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diff --git a/tz-link.html b/tz-link.html index 2532069..d3b3766 100644 --- a/tz-link.html +++ b/tz-link.html @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> -<title>Sources for time zone and daylight saving time data</title> +<title>Time zone and daylight saving time data</title> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <style> pre {margin-left: 2em; white-space: pre-wrap;} </style> </head> <body> -<h1>Sources for time zone and daylight saving time data</h1> +<h1>Time zone and daylight saving time data</h1> <p> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone">Time zone</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time">daylight-saving</a> @@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ area. <li><a href="#costs">Costs and benefits of time shifts</a></li> <li><a href="#precision">Precision timekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="#notation">Time notation</a></li> - <li><a href="#see-also">See also</a></li> </ul> </li> + <li><a href="#see-also">See also</a></li> </ul> </nav> @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ C Library</a> (used in title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</abbr></a>, <a href="https://netbsd.org">Net<abbr>BSD</abbr></a>, <a href="https://www.openbsd.org">Open<abbr>BSD</abbr></a>, -<a href="https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os">Chromium OS</a>, +<a href="https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/">Chromium OS</a>, <a href="https://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a>, <a href="https://mariadb.org">MariaDB</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX">MINIX</a>, @@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ Since 1996, each version has been a four-digit year followed by lower-case letter (<samp>a</samp> through <samp>z</samp>, then <samp>za</samp> through <samp>zz</samp>, then <samp>zza</samp> through <samp>zzz</samp>, and so on). -Since version 1999g, each release has been distributed in +Since version 2022a, each release has been distributed in <a href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/pax.html#tag_20_92_13_06">POSIX ustar interchange format</a>, compressed as described above; older releases use a nearly-compatible format. @@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ After obtaining the code and data files, see the The code lets you compile the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source files into machine-readable binary files, one for each location. The binary files are in a special timezone information format (<dfn><abbr>TZif</abbr></dfn>) -specified by <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/8536">Internet +specified by <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/8536">Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 8536</a>. The code also lets you read a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file and interpret timestamps for that @@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ Studio Code</a>. </p> <p> For further information about updates, please see -<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6557">Procedures for +<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6557">Procedures for Maintaining the Time Zone Database</a> (Internet <abbr title="Request For Comments">RFC</abbr> 6557). More detail can be found in <a href="theory.html">Theory and pragmatics of the @@ -327,10 +327,8 @@ title="Structured Query Language">SQL</abbr></a> form.</li> href="https://twiki.org/cgi-bin/xtra/tzdatepick.html">Date and Time Gateway</a> lets you see the <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code> values directly.</li> <li><a -href="http://www.convertit.com/Go/ConvertIt/World_Time/Current_Time.ASP">Current +href="https://www.convertit.com/Go/ConvertIt/World_Time/Current_Time.ASP">Current Time in 1000 Places</a> uses descriptions of the values.</li> -<li><a href="https://timezoneconverterapp.com/">Time Zone Converter</a> -uses a pulldown menu.</li> <li><a href="https://home.kpn.nl/vanadovv/time/TZworld.html">Complete timezone information for all countries</a> displays tables of <abbr>DST</abbr> rules. @@ -340,8 +338,8 @@ Worldwide</a> lets you sort zone names and convert times.</li> time map and a time converter.</li> <li><a href="https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/en/">Time Difference</a> calculates the current time difference between locations.</li> -<li><a href="http://www.wx-now.com">Weather Now</a> and -<a href="http://www.thetimenow.com">The Time Now</a> list the weather too.</li> +<li><a href="https://www.wx-now.com">Weather Now</a> and +<a href="https://www.thetimenow.com">The Time Now</a> list the weather too.</li> </ul> </section> @@ -351,26 +349,26 @@ calculates the current time difference between locations.</li> <li>The <a href="https://www.ietf.org">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>'s <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/tzdist/charter/">Time Zone Data Distribution Service (tzdist) working group</a> defined <a -href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7808">TZDIST</a> +href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7808">TZDIST</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7808), a time zone data distribution service, -along with <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7809">CalDAV</a> +along with <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7809">CalDAV</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7809), a calendar access protocol for transferring time zone data by reference. <a href="https://devguide.calconnect.org/Time-Zones/TZDS/">TZDIST implementations</a> are available. The <a href="https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tzdist-bis">tzdist-bis mailing list</a> discusses possible extensions.