTIVATING && ns != UNIT_RELOADING) {
+                                        unexpected = true;
+
+                                        if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(ns))
+                                                job_finish_and_invalidate(u->job, ns == UNIT_FAILED ? JOB_FAILED : JOB_DONE, true);
+                                }
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case JOB_STOP:
+                case JOB_RESTART:
+                case JOB_TRY_RESTART:
+
+                        if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(ns))
+                                job_finish_and_invalidate(u->job, JOB_DONE, true);
+                        else if (u->job->state == JOB_RUNNING && ns != UNIT_DEACTIVATING) {
+                                unexpected = true;
+                                job_finish_and_invalidate(u->job, JOB_FAILED, true);
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                default:
+                        assert_not_reached("Job type unknown");
+                }
+
+        } else
+                unexpected = true;
+
+        if (m->n_reloading <= 0) {
+
+                /* If this state change happened without being
+                 * requested by a job, then let's retroactively start
+                 * or stop dependencies. We skip that step when
+                 * deserializing, since we don't want to create any
+                 * additional jobs just because something is already
+                 * activated. */
+
+                if (unexpected) {
+                        if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(os) && UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(ns))
+                                retroactively_start_dependencies(u);
+                        else if (UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(os) && UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(ns))
+                                retroactively_stop_dependencies(u);
+                }
+
+                /* stop unneeded units regardless if going down was expected or not */
+                if (UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(os) && UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(ns))
+                        check_unneeded_dependencies(u);
+
+                if (ns != os && ns == UNIT_FAILED) {
+                        log_notice_unit(u->id,
+                                        "Unit %s entered failed state.", u->id);
+                        unit_start_on_failure(u);
+                }
+        }
+
+        /* Some names are special */
+        if (UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(ns)) {
+
+                if (unit_has_name(u, SPECIAL_DBUS_SERVICE))
+                        /* The bus just might have become available,
+                         * hence try to connect to it, if we aren't
+                         * yet connected. */
+                        bus_init(m, true);
+
+                if (u->type == UNIT_SERVICE &&
+                    !UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(os) &&
+                    m->n_reloading <= 0) {
+                        /* Write audit record if we have just finished starting up */
+                        manager_send_unit_audit(m, u, AUDIT_SERVICE_START, true);
+                        u->in_audit = true;
+                }
+
+                if (!UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(os))
+                        manager_send_unit_plymouth(m, u);
+
+        } else {
+
+                /* We don't care about D-Bus here, since we'll get an
+                 * asynchronous notification for it anyway. */
+
+                if (u->type == UNIT_SERVICE &&
+                    UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(ns) &&
+                    !UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(os) &&
+                    m->n_reloading <= 0) {
+
+                        /* Hmm, if there was no start record written
+                         * write it now, so that we always have a nice
+                         * pair */
+                        if (!u->in_audit) {
+                                manager_send_unit_audit(m, u, AUDIT_SERVICE_START, ns == UNIT_INACTIVE);
+
+                                if (ns == UNIT_INACTIVE)
+                                        manager_send_unit_audit(m, u, AUDIT_SERVICE_STOP, true);
+                        } else
+                                /* Write audit record if we have just finished shutting down */
+                                manager_send_unit_audit(m, u, AUDIT_SERVICE_STOP, ns == UNIT_INACTIVE);
+
+                        u->in_audit = false;
+                }
+        }
+
+        manager_recheck_journal(m);
+        unit_trigger_notify(u);
+
+        /* Maybe we finished startup and are now ready for being
+         * stopped because unneeded? */
+        if (u->manager->n_reloading <= 0)
+                unit_check_unneeded(u);
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+        unit_add_to_gc_queue(u);
+}
+
+int unit_watch_fd(Unit *u, int fd, uint32_t events, Watch *w) {
+        struct epoll_event ev = {
+                .data.ptr = w,
+                .events = events,
+        };
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(fd >= 0);
+        assert(w);
+        assert(w->type == WATCH_INVALID || (w->type == WATCH_FD && w->fd == fd && w->data.unit == u));
+
+        if (epoll_ctl(u->manager->epoll_fd,
+                      w->type == WATCH_INVALID ? EPOLL_CTL_ADD : EPOLL_CTL_MOD,
+                      fd,
+                      &ev) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        w->fd = fd;
+        w->type = WATCH_FD;
+        w->data.unit = u;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void unit_unwatch_fd(Unit *u, Watch *w) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(w);
+
+        if (w->type == WATCH_INVALID)
+                return;
+
+        assert(w->type == WATCH_FD);
+        assert(w->data.unit == u);
+        assert_se(epoll_ctl(u->manager->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, w->fd, NULL) >= 0);
+
+        w->fd = -1;
+        w->type = WATCH_INVALID;
+        w->data.unit = NULL;
+}
+
+int unit_watch_pid(Unit *u, pid_t pid) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(pid >= 1);
+
+        /* Watch a specific PID. We only support one unit watching
+         * each PID for now. */
+
+        return hashmap_put(u->manager->watch_pids, LONG_TO_PTR(pid), u);
+}
+
+void unit_unwatch_pid(Unit *u, pid_t pid) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(pid >= 1);
+
+        hashmap_remove_value(u->manager->watch_pids, LONG_TO_PTR(pid), u);
+}
+
+int unit_watch_timer(Unit *u, clockid_t clock_id, bool relative, usec_t usec, Watch *w) {
+        struct itimerspec its = {};
+        int flags, fd;
+        bool ours;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(w);
+        assert(w->type == WATCH_INVALID || (w->type == WATCH_UNIT_TIMER && w->data.unit == u));
+
+        /* This will try to reuse the old timer if there is one */
+
+        if (w->type == WATCH_UNIT_TIMER) {
+                assert(w->data.unit == u);
+                assert(w->fd >= 0);
+
+                ours = false;
+                fd = w->fd;
+        } else if (w->type == WATCH_INVALID) {
+
+                ours = true;
+                fd = timerfd_create(clock_id, TFD_NONBLOCK|TFD_CLOEXEC);
+                if (fd < 0)
+                        return -errno;
+        } else
+                assert_not_reached("Invalid watch type");
+
+        if (usec <= 0) {
+                /* Set absolute time in the past, but not 0, since we
+                 * don't want to disarm the timer */
+                its.it_value.tv_sec = 0;
+                its.it_value.tv_nsec = 1;
+
+                flags = TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME;
+        } else {
+                timespec_store(&its.it_value, usec);
+                flags = relative ? 0 : TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME;
+        }
+
+        /* This will also flush the elapse counter */
+        if (timerfd_settime(fd, flags, &its, NULL) < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (w->type == WATCH_INVALID) {
+                struct epoll_event ev = {
+                        .data.ptr = w,
+                        .events = EPOLLIN,
+                };
+
+                if (epoll_ctl(u->manager->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, fd, &ev) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        w->type = WATCH_UNIT_TIMER;
+        w->fd = fd;
+        w->data.unit = u;
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        if (ours)
+                close_nointr_nofail(fd);
+
+        return -errno;
+}
+
+void unit_unwatch_timer(Unit *u, Watch *w) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(w);
+
+        if (w->type == WATCH_INVALID)
+                return;
+
+        assert(w->type == WATCH_UNIT_TIMER);
+        assert(w->data.unit == u);
+        assert(w->fd >= 0);
+
+        assert_se(epoll_ctl(u->manager->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, w->fd, NULL) >= 0);
+        close_nointr_nofail(w->fd);
+
+        w->fd = -1;
+        w->type = WATCH_INVALID;
+        w->data.unit = NULL;
+}
+
+bool unit_job_is_applicable(Unit *u, JobType j) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(j >= 0 && j < _JOB_TYPE_MAX);
+
+        switch (j) {
+
+        case JOB_VERIFY_ACTIVE:
+        case JOB_START:
+        case JOB_STOP:
+        case JOB_NOP:
+                return true;
+
+        case JOB_RESTART:
+        case JOB_TRY_RESTART:
+                return unit_can_start(u);
+
+        case JOB_RELOAD:
+                return unit_can_reload(u);
+
+        case JOB_RELOAD_OR_START:
