path: root/paste/fixture.py

# (c) 2005 Ian Bicking and contributors; written for Paste (http://pythonpaste.org)
# Licensed under the MIT license: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
"""
Routines for testing WSGI applications.

Most interesting is the `TestApp <class-paste.fixture.TestApp.html>`_
for testing WSGI applications, and the `TestFileEnvironment
<class-paste.fixture.TestFileEnvironment.html>`_ class for testing the
effects of command-line scripts.
"""

from __future__ import print_function

import sys
import random
import mimetypes
import time
import os
import shutil
import smtplib
import shlex
import re
import six
import subprocess
from six.moves import cStringIO as StringIO
from six.moves.urllib.parse import urlencode
from six.moves.urllib import parse as urlparse
try:
    # Python 3
    from http.cookies import BaseCookie
    from urllib.parse import splittype, splithost
except ImportError:
    # Python 2
    from Cookie import BaseCookie
    from urllib import splittype, splithost

from paste import wsgilib
from paste import lint
from paste.response import HeaderDict

def tempnam_no_warning(*args):
    """
    An os.tempnam with the warning turned off, because sometimes
    you just need to use this and don't care about the stupid
    security warning.
    """
    return os.tempnam(*args)

class NoDefault(object):
    pass

def sorted(l):
    l = list(l)
    l.sort()
    return l

class Dummy_smtplib(object):

    existing = None

    def __init__(self, server):
        import warnings
        warnings.warn(
            'Dummy_smtplib is not maintained and is deprecated',
            DeprecationWarning, 2)
        assert not self.existing, (
            "smtplib.SMTP() called again before Dummy_smtplib.existing.reset() "
            "called.")
        self.server = server
        self.open = True
        self.__class__.existing = self

    def quit(self):
        assert self.open, (
            "Called %s.quit() twice" % self)
        self.open = False

    def sendmail(self, from_address, to_addresses, msg):
        self.from_address = from_address
        self.to_addresses = to_addresses
        self.message = msg

    def install(cls):
        smtplib.SMTP = cls

    install = classmethod(install)

    def reset(self):
        assert not self.open, (
            "SMTP connection not quit")
        self.__class__.existing = None

class AppError(Exception):
    pass

class TestApp(object):

    # for py.test
    disabled = True

    def __init__(self, app, namespace=None, relative_to=None,
                 extra_environ=None, pre_request_hook=None,
                 post_request_hook=None):
        """
        Wraps a WSGI application in a more convenient interface for
        testing.

        ``app`` may be an application, or a Paste Deploy app
        URI, like ``'config:filename.ini#test'``.

        ``namespace`` is a dictionary that will be written to (if
        provided).  This can be used with doctest or some other
        system, and the variable ``res`` will be assigned everytime
        you make a request (instead of returning the request).

        ``relative_to`` is a directory, and filenames used for file
        uploads are calculated relative to this.  Also ``config:``
        URIs that aren't absolute.

        ``extra_environ`` is a dictionary of values that should go
        into the environment for each request.  These can provide a
        communication channel with the application.

        ``pre_request_hook`` is a function to be called prior to
        making requests (such as ``post`` or ``get``). This function
        must take one argument (the instance of the TestApp).

        ``post_request_hook`` is a function, similar to
        ``pre_request_hook``, to be called after requests are made.
        """
        if isinstance(app, (six.binary_type, six.text_type)):
            from paste.deploy import loadapp
            # @@: Should pick up relative_to from calling module's
            # __file__
            app = loadapp(app, relative_to=relative_to)
        self.app = app
        self.namespace = namespace
        self.relative_to = relative_to
        if extra_environ is None:
            extra_environ = {}
        self.extra_environ = extra_environ
        self.pre_request_hook = pre_request_hook
        self.post_request_hook = post_request_hook
        self.reset()

    def reset(self):
        """
        Resets the state of the application; currently just clears
        saved cookies.
        """
        self.cookies = {}

    def _make_environ(self):
        environ = self.extra_environ.copy()
        environ['paste.throw_errors'] = True
        return environ

    def get(self, url, params=None, headers=None, extra_environ=None,
            status=None, expect_errors=False):
        """
        Get the given url (well, actually a path like
        ``'/page.html'``).

        ``params``:
            A query string, or a dictionary that will be encoded
            into a query string.  You may also include a query
            string on the ``url``.

        ``headers``:
            A dictionary of extra headers to send.

        ``extra_environ``:
            A dictionary of environmental variables that should
            be added to the request.

        ``status``:
            The integer status code you expect (if not 200 or 3xx).
            If you expect a 404 response, for instance, you must give
            ``status=404`` or it will be an error.  You can also give
            a wildcard, like ``'3*'`` or ``'*'``.

        ``expect_errors``:
            If this is not true, then if anything is written to
            ``wsgi.errors`` it will be an error.  If it is true, then
            non-200/3xx responses are also okay.

        Returns a `response object
        <class-paste.fixture.TestResponse.html>`_
        """
        if extra_environ is None:
            extra_environ = {}
        # Hide from py.test:
        __tracebackhide__ = True
        if params:
            if not isinstance(params, (six.binary_type, six.text_type)):
                params = urlencode(params, doseq=True)
            if '?' in url:
                url += '&'
            else:
                url += '?'
            url += params
        environ = self._make_environ()
        url = str(url)
        if '?' in url:
            url, environ['QUERY_STRING'] = url.split('?', 1)
        else:
            environ['QUERY_STRING'] = ''
        self._set_headers(headers, environ)
        environ.update(extra_environ)
        req = TestRequest(url, environ, expect_errors)
        return self.do_request(req, status=status)

