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1 files changed, 44 insertions, 7 deletions
diff --git a/tz/tz-link.html b/tz/tz-link.html index e34ea20..1f893f6 100644 --- a/tz/tz-link.html +++ b/tz/tz-link.html @@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ area. <ul> <li><a href="#civil">Civil time concepts and history</a></li> <li><a href="#national">National histories of legal time</a></li> + <li><a href="#costs">Costs and benefits of time shifts</a></li> <li><a href="#precision">Precision timekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="#notation">Time notation</a></li> <li><a href="#see-also">See also</a></li> @@ -81,11 +82,12 @@ title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</abbr></a>, <a href="https://www.openbsd.org">Open<abbr>BSD</abbr></a>, <a href="https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os">Chromium OS</a>, <a href="https://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a>, +<a href="https://mariadb.org">MariaDB</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX">MINIX</a>, <a href="https://www.mysql.com">MySQL</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebOS"><abbr title="Web Operating System">webOS</abbr></a>, -<a href="https://ibm.com/aix"><abbr +<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX"><abbr title="Advanced Interactive eXecutive">AIX</abbr></a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_10">BlackBerry 10</a>, <a href="https://www.apple.com/ios"><abbr @@ -167,7 +169,8 @@ then <samp>za</samp> through <samp>zz</samp>, then <samp>zza</samp> through <samp>zzz</samp>, and so on). Since version 2016h, each release has contained a text file named "<samp>version</samp>" whose first (and currently only) line is the version. -The releases are also available in an +Older releases are <a href="https://ftp.iana.org/tz/releases/">archived</a>, +and are also available in an <a href="ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/releases/"><abbr title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</abbr> directory</a> via a less-secure protocol.</p> @@ -826,10 +829,10 @@ zones and daylight saving time</a>.</dd> Chile's official time (in Spanish)</a>.</dd> <dt>China</dt> <dd>The Hong Kong Observatory maintains a -<a href="https://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm">history of +<a href="https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/gts/time/Summertime.htm">history of summer time in Hong Kong</a>, and Macau's Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau maintains a <a -href="http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/geophysics/e_t_Summer%20Time.htm">similar +href="https://www.smg.gov.mo/en/subpage/224/page/174">similar history for Macau</a>. Unfortunately the latter is incomplete and has errors.</dd> <dt>Czech Republic</dt> @@ -865,7 +868,7 @@ href="https://www.dia.govt.nz/Daylight-Saving-History">History of Daylight Saving</a>.</dd> <dt>Singapore</dt> <dd><a id="Singapore" -href="http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~mathelmr/teaching/timezone.html">Why +href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822231045/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~mathelmr/teaching/timezone.html">Why is Singapore in the "Wrong" Time Zone?</a> details the history of legal time in Singapore and Malaysia.</dd> <dt>United Kingdom</dt> @@ -880,12 +883,46 @@ Time Zone Proceedings</a> lists changes to time zone boundaries.</dd> <dt>Uruguay</dt> <dd>The Oceanography, Hydrography, and Meteorology Service of the Uruguayan Navy (SOHMA) publishes an annual <a -href="http://www.armada.gub.uy/sohma/index.php/servicios/datos-astronomicos" hreflang="es">almanac +href="http://sohma.armada.mil.uy/index.php/servicios/datos-astronomicos" hreflang="es">almanac (in Spanish)</a>.</dd> </dl> </section> <section> +<h2 id="costs">Costs and benefits of time shifts</h2> +<p>Various sources argue for and against daylight saving time and time +zone shifts, and many scientific studies have been conducted. This +section summarizes reviews of scientific literature in the area.</p> +<ul> +<li>Carey RN, Sarma KM. +<a href="https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/6/e014319.long">Impact of +daylight saving time on road traffic collision risk: a systematic +review</a>. +<em>BMJ Open.</em> 2017;7(6):e014319. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014319">10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014319</a>. +This reviews research literature and concludes that the evidence +neither supports nor refutes road safety benefits from +shifts in time zones.</li> +<li>Havranek T, Herman D, Irsova D. +<a href="https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/174191">Does daylight +saving save electricity? A meta-analysis</a>. <em>Energy J.</em> +2018;39(2). +doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav">10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav</a>. +This analyzes research literature and concludes, "Electricity savings +are larger for countries farther away from the equator, while +subtropical regions consume more electricity because of DST."</li> +<li>Roenneberg T, Winnebeck EC, Klerman EB. +<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6692659/">Daylight +saving time and artificial time zones – a battle between +biological and social times</a>. <em>Front Physiol.</em> 2019;10:944. +doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00944">10.3389/fphys.2019.00944</a>. +This reviews evidence about the health effects of DST and concludes, +"In summary, the scientific literature strongly argues against the +switching between DST and Standard Time and even more so against +adopting DST permanently."</li> +</ul> +</section> + +<section> <h2 id="precision">Precision timekeeping</h2> <ul> <li><a @@ -1022,7 +1059,7 @@ specifies an <abbr>ISO</abbr> 8601 profile for use in new Internet protocols.</li> <li> -<a href="https://www.hackcraft.net/web/datetime/">Date & Time +<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130042457/https://www.hackcraft.net/web/datetime/">Date & Time Formats on the Web</a> surveys web- and Internet-oriented date and time formats.</li> <li>Alphabetic time zone abbreviations should not be used as unique |