IANA 2022d

23 files changed, 341 insertions, 242 deletions

diff --git a/tz/Makefile b/tz/Makefile
index 88240ad..b68f843 100644
--- a/tz/Makefile
+++ b/tz/Makefile
@@ -298,8 +298,9 @@ GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS = -DGCC_LINT -g3 -O3 -fno-common \
 # guess TM_GMTOFF from other macros; define NO_TM_GMTOFF to suppress this.
 # Similarly, if your system has a "zone abbreviation" field, define
 #	-DTM_ZONE=tm_zone
-# and define NO_TM_ZONE to suppress any guessing.  These two fields are not
-# required by POSIX, but are widely available on GNU/Linux and BSD systems.
+# and define NO_TM_ZONE to suppress any guessing.  Although these two fields
+# not required by POSIX, a future version of POSIX is planned to require them
+# and they are widely available on GNU/Linux and BSD systems.
 #
 # The next batch of options control support for external variables
 # exported by tzcode.  In practice these variables are less useful
@@ -538,7 +539,7 @@ DATA=		$(TDATA_TO_CHECK) backzone iso3166.tab leap-seconds.list \
 			leapseconds $(ZONETABLES)
 AWK_SCRIPTS=	checklinks.awk checktab.awk leapseconds.awk \
 			ziguard.awk zishrink.awk
-MISC=		$(AWK_SCRIPTS) zoneinfo2tdf.pl
+MISC=		$(AWK_SCRIPTS)
 TZS_YEAR=	2050
 TZS_CUTOFF_FLAG=	-c $(TZS_YEAR)
 TZS=		to$(TZS_YEAR).tzs
@@ -567,7 +568,7 @@ VERSION_DEPS= \
 		tzfile.5 tzfile.h tzselect.8 tzselect.ksh \
 		workman.sh zdump.8 zdump.c zic.8 zic.c \
 		ziguard.awk zishrink.awk \
-		zone.tab zone1970.tab zoneinfo2tdf.pl
+		zone.tab zone1970.tab
 
 # And for the benefit of csh users on systems that assume the user
 # shell should be used to handle commands in Makefiles. . .
diff --git a/tz/NEWS b/tz/NEWS
index 6a0d5c5..64327d0 100644
--- a/tz/NEWS
+++ b/tz/NEWS
@@ -1,5 +1,50 @@
 News for the tz database
 
+Release 2022d - 2022-09-23 12:02:57 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Palestine transitions are now Saturdays at 02:00.
+    Simplify three Ukraine zones into one.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Palestine now springs forward and falls back at 02:00 on the
+    first Saturday on or after March 24 and October 24, respectively.
+    This means 2022 falls back 10-29 at 02:00, not 10-28 at 01:00.
+    (Thanks to Heba Hamad.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Simplify three Ukraine zones to one, since the post-1970
+    differences seem to have been imaginary.  Move Europe/Uzhgorod and
+    Europe/Zaporozhye to 'backzone'; backward-compatibility links
+    still work, albeit with different timestamps before October 1991.
+
+
+Release 2022c - 2022-08-15 17:47:18 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Work around awk bug in FreeBSD, macOS, etc.
+    Improve tzselect on intercontinental Zones.
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    Work around a bug in onetrueawk that broke commands like
+    'make traditional_tarballs' on FreeBSD, macOS, etc.
+    (Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.)
+
+    Add code to tzselect that uses experimental structured comments in
+    zone1970.tab to clarify whether Zones like Africa/Abidjan and
+    Europe/Istanbul cross continent or ocean boundaries.
+    (Inspired by a problem reported by Peter Krefting.)
+
+    Fix bug with 'zic -d /a/b/c' when /a is unwritable but the
+    directory /a/b already exists.
+
+    Remove zoneinfo2tdf.pl, as it was unused and triggered false
+    malware alarms on some email servers.
+
+
 Release 2022b - 2022-08-10 15:38:32 -0700
 
   Briefly:
@@ -83,7 +128,7 @@ Release 2022b - 2022-08-10 15:38:32 -0700
 
     zic no longer complains "can't determine time zone abbreviation to
     use just after until time" when a transition to a new standard
-    time occurs simultanously with the first DST fallback transition.
+    time occurs simultaneously with the first DST fallback transition.
 
   Changes to build procedure
 
diff --git a/tz/asia b/tz/asia
index def9b20..e0daae0 100644
--- a/tz/asia
+++ b/tz/asia
@@ -1505,8 +1505,8 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
 # onwards (which was during the Islamic Republic).
 
 # From Francis Santoni (2022-06-01):
-# for Iran and 1977 the effective change is only 20 october
-# (UIT No. 143 17.XI.1977) and not 23 september (UIT No. 141 13.IX.1977).
+# for Iran and 1977 the effective change is only 20 October
+# (UIT No. 143 17.XI.1977) and not 23 September (UIT No. 141 13.IX.1977).
 # UIT is the Operational Bulletin of International Telecommunication Union.
 
 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
@@ -3375,10 +3375,6 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # The winter time in 2015 started on October 23 at 01:00.
 # https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=CgpCdYa670694628582aCgpCdY
 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/27583
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2019-04-10):
-# For now, guess spring-ahead transitions are at 00:00 on the Saturday
-# preceding March's last Sunday (i.e., Sat>=24).
 
 # From P Chan (2021-10-18):
 # http://wafa.ps/Pages/Details/34701
@@ -3395,6 +3391,18 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # From Heba Hamad (2022-03-10):
 # summer time will begin in Palestine from Sunday 03-27-2022, 00:00 AM.
 
+# From Heba Hamad (2022-08-30):
+# winter time will begin in Palestine from Saturday 10-29, 02:00 AM by
+# 60 minutes backwards.  Also the state of Palestine adopted the summer
+# and winter time for the years: 2023,2024,2025,2026 ...
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/attachments/20220830/9f024566/Time-0001.pdf
+# (2022-08-31): ... the Saturday before the last Sunday in March and October
+# at 2:00 AM ,for the years from 2023 to 2026.
+# (2022-09-05): https://mtit.pna.ps/Site/New/1453
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-31):
+# For now, assume that this rule will also be used after 2026.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule EgyptAsia	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule EgyptAsia	1957	1958	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
@@ -3425,14 +3433,16 @@ Rule Palestine	2013	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2014	only	-	Oct	24	0:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2015	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	2015	only	-	Oct	23	1:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2016	2018	-	Mar	Sat>=24	1:00	1:00	S
-Rule Palestine	2016	2018	-	Oct	Sat>=24	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2016	2018	-	Mar	Sat<=30	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2016	2018	-	Oct	Sat<=30	1:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2019	only	-	Mar	29	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule Palestine	2019	only	-	Oct	Sat>=24	0:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2020	2021	-	Mar	Sat>=24	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2019	only	-	Oct	Sat<=30	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2020	2021	-	Mar	Sat<=30	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	2020	only	-	Oct	24	1:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2021	max	-	Oct	Fri>=23	1:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2022	max	-	Mar	Sun>=25	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2021	only	-	Oct	29	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2022	only	-	Mar	27	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2022	max	-	Oct	Sat<=30	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2023	max	-	Mar	Sat<=30	2:00	1:00	S
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Gaza	2:17:52	-	LMT	1900 Oct
diff --git a/tz/backward b/tz/backward
index e162eeb..14e4b14 100644
--- a/tz/backward
+++ b/tz/backward
@@ -90,6 +90,8 @@ Link	Etc/UTC			Etc/UCT
 Link	Europe/London		Europe/Belfast
 Link	Europe/Kyiv		Europe/Kiev
 Link	Europe/Chisinau		Europe/Tiraspol
+Link	Europe/Kyiv		Europe/Uzhgorod
+Link	Europe/Kyiv		Europe/Zaporozhye
 Link	Europe/London		GB
 Link	Europe/London		GB-Eire
 Link	Etc/GMT			GMT+0
diff --git a/tz/backzone b/tz/backzone
index e2e124f..f623f09 100644
--- a/tz/backzone
+++ b/tz/backzone
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Freetown	-0:53:00 -	LMT	1882
 			-0:53:00 -	FMT	1913 Jul  1 # Freetown MT
 			-1:00	SL	%s	1939 Sep  5
 			-1:00	-	-01	1941 Dec  6 24:00
-			 0:00	SL	GMT/+01
+			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Botswana
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
@@ -1480,6 +1480,27 @@ Zone	Europe/Tiraspol	1:58:32	-	LMT	1880
 			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD
 
