Refs #33476 -- Reformatted code with Black.

1 files changed, 878 insertions, 712 deletions

diff --git a/tests/model_formsets/tests.py b/tests/model_formsets/tests.py
index 06129c90f5..dbc06f3555 100644
--- a/tests/model_formsets/tests.py
+++ b/tests/model_formsets/tests.py
@@ -7,32 +7,55 @@ from django import forms
 from django.core.exceptions import ImproperlyConfigured
 from django.db import models
 from django.forms.models import (
-    BaseModelFormSet, _get_foreign_key, inlineformset_factory,
+    BaseModelFormSet,
+    _get_foreign_key,
+    inlineformset_factory,
     modelformset_factory,
 )
 from django.http import QueryDict
 from django.test import TestCase, skipUnlessDBFeature
 
 from .models import (
-    AlternateBook, Author, AuthorMeeting, BetterAuthor, Book, BookWithCustomPK,
-    BookWithOptionalAltEditor, ClassyMexicanRestaurant, CustomPrimaryKey,
-    Location, Membership, MexicanRestaurant, Owner, OwnerProfile, Person,
-    Place, Player, Poem, Poet, Post, Price, Product, Repository, Restaurant,
-    Revision, Team,
+    AlternateBook,
+    Author,
+    AuthorMeeting,
+    BetterAuthor,
+    Book,
+    BookWithCustomPK,
+    BookWithOptionalAltEditor,
+    ClassyMexicanRestaurant,
+    CustomPrimaryKey,
+    Location,
+    Membership,
+    MexicanRestaurant,
+    Owner,
+    OwnerProfile,
+    Person,
+    Place,
+    Player,
+    Poem,
+    Poet,
+    Post,
+    Price,
+    Product,
+    Repository,
+    Restaurant,
+    Revision,
+    Team,
 )
 
 
 class DeletionTests(TestCase):
     def test_deletion(self):
         PoetFormSet = modelformset_factory(Poet, fields="__all__", can_delete=True)
-        poet = Poet.objects.create(name='test')
+        poet = Poet.objects.create(name="test")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-id': str(poet.pk),
-            'form-0-name': 'test',
-            'form-0-DELETE': 'on',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-0-id": str(poet.pk),
+            "form-0-name": "test",
+            "form-0-DELETE": "on",
         }
         formset = PoetFormSet(data, queryset=Poet.objects.all())
         formset.save(commit=False)
@@ -48,18 +71,18 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
         doesn't cause validation errors.
         """
         PoetFormSet = modelformset_factory(Poet, fields="__all__", can_delete=True)
-        poet = Poet.objects.create(name='test')
+        poet = Poet.objects.create(name="test")
         # One existing untouched and two new unvalid forms
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-id': str(poet.id),
-            'form-0-name': 'test',
-            'form-1-id': '',
-            'form-1-name': 'x' * 1000,  # Too long
-            'form-2-id': str(poet.id),  # Violate unique constraint
-            'form-2-name': 'test2',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-0-id": str(poet.id),
+            "form-0-name": "test",
+            "form-1-id": "",
+            "form-1-name": "x" * 1000,  # Too long
+            "form-2-id": str(poet.id),  # Violate unique constraint
+            "form-2-name": "test2",
         }
         formset = PoetFormSet(data, queryset=Poet.objects.all())
         # Make sure this form doesn't pass validation.
@@ -68,9 +91,9 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
 
         # Then make sure that it *does* pass validation and delete the object,
         # even though the data in new forms aren't actually valid.
-        data['form-0-DELETE'] = 'on'
-        data['form-1-DELETE'] = 'on'
-        data['form-2-DELETE'] = 'on'
+        data["form-0-DELETE"] = "on"
+        data["form-1-DELETE"] = "on"
+        data["form-2-DELETE"] = "on"
         formset = PoetFormSet(data, queryset=Poet.objects.all())
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), True)
         formset.save()
@@ -82,13 +105,13 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
         doesn't cause validation errors.
         """
         PoetFormSet = modelformset_factory(Poet, fields="__all__", can_delete=True)
-        poet = Poet.objects.create(name='test')
+        poet = Poet.objects.create(name="test")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-id': str(poet.id),
-            'form-0-name': 'x' * 1000,
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-0-id": str(poet.id),
+            "form-0-name": "x" * 1000,
         }
         formset = PoetFormSet(data, queryset=Poet.objects.all())
         # Make sure this form doesn't pass validation.
@@ -97,27 +120,29 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
 
         # Then make sure that it *does* pass validation and delete the object,
         # even though the data isn't actually valid.
-        data['form-0-DELETE'] = 'on'
+        data["form-0-DELETE"] = "on"
         formset = PoetFormSet(data, queryset=Poet.objects.all())
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), True)
         formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(Poet.objects.count(), 0)
 
     def test_outdated_deletion(self):
-        poet = Poet.objects.create(name='test')
-        poem = Poem.objects.create(name='Brevity is the soul of wit', poet=poet)
+        poet = Poet.objects.create(name="test")
+        poem = Poem.objects.create(name="Brevity is the soul of wit", poet=poet)
 
-        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Poet, Poem, fields="__all__", can_delete=True)
+        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Poet, Poem, fields="__all__", can_delete=True
+        )
 
         # Simulate deletion of an object that doesn't exist in the database
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-0-id': str(poem.pk),
-            'form-0-name': 'foo',
-            'form-1-id': str(poem.pk + 1),  # doesn't exist
-            'form-1-name': 'bar',
-            'form-1-DELETE': 'on',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-0-id": str(poem.pk),
+            "form-0-name": "foo",
+            "form-1-id": str(poem.pk + 1),  # doesn't exist
+            "form-1-name": "bar",
+            "form-1-DELETE": "on",
         }
         formset = PoemFormSet(data, instance=poet, prefix="form")
 
