diff options
| author | Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> | 2015-07-24 10:10:13 +0200 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> | 2015-07-24 10:10:13 +0200 |
| commit | 753173a95aaf26837b3ede284f007fa3b591c598 (patch) | |
| tree | 736a7b97ec4bc7b932bfc3469edbea4088007b78 /documentation.pdf | |
| parent | 55f28695e817fd7eac8870330843b3dff8f49eaa (diff) | |
| download | python-decorator-git-753173a95aaf26837b3ede284f007fa3b591c598.tar.gz | |
Improvements to the docs
Diffstat (limited to 'documentation.pdf')
| -rw-r--r-- | documentation.pdf | 1035 |
1 files changed, 520 insertions, 515 deletions
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .666667 .133333 1 rg (@memoize_uw) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (f1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("Simulate some long computation") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .26311 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the original function takes a single argument named ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but the decorated function takes any number) Tj T* 0 Tw (of arguments and keyword arguments:) Tj T* ET
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n 156 24 60 12 re f*
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .411235 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This means that introspection tools such as ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (pydoc ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will give wrong informations about the signature of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj T* 0 Tw .010488 Tw (unless you are using a recent of Python 3.X. This is pretty bad: ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (pydoc ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (will tell you that the function accepts) Tj T* 0 Tw .624431 Tw (a generic signature ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (*args) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (**kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but when you try to call the function with more than an argument, you) Tj T* 0 Tw (will get an error:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .002485 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This means that introspection tools such as ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (pydoc ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will give wrong informations about the signature of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f1) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj T* 0 Tw .047356 Tw (unless you are using Python 3.5. This is pretty bad: ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (pydoc ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will tell you that the function accepts a generic) Tj T* 0 Tw .416303 Tw (signature ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (*args) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (**kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but when you try to call the function with more than an argument, you will get an) Tj T* 0 Tw (error:) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 3.953307 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice even in Python 3.5 ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getargspec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getfullargspec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(which are) Tj T* 0 Tw (deprecated in that release\) will give the wrong signature.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 3.313984 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The solution is to provide a generic factory of generators, which hides the complexity of making) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.962976 Tw (signature-preserving decorators from the application programmer. The ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorate ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (function in the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (module is such a factory:) Tj T* ET
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Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 2.144983 Tw 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorate ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (takes two arguments, a caller function describing the functionality of the decorator and a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.594983 Tw (function to be decorated; it returns the decorated function. The caller function must have signature) Tj T* 0 Tw .19311 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(f,) Tj ( ) Tj (*args,) Tj ( ) Tj (**kw\) ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and it must call the original function ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (with arguments ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (args ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (kw) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, implementing) Tj T* 0 Tw (the wanted capability, i.e. memoization in this case:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (At this point you can define your decorator as follows:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .12561 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The difference with respect to the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (memoize_uw ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (approach, which is based on nested functions, is that the) Tj T* 0 Tw .598876 Tw (decorator module forces you to lift the inner function at the outer level. Moreover, you are forced to pass) Tj T* 0 Tw (explicitly the function you want to decorate, there are no closures.) Tj T* ET
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q
0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is a test of usage:) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
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Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The signature of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (heavy_computation ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is the one you would expect:) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A ) Tj /F3 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trace ) Tj /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj T* ET
Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .479398 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (As an additional example, here is how you can define a trivial ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trace ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator, which prints a message) Tj T* 0 Tw (everytime the traced function is called:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is an example of usage:) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (It is immediate to verify that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f1 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (works) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (and it that it has the correct signature:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (The same decorator works with functions of any signature:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Function annotations) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 1.937318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Python 3 introduced the concept of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (function annotations) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,i.e. the ability to annotate the signature of a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.24816 Tw (function with additional information, stored in a dictionary named ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__annotations__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. The decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.923735 Tw (module, starting from release 3.3, is able to understand and to preserve the annotations. Here is an) Tj T* 0 Tw (example:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .596647 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In order to introspect functions with annotations, one needs the utility ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getfullargspec) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, new) Tj T* 0 Tw (in Python 3 \(and deprecated in favor of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.signature ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (in Python 3.5\):) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (You can check that the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__annotations__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (dictionary is preserved:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .84284 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f.__wrapped__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is the original undecorated function. Such an attribute is added to be consistent) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.36998 Tw (with the way ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.update_wrapper ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (work. Another attribute which is copied from the original) Tj T* 0 Tw .41881 Tw (function is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__qualname__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, the qualified name. This is a concept introduced in Python 3. In Python 2 the) Tj T* 0 Tw (decorator module will still add a qualified name, but its value will always be ) Tj /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .84284 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (f.__wrapped__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is the original undecorated function. Such an attribute is added to be consistent) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.36998 Tw (with the way ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.update_wrapper ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (work. Another attribute which is copied from the original) Tj T* 0 Tw .41881 Tw (function is ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__qualname__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, the qualified name. This is a concept introduced in Python 3. In Python 2 the) Tj T* 0 Tw (decorator module will still add a qualified name, but its value will always be ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (None) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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n 12 36 6 12 re f*