+# Ukraine
+#
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger say Transcarpathia used CET 1990/1991,
+# this unreliable source contradicts contemporaneous government resolutions
+# (see the commentary for Ukraine in the 'europe' file)
+# so for now this dubious zone is in 'backzone'.
+# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian spelling, but
+# "Uzhgorod" was a common English spelling when this dubious zone was
+# added to TZDB in 1999.
+Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
+			1:00	-	CET	1940
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1944 Oct 26
+			1:00	-	CET	1945 Jun 29
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
+			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
+			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31  3:00
+			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 20
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1996 May 13
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
 # Liechtenstein
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2022-07-21):
@@ -1502,6 +1523,25 @@ Zone	Europe/Zagreb	1:03:52	-	LMT	1884
 			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
+# Ukraine
+
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger say Zaporizhzhia and eastern Lugansk
+# observed DST 1990/1991, this unreliable source contradicts contemporaneous
+# government resolutions (see the commentary for Ukraine in the 'europe' file)
+# so for now this dubious zone is in 'backzone'.
+# "Zaporizhzhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
+# "Zaporozhye" was a common English spelling when this dubious zone was
+# added to TZDB in 1999.
+Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
+			2:20	-	+0220	1924 May  2
+			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Aug 25
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Oct 25
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1992 Mar 20
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1996 May 13
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
 # Madagascar
 Zone Indian/Antananarivo 3:10:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul
 			3:00	-	EAT	1954 Feb 27 23:00s
@@ -1633,7 +1673,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Majuro	 11:24:48 -	LMT	1901
 Zone Pacific/Midway	-11:49:28 -	LMT	1901
 			-11:00	-	-11	1956 Jun  3
 			-11:00	1:00	-10	1956 Sep  2
-			-11:00	-	-11
+			-11:00	-	SST	# S=Samoa
 
 # Micronesia
 # Also see Pacific/Chuuk and commentary for Micronesia in 'australasia'.
@@ -1648,10 +1688,20 @@ Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	-13:27:08 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31	# Kolonia
 Link Pacific/Pohnpei Pacific/Ponape
 
 # N Mariana Is
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-16):
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger say Saipan used +09 and then switched
+# to Guam time in October 1969, this is surely wrong.
+# Saipan used Guam time in the late 1950s; see page 4 of the minutes on the
+# conference of the 12th Saipan Legislature and the Select Committee on
+# Saipan Mission, 5th Guam Legislature (1959-09-11):
+# http://www.nmhcouncil.org/nmhc_archives/U.S.%20Navy%20Civil%20Affairs%20Files%201944-1962/1959/1959%2009%2017%20letter,%20minutes%20of%20conference,%20Borja.pdf
+# For now, assume Saipan switched to Guam time after the Battle of Saipan.
+#
 Zone Pacific/Saipan	-14:17:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 			 9:43:00 -	LMT	1901
-			 9:00	-	+09	1969 Oct
-			10:00	-	+10	2000 Dec 23
+			 9:00	-	+09	1944 Jul  9
+			10:00	Guam	G%sT	2000 Dec 23
 			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
 
 
diff --git a/tz/europe b/tz/europe
index c3a3cc4..bb0c7cf 100644
--- a/tz/europe
+++ b/tz/europe
@@ -2615,10 +2615,14 @@ Zone Europe/Simferopol	 2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
 # https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
-# Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
-# late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
-# and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
+# From Tim Parenti (2022-07-01), per Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
+# The clocks at the railway station in Simferopol were put forward from 22:00
+# to 24:00 the previous day in a "symbolic ceremony"; however, per
+# contemporaneous news reports, "ordinary Crimeans [made] the daylight savings
+# time switch at 2am" on Sunday.
+# https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/crimea-to-set-clocks-to-russia-time-114033000014_1.html
+# https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-time/crimea-switches-to-moscow-time-amid-incorporation-frenzy-idUKBREA2S0LT20140329
+# https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-26806583
 			 2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  2:00
 			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 3:00	-	MSK
@@ -3751,8 +3755,8 @@ Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 # US colleague David Cochrane) are still trying to get more
 # information upon these local deviations from Kiev rules.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2022-02-08):
-# For now, assume that Ukraine's other three zones followed the same rules,
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-27):
+# For now, assume that Ukraine's zones all followed the same rules,
 # except that Crimea switched to Moscow time in 1994 as described elsewhere.
 
 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
@@ -3822,21 +3826,7 @@ Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2022-04-12):
-# As is usual in tzdb, Ukrainian zones use the most common English spellings.
-# In particular, tzdb's name Europe/Kyiv uses the most common spelling in
-# English for Ukraine's capital.  Although tzdb's former name was Europe/Kiev,
-# "Kyiv" is now more common due to widespread reporting of the current conflict.
-# Conversely, tzdb continues to use the names Europe/Uzhgorod and
-# Europe/Zaporozhye; this is similar to tzdb's use of Europe/Prague, which is
-# certainly wrong as a transliteration of the Czech "Praha".
-# English-language spelling of Ukrainian names is in flux, and
-# some day "Uzhhorod" or "Zaporizhzhia" may become substantially more
-# common in English; in the meantime, do not change these
-# English spellings as that means less disruption for our users.
-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# This represents most of Ukraine.  See above for the spelling of "Kyiv".
 Zone Europe/Kyiv	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
 			2:02:04	-	KMT	1924 May  2 # Kyiv Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
@@ -3846,34 +3836,6 @@ Zone Europe/Kyiv	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29  3:00
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1996 May 13
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
-# Transcarpathia used CET 1990/1991.
-# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
-# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
-Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
-			1:00	-	CET	1940
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
-			1:00	1:00	CEST	1944 Oct 26
-			1:00	-	CET	1945 Jun 29
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
-			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
-			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31  3:00
-			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 20
-			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1996 May 13
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT
-# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
-# "Zaporizhzhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
-# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English.  Use the common English
-# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
-# portable Posix file names.
-Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
-			2:20	-	+0220	1924 May  2
-			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
-			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Aug 25
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Oct 25
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
-			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1992 Mar 20
-			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1996 May 13
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Vatican City
 # See Europe/Rome.
diff --git a/tz/newctime.3 b/tz/newctime.3
index 1b1790f..8661549 100644
--- a/tz/newctime.3
+++ b/tz/newctime.3
@@ -271,8 +271,9 @@ so were made when the library containing these functions was
 created.
 Similarly, the
 .B tzname
-variable is optional.
-There is no guarantee that these fields and this variable will
+variable is optional; also, there is no guarantee that
+.B tzname
+will
 continue to exist in this form in future releases of this code.
 .SH FILES
 .ta \w'/usr/share/zoneinfo/posixrules\0\0'u
diff --git a/tz/private.h b/tz/private.h
index 9b9389f..9c31ec5 100644
--- a/tz/private.h
+++ b/tz/private.h
@@ -168,6 +168,9 @@
 # define EINVAL ERANGE
 #endif
 
