[core] refactor program object creation

39 files changed, 50 insertions, 103 deletions

diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/background_program.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/background_program.cpp
index 772d481578..edabce8ee3 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/background_program.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/background_program.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include <mbgl/programs/background_program.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/gfx/context_impl.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/image_atlas.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/cross_faded_property_evaluator.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/tile/tile_id.hpp>
@@ -7,9 +6,6 @@
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<BackgroundProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<BackgroundPatternProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-
 using namespace style;
 
 static_assert(sizeof(BackgroundLayoutVertex) == 4, "expected BackgroundLayoutVertex size");
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/circle_program.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/circle_program.cpp
index 577410d94e..99b47dd5c0 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/circle_program.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/circle_program.cpp
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/programs/circle_program.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/gfx/context_impl.hpp>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<CircleProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-
 static_assert(sizeof(CircleLayoutVertex) == 4, "expected CircleLayoutVertex size");
 
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/clipping_mask_program.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/clipping_mask_program.cpp
index 9b1a9ef4fc..aca7605037 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/clipping_mask_program.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/clipping_mask_program.cpp
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 #include <mbgl/programs/clipping_mask_program.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/gfx/context_impl.hpp>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<ClippingMaskProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/collision_box_program.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/collision_box_program.cpp
index 885894526e..584013640e 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/collision_box_program.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/collision_box_program.cpp
@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/programs/collision_box_program.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/gfx/context_impl.hpp>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<CollisionBoxProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<CollisionCircleProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-
 static_assert(sizeof(CollisionBoxProgram::LayoutVertex) == 24, "expected CollisionBoxVertex size");
 
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/debug_program.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/debug_program.cpp
index 9b8df789e4..3396e74872 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/debug_program.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/debug_program.cpp
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 #include <mbgl/programs/debug_program.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/gfx/context_impl.hpp>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<DebugProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/fill_extrusion_program.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/fill_extrusion_program.cpp
index 09da6931b6..d22e911589 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/fill_extrusion_program.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/fill_extrusion_program.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include <mbgl/programs/fill_extrusion_program.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/gfx/context_impl.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/image_atlas.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/cross_faded_property_evaluator.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/tile/tile_id.hpp>
@@ -8,9 +7,6 @@
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<FillExtrusionProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<FillExtrusionPatternProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-
 using namespace style;
 
 static_assert(sizeof(FillExtrusionLayoutVertex) == 12, "expected FillExtrusionLayoutVertex size");
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/fill_program.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/fill_program.cpp
index 703d61399f..f314fcc597 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/fill_program.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/fill_program.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include <mbgl/programs/fill_program.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/gfx/context_impl.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/image_atlas.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/cross_faded_property_evaluator.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/tile/tile_id.hpp>
@@ -7,11 +6,6 @@
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<FillProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<FillPatternProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<FillOutlineProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<FillOutlinePatternProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-
 using namespace style;
 