+                return unit_can_reload(u) && unit_can_start(u);
+
+        default:
+                assert_not_reached("Invalid job type");
+        }
+}
+
+int unit_add_dependency(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, Unit *other, bool add_reference) {
+
+        static const UnitDependency inverse_table[_UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX] = {
+                [UNIT_REQUIRES] = UNIT_REQUIRED_BY,
+                [UNIT_REQUIRES_OVERRIDABLE] = UNIT_REQUIRED_BY_OVERRIDABLE,
+                [UNIT_WANTS] = UNIT_WANTED_BY,
+                [UNIT_REQUISITE] = UNIT_REQUIRED_BY,
+                [UNIT_REQUISITE_OVERRIDABLE] = UNIT_REQUIRED_BY_OVERRIDABLE,
+                [UNIT_BINDS_TO] = UNIT_BOUND_BY,
+                [UNIT_PART_OF] = UNIT_CONSISTS_OF,
+                [UNIT_REQUIRED_BY] = _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_INVALID,
+                [UNIT_REQUIRED_BY_OVERRIDABLE] = _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_INVALID,
+                [UNIT_WANTED_BY] = _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_INVALID,
+                [UNIT_BOUND_BY] = UNIT_BINDS_TO,
+                [UNIT_CONSISTS_OF] = UNIT_PART_OF,
+                [UNIT_CONFLICTS] = UNIT_CONFLICTED_BY,
+                [UNIT_CONFLICTED_BY] = UNIT_CONFLICTS,
+                [UNIT_BEFORE] = UNIT_AFTER,
+                [UNIT_AFTER] = UNIT_BEFORE,
+                [UNIT_ON_FAILURE] = _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_INVALID,
+                [UNIT_REFERENCES] = UNIT_REFERENCED_BY,
+                [UNIT_REFERENCED_BY] = UNIT_REFERENCES,
+                [UNIT_TRIGGERS] = UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY,
+                [UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY] = UNIT_TRIGGERS,
+                [UNIT_PROPAGATES_RELOAD_TO] = UNIT_RELOAD_PROPAGATED_FROM,
+                [UNIT_RELOAD_PROPAGATED_FROM] = UNIT_PROPAGATES_RELOAD_TO,
+        };
+        int r, q = 0, v = 0, w = 0;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(d >= 0 && d < _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX);
+        assert(other);
+
+        u = unit_follow_merge(u);
+        other = unit_follow_merge(other);
+
+        /* We won't allow dependencies on ourselves. We will not
+         * consider them an error however. */
+        if (u == other)
+                return 0;
+
+        if ((r = set_ensure_allocated(&u->dependencies[d], trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func)) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (inverse_table[d] != _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_INVALID)
+                if ((r = set_ensure_allocated(&other->dependencies[inverse_table[d]], trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+        if (add_reference)
+                if ((r = set_ensure_allocated(&u->dependencies[UNIT_REFERENCES], trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func)) < 0 ||
+                    (r = set_ensure_allocated(&other->dependencies[UNIT_REFERENCED_BY], trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+        if ((q = set_put(u->dependencies[d], other)) < 0)
+                return q;
+
+        if (inverse_table[d] != _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_INVALID)
+                if ((v = set_put(other->dependencies[inverse_table[d]], u)) < 0) {
+                        r = v;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+        if (add_reference) {
+                if ((w = set_put(u->dependencies[UNIT_REFERENCES], other)) < 0) {
+                        r = w;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+                if ((r = set_put(other->dependencies[UNIT_REFERENCED_BY], u)) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
+        }
+
+        unit_add_to_dbus_queue(u);
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        if (q > 0)
+                set_remove(u->dependencies[d], other);
+
+        if (v > 0)
+                set_remove(other->dependencies[inverse_table[d]], u);
+
+        if (w > 0)
+                set_remove(u->dependencies[UNIT_REFERENCES], other);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int unit_add_two_dependencies(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, UnitDependency e, Unit *other, bool add_reference) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if ((r = unit_add_dependency(u, d, other, add_reference)) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if ((r = unit_add_dependency(u, e, other, add_reference)) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static const char *resolve_template(Unit *u, const char *name, const char*path, char **p) {
+        char *s;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name || path);
+        assert(p);
+
+        if (!name)
+                name = path_get_file_name(path);
+
+        if (!unit_name_is_template(name)) {
+                *p = NULL;
+                return name;
+        }
+
+        if (u->instance)
+                s = unit_name_replace_instance(name, u->instance);
+        else {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *i = NULL;
+
+                i = unit_name_to_prefix(u->id);
+                if (!i)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                s = unit_name_replace_instance(name, i);
+        }
+
+        if (!s)
+                return NULL;
+
+        *p = s;
+        return s;
+}
+
+int unit_add_dependency_by_name(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, const char *name, const char *path, bool add_reference) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *s = NULL;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name || path);
+
+        name = resolve_template(u, name, path, &s);
+        if (!name)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(u->manager, name, path, NULL, &other);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return unit_add_dependency(u, d, other, add_reference);
+}
+
+int unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, UnitDependency e, const char *name, const char *path, bool add_reference) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+        char *s;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name || path);
+
+        if (!(name = resolve_template(u, name, path, &s)))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if ((r = manager_load_unit(u->manager, name, path, NULL, &other)) < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies(u, d, e, other, add_reference);
+
+finish:
+        free(s);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int unit_add_dependency_by_name_inverse(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, const char *name, const char *path, bool add_reference) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+        char *s;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name || path);
+
+        if (!(name = resolve_template(u, name, path, &s)))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if ((r = manager_load_unit(u->manager, name, path, NULL, &other)) < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        r = unit_add_dependency(other, d, u, add_reference);
+
+finish:
+        free(s);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name_inverse(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, UnitDependency e, const char *name, const char *path, bool add_reference) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+        char *s;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name || path);
+
+        if (!(name = resolve_template(u, name, path, &s)))
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if ((r = manager_load_unit(u->manager, name, path, NULL, &other)) < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+        if ((r = unit_add_two_dependencies(other, d, e, u, add_reference)) < 0)
+                goto finish;
+
+finish:
+        free(s);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int set_unit_path(const char *p) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *c = NULL;
+
+        /* This is mostly for debug purposes */
+        c = path_make_absolute_cwd(p);
+        if (setenv("SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH", c, 0) < 0)
+                return -errno;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+char *unit_dbus_path(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!u->id)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return unit_dbus_path_from_name(u->id);
+}
+
+static int unit_add_cgroup(Unit *u, CGroupBonding *b) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(b);
+
+        assert(b->path);
+
+        if (!b->controller) {
+                b->controller = strdup(SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER);
+                if (!b->controller)
+                        return log_oom();
+
+                b->ours = true;
+        }
+
+        /* Ensure this hasn't been added yet */
+        assert(!b->unit);
+
+        if (streq(b->controller, SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER)) {
+                CGroupBonding *l;
+
+                l = hashmap_get(u->manager->cgroup_bondings, b->path);
+                LIST_PREPEND(CGroupBonding, by_path, l, b);
+
+                r = hashmap_replace(u->manager->cgroup_bondings, b->path, l);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        LIST_REMOVE(CGroupBonding, by_path, l, b);
+                        return r;
+                }
+        }
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(CGroupBonding, by_unit, u->cgroup_bondings, b);
+        b->unit = u;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+char *unit_default_cgroup_path(Unit *u) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *escaped_instance = NULL;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        escaped_instance = cg_escape(u->id);
+        if (!escaped_instance)