+#ifndef ELOOP
+# define ELOOP EINVAL
+#endif
 #ifndef ENAMETOOLONG
 # define ENAMETOOLONG EINVAL
 #endif
diff --git a/tz/southamerica b/tz/southamerica
index 2f2c873..2f51004 100644
--- a/tz/southamerica
+++ b/tz/southamerica
@@ -1309,8 +1309,14 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # for America/Santiago will start on midnight of September 11th;
 # and will end on April 1st, 2023. Magallanes region (America/Punta_Arenas)
 # will keep UTC -3 "indefinitely"...  This is because on September 4th
-# we will have a voting whether to approve a new Constitution....
-# https://www.interior.gob.cl/noticias/2022/08/09/comunicado-el-proximo-sabado-10-de-septiembre-los-relojes-se-deben-adelantar-una-hora/
+# we will have a voting whether to approve a new Constitution.
+#
+# From Eduardo Romero Urra (2022-08-17):
+# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2022/08/13/43327/01/2172567.pdf
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-17):
+# Although the presidential decree stops at fall 2026, assume that
+# similar DST rules will continue thereafter.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Chile	1927	1931	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	-
diff --git a/tz/theory.html b/tz/theory.html
index 2b14c51..56390ae 100644
--- a/tz/theory.html
+++ b/tz/theory.html
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ If geolocation information is available, a selection interface can
 locate the user on a timezone map or prioritize names that are
 geographically close. For an example selection interface, see the
 <code>tzselect</code> program in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code.
-The <a href="http://cldr.unicode.org">Unicode Common Locale Data
+The <a href="https://cldr.unicode.org">Unicode Common Locale Data
 Repository</a> contains data that may be useful for other selection
 interfaces; it maps timezone names like <code>Europe/Prague</code> to
 locale-dependent strings like "Prague", "Praha", "Прага", and "布拉格".
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ in decreasing order of importance:
     locations while uninhabited.
     The leading '<code>-</code>' is a flag that the <abbr>UT</abbr> offset is in
     some sense undefined; this notation is derived
-    from <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3339">Internet
+    from <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3339">Internet
     <abbr title="Request For Comments">RFC</abbr> 3339</a>.
   </li>
 </ul>
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ Errors in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database arise from many sources:
     should be observed.
     In her 2015 book
     <cite><a
-    href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674286146">The
+    href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674286146">The
     Global Transformation of Time, 1870&ndash;1950</a></cite>,
     Vanessa Ogle writes
     "Outside of Europe and North America there was no system of time
@@ -810,7 +810,7 @@ href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/booked-a-global-history-of-time-vanes
     See: Stephenson FR, Morrison LV, Hohenkerk CY.
     <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0404">Measurement of
     the Earth's rotation: 720 BC to AD 2015</a>.
-    <cite>Proc Royal Soc A</cite>. 2016 Dec 7;472:20160404.
+    <cite>Proc Royal Soc A</cite>. 2016;472:20160404.
     Also see: Espenak F. <a
     href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/uncertainty2004.html">Uncertainty
     in Delta T (ΔT)</a>.
@@ -1036,7 +1036,7 @@ an older <code>zic</code>.
     and numeric data as described <a href="#POSIX">above</a>.
     The file's format is <dfn><abbr>TZif</abbr></dfn>,
     a timezone information format that contains binary data; see
-    <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/8536">Internet
+    <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/8536">Internet
     <abbr>RFC</abbr> 8536</a>.
     The daylight saving time rules to be used for a
     particular timezone are encoded in the
@@ -1064,11 +1064,12 @@ an older <code>zic</code>.
   </li>
   <li>
     The code supports platforms with a <abbr>UT</abbr> offset member
-    in <code>struct tm</code>, e.g., <code>tm_gmtoff</code>.
-  </li>
-  <li>
-    The code supports platforms with a time zone abbreviation member in
-    <code>struct tm</code>, e.g., <code>tm_zone</code>.
+    in <code>struct tm</code>, e.g., <code>tm_gmtoff</code>,
+    or with a time zone abbreviation member in
+    <code>struct tm</code>, e.g., <code>tm_zone</code>. As noted
+    in <a href="https://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=1533">Austin
+    Group defect 1533</a>, a future version of POSIX is planned to
+    require <code>tm_gmtoff</code> and <code>tm_zone</code>.
   </li>
   <li>
     Functions <code>tzalloc</code>, <code>tzfree</code>,
@@ -1129,7 +1130,8 @@ The vestigial <abbr>API</abbr>s are:
     <abbr>API</abbr>s.
     Although it can still be used in arguments to
     <code>mktime</code> to disambiguate timestamps near
-    a <abbr>DST</abbr> transition when the clock jumps back, this
+    a <abbr>DST</abbr> transition when the clock jumps back on
+    platforms lacking <code>tm_gmtoff</code>, this
     disambiguation does not work when standard time itself jumps back,
     which can occur when a location changes to a time zone with a
     lesser <abbr>UT</abbr> offset.
@@ -1277,7 +1279,7 @@ the operating system kernel clock as described in
 <a href="tz-link.html#precision">Precision timekeeping</a>,
 and this package by default installs a <samp>leapseconds</samp> file
 commonly used by
-<a href="http://www.ntp.org"><abbr title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</abbr></a>
+<a href="https://www.ntp.org"><abbr title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</abbr></a>
 software that adjusts the kernel clock.
 However, kernel-clock twiddling approximates UTC only roughly,
 and systems needing more-precise UTC can use this package's leap
diff --git a/tz/time2posix.3 b/tz/time2posix.3
index 2ea7edc..1fcdf9e 100644
--- a/tz/time2posix.3
+++ b/tz/time2posix.3
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ however,
 no such adjustment is needed and
 time_t values continue to increase over leap events
 (as a true
-.q "seconds since..."
+.q "seconds since...\&"
 value).
 This means that these values will differ from those required by POSIX
 by the net number of leap seconds inserted since the Epoch.
diff --git a/tz/tz-art.html b/tz/tz-art.html
index 73be9f9..5679534 100644
--- a/tz/tz-art.html
+++ b/tz/tz-art.html
@@ -483,19 +483,19 @@ Supernaw.</td></tr>
 <ul>
 <li>
 The webcomic <em>xkcd</em> has the strip
-"<a href='https://xkcd.com/673/'>The Sun</a>" (2009-12-09) and the panels
-"<a href='https://xkcd.com/1017/'>Backward in Time</a>" (2012-02-14),
-"<a href='https://xkcd.com/1061/'>EST</a>" (2012-05-28),
-"<a href='https://xkcd.com/1179/'>ISO 8601</a>" (2013-02-27),
-"<a href='https://xkcd.com/1335/'>Now</a>" (2014-02-26),
-"<a href='https://xkcd.com/1655/'>Doomsday Clock</a>" (2016-03-14),
-"<a href='https://xkcd.com/1799/'>Bad Map Projection: Time Zones</a>"
+"<a href="https://xkcd.com/673/">The Sun</a>" (2009-12-09) and the panels
+"<a href="https://xkcd.com/1017/">Backward in Time</a>" (2012-02-14),
+"<a href="https://xkcd.com/1061/">EST</a>" (2012-05-28),
+"<a href="https://xkcd.com/1179/">ISO 8601</a>" (2013-02-27),
+"<a href="https://xkcd.com/1335/">Now</a>" (2014-02-26),
+"<a href="https://xkcd.com/1655/">Doomsday Clock</a>" (2016-03-14),
+"<a href="https://xkcd.com/1799/">Bad Map Projection: Time Zones</a>"
 (2017-02-15),
-"<a href='https://xkcd.com/1883/'>Supervillain Plan</a>" (2017-08-30),
-"<a href='https://xkcd.com/2050/'>6/6 Time</a>" (2018-09-24),
-and "<a href='https://xkcd.com/2266/'>Leap Smearing</a>" (2020-02-10).
+"<a href="https://xkcd.com/1883/">Supervillain Plan</a>" (2017-08-30),
+"<a href="https://xkcd.com/2050/">6/6 Time</a>" (2018-09-24),
+and "<a href="https://xkcd.com/2266/">Leap Smearing</a>" (2020-02-10).
 The related book <em>What If?</em> has an entry
-"<a href='https://what-if.xkcd.com/26/'>Leap Seconds</a>" (2012-12-31).
+"<a href="https://what-if.xkcd.com/26/">Leap Seconds</a>" (2012-12-31).
 </li>
 <li>
 Pig kills time in <a
@@ -504,11 +504,11 @@ Before Swine</em> (2016-11-06)</a>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Stonehenge is abandoned in <a
-href='https://www.gocomics.com/nonsequitur/2017/03/12'><em>Non Sequitur</em>
+href="https://www.gocomics.com/nonsequitur/2017/03/12"><em>Non Sequitur</em>
 (2017-03-12)</a>.
 <li>
 The boss freaks out in <a
-href='https://dilbert.com/strip/1998-03-14'><em>Dilbert</em> (1998-03-14)</a>.
+href="https://dilbert.com/strip/1998-03-14"><em>Dilbert</em> (1998-03-14)</a>.
 </li>
 <li>
 Peppermint Patty: "What if the world comes to an end tonight, Marcie?"
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ Peppermint Patty: "What if the world comes to an end tonight, Marcie?"
 Marcie: "I promise there'll be a tomorrow, sir ... in fact,
 it's already tomorrow in Australia!"
 <br>
-(Charles M. Schulz, <a href='https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1980/06/13'><em>Peanuts</em>, 1980-06-13</a>)
+(Charles M. Schulz, <a href="https://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1980/06/13"><em>Peanuts</em>, 1980-06-13</a>)
 </li>
 </ul>
 <h2>Jokes</h2>
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ but maybe in your time zone I haven't finished yet. So stay tuned!"
 </ul>
 <h2>See also</h2>
 <ul>
-<li><a href="tz-link.html">Sources for Time Zone and Daylight Saving
+<li><a href="tz-link.html">Time Zone and Daylight Saving
 Time Data</a></li>
 </ul>
 <hr>
diff --git a/tz/tz-link.html b/tz/tz-link.html
index 2532069..d3b3766 100644
--- a/tz/tz-link.html
+++ b/tz/tz-link.html
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html>
 <html lang="en">
 <head>
-<title>Sources for time zone and daylight saving time data</title>
+<title>Time zone and daylight saving time data</title>
 <meta charset="UTF-8">
 <style>
 pre {margin-left: 2em; white-space: pre-wrap;}
 </style>
 </head>
 <body>
-<h1>Sources for time zone and daylight saving time data</h1>
+<h1>Time zone and daylight saving time data</h1>
 <p>
 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone">Time zone</a> and
 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time">daylight-saving</a>
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ area.
 	  <li><a href="#costs">Costs and benefits of time shifts</a></li>
 	  <li><a href="#precision">Precision timekeeping</a></li>
 	  <li><a href="#notation">Time notation</a></li>
-	  <li><a href="#see-also">See also</a></li>
 	</ul>
       </li>
+      <li><a href="#see-also">See also</a></li>
     </ul>
   </nav>
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ C Library</a> (used in
 title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</abbr></a>,
 <a href="https://netbsd.org">Net<abbr>BSD</abbr></a>,
 <a href="https://www.openbsd.org">Open<abbr>BSD</abbr></a>,
-<a href="https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os">Chromium OS</a>,
+<a href="https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/">Chromium OS</a>,
 <a href="https://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a>,
 <a href="https://mariadb.org">MariaDB</a>,
 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX">MINIX</a>,
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ Since 1996, each version has been a four-digit year followed by
 lower-case letter (<samp>a</samp> through <samp>z</samp>,
 then <samp>za</samp> through <samp>zz</samp>, then <samp>zza</samp>
 through <samp>zzz</samp>, and so on).
-Since version 1999g, each release has been distributed in
+Since version 2022a, each release has been distributed in
 <a href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/pax.html#tag_20_92_13_06">POSIX
 ustar interchange format</a>, compressed as described above;
 older releases use a nearly-compatible format.
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ After obtaining the code and data files, see the
 The code lets you compile the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source files into
 machine-readable binary files, one for each location. The binary files
 are in a special timezone information format (<dfn><abbr>TZif</abbr></dfn>)
-specified by <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/8536">Internet
+specified by <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/8536">Internet
 <abbr>RFC</abbr> 8536</a>.
 The code also lets
 you read a <abbr>TZif</abbr> file and interpret timestamps for that
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ Studio Code</a>.
 </p>
 <p>
 For further information about updates, please see
-<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6557">Procedures for
+<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6557">Procedures for
 Maintaining the Time Zone Database</a> (Internet <abbr
 title="Request For Comments">RFC</abbr> 6557). More detail can be
 found in <a href="theory.html">Theory and pragmatics of the
@@ -327,10 +327,8 @@ title="Structured Query Language">SQL</abbr></a> form.</li>
 href="https://twiki.org/cgi-bin/xtra/tzdatepick.html">Date and Time Gateway</a>
 lets you see the <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code> values directly.</li>
 <li><a
-href="http://www.convertit.com/Go/ConvertIt/World_Time/Current_Time.ASP">Current
+href="https://www.convertit.com/Go/ConvertIt/World_Time/Current_Time.ASP">Current
 Time in 1000 Places</a> uses descriptions of the values.</li>
-<li><a href="https://timezoneconverterapp.com/">Time Zone Converter</a>
-uses a pulldown menu.</li>
 <li><a href="https://home.kpn.nl/vanadovv/time/TZworld.html">Complete
 timezone information for all countries</a>
 displays tables of <abbr>DST</abbr> rules.
@@ -340,8 +338,8 @@ Worldwide</a> lets you sort zone names and convert times.</li>
 time map and a time converter.</li>
 <li><a href="https://www.zeitverschiebung.net/en/">Time Difference</a>
 calculates the current time difference between locations.</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.wx-now.com">Weather Now</a> and
-<a href="http://www.thetimenow.com">The Time Now</a> list the weather too.</li>
+<li><a href="https://www.wx-now.com">Weather Now</a> and
+<a href="https://www.thetimenow.com">The Time Now</a> list the weather too.</li>
 </ul>
 </section>
 
