[core] make forcing cache/network only more explicitupstream/stuck-tiles

Previously, we used the existence of a `prior*` field in the Resource object as an indication for whether we should consult the cache or not. However, this is prone to error, since a failed cache lookup won't set any prior fields. Therefore, we manually set `priorExpires` to 0. This in turn triggered another bug where generated wrong expiration timestamps when the server response we got was expired (or expired between sending and receiving).

This commit changes the flags so that we can now explicitly request CacheOnly/NetworkOnly (or All) loading methods, rather than the implicit Optional/Required naming scheme.

25 files changed, 284 insertions, 251 deletions

diff --git a/cmake/core-files.cmake b/cmake/core-files.cmake
index 2eadc747d1..54b4079cff 100644
--- a/cmake/core-files.cmake
+++ b/cmake/core-files.cmake
@@ -489,6 +489,7 @@ set(MBGL_CORE_FILES
 
     # tile
     include/mbgl/tile/tile_id.hpp
+    include/mbgl/tile/tile_necessity.hpp
     src/mbgl/tile/geojson_tile.cpp
     src/mbgl/tile/geojson_tile.hpp
     src/mbgl/tile/geojson_tile_data.hpp
diff --git a/include/mbgl/storage/default_file_source.hpp b/include/mbgl/storage/default_file_source.hpp
index 91e442cf85..b9c8de5052 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/storage/default_file_source.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/storage/default_file_source.hpp
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ public:
                       uint64_t maximumCacheSize = util::DEFAULT_MAX_CACHE_SIZE);
     ~DefaultFileSource() override;
 
-    bool supportsOptionalRequests() const override {
+    bool supportsCacheOnlyRequests() const override {
         return true;
     }
 
diff --git a/include/mbgl/storage/file_source.hpp b/include/mbgl/storage/file_source.hpp
index 404c683fdb..0709a1c245 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/storage/file_source.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/storage/file_source.hpp
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ public:
     // not be executed.
     virtual std::unique_ptr<AsyncRequest> request(const Resource&, Callback) = 0;
 
-    // When a file source supports optional requests, it must return true.
-    // Optional requests are requests that aren't as urgent, but could be useful, e.g.
+    // When a file source supports consulting a local cache only, it must return true.
+    // Cache-only requests are requests that aren't as urgent, but could be useful, e.g.
     // to cover part of the map while loading. The FileSource should only do cheap actions to
     // retrieve the data, e.g. load it from a cache, but not from the internet.
-    virtual bool supportsOptionalRequests() const {
+    virtual bool supportsCacheOnlyRequests() const {
         return false;
     }
 };
diff --git a/include/mbgl/storage/resource.hpp b/include/mbgl/storage/resource.hpp
index 5d44f4869f..318fa389f4 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/storage/resource.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/storage/resource.hpp
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 #include <mbgl/util/optional.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/font_stack.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/tileset.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/util/util.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/util/traits.hpp>
 
 #include <string>
 
@@ -30,18 +32,28 @@ public:
         int8_t z;
     };
 
-    enum Necessity : bool {
-        Optional = false,
-        Required = true,
+    enum class LoadingMethod : uint8_t {
+        None        = 0b00,
+        Cache       = 0b01,
+        Network     = 0b10,
+
+        CacheOnly   = Cache,
+        NetworkOnly = Network,
+        All         = Cache | Network,
     };
 
-    Resource(Kind kind_, std::string url_, optional<TileData> tileData_ = {}, Necessity necessity_ = Required)
+    Resource(Kind kind_,
+             std::string url_,
+             optional<TileData> tileData_ = {},
+             LoadingMethod loadingMethod_ = LoadingMethod::All)
         : kind(kind_),
-          necessity(necessity_),
+          loadingMethod(loadingMethod_),
           url(std::move(url_)),
           tileData(std::move(tileData_)) {
     }
 
+    bool hasLoadingMethod(LoadingMethod method);
+
     static Resource style(const std::string& url);
     static Resource source(const std::string& url);
     static Resource tile(const std::string& urlTemplate,
@@ -50,7 +62,7 @@ public:
                          int32_t y,
                          int8_t z,
                          Tileset::Scheme scheme,
-                         Necessity = Required);
+                         LoadingMethod = LoadingMethod::All);
     static Resource glyphs(const std::string& urlTemplate,
                            const FontStack& fontStack,
                            const std::pair<uint16_t, uint16_t>& glyphRange);
@@ -59,7 +71,7 @@ public:
     static Resource image(const std::string& url);
     
     Kind kind;
-    Necessity necessity;
+    LoadingMethod loadingMethod;
     std::string url;
 
     // Includes auxiliary data if this is a tile request.
@@ -71,4 +83,21 @@ public:
     std::shared_ptr<const std::string> priorData;
 };
 
+
+MBGL_CONSTEXPR Resource::LoadingMethod operator|(Resource::LoadingMethod a, Resource::LoadingMethod b) {
+    return Resource::LoadingMethod(mbgl::underlying_type(a) | mbgl::underlying_type(b));
+}
+
+MBGL_CONSTEXPR Resource::LoadingMethod& operator|=(Resource::LoadingMethod& a, Resource::LoadingMethod b) {
+    return (a = a | b);
+}
+
+MBGL_CONSTEXPR Resource::LoadingMethod operator&(Resource::LoadingMethod a, Resource::LoadingMethod b) {
+    return Resource::LoadingMethod(mbgl::underlying_type(a) & mbgl::underlying_type(b));
+}
+
+inline bool Resource::hasLoadingMethod(Resource::LoadingMethod method) {
+    return (loadingMethod & method) != Resource::LoadingMethod::None;
+}
+
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/include/mbgl/tile/tile_necessity.hpp b/include/mbgl/tile/tile_necessity.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e51bf51d10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/mbgl/tile/tile_necessity.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#pragma once
+
+namespace mbgl {
+
+// Tiles can have two states: optional or required.
+// - optional means that only low-cost actions should be taken to obtain the data
+//   (e.g. load from cache, but accept stale data)
+// - required means that every effort should be taken to obtain the data (e.g. load
+//   from internet and keep the data fresh if it expires)
+enum class TileNecessity : bool {
+    Optional = false,
+    Required = true,
+};
+
+} // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/platform/default/default_file_source.cpp b/platform/default/default_file_source.cpp
index 3fdb03e6b4..608b782ab9 100644
--- a/platform/default/default_file_source.cpp
+++ b/platform/default/default_file_source.cpp
@@ -126,47 +126,41 @@ public:
             tasks[req] = localFileSource->request(resource, callback);
         } else {
             // Try the offline database
-            const bool hasPrior = resource.priorEtag || resource.priorModified ||
-                                  resource.priorExpires || resource.priorData;
-            if (!hasPrior || resource.necessity == Resource::Optional) {
+            if (resource.hasLoadingMethod(Resource::LoadingMethod::Cache)) {
                 auto offlineResponse = offlineDatabase->get(resource);
 