+                return NULL;
+
+        if (u->instance) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL, *escaped_template = NULL;
+
+                t = unit_name_template(u->id);
+                if (!t)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                escaped_template = cg_escape(t);
+                if (!escaped_template)
+                        return NULL;
+
+                return strjoin(u->manager->cgroup_hierarchy, "/", escaped_template, "/", escaped_instance, NULL);
+        } else
+                return strjoin(u->manager->cgroup_hierarchy, "/", escaped_instance, NULL);
+}
+
+int unit_add_cgroup_from_text(Unit *u, const char *name, bool overwrite, CGroupBonding **ret) {
+        char *controller = NULL, *path = NULL;
+        CGroupBonding *b = NULL;
+        bool ours = false;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name);
+
+        r = cg_split_spec(name, &controller, &path);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (!path) {
+                path = unit_default_cgroup_path(u);
+                ours = true;
+        }
+
+        if (!controller) {
+                controller = strdup("systemd");
+                ours = true;
+        }
+
+        if (!path || !controller) {
+                free(path);
+                free(controller);
+                return log_oom();
+        }
+
+        if (streq(controller, "systemd")) {
+                /* Within the systemd unit hierarchy we do not allow changes. */
+                if (path_startswith(path, "/system")) {
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id, "Manipulating the systemd:/system cgroup hierarchy is not permitted.");
+                        free(path);
+                        free(controller);
+                        return -EPERM;
+                }
+        }
+
+        b = cgroup_bonding_find_list(u->cgroup_bondings, controller);
+        if (b) {
+                if (streq(path, b->path)) {
+                        free(path);
+                        free(controller);
+
+                        if (ret)
+                                *ret = b;
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                if (overwrite && !b->essential) {
+                        free(controller);
+
+                        free(b->path);
+                        b->path = path;
+
+                        b->ours = ours;
+                        b->realized = false;
+
+                        if (ret)
+                                *ret = b;
+
+                        return 1;
+                }
+
+                r = -EEXIST;
+                b = NULL;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        b = new0(CGroupBonding, 1);
+        if (!b) {
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        b->controller = controller;
+        b->path = path;
+        b->ours = ours;
+        b->essential = streq(controller, SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER);
+
+        r = unit_add_cgroup(u, b);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        if (ret)
+                *ret = b;
+
+        return 1;
+
+fail:
+        free(path);
+        free(controller);
+        free(b);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int unit_add_one_default_cgroup(Unit *u, const char *controller) {
+        CGroupBonding *b = NULL;
+        int r = -ENOMEM;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (controller && !cg_controller_is_valid(controller, true))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!controller)
+                controller = SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER;
+
+        if (cgroup_bonding_find_list(u->cgroup_bondings, controller))
+                return 0;
+
+        b = new0(CGroupBonding, 1);
+        if (!b)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        b->controller = strdup(controller);
+        if (!b->controller)
+                goto fail;
+
+        b->path = unit_default_cgroup_path(u);
+        if (!b->path)
+                goto fail;
+
+        b->ours = true;
+        b->essential = streq(controller, SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER);
+
+        r = unit_add_cgroup(u, b);
+        if (r < 0)
+                goto fail;
+
+        return 1;
+
+fail:
+        free(b->path);
+        free(b->controller);
+        free(b);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int unit_add_default_cgroups(Unit *u) {
+        CGroupAttribute *a;
+        char **c;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Adds in the default cgroups, if they weren't specified
+         * otherwise. */
+
+        if (!u->manager->cgroup_hierarchy)
+                return 0;
+
+        r = unit_add_one_default_cgroup(u, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(c, u->manager->default_controllers)
+                unit_add_one_default_cgroup(u, *c);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(by_unit, a, u->cgroup_attributes)
+                unit_add_one_default_cgroup(u, a->controller);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+CGroupBonding* unit_get_default_cgroup(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return cgroup_bonding_find_list(u->cgroup_bondings, NULL);
+}
+
+int unit_add_cgroup_attribute(
+                Unit *u,
+                const CGroupSemantics *semantics,
+                const char *controller,
+                const char *name,
+                const char *value,
+                CGroupAttribute **ret) {
+
+        _cleanup_free_ char *c = NULL;
+        CGroupAttribute *a;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(value);
+
+        if (semantics) {
+                /* Semantics always take precedence */
+                if (semantics->name)
+                        name = semantics->name;
+
+                if (semantics->controller)
+                        controller = semantics->controller;
+        }
+
+        if (!name)
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!controller) {
+                r = cg_controller_from_attr(name, &c);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return -EINVAL;
+
+                controller = c;
+        }
+
+        if (!controller ||
+            streq(controller, SYSTEMD_CGROUP_CONTROLLER) ||
+            streq(controller, "systemd"))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!filename_is_safe(name))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (!cg_controller_is_valid(controller, false))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        /* Check if this attribute already exists. Note that we will
+         * explicitly check for the value here too, as there are
+         * attributes which accept multiple values. */
+        a = cgroup_attribute_find_list(u->cgroup_attributes, controller, name);
+        if (a) {
+                if (streq(value, a->value)) {
+                        /* Exactly the same value is always OK, let's ignore this */
+                        if (ret)
+                                *ret = a;
+
+                        return 0;
+                }
+
+                if (semantics && !semantics->multiple) {
+                        char *v;
+
+                        /* If this is a single-item entry, we can
+                         * simply patch the existing attribute */
+
+                        v = strdup(value);
+                        if (!v)
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+
+                        free(a->value);
+                        a->value = v;
+
+                        if (ret)
+                                *ret = a;
+                        return 1;
+                }
+        }
+
+        a = new0(CGroupAttribute, 1);
+        if (!a)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (c) {
+                a->controller = c;
+                c = NULL;
+        } else
+                a->controller = strdup(controller);
+
+        a->name = strdup(name);
+        a->value = strdup(value);
+
+        if (!a->controller || !a->name || !a->value) {
+                free(a->controller);
+                free(a->name);
+                free(a->value);
+                free(a);
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        a->semantics = semantics;
+        a->unit = u;
+
+        LIST_PREPEND(CGroupAttribute, by_unit, u->cgroup_attributes, a);
+
+        if (ret)
+                *ret = a;
+
+        return 1;
+}
+
+int unit_load_related_unit(Unit *u, const char *type, Unit **_found) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(type);
+        assert(_found);
+
+        t = unit_name_change_suffix(u->id, type);
+        if (!t)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        assert(!unit_has_name(u, t));
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(u->manager, t, NULL, NULL, _found);
+        assert(r < 0 || *_found != u);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int unit_get_related_unit(Unit *u, const char *type, Unit **_found) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
+        Unit *found;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(type);
+        assert(_found);
+
+        t = unit_name_change_suffix(u->id, type);
+        if (!t)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        assert(!unit_has_name(u, t));
+
+        found = manager_get_unit(u->manager, t);
+        if (!found)
+                return -ENOENT;
+
+        *_found = found;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_watch_bus_name(Unit *u, const char *name) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name);
+
+        /* Watch a specific name on the bus. We only support one unit
+         * watching each name for now. */
+
+        return hashmap_put(u->manager->watch_bus, name, u);
+}
+
+void unit_unwatch_bus_name(Unit *u, const char *name) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name);