@@ -351,26 +349,26 @@ calculates the current time difference between locations.</li>
 <li>The <a href="https://www.ietf.org">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>'s
 <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/tzdist/charter/">Time Zone Data
 Distribution Service (tzdist) working group</a> defined <a
-href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7808">TZDIST</a>
+href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7808">TZDIST</a>
 (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7808), a time zone data distribution service,
-along with <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7809">CalDAV</a>
+along with <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7809">CalDAV</a>
 (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7809), a calendar access protocol for
 transferring time zone data by reference.
 <a href="https://devguide.calconnect.org/Time-Zones/TZDS/">TZDIST
 implementations</a> are available.
 The <a href="https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/tzdist-bis">tzdist-bis
 mailing list</a> discusses possible extensions.</li>
-<li>The <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5545">
+<li>The <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5545">
 Internet Calendaring and Scheduling Core Object Specification
 (iCalendar)</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5445)
 covers time zone
 data; see its VTIMEZONE calendar component.
 The iCalendar format requires specialized parsers and generators; a
-variant <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6321">xCal</a>
+variant <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6321">xCal</a>
 (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 6321) uses
 <a href="https://www.w3.org/XML/"><abbr
 title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</abbr></a> format, and a variant
-<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7265">jCal</a>
+<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7265">jCal</a>
 (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7265)
 uses <a href="https://www.json.org"><abbr
 title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr></a> format.</li>
@@ -413,13 +411,13 @@ transition in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database.</li>
 Database Parser</a> is a
 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B">C++</a> parser and
 runtime library with <a
-href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/p0355r7.html">API</a>
+href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/p0355r7.html">API</a>
 adopted by
 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C++20">C++20</a>,
 the current iteration of the C++ standard.
 It is freely available under the
 <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> license.</li>
-<li><a id="ICU" href="http://site.icu-project.org">International Components for
+<li><a id="ICU" href="https://icu.unicode.org">International Components for
 Unicode (<abbr>ICU</abbr>)</a> contains C/C++ and <a
 href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29">Java</a>
 libraries for internationalization that
@@ -549,7 +547,7 @@ Ruby Timezone Library</a>
 compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
 <a href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/">Ruby</a>.
 It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
-<li>The <a href="http://www.squeaksource.com/Chronos/">Chronos Date/Time
+<li>The <a href="https://www.squeaksource.com/Chronos/">Chronos Date/Time
 Library</a> is
 a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> class
 library that compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into a time
@@ -798,7 +796,7 @@ political subdivision data related to time zones.</li>
 <li><a href="https://home.kpn.nl/vanadovv/time/Multizones.html">Time
 zone boundaries for multizone countries</a> summarizes legal
 boundaries between time zones within countries.</li>
-<li><a href="http://manifold.net/info/freestuff.shtml">Manifold Software
+<li><a href="https://manifold.net/info/freestuff.shtml">Manifold Software
 &ndash; GIS and Database Tools</a> includes a Manifold-format map of
 world time zone boundaries distributed under the
 <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
@@ -895,7 +893,7 @@ hreflang="he">announcements (in Hebrew)</a>.</dd>
 <dt>Mexico</dt>
 <dd>The Investigation and Analysis Service of the Mexican Library of
 Congress has published a <a
-href="http://www.diputados.gob.mx/bibliot/publica/inveyana/polisoc/horver/index.htm"
+href="https://www.diputados.gob.mx/bibliot/publica/inveyana/polisoc/horver/index.htm"
 hreflang="es">history of Mexican local time (in Spanish)</a>.</dd>
 <dt>Netherlands</dt>
 <dd><a href="https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm"
@@ -926,7 +924,7 @@ Time Zone Proceedings</a> lists changes to time zone boundaries.</dd>
 <dt>Uruguay</dt>
 <dd>The Oceanography, Hydrography, and Meteorology Service of the Uruguayan
 Navy (SOHMA) publishes an annual <a
-href="http://sohma.armada.mil.uy/index.php/servicios/datos-astronomicos" hreflang="es">almanac
+href="https://sohma.armada.mil.uy/index.php/servicios/datos-astronomicos" hreflang="es">almanac
 (in Spanish)</a>.</dd>
 </dl>
 </section>
@@ -947,9 +945,9 @@ This reviews research literature and concludes that the evidence
 neither supports nor refutes road safety benefits from
 shifts in time zones.</li>
 <li>Havranek T, Herman D, Irsova D.
-<a href="https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/174191">Does daylight
-saving save electricity? A meta-analysis</a>. <em>Energy J.</em>
-2018;39(2).
+<a href="https://www.iaee.org/en/publications/ejarticle.aspx?id=3051">Does
+daylight saving save electricity? A meta-analysis.</a>
+<em>Energy J.</em> 2018;39(2):35&ndash;61.
 doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav">10.5547/01956574.39.2.thav</a>.
 This analyzes research literature and concludes, "Electricity savings
 are larger for countries farther away from the equator, while
@@ -961,16 +959,14 @@ an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement</a>.
 2020;<a href="https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.8780">10.5664/jcsm.8780</a>.
 This argues for permanent standard time due to health risks of both
 <abbr>DST</abbr> transitions and permanent <abbr>DST</abbr>.</li>
-<li>Roenneberg T, Winnebeck EC, Klerman EB.
-<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6692659/">Daylight
-saving time and artificial time zones &ndash; a battle between
-biological and social times</a>. <em>Front Physiol.</em> 2019;10:944.
-doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00944">10.3389/fphys.2019.00944</a>.
-This reviews evidence about the health effects of <abbr>DST</abbr>
-and concludes,
-"In summary, the scientific literature strongly argues against the
-switching between <abbr>DST</abbr> and Standard Time and even more so against
-adopting <abbr>DST</abbr> permanently."</li>
+<li>Roenneberg T, Wirz-Justice A, Skene DJ <em>et al</em>.
+<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7205184/">Why
+should we abolish Daylight Saving Time?</a>
+<em>J Biol Rhythms</em>. 2019;34(3):227&ndash;230.
+doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0748730419854197">10.1177/0748730419854197</a>.
+This position paper of the Society for Research on Biological Rhythms
+opposes DST changes and permanent DST, and advocates that governments adopt
+"permanent Standard Time for the health and safety of their citizens".</li>
 </ul>
 </section>
 
