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New Features and Important Changes, v1.3

Author(s) :  David Beazley

March 21, 2003

1. Introduction
---------------
This document briefly explains some of the most important changes made
since the release of SWIG1.1.  The goal is to provide information for
people who want to upgrade an older SWIG interface to the new version.

Most changes pertain to the internal implementation of SWIG and the
organization of the core, parser, and language modules.  As a SWIG
user, almost all of these changes are hidden from view except for a
few important cases where changes to the core have dramatically
altered SWIG's old behavior.

2. Types and typemaps
---------------------
2.1 Variables of the form 'const type *' are no longer wrapped as
     constants, but as C global variables.  The earlier SWIG behavior
     was incorrect due to Dave's misinterpretation of 'const' in the C 
     language specification.   

     If you have written an interface that expects to create
     constants using 'const type *' you will need to rewrite those 
     specifications using a new %constant directive like this:

       %constant(type *) name = value;

2.2  SWIG generally has better support for pointers, 'const',
     arrays, and pointers to functions.

2.3  Typemaps are now applied to a more precisely defined set
     of datatypes.  For example, consider the following
     typemap:

           %typemap(in) foo * {
                ... get a foo ...
           }

     In SWIG1.1, this typemap would get applied to 'foo *',
     'foo &', 'foo []', 'foo[][]', and so forth.

     In SWIG1.3, this typemap *only* gets applied to 'foo *' and
     'const foo *'. It does *NOT* get mapped to the other 
     variants listed above.

2.4  Bug fix.  SWIG now correctly handles typemaps of the form

          %typemap(in) Object {
               ... get an object ...
          }

2.5  The memberout typemap is no longer available and is withdrawn.
     The old implementation was essentially useless because of the
     way in which code was generated.

2.6  The memberin typemap is now inserted inline in the generated 
     wrapper code.  This provides access to scripting-specific
     variables in the wrapper function.

2.7  SWIG-1.3.10 features a total rewrite of the typemap system.
     Typemaps now use a different variable naming scheme.  Typemaps
     for arguments look like this:

       %typemap(in) sometype {
           $1 = convert value ($input);
       }

     The variable $1 replaces $target and the variable $input replaces
     $source.

     For output values, typemaps look like this:

       %typemap(out) sometype {
          $result = create result ($1);
       }

     The variable $1 replaces $source and the variable $result replaces
     $target.

     See Doc/Manual/Typemaps.html for a full description of the new
     typemap system.

2.8  Multi-argument typemaps are now supported.   This solves a common
     problem that occurs with functions like this

        void foo(char *buffer, int len);

     where you would like to make the two arguments operate as a single
     object in the target language.

2.9  Types such as 'const int &', 'const double &', are passed as
     values instead of pointers.

2.10 C++ namespaces are now supported.

3. Type checking
----------------

SWIG no longer uses the functions SWIG_GetPtr() and SWIG_MakePtr() to
parse datatypes in wrapper code.  This is because the type of a
pointer is no longer associated with a string, but with a special
"swig_type_info *" object.  If you are not using typemaps, this change
should cause no noticable effects.  However, if you have written
typemaps to handle pointers, here are the essential details:

3.1  Type name mangling is different in SWIG1.3.  For a type of
     "int **", SWIG1.1 used to produce a name of the form
     "_int_pp".  SWIG1.3 on the other hand, produces a name
      of the form "_p_p_int".   There are a number of reasons for
      changing the format, but I'd rather not go into it here. You'll
      just have to learn to live with it :-).

3.2  Types are described by a special "swig_type_info *" object.   Everywhere
     a string was used before, an object of this type will be used.  
     The "swig_type_info *" for a given type can always be obtained
     using macros involving the mangled typename in 3.1.  For example,
     the type object of of 'int **' is 'SWIGTYPE_p_p_int'.