+
+        hashmap_remove_value(u->manager->watch_bus, name, u);
+}
+
+bool unit_can_serialize(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->serialize && UNIT_VTABLE(u)->deserialize_item;
+}
+
+int unit_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds, bool serialize_jobs) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (!unit_can_serialize(u))
+                return 0;
+
+        if ((r = UNIT_VTABLE(u)->serialize(u, f, fds)) < 0)
+                return r;
+
+
+        if (serialize_jobs) {
+                if (u->job) {
+                        fprintf(f, "job\n");
+                        job_serialize(u->job, f, fds);
+                }
+
+                if (u->nop_job) {
+                        fprintf(f, "job\n");
+                        job_serialize(u->nop_job, f, fds);
+                }
+        }
+
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "inactive-exit-timestamp", &u->inactive_exit_timestamp);
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "active-enter-timestamp", &u->active_enter_timestamp);
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "active-exit-timestamp", &u->active_exit_timestamp);
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "inactive-enter-timestamp", &u->inactive_enter_timestamp);
+        dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "condition-timestamp", &u->condition_timestamp);
+
+        if (dual_timestamp_is_set(&u->condition_timestamp))
+                unit_serialize_item(u, f, "condition-result", yes_no(u->condition_result));
+
+        /* End marker */
+        fputc('\n', f);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+void unit_serialize_item_format(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *key, const char *format, ...) {
+        va_list ap;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(format);
+
+        fputs(key, f);
+        fputc('=', f);
+
+        va_start(ap, format);
+        vfprintf(f, format, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        fputc('\n', f);
+}
+
+void unit_serialize_item(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *key, const char *value) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(key);
+        assert(value);
+
+        fprintf(f, "%s=%s\n", key, value);
+}
+
+int unit_deserialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(f);
+        assert(fds);
+
+        if (!unit_can_serialize(u))
+                return 0;
+
+        for (;;) {
+                char line[LINE_MAX], *l, *v;
+                size_t k;
+
+                if (!fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
+                        if (feof(f))
+                                return 0;
+                        return -errno;
+                }
+
+                char_array_0(line);
+                l = strstrip(line);
+
+                /* End marker */
+                if (l[0] == 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+                k = strcspn(l, "=");
+
+                if (l[k] == '=') {
+                        l[k] = 0;
+                        v = l+k+1;
+                } else
+                        v = l+k;
+
+                if (streq(l, "job")) {
+                        if (v[0] == '\0') {
+                                /* new-style serialized job */
+                                Job *j = job_new_raw(u);
+                                if (!j)
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                r = job_deserialize(j, f, fds);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        job_free(j);
+                                        return r;
+                                }
+
+                                r = hashmap_put(u->manager->jobs, UINT32_TO_PTR(j->id), j);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        job_free(j);
+                                        return r;
+                                }
+
+                                r = job_install_deserialized(j);
+                                if (r < 0) {
+                                        hashmap_remove(u->manager->jobs, UINT32_TO_PTR(j->id));
+                                        job_free(j);
+                                        return r;
+                                }
+
+                                if (j->state == JOB_RUNNING)
+                                        u->manager->n_running_jobs++;
+                        } else {
+                                /* legacy */
+                                JobType type = job_type_from_string(v);
+                                if (type < 0)
+                                        log_debug("Failed to parse job type value %s", v);
+                                else
+                                        u->deserialized_job = type;
+                        }
+                        continue;
+                } else if (streq(l, "inactive-exit-timestamp")) {
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(v, &u->inactive_exit_timestamp);
+                        continue;
+                } else if (streq(l, "active-enter-timestamp")) {
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(v, &u->active_enter_timestamp);
+                        continue;
+                } else if (streq(l, "active-exit-timestamp")) {
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(v, &u->active_exit_timestamp);
+                        continue;
+                } else if (streq(l, "inactive-enter-timestamp")) {
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(v, &u->inactive_enter_timestamp);
+                        continue;
+                } else if (streq(l, "condition-timestamp")) {
+                        dual_timestamp_deserialize(v, &u->condition_timestamp);
+                        continue;
+                } else if (streq(l, "condition-result")) {
+                        int b;
+
+                        if ((b = parse_boolean(v)) < 0)
+                                log_debug("Failed to parse condition result value %s", v);
+                        else
+                                u->condition_result = b;
+
+                        continue;
+                }
+
+                if ((r = UNIT_VTABLE(u)->deserialize_item(u, l, v, fds)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+}
+
+int unit_add_node_link(Unit *u, const char *what, bool wants) {
+        Unit *device;
+        char *e;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (!what)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* Adds in links to the device node that this unit is based on */
+
+        if (!is_device_path(what))
+                return 0;
+
+        e = unit_name_from_path(what, ".device");
+        if (!e)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = manager_load_unit(u->manager, e, NULL, NULL, &device);
+        free(e);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = unit_add_two_dependencies(u, UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_BINDS_TO, device, true);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        if (wants) {
+                r = unit_add_dependency(device, UNIT_WANTS, u, false);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_coldplug(Unit *u) {
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->coldplug)
+                if ((r = UNIT_VTABLE(u)->coldplug(u)) < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+        if (u->job) {
+                r = job_coldplug(u->job);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        } else if (u->deserialized_job >= 0) {
+                /* legacy */
+                r = manager_add_job(u->manager, u->deserialized_job, u, JOB_IGNORE_REQUIREMENTS, false, NULL, NULL);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                u->deserialized_job = _JOB_TYPE_INVALID;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wformat-nonliteral"
+void unit_status_printf(Unit *u, const char *status, const char *unit_status_msg_format) {
+        manager_status_printf(u->manager, false, status, unit_status_msg_format, unit_description(u));
+}
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+
+bool unit_need_daemon_reload(Unit *u) {
+        _cleanup_strv_free_ char **t = NULL;
+        char **path;
+        struct stat st;
+        unsigned loaded_cnt, current_cnt;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->fragment_path) {
+                zero(st);
+                if (stat(u->fragment_path, &st) < 0)
+                        /* What, cannot access this anymore? */
+                        return true;
+
+                if (u->fragment_mtime > 0 &&
+                    timespec_load(&st.st_mtim) != u->fragment_mtime)
+                        return true;
+        }
+
+        if (u->source_path) {
+                zero(st);
+                if (stat(u->source_path, &st) < 0)
+                        return true;
+
+                if (u->source_mtime > 0 &&
+                    timespec_load(&st.st_mtim) != u->source_mtime)
+                        return true;
+        }
+
+        t = unit_find_dropin_paths(u);
+        loaded_cnt = strv_length(t);
+        current_cnt = strv_length(u->dropin_paths);
+
+        if (loaded_cnt == current_cnt) {
+                if (loaded_cnt == 0)
+                        return false;
+
+                if (strv_overlap(u->dropin_paths, t)) {
+                        STRV_FOREACH(path, u->dropin_paths) {
+                                zero(st);
+                                if (stat(*path, &st) < 0)
+                                        return true;
+
+                                if (u->dropin_mtime > 0 &&
+                                    timespec_load(&st.st_mtim) > u->dropin_mtime)
+                                        return true;
+                        }
+
+                        return false;
+                } else
+                        return true;