-                if (resource.necessity == Resource::Optional && !offlineResponse) {
-                    // Ensure there's always a response that we can send, so the caller knows that
-                    // there's no optional data available in the cache.
-                    offlineResponse.emplace();
-                    offlineResponse->noContent = true;
-                    offlineResponse->error = std::make_unique<Response::Error>(
-                            Response::Error::Reason::NotFound, "Not found in offline database");
-                }
-
-                if (offlineResponse) {
+                if (resource.loadingMethod == Resource::LoadingMethod::CacheOnly) {
+                    if (!offlineResponse) {
+                        // Ensure there's always a response that we can send, so the caller knows that
+                        // there's no optional data available in the cache, when it's the only place
+                        // we're supposed to load from.
+                        offlineResponse.emplace();
+                        offlineResponse->noContent = true;
+                        offlineResponse->error = std::make_unique<Response::Error>(
+                                Response::Error::Reason::NotFound, "Not found in offline database");
+                    } else if (!offlineResponse->isUsable()) {
+                        // Don't return resources the server requested not to show when they're stale.
+                        // Even if we can't directly use the response, we may still use it to send a
+                        // conditional HTTP request, which is why we're saving it above.
+                        offlineResponse->error = std::make_unique<Response::Error>(
+                            Response::Error::Reason::NotFound, "Cached resource is unusable");
+                    }
+                    callback(*offlineResponse);
+                } else if (offlineResponse) {
+                    // Copy over the fields so that we can use them when making a refresh request.
                     resource.priorModified = offlineResponse->modified;
                     resource.priorExpires = offlineResponse->expires;
                     resource.priorEtag = offlineResponse->etag;
+                    resource.priorData = offlineResponse->data;
 
-                    // Don't return resources the server requested not to show when they're stale.
-                    // Even if we can't directly use the response, we may still use it to send a
-                    // conditional HTTP request.
                     if (offlineResponse->isUsable()) {
                         callback(*offlineResponse);
-                    } else if (resource.necessity == Resource::Optional) {
-                        // Instead of the data that we got, return a not found error so that
-                        // underlying implementations know about the fact that we couldn't find
-                        // usable cache data.
-                        offlineResponse->error = std::make_unique<Response::Error>(
-                            Response::Error::Reason::NotFound, "Cached resource is unusable");
-                        callback(*offlineResponse);
-                    } else {
-                        // Since we can't return the data immediately, we'll have to hold on so that
-                        // we can return it later in case we get a 304 Not Modified response.
-                        resource.priorData = offlineResponse->data;
                     }
                 }
             }
 
             // Get from the online file source
-            if (resource.necessity == Resource::Required) {
+            if (resource.hasLoadingMethod(Resource::LoadingMethod::Network)) {
                 tasks[req] = onlineFileSource.request(resource, [=] (Response onlineResponse) mutable {
                     this->offlineDatabase->put(resource, onlineResponse);
                     callback(onlineResponse);
diff --git a/src/mbgl/algorithm/update_renderables.hpp b/src/mbgl/algorithm/update_renderables.hpp
index 0c2266ff47..c583b6b2b6 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/algorithm/update_renderables.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/algorithm/update_renderables.hpp
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <mbgl/tile/tile_id.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/tile/tile_necessity.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/range.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/storage/resource.hpp>
 
 #include <unordered_set>
 
@@ -40,15 +40,15 @@ void updateRenderables(GetTileFn getTile,
 
         // if (source has the tile and bucket is loaded) {
         if (tile->isRenderable()) {
-            retainTile(*tile, Resource::Necessity::Required);
+            retainTile(*tile, TileNecessity::Required);
             renderTile(idealRenderTileID, *tile);
         } else {
             // We are now attempting to load child and parent tiles.
-            bool parentHasTriedOptional = tile->hasTriedOptional();
+            bool parentHasTriedOptional = tile->hasTriedCache();
             bool parentIsLoaded = tile->isLoaded();
 
             // The tile isn't loaded yet, but retain it anyway because it's an ideal tile.
-            retainTile(*tile, Resource::Necessity::Required);
+            retainTile(*tile, TileNecessity::Required);
             covered = true;
             overscaledZ = dataTileZoom + 1;
             if (overscaledZ > zoomRange.max) {
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ void updateRenderables(GetTileFn getTile,
                 const auto childDataTileID = idealDataTileID.scaledTo(overscaledZ);
                 tile = getTile(childDataTileID);
                 if (tile && tile->isRenderable()) {
-                    retainTile(*tile, Resource::Necessity::Optional);
+                    retainTile(*tile, TileNecessity::Optional);
                     renderTile(idealRenderTileID, *tile);
                 } else {
                     covered = false;
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ void updateRenderables(GetTileFn getTile,
                     const OverscaledTileID childDataTileID(overscaledZ, idealRenderTileID.wrap, childTileID);
                     tile = getTile(childDataTileID);
                     if (tile && tile->isRenderable()) {
-                        retainTile(*tile, Resource::Necessity::Optional);
+                        retainTile(*tile, TileNecessity::Optional);
                         renderTile(childDataTileID.toUnwrapped(), *tile);
                     } else {
                         // At least one child tile doesn't exist, so we are going to look for
@@ -97,12 +97,19 @@ void updateRenderables(GetTileFn getTile,
                     }
 
                     if (tile) {
-                        retainTile(*tile, parentIsLoaded ? Resource::Necessity::Required
-                                                         : Resource::Necessity::Optional);
+                        if (!parentIsLoaded) {
+                            // We haven't completed loading the child, so we only do an optional
+                            // (cache) request in an attempt to quickly load data that we can show.
+                            retainTile(*tile, TileNecessity::Optional);
+                        } else {
+                            // Now that we've checked the child and know for sure that we can't load
+                            // it, we attempt to load the parent from the network.
+                            retainTile(*tile, TileNecessity::Required);
+                        }
 
                         // Save the current values, since they're the parent of the next iteration
                         // of the parent tile ascent loop.
-                        parentHasTriedOptional = tile->hasTriedOptional();
+                        parentHasTriedOptional = tile->hasTriedCache();
                         parentIsLoaded = tile->isLoaded();
 