@@ -135,7 +160,7 @@ class DeletionTests(TestCase):
 
 class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
     def test_modelformset_factory_without_fields(self):
-        """ Regression for #19733 """
+        """Regression for #19733"""
         message = (
             "Calling modelformset_factory without defining 'fields' or 'exclude' "
             "explicitly is prohibited."
@@ -153,28 +178,28 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             formset.forms[0].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_form-0-name">Name:</label>'
             '<input id="id_form-0-name" type="text" name="form-0-name" maxlength="100">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" id="id_form-0-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" id="id_form-0-id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_form-1-name">Name:</label>'
             '<input id="id_form-1-name" type="text" name="form-1-name" maxlength="100">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" id="id_form-1-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" id="id_form-1-id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[2].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_form-2-name">Name:</label>'
             ' <input id="id_form-2-name" type="text" name="form-2-name" maxlength="100">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-2-id" id="id_form-2-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-2-id" id="id_form-2-id"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'form-0-name': 'Charles Baudelaire',
-            'form-1-name': 'Arthur Rimbaud',
-            'form-2-name': '',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "form-0-name": "Charles Baudelaire",
+            "form-1-name": "Arthur Rimbaud",
+            "form-2-name": "",
         }
 
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data=data, queryset=qs)
@@ -183,10 +208,10 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 2)
         author1, author2 = saved
-        self.assertEqual(author1, Author.objects.get(name='Charles Baudelaire'))
-        self.assertEqual(author2, Author.objects.get(name='Arthur Rimbaud'))
+        self.assertEqual(author1, Author.objects.get(name="Charles Baudelaire"))
+        self.assertEqual(author2, Author.objects.get(name="Arthur Rimbaud"))
 
-        authors = list(Author.objects.order_by('name'))
+        authors = list(Author.objects.order_by("name"))
         self.assertEqual(authors, [author2, author1])
 
         # Gah! We forgot Paul Verlaine. Let's create a formset to edit the
@@ -194,8 +219,10 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         # queryset to restrict the Author objects we edit, but in this case
         # we'll use it to display them in alphabetical order by name.
 
-        qs = Author.objects.order_by('name')
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", extra=1, can_delete=False)
+        qs = Author.objects.order_by("name")
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", extra=1, can_delete=False
+        )
 
         formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3)
@@ -203,30 +230,32 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             formset.forms[0].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_form-0-name">Name:</label>'
             '<input id="id_form-0-name" type="text" name="form-0-name" value="Arthur Rimbaud" maxlength="100">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" value="%d" id="id_form-0-id"></p>' % author2.id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" value="%d" id="id_form-0-id"></p>'
+            % author2.id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_form-1-name">Name:</label>'
             '<input id="id_form-1-name" type="text" name="form-1-name" value="Charles Baudelaire" maxlength="100">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" value="%d" id="id_form-1-id"></p>' % author1.id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" value="%d" id="id_form-1-id"></p>'
+            % author1.id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[2].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_form-2-name">Name:</label>'
             '<input id="id_form-2-name" type="text" name="form-2-name" maxlength="100">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-2-id" id="id_form-2-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-2-id" id="id_form-2-id"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'form-0-id': str(author2.id),
-            'form-0-name': 'Arthur Rimbaud',
-            'form-1-id': str(author1.id),
-            'form-1-name': 'Charles Baudelaire',
-            'form-2-name': 'Paul Verlaine',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "form-0-id": str(author2.id),
+            "form-0-name": "Arthur Rimbaud",
+            "form-1-id": str(author1.id),
+            "form-1-name": "Charles Baudelaire",
+            "form-2-name": "Paul Verlaine",
         }
 
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data=data, queryset=qs)
@@ -236,16 +265,18 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
         author3 = saved[0]
-        self.assertEqual(author3, Author.objects.get(name='Paul Verlaine'))
+        self.assertEqual(author3, Author.objects.get(name="Paul Verlaine"))
 
-        authors = list(Author.objects.order_by('name'))
+        authors = list(Author.objects.order_by("name"))
         self.assertEqual(authors, [author2, author1, author3])
 
         # This probably shouldn't happen, but it will. If an add form was
         # marked for deletion, make sure we don't save that form.
 
-        qs = Author.objects.order_by('name')
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", extra=1, can_delete=True)
+        qs = Author.objects.order_by("name")
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", extra=1, can_delete=True
+        )
 
         formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 4)
@@ -256,7 +287,8 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             'value="Arthur Rimbaud" maxlength="100"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_form-0-DELETE">Delete:</label>'
             '<input type="checkbox" name="form-0-DELETE" id="id_form-0-DELETE">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" value="%d" id="id_form-0-id"></p>' % author2.id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" value="%d" id="id_form-0-id"></p>'
+            % author2.id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
@@ -265,7 +297,8 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             'value="Charles Baudelaire" maxlength="100"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_form-1-DELETE">Delete:</label>'
             '<input type="checkbox" name="form-1-DELETE" id="id_form-1-DELETE">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" value="%d" id="id_form-1-id"></p>' % author1.id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" value="%d" id="id_form-1-id"></p>'
+            % author1.id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[2].as_p(),
@@ -274,7 +307,8 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             'value="Paul Verlaine" maxlength="100"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_form-2-DELETE">Delete:</label>'
             '<input type="checkbox" name="form-2-DELETE" id="id_form-2-DELETE">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-2-id" value="%d" id="id_form-2-id"></p>' % author3.id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-2-id" value="%d" id="id_form-2-id"></p>'
+            % author3.id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[3].as_p(),
@@ -282,21 +316,21 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_form-3-name" type="text" name="form-3-name" maxlength="100"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_form-3-DELETE">Delete:</label>'
             '<input type="checkbox" name="form-3-DELETE" id="id_form-3-DELETE">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-3-id" id="id_form-3-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-3-id" id="id_form-3-id"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '4',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'form-0-id': str(author2.id),
-            'form-0-name': 'Arthur Rimbaud',
-            'form-1-id': str(author1.id),
-            'form-1-name': 'Charles Baudelaire',
-            'form-2-id': str(author3.id),
-            'form-2-name': 'Paul Verlaine',
-            'form-3-name': 'Walt Whitman',
-            'form-3-DELETE': 'on',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "4",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "form-0-id": str(author2.id),
+            "form-0-name": "Arthur Rimbaud",
+            "form-1-id": str(author1.id),
+            "form-1-name": "Charles Baudelaire",
+            "form-2-id": str(author3.id),
+            "form-2-name": "Paul Verlaine",
+            "form-3-name": "Walt Whitman",
+            "form-3-DELETE": "on",
         }
 