    def _gen_request(self, method, url, params=b'', headers=None, extra_environ=None,
             status=None, upload_files=None, expect_errors=False):
        """
        Do a generic request.
        """
        if headers is None:
            headers = {}
        if extra_environ is None:
            extra_environ = {}
        environ = self._make_environ()
        # @@: Should this be all non-strings?
        if isinstance(params, (list, tuple, dict)):
            params = urlencode(params)
        if hasattr(params, 'items'):
            # Some other multi-dict like format
            params = urlencode(params.items())
        if six.PY3 and isinstance(params, six.text_type):
            params = params.encode('utf8')
        if upload_files:
            params = urlparse.parse_qsl(params, keep_blank_values=True)
            content_type, params = self.encode_multipart(
                params, upload_files)
            environ['CONTENT_TYPE'] = content_type
        elif params:
            environ.setdefault('CONTENT_TYPE', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded')
        if '?' in url:
            url, environ['QUERY_STRING'] = url.split('?', 1)
        else:
            environ['QUERY_STRING'] = ''
        environ['CONTENT_LENGTH'] = str(len(params))
        environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] = method
        environ['wsgi.input'] = six.BytesIO(params)
        self._set_headers(headers, environ)
        environ.update(extra_environ)
        req = TestRequest(url, environ, expect_errors)
        return self.do_request(req, status=status)

    def post(self, url, params=b'', headers=None, extra_environ=None,
             status=None, upload_files=None, expect_errors=False):
        """
        Do a POST request.  Very like the ``.get()`` method.
        ``params`` are put in the body of the request.

        ``upload_files`` is for file uploads.  It should be a list of
        ``[(fieldname, filename, file_content)]``.  You can also use
        just ``[(fieldname, filename)]`` and the file content will be
        read from disk.

        Returns a `response object
        <class-paste.fixture.TestResponse.html>`_
        """
        return self._gen_request('POST', url, params=params, headers=headers,
                                 extra_environ=extra_environ,status=status,
                                 upload_files=upload_files,
                                 expect_errors=expect_errors)

    def put(self, url, params=b'', headers=None, extra_environ=None,
             status=None, upload_files=None, expect_errors=False):
        """
        Do a PUT request.  Very like the ``.get()`` method.
        ``params`` are put in the body of the request.

        ``upload_files`` is for file uploads.  It should be a list of
        ``[(fieldname, filename, file_content)]``.  You can also use
        just ``[(fieldname, filename)]`` and the file content will be
        read from disk.

        Returns a `response object
        <class-paste.fixture.TestResponse.html>`_
        """
        return self._gen_request('PUT', url, params=params, headers=headers,
                                 extra_environ=extra_environ,status=status,
                                 upload_files=upload_files,
                                 expect_errors=expect_errors)

    def delete(self, url, params=b'', headers=None, extra_environ=None,
               status=None, expect_errors=False):
        """
        Do a DELETE request.  Very like the ``.get()`` method.
        ``params`` are put in the body of the request.

        Returns a `response object
        <class-paste.fixture.TestResponse.html>`_
        """
        return self._gen_request('DELETE', url, params=params, headers=headers,
                                 extra_environ=extra_environ,status=status,
                                 upload_files=None, expect_errors=expect_errors)




    def _set_headers(self, headers, environ):
        """
        Turn any headers into environ variables
        """
        if not headers:
            return
        for header, value in headers.items():
            if header.lower() == 'content-type':
                var = 'CONTENT_TYPE'
            elif header.lower() == 'content-length':
                var = 'CONTENT_LENGTH'
            else:
                var = 'HTTP_%s' % header.replace('-', '_').upper()
            environ[var] = value

    def encode_multipart(self, params, files):
        """
        Encodes a set of parameters (typically a name/value list) and
        a set of files (a list of (name, filename, file_body)) into a
        typical POST body, returning the (content_type, body).
        """
        boundary = '----------a_BoUnDaRy%s$' % random.random()
        content_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % boundary
        if six.PY3:
            boundary = boundary.encode('ascii')

        lines = []
        for key, value in params:
            lines.append(b'--'+boundary)
            line = 'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key
            if six.PY3:
                line = line.encode('utf8')
            lines.append(line)
            lines.append(b'')
            line = value
            if six.PY3 and isinstance(line, six.text_type):
                line = line.encode('utf8')
            lines.append(line)
        for file_info in files:
            key, filename, value = self._get_file_info(file_info)
            lines.append(b'--'+boundary)
            line = ('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"; filename="%s"'
                         % (key, filename))
            if six.PY3:
                line = line.encode('utf8')
            lines.append(line)
            fcontent = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0]
            line = ('Content-Type: %s'
                    % (fcontent or 'application/octet-stream'))
            if six.PY3:
                line = line.encode('utf8')
            lines.append(line)
            lines.append(b'')
            lines.append(value)
        lines.append(b'--' + boundary + b'--')
        lines.append(b'')
        body = b'\r\n'.join(lines)
        return content_type, body

    def _get_file_info(self, file_info):
        if len(file_info) == 2:
            # It only has a filename
            filename = file_info[1]
            if self.relative_to:
                filename = os.path.join(self.relative_to, filename)
            f = open(filename, 'rb')
            content = f.read()
            f.close()
            return (file_info[0], filename, content)
        elif len(file_info) == 3:
            return file_info
        else:
            raise ValueError(
                "upload_files need to be a list of tuples of (fieldname, "
                "filename, filecontent) or (fieldname, filename); "
                "you gave: %r"
                % repr(file_info)[:100])

    def do_request(self, req, status):
        """
        Executes the given request (``req``), with the expected
        ``status``.  Generally ``.get()`` and ``.post()`` are used
        instead.
        """
        if self.pre_request_hook:
            self.pre_request_hook(self)
        __tracebackhide__ = True
        if self.cookies:
            c = BaseCookie()
            for name, value in self.cookies.items():
                c[name] = value
            hc = '; '.join(['='.join([m.key, m.value]) for m in c.values()])
            req.environ['HTTP_COOKIE'] = hc
        req.environ['paste.testing'] = True
        req.environ['paste.testing_variables'] = {}
        app = lint.middleware(self.app)
        old_stdout = sys.stdout
        out = CaptureStdout(old_stdout)
        try:
            sys.stdout = out
            start_time = time.time()
            raise_on_wsgi_error = not req.expect_errors
            raw_res = wsgilib.raw_interactive(
                app, req.url,
                raise_on_wsgi_error=raise_on_wsgi_error,
                **req.environ)
            end_time = time.time()
        finally:
            sys.stdout = old_stdout
            sys.stderr.write(out.getvalue())
        res = self._make_response(raw_res, end_time - start_time)
        res.request = req
        for name, value in req.environ['paste.testing_variables'].items():
            if hasattr(res, name):
                raise ValueError(
                    "paste.testing_variables contains the variable %r, but "
                    "the response object already has an attribute by that "
                    "name" % name)
            setattr(res, name, value)
        if self.namespace is not None:
            self.namespace['res'] = res
        if not req.expect_errors:
            self._check_status(status, res)
            self._check_errors(res)
        res.cookies_set = {}
        for header in res.all_headers('set-cookie'):
            c = BaseCookie(header)
            for key, morsel in c.items():
                self.cookies[key] = morsel.value
                res.cookies_set[key] = morsel.value
        if self.post_request_hook:
            self.post_request_hook(self)
        if self.namespace is None:
            # It's annoying to return the response in doctests, as it'll
            # be printed, so we only return it is we couldn't assign
            # it anywhere
            return res