@@ -983,7 +979,7 @@ Science of Timekeeping</a> is a thorough introduction
 to the theory and practice of precision timekeeping.</li>
 <li><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59909-0">The Science of
 Time 2016</a> contains several freely-readable papers.</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.ntp.org"><abbr
+<li><a href="https://www.ntp.org"><abbr
 title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</abbr>: The Network
 Time Protocol</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5905)
 discusses how to synchronize clocks of
@@ -998,7 +994,7 @@ title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</abbr> 1588)
 can achieve submicrosecond clock accuracy on a local area network
 with special-purpose hardware.</li>
 <li><a
-href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4833">Timezone
+href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4833">Timezone
 Options for <abbr title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</abbr></a>
 (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 4833)
 specifies a <a
@@ -1012,14 +1008,15 @@ Scales</a> describes astronomical time scales like
 <abbr title="Barycentric Dynamic Time">TDB</abbr>.
 <li>The <a href="https://www.iau.org"><abbr
 title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</abbr></a>'s <a
-href="http://www.iausofa.org"><abbr
+href="https://www.iausofa.org"><abbr
 title="Standards Of Fundamental Astronomy">SOFA</abbr></a>
 collection contains C and <a
 href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran">Fortran</a>
 code for converting among time scales like
 <abbr title="International Atomic Time">TAI</abbr>,
 <abbr>TDB</abbr>, <abbr>TDT</abbr> and
-<abbr>UTC</abbr>.</li>
+<abbr>UTC</abbr>. It is freely available under the
+<a href="https://www.iausofa.org/tandc.html">SOFA license</a>.</li>
 <li><a
 href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/notes.html">Mars24 Sunclock
 &ndash; Time on Mars</a> describes Airy Mean Time (<abbr>AMT</abbr>) and the
@@ -1065,7 +1062,7 @@ the <abbr>NTP</abbr> reference implementation, <a
 href="https://github.com/google/unsmear">supports</a> conversion between
 <abbr>UTC</abbr> and smeared <abbr>POSIX</abbr> timestamps, and is used by major
 cloud service providers. However, according to
-<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc8633#section-3.7.1">&sect;3.7.1 of
+<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8633#section-3.7.1">&sect;3.7.1 of
 Network Time Protocol Best Current Practices</a>
 (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 8633), leap smearing is not suitable for
 applications requiring accurate <abbr>UTC</abbr> or civil time,
@@ -1089,7 +1086,7 @@ again.</li>
 <section>
 <h2 id="notation">Time notation</h2>
 <ul>
-<li>The <a id="CLDR" href="http://cldr.unicode.org">Unicode Common Locale Data
+<li>The <a id="CLDR" href="https://cldr.unicode.org">Unicode Common Locale Data
 Repository (<abbr>CLDR</abbr>) Project</a> has localizations for time
 zone names, abbreviations, identifiers, and formats. For example, it
 contains French translations for "Eastern European Summer Time",
@@ -1111,13 +1108,13 @@ interchange &ndash; Part 1: Basic rules</em></a>.</li>
 <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema/#dateTime"><abbr>XML</abbr>
 Schema: Datatypes &ndash; dateTime</a> specifies a format inspired by
 <abbr>ISO</abbr> 8601 that is in common use in <abbr>XML</abbr> data.</li>
-<li><a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5322#section-3.3">&sect;3.3 of
+<li><a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322#section-3.3">&sect;3.3 of
 Internet Message Format</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5322)
 specifies the time notation used in email and <a
 href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol"><abbr>HTTP</abbr></a>
 headers.</li>
 <li>
-<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3339">Date and Time
+<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3339">Date and Time
 on the Internet: Timestamps</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 3339)
 specifies an <abbr>ISO</abbr> 8601
 profile for use in new Internet
diff --git a/tz/tzfile.5 b/tz/tzfile.5
index 550b31d..280e8d8 100644
--- a/tz/tzfile.5
+++ b/tz/tzfile.5
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ of one hour, or of 15 minutes, or of 1 minute.
 .PP
 Olson A, Eggert P, Murchison K. The Time Zone Information Format (TZif).
 2019 Feb.
-.UR https://\:www.rfc-editor.org/\:info/\:rfc8536
+.UR https://\:datatracker.ietf.org/\:doc/\:html/\:rfc8536
 Internet RFC 8536
 .UE
 .UR https://\:doi.org/\:10.17487/\:RFC8536
diff --git a/tz/tzselect.8 b/tz/tzselect.8
index 8549659..1a5ce11 100644
--- a/tz/tzselect.8
+++ b/tz/tzselect.8
@@ -7,12 +7,14 @@ tzselect \- select a timezone
 .ds d " degrees
 .ds m " minutes
 .ds s " seconds
-.ds _ " \"
-.if t .if \n(.g .if c \(de .if c \(fm .if c \(sd \{\
+.ds _ " \&
+.if t \{\
+. if \n(.g .if c \(de .if c \(fm .if c \(sd \{\
 .  ds d \(de
 .  ds m \(fm
 .  ds s \(sd
 .  ds _ \|
+. \}
 .\}
 .B tzselect
 [
diff --git a/tz/tzselect.ksh b/tz/tzselect.ksh
index 7b6b789..28c32a2 100644
--- a/tz/tzselect.ksh
+++ b/tz/tzselect.ksh
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ REPORT_BUGS_TO=tz@iana.org
 #
 #	Gawk (GNU awk) <https://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/>
 #	mawk <https://invisible-island.net/mawk/>
+#	nawk <https://github.com/onetrueawk/awk>
 