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data=data, queryset=qs)
@@ -306,23 +340,23 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(formset.save(), [])
 
-        authors = list(Author.objects.order_by('name'))
+        authors = list(Author.objects.order_by("name"))
         self.assertEqual(authors, [author2, author1, author3])
 
         # Let's edit a record to ensure save only returns that one record.
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '4',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'form-0-id': str(author2.id),
-            'form-0-name': 'Walt Whitman',
-            'form-1-id': str(author1.id),
-            'form-1-name': 'Charles Baudelaire',
-            'form-2-id': str(author3.id),
-            'form-2-name': 'Paul Verlaine',
-            'form-3-name': '',
-            'form-3-DELETE': '',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "4",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "form-0-id": str(author2.id),
+            "form-0-name": "Walt Whitman",
+            "form-1-id": str(author1.id),
+            "form-1-name": "Charles Baudelaire",
+            "form-2-id": str(author3.id),
+            "form-2-name": "Paul Verlaine",
+            "form-3-name": "",
+            "form-3-DELETE": "",
         }
 
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data=data, queryset=qs)
@@ -332,33 +366,35 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(saved[0], Author.objects.get(name='Walt Whitman'))
+        self.assertEqual(saved[0], Author.objects.get(name="Walt Whitman"))
 
     def test_commit_false(self):
         # Test the behavior of commit=False and save_m2m
 
-        author1 = Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        author2 = Author.objects.create(name='Paul Verlaine')
-        author3 = Author.objects.create(name='Walt Whitman')
+        author1 = Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        author2 = Author.objects.create(name="Paul Verlaine")
+        author3 = Author.objects.create(name="Walt Whitman")
 
         meeting = AuthorMeeting.objects.create(created=date.today())
         meeting.authors.set(Author.objects.all())
 
         # create an Author instance to add to the meeting.
 
-        author4 = Author.objects.create(name='John Steinbeck')
+        author4 = Author.objects.create(name="John Steinbeck")
 
-        AuthorMeetingFormSet = modelformset_factory(AuthorMeeting, fields="__all__", extra=1, can_delete=True)
+        AuthorMeetingFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            AuthorMeeting, fields="__all__", extra=1, can_delete=True
+        )
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'form-0-id': str(meeting.id),
-            'form-0-name': '2nd Tuesday of the Week Meeting',
-            'form-0-authors': [author2.id, author1.id, author3.id, author4.id],
-            'form-1-name': '',
-            'form-1-authors': '',
-            'form-1-DELETE': '',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "form-0-id": str(meeting.id),
+            "form-0-name": "2nd Tuesday of the Week Meeting",
+            "form-0-authors": [author2.id, author1.id, author3.id, author4.id],
+            "form-1-name": "",
+            "form-1-authors": "",
+            "form-1-DELETE": "",
         }
         formset = AuthorMeetingFormSet(data=data, queryset=AuthorMeeting.objects.all())
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
@@ -378,23 +414,29 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         # all existing related objects/inlines for a given object to be
         # displayed, but not allow the creation of new inlines beyond max_num.
 
-        a1 = Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        a2 = Author.objects.create(name='Paul Verlaine')
-        a3 = Author.objects.create(name='Walt Whitman')
+        a1 = Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        a2 = Author.objects.create(name="Paul Verlaine")
+        a3 = Author.objects.create(name="Walt Whitman")
 
-        qs = Author.objects.order_by('name')
+        qs = Author.objects.order_by("name")
 
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", max_num=None, extra=3)
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", max_num=None, extra=3
+        )
         formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 6)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.extra_forms), 3)
 
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", max_num=4, extra=3)
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", max_num=4, extra=3
+        )
         formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 4)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.extra_forms), 1)
 
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", max_num=0, extra=3)
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", max_num=0, extra=3
+        )
         formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.extra_forms), 0)
@@ -420,20 +462,26 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 0)
 
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", min_num=1, extra=0)
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", min_num=1, extra=0
+        )
         formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1)
 
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", min_num=1, extra=1)
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", min_num=1, extra=1
+        )
         formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 2)
 
     def test_min_num_with_existing(self):
         # Test the behavior of min_num with existing objects.
-        Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
         qs = Author.objects.all()
 
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", extra=0, min_num=1)
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", extra=0, min_num=1
+        )
         formset = AuthorFormSet(queryset=qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1)
 
@@ -450,12 +498,12 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         PoetFormSet = modelformset_factory(Poet, fields="__all__", form=PoetForm)
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'form-0-name': 'Walt Whitman',
-            'form-1-name': 'Charles Baudelaire',
-            'form-2-name': '',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "form-0-name": "Walt Whitman",
+            "form-1-name": "Charles Baudelaire",
+            "form-2-name": "",
         }
 
         qs = Poet.objects.all()
@@ -465,23 +513,24 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         poets = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(poets), 2)
         poet1, poet2 = poets
-        self.assertEqual(poet1.name, 'Vladimir Mayakovsky')
-        self.assertEqual(poet2.name, 'Vladimir Mayakovsky')
+        self.assertEqual(poet1.name, "Vladimir Mayakovsky")
+        self.assertEqual(poet2.name, "Vladimir Mayakovsky")
 
     def test_custom_form(self):
         """
         model_formset_factory() respects fields and exclude parameters of a
         custom form.
         """
+
         class PostForm1(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Post
-                fields = ('title', 'posted')
+                fields = ("title", "posted")
 
         class PostForm2(forms.ModelForm):
             class Meta:
                 model = Post
-                exclude = ('subtitle',)
+                exclude = ("subtitle",)
 