                         if (tile->isRenderable()) {
diff --git a/src/mbgl/annotation/annotation_tile.cpp b/src/mbgl/annotation/annotation_tile.cpp
index 0596d60f4f..d405418a45 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/annotation/annotation_tile.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/annotation/annotation_tile.cpp
@@ -19,9 +19,6 @@ AnnotationTile::~AnnotationTile() {
     annotationManager.removeTile(*this);
 }
 
-void AnnotationTile::setNecessity(Necessity) {
-}
-
 class AnnotationTileFeatureData {
 public:
     AnnotationTileFeatureData(const AnnotationID id_,
diff --git a/src/mbgl/annotation/annotation_tile.hpp b/src/mbgl/annotation/annotation_tile.hpp
index 88505c50e3..a4d1e66802 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/annotation/annotation_tile.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/annotation/annotation_tile.hpp
@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@ public:
     AnnotationTile(const OverscaledTileID&, const TileParameters&);
     ~AnnotationTile() override;
 
-    void setNecessity(Necessity) final;
-
 private:
     AnnotationManager& annotationManager;
 };
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/tile_pyramid.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/tile_pyramid.cpp
index 6cd9bd9ebd..3e2311089d 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/tile_pyramid.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/tile_pyramid.cpp
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ void TilePyramid::update(const std::vector<Immutable<style::Layer::Impl>>& layer
     // we're actively using, e.g. as a replacement for tile that aren't loaded yet.
     std::set<OverscaledTileID> retain;
 
-    auto retainTileFn = [&](Tile& tile, Resource::Necessity necessity) -> void {
+    auto retainTileFn = [&](Tile& tile, TileNecessity necessity) -> void {
         if (retain.emplace(tile.id).second) {
             tile.setNecessity(necessity);
         }
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ void TilePyramid::update(const std::vector<Immutable<style::Layer::Impl>>& layer
         while (tilesIt != tiles.end()) {
             if (retainIt == retain.end() || tilesIt->first < *retainIt) {
                 if (!needsRelayout) {
-                    tilesIt->second->setNecessity(Tile::Necessity::Optional);
+                    tilesIt->second->setNecessity(TileNecessity::Optional);
                     cache.add(tilesIt->first, std::move(tilesIt->second));
                 }
                 tiles.erase(tilesIt++);
diff --git a/src/mbgl/storage/resource.cpp b/src/mbgl/storage/resource.cpp
index 94bba7f8bf..e75302b986 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/storage/resource.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/storage/resource.cpp
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ Resource Resource::tile(const std::string& urlTemplate,
                         int32_t y,
                         int8_t z,
                         Tileset::Scheme scheme,
-                        Necessity necessity) {
+                        LoadingMethod loadingMethod) {
     bool supportsRatio = urlTemplate.find("{ratio}") != std::string::npos;
     if (scheme == Tileset::Scheme::TMS) {
         y = (1 << z) - y - 1;
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ Resource Resource::tile(const std::string& urlTemplate,
             y,
             z
         },
-        necessity
+        loadingMethod
     };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/style/sources/image_source.cpp b/src/mbgl/style/sources/image_source.cpp
index 9b60ba1a48..fa268da0ef 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/style/sources/image_source.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/style/sources/image_source.cpp
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ void ImageSource::loadDescription(FileSource& fileSource) {
     if (req ||  loaded) {
         return;
     }
-    const Resource imageResource { Resource::Image, *url, {}, Resource::Necessity::Required };
+    const Resource imageResource { Resource::Image, *url, {} };
 
     req = fileSource.request(imageResource, [this](Response res) {
         if (res.error) {
diff --git a/src/mbgl/tile/geojson_tile.cpp b/src/mbgl/tile/geojson_tile.cpp
index ee4989462c..d648d2e5ff 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/tile/geojson_tile.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/tile/geojson_tile.cpp
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ GeoJSONTile::GeoJSONTile(const OverscaledTileID& overscaledTileID,
 void GeoJSONTile::updateData(mapbox::geometry::feature_collection<int16_t> features) {
     setData(std::make_unique<GeoJSONTileData>(std::move(features)));
 }
-
-void GeoJSONTile::setNecessity(Necessity) {}
     
 void GeoJSONTile::querySourceFeatures(
     std::vector<Feature>& result,
diff --git a/src/mbgl/tile/geojson_tile.hpp b/src/mbgl/tile/geojson_tile.hpp
index d8a0a379d7..270406267c 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/tile/geojson_tile.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/tile/geojson_tile.hpp
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ public:
                 mapbox::geometry::feature_collection<int16_t>);
 
     void updateData(mapbox::geometry::feature_collection<int16_t>);
-
-    void setNecessity(Necessity) final;
     
     void querySourceFeatures(
         std::vector<Feature>& result,
diff --git a/src/mbgl/tile/raster_tile.cpp b/src/mbgl/tile/raster_tile.cpp
index 2a3c9eeb0e..85fcea77b7 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/tile/raster_tile.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/tile/raster_tile.cpp
@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@ void RasterTile::setError(std::exception_ptr err) {
     observer->onTileError(*this, err);
 }
 
-void RasterTile::setData(std::shared_ptr<const std::string> data,
-                             optional<Timestamp> modified_,
-                             optional<Timestamp> expires_) {
+void RasterTile::setMetadata(optional<Timestamp> modified_, optional<Timestamp> expires_) {
     modified = modified_;
     expires = expires_;
+}
 
+void RasterTile::setData(std::shared_ptr<const std::string> data) {
     pending = true;
     ++correlationID;
     worker.invoke(&RasterTileWorker::parse, data, correlationID);
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ void RasterTile::setMask(TileMask&& mask) {
     }
 }
 
-void RasterTile::setNecessity(Necessity necessity) {
+void RasterTile::setNecessity(TileNecessity necessity) {
     loader.setNecessity(necessity);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/tile/raster_tile.hpp b/src/mbgl/tile/raster_tile.hpp
index 2cb64e8ed7..192769ed8f 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/tile/raster_tile.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/tile/raster_tile.hpp
@@ -22,12 +22,11 @@ public:
                    const Tileset&);
     ~RasterTile() final;
 