 
 # Specify default values for environment variables if they are unset.
@@ -303,15 +304,24 @@ while
 
         quoted_continents=`
 	  $AWK '
+	    function handle_entry(entry) {
+	      entry = substr(entry, 1, index(entry, "/") - 1)
+	      if (entry == "America")
+	       entry = entry "s"
+	      if (entry ~ /^(Arctic|Atlantic|Indian|Pacific)$/)
+	       entry = entry " Ocean"
+	      printf "'\''%s'\''\n", entry
+	    }
 	    BEGIN { FS = "\t" }
 	    /^[^#]/ {
-              entry = substr($3, 1, index($3, "/") - 1)
-              if (entry == "America")
-		entry = entry "s"
-              if (entry ~ /^(Arctic|Atlantic|Indian|Pacific)$/)
-		entry = entry " Ocean"
-              printf "'\''%s'\''\n", entry
+              handle_entry($3)
             }
+	    /^#@/ {
+	      ncont = split($2, cont, /,/)
+	      for (ci = 1; ci <= ncont; ci++) {
+	        handle_entry(cont[ci])
+	      }
+	    }
           ' <"$TZ_ZONE_TABLE" |
 	  sort -u |
 	  tr '\n' ' '
@@ -395,15 +405,37 @@ while
 		*)
 		# Get list of names of countries in the continent or ocean.
 		countries=`$AWK \
-			-v continent="$continent" \
+			-v continent_re="^$continent/" \
 			-v TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE="$TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE" \
 		'
 			BEGIN { FS = "\t" }
-			/^#/ { next }
-			$3 ~ ("^" continent "/") {
-			    ncc = split($1, cc, /,/)
-			    for (i = 1; i <= ncc; i++)
+			/^#$/ { next }
+			/^#[^@]/ { next }
+			{
+			  commentary = $0 ~ /^#@/
+			  if (commentary) {
+			    col1ccs = substr($1, 3)
+			    conts = $2
+			  } else {
+			    col1ccs = $1
+			    conts = $3
+			  }
+			  ncc = split(col1ccs, cc, /,/)
+			  ncont = split(conts, cont, /,/)
+			  for (i = 1; i <= ncc; i++) {
+			    elsewhere = commentary
+			    for (ci = 1; ci <= ncont; ci++) {
+			      if (cont[ci] ~ continent_re) {
 				if (!cc_seen[cc[i]]++) cc_list[++ccs] = cc[i]
+				elsewhere = 0
+			      }
+			    }
+			    if (elsewhere) {
+			      for (i = 1; i <= ncc; i++) {
+			        cc_elsewhere[cc[i]] = 1
+			      }
+			    }
+			  }
 			}
 			END {
 				while (getline <TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE) {
@@ -411,6 +443,7 @@ while
 				}
 				for (i = 1; i <= ccs; i++) {
 					country = cc_list[i]
+					if (cc_elsewhere[country]) continue
 					if (cc_name[country]) {
 					  country = cc_name[country]
 					}
diff --git a/tz/workman.sh b/tz/workman.sh
index 8fb18a4..6e2da3a 100644
--- a/tz/workman.sh
+++ b/tz/workman.sh
@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 
-# Tell groff not to emit SGR escape sequences (ANSI color escapes).
-GROFF_NO_SGR=1
-export GROFF_NO_SGR
+if (type nroff && type perl) >/dev/null 2>&1; then
 