</li> -<li>The <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5545"> +<li>The <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5545"> Internet Calendaring and Scheduling Core Object Specification (iCalendar)</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5445) covers time zone data; see its VTIMEZONE calendar component. The iCalendar format requires specialized parsers and generators; a -variant <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6321">xCal</a> +variant <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6321">xCal</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 6321) uses <a href="https://www.w3.org/XML/"><abbr title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</abbr></a> format, and a variant -<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7265">jCal</a> +<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7265">jCal</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7265) uses <a href="https://www.json.org"><abbr title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr></a> format.</li> @@ -413,13 +411,13 @@ transition in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database.</li> Database Parser</a> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B">C++</a> parser and runtime library with <a -href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/p0355r7.html">API</a> +href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/p0355r7.html">API</a> adopted by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C++20">C++20</a>, the current iteration of the C++ standard. It is freely available under the <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> license.</li> -<li><a id="ICU" href="http://site.icu-project.org">International Components for +<li><a id="ICU" href="https://icu.unicode.org">International Components for Unicode (<abbr>ICU</abbr>)</a> contains C/C++ and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29">Java</a> libraries for internationalization that @@ -549,7 +547,7 @@ Ruby Timezone Library</a> compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into <a href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/">Ruby</a>. It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li> -<li>The <a href="http://www.squeaksource.com/Chronos/">Chronos Date/Time +<li>The <a href="https://www.squeaksource.com/Chronos/">Chronos Date/Time Library</a> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> class library that compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into a time @@ -798,7 +796,7 @@ political subdivision data related to time zones.</li> <li><a href="https://home.kpn.nl/vanadovv/time/Multizones.html">Time zone boundaries for multizone countries</a> summarizes legal boundaries between time zones within countries.</li> -<li><a href="http://manifold.net/info/freestuff.shtml">Manifold Software +<li><a href="https://manifold.net/info/freestuff.shtml">Manifold Software – GIS and Database Tools</a> includes a Manifold-format map of world time zone boundaries distributed under the <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li> @@ -895,7 +893,7 @@ hreflang="he">announcements (in Hebrew)</a>.</dd> <dt>Mexico</dt> <dd>The Investigation and Analysis Service of the Mexican Library of Congress has published a <a -href="http://www.diputados.gob.mx/bibliot/publica/inveyana/polisoc/horver/index.htm" +href="https://www.diputados.gob.mx/bibliot/publica/inveyana/polisoc/horver/index.htm" hreflang="es">history of Mexican local time (in Spanish)</a>.</dd> <dt>Netherlands</dt> <dd><a href="https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm" @@ -926,7 +924,7 @@ Time Zone Proceedings</a> lists changes to time zone boundaries.</dd> <dt>Uruguay</dt> <dd>The Oceanography, Hydrography, and Meteorology Service of the Uruguayan Navy (SOHMA) publishes an annual <a -href="http://sohma.armada.mil.uy/index.php/servicios/datos-astronomicos" hreflang="es">almanac +href="https://sohma.armada.mil.uy/index.php/servicios/datos-astronomicos" hreflang="es">almanac (in Spanish)</a>.</dd> </dl> </section> @@ -947,9 +945,9 @@ This reviews research literature and concludes that the evidence neither supports nor refutes road safety benefits from shifts in time zones.</li> <li>Havranek T, Herman D, Irsova D. -<a href="https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/174191">Does daylight -saving save electricity? A meta-analysis</a>. <em>Energy J.</em> -2018;39(2). +<a href="https://www.iaee.org/en/publications/ejarticle.aspx?id=3051">Does +daylight saving save electricity? A meta-analysis.</a> +<em>Energy J.</em> 2018;39(2):35–61. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav">10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav</a>. This analyzes research literature and concludes, "Electricity savings are larger for countries farther away from the equator, while @@ -961,16 +959,14 @@ an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement</a>. 