         PostFormSet = modelformset_factory(Post, form=PostForm1)
         formset = PostFormSet()
@@ -495,15 +544,17 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         """
         A queryset can be overridden in the formset's __init__() method.
         """
-        Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        Author.objects.create(name='Paul Verlaine')
+        Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        Author.objects.create(name="Paul Verlaine")
 
         class BaseAuthorFormSet(BaseModelFormSet):
             def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-                self.queryset = Author.objects.filter(name__startswith='Charles')
+                self.queryset = Author.objects.filter(name__startswith="Charles")
 
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__', formset=BaseAuthorFormSet)
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", formset=BaseAuthorFormSet
+        )
         formset = AuthorFormSet()
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.get_queryset()), 1)
 
@@ -517,24 +568,24 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_form-0-name" type="text" name="form-0-name" maxlength="100"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_form-0-write_speed">Write speed:</label>'
             '<input type="number" name="form-0-write_speed" id="id_form-0-write_speed">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-author_ptr" id="id_form-0-author_ptr"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-author_ptr" id="id_form-0-author_ptr"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'form-0-author_ptr': '',
-            'form-0-name': 'Ernest Hemingway',
-            'form-0-write_speed': '10',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "form-0-author_ptr": "",
+            "form-0-name": "Ernest Hemingway",
+            "form-0-write_speed": "10",
         }
 
         formset = BetterAuthorFormSet(data)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        author1, = saved
-        self.assertEqual(author1, BetterAuthor.objects.get(name='Ernest Hemingway'))
+        (author1,) = saved
+        self.assertEqual(author1, BetterAuthor.objects.get(name="Ernest Hemingway"))
         hemingway_id = BetterAuthor.objects.get(name="Ernest Hemingway").pk
 
         formset = BetterAuthorFormSet()
@@ -545,7 +596,8 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_form-0-name" type="text" name="form-0-name" value="Ernest Hemingway" maxlength="100"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_form-0-write_speed">Write speed:</label>'
             '<input type="number" name="form-0-write_speed" value="10" id="id_form-0-write_speed">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-author_ptr" value="%d" id="id_form-0-author_ptr"></p>' % hemingway_id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-author_ptr" value="%d" id="id_form-0-author_ptr"></p>'
+            % hemingway_id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
@@ -553,19 +605,19 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_form-1-name" type="text" name="form-1-name" maxlength="100"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_form-1-write_speed">Write speed:</label>'
             '<input type="number" name="form-1-write_speed" id="id_form-1-write_speed">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-author_ptr" id="id_form-1-author_ptr"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-author_ptr" id="id_form-1-author_ptr"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'form-0-author_ptr': hemingway_id,
-            'form-0-name': 'Ernest Hemingway',
-            'form-0-write_speed': '10',
-            'form-1-author_ptr': '',
-            'form-1-name': '',
-            'form-1-write_speed': '',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "form-0-author_ptr": hemingway_id,
+            "form-0-name": "Ernest Hemingway",
+            "form-0-write_speed": "10",
+            "form-1-author_ptr": "",
+            "form-1-name": "",
+            "form-1-write_speed": "",
         }
 
         formset = BetterAuthorFormSet(data)
@@ -576,8 +628,10 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         # We can also create a formset that is tied to a parent model. This is
         # how the admin system's edit inline functionality works.
 
-        AuthorBooksFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, can_delete=False, extra=3, fields="__all__")
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        AuthorBooksFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author, Book, can_delete=False, extra=3, fields="__all__"
+        )
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
 
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(instance=author)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3)
@@ -586,30 +640,32 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<p><label for="id_book_set-0-title">Title:</label> <input id="id_book_set-0-title" type="text" '
             'name="book_set-0-title" maxlength="100"><input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-author" value="%d" '
             'id="id_book_set-0-author"><input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-id" id="id_book_set-0-id">'
-            '</p>' % author.id
+            "</p>" % author.id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_book_set-1-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_book_set-1-title" type="text" name="book_set-1-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-author" value="%d" id="id_book_set-1-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-id" id="id_book_set-1-id"></p>' % author.id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-id" id="id_book_set-1-id"></p>'
+            % author.id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[2].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_book_set-2-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_book_set-2-title" type="text" name="book_set-2-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-author" value="%d" id="id_book_set-2-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-id" id="id_book_set-2-id"></p>' % author.id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-id" id="id_book_set-2-id"></p>'
+            % author.id,
         )
 
         data = {
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'book_set-0-title': 'Les Fleurs du Mal',
-            'book_set-1-title': '',
-            'book_set-2-title': '',
+            "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "book_set-0-title": "Les Fleurs du Mal",
+            "book_set-1-title": "",
+            "book_set-2-title": "",
         }
 
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(data, instance=author)
@@ -617,16 +673,18 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        book1, = saved
-        self.assertEqual(book1, Book.objects.get(title='Les Fleurs du Mal'))
+        (book1,) = saved
+        self.assertEqual(book1, Book.objects.get(title="Les Fleurs du Mal"))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(author.book_set.all(), [book1])
 
         # Now that we've added a book to Charles Baudelaire, let's try adding
         # another one. This time though, an edit form will be available for
         # every existing book.
 