+        } else
+                return true;
+}
+
+void unit_reset_failed(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->reset_failed)
+                UNIT_VTABLE(u)->reset_failed(u);
+}
+
+Unit *unit_following(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->following)
+                return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->following(u);
+
+        return NULL;
+}
+
+bool unit_stop_pending(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* This call does check the current state of the unit. It's
+         * hence useful to be called from state change calls of the
+         * unit itself, where the state isn't updated yet. This is
+         * different from unit_inactive_or_pending() which checks both
+         * the current state and for a queued job. */
+
+        return u->job && u->job->type == JOB_STOP;
+}
+
+bool unit_inactive_or_pending(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Returns true if the unit is inactive or going down */
+
+        if (UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(unit_active_state(u)))
+                return true;
+
+        if (unit_stop_pending(u))
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+bool unit_active_or_pending(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        /* Returns true if the unit is active or going up */
+
+        if (UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(u)))
+                return true;
+
+        if (u->job &&
+            (u->job->type == JOB_START ||
+             u->job->type == JOB_RELOAD_OR_START ||
+             u->job->type == JOB_RESTART))
+                return true;
+
+        return false;
+}
+
+int unit_kill(Unit *u, KillWho w, int signo, DBusError *error) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(w >= 0 && w < _KILL_WHO_MAX);
+        assert(signo > 0);
+        assert(signo < _NSIG);
+
+        if (!UNIT_VTABLE(u)->kill)
+                return -ENOTSUP;
+
+        return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->kill(u, w, signo, error);
+}
+
+int unit_kill_common(
+                Unit *u,
+                KillWho who,
+                int signo,
+                pid_t main_pid,
+                pid_t control_pid,
+                DBusError *error) {
+
+        int r = 0;
+
+        if (who == KILL_MAIN && main_pid <= 0) {
+                if (main_pid < 0)
+                        dbus_set_error(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_PROCESS, "%s units have no main processes", unit_type_to_string(u->type));
+                else
+                        dbus_set_error(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_PROCESS, "No main process to kill");
+                return -ESRCH;
+        }
+
+        if (who == KILL_CONTROL && control_pid <= 0) {
+                if (control_pid < 0)
+                        dbus_set_error(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_PROCESS, "%s units have no control processes", unit_type_to_string(u->type));
+                else
+                        dbus_set_error(error, BUS_ERROR_NO_SUCH_PROCESS, "No control process to kill");
+                return -ESRCH;
+        }
+
+        if (who == KILL_CONTROL || who == KILL_ALL)
+                if (control_pid > 0)
+                        if (kill(control_pid, signo) < 0)
+                                r = -errno;
+
+        if (who == KILL_MAIN || who == KILL_ALL)
+                if (main_pid > 0)
+                        if (kill(main_pid, signo) < 0)
+                                r = -errno;
+
+        if (who == KILL_ALL) {
+                _cleanup_set_free_ Set *pid_set = NULL;
+                int q;
+
+                pid_set = set_new(trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func);
+                if (!pid_set)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                /* Exclude the control/main pid from being killed via the cgroup */
+                if (control_pid > 0) {
+                        q = set_put(pid_set, LONG_TO_PTR(control_pid));
+                        if (q < 0)
+                                return q;
+                }
+
+                if (main_pid > 0) {
+                        q = set_put(pid_set, LONG_TO_PTR(main_pid));
+                        if (q < 0)
+                                return q;
+                }
+
+                q = cgroup_bonding_kill_list(u->cgroup_bondings, signo, false, false, pid_set, NULL);
+                if (q < 0 && q != -EAGAIN && q != -ESRCH && q != -ENOENT)
+                        r = q;
+        }
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int unit_following_set(Unit *u, Set **s) {
+        assert(u);
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->following_set)
+                return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->following_set(u, s);
+
+        *s = NULL;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+UnitFileState unit_get_unit_file_state(Unit *u) {
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (u->unit_file_state < 0 && u->fragment_path)
+                u->unit_file_state = unit_file_get_state(
+                                u->manager->running_as == SYSTEMD_SYSTEM ? UNIT_FILE_SYSTEM : UNIT_FILE_USER,
+                                NULL, path_get_file_name(u->fragment_path));
+
+        return u->unit_file_state;
+}
+
+Unit* unit_ref_set(UnitRef *ref, Unit *u) {
+        assert(ref);
+        assert(u);
+
+        if (ref->unit)
+                unit_ref_unset(ref);
+
+        ref->unit = u;
+        LIST_PREPEND(UnitRef, refs, u->refs, ref);
+        return u;
+}
+
+void unit_ref_unset(UnitRef *ref) {
+        assert(ref);
+
+        if (!ref->unit)
+                return;
+
+        LIST_REMOVE(UnitRef, refs, ref->unit->refs, ref);
+        ref->unit = NULL;
+}
+
+int unit_add_one_mount_link(Unit *u, Mount *m) {
+        char **i;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (u->load_state != UNIT_LOADED ||
+            UNIT(m)->load_state != UNIT_LOADED)
+                return 0;
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, u->requires_mounts_for) {
+
+                if (UNIT(m) == u)
+                        continue;
+
+                if (!path_startswith(*i, m->where))
+                        continue;
+
+                return unit_add_two_dependencies(u, UNIT_AFTER, UNIT_REQUIRES, UNIT(m), true);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_add_mount_links(Unit *u) {
+        Unit *other;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        LIST_FOREACH(units_by_type, other, u->manager->units_by_type[UNIT_MOUNT]) {
+                r = unit_add_one_mount_link(u, MOUNT(other));
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_exec_context_defaults(Unit *u, ExecContext *c) {
+        unsigned i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(c);
+
+        /* This only copies in the ones that need memory */
+
+        for (i = 0; i < RLIMIT_NLIMITS; i++)
+                if (u->manager->rlimit[i] && !c->rlimit[i]) {
+                        c->rlimit[i] = newdup(struct rlimit, u->manager->rlimit[i], 1);
+                        if (!c->rlimit[i])
+                                return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+        if (u->manager->running_as == SYSTEMD_USER &&
+            !c->working_directory) {
+
+                r = get_home_dir(&c->working_directory);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+ExecContext *unit_get_exec_context(Unit *u) {
+        size_t offset;
+        assert(u);
+
+        offset = UNIT_VTABLE(u)->exec_context_offset;
+        if (offset <= 0)
+                return NULL;
+
+        return (ExecContext*) ((uint8_t*) u + offset);
+}
+
+static int drop_in_file(Unit *u, bool runtime, const char *name, char **_p, char **_q) {
+        char *p, *q;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(name);
+        assert(_p);
+        assert(_q);
+
+        if (u->manager->running_as == SYSTEMD_USER && runtime)
+                return -ENOTSUP;
+
+        if (!filename_is_safe(name))
+                return -EINVAL;
+
+        if (u->manager->running_as == SYSTEMD_USER) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *c = NULL;
+
+                r = user_config_home(&c);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+                if (r == 0)
+                        return -ENOENT;
+
+                p = strjoin(c, "/", u->id, ".d", NULL);
+        } else  if (runtime)
+                p = strjoin("/run/systemd/system/", u->id, ".d", NULL);
+        else
+                p = strjoin("/etc/systemd/system/", u->id, ".d", NULL);
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        q = strjoin(p, "/50-", name, ".conf", NULL);
+        if (!q) {
+                free(p);
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        *_p = p;
+        *_q = q;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unit_write_drop_in(Unit *u, bool runtime, const char *name, const char *data) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL, *q = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = drop_in_file(u, runtime, name, &p, &q);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        mkdir_p(p, 0755);
+        return write_string_file_atomic_label(q, data);
+}
+
+int unit_remove_drop_in(Unit *u, bool runtime, const char *name) {
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL, *q = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        r = drop_in_file(u, runtime, name, &p, &q);
+        if (unlink(q) < 0)
+                r = -errno;
+        else
+                r = 0;
+
+        rmdir(p);
+        return r;
+}
+
+int unit_kill_context(
+                Unit *u,
+                KillContext *c,
+                bool sigkill,
+                pid_t main_pid,
+                pid_t control_pid,
+                bool main_pid_alien) {