 static_assert(sizeof(FillLayoutVertex) == 4, "expected FillLayoutVertex size");
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/background.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/background.cpp
index 78074d670f..f3d2cdfd90 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/background.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/background.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<BackgroundProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<BackgroundProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<BackgroundProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<BackgroundProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/background_pattern.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/background_pattern.cpp
index 04111c7abd..482814cbda 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/background_pattern.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/background_pattern.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<BackgroundPatternProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<BackgroundPatternProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<BackgroundPatternProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<BackgroundPatternProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/circle.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/circle.cpp
index 5cf7eef13c..bd86c0385a 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/circle.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/circle.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<CircleProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<CircleProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<CircleProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<CircleProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/clipping_mask.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/clipping_mask.cpp
index 1b6c7b51c5..2c53bc6070 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/clipping_mask.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/clipping_mask.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<ClippingMaskProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<ClippingMaskProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<ClippingMaskProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<ClippingMaskProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/collision_box.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/collision_box.cpp
index 89c4fe81ae..a3ad030f5c 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/collision_box.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/collision_box.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<CollisionBoxProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<CollisionBoxProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<CollisionBoxProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<CollisionBoxProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/collision_circle.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/collision_circle.cpp
index 96f5d68ce5..3878122f4b 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/collision_circle.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/collision_circle.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<CollisionCircleProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<CollisionCircleProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<CollisionCircleProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<CollisionCircleProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/debug.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/debug.cpp
index 2e5db36dac..9705fc4801 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/debug.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/debug.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<DebugProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<DebugProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<DebugProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<DebugProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill.cpp
index 7a281c24ba..77c839850b 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<FillProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<FillProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<FillProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<FillProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_extrusion.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_extrusion.cpp
index d90988070a..87ef4858fc 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_extrusion.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_extrusion.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<FillExtrusionProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<FillExtrusionProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<FillExtrusionProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<FillExtrusionProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_extrusion_pattern.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_extrusion_pattern.cpp
index a6292b9fe1..1d330220e4 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_extrusion_pattern.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_extrusion_pattern.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<FillExtrusionPatternProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<FillExtrusionPatternProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<FillExtrusionPatternProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<FillExtrusionPatternProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_outline.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_outline.cpp
index 82d56710a7..efef689f91 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_outline.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_outline.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<FillOutlineProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<FillOutlineProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<FillOutlineProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<FillOutlineProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_outline_pattern.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_outline_pattern.cpp
index 7709991353..d526d5801d 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_outline_pattern.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_outline_pattern.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<FillOutlinePatternProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<FillOutlinePatternProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<FillOutlinePatternProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<FillOutlinePatternProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_pattern.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_pattern.cpp
index ff4f2045ac..0f62206f99 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_pattern.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/fill_pattern.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<FillPatternProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<FillPatternProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<FillPatternProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<FillPatternProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/heatmap.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/heatmap.cpp
index 7685b568cb..41f804a37b 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/heatmap.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/heatmap.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<HeatmapProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<HeatmapProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<HeatmapProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<HeatmapProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/heatmap_texture.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/heatmap_texture.cpp
index 60ef68597d..a6583bfbb7 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/heatmap_texture.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/heatmap_texture.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<HeatmapTextureProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<HeatmapTextureProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<HeatmapTextureProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<HeatmapTextureProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/hillshade.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/hillshade.cpp
index f0579aaf8c..b0c2c95aa8 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/hillshade.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/hillshade.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<HillshadeProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<HillshadeProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<HillshadeProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<HillshadeProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/hillshade_prepare.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/hillshade_prepare.cpp
index f9cd84ca73..1aef64293b 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/hillshade_prepare.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/hillshade_prepare.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<HillshadePrepareProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<HillshadePrepareProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<HillshadePrepareProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<HillshadePrepareProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/line.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/line.cpp
index 9eea81f69b..58f626bf19 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/line.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/line.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<LineProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<LineProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<LineProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<LineProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/line_gradient.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/line_gradient.cpp
index 4e7ee93b92..c555b09932 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/line_gradient.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/line_gradient.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<LineGradientProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<LineGradientProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<LineGradientProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<LineGradientProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/line_pattern.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/line_pattern.cpp
index 24406abf3b..17ec324c11 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/line_pattern.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/line_pattern.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<LinePatternProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<LinePatternProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<LinePatternProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<LinePatternProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/line_sdf.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/line_sdf.cpp
index aa72823ae7..2d0a5faacd 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/line_sdf.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/line_sdf.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<LineSDFProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<LineSDFProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<LineSDFProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<LineSDFProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/raster.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/raster.cpp
index 98cfade1f5..f6ae3b5bc5 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/raster.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/raster.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<RasterProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<RasterProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<RasterProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<RasterProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/symbol_icon.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/symbol_icon.cpp
index cb896b4160..834bfc16d2 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/symbol_icon.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/symbol_icon.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<SymbolIconProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<SymbolIconProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<SymbolIconProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<SymbolIconProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/symbol_sdf_icon.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/symbol_sdf_icon.cpp
index a25754ffad..2daa1e860d 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/symbol_sdf_icon.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/symbol_sdf_icon.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<SymbolSDFIconProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<SymbolSDFIconProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<SymbolSDFIconProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<SymbolSDFIconProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/symbol_sdf_text.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/symbol_sdf_text.cpp
index 9aec77043b..5750e7730c 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/gl/symbol_sdf_text.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/gl/symbol_sdf_text.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ constexpr const uint8_t ShaderSource<SymbolSDFTextProgram>::hash[8];
 namespace gfx {
 