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-n 24 36 12 12 re f*
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.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 138 36 6 12 re f*
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n 0 24 6 12 re f*
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@@ -4067,17 +4059,17 @@ n 6 24 6 12 re f* .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
n 12 24 6 12 re f*
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 24 24 12 12 re f*
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.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 42 24 6 12 re f*
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.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 54 24 72 12 re f*
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.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 126 24 6 12 re f*
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-n 132 24 6 12 re f*
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-n 138 24 6 12 re f*
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.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
n 0 12 6 12 re f*
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n 12 12 6 12 re f*
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 24 12 12 12 re f*
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-n 42 12 36 12 re f*
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-n 108 12 12 12 re f*
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.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 120 12 6 12 re f*
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.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n 126 12 36 12 re f*
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.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
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n 0 0 6 12 re f*
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 110 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (futurefactory) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (decorator) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (Future) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@futurefactory) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (long_running) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (time) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (sleep) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (5) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (...) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (x) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (fut1) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (long_running) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (1) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (fut2) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (long_running) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (>) Tj (>) Tj (>) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (fut1) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (+) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (fut2) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (result) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* .4 .4 .4 rg (3) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 5.045529 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (uses ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to generate the decorated function. Therefore) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.542126 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will not work for decorated functions. That means that the usual '??' trick in) Tj T* 0 Tw 26.45775 Tw (IPython will give you the \(right on the spot\) message) Tj T* 0 Tw .261647 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Dynamically) Tj ( ) Tj (generated) Tj ( ) Tj (function.) Tj ( ) Tj (No) Tj ( ) Tj (source) Tj ( ) Tj (code available) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. In the past I have considered) Tj T* 0 Tw .945366 Tw (this acceptable, since ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (does not really work even with regular decorators. In that) Tj T* 0 Tw (case ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (gives you the wrapper source code which is probably not what you want:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm 5.045529 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Internally ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (FunctionMaker.create ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (uses ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (exec ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (to generate the decorated function. Therefore) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.522126 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will not work for decorated functions. That means that the usual ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (?? ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (trick in) Tj T* 0 Tw 26.45775 Tw (IPython will give you the \(right on the spot\) message) Tj T* 0 Tw .261647 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Dynamically) Tj ( ) Tj (generated) Tj ( ) Tj (function.) Tj ( ) Tj (No) Tj ( ) Tj (source) Tj ( ) Tj (code available) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. In the past I have considered) Tj T* 0 Tw .945366 Tw (this acceptable, since ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (does not really work even with regular decorators. In that) Tj T* 0 Tw (case ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (gives you the wrapper source code which is probably not what you want:) Tj T* ET
Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .011098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(see bug report ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (1764286 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for an explanation of what is happening\). Unfortunately the bug is still there, in all) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.33436 Tw (versions of Python except Python 3.5, which is not yet released. There is however a workaround. The) Tj T* 0 Tw .325984 Tw (decorated function has an attribute ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.__wrapped__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, pointing to the original function. The easy way to get) Tj T* 0 Tw (the source code is to call ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (on the undecorated function:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm .011098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\(see bug report ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (1764286 ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for an explanation of what is happening\). Unfortunately the bug is still there, in all) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.33436 Tw (versions of Python except Python 3.5, which is not yet released. There is however a workaround. The) Tj T* 0 Tw .725984 Tw (decorated function has an attribute ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__wrapped__) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, pointing to the original function. The easy way to get) Tj T* 0 Tw (the source code is to call ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (inspect.getsource ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (on the undecorated function:) Tj T* ET
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Q
q
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 38 Tm 3.354269 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Since there is no direct implementation for \(StrongRock, Scissors\) the dispatcher will look at the) Tj T* 0 Tw .352651 Tw (implementation for \(Rock, Scissors\) which is available. Internally the algorithm is doing a cross product of) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.64784 Tw (the class precedence lists \(or Method Resolution Orders, ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (MRO ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for short\) of StrongRock and Scissors) Tj T* 0 Tw (respectively.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Generic functions and virtual ancestors) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.225366 Tw (Generic function implementations in Python are complicated by the existence of "virtual ancestors", i.e.) Tj T* 0 Tw (superclasses which are not in the class hierarchy. Consider for instance this class:) Tj T* ET