+
+        int sig, wait_for_exit = 0, r;
+
+        assert(u);
+        assert(c);
+
+        if (c->kill_mode == KILL_NONE)
+                return 0;
+
+        sig = sigkill ? SIGKILL : c->kill_signal;
+
+        if (main_pid > 0) {
+                r = kill_and_sigcont(main_pid, sig);
+
+                if (r < 0 && r != -ESRCH) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *comm = NULL;
+                        get_process_comm(main_pid, &comm);
+
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id, "Failed to kill main process %li (%s): %s",
+                                         (long) main_pid, strna(comm), strerror(-r));
+                } else
+                        wait_for_exit = !main_pid_alien;
+        }
+
+        if (control_pid > 0) {
+                r = kill_and_sigcont(control_pid, sig);
+
+                if (r < 0 && r != -ESRCH) {
+                        _cleanup_free_ char *comm = NULL;
+                        get_process_comm(control_pid, &comm);
+
+                        log_warning_unit(u->id,
+                                         "Failed to kill control process %li (%s): %s",
+                                         (long) control_pid, strna(comm), strerror(-r));
+                } else
+                        wait_for_exit = true;
+        }
+
+        if (c->kill_mode == KILL_CONTROL_GROUP) {
+                _cleanup_set_free_ Set *pid_set = NULL;
+
+                pid_set = set_new(trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func);
+                if (!pid_set)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                /* Exclude the main/control pids from being killed via the cgroup */
+                if (main_pid > 0) {
+                        r = set_put(pid_set, LONG_TO_PTR(main_pid));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                if (control_pid > 0) {
+                        r = set_put(pid_set, LONG_TO_PTR(control_pid));
+                        if (r < 0)
+                                return r;
+                }
+
+                r = cgroup_bonding_kill_list(u->cgroup_bondings, sig, true, false, pid_set, NULL);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        if (r != -EAGAIN && r != -ESRCH && r != -ENOENT)
+                                log_warning_unit(u->id, "Failed to kill control group: %s", strerror(-r));
+                } else if (r > 0)
+                        wait_for_exit = true;
+        }
+
+        return wait_for_exit;
+}
+
+static const char* const unit_active_state_table[_UNIT_ACTIVE_STATE_MAX] = {
+        [UNIT_ACTIVE] = "active",
+        [UNIT_RELOADING] = "reloading",
+        [UNIT_INACTIVE] = "inactive",
+        [UNIT_FAILED] = "failed",
+        [UNIT_ACTIVATING] = "activating",
+        [UNIT_DEACTIVATING] = "deactivating"
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(unit_active_state, UnitActiveState);
+
+static const char* const unit_dependency_table[_UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX] = {
+        [UNIT_REQUIRES] = "Requires",
+        [UNIT_REQUIRES_OVERRIDABLE] = "RequiresOverridable",
+        [UNIT_REQUISITE] = "Requisite",
+        [UNIT_REQUISITE_OVERRIDABLE] = "RequisiteOverridable",
+        [UNIT_WANTS] = "Wants",
+        [UNIT_BINDS_TO] = "BindsTo",
+        [UNIT_PART_OF] = "PartOf",
+        [UNIT_REQUIRED_BY] = "RequiredBy",
+        [UNIT_REQUIRED_BY_OVERRIDABLE] = "RequiredByOverridable",
+        [UNIT_WANTED_BY] = "WantedBy",
+        [UNIT_BOUND_BY] = "BoundBy",
+        [UNIT_CONSISTS_OF] = "ConsistsOf",
+        [UNIT_CONFLICTS] = "Conflicts",
+        [UNIT_CONFLICTED_BY] = "ConflictedBy",
+        [UNIT_BEFORE] = "Before",
+        [UNIT_AFTER] = "After",
+        [UNIT_ON_FAILURE] = "OnFailure",
+        [UNIT_TRIGGERS] = "Triggers",
+        [UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY] = "TriggeredBy",
+        [UNIT_PROPAGATES_RELOAD_TO] = "PropagatesReloadTo",
+        [UNIT_RELOAD_PROPAGATED_FROM] = "ReloadPropagatedFrom",
+        [UNIT_REFERENCES] = "References",
+        [UNIT_REFERENCED_BY] = "ReferencedBy",
+};
+
+DEFINE_STRING_TABLE_LOOKUP(unit_dependency, UnitDependency);
diff --git a/src/core/unit.h b/src/core/unit.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b04475e4fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/unit.h
@@ -0,0 +1,588 @@
+/*-*- Mode: C; c-basic-offset: 8; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-*/
+
+#pragma once
+
+/***
+  This file is part of systemd.
+
+  Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
+
+  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+typedef struct Unit Unit;
+typedef struct UnitVTable UnitVTable;
+typedef enum UnitActiveState UnitActiveState;
+typedef enum UnitDependency UnitDependency;
+typedef struct UnitRef UnitRef;
+typedef struct UnitStatusMessageFormats UnitStatusMessageFormats;
+
+#include "set.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "list.h"
+#include "socket-util.h"
+#include "execute.h"
+#include "condition.h"
+#include "install.h"
+#include "unit-name.h"
+#include "cgroup-semantics.h"
+
+enum UnitActiveState {
+        UNIT_ACTIVE,
+        UNIT_RELOADING,
+        UNIT_INACTIVE,
+        UNIT_FAILED,
+        UNIT_ACTIVATING,
+        UNIT_DEACTIVATING,
+        _UNIT_ACTIVE_STATE_MAX,
+        _UNIT_ACTIVE_STATE_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+static inline bool UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(UnitActiveState t) {
+        return t == UNIT_ACTIVE || t == UNIT_RELOADING;
+}
+
+static inline bool UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(UnitActiveState t) {
+        return t == UNIT_ACTIVE || t == UNIT_ACTIVATING || t == UNIT_RELOADING;
+}
+
+static inline bool UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_DEACTIVATING(UnitActiveState t) {
+        return t == UNIT_INACTIVE || t == UNIT_FAILED || t == UNIT_DEACTIVATING;
+}
+
+static inline bool UNIT_IS_INACTIVE_OR_FAILED(UnitActiveState t) {
+        return t == UNIT_INACTIVE || t == UNIT_FAILED;
+}
+
+enum UnitDependency {
+        /* Positive dependencies */
+        UNIT_REQUIRES,
+        UNIT_REQUIRES_OVERRIDABLE,
+        UNIT_REQUISITE,
+        UNIT_REQUISITE_OVERRIDABLE,
+        UNIT_WANTS,
+        UNIT_BINDS_TO,
+        UNIT_PART_OF,
+
+        /* Inverse of the above */
+        UNIT_REQUIRED_BY,             /* inverse of 'requires' and 'requisite' is 'required_by' */
+        UNIT_REQUIRED_BY_OVERRIDABLE, /* inverse of 'requires_overridable' and 'requisite_overridable' is 'soft_required_by' */
+        UNIT_WANTED_BY,               /* inverse of 'wants' */
+        UNIT_BOUND_BY,                /* inverse of 'binds_to' */
+        UNIT_CONSISTS_OF,             /* inverse of 'part_of' */
+
+        /* Negative dependencies */
+        UNIT_CONFLICTS,               /* inverse of 'conflicts' is 'conflicted_by' */
+        UNIT_CONFLICTED_BY,
+
+        /* Order */
+        UNIT_BEFORE,                  /* inverse of 'before' is 'after' and vice versa */
+        UNIT_AFTER,
+
+        /* On Failure */
+        UNIT_ON_FAILURE,
+
+        /* Triggers (i.e. a socket triggers a service) */
+        UNIT_TRIGGERS,
+        UNIT_TRIGGERED_BY,
+
+        /* Propagate reloads */
+        UNIT_PROPAGATES_RELOAD_TO,
+        UNIT_RELOAD_PROPAGATED_FROM,
+
+        /* Reference information for GC logic */
+        UNIT_REFERENCES,              /* Inverse of 'references' is 'referenced_by' */
+        UNIT_REFERENCED_BY,
+
+        _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX,
+        _UNIT_DEPENDENCY_INVALID = -1
+};
+
+#include "manager.h"
+#include "job.h"
+#include "cgroup.h"
+#include "cgroup-attr.h"
+
+struct Unit {
+        Manager *manager;
+
+        UnitType type;
+        UnitLoadState load_state;
+        Unit *merged_into;
+
+        char *id; /* One name is special because we use it for identification. Points to an entry in the names set */
+        char *instance;
+
+        Set *names;
+        Set *dependencies[_UNIT_DEPENDENCY_MAX];
+
+        char **requires_mounts_for;
+
+        char *description;
+        char **documentation;
+
+        char *fragment_path; /* if loaded from a config file this is the primary path to it */
+        char *source_path; /* if converted, the source file */
+        char **dropin_paths;
+        usec_t fragment_mtime;
+        usec_t source_mtime;
+        usec_t dropin_mtime;
+
+        /* If there is something to do with this unit, then this is the installed job for it */
+        Job *job;
+
+        /* JOB_NOP jobs are special and can be installed without disturbing the real job. */
+        Job *nop_job;
+
+        usec_t job_timeout;
+
+        /* References to this */
+        LIST_HEAD(UnitRef, refs);
+
+        /* Conditions to check */
+        LIST_HEAD(Condition, conditions);
+
+        dual_timestamp condition_timestamp;
+
+        dual_timestamp inactive_exit_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp active_enter_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp active_exit_timestamp;
+        dual_timestamp inactive_enter_timestamp;
+
+        /* Counterparts in the cgroup filesystem */
+        CGroupBonding *cgroup_bondings;
+        CGroupAttribute *cgroup_attributes;
+
+        /* Per type list */
+        LIST_FIELDS(Unit, units_by_type);
+
+        /* All units which have requires_mounts_for set */
+        LIST_FIELDS(Unit, has_requires_mounts_for);
+
+        /* Load queue */
+        LIST_FIELDS(Unit, load_queue);
+
+        /* D-Bus queue */
+        LIST_FIELDS(Unit, dbus_queue);
+
+        /* Cleanup queue */
+        LIST_FIELDS(Unit, cleanup_queue);
+
+        /* GC queue */
+        LIST_FIELDS(Unit, gc_queue);
+
+        /* Used during GC sweeps */
+        unsigned gc_marker;
+
+        /* When deserializing, temporarily store the job type for this
+         * unit here, if there was a job scheduled.