3.3  Instead of SWIG_GetPtr, a function of the following form is used:

        int SWIG_ConvertPtr(ScriptObj *o, void **ptr, swig_type_info *ty, int flags);

     Note: the function name may differ in certain implementations (read
     the source). For example:

        int SWIG_ConvertPtr(ScriptObj *o, void **ptr, SWIGTYPE_p_p_int,0);

     Passing a value of '0' for the type will accept any pointer. This
     works kind of like 'void *'.  The flags argument is reserved for
     future expansion.

3.4. To create a pointer object, one uses a function similar to 
 
        ScriptObj *SWIG_NewPointer(void *ptr, swig_type_info *ty, int flags);

     It works in a similar manner:

         p = SWIG_NewPointer(ptr, SWIGTYPE_p_p_int, 0);

     You will have to read the source to get the exact function name
     used.  The flags argument is implementation specific and reserved
     for future expansion.

3.5. If, for whatever reason, you need to obtain the 'swig_type_info *'
     outside the context of a wrapper file, you can use the
     SWIG_TypeQuery() function. For example:

         swig_type_info *ty = SWIG_TypeQuery("int **");

     this function returns an appropriate type_info structure or NULL
     if no such type is registered.

3.6  SWIG does not generate swig_type_info structures for types that are
     not actually used in an interface file.   As a result, the type
     checking tables for SWIG1.3 tend to be much smaller than for SWIG1.1.

*** Note: The old string-based type checking scheme is not going to
return to SWIG so do not ask for backwards compatibility.  The new
scheme is substantially faster, it is less error-prone, it requires no
dynamic memory allocation, it works better with the runtime libraries, 
and it is simpler to implement than the old string based approach.

4. Deprecated Features (incomplete list)
----------------------------------------

4.1 Documentation system.  The old documentation system has been removed
    entirely.  I expect it to return someday, but it will have a much
    different form (probably influenced by XML).

4.2 The %val and %out directives.  These directives used to attach
    properties to function parameters such as

           void foo(%val int *ptr);

    The same effect can now be achieved with typemaps:

           void foo(int *INPUT);


4.3 Extensions to the %module and %init directive are no longer
    supported. For example:

        %module example, foo, bar

    This used to perform a special kind of multi-module 
    initialization for static linking.   If you really
    need to do this, you will have to manually insert
    code into the module initialization function.

4.4 %ifdef, %ifndef, %endif, %if, %elif, %else directives are
    withdrawn. SWIG now has a real preprocessor.

4.5 %checkout directive removed.

4.6 %except and %new are deprecated.

4.7 %readonly and %readwrite are deprecated.  Use %immutable instead.

4.8 The %addmethods directive has been renamed to %extend.

5. Language specific changes
----------------------------

5.1 Python shadow classes are much more efficient and pass the shadow objects
    directly to the C wrappers.

5.2 Tcl code generation is substantially improved--especially for C++.
    
5.3 Tcl module can now link to global variables of any type.

5.4 Perl shadow classes improved and optimized somewhat.

5.5 The Guile module represents pointers as smobs.  (They used to be
    mangled into strings.)  Memory leaks and type conversion bugs have been
    fixed.  The Guile module system, including dynamic loading, and
    exceptions are supported.  A typemap-driven procedure-documentation
    system has been added (requires Guile 1.4).  Procedures-with-setters
    can be generated.

5.6 The Python module now automatically creates shadow class objects from the
    C wrappers.  This fixes a bunch of hard problems related to typemaps,
    exception handling, and more.

6. New Features
---------------

6.1 Java module added

6.2 Ruby module added

6.3 Mzscheme module added.

6.4 Integrated preprocessor.  You can now use C macros in SWIG interface files.

6.5 PHP module added.

6.6 %rename directive is greatly enhanced to deal with overloaded functions.

6.7 Support for simple templates

6.8 Support for overloaded operators.

6.9 %feature directive.

6.10 Ocaml module added.

6.11 XML module added.

6.12 CHICKEN module added.

6.13 C# module added.