-    void setNecessity(Necessity) final;
+    void setNecessity(TileNecessity) final;
 
     void setError(std::exception_ptr);
-    void setData(std::shared_ptr<const std::string> data,
-                 optional<Timestamp> modified_,
-                 optional<Timestamp> expires_);
+    void setMetadata(optional<Timestamp> modified, optional<Timestamp> expires);
+    void setData(std::shared_ptr<const std::string> data);
 
     void cancel() override;
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/tile/tile.cpp b/src/mbgl/tile/tile.cpp
index 7d7eb0b3fc..f36a472e72 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/tile/tile.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/tile/tile.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ void Tile::setObserver(TileObserver* observer_) {
     observer = observer_;
 }
 
-void Tile::setTriedOptional() {
+void Tile::setTriedCache() {
     triedOptional = true;
     observer->onTileChanged(*this);
 }
diff --git a/src/mbgl/tile/tile.hpp b/src/mbgl/tile/tile.hpp
index 39cc0de8bd..8be7c4d862 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/tile/tile.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/tile/tile.hpp
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/util/feature.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/tile_coordinate.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/tile/tile_id.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/tile/tile_necessity.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/tile_mask.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/bucket.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/tile/geometry_tile_data.hpp>
@@ -38,14 +39,7 @@ public:
 
     void setObserver(TileObserver* observer);
 
-    // Tiles can have two states: optional or required.
-    // - optional means that only low-cost actions should be taken to obtain the data
-    //   (e.g. load from cache, but accept stale data)
-    // - required means that every effort should be taken to obtain the data (e.g. load
-    //   from internet and keep the data fresh if it expires)
-    using Necessity = Resource::Necessity;
-
-    virtual void setNecessity(Necessity) = 0;
+    virtual void setNecessity(TileNecessity) {}
 
     // Mark this tile as no longer needed and cancel any pending work.
     virtual void cancel() = 0;
@@ -68,11 +62,11 @@ public:
             std::vector<Feature>& result,
             const SourceQueryOptions&);
 
-    void setTriedOptional();
+    void setTriedCache();
 
     // Returns true when the tile source has received a first response, regardless of whether a load
     // error occurred or actual data was loaded.
-    bool hasTriedOptional() const {
+    bool hasTriedCache() const {
         return triedOptional;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/tile/tile_loader.hpp b/src/mbgl/tile/tile_loader.hpp
index bc408ebaf6..92ca74330f 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/tile/tile_loader.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/tile/tile_loader.hpp
@@ -21,12 +21,10 @@ public:
                const Tileset&);
     ~TileLoader();
 
-    using Necessity = Resource::Necessity;
-
-    void setNecessity(Necessity newNecessity) {
+    void setNecessity(TileNecessity newNecessity) {
         if (newNecessity != necessity) {
             necessity = newNecessity;
-            if (necessity == Necessity::Required) {
+            if (necessity == TileNecessity::Required) {
                 makeRequired();
             } else {
                 makeOptional();
@@ -45,12 +43,12 @@ private:
     // an up-to-date version or load new data
     void makeOptional();
 
-    void loadOptional();
+    void loadFromCache();
     void loadedData(const Response&);
-    void loadRequired();
+    void loadFromNetwork();
 
     T& tile;
-    Necessity necessity;
+    TileNecessity necessity;
     Resource resource;
     FileSource& fileSource;
     std::unique_ptr<AsyncRequest> request;
diff --git a/src/mbgl/tile/tile_loader_impl.hpp b/src/mbgl/tile/tile_loader_impl.hpp
index 598ec32c10..1b29638269 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/tile/tile_loader_impl.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/tile/tile_loader_impl.hpp
@@ -15,32 +15,31 @@ TileLoader<T>::TileLoader(T& tile_,
                           const TileParameters& parameters,
                           const Tileset& tileset)
     : tile(tile_),
-      necessity(Necessity::Optional),
+      necessity(TileNecessity::Optional),
       resource(Resource::tile(
         tileset.tiles.at(0),
         parameters.pixelRatio,
         id.canonical.x,
         id.canonical.y,
         id.canonical.z,
-        tileset.scheme)),
+        tileset.scheme,
+        Resource::LoadingMethod::CacheOnly)),
       fileSource(parameters.fileSource) {
     assert(!request);
-    if (fileSource.supportsOptionalRequests()) {
+    if (fileSource.supportsCacheOnlyRequests()) {
         // When supported, the first request is always optional, even if the TileLoader
         // is marked as required. That way, we can let the first optional request continue
         // to load when the TileLoader is later changed from required to optional. If we
         // started out with a required request, we'd have to cancel everything, including the
         // initial optional part of the request.
-        loadOptional();
+        loadFromCache();
+    } else if (necessity == TileNecessity::Required) {
+        // When the file source doesn't support cache-only requests, and we definiitely need this
+        // data, we can start out with a network request immediately.
+        loadFromNetwork();
     } else {
-        // When the FileSource doesn't support optional requests, we do nothing until the
+        // When the FileSource doesn't support cache-only requests, we do nothing until the
         // data is definitely required.
-        if (necessity == Necessity::Required) {
-            loadRequired();
-        } else {
-            // We're using this field to check whether the pending request is optional or required.
-            resource.necessity = Resource::Optional;
-        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -48,29 +47,31 @@ template <typename T>
 TileLoader<T>::~TileLoader() = default;
 
 template <typename T>
-void TileLoader<T>::loadOptional() {
+void TileLoader<T>::loadFromCache() {
     assert(!request);
 
-    resource.necessity = Resource::Optional;
+    resource.loadingMethod = Resource::LoadingMethod::CacheOnly;
     request = fileSource.request(resource, [this](Response res) {
         request.reset();
 
-        tile.setTriedOptional();
+        tile.setTriedCache();
 
         if (res.error && res.error->reason == Response::Error::Reason::NotFound) {
-            // When the optional request could not be satisfied, don't treat it as an error.
-            // Instead, we make sure that the next request knows that there has been an optional
-            // request before by setting one of the prior* fields.
+            // When the cache-only request could not be satisfied, don't treat it as an error.
+            // A cache lookup could still return data, _and_ an error, in particular when we were
+            // able to find the data, but it is expired and the Cache-Control headers indicated that
+            // we aren't allowed to use expired responses. In this case, we still get the data which
+            // we can use in our conditional network request.
             resource.priorModified = res.modified;
-            resource.priorExpires = Timestamp{ Seconds::zero() };
+            resource.priorExpires = res.expires;
             resource.priorEtag = res.etag;
             resource.priorData = res.data;
         } else {
             loadedData(res);
         }
 