+         * Only for deserializing from a legacy version. New style uses full
+         * serialized jobs. */
+        int deserialized_job; /* This is actually of type JobType */
+
+        /* Error code when we didn't manage to load the unit (negative) */
+        int load_error;
+
+        /* Cached unit file state */
+        UnitFileState unit_file_state;
+
+        /* Garbage collect us we nobody wants or requires us anymore */
+        bool stop_when_unneeded;
+
+        /* Create default dependencies */
+        bool default_dependencies;
+
+        /* Refuse manual starting, allow starting only indirectly via dependency. */
+        bool refuse_manual_start;
+
+        /* Don't allow the user to stop this unit manually, allow stopping only indirectly via dependency. */
+        bool refuse_manual_stop;
+
+        /* Allow isolation requests */
+        bool allow_isolate;
+
+        /* Isolate OnFailure unit */
+        bool on_failure_isolate;
+
+        /* Ignore this unit when isolating */
+        bool ignore_on_isolate;
+
+        /* Ignore this unit when snapshotting */
+        bool ignore_on_snapshot;
+
+        /* Did the last condition check succeed? */
+        bool condition_result;
+
+        bool in_load_queue:1;
+        bool in_dbus_queue:1;
+        bool in_cleanup_queue:1;
+        bool in_gc_queue:1;
+
+        bool sent_dbus_new_signal:1;
+
+        bool no_gc:1;
+
+        bool in_audit:1;
+};
+
+struct UnitRef {
+        /* Keeps tracks of references to a unit. This is useful so
+         * that we can merge two units if necessary and correct all
+         * references to them */
+
+        Unit* unit;
+        LIST_FIELDS(UnitRef, refs);
+};
+
+struct UnitStatusMessageFormats {
+        const char *starting_stopping[2];
+        const char *finished_start_job[_JOB_RESULT_MAX];
+        const char *finished_stop_job[_JOB_RESULT_MAX];
+};
+
+#include "service.h"
+#include "timer.h"
+#include "socket.h"
+#include "target.h"
+#include "device.h"
+#include "mount.h"
+#include "automount.h"
+#include "snapshot.h"
+#include "swap.h"
+#include "path.h"
+
+struct UnitVTable {
+        /* How much memory does an object of this unit type need */
+        size_t object_size;
+
+        /* If greater than 0, the offset into the object where
+         * ExecContext is found, if the unit type has that */
+        size_t exec_context_offset;
+
+        /* The name of the section with the exec settings of ExecContext */
+        const char *exec_section;
+
+        /* Config file sections this unit type understands, separated
+         * by NUL chars */
+        const char *sections;
+
+        /* This should reset all type-specific variables. This should
+         * not allocate memory, and is called with zero-initialized
+         * data. It should hence only initialize variables that need
+         * to be set != 0. */
+        void (*init)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* This should free all type-specific variables. It should be
+         * idempotent. */
+        void (*done)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* Actually load data from disk. This may fail, and should set
+         * load_state to UNIT_LOADED, UNIT_MERGED or leave it at
+         * UNIT_STUB if no configuration could be found. */
+        int (*load)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* If a lot of units got created via enumerate(), this is
+         * where to actually set the state and call unit_notify(). */
+        int (*coldplug)(Unit *u);
+
+        void (*dump)(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix);
+
+        int (*start)(Unit *u);
+        int (*stop)(Unit *u);
+        int (*reload)(Unit *u);
+
+        int (*kill)(Unit *u, KillWho w, int signo, DBusError *error);
+
+        bool (*can_reload)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* Write all data that cannot be restored from other sources
+         * away using unit_serialize_item() */
+        int (*serialize)(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds);
+
+        /* Restore one item from the serialization */
+        int (*deserialize_item)(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *data, FDSet *fds);
+
+        /* Try to match up fds with what we need for this unit */
+        int (*distribute_fds)(Unit *u, FDSet *fds);
+
+        /* Boils down the more complex internal state of this unit to
+         * a simpler one that the engine can understand */
+        UnitActiveState (*active_state)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* Returns the substate specific to this unit type as
+         * string. This is purely information so that we can give the
+         * user a more fine grained explanation in which actual state a
+         * unit is in. */
+        const char* (*sub_state_to_string)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* Return true when there is reason to keep this entry around
+         * even nothing references it and it isn't active in any
+         * way */
+        bool (*check_gc)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* Return true when this unit is suitable for snapshotting */
+        bool (*check_snapshot)(Unit *u);
+
+        void (*fd_event)(Unit *u, int fd, uint32_t events, Watch *w);
+        void (*sigchld_event)(Unit *u, pid_t pid, int code, int status);
+        void (*timer_event)(Unit *u, uint64_t n_elapsed, Watch *w);
+
+        /* Reset failed state if we are in failed state */
+        void (*reset_failed)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* Called whenever any of the cgroups this unit watches for
+         * ran empty */
+        void (*cgroup_notify_empty)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* Called whenever a process of this unit sends us a message */
+        void (*notify_message)(Unit *u, pid_t pid, char **tags);
+
+        /* Called whenever a name this Unit registered for comes or
+         * goes away. */
+        void (*bus_name_owner_change)(Unit *u, const char *name, const char *old_owner, const char *new_owner);
+
+        /* Called whenever a bus PID lookup finishes */
+        void (*bus_query_pid_done)(Unit *u, const char *name, pid_t pid);
+
+        /* Called for each message received on the bus */
+        DBusHandlerResult (*bus_message_handler)(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
+
+        /* Return the unit this unit is following */
+        Unit *(*following)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* Return the set of units that are following each other */
+        int (*following_set)(Unit *u, Set **s);
+
+        /* Invoked each time a unit this unit is triggering changes
+         * state or gains/loses a job */
+        void (*trigger_notify)(Unit *u, Unit *trigger);
+
+        /* Called whenever CLOCK_REALTIME made a jump */
+        void (*time_change)(Unit *u);
+
+        /* This is called for each unit type and should be used to
+         * enumerate existing devices and load them. However,
+         * everything that is loaded here should still stay in
+         * inactive state. It is the job of the coldplug() call above
+         * to put the units into the initial state.  */
+        int (*enumerate)(Manager *m);
+
+        /* Type specific cleanups. */
+        void (*shutdown)(Manager *m);
+
+        /* When sending out PropertiesChanged signal, which properties
+         * shall be invalidated? This is a NUL separated list of
+         * strings, to minimize relocations a little. */
+        const char *bus_invalidating_properties;
+
+        /* The interface name */
+        const char *bus_interface;
+
+        UnitStatusMessageFormats status_message_formats;
+
+        /* Can units of this type have multiple names? */
+        bool no_alias:1;
+
+        /* Instances make no sense for this type */
+        bool no_instances:1;
+
+        /* Exclude from automatic gc */
+        bool no_gc:1;
+};
+
+extern const UnitVTable * const unit_vtable[_UNIT_TYPE_MAX];
+
+#define UNIT_VTABLE(u) unit_vtable[(u)->type]
+