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Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .772765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This class defines a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (__len__ ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (method and as such is considered to be a subclass of the abstract base) Tj T* 0 Tw (class ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.414651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (However, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is not in the MRO of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (WithLength) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, it is not a true ancestor. Any) Tj T* 0 Tw .651412 Tw (implementation of generic functions, even with single dispatch, must go through some contorsion to take) Tj T* 0 Tw (into account the virtual ancestors.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm 2.414651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (However, ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is not in the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (MRO ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (WithLength) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, it is not a true ancestor. Any) Tj T* 0 Tw .651412 Tw (implementation of generic functions, even with single dispatch, must go through some contorsion to take) Tj T* 0 Tw (into account the virtual ancestors.) Tj T* ET
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (In particular if we define a generic function) Tj T* ET
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0 0 0 rg
BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (implemented on all classes with a length) Tj T* ET
Q
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Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (then ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (get_length ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (must be defined on ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (WithLength ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (instances) Tj T* ET
Q
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Q
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q
BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 2.228651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (even if ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is not a true ancestor of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (WithLength) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. Of course this is a contrived) Tj T* 0 Tw (example since you could just use the builtin ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (len) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but you should get the idea.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 26 Tm .129461 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Since in Python it is possible to consider any instance of ABCMeta as a virtual ancestor of any other class) Tj T* 0 Tw .21152 Tw (\(it is enough to register it as ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (ancestor.register\(cls\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\), any implementation of generic functions must) Tj T* 0 Tw (take virtual ancestors into account. Let me give an example.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Suppose you are using a third party set-like class like the following:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.042651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here the author of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (SomeSet ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (made a mistake by not inheriting from ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Set) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, but only from) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.588735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This is not a problem since you can register ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (a posteriori) Tj /F1 10 Tf ( ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Set ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (as a virtual ancestor of) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (SomeSet) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Now, let us define an implementation of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (get_length ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (specific to set:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .210697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The current implementation, as the one used by ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, is able to discern that a) Tj T* 0 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Set ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is a ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (object, so the more specific implementation for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Set ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is taken:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 3.503735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Sometimes it is not clear how to dispatch. For instance, consider a class ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (C ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (registered both as) Tj T* 0 Tw 6.519974 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Iterable ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and define a generic function ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (g ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (with) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.101085 Tw (implementations both for ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Iterable ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (and ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (collections.Sized) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. It is impossible to) Tj T* 0 Tw .690697 Tw (decide which implementation to use, since the ancestors are independent, and the following function will) Tj T* 0 Tw (raise a RuntimeError when called:) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .745433 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (This is consistent with the "refuse the temptation to guess" philosophy. ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch) Tj T* 0 Tw /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (would raise a similar error.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 62 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .01104 Tw (It would be easy to rely on the order of registration to decide the precedence order. This is reasonable, but) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.788555 Tw (also fragile: if during some refactoring you change the registration order by mistake, a different) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.585814 Tw (implementation could be taken. If implementations of the generic functions are distributed across) Tj T* 0 Tw .939984 Tw (modules, and you change the import order, a different implementation could be taken. So the decorator) Tj T* 0 Tw .128935 Tw (module prefers to raise an error in the face of ambiguity. This is the same approach taken by the standard) Tj T* 0 Tw (library.) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm .743735 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (However, it should be noticed that the dispatch algorithm used by the decorator module is different from) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.269398 Tw (the one used by the standard library, so there are cases where you will get different answers. The) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.830814 Tw (difference is that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (tries to insert the virtual ancestors ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (before ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (the base) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.149983 Tw (classes, whereas ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (decorator.dispatch_on ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (tries to insert them ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (after ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (the base classes. I will give an) Tj T* 0 Tw (example showing the difference:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 122 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (singledispatch_example2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# adapted from functools.singledispatch test case) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (singledispatch) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (dispatch_on) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('arg') Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (S) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (V) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (c) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Sized) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (S) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__len__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ET