-        if (necessity == Necessity::Required) {
-            loadRequired();
+        if (necessity == TileNecessity::Required) {
+            loadFromNetwork();
         }
     });
 }
@@ -78,14 +79,15 @@ void TileLoader<T>::loadOptional() {
 template <typename T>
 void TileLoader<T>::makeRequired() {
     if (!request) {
-        loadRequired();
+        loadFromNetwork();
     }
 }
 
 template <typename T>
 void TileLoader<T>::makeOptional() {
-    if (resource.necessity == Resource::Required && request) {
-        // Abort a potential HTTP request.
+    if (resource.loadingMethod == Resource::LoadingMethod::NetworkOnly && request) {
+        // Abort the current request, but only when we know that we're specifically querying for a
+        // network resource only.
         request.reset();
     }
 }
@@ -98,19 +100,23 @@ void TileLoader<T>::loadedData(const Response& res) {
         resource.priorExpires = res.expires;
         // Do not notify the tile; when we get this message, it already has the current
         // version of the data.
+        tile.setMetadata(res.modified, res.expires);
     } else {
         resource.priorModified = res.modified;
         resource.priorExpires = res.expires;
         resource.priorEtag = res.etag;
-        tile.setData(res.noContent ? nullptr : res.data, res.modified, res.expires);
+        tile.setMetadata(res.modified, res.expires);
+        tile.setData(res.noContent ? nullptr : res.data);
     }
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-void TileLoader<T>::loadRequired() {
+void TileLoader<T>::loadFromNetwork() {
     assert(!request);
 
-    resource.necessity = Resource::Required;
+    // Instead of using Resource::LoadingMethod::All, we're first doing a CacheOnly, and then a
+    // NetworkOnly request.
+    resource.loadingMethod = Resource::LoadingMethod::NetworkOnly;
     request = fileSource.request(resource, [this](Response res) { loadedData(res); });
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/tile/vector_tile.cpp b/src/mbgl/tile/vector_tile.cpp
index e2e700b7b7..0756d3e526 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/tile/vector_tile.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/tile/vector_tile.cpp
@@ -12,16 +12,16 @@ VectorTile::VectorTile(const OverscaledTileID& id_,
     : GeometryTile(id_, sourceID_, parameters), loader(*this, id_, parameters, tileset) {
 }
 
-void VectorTile::setNecessity(Necessity necessity) {
+void VectorTile::setNecessity(TileNecessity necessity) {
     loader.setNecessity(necessity);
 }
 
-void VectorTile::setData(std::shared_ptr<const std::string> data_,
-                         optional<Timestamp> modified_,
-                         optional<Timestamp> expires_) {
+void VectorTile::setMetadata(optional<Timestamp> modified_, optional<Timestamp> expires_) {
     modified = modified_;
     expires = expires_;
+}
 
+void VectorTile::setData(std::shared_ptr<const std::string> data_) {
     GeometryTile::setData(data_ ? std::make_unique<VectorTileData>(data_) : nullptr);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/tile/vector_tile.hpp b/src/mbgl/tile/vector_tile.hpp
index 566cde4f37..7dae414fef 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/tile/vector_tile.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/tile/vector_tile.hpp
@@ -15,10 +15,9 @@ public:
                const TileParameters&,
                const Tileset&);
 
-    void setNecessity(Necessity) final;
-    void setData(std::shared_ptr<const std::string> data,
-                 optional<Timestamp> modified,
-                 optional<Timestamp> expires);
+    void setNecessity(TileNecessity) final;
+    void setMetadata(optional<Timestamp> modified, optional<Timestamp> expires);
+    void setData(std::shared_ptr<const std::string> data);
 
 private:
     TileLoader<VectorTile> loader;
diff --git a/test/algorithm/mock.hpp b/test/algorithm/mock.hpp
index d87f55343b..b8eb020105 100644
--- a/test/algorithm/mock.hpp
+++ b/test/algorithm/mock.hpp
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ struct MockBucket {};
 struct MockTileData {
     MockTileData(const mbgl::OverscaledTileID& tileID_) : tileID(tileID_) {}
 
-    bool hasTriedOptional() const {
+    bool hasTriedCache() const {
         return triedOptional;
     }
 
diff --git a/test/algorithm/update_renderables.test.cpp b/test/algorithm/update_renderables.test.cpp
index 2d37992579..7d6a0fcb13 100644
--- a/test/algorithm/update_renderables.test.cpp
+++ b/test/algorithm/update_renderables.test.cpp
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const CreateTileDataAction& action) {
 
 struct RetainTileDataAction {
     const OverscaledTileID tileID;
-    const Resource::Necessity necessity;
+    const TileNecessity necessity;
 
     bool operator==(const RetainTileDataAction& rhs) const {
         return tileID == rhs.tileID && necessity == rhs.necessity;
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const RetainTileDataAction& action) {
     return os << "RetainTileDataAction{ { " << int(action.tileID.overscaledZ) << ", " << int(action.tileID.wrap) << ", { "
               << int(action.tileID.canonical.z) << ", " << action.tileID.canonical.x << ", "
               << action.tileID.canonical.y << " } }, "
-              << (action.necessity == Resource::Necessity::Required ? "Required" : "Optional") << " }\n";
+              << (action.necessity == TileNecessity::Required ? "Required" : "Optional") << " }\n";
 }
 
 struct RenderTileAction {
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ auto createTileDataFn(ActionLog& log, T& dataTiles) {
 
 template <typename = int>
 auto retainTileDataFn(ActionLog& log) {
-    return [&](auto& tileData, Resource::Necessity necessity) {
+    return [&](auto& tileData, TileNecessity necessity) {
         log.emplace_back(RetainTileDataAction{ tileData.tileID, necessity });
     };
 }
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, SingleTile) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 1);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, Found },       // found ideal tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 1, 1, 1 }, *tile_1_1_1_1 },       // render ideal tile
               }),
               log);
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, SingleTile) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 1);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, Found },       // found ideal tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 1, 1, 1 }, *tile_1_1_1_1 },       // render ideal tile
               }),
               log);
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, SingleTile) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // missing ideal tile
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } } },           // create ideal tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 2 } }, NotFound },    // four child tiles
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 3 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 2 } }, NotFound },    // ...
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, SingleTile) {
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // parent tile
 
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, Found },       // found ideal tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 1, 1, 1 }, *tile_1_1_1_1 },       // render found tile
               }),
               log);
@@ -176,17 +176,17 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, SingleTile) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 1);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, Found },       // missing ideal tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 2 } }, NotFound },    // four child tiles
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 3 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 2 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 3 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // parent tile
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } } },           // load parent tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
 