+/* For casting a unit into the various unit types */
+#define DEFINE_CAST(UPPERCASE, MixedCase)                               \
+        static inline MixedCase* UPPERCASE(Unit *u) {                   \
+                if (_unlikely_(!u || u->type != UNIT_##UPPERCASE))      \
+                        return NULL;                                    \
+                                                                        \
+                return (MixedCase*) u;                                  \
+        }
+
+/* For casting the various unit types into a unit */
+#define UNIT(u) (&(u)->meta)
+
+#define UNIT_TRIGGER(u) ((Unit*) set_first((u)->dependencies[UNIT_TRIGGERS]))
+
+DEFINE_CAST(SOCKET, Socket);
+DEFINE_CAST(TIMER, Timer);
+DEFINE_CAST(SERVICE, Service);
+DEFINE_CAST(TARGET, Target);
+DEFINE_CAST(DEVICE, Device);
+DEFINE_CAST(MOUNT, Mount);
+DEFINE_CAST(AUTOMOUNT, Automount);
+DEFINE_CAST(SNAPSHOT, Snapshot);
+DEFINE_CAST(SWAP, Swap);
+DEFINE_CAST(PATH, Path);
+
+Unit *unit_new(Manager *m, size_t size);
+void unit_free(Unit *u);
+
+int unit_add_name(Unit *u, const char *name);
+
+int unit_add_dependency(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, Unit *other, bool add_reference);
+int unit_add_two_dependencies(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, UnitDependency e, Unit *other, bool add_reference);
+
+int unit_add_dependency_by_name(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, const char *name, const char *filename, bool add_reference);
+int unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, UnitDependency e, const char *name, const char *path, bool add_reference);
+
+int unit_add_dependency_by_name_inverse(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, const char *name, const char *filename, bool add_reference);
+int unit_add_two_dependencies_by_name_inverse(Unit *u, UnitDependency d, UnitDependency e, const char *name, const char *path, bool add_reference);
+
+int unit_add_exec_dependencies(Unit *u, ExecContext *c);
+
+int unit_add_cgroup_from_text(Unit *u, const char *name, bool overwrite, CGroupBonding **ret);
+int unit_add_default_cgroups(Unit *u);
+CGroupBonding* unit_get_default_cgroup(Unit *u);
+int unit_add_cgroup_attribute(Unit *u, const CGroupSemantics *semantics, const char *controller, const char *name, const char *value, CGroupAttribute **ret);
+
+int unit_choose_id(Unit *u, const char *name);
+int unit_set_description(Unit *u, const char *description);
+
+bool unit_check_gc(Unit *u);
+
+void unit_add_to_load_queue(Unit *u);
+void unit_add_to_dbus_queue(Unit *u);
+void unit_add_to_cleanup_queue(Unit *u);
+void unit_add_to_gc_queue(Unit *u);
+
+int unit_merge(Unit *u, Unit *other);
+int unit_merge_by_name(Unit *u, const char *other);
+
+Unit *unit_follow_merge(Unit *u) _pure_;
+
+int unit_load_fragment_and_dropin(Unit *u);
+int unit_load_fragment_and_dropin_optional(Unit *u);
+int unit_load(Unit *unit);
+
+const char *unit_description(Unit *u) _pure_;
+
+bool unit_has_name(Unit *u, const char *name);
+
+UnitActiveState unit_active_state(Unit *u);
+
+const char* unit_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u);
+
+void unit_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix);
+
+bool unit_can_reload(Unit *u) _pure_;
+bool unit_can_start(Unit *u) _pure_;
+bool unit_can_isolate(Unit *u) _pure_;
+
+int unit_start(Unit *u);
+int unit_stop(Unit *u);
+int unit_reload(Unit *u);
+
+int unit_kill(Unit *u, KillWho w, int signo, DBusError *error);
+int unit_kill_common(Unit *u, KillWho who, int signo, pid_t main_pid, pid_t control_pid, DBusError *error);
+
+void unit_notify(Unit *u, UnitActiveState os, UnitActiveState ns, bool reload_success);
+
+int unit_watch_fd(Unit *u, int fd, uint32_t events, Watch *w);
+void unit_unwatch_fd(Unit *u, Watch *w);
+
+int unit_watch_pid(Unit *u, pid_t pid);
+void unit_unwatch_pid(Unit *u, pid_t pid);
+
+int unit_watch_timer(Unit *u, clockid_t, bool relative, usec_t usec, Watch *w);
+void unit_unwatch_timer(Unit *u, Watch *w);
+
+int unit_watch_bus_name(Unit *u, const char *name);
+void unit_unwatch_bus_name(Unit *u, const char *name);
+
+bool unit_job_is_applicable(Unit *u, JobType j);
+
+int set_unit_path(const char *p);
+
+char *unit_dbus_path(Unit *u);
+
+int unit_load_related_unit(Unit *u, const char *type, Unit **_found);
+int unit_get_related_unit(Unit *u, const char *type, Unit **_found);
+
+bool unit_can_serialize(Unit *u) _pure_;
+int unit_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds, bool serialize_jobs);
+void unit_serialize_item_format(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *key, const char *value, ...) _printf_attr_(4,5);
+void unit_serialize_item(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *key, const char *value);
+int unit_deserialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds);
+
+int unit_add_node_link(Unit *u, const char *what, bool wants);
+
+int unit_coldplug(Unit *u);
+
+void unit_status_printf(Unit *u, const char *status, const char *unit_status_msg_format) _printf_attr_(3, 0);
+
+bool unit_need_daemon_reload(Unit *u);
+
+void unit_reset_failed(Unit *u);
+
+Unit *unit_following(Unit *u);
+
+bool unit_stop_pending(Unit *u) _pure_;
+bool unit_inactive_or_pending(Unit *u) _pure_;
+bool unit_active_or_pending(Unit *u);
+
+int unit_add_default_target_dependency(Unit *u, Unit *target);
+
+char *unit_default_cgroup_path(Unit *u);
+
+int unit_following_set(Unit *u, Set **s);
+
+void unit_start_on_failure(Unit *u);
+void unit_trigger_notify(Unit *u);
+
+bool unit_condition_test(Unit *u);
+
+UnitFileState unit_get_unit_file_state(Unit *u);
+
+Unit* unit_ref_set(UnitRef *ref, Unit *u);
+void unit_ref_unset(UnitRef *ref);
+
+#define UNIT_DEREF(ref) ((ref).unit)
+
+int unit_add_one_mount_link(Unit *u, Mount *m);
+int unit_add_mount_links(Unit *u);
+
+int unit_exec_context_defaults(Unit *u, ExecContext *c);
+
+ExecContext *unit_get_exec_context(Unit *u) _pure_;
+
+int unit_write_drop_in(Unit *u, bool runtime, const char *name, const char *data);
+int unit_remove_drop_in(Unit *u, bool runtime, const char *name);
+
+int unit_kill_context(Unit *u, KillContext *c, bool sigkill, pid_t main_pid, pid_t control_pid, bool main_pid_alien);
+
+const char *unit_active_state_to_string(UnitActiveState i) _const_;
+UnitActiveState unit_active_state_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+const char *unit_dependency_to_string(UnitDependency i) _const_;
+UnitDependency unit_dependency_from_string(const char *s) _pure_;
+
+/* Macros which append UNIT= or USER_UNIT= to the message */
+
+#define log_full_unit(level, unit, ...) log_meta_object(level, __FILE__, __LINE__, __func__, getpid() == 1 ? "UNIT=" : "USER_UNIT=", unit, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define log_debug_unit(unit, ...)       log_full_unit(LOG_DEBUG, unit, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define log_info_unit(unit, ...)        log_full_unit(LOG_INFO, unit, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define log_notice_unit(unit, ...)      log_full_unit(LOG_NOTICE, unit, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define log_warning_unit(unit, ...)     log_full_unit(LOG_WARNING, unit, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define log_error_unit(unit, ...)       log_full_unit(LOG_ERR, unit, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define log_struct_unit(level, unit, ...) log_struct(level, getpid() == 1 ? "UNIT=%s" : "USER_UNIT=%s", unit, __VA_ARGS__)
diff --git a/src/core/user.conf b/src/core/user.conf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4252451eb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/core/user.conf
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#  This file is part of systemd.
+#
+#  systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+#  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
+#  (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# See systemd-user.conf(5) for details
+
+[Manager]
+#LogLevel=info
+#LogTarget=console
+#LogColor=yes
+#LogLocation=no
+#DefaultControllers=cpu
+#DefaultStandardOutput=inherit
+#DefaultStandardError=inherit