 template <>
-std::unique_ptr<Program<SymbolSDFTextProgram>>
-Context::createProgram<gl::Context>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
+std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<SymbolSDFTextProgram>>
+Backend::Create<gfx::Backend::Type::OpenGL>(const ProgramParameters& programParameters) {
     return std::make_unique<gl::Program<SymbolSDFTextProgram>>(programParameters);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/heatmap_program.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/heatmap_program.cpp
index 32c30ea313..67f84fbd52 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/heatmap_program.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/heatmap_program.cpp
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/programs/heatmap_program.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/gfx/context_impl.hpp>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<HeatmapProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-
 static_assert(sizeof(HeatmapLayoutVertex) == 4, "expected HeatmapLayoutVertex size");
 
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/heatmap_texture_program.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/heatmap_texture_program.cpp
index 04c5ff56a7..3b0e24eab8 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/heatmap_texture_program.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/heatmap_texture_program.cpp
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/programs/heatmap_texture_program.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/gfx/context_impl.hpp>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<HeatmapTextureProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-
 static_assert(sizeof(HeatmapTextureLayoutVertex) == 4, "expected HeatmapTextureLayoutVertex size");
 
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/hillshade_prepare_program.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/hillshade_prepare_program.cpp
index 5bbac9eaec..0c0446d3f5 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/hillshade_prepare_program.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/hillshade_prepare_program.cpp
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/programs/hillshade_prepare_program.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/gfx/context_impl.hpp>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<HillshadePrepareProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-
 static_assert(sizeof(HillshadePrepareLayoutVertex) == 8, "expected HillshadeLayoutVertex size");
 
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/hillshade_program.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/hillshade_program.cpp
index 31673afcd4..f054ad4b74 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/hillshade_program.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/hillshade_program.cpp
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/programs/hillshade_program.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/gfx/context_impl.hpp>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<HillshadeProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-
 static_assert(sizeof(HillshadeLayoutVertex) == 8, "expected HillshadeLayoutVertex size");
 
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/line_program.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/line_program.cpp
index cab1e7e6fd..40b4617c77 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/line_program.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/line_program.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include <mbgl/programs/line_program.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/gfx/context_impl.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/style/layers/line_layer_properties.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/image_atlas.hpp>
@@ -9,11 +8,6 @@
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<LineProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<LinePatternProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<LineGradientProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<LineSDFProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-
 using namespace style;
 
 static_assert(sizeof(LineLayoutVertex) == 12, "expected LineLayoutVertex size");
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/raster_program.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/raster_program.cpp
index f3b1052284..6906903e6b 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/raster_program.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/raster_program.cpp
@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/programs/raster_program.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/gfx/context_impl.hpp>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<RasterProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-
 static_assert(sizeof(RasterLayoutVertex) == 8, "expected RasterLayoutVertex size");
 
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/programs/symbol_program.cpp b/src/mbgl/programs/symbol_program.cpp
index 8a7dccd55e..3633bd7c2a 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/programs/symbol_program.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/programs/symbol_program.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include <mbgl/programs/symbol_program.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/gfx/context_impl.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/map/transform_state.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/style/layers/symbol_layer_impl.hpp>
@@ -10,10 +9,6 @@
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<SymbolIconProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<SymbolSDFTextProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-template std::unique_ptr<gfx::Program<SymbolSDFIconProgram>> gfx::Context::createProgram(const ProgramParameters&);
-
 using namespace style;
 
 static_assert(sizeof(SymbolLayoutVertex) == 16, "expected SymbolLayoutVertex size");