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, Found },       // found ideal tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 1, 1, 1 }, *tile_1_1_1_1 },       // render found tile
               }),
               log);
@@ -199,11 +199,11 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, SingleTile) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 1);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, Found },       // newly added tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 1, 0, 1 }, *tile_1_1_0_1 },       // render ideal tile
 
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, Found },       // ideal tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 1, 1, 1 }, *tile_1_1_1_1 },       // render found tile
               }),
               log);
@@ -218,21 +218,21 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, SingleTile) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 1);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // found tile, not ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // four child tiles
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // parent tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   // optional parent tile was already created before, but is not renderable
 
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, Found },       // ideal tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 1, 0, 1 }, *tile_1_1_0_1 },       // render ideal tile
 
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, Found },       // ideal tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 1, 1, 1 }, *tile_1_1_1_1 },       // render ideal tile
               }),
               log);
@@ -244,15 +244,15 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, SingleTile) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 1);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // found tile, now ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 1, 0, 0 }, *tile_1_1_0_0 },       //
 
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, Found },       // ideal tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 1, 0, 1 }, *tile_1_1_0_1 },       //
 
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, Found },       // ideal tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 1, 1, 1 }, *tile_1_1_1_1 },       //
               }),
               log);
@@ -278,24 +278,24 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, UseParentTile) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // missing ideal tile
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 2 } }, NotFound },    // child tile
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 3 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 2 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 3 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // parent found!
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 0, 0, 0 }, *tile_0_0_0_0 },       // render parent
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // missing ideal tile
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 2, 0 } }, NotFound },    // child tile
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 2, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 3, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 3, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    // missing tile
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 2, 2 } }, NotFound },    // child tile
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 2, 3 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 3, 2 } }, NotFound },    // ...
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, DontUseWrongParentTile) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // missing ideal tile
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // child tile
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
@@ -338,14 +338,14 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, DontUseWrongParentTile) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 2);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // non-ready ideal tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // child tile
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // parent tile, missing
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } } },           // find optional parent
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // parent tile, missing
               }),
               log);
@@ -357,25 +357,25 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, DontUseWrongParentTile) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 2);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // non-ready ideal tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   // this tile was added by the previous invocation of updateRenderables
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // child tile
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // parent tile not ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // missing parent tile
 
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 2, 0 } }, NotFound },    // missing ideal tile
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 2, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 2, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 2, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 4, 0 } }, NotFound },    // child tile
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 4, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 5, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 5, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 0 } }, Found },       // found parent tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 1, 1, 0 }, *tile_1_1_1_0 },       // render parent tile
               }),
               log);
@@ -402,13 +402,13 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, UseParentTileWhenChildNotReady) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 1);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, Found },       // found, but not ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 2 } }, NotFound },    // child tile
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 3 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 2 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 3 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // parent tile, ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 0, 0, 0 }, *tile_0_0_0_0 },       // render parent tile
               }),
               log);
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, UseParentTileWhenChildNotReady) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 1);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, Found },       // found and ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 1, 0, 1 }, *tile_1_1_0_1 },       // render ideal tile
               }),
               log);
@@ -448,17 +448,17 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, UseOverlappingParentTile) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ideal tile not found
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // child tile
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // parent tile found
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 0, 0, 0 }, *tile_0_0_0_0 },       //
 
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, Found },       // ideal tile found
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 1, 0, 1 }, *tile_1_1_0_1 },       //
               }),
               log);
@@ -484,13 +484,13 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, UseChildTiles) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ideal tile, missing
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // child tile found
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 1, 0, 0 }, *tile_1_1_0_0 },       // render child tile
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // child tile not found
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 0 } }, Found },       // child tile found
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 1, 1, 0 }, *tile_1_1_1_0 },       // render child tile
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    // child tile not found
                   // no parent tile of 0 to consider
@@ -518,15 +518,15 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, PreferChildTiles) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ideal tile, not found
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // child tile, found
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 2, 0, 0 }, *tile_2_2_0_0 },       //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // child tile, not found
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // parent tile, found
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 0, 0, 0 }, *tile_0_0_0_0 },       //
               }),
               log);
@@ -541,17 +541,17 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, PreferChildTiles) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Found }, // ideal tile, not ready
                   // ideal tile was added in previous invocation, but is not yet ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // child tile, found
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 2, 0, 0 }, *tile_2_2_0_0 },       //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 1 } }, Found },       // ...
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, // ...
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, // ...
                   RenderTileAction{ { 2, 0, 1 }, *tile_2_2_0_1 },       //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // child tile, not found
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // parent tile, found
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 0, 0, 0 }, *tile_0_0_0_0 },       //
               }),
               log);
@@ -564,19 +564,19 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, PreferChildTiles) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Found }, // ideal tile, not ready
                   // ideal tile was added in first invocation, but is not yet ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // child tile, found
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 2, 0, 0 }, *tile_2_2_0_0 },       //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 1 } }, Found },       // ...
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 2, 0, 1 }, *tile_2_2_0_1 },       //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 0 } }, Found },       // ...
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 2, 1, 0 }, *tile_2_2_1_0 },       //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    // child tile, not found
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // parent tile, found
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 0, 0, 0 }, *tile_0_0_0_0 },       //
               }),
               log);
@@ -590,18 +590,18 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, PreferChildTiles) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Found }, // ideal tile, not ready
                   // ideal tile was added in first invocation, but is not yet ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // child tile, found
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 2, 0, 0 }, *tile_2_2_0_0 },       //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 1 } }, Found },       // ...
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 2, 0, 1 }, *tile_2_2_0_1 },       //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 0 } }, Found },       // ...
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 2, 1, 0 }, *tile_2_2_1_0 },       //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 1 } }, Found },       // ...
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 1 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 1 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 2, 1, 1 }, *tile_2_2_1_1 },       //
               }),
               log);
@@ -628,15 +628,15 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, UseParentAndChildTiles) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ideal tile, missing
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // child tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 2, 0, 0 }, *tile_2_2_0_0 },       //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // parent tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 0, 0, 0 }, *tile_0_0_0_0 },       //
               }),
               log);
@@ -648,13 +648,13 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, UseParentAndChildTiles) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 1);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ideal tile, not ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // parent tile
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 0, 0, 0 }, *tile_0_0_0_0 },       //
               }),
               log);
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, DontUseTilesLowerThanMinzoom) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ideal tile, missing
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
@@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, UseOverzoomedTileAfterMaxzoom) {
         ActionLog({
             GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ideal tile, missing
             CreateTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } } },           //
-            RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+            RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
             GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // overzoomed tile, not children!
             GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
             GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
@@ -724,11 +724,11 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, UseOverzoomedTileAfterMaxzoom) {
     EXPECT_EQ(
         ActionLog({
             GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ideal tile, missing
-            RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+            RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
             GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // overzoomed tile, not children!
             GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
             CreateTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } } },           //
-            RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+            RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
             GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
         }),
         log);
@@ -742,10 +742,10 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, UseOverzoomedTileAfterMaxzoom) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ideal tile, missing
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Found },       //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 2, 0, 0 }, *tile_2_2_0_0 },       //
               }),
               log);
@@ -758,7 +758,7 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, UseOverzoomedTileAfterMaxzoom) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 3);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Found },       //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 2, 0, 0 }, *tile_3_2_0_0 },       //
               }),
               log);
@@ -769,7 +769,7 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, UseOverzoomedTileAfterMaxzoom) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 2);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Found },       //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 2, 0, 0 }, *tile_2_2_0_0 },       //
               }),
               log);
@@ -785,9 +785,9 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, UseOverzoomedTileAfterMaxzoom) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // use overzoomed tile!
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 2, 0, 0 }, *tile_3_2_0_0 },       //
               }),
               log);
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, AscendToNonOverzoomedTiles) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 3);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Found },       //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 2, 0, 0 }, *tile_3_2_0_0 },       //
               }),
               log);
@@ -827,10 +827,10 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, AscendToNonOverzoomedTiles) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound }, // prefer using a child first
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Found },    //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 2, 0, 0 }, *tile_2_2_0_0 },       //
               }),
               log);
@@ -845,11 +845,11 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, AscendToNonOverzoomedTiles) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 3);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ideal tile, not ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Found },       //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 1, 0, 0 }, *tile_1_1_0_0 },       //
               }),
               log);
@@ -861,13 +861,13 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, AscendToNonOverzoomedTiles) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 3);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ideal tile, not ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Found },       //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 1, 0, 0 }, *tile_1_1_0_0 },       //
               }),
               log);
@@ -889,7 +889,7 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, DoNotAscendMultipleTimesIfNotFound) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 8, 0, { 8, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ideal tile
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 8, 0, { 8, 0, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 8, 0, { 8, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 8, 0, { 8, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 9, 0, { 9, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // child tile
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 9, 0, { 9, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 9, 0, { 9, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
@@ -905,7 +905,7 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, DoNotAscendMultipleTimesIfNotFound) {
 