    def _check_status(self, status, res):
        __tracebackhide__ = True
        if status == '*':
            return
        if isinstance(status, (list, tuple)):
            if res.status not in status:
                raise AppError(
                    "Bad response: %s (not one of %s for %s)\n%s"
                    % (res.full_status, ', '.join(map(str, status)),
                       res.request.url, res.body))
            return
        if status is None:
            if res.status >= 200 and res.status < 400:
                return
            body = res.body
            if six.PY3:
                body = body.decode('utf8', 'xmlcharrefreplace')
            raise AppError(
                "Bad response: %s (not 200 OK or 3xx redirect for %s)\n%s"
                % (res.full_status, res.request.url,
                   body))
        if status != res.status:
            raise AppError(
                "Bad response: %s (not %s)" % (res.full_status, status))

    def _check_errors(self, res):
        if res.errors:
            raise AppError(
                "Application had errors logged:\n%s" % res.errors)

    def _make_response(self, resp, total_time):
        status, headers, body, errors = resp
        return TestResponse(self, status, headers, body, errors,
                            total_time)

class CaptureStdout(object):

    def __init__(self, actual):
        self.captured = StringIO()
        self.actual = actual

    def write(self, s):
        self.captured.write(s)
        self.actual.write(s)

    def flush(self):
        self.actual.flush()

    def writelines(self, lines):
        for item in lines:
            self.write(item)

    def getvalue(self):
        return self.captured.getvalue()

class TestResponse(object):

    # for py.test
    disabled = True

    """
    Instances of this class are return by `TestApp
    <class-paste.fixture.TestApp.html>`_
    """

    def __init__(self, test_app, status, headers, body, errors,
                 total_time):
        self.test_app = test_app
        self.status = int(status.split()[0])
        self.full_status = status
        self.headers = headers
        self.header_dict = HeaderDict.fromlist(self.headers)
        self.body = body
        self.errors = errors
        self._normal_body = None
        self.time = total_time
        self._forms_indexed = None

    def forms__get(self):
        """
        Returns a dictionary of ``Form`` objects.  Indexes are both in
        order (from zero) and by form id (if the form is given an id).
        """
        if self._forms_indexed is None:
            self._parse_forms()
        return self._forms_indexed

    forms = property(forms__get,
                     doc="""
                     A list of <form>s found on the page (instances of
                     `Form <class-paste.fixture.Form.html>`_)
                     """)

    def form__get(self):
        forms = self.forms
        if not forms:
            raise TypeError(
                "You used response.form, but no forms exist")
        if 1 in forms:
            # There is more than one form
            raise TypeError(
                "You used response.form, but more than one form exists")
        return forms[0]

    form = property(form__get,
                    doc="""
                    Returns a single `Form
                    <class-paste.fixture.Form.html>`_ instance; it
                    is an error if there are multiple forms on the
                    page.
                    """)

    _tag_re = re.compile(r'<(/?)([:a-z0-9_\-]*)(.*?)>', re.S|re.I)

    def _parse_forms(self):
        forms = self._forms_indexed = {}
        form_texts = []
        started = None
        for match in self._tag_re.finditer(self.body):
            end = match.group(1) == '/'
            tag = match.group(2).lower()
            if tag != 'form':
                continue
            if end:
                assert started, (
                    "</form> unexpected at %s" % match.start())
                form_texts.append(self.body[started:match.end()])
                started = None
            else:
                assert not started, (
                    "Nested form tags at %s" % match.start())
                started = match.start()
        assert not started, (
            "Danging form: %r" % self.body[started:])
        for i, text in enumerate(form_texts):
            form = Form(self, text)
            forms[i] = form
            if form.id:
                forms[form.id] = form

    def header(self, name, default=NoDefault):
        """
        Returns the named header; an error if there is not exactly one
        matching header (unless you give a default -- always an error
        if there is more than one header)
        """
        found = None
        for cur_name, value in self.headers:
            if cur_name.lower() == name.lower():
                assert not found, (
                    "Ambiguous header: %s matches %r and %r"
                    % (name, found, value))
                found = value
        if found is None:
            if default is NoDefault:
                raise KeyError(
                    "No header found: %r (from %s)"
                    % (name, ', '.join([n for n, v in self.headers])))
            else:
                return default
        return found

    def all_headers(self, name):
        """
        Gets all headers by the ``name``, returns as a list
        """
        found = []
        for cur_name, value in self.headers:
            if cur_name.lower() == name.lower():
                found.append(value)
        return found

    def follow(self, **kw):
        """
        If this request is a redirect, follow that redirect.  It
        is an error if this is not a redirect response.  Returns
        another response object.
        """
        assert self.status >= 300 and self.status < 400, (
            "You can only follow redirect responses (not %s)"
            % self.full_status)
        location = self.header('location')
        type, rest = splittype(location)
        host, path = splithost(rest)
        # @@: We should test that it's not a remote redirect
        return self.test_app.get(location, **kw)

    def click(self, description=None, linkid=None, href=None,
              anchor=None, index=None, verbose=False):
        """
        Click the link as described.  Each of ``description``,
        ``linkid``, and ``url`` are *patterns*, meaning that they are
        either strings (regular expressions), compiled regular
        expressions (objects with a ``search`` method), or callables
        returning true or false.