-        AuthorBooksFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, can_delete=False, extra=2, fields="__all__")
-        author = Author.objects.get(name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        AuthorBooksFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author, Book, can_delete=False, extra=2, fields="__all__"
+        )
+        author = Author.objects.get(name="Charles Baudelaire")
 
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(instance=author)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3)
@@ -636,33 +694,37 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_book_set-0-title" type="text" name="book_set-0-title" '
             'value="Les Fleurs du Mal" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-author" value="%d" id="id_book_set-0-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-id" value="%d" id="id_book_set-0-id"></p>' % (
-                author.id, book1.id,
-            )
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-id" value="%d" id="id_book_set-0-id"></p>'
+            % (
+                author.id,
+                book1.id,
+            ),
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_book_set-1-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_book_set-1-title" type="text" name="book_set-1-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-author" value="%d" id="id_book_set-1-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-id" id="id_book_set-1-id"></p>' % author.id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-id" id="id_book_set-1-id"></p>'
+            % author.id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[2].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_book_set-2-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_book_set-2-title" type="text" name="book_set-2-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-author" value="%d" id="id_book_set-2-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-id" id="id_book_set-2-id"></p>' % author.id
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-id" id="id_book_set-2-id"></p>'
+            % author.id,
         )
 
         data = {
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'book_set-0-id': str(book1.id),
-            'book_set-0-title': 'Les Fleurs du Mal',
-            'book_set-1-title': 'Les Paradis Artificiels',
-            'book_set-2-title': '',
+            "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "book_set-0-id": str(book1.id),
+            "book_set-0-title": "Les Fleurs du Mal",
+            "book_set-1-title": "Les Paradis Artificiels",
+            "book_set-2-title": "",
         }
 
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(data, instance=author)
@@ -670,44 +732,48 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        book2, = saved
-        self.assertEqual(book2, Book.objects.get(title='Les Paradis Artificiels'))
+        (book2,) = saved
+        self.assertEqual(book2, Book.objects.get(title="Les Paradis Artificiels"))
 
         # As you can see, 'Les Paradis Artificiels' is now a book belonging to
         # Charles Baudelaire.
-        self.assertSequenceEqual(author.book_set.order_by('title'), [book1, book2])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(author.book_set.order_by("title"), [book1, book2])
 
     def test_inline_formsets_save_as_new(self):
         # The save_as_new parameter lets you re-associate the data to a new
         # instance.  This is used in the admin for save_as functionality.
-        AuthorBooksFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, can_delete=False, extra=2, fields="__all__")
-        Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        AuthorBooksFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author, Book, can_delete=False, extra=2, fields="__all__"
+        )
+        Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
 
         # An immutable QueryDict simulates request.POST.
         data = QueryDict(mutable=True)
-        data.update({
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'book_set-0-id': '1',
-            'book_set-0-title': 'Les Fleurs du Mal',
-            'book_set-1-id': '2',
-            'book_set-1-title': 'Les Paradis Artificiels',
-            'book_set-2-title': '',
-        })
+        data.update(
+            {
+                "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+                "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",  # the number of forms with initial data
+                "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+                "book_set-0-id": "1",
+                "book_set-0-title": "Les Fleurs du Mal",
+                "book_set-1-id": "2",
+                "book_set-1-title": "Les Paradis Artificiels",
+                "book_set-2-title": "",
+            }
+        )
         data._mutable = False
 
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(data, instance=Author(), save_as_new=True)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertIs(data._mutable, False)
 
-        new_author = Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        new_author = Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(data, instance=new_author, save_as_new=True)
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 2)
         book1, book2 = saved
-        self.assertEqual(book1.title, 'Les Fleurs du Mal')
-        self.assertEqual(book2.title, 'Les Paradis Artificiels')
+        self.assertEqual(book1.title, "Les Fleurs du Mal")
+        self.assertEqual(book2.title, "Les Paradis Artificiels")
 
         # Test using a custom prefix on an inline formset.
 
@@ -718,7 +784,7 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<p><label for="id_test-0-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_test-0-title" type="text" name="test-0-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="test-0-author" id="id_test-0-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="test-0-id" id="id_test-0-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="test-0-id" id="id_test-0-id"></p>',
         )
 
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -726,7 +792,7 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<p><label for="id_test-1-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_test-1-title" type="text" name="test-1-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="test-1-author" id="id_test-1-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="test-1-id" id="id_test-1-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="test-1-id" id="id_test-1-id"></p>',
         )
 
     def test_inline_formsets_with_custom_pk(self):
@@ -737,7 +803,7 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         AuthorBooksFormSet2 = inlineformset_factory(
             Author, BookWithCustomPK, can_delete=False, extra=1, fields="__all__"
         )
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
 
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet2(instance=author)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1)
@@ -750,15 +816,15 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_bookwithcustompk_set-0-title" type="text" '
             'name="bookwithcustompk_set-0-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="bookwithcustompk_set-0-author" '
-            'value="1" id="id_bookwithcustompk_set-0-author"></p>'
+            'value="1" id="id_bookwithcustompk_set-0-author"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'bookwithcustompk_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'bookwithcustompk_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'bookwithcustompk_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'bookwithcustompk_set-0-my_pk': '77777',
-            'bookwithcustompk_set-0-title': 'Les Fleurs du Mal',
+            "bookwithcustompk_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "bookwithcustompk_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "bookwithcustompk_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "bookwithcustompk_set-0-my_pk": "77777",
+            "bookwithcustompk_set-0-title": "Les Fleurs du Mal",
         }
 
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet2(data, instance=author)
@@ -766,18 +832,20 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        book1, = saved
+        (book1,) = saved
         self.assertEqual(book1.pk, 77777)
 
         book1 = author.bookwithcustompk_set.get()
-        self.assertEqual(book1.title, 'Les Fleurs du Mal')
+        self.assertEqual(book1.title, "Les Fleurs du Mal")
 
     def test_inline_formsets_with_multi_table_inheritance(self):
         # Test inline formsets where the inline-edited object uses multi-table
         # inheritance, thus has a non AutoField yet auto-created primary key.
 