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 8, 0, { 8, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ideal tile
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 8, 0, { 8, 1, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 8, 0, { 8, 1, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 8, 0, { 8, 1, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 9, 0, { 9, 2, 0 } }, NotFound },    // child tile
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 9, 0, { 9, 2, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 9, 0, { 9, 3, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
@@ -923,7 +923,7 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, DoNotAscendMultipleTimesIfNotFound) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 8);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 8, 0, { 8, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ideal tile, not ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 8, 0, { 8, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 8, 0, { 8, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 9, 0, { 9, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // child tile
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 9, 0, { 9, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 9, 0, { 9, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
@@ -932,11 +932,11 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, DoNotAscendMultipleTimesIfNotFound) {
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // stops ascent
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 4, 0, 0 }, *tile_4_0_0_0 },       //
 
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 8, 0, { 8, 1, 0 } }, Found },       // ideal tile, not ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 8, 0, { 8, 1, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 8, 0, { 8, 1, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 9, 0, { 9, 2, 0 } }, NotFound },    // child tile
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 9, 0, { 9, 2, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 9, 0, { 9, 3, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
@@ -963,13 +963,13 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, DontRetainUnusedNonIdealTiles) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 2);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ideal tile, not ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // parent tile, not ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
               }),
               log);
@@ -996,7 +996,7 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, WrappedTiles) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, -1, { 1, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ideal tile 1/-1/0 (wrapped to -1)
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 1, -1, { 1, 1, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, -1, { 1, 1, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, -1, { 1, 1, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, -1, { 2, 2, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, -1, { 2, 2, 1 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, -1, { 2, 3, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
@@ -1005,18 +1005,18 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, WrappedTiles) {
 
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ideal tile 1/0/0
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Found },       //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 0, 0, 0 }, *tile_0_0_0_0 },       //
 
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },       // ideal tile 1/1/0, doesn't match 1/-/1/0
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 0 } } },
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 1, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 2, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 2, 1 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 3, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
@@ -1025,7 +1025,7 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, WrappedTiles) {
 
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 1, { 1, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },       // ideal tile 1/2/0 (wrapped to 1)
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 1, 1, { 1, 0, 0 } } },
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 1, { 1, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 1, 1, { 1, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 1, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 1, { 2, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 1, { 2, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    //
@@ -1050,7 +1050,7 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, RepeatedRenderWithMissingOptionals) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ideal tile, not found
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // children
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
@@ -1070,7 +1070,7 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, RepeatedRenderWithMissingOptionals) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 6);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ideal tile, not ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // children
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
@@ -1091,14 +1091,14 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, RepeatedRenderWithMissingOptionals) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 6);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ideal tile, not ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // children
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ascent
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
@@ -1113,13 +1113,13 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, RepeatedRenderWithMissingOptionals) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 6);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ideal tile, not ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // children
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ascent
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
@@ -1135,16 +1135,16 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, RepeatedRenderWithMissingOptionals) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 6);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ideal tile, not ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // children
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ascent
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
@@ -1159,18 +1159,18 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, RepeatedRenderWithMissingOptionals) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 6);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ideal tile, not ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // children
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ascent
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ...
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
@@ -1184,20 +1184,20 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, RepeatedRenderWithMissingOptionals) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 6);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ideal tile, not ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // children
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ascent
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ...
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ...
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } } },           //
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 1, 0, { 1, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 0, 0, { 0, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
               }),
@@ -1211,17 +1211,17 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, RepeatedRenderWithMissingOptionals) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 6);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ideal tile, not ready
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 0, 0 } }, NotFound },    // children
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 0, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 1, 0 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 7, 1, 1 } }, NotFound },    // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ascent
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ...
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } }, Found },       // ...
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Optional }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Optional }, //
                   RenderTileAction{ { 3, 0, 0 }, *tile_3_3_0_0 },       //
               }),
               log);
@@ -1246,11 +1246,11 @@ TEST(UpdateRenderables, LoadRequiredIfIdealTileCantBeFound) {
                                  source.idealTiles, source.zoomRange, 6);
     EXPECT_EQ(ActionLog({
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, Found }, // ideal tile, not found
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required }, //
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 6, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required }, //
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 7, 0, { 6, 0, 0 } }, NotFound }, // overzoomed child
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, NotFound }, // ascent
                   CreateTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } } },
-                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, Resource::Necessity::Required },
+                  RetainTileDataAction{ { 5, 0, { 5, 0, 0 } }, TileNecessity::Required },
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 4, 0, { 4, 0, 0 } }, NotFound }, // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 3, 0, { 3, 0, 0 } }, NotFound }, // ...
                   GetTileDataAction{ { 2, 0, { 2, 0, 0 } }, NotFound }, // ...
diff --git a/test/storage/default_file_source.test.cpp b/test/storage/default_file_source.test.cpp
index b5686b5ffe..c11d442270 100644
--- a/test/storage/default_file_source.test.cpp
+++ b/test/storage/default_file_source.test.cpp
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ TEST(DefaultFileSource, OptionalNonExpired) {
     util::RunLoop loop;
     DefaultFileSource fs(":memory:", ".");
 