        All the given patterns are ANDed together:

        * ``description`` is a pattern that matches the contents of the
          anchor (HTML and all -- everything between ``<a...>`` and
          ``</a>``)

        * ``linkid`` is a pattern that matches the ``id`` attribute of
          the anchor.  It will receive the empty string if no id is
          given.

        * ``href`` is a pattern that matches the ``href`` of the anchor;
          the literal content of that attribute, not the fully qualified
          attribute.

        * ``anchor`` is a pattern that matches the entire anchor, with
          its contents.

        If more than one link matches, then the ``index`` link is
        followed.  If ``index`` is not given and more than one link
        matches, or if no link matches, then ``IndexError`` will be
        raised.

        If you give ``verbose`` then messages will be printed about
        each link, and why it does or doesn't match.  If you use
        ``app.click(verbose=True)`` you'll see a list of all the
        links.

        You can use multiple criteria to essentially assert multiple
        aspects about the link, e.g., where the link's destination is.
        """
        __tracebackhide__ = True
        found_html, found_desc, found_attrs = self._find_element(
            tag='a', href_attr='href',
            href_extract=None,
            content=description,
            id=linkid,
            href_pattern=href,
            html_pattern=anchor,
            index=index, verbose=verbose)
        return self.goto(found_attrs['uri'])

    def clickbutton(self, description=None, buttonid=None, href=None,
                    button=None, index=None, verbose=False):
        """
        Like ``.click()``, except looks for link-like buttons.
        This kind of button should look like
        ``<button onclick="...location.href='url'...">``.
        """
        __tracebackhide__ = True
        found_html, found_desc, found_attrs = self._find_element(
            tag='button', href_attr='onclick',
            href_extract=re.compile(r"location\.href='(.*?)'"),
            content=description,
            id=buttonid,
            href_pattern=href,
            html_pattern=button,
            index=index, verbose=verbose)
        return self.goto(found_attrs['uri'])

    def _find_element(self, tag, href_attr, href_extract,
                      content, id,
                      href_pattern,
                      html_pattern,
                      index, verbose):
        content_pat = _make_pattern(content)
        id_pat = _make_pattern(id)
        href_pat = _make_pattern(href_pattern)
        html_pat = _make_pattern(html_pattern)

        _tag_re = re.compile(r'<%s\s+(.*?)>(.*?)</%s>' % (tag, tag),
                             re.I+re.S)

        def printlog(s):
            if verbose:
                print(s)

        found_links = []
        total_links = 0
        for match in _tag_re.finditer(self.body):
            el_html = match.group(0)
            el_attr = match.group(1)
            el_content = match.group(2)
            attrs = _parse_attrs(el_attr)
            if verbose:
                printlog('Element: %r' % el_html)
            if not attrs.get(href_attr):
                printlog('  Skipped: no %s attribute' % href_attr)
                continue
            el_href = attrs[href_attr]
            if href_extract:
                m = href_extract.search(el_href)
                if not m:
                    printlog("  Skipped: doesn't match extract pattern")
                    continue
                el_href = m.group(1)
            attrs['uri'] = el_href
            if el_href.startswith('#'):
                printlog('  Skipped: only internal fragment href')
                continue
            if el_href.startswith('javascript:'):
                printlog('  Skipped: cannot follow javascript:')
                continue
            total_links += 1
            if content_pat and not content_pat(el_content):
                printlog("  Skipped: doesn't match description")
                continue
            if id_pat and not id_pat(attrs.get('id', '')):
                printlog("  Skipped: doesn't match id")
                continue
            if href_pat and not href_pat(el_href):
                printlog("  Skipped: doesn't match href")
                continue
            if html_pat and not html_pat(el_html):
                printlog("  Skipped: doesn't match html")
                continue
            printlog("  Accepted")
            found_links.append((el_html, el_content, attrs))
        if not found_links:
            raise IndexError(
                "No matching elements found (from %s possible)"
                % total_links)
        if index is None:
            if len(found_links) > 1:
                raise IndexError(
                    "Multiple links match: %s"
                    % ', '.join([repr(anc) for anc, d, attr in found_links]))
            found_link = found_links[0]
        else:
            try:
                found_link = found_links[index]
            except IndexError:
                raise IndexError(
                    "Only %s (out of %s) links match; index %s out of range"
                    % (len(found_links), total_links, index))
        return found_link

    def goto(self, href, method='get', **args):
        """
        Go to the (potentially relative) link ``href``, using the
        given method (``'get'`` or ``'post'``) and any extra arguments
        you want to pass to the ``app.get()`` or ``app.post()``
        methods.

        All hostnames and schemes will be ignored.
        """
        scheme, host, path, query, fragment = urlparse.urlsplit(href)
        # We
        scheme = host = fragment = ''
        href = urlparse.urlunsplit((scheme, host, path, query, fragment))
        href = urlparse.urljoin(self.request.full_url, href)
        method = method.lower()
        assert method in ('get', 'post'), (
            'Only "get" or "post" are allowed for method (you gave %r)'
            % method)
        if method == 'get':
            method = self.test_app.get
        else:
            method = self.test_app.post
        return method(href, **args)

    _normal_body_regex = re.compile(br'[ \n\r\t]+')

    def normal_body__get(self):
        if self._normal_body is None:
            self._normal_body = self._normal_body_regex.sub(
                b' ', self.body)
        return self._normal_body

    normal_body = property(normal_body__get,
                           doc="""
                           Return the whitespace-normalized body
                           """)

    def __contains__(self, s):
        """
        A response 'contains' a string if it is present in the body
        of the response.  Whitespace is normalized when searching
        for a string.
        """
        if not isinstance(s, (six.binary_type, six.text_type)):
            s = str(s)
        if isinstance(s, six.text_type):
            ## FIXME: we don't know that this response uses utf8:
            s = s.encode('utf8')
        return (self.body.find(s) != -1
                or self.normal_body.find(s) != -1)

    def mustcontain(self, *strings, **kw):
        """
        Assert that the response contains all of the strings passed
        in as arguments.