-        AuthorBooksFormSet3 = inlineformset_factory(Author, AlternateBook, can_delete=False, extra=1, fields="__all__")
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        AuthorBooksFormSet3 = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author, AlternateBook, can_delete=False, extra=1, fields="__all__"
+        )
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
 
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet3(instance=author)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1)
@@ -792,15 +860,15 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input type="hidden" name="alternatebook_set-0-author" value="1" '
             'id="id_alternatebook_set-0-author">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="alternatebook_set-0-book_ptr" '
-            'id="id_alternatebook_set-0-book_ptr"></p>'
+            'id="id_alternatebook_set-0-book_ptr"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'alternatebook_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'alternatebook_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'alternatebook_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'alternatebook_set-0-title': 'Flowers of Evil',
-            'alternatebook_set-0-notes': 'English translation of Les Fleurs du Mal'
+            "alternatebook_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "alternatebook_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "alternatebook_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "alternatebook_set-0-title": "Flowers of Evil",
+            "alternatebook_set-0-notes": "English translation of Les Fleurs du Mal",
         }
 
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet3(data, instance=author)
@@ -808,28 +876,32 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        book1, = saved
-        self.assertEqual(book1.title, 'Flowers of Evil')
-        self.assertEqual(book1.notes, 'English translation of Les Fleurs du Mal')
+        (book1,) = saved
+        self.assertEqual(book1.title, "Flowers of Evil")
+        self.assertEqual(book1.notes, "English translation of Les Fleurs du Mal")
 
-    @skipUnlessDBFeature('supports_partially_nullable_unique_constraints')
+    @skipUnlessDBFeature("supports_partially_nullable_unique_constraints")
     def test_inline_formsets_with_nullable_unique_together(self):
         # Test inline formsets where the inline-edited object has a
         # unique_together constraint with a nullable member
 
         AuthorBooksFormSet4 = inlineformset_factory(
-            Author, BookWithOptionalAltEditor, can_delete=False, extra=2, fields="__all__"
+            Author,
+            BookWithOptionalAltEditor,
+            can_delete=False,
+            extra=2,
+            fields="__all__",
         )
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
 
         data = {
-            'bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-0-author': '1',
-            'bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-0-title': 'Les Fleurs du Mal',
-            'bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-1-author': '1',
-            'bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-1-title': 'Les Fleurs du Mal',
+            "bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-0-author": "1",
+            "bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-0-title": "Les Fleurs du Mal",
+            "bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-1-author": "1",
+            "bookwithoptionalalteditor_set-1-title": "Les Fleurs du Mal",
         }
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet4(data, instance=author)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
@@ -838,16 +910,20 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 2)
         book1, book2 = saved
         self.assertEqual(book1.author_id, 1)
-        self.assertEqual(book1.title, 'Les Fleurs du Mal')
+        self.assertEqual(book1.title, "Les Fleurs du Mal")
         self.assertEqual(book2.author_id, 1)
-        self.assertEqual(book2.title, 'Les Fleurs du Mal')
+        self.assertEqual(book2.title, "Les Fleurs du Mal")
 
     def test_inline_formsets_with_custom_save_method(self):
-        AuthorBooksFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, can_delete=False, extra=2, fields="__all__")
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        book1 = Book.objects.create(pk=1, author=author, title='Les Paradis Artificiels')
-        book2 = Book.objects.create(pk=2, author=author, title='Les Fleurs du Mal')
-        book3 = Book.objects.create(pk=3, author=author, title='Flowers of Evil')
+        AuthorBooksFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author, Book, can_delete=False, extra=2, fields="__all__"
+        )
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        book1 = Book.objects.create(
+            pk=1, author=author, title="Les Paradis Artificiels"
+        )
+        book2 = Book.objects.create(pk=2, author=author, title="Les Fleurs du Mal")
+        book3 = Book.objects.create(pk=3, author=author, title="Flowers of Evil")
 
         class PoemForm(forms.ModelForm):
             def save(self, commit=True):
@@ -861,27 +937,27 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Poet, Poem, form=PoemForm, fields="__all__")
 
         data = {
-            'poem_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'poem_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'poem_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'poem_set-0-name': 'The Cloud in Trousers',
-            'poem_set-1-name': 'I',
-            'poem_set-2-name': '',
+            "poem_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "poem_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "poem_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "poem_set-0-name": "The Cloud in Trousers",
+            "poem_set-1-name": "I",
+            "poem_set-2-name": "",
         }
 
-        poet = Poet.objects.create(name='Vladimir Mayakovsky')
+        poet = Poet.objects.create(name="Vladimir Mayakovsky")
         formset = PoemFormSet(data=data, instance=poet)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
 
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 2)
         poem1, poem2 = saved
-        self.assertEqual(poem1.name, 'Brooklyn Bridge')
-        self.assertEqual(poem2.name, 'Brooklyn Bridge')
+        self.assertEqual(poem1.name, "Brooklyn Bridge")
+        self.assertEqual(poem2.name, "Brooklyn Bridge")
 
         # We can provide a custom queryset to our InlineFormSet:
 
-        custom_qs = Book.objects.order_by('-title')
+        custom_qs = Book.objects.order_by("-title")
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(instance=author, queryset=custom_qs)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 5)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -890,7 +966,7 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_book_set-0-title" type="text" name="book_set-0-title" '
             'value="Les Paradis Artificiels" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-author" value="1" id="id_book_set-0-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-id" value="1" id="id_book_set-0-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-id" value="1" id="id_book_set-0-id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
@@ -898,7 +974,7 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_book_set-1-title" type="text" name="book_set-1-title" '
             'value="Les Fleurs du Mal" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-author" value="1" id="id_book_set-1-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-id" value="2" id="id_book_set-1-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-id" value="2" id="id_book_set-1-id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[2].as_p(),
@@ -906,40 +982,40 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_book_set-2-title" type="text" name="book_set-2-title" '
             'value="Flowers of Evil" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-author" value="1" id="id_book_set-2-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-id" value="3" id="id_book_set-2-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-id" value="3" id="id_book_set-2-id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[3].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_book_set-3-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_book_set-3-title" type="text" name="book_set-3-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-3-author" value="1" id="id_book_set-3-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-3-id" id="id_book_set-3-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-3-id" id="id_book_set-3-id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[4].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_book_set-4-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_book_set-4-title" type="text" name="book_set-4-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-4-author" value="1" id="id_book_set-4-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-4-id" id="id_book_set-4-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-4-id" id="id_book_set-4-id"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '5',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'book_set-0-id': str(book1.id),
-            'book_set-0-title': 'Les Paradis Artificiels',
-            'book_set-1-id': str(book2.id),
-            'book_set-1-title': 'Les Fleurs du Mal',
-            'book_set-2-id': str(book3.id),
-            'book_set-2-title': 'Flowers of Evil',
-            'book_set-3-title': 'Revue des deux mondes',
-            'book_set-4-title': '',
+            "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "5",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "book_set-0-id": str(book1.id),
+            "book_set-0-title": "Les Paradis Artificiels",
+            "book_set-1-id": str(book2.id),
+            "book_set-1-title": "Les Fleurs du Mal",
+            "book_set-2-id": str(book3.id),
+            "book_set-2-title": "Flowers of Evil",
+            "book_set-3-title": "Revue des deux mondes",
+            "book_set-4-title": "",
         }
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(data, instance=author, queryset=custom_qs)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
 