+n 108 0 12 12 re f*
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 12 TL /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (singledispatch_example2) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# adapted from functools.singledispatch test case) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (singledispatch) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (dispatch_on) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ('arg') Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (S) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (object) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ET
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n 24 192 90 12 re f*
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
n 24 180 18 12 re f*
@@ -7792,20 +7790,20 @@ n 66 0 6 12 re f* n 72 0 6 12 re f*
.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
n 84 0 6 12 re f*
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 194 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@singledispatch) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (arg) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("base") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@g.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (S) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g_s) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (arg) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("s") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@g.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (c) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Container) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g_container) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (arg) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("container") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (v) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (V) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (assert) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (v) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("s") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (c) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Container) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (V) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# add c.Container to the virtual mro of V) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (assert) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (v) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("s") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# since the virtual mro is V, Sized, S, Container) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (V) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 266 Tm 12 TL /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (pass) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (class) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 0 1 rg (V) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (c) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Sized) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (S) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (__len__) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 .501961 0 rg (self) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (0) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@singledispatch) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (arg) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("base") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@g.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (S) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g_s) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (arg) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("s") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj .666667 .133333 1 rg (@g.register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (c) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Container) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (def) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 1 rg (g_container) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (arg) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("container") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* T* ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (v) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (=) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (V) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\(\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (assert) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (v) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("s") Tj 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (c) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (Container) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (.) Tj 0 0 0 rg (register) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (V) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# add c.Container to the virtual mro of V) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (assert) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\() Tj 0 0 0 rg (v) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\)) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .4 .4 .4 rg (==) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj .729412 .129412 .129412 rg ("s") Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj /F6 10 Tf .25098 .501961 .501961 rg (# since the virtual mro is V, Sized, S, Container) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg T* ( ) Tj /F5 10 Tf 0 .501961 0 rg (return) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (g) Tj 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj 0 0 0 rg ( ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (V) Tj T* ET
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 50 Tm 10.88816 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (If you play with this example and replace the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (definition with) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.720888 Tw /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (, the assert will break: ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (g ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will return ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ("container" ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (instead of ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg ("s") Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (,) Tj T* 0 Tw .779147 Tw (because ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (functools.singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (will insert the ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Container ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (class right before ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (S) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (. The only way) Tj T* 0 Tw .259431 Tw (to understand what is happening here is to scratch your head by looking at the implementations. I will just) Tj T* 0 Tw (notice that ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (.dispatch_info ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is quite useful:) Tj T* ET
Q
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q
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@@ -7885,32 +7883,32 @@ Q Q
Q
q
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q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.086136 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The current implementation does not implement any kind of cooperation between generic functions, i.e.) Tj T* 0 Tw (there is nothing akin to call-next-method in Lisp, nor akin to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (super ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (in Python.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm 1.409147 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (The current implementation does not implement any kind of cooperation between implementations, i.e.) Tj T* 0 Tw (there is nothing akin to call-next-method in Lisp, nor akin to ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (super ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (in Python.) Tj T* ET
Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm .22186 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Finally, let me notice that the decorator module implementation does not use any cache, whereas the one) Tj T* 0 Tw (in ) Tj /F3 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (singledispatch ) Tj /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (has a cache.) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Caveats and limitations) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
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BT 1 0 0 1 0 14 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL .259431 Tw (One thing you should be aware of, is the performance penalty of decorators. The worse case is shown by) Tj T* 0 Tw (the following example:) Tj T* ET
Q
Q
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q
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@@ -7920,11 +7918,11 @@ q .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
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.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 468.6898 192 re B*
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