        Equivalent to::

            assert string in res
        """
        if 'no' in kw:
            no = kw['no']
            del kw['no']
            if isinstance(no, (six.binary_type, six.text_type)):
                no = [no]
        else:
            no = []
        if kw:
            raise TypeError(
                "The only keyword argument allowed is 'no'")
        for s in strings:
            if not s in self:
                print("Actual response (no %r):" % s, file=sys.stderr)
                print(self, file=sys.stderr)
                raise IndexError(
                    "Body does not contain string %r" % s)
        for no_s in no:
            if no_s in self:
                print("Actual response (has %r)" % no_s, file=sys.stderr)
                print(self, file=sys.stderr)
                raise IndexError(
                    "Body contains string %r" % no_s)

    def __repr__(self):
        body = self.body
        if six.PY3:
            body = body.decode('utf8', 'xmlcharrefreplace')
        body = body[:20]
        return '<Response %s %r>' % (self.full_status, body)

    def __str__(self):
        simple_body = b'\n'.join([l for l in self.body.splitlines()
                                 if l.strip()])
        if six.PY3:
            simple_body = simple_body.decode('utf8', 'xmlcharrefreplace')
        return 'Response: %s\n%s\n%s' % (
            self.status,
            '\n'.join(['%s: %s' % (n, v) for n, v in self.headers]),
            simple_body)

    def showbrowser(self):
        """
        Show this response in a browser window (for debugging purposes,
        when it's hard to read the HTML).
        """
        import webbrowser
        fn = tempnam_no_warning(None, 'paste-fixture') + '.html'
        f = open(fn, 'wb')
        f.write(self.body)
        f.close()
        url = 'file:' + fn.replace(os.sep, '/')
        webbrowser.open_new(url)

class TestRequest(object):

    # for py.test
    disabled = True

    """
    Instances of this class are created by `TestApp
    <class-paste.fixture.TestApp.html>`_ with the ``.get()`` and
    ``.post()`` methods, and are consumed there by ``.do_request()``.

    Instances are also available as a ``.req`` attribute on
    `TestResponse <class-paste.fixture.TestResponse.html>`_ instances.

    Useful attributes:

    ``url``:
        The url (actually usually the path) of the request, without
        query string.

    ``environ``:
        The environment dictionary used for the request.

    ``full_url``:
        The url/path, with query string.
    """

    def __init__(self, url, environ, expect_errors=False):
        if url.startswith('http://localhost'):
            url = url[len('http://localhost'):]
        self.url = url
        self.environ = environ
        if environ.get('QUERY_STRING'):
            self.full_url = url + '?' + environ['QUERY_STRING']
        else:
            self.full_url = url
        self.expect_errors = expect_errors


class Form(object):

    """
    This object represents a form that has been found in a page.
    This has a couple useful attributes:

    ``text``:
        the full HTML of the form.

    ``action``:
        the relative URI of the action.

    ``method``:
        the method (e.g., ``'GET'``).

    ``id``:
        the id, or None if not given.

    ``fields``:
        a dictionary of fields, each value is a list of fields by
        that name.  ``<input type=\"radio\">`` and ``<select>`` are
        both represented as single fields with multiple options.
    """

    # @@: This really should be using Mechanize/ClientForm or
    # something...

    _tag_re = re.compile(r'<(/?)([:a-z0-9_\-]*)([^>]*?)>', re.I)

    def __init__(self, response, text):
        self.response = response
        self.text = text
        self._parse_fields()
        self._parse_action()

    def _parse_fields(self):
        in_select = None
        in_textarea = None
        fields = {}
        for match in self._tag_re.finditer(self.text):
            end = match.group(1) == '/'
            tag = match.group(2).lower()
            if tag not in ('input', 'select', 'option', 'textarea',
                           'button'):
                continue
            if tag == 'select' and end:
                assert in_select, (
                    '%r without starting select' % match.group(0))
                in_select = None
                continue
            if tag == 'textarea' and end:
                assert in_textarea, (
                    "</textarea> with no <textarea> at %s" % match.start())
                in_textarea[0].value = html_unquote(self.text[in_textarea[1]:match.start()])
                in_textarea = None
                continue
            if end:
                continue
            attrs = _parse_attrs(match.group(3))
            if 'name' in attrs:
                name = attrs.pop('name')
            else:
                name = None
            if tag == 'option':
                in_select.options.append((attrs.get('value'),
                                          'selected' in attrs))
                continue
            if tag == 'input' and attrs.get('type') == 'radio':
                field = fields.get(name)
                if not field:
                    field = Radio(self, tag, name, match.start(), **attrs)
                    fields.setdefault(name, []).append(field)
                else:
                    field = field[0]
                    assert isinstance(field, Radio)
                field.options.append((attrs.get('value'),
                                      'checked' in attrs))
                continue
            tag_type = tag
            if tag == 'input':
                tag_type = attrs.get('type', 'text').lower()
            FieldClass = Field.classes.get(tag_type, Field)
            field = FieldClass(self, tag, name, match.start(), **attrs)
            if tag == 'textarea':
                assert not in_textarea, (
                    "Nested textareas: %r and %r"
                    % (in_textarea, match.group(0)))
                in_textarea = field, match.end()
            elif tag == 'select':
                assert not in_select, (
                    "Nested selects: %r and %r"
                    % (in_select, match.group(0)))
                in_select = field
            fields.setdefault(name, []).append(field)
        self.fields = fields

    def _parse_action(self):
        self.action = None
        for match in self._tag_re.finditer(self.text):
            end = match.group(1) == '/'
            tag = match.group(2).lower()
            if tag != 'form':
                continue
            if end:
                break
            attrs = _parse_attrs(match.group(3))
            self.action = attrs.get('action', '')
            self.method = attrs.get('method', 'GET')
            self.id = attrs.get('id')
            # @@: enctype?
        else:
            assert 0, "No </form> tag found"
        assert self.action is not None, (
            "No <form> tag found")

    def __setitem__(self, name, value):
        """
        Set the value of the named field.  If there is 0 or multiple
        fields by that name, it is an error.

        Setting the value of a ``<select>`` selects the given option
        (and confirms it is an option).  Setting radio fields does the
        same.  Checkboxes get boolean values.  You cannot set hidden
        fields or buttons.