2020;<a href="https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.8780">10.5664/jcsm.8780</a>. This argues for permanent standard time due to health risks of both <abbr>DST</abbr> transitions and permanent <abbr>DST</abbr>.</li> -<li>Roenneberg T, Winnebeck EC, Klerman EB. -<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6692659/">Daylight -saving time and artificial time zones – a battle between -biological and social times</a>. <em>Front Physiol.</em> 2019;10:944. -doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00944">10.3389/fphys.2019.00944</a>. -This reviews evidence about the health effects of <abbr>DST</abbr> -and concludes, -"In summary, the scientific literature strongly argues against the -switching between <abbr>DST</abbr> and Standard Time and even more so against -adopting <abbr>DST</abbr> permanently."</li> +<li>Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Skene DJ <em>et al</em>. +<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7205184/">Why +should we abolish Daylight Saving Time?</a> +<em>J Biol Rhythms</em>. 2019;34(3):227–230. +doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730419854197">10.1177/0748730419854197</a>. +This position paper of the Society for Research on Biological Rhythms +opposes DST changes and permanent DST, and advocates that governments adopt +"permanent Standard Time for the health and safety of their citizens".</li> </ul> </section> @@ -983,7 +979,7 @@ Science of Timekeeping</a> is a thorough introduction to the theory and practice of precision timekeeping.</li> <li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59909-0">The Science of Time 2016</a> contains several freely-readable papers.</li> -<li><a href="http://www.ntp.org"><abbr +<li><a href="https://www.ntp.org"><abbr title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</abbr>: The Network Time Protocol</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5905) discusses how to synchronize clocks of @@ -998,7 +994,7 @@ title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</abbr> 1588) can achieve submicrosecond clock accuracy on a local area network with special-purpose hardware.</li> <li><a -href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4833">Timezone +href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4833">Timezone Options for <abbr title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</abbr></a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 4833) specifies a <a @@ -1012,14 +1008,15 @@ Scales</a> describes astronomical time scales like <abbr title="Barycentric Dynamic Time">TDB</abbr>. <li>The <a href="https://www.iau.org"><abbr title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</abbr></a>'s <a -href="http://www.iausofa.org"><abbr +href="https://www.iausofa.org"><abbr title="Standards Of Fundamental Astronomy">SOFA</abbr></a> collection contains C and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran">Fortran</a> code for converting among time scales like <abbr title="International Atomic Time">TAI</abbr>, <abbr>TDB</abbr>, <abbr>TDT</abbr> and -<abbr>UTC</abbr>.</li> +<abbr>UTC</abbr>. It is freely available under the +<a href="https://www.iausofa.org/tandc.html">SOFA license</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/notes.html">Mars24 Sunclock – Time on Mars</a> describes Airy Mean Time (<abbr>AMT</abbr>) and the @@ -1065,7 +1062,7 @@ the <abbr>NTP</abbr> reference implementation, <a href="https://github.com/google/unsmear">supports</a> conversion between <abbr>UTC</abbr> and smeared <abbr>POSIX</abbr> timestamps, and is used by major cloud service providers. However, according to -<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8633#section-3.7.1">§3.7.1 of +<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8633#section-3.7.1">§3.7.1 of Network Time Protocol Best Current Practices</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 8633), leap smearing is not suitable for applications requiring accurate <abbr>UTC</abbr> or civil time, @@ -1089,7 +1086,7 @@ again.</li> <section> <h2 id="notation">Time notation</h2> <ul> -<li>The <a id="CLDR" href="http://cldr.unicode.org">Unicode Common Locale Data +<li>The <a id="CLDR" href="https://cldr.unicode.org">Unicode Common Locale Data Repository (<abbr>CLDR</abbr>) Project</a> has localizations for time zone names, abbreviations, identifiers, and formats. For example, it contains French translations for "Eastern European Summer Time", @@ -1111,13 +1108,13 @@ interchange – Part 1: Basic rules</em></a>.</li> <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema/#dateTime"><abbr>XML</abbr> Schema: Datatypes – dateTime</a> specifies a format inspired by <abbr>ISO</abbr> 8601 that is in common use in <abbr>XML</abbr> data.</li> -<li><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5322#section-3.3">§3.3 of +<li><a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322#section-3.3">§3.3 of Internet Message Format</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5322) specifies the time notation used in email and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol"><abbr>HTTP</abbr></a> headers.</li> <li> -<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3339">Date and Time +<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3339">Date and Time on the Internet: Timestamps</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 3339) specifies an <abbr>ISO</abbr> 8601 profile for use in new Internet |