-    const Resource optionalResource { Resource::Unknown, "http://127.0.0.1:3000/test", {}, Resource::Optional };
+    const Resource optionalResource { Resource::Unknown, "http://127.0.0.1:3000/test", {}, Resource::LoadingMethod::CacheOnly };
 
     using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ TEST(DefaultFileSource, OptionalExpired) {
     util::RunLoop loop;
     DefaultFileSource fs(":memory:", ".");
 
-    const Resource optionalResource { Resource::Unknown, "http://127.0.0.1:3000/test", {}, Resource::Optional };
+    const Resource optionalResource { Resource::Unknown, "http://127.0.0.1:3000/test", {}, Resource::LoadingMethod::CacheOnly };
 
     using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ TEST(DefaultFileSource, OptionalNotFound) {
     util::RunLoop loop;
     DefaultFileSource fs(":memory:", ".");
 
-    const Resource optionalResource { Resource::Unknown, "http://127.0.0.1:3000/test", {}, Resource::Optional };
+    const Resource optionalResource { Resource::Unknown, "http://127.0.0.1:3000/test", {}, Resource::LoadingMethod::CacheOnly };
 
     using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
@@ -348,13 +348,13 @@ TEST(DefaultFileSource, OptionalNotFound) {
     loop.run();
 }
 
-// Test that we can make a request with etag data that doesn't first try to load
-// from cache like a regular request
+// Test that a network only request doesn't attempt to load data from the cache.
 TEST(DefaultFileSource, TEST_REQUIRES_SERVER(NoCacheRefreshEtagNotModified)) {
     util::RunLoop loop;
     DefaultFileSource fs(":memory:", ".");
 
     Resource resource { Resource::Unknown, "http://127.0.0.1:3000/revalidate-same" };
+    resource.loadingMethod = Resource::LoadingMethod::NetworkOnly;
     resource.priorEtag.emplace("snowfall");
 
     using namespace std::chrono_literals;
@@ -383,13 +383,13 @@ TEST(DefaultFileSource, TEST_REQUIRES_SERVER(NoCacheRefreshEtagNotModified)) {
     loop.run();
 }
 
-// Test that we can make a request with etag data that doesn't first try to load
-// from cache like a regular request
+// Test that a network only request doesn't attempt to load data from the cache.
 TEST(DefaultFileSource, TEST_REQUIRES_SERVER(NoCacheRefreshEtagModified)) {
     util::RunLoop loop;
     DefaultFileSource fs(":memory:", ".");
 
     Resource resource { Resource::Unknown, "http://127.0.0.1:3000/revalidate-same" };
+    resource.loadingMethod = Resource::LoadingMethod::NetworkOnly;
     resource.priorEtag.emplace("sunshine");
 
     using namespace std::chrono_literals;
@@ -418,15 +418,13 @@ TEST(DefaultFileSource, TEST_REQUIRES_SERVER(NoCacheRefreshEtagModified)) {
     loop.run();
 }
 
-// Test that we can make a request that doesn't first try to load
-// from cache like a regular request.
+// Test that a network only request doesn't attempt to load data from the cache.
 TEST(DefaultFileSource, TEST_REQUIRES_SERVER(NoCacheFull)) {
     util::RunLoop loop;
     DefaultFileSource fs(":memory:", ".");
 
     Resource resource { Resource::Unknown, "http://127.0.0.1:3000/revalidate-same" };
-    // Setting any prior field results in skipping the cache.
-    resource.priorExpires.emplace(Seconds(0));
+    resource.loadingMethod = Resource::LoadingMethod::NetworkOnly;
 
     using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
@@ -461,6 +459,7 @@ TEST(DefaultFileSource, TEST_REQUIRES_SERVER(NoCacheRefreshModifiedNotModified))
     DefaultFileSource fs(":memory:", ".");
 
     Resource resource { Resource::Unknown, "http://127.0.0.1:3000/revalidate-modified" };
+    resource.loadingMethod = Resource::LoadingMethod::NetworkOnly;
     resource.priorModified.emplace(Seconds(1420070400)); // January 1, 2015
 
     using namespace std::chrono_literals;
@@ -496,6 +495,7 @@ TEST(DefaultFileSource, TEST_REQUIRES_SERVER(NoCacheRefreshModifiedModified)) {
     DefaultFileSource fs(":memory:", ".");
 
     Resource resource { Resource::Unknown, "http://127.0.0.1:3000/revalidate-modified" };
+    resource.loadingMethod = Resource::LoadingMethod::NetworkOnly;
     resource.priorModified.emplace(Seconds(1417392000)); // December 1, 2014
 
     using namespace std::chrono_literals;
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ TEST(DefaultFileSource, TEST_REQUIRES_SERVER(RespondToStaleMustRevalidate)) {
     DefaultFileSource fs(":memory:", ".");
 
     Resource resource { Resource::Unknown, "http://127.0.0.1:3000/revalidate-same" };
-    resource.necessity = Resource::Necessity::Optional;
+    resource.loadingMethod = Resource::LoadingMethod::CacheOnly;
 
     // using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ TEST(DefaultFileSource, TEST_REQUIRES_SERVER(RespondToStaleMustRevalidate)) {
     // Now run this request again, with the data we gathered from the previous stale/unusable
     // request. We're replacing the data so that we can check that the DefaultFileSource doesn't
     // attempt another database access if we already have the value.
-    resource.necessity = Resource::Necessity::Required;
+    resource.loadingMethod = Resource::LoadingMethod::NetworkOnly;
     resource.priorData = std::make_shared<std::string>("Prior value");
 
     req = fs.request(resource, [&](Response res) {