        Use ``.set()`` if there is any ambiguity and you must provide
        an index.
        """
        fields = self.fields.get(name)
        assert fields is not None, (
            "No field by the name %r found (fields: %s)"
            % (name, ', '.join(map(repr, self.fields.keys()))))
        assert len(fields) == 1, (
            "Multiple fields match %r: %s"
            % (name, ', '.join(map(repr, fields))))
        fields[0].value = value

    def __getitem__(self, name):
        """
        Get the named field object (ambiguity is an error).
        """
        fields = self.fields.get(name)
        assert fields is not None, (
            "No field by the name %r found" % name)
        assert len(fields) == 1, (
            "Multiple fields match %r: %s"
            % (name, ', '.join(map(repr, fields))))
        return fields[0]

    def set(self, name, value, index=None):
        """
        Set the given name, using ``index`` to disambiguate.
        """
        if index is None:
            self[name] = value
        else:
            fields = self.fields.get(name)
            assert fields is not None, (
                "No fields found matching %r" % name)
            field = fields[index]
            field.value = value

    def get(self, name, index=None, default=NoDefault):
        """
        Get the named/indexed field object, or ``default`` if no field
        is found.
        """
        fields = self.fields.get(name)
        if fields is None and default is not NoDefault:
            return default
        if index is None:
            return self[name]
        else:
            fields = self.fields.get(name)
            assert fields is not None, (
                "No fields found matching %r" % name)
            field = fields[index]
            return field

    def select(self, name, value, index=None):
        """
        Like ``.set()``, except also confirms the target is a
        ``<select>``.
        """
        field = self.get(name, index=index)
        assert isinstance(field, Select)
        field.value = value

    def submit(self, name=None, index=None, **args):
        """
        Submits the form.  If ``name`` is given, then also select that
        button (using ``index`` to disambiguate)``.

        Any extra keyword arguments are passed to the ``.get()`` or
        ``.post()`` method.

        Returns a response object.
        """
        fields = self.submit_fields(name, index=index)
        return self.response.goto(self.action, method=self.method,
                                  params=fields, **args)

    def submit_fields(self, name=None, index=None):
        """
        Return a list of ``[(name, value), ...]`` for the current
        state of the form.
        """
        submit = []
        if name is not None:
            field = self.get(name, index=index)
            submit.append((field.name, field.value_if_submitted()))
        for name, fields in self.fields.items():
            if name is None:
                continue
            for field in fields:
                value = field.value
                if value is None:
                    continue
                submit.append((name, value))
        return submit


_attr_re = re.compile(r'([^= \n\r\t]+)[ \n\r\t]*(?:=[ \n\r\t]*(?:"([^"]*)"|([^"][^ \n\r\t>]*)))?', re.S)

def _parse_attrs(text):
    attrs = {}
    for match in _attr_re.finditer(text):
        attr_name = match.group(1).lower()
        attr_body = match.group(2) or match.group(3)
        attr_body = html_unquote(attr_body or '')
        attrs[attr_name] = attr_body
    return attrs

class Field(object):

    """
    Field object.
    """

    # Dictionary of field types (select, radio, etc) to classes
    classes = {}

    settable = True

    def __init__(self, form, tag, name, pos,
                 value=None, id=None, **attrs):
        self.form = form
        self.tag = tag
        self.name = name
        self.pos = pos
        self._value = value
        self.id = id
        self.attrs = attrs

    def value__set(self, value):
        if not self.settable:
            raise AttributeError(
                "You cannot set the value of the <%s> field %r"
                % (self.tag, self.name))
        self._value = value

    def force_value(self, value):
        """
        Like setting a value, except forces it even for, say, hidden
        fields.
        """
        self._value = value

    def value__get(self):
        return self._value

    value = property(value__get, value__set)

class Select(Field):

    """
    Field representing ``<select>``
    """

    def __init__(self, *args, **attrs):
        super(Select, self).__init__(*args, **attrs)
        self.options = []
        self.multiple = attrs.get('multiple')
        assert not self.multiple, (
            "<select multiple> not yet supported")
        # Undetermined yet:
        self.selectedIndex = None

    def value__set(self, value):
        for i, (option, checked) in enumerate(self.options):
            if option == str(value):
                self.selectedIndex = i
                break
        else:
            raise ValueError(
                "Option %r not found (from %s)"
                % (value, ', '.join(
                [repr(o) for o, c in self.options])))

    def value__get(self):
        if self.selectedIndex is not None:
            return self.options[self.selectedIndex][0]
        else:
            for option, checked in self.options:
                if checked:
                    return option
            else:
                if self.options:
                    return self.options[0][0]
                else:
                    return None

    value = property(value__get, value__set)

Field.classes['select'] = Select

class Radio(Select):

    """
    Field representing ``<input type="radio">``
    """

Field.classes['radio'] = Radio

class Checkbox(Field):

    """
    Field representing ``<input type="checkbox">``
    """

    def __init__(self, *args, **attrs):
        super(Checkbox, self).__init__(*args, **attrs)
        self.checked = 'checked' in attrs

    def value__set(self, value):
        self.checked = not not value

    def value__get(self):
        if self.checked:
            if self._value is None:
                return 'on'
            else:
                return self._value
        else:
            return None

    value = property(value__get, value__set)

Field.classes['checkbox'] = Checkbox

class Text(Field):
    """
    Field representing ``<input type="text">``
    """
    def __init__(self, form, tag, name, pos,
                 value='', id=None, **attrs):
        #text fields default to empty string
        Field.__init__(self, form, tag, name, pos,
                       value=value, id=id, **attrs)

Field.classes['text'] = Text

class Textarea(Text):
    """
    Field representing ``<textarea>``
    """

Field.classes['textarea'] = Textarea

class Hidden(Text):
    """
    Field representing ``<input type="hidden">``
    """

Field.classes['hidden'] = Hidden

class Submit(Field):
    """
    Field representing ``<input type="submit">`` and ``<button>``
    """

    settable = False

    def value__get(self):
        return None

    value = property(value__get)

    def value_if_submitted(self):
        return self._value

Field.classes['submit'] = Submit

Field.classes['button'] = Submit

Field.classes['image'] = Submit

############################################################
## Command-line testing
############################################################


class TestFileEnvironment(object):

    """
    This represents an environment in which files will be written, and
    scripts will be run.
    """

    # for py.test
    disabled = True

    def __init__(self, base_path, template_path=None,
                 script_path=None,
                 environ=None, cwd=None, start_clear=True,
                 ignore_paths=None, ignore_hidden=True):
        """
        Creates an environment.  ``base_path`` is used as the current
        working directory, and generally where changes are looked for.