-echo ".am TH
+  # Tell groff not to emit SGR escape sequences (ANSI color escapes).
+  GROFF_NO_SGR=1
+  export GROFF_NO_SGR
+
+  echo ".am TH
 .hy 0
 .na
 ..
@@ -30,4 +32,10 @@ echo ".am TH
 		print "$_\n";
 		$didprint = 1;
 	}
-'
+  '
+elif (type mandoc && type col) >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+  mandoc -man -T ascii "$@" | col -bx
+else
+  echo >&2 "$0: please install nroff and perl, or mandoc and col"
+  exit 1
+fi
diff --git a/tz/zic.8 b/tz/zic.8
index 772ee89..e46d0ab 100644
--- a/tz/zic.8
+++ b/tz/zic.8
@@ -31,12 +31,14 @@ zic \- timezone compiler
 .ds d " degrees
 .ds m " minutes
 .ds s " seconds
-.ds _ " \"
-.if t .if \n(.g .if c \(de .if c \(fm .if c \(sd \{\
+.ds _ " \&
+.if t \{\
+. if \n(.g .if c \(de .if c \(fm .if c \(sd \{\
 .  ds d \(de
 .  ds m \(fm
 .  ds s \(sd
 .  ds _ \|
+. \}
 .\}
 The
 .B zic
diff --git a/tz/zic.c b/tz/zic.c
index a29f679..ff04793 100644
--- a/tz/zic.c
+++ b/tz/zic.c
@@ -3670,9 +3670,14 @@ mkdirs(char const *argname, bool ancestors)
 			   some other process might have made the directory
 			   in the meantime.  Likewise for ENOSYS, because
 			   Solaris 10 mkdir fails with ENOSYS if the
-			   directory is an automounted mount point.  */
+			   directory is an automounted mount point.
+			   Likewise for EACCES, since mkdir can fail
+			   with EACCES merely because the parent directory
+			   is unwritable.  Likewise for most other error
+			   numbers.  */
 			int err = errno;
-			if (err != EEXIST && err != ENOSYS) {
+			if (err == ELOOP || err == ENAMETOOLONG
+			    || err == ENOENT || err == ENOTDIR) {
 				error(_("%s: Can't create directory %s: %s"),
 				      progname, name, strerror(err));
 				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
diff --git a/tz/ziguard.awk b/tz/ziguard.awk
index 0728baa..0556cc4 100644
--- a/tz/ziguard.awk
+++ b/tz/ziguard.awk
@@ -91,12 +91,13 @@ $1 == "#PACKRATLIST" && $2 == PACKRATLIST {
 /^Zone/ { zone = $2 }
 
 DATAFORM != "main" {
-  in_comment = /^#/
+  in_comment = $0 ~ /^#/
   uncomment = comment_out = 0
 
   # If this line should differ due to Czechoslovakia using negative SAVE values,
   # uncomment the desired version and comment out the undesired one.
-  if (zone == "Europe/Prague" && /^#?[\t ]+[01]:00[\t ]/ && /1947 Feb 23/) {
+  if (zone == "Europe/Prague" && $0 ~ /^#?[\t ]+[01]:00[\t ]/ \
+      && $0 ~ /1947 Feb 23/) {
     if (($(in_comment + 2) != "-") == (DATAFORM != "rearguard")) {
       uncomment = in_comment
     } else {
@@ -106,9 +107,9 @@ DATAFORM != "main" {
 
   # If this line should differ due to Ireland using negative SAVE values,
   # uncomment the desired version and comment out the undesired one.
-  Rule_Eire = /^#?Rule[\t ]+Eire[\t ]/
+  Rule_Eire = $0 ~ /^#?Rule[\t ]+Eire[\t ]/
   Zone_Dublin_post_1968 \
-    = (zone == "Europe/Dublin" && /^#?[\t ]+[01]:00[\t ]/ \
+    = (zone == "Europe/Dublin" && $0 ~ /^#?[\t ]+[01]:00[\t ]/ \
        && (!$(in_comment + 4) || 1968 < $(in_comment + 4)))
   if (Rule_Eire || Zone_Dublin_post_1968) {
     if ((Rule_Eire \
@@ -122,9 +123,9 @@ DATAFORM != "main" {
 
   # If this line should differ due to Namibia using negative SAVE values,
   # uncomment the desired version and comment out the undesired one.
-  Rule_Namibia = /^#?Rule[\t ]+Namibia[\t ]/
+  Rule_Namibia = $0 ~ /^#?Rule[\t ]+Namibia[\t ]/
   Zone_using_Namibia_rule \
-    = (zone == "Africa/Windhoek" && /^#?[\t ]+[12]:00[\t ]/ \
+    = (zone == "Africa/Windhoek" && $0 ~ /^#?[\t ]+[12]:00[\t ]/ \
        && ($(in_comment + 2) == "Namibia" \
 	   || ($(in_comment + 2) == "-" && $(in_comment + 3) == "CAT" \
 	       && ((1994 <= $(in_comment + 4) && $(in_comment + 4) <= 2017) \
@@ -142,8 +143,8 @@ DATAFORM != "main" {
 
   # If this line should differ due to Portugal benefiting from %z if supported,
   # uncomment the desired version and comment out the undesired one.
-  if (/^#?[\t ]+-[12]:00[\t ]+Port[\t ]+[%+-]/) {
-    if (/%z/ == (DATAFORM == "vanguard")) {
+  if ($0 ~ /^#?[\t ]+-[12]:00[\t ]+Port[\t ]+[%+-]/) {
+    if (($0 ~ /%z/) == (DATAFORM == "vanguard")) {
       uncomment = in_comment
     } else {
       comment_out = !in_comment
@@ -164,8 +165,8 @@ DATAFORM != "main" {
     sub(/-00CHANGE-TO-%z/, "-00")
     sub(/[-+][^\t ]+CHANGE-TO-/, "")
   } else {
-    if (/^[^#]*%z/) {
-      stdoff_column = 2 * /^Zone/ + 1
+    if ($0 ~ /^[^#]*%z/) {
+      stdoff_column = 2 * ($0 ~ /^Zone/) + 1
       rules_column = stdoff_column + 1
       stdoff = get_minutes($stdoff_column)
       rules = $rules_column
@@ -184,9 +185,9 @@ DATAFORM != "main" {
 	    dstoff = 20
 	  } else if (((rules == "Cook" || rules == "LH") && NF == 3) \
 		     || (rules == "Uruguay" \
-			 && /[\t ](1942 Dec 14|1960|1970|1974 Dec 22)$/)) {
+			 && $0 ~ /[\t ](1942 Dec 14|1960|1970|1974 Dec 22)$/)) {
 	    dstoff = 30
-	  } else if (rules == "Uruguay" && /[\t ]1974 Mar 10$/) {
+	  } else if (rules == "Uruguay" && $0 ~ /[\t ]1974 Mar 10$/) {
 	    dstoff = 90
 	  } else {
 	    dstoff = 60
@@ -222,7 +223,7 @@ DATAFORM != "main" {
       stdoff_subst[1] = rounded_stdoff
     }
   } else if (stdoff_subst[0]) {
-    stdoff_column = 2 * /^Zone/ + 1
+    stdoff_column = 2 * ($0 ~ /^Zone/) + 1
     stdoff_column_val = $stdoff_column
     if (stdoff_column_val == stdoff_subst[0]) {
       sub(stdoff_subst[0], stdoff_subst[1])
@@ -233,7 +234,7 @@ DATAFORM != "main" {
 
