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.. _dialect_toplevel:
Dialects
========
The **dialect** is the system SQLAlchemy uses to communicate with various types of :term:`DBAPI` implementations and databases.
The sections that follow contain reference documentation and notes specific to the usage of each backend, as well as notes
for the various DBAPIs.
All dialects require that an appropriate DBAPI driver is installed.
Included Dialects
-----------------
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 1
:glob:
postgresql
mysql
sqlite
oracle
mssql
Deprecated, no longer supported dialects
----------------------------------------
The following dialects have implementations within SQLAlchemy, but they are not
part of continuous integration testing nor are they actively developed.
These dialects are deprecated and will be removed in future major releases.
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 1
:glob:
firebird
sybase
.. _external_toplevel:
External Dialects
-----------------
Currently maintained external dialect projects for SQLAlchemy include:
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Database | Dialect |
+=======================================+=======================================+
| Amazon Redshift (via psycopg2) | sqlalchemy-redshift_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Apache Drill | sqlalchemy-drill_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Apache Druid | pydruid_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Apache Hive and Presto | PyHive_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Apache Solr | sqlalchemy-solr_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| CockroachDB | sqlalchemy-cockroachdb_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| CrateDB | crate-python_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| EXASolution | sqlalchemy_exasol_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Elasticsearch (readonly) | elasticsearch-dbapi_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Firebird | sqlalchemy-firebird_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Google BigQuery | pybigquery_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Google Sheets | gsheets_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| IBM DB2 and Informix | ibm-db-sa_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Microsoft Access (via pyodbc) | sqlalchemy-access_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Microsoft SQL Server (via python-tds) | sqlalchemy-tds_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| MonetDB | sqlalchemy-monetdb_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| SAP Hana | sqlalchemy-hana_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| SAP Sybase SQL Anywhere | sqlalchemy-sqlany_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Snowflake | snowflake-sqlalchemy_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| Teradata Vantage | teradatasqlalchemy_ |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
.. _ibm-db-sa: https://pypi.org/project/ibm-db-sa/
.. _PyHive: https://github.com/dropbox/PyHive#sqlalchemy
.. _teradatasqlalchemy: https://pypi.org/project/teradatasqlalchemy/
.. _pybigquery: https://github.com/mxmzdlv/pybigquery/
.. _sqlalchemy-redshift: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/sqlalchemy-redshift
.. _sqlalchemy-drill: https://github.com/JohnOmernik/sqlalchemy-drill
.. _sqlalchemy-hana: https://github.com/SAP/sqlalchemy-hana
.. _sqlalchemy-solr: https://github.com/aadel/sqlalchemy-solr
.. _sqlalchemy_exasol: https://github.com/blue-yonder/sqlalchemy_exasol
.. _sqlalchemy-sqlany: https://github.com/sqlanywhere/sqlalchemy-sqlany
.. _sqlalchemy-monetdb: https://github.com/gijzelaerr/sqlalchemy-monetdb
.. _snowflake-sqlalchemy: https://github.com/snowflakedb/snowflake-sqlalchemy
.. _sqlalchemy-tds: https://github.com/m32/sqlalchemy-tds
.. _crate-python: https://github.com/crate/crate-python
.. _sqlalchemy-access: https://pypi.org/project/sqlalchemy-access/
.. _elasticsearch-dbapi: https://github.com/preset-io/elasticsearch-dbapi/
.. _pydruid: https://github.com/druid-io/pydruid
.. _gsheets: https://github.com/betodealmeida/gsheets-db-api
.. _sqlalchemy-firebird: https://github.com/pauldex/sqlalchemy-firebird
.. _sqlalchemy-cockroachdb: https://github.com/cockroachdb/sqlalchemy-cockroachdb
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