        ``template_path`` is the directory to look for *template*
        files, which are files you'll explicitly add to the
        environment.  This is done with ``.writefile()``.

        ``script_path`` is the PATH for finding executables.  Usually
        grabbed from ``$PATH``.

        ``environ`` is the operating system environment,
        ``os.environ`` if not given.

        ``cwd`` is the working directory, ``base_path`` by default.

        If ``start_clear`` is true (default) then the ``base_path``
        will be cleared (all files deleted) when an instance is
        created.  You can also use ``.clear()`` to clear the files.

        ``ignore_paths`` is a set of specific filenames that should be
        ignored when created in the environment.  ``ignore_hidden``
        means, if true (default) that filenames and directories
        starting with ``'.'`` will be ignored.
        """
        self.base_path = base_path
        self.template_path = template_path
        if environ is None:
            environ = os.environ.copy()
        self.environ = environ
        if script_path is None:
            if sys.platform == 'win32':
                script_path = environ.get('PATH', '').split(';')
            else:
                script_path = environ.get('PATH', '').split(':')
        self.script_path = script_path
        if cwd is None:
            cwd = base_path
        self.cwd = cwd
        if start_clear:
            self.clear()
        elif not os.path.exists(base_path):
            os.makedirs(base_path)
        self.ignore_paths = ignore_paths or []
        self.ignore_hidden = ignore_hidden

    def run(self, script, *args, **kw):
        """
        Run the command, with the given arguments.  The ``script``
        argument can have space-separated arguments, or you can use
        the positional arguments.

        Keywords allowed are:

        ``expect_error``: (default False)
            Don't raise an exception in case of errors
        ``expect_stderr``: (default ``expect_error``)
            Don't raise an exception if anything is printed to stderr
        ``stdin``: (default ``""``)
            Input to the script
        ``printresult``: (default True)
            Print the result after running
        ``cwd``: (default ``self.cwd``)
            The working directory to run in

        Returns a `ProcResponse
        <class-paste.fixture.ProcResponse.html>`_ object.
        """
        __tracebackhide__ = True
        expect_error = _popget(kw, 'expect_error', False)
        expect_stderr = _popget(kw, 'expect_stderr', expect_error)
        cwd = _popget(kw, 'cwd', self.cwd)
        stdin = _popget(kw, 'stdin', None)
        printresult = _popget(kw, 'printresult', True)
        args = list(map(str, args))
        assert not kw, (
            "Arguments not expected: %s" % ', '.join(kw.keys()))
        if ' ' in script:
            assert not args, (
                "You cannot give a multi-argument script (%r) "
                "and arguments (%s)" % (script, args))
            script, args = script.split(None, 1)
            args = shlex.split(args)
        script = self._find_exe(script)
        all = [script] + args
        files_before = self._find_files()
        proc = subprocess.Popen(all, stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
                                stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
                                stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                                cwd=cwd,
                                env=self.environ)
        stdout, stderr = proc.communicate(stdin)
        files_after = self._find_files()
        result = ProcResult(
            self, all, stdin, stdout, stderr,
            returncode=proc.returncode,
            files_before=files_before,
            files_after=files_after)
        if printresult:
            print(result)
            print('-'*40)
        if not expect_error:
            result.assert_no_error()
        if not expect_stderr:
            result.assert_no_stderr()
        return result

    def _find_exe(self, script_name):
        if self.script_path is None:
            script_name = os.path.join(self.cwd, script_name)
            if not os.path.exists(script_name):
                raise OSError(
                    "Script %s does not exist" % script_name)
            return script_name
        for path in self.script_path:
            fn = os.path.join(path, script_name)
            if os.path.exists(fn):
                return fn
        raise OSError(
            "Script %s could not be found in %s"
            % (script_name, ':'.join(self.script_path)))

    def _find_files(self):
        result = {}
        for fn in os.listdir(self.base_path):
            if self._ignore_file(fn):
                continue
            self._find_traverse(fn, result)
        return result

    def _ignore_file(self, fn):
        if fn in self.ignore_paths:
            return True
        if self.ignore_hidden and os.path.basename(fn).startswith('.'):
            return True
        return False

    def _find_traverse(self, path, result):
        full = os.path.join(self.base_path, path)
        if os.path.isdir(full):
            result[path] = FoundDir(self.base_path, path)
            for fn in os.listdir(full):
                fn = os.path.join(path, fn)
                if self._ignore_file(fn):
                    continue
                self._find_traverse(fn, result)
        else:
            result[path] = FoundFile(self.base_path, path)

    def clear(self):
        """
        Delete all the files in the base directory.
        """
        if os.path.exists(self.base_path):
            shutil.rmtree(self.base_path)
        os.mkdir(self.base_path)

    def writefile(self, path, content=None,
                  frompath=None):
        """
        Write a file to the given path.  If ``content`` is given then
        that text is written, otherwise the file in ``frompath`` is
        used.  ``frompath`` is relative to ``self.template_path``
        """
        full = os.path.join(self.base_path, path)
        if not os.path.exists(os.path.dirname(full)):
            os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(full))
        f = open(full, 'wb')
        if content is not None:
            f.write(content)
        if frompath is not None:
            if self.template_path:
                frompath = os.path.join(self.template_path, frompath)
            f2 = open(frompath, 'rb')
            f.write(f2.read())
            f2.close()
        f.close()
        return FoundFile(self.base_path, path)

class ProcResult(object):

    """
    Represents the results of running a command in
    `TestFileEnvironment
    <class-paste.fixture.TestFileEnvironment.html>`_.