-        custom_qs = Book.objects.filter(title__startswith='F')
+        custom_qs = Book.objects.filter(title__startswith="F")
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(instance=author, queryset=custom_qs)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[0].as_p(),
@@ -947,31 +1023,31 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_book_set-0-title" type="text" name="book_set-0-title" '
             'value="Flowers of Evil" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-author" value="1" id="id_book_set-0-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-id" value="3" id="id_book_set-0-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-0-id" value="3" id="id_book_set-0-id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_book_set-1-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_book_set-1-title" type="text" name="book_set-1-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-author" value="1" id="id_book_set-1-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-id" id="id_book_set-1-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-1-id" id="id_book_set-1-id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[2].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_book_set-2-title">Title:</label>'
             '<input id="id_book_set-2-title" type="text" name="book_set-2-title" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-author" value="1" id="id_book_set-2-author">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-id" id="id_book_set-2-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="book_set-2-id" id="id_book_set-2-id"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',  # the number of forms rendered
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',  # the number of forms with initial data
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',  # the max number of forms
-            'book_set-0-id': str(book3.id),
-            'book_set-0-title': 'Flowers of Evil',
-            'book_set-1-title': 'Revue des deux mondes',
-            'book_set-2-title': '',
+            "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",  # the number of forms rendered
+            "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",  # the number of forms with initial data
+            "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",  # the max number of forms
+            "book_set-0-id": str(book3.id),
+            "book_set-0-title": "Flowers of Evil",
+            "book_set-1-title": "Revue des deux mondes",
+            "book_set-2-title": "",
         }
         formset = AuthorBooksFormSet(data, instance=author, queryset=custom_qs)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
@@ -981,6 +1057,7 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         The ModelForm.save() method should be able to access the related object
         if it exists in the database (#24395).
         """
+
         class PoemForm2(forms.ModelForm):
             def save(self, commit=True):
                 poem = super().save(commit=False)
@@ -989,12 +1066,14 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
                     poem.save()
                 return poem
 
-        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Poet, Poem, form=PoemForm2, fields="__all__")
+        PoemFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Poet, Poem, form=PoemForm2, fields="__all__"
+        )
         data = {
-            'poem_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'poem_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'poem_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'poem_set-0-name': 'Le Lac',
+            "poem_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "poem_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "poem_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "poem_set-0-name": "Le Lac",
         }
         poet = Poet()
         formset = PoemFormSet(data=data, instance=poet)
@@ -1003,21 +1082,23 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         # The Poet instance is saved after the formset instantiation. This
         # happens in admin's changeform_view() when adding a new object and
         # some inlines in the same request.
-        poet.name = 'Lamartine'
+        poet.name = "Lamartine"
         poet.save()
         poem = formset.save()[0]
-        self.assertEqual(poem.name, 'Le Lac by Lamartine')
+        self.assertEqual(poem.name, "Le Lac by Lamartine")
 
     def test_inline_formsets_with_wrong_fk_name(self):
-        """ Regression for #23451 """
+        """Regression for #23451"""
         message = "fk_name 'title' is not a ForeignKey to 'model_formsets.Author'."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, message):
-            inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, fields="__all__", fk_name='title')
+            inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, fields="__all__", fk_name="title")
 
     def test_custom_pk(self):
         # We need to ensure that it is displayed
 
-        CustomPrimaryKeyFormSet = modelformset_factory(CustomPrimaryKey, fields="__all__")
+        CustomPrimaryKeyFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            CustomPrimaryKey, fields="__all__"
+        )
         formset = CustomPrimaryKeyFormSet()
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -1025,14 +1106,16 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<p><label for="id_form-0-my_pk">My pk:</label> <input id="id_form-0-my_pk" type="text" '
             'name="form-0-my_pk" maxlength="10"></p>'
             '<p><label for="id_form-0-some_field">Some field:</label>'
-            '<input id="id_form-0-some_field" type="text" name="form-0-some_field" maxlength="100"></p>'
+            '<input id="id_form-0-some_field" type="text" name="form-0-some_field" maxlength="100"></p>',
         )
 
         # Custom primary keys with ForeignKey, OneToOneField and AutoField ############
 
-        place = Place.objects.create(pk=1, name='Giordanos', city='Chicago')
+        place = Place.objects.create(pk=1, name="Giordanos", city="Chicago")
 