   # In rearguard form, change the Japan rule line with "Sat>=8 25:00"
   # to "Sun>=9 1:00", to cater to zic before 2007 and to older Java.
-  if (/^Rule/ && $2 == "Japan") {
+  if ($0 ~ /^Rule/ && $2 == "Japan") {
     if (DATAFORM == "rearguard") {
       if ($7 == "Sat>=8" && $8 == "25:00") {
 	sub(/Sat>=8/, "Sun>=9")
@@ -250,7 +251,7 @@ DATAFORM != "main" {
   # In rearguard form, change the Morocco lines with negative SAVE values
   # to use positive SAVE values.
   if ($2 == "Morocco") {
-    if (/^Rule/) {
+    if ($0 ~ /^Rule/) {
       if ($4 ~ /^201[78]$/ && $6 == "Oct") {
 	if (DATAFORM == "rearguard") {
 	  sub(/\t2018\t/, "\t2017\t")
@@ -290,8 +291,10 @@ DATAFORM != "main" {
 /^Zone/ {
   packrat_ignored = FILENAME == PACKRATDATA && PACKRATLIST && !packratlist[$2];
 }
-packrat_ignored && !/^Rule/ {
-  sub(/^/, "#")
+{
+  if (packrat_ignored && $0 !~ /^Rule/) {
+    sub(/^/, "#")
+  }
 }
 
 # If a Link line is followed by a Link or Zone line for the same data, comment
diff --git a/tz/zone.tab b/tz/zone.tab
index 1f73dda..4904028 100644
--- a/tz/zone.tab
+++ b/tz/zone.tab
@@ -401,8 +401,6 @@ TV	-0831+17913	Pacific/Funafuti
 TW	+2503+12130	Asia/Taipei
 TZ	-0648+03917	Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
 UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kyiv	Ukraine (most areas)
-UA	+4837+02218	Europe/Uzhgorod	Transcarpathia
-UA	+4750+03510	Europe/Zaporozhye	Zaporozhye and east Lugansk
 UG	+0019+03225	Africa/Kampala
 UM	+2813-17722	Pacific/Midway	Midway Islands
 UM	+1917+16637	Pacific/Wake	Wake Island
diff --git a/tz/zone1970.tab b/tz/zone1970.tab
index 3e1948c..cf9cf20 100644
--- a/tz/zone1970.tab
+++ b/tz/zone1970.tab
@@ -312,8 +312,6 @@ TO	-210800-1751200	Pacific/Tongatapu
 TR	+4101+02858	Europe/Istanbul
 TW	+2503+12130	Asia/Taipei
 UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kyiv	Ukraine (most areas)
-UA	+4837+02218	Europe/Uzhgorod	Transcarpathia
-UA	+4750+03510	Europe/Zaporozhye	Zaporozhye and east Lugansk
 US	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern (most areas)
 US	+421953-0830245	America/Detroit	Eastern - MI (most areas)
 US	+381515-0854534	America/Kentucky/Louisville	Eastern - KY (Louisville area)
@@ -351,3 +349,27 @@ VN	+1045+10640	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	Vietnam (south)
 VU	-1740+16825	Pacific/Efate
 WS	-1350-17144	Pacific/Apia
 ZA,LS,SZ	-2615+02800	Africa/Johannesburg
+#
+# The next section contains experimental tab-separated comments for
+# use by user agents like tzselect that identify continents and oceans.
+#
+# For example, the comment "#@AQ<tab>Antarctica/" means the country code
+# AQ is in the continent Antarctica regardless of the Zone name,
+# so Pacific/Auckland should be listed under Antarctica as well as
+# under the Pacific because its line's country codes include AQ.
+#
+# If more than one country code is affected each is listed separated
+# by commas, e.g., #@IS,SH<tab>Atlantic/".  If a country code is in
+# more than one continent or ocean, each is listed separated by
+# commas, e.g., the second column of "#@CY,TR<tab>Asia/,Europe/".
+#
+# These experimental comments are present only for country codes where
+# the continent or ocean is not already obvious from the Zone name.
+# For example, there is no such comment for RU since it already
+# corresponds to Zone names starting with both "Europe/" and "Asia/".
+#
+#@AQ	Antarctica/
+#@IS,SH	Atlantic/
+#@CY,TR	Asia/,Europe/
+#@SJ	Arctic/
+#@CC,CX,KM,MG,YT	Indian/
diff --git a/tz/zoneinfo2tdf.pl b/tz/zoneinfo2tdf.pl
deleted file mode 100755
index 176fce9..0000000
--- a/tz/zoneinfo2tdf.pl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-#! /usr/bin/perl -w
-# Summarize .zi input in a .zi-like format.
-
-# Courtesy Ken Pizzini.
-
-use strict;
-
-#This file released to the public domain.
-
-# Note: error checking is poor; trust the output only if the input
-# has been checked by zic.
-
-my $contZone = '';
-while (<>) {
-  my $origline = $_;
-  my @fields = ();
-  while (s/^\s*((?:"[^"]*"|[^\s#])+)//) {
-    push @fields, $1;
-  }
-  next unless @fields;
-
-  my $type = lc($fields[0]);
-  if ($contZone) {
-    @fields >= 3 or warn "bad continuation line";
-    unshift @fields, '+', $contZone;
-    $type = 'zone';
-  }
-
-  $contZone = '';
-  if ($type eq 'zone') {
-    # Zone  NAME  STDOFF  RULES/SAVE  FORMAT  [UNTIL]
-    my $nfields = @fields;
-    $nfields >= 5 or warn "bad zone line";
-    if ($nfields > 6) {
-      #this splice is optional, depending on one's preference
-      #(one big date-time field, or componentized date and time):
-      splice(@fields, 5, $nfields-5, "@fields[5..$nfields-1]");
-    }
-    $contZone = $fields[1] if @fields > 5;
-  } elsif ($type eq 'rule') {
-    # Rule  NAME  FROM  TO  -  IN  ON  AT  SAVE  LETTER/S
-    @fields == 10 or warn "bad rule line";
-  } elsif ($type eq 'link') {
-    # Link  TARGET  LINK-NAME
-    @fields == 3 or warn "bad link line";
-  } elsif ($type eq 'leap') {
-    # Leap  YEAR  MONTH  DAY  HH:MM:SS  CORR  R/S
-    @fields == 7 or warn "bad leap line";
-  } else {
-    warn "Fubar at input line $.: $origline";
-  }
-  print join("\t", @fields), "\n";
-}