    Attributes to pay particular attention to:

    ``stdout``, ``stderr``:
        What is produced

    ``files_created``, ``files_deleted``, ``files_updated``:
        Dictionaries mapping filenames (relative to the ``base_dir``)
        to `FoundFile <class-paste.fixture.FoundFile.html>`_ or
        `FoundDir <class-paste.fixture.FoundDir.html>`_ objects.
    """

    def __init__(self, test_env, args, stdin, stdout, stderr,
                 returncode, files_before, files_after):
        self.test_env = test_env
        self.args = args
        self.stdin = stdin
        self.stdout = stdout
        self.stderr = stderr
        self.returncode = returncode
        self.files_before = files_before
        self.files_after = files_after
        self.files_deleted = {}
        self.files_updated = {}
        self.files_created = files_after.copy()
        for path, f in files_before.items():
            if path not in files_after:
                self.files_deleted[path] = f
                continue
            del self.files_created[path]
            if f.mtime < files_after[path].mtime:
                self.files_updated[path] = files_after[path]

    def assert_no_error(self):
        __tracebackhide__ = True
        assert self.returncode == 0, (
            "Script returned code: %s" % self.returncode)

    def assert_no_stderr(self):
        __tracebackhide__ = True
        if self.stderr:
            print('Error output:')
            print(self.stderr)
            raise AssertionError("stderr output not expected")

    def __str__(self):
        s = ['Script result: %s' % ' '.join(self.args)]
        if self.returncode:
            s.append('  return code: %s' % self.returncode)
        if self.stderr:
            s.append('-- stderr: --------------------')
            s.append(self.stderr)
        if self.stdout:
            s.append('-- stdout: --------------------')
            s.append(self.stdout)
        for name, files, show_size in [
            ('created', self.files_created, True),
            ('deleted', self.files_deleted, True),
            ('updated', self.files_updated, True)]:
            if files:
                s.append('-- %s: -------------------' % name)
                files = files.items()
                files.sort()
                last = ''
                for path, f in files:
                    t = '  %s' % _space_prefix(last, path, indent=4,
                                               include_sep=False)
                    last = path
                    if show_size and f.size != 'N/A':
                        t += '  (%s bytes)' % f.size
                    s.append(t)
        return '\n'.join(s)

class FoundFile(object):

    """
    Represents a single file found as the result of a command.

    Has attributes:

    ``path``:
        The path of the file, relative to the ``base_path``

    ``full``:
        The full path

    ``stat``:
        The results of ``os.stat``.  Also ``mtime`` and ``size``
        contain the ``.st_mtime`` and ``st_size`` of the stat.

    ``bytes``:
        The contents of the file.

    You may use the ``in`` operator with these objects (tested against
    the contents of the file), and the ``.mustcontain()`` method.
    """

    file = True
    dir = False

    def __init__(self, base_path, path):
        self.base_path = base_path
        self.path = path
        self.full = os.path.join(base_path, path)
        self.stat = os.stat(self.full)
        self.mtime = self.stat.st_mtime
        self.size = self.stat.st_size
        self._bytes = None

    def bytes__get(self):
        if self._bytes is None:
            f = open(self.full, 'rb')
            self._bytes = f.read()
            f.close()
        return self._bytes
    bytes = property(bytes__get)

    def __contains__(self, s):
        return s in self.bytes

    def mustcontain(self, s):
        __tracebackhide__ = True
        bytes_ = self.bytes
        if s not in bytes_:
            print('Could not find %r in:' % s)
            print(bytes_)
            assert s in bytes_

    def __repr__(self):
        return '<%s %s:%s>' % (
            self.__class__.__name__,
            self.base_path, self.path)

class FoundDir(object):

    """
    Represents a directory created by a command.
    """

    file = False
    dir = True

    def __init__(self, base_path, path):
        self.base_path = base_path
        self.path = path
        self.full = os.path.join(base_path, path)
        self.size = 'N/A'
        self.mtime = 'N/A'

    def __repr__(self):
        return '<%s %s:%s>' % (
            self.__class__.__name__,
            self.base_path, self.path)

def _popget(d, key, default=None):
    """
    Pop the key if found (else return default)
    """
    if key in d:
        return d.pop(key)
    return default

def _space_prefix(pref, full, sep=None, indent=None, include_sep=True):
    """
    Anything shared by pref and full will be replaced with spaces
    in full, and full returned.
    """
    if sep is None:
        sep = os.path.sep
    pref = pref.split(sep)
    full = full.split(sep)
    padding = []
    while pref and full and pref[0] == full[0]:
        if indent is None:
            padding.append(' ' * (len(full[0]) + len(sep)))
        else:
            padding.append(' ' * indent)
        full.pop(0)
        pref.pop(0)
    if padding:
        if include_sep:
            return ''.join(padding) + sep + sep.join(full)
        else:
            return ''.join(padding) + sep.join(full)
    else:
        return sep.join(full)

def _make_pattern(pat):
    if pat is None:
        return None
    if isinstance(pat, (six.binary_type, six.text_type)):
        pat = re.compile(pat)
    if hasattr(pat, 'search'):
        return pat.search
    if callable(pat):
        return pat
    assert 0, (
        "Cannot make callable pattern object out of %r" % pat)

def setup_module(module=None):
    """
    This is used by py.test if it is in the module, so you can
    import this directly.

    Use like::

        from paste.fixture import setup_module
    """
    # Deprecated June 2008
    import warnings
    warnings.warn(
        'setup_module is deprecated',
        DeprecationWarning, 2)
    if module is None:
        # The module we were called from must be the module...
        module = sys._getframe().f_back.f_globals['__name__']
    if isinstance(module, (six.binary_type, six.text_type)):
        module = sys.modules[module]
    if hasattr(module, 'reset_state'):
        module.reset_state()

def html_unquote(v):
    """
    Unquote (some) entities in HTML.  (incomplete)
    """
    for ent, repl in [('&nbsp;', ' '), ('&gt;', '>'),
                      ('&lt;', '<'), ('&quot;', '"'),
                      ('&amp;', '&')]:
        v = v.replace(ent, repl)
    return v