-        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(Place, Owner, extra=2, can_delete=False, fields="__all__")
+        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Place, Owner, extra=2, can_delete=False, fields="__all__"
+        )
         formset = FormSet(instance=place)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 2)
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
@@ -1040,32 +1123,32 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<p><label for="id_owner_set-0-name">Name:</label>'
             '<input id="id_owner_set-0-name" type="text" name="owner_set-0-name" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-0-place" value="1" id="id_owner_set-0-place">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-0-auto_id" id="id_owner_set-0-auto_id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-0-auto_id" id="id_owner_set-0-auto_id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_owner_set-1-name">Name:</label>'
             '<input id="id_owner_set-1-name" type="text" name="owner_set-1-name" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-1-place" value="1" id="id_owner_set-1-place">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-1-auto_id" id="id_owner_set-1-auto_id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-1-auto_id" id="id_owner_set-1-auto_id"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'owner_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'owner_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'owner_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'owner_set-0-auto_id': '',
-            'owner_set-0-name': 'Joe Perry',
-            'owner_set-1-auto_id': '',
-            'owner_set-1-name': '',
+            "owner_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "owner_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "owner_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "owner_set-0-auto_id": "",
+            "owner_set-0-name": "Joe Perry",
+            "owner_set-1-auto_id": "",
+            "owner_set-1-name": "",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=place)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        owner1, = saved
-        self.assertEqual(owner1.name, 'Joe Perry')
-        self.assertEqual(owner1.place.name, 'Giordanos')
+        (owner1,) = saved
+        self.assertEqual(owner1.name, "Joe Perry")
+        self.assertEqual(owner1.place.name, "Giordanos")
 
         formset = FormSet(instance=place)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3)
@@ -1075,41 +1158,41 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input id="id_owner_set-0-name" type="text" name="owner_set-0-name" value="Joe Perry" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-0-place" value="1" id="id_owner_set-0-place">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-0-auto_id" value="%d" id="id_owner_set-0-auto_id"></p>'
-            % owner1.auto_id
+            % owner1.auto_id,
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[1].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_owner_set-1-name">Name:</label>'
             '<input id="id_owner_set-1-name" type="text" name="owner_set-1-name" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-1-place" value="1" id="id_owner_set-1-place">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-1-auto_id" id="id_owner_set-1-auto_id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-1-auto_id" id="id_owner_set-1-auto_id"></p>',
         )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             formset.forms[2].as_p(),
             '<p><label for="id_owner_set-2-name">Name:</label>'
             '<input id="id_owner_set-2-name" type="text" name="owner_set-2-name" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-2-place" value="1" id="id_owner_set-2-place">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-2-auto_id" id="id_owner_set-2-auto_id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="owner_set-2-auto_id" id="id_owner_set-2-auto_id"></p>',
         )
 
         data = {
-            'owner_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'owner_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'owner_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'owner_set-0-auto_id': str(owner1.auto_id),
-            'owner_set-0-name': 'Joe Perry',
-            'owner_set-1-auto_id': '',
-            'owner_set-1-name': 'Jack Berry',
-            'owner_set-2-auto_id': '',
-            'owner_set-2-name': '',
+            "owner_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "owner_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "owner_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "owner_set-0-auto_id": str(owner1.auto_id),
+            "owner_set-0-name": "Joe Perry",
+            "owner_set-1-auto_id": "",
+            "owner_set-1-name": "Jack Berry",
+            "owner_set-2-auto_id": "",
+            "owner_set-2-name": "",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=place)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        owner2, = saved
-        self.assertEqual(owner2.name, 'Jack Berry')
-        self.assertEqual(owner2.place.name, 'Giordanos')
+        (owner2,) = saved
+        self.assertEqual(owner2.name, "Jack Berry")
+        self.assertEqual(owner2.place.name, "Giordanos")
 
         # Ensure a custom primary key that is a ForeignKey or OneToOneField get rendered for the user to choose.
 
@@ -1122,14 +1205,16 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<option value="" selected>---------</option>'
             '<option value="%d">Joe Perry at Giordanos</option>'
             '<option value="%d">Jack Berry at Giordanos</option>'
-            '</select></p>'
+            "</select></p>"
             '<p><label for="id_form-0-age">Age:</label>'
             '<input type="number" name="form-0-age" id="id_form-0-age" min="0"></p>'
-            % (owner1.auto_id, owner2.auto_id)
+            % (owner1.auto_id, owner2.auto_id),
         )
 
-        owner1 = Owner.objects.get(name='Joe Perry')
-        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(Owner, OwnerProfile, max_num=1, can_delete=False, fields="__all__")
+        owner1 = Owner.objects.get(name="Joe Perry")
+        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Owner, OwnerProfile, max_num=1, can_delete=False, fields="__all__"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(FormSet.max_num, 1)
 
         formset = FormSet(instance=owner1)
@@ -1139,21 +1224,21 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<p><label for="id_ownerprofile-0-age">Age:</label>'
             '<input type="number" name="ownerprofile-0-age" id="id_ownerprofile-0-age" min="0">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="ownerprofile-0-owner" value="%d" id="id_ownerprofile-0-owner"></p>'
-            % owner1.auto_id
+            % owner1.auto_id,
         )
 
         data = {
-            'ownerprofile-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'ownerprofile-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'ownerprofile-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1',
-            'ownerprofile-0-owner': '',
-            'ownerprofile-0-age': '54',
+            "ownerprofile-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "ownerprofile-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "ownerprofile-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "1",
+            "ownerprofile-0-owner": "",
+            "ownerprofile-0-age": "54",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=owner1)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        profile1, = saved
+        (profile1,) = saved
         self.assertEqual(profile1.owner, owner1)
         self.assertEqual(profile1.age, 54)
 
@@ -1164,30 +1249,32 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<p><label for="id_ownerprofile-0-age">Age:</label>'
             '<input type="number" name="ownerprofile-0-age" value="54" id="id_ownerprofile-0-age" min="0">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="ownerprofile-0-owner" value="%d" id="id_ownerprofile-0-owner"></p>'
-            % owner1.auto_id
+            % owner1.auto_id,
         )
 
         data = {
-            'ownerprofile-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'ownerprofile-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'ownerprofile-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1',
-            'ownerprofile-0-owner': str(owner1.auto_id),
-            'ownerprofile-0-age': '55',
+            "ownerprofile-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "ownerprofile-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "ownerprofile-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "1",
+            "ownerprofile-0-owner": str(owner1.auto_id),
+            "ownerprofile-0-age": "55",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=owner1)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        profile1, = saved
+        (profile1,) = saved
         self.assertEqual(profile1.owner, owner1)
         self.assertEqual(profile1.age, 55)
 
     def test_unique_true_enforces_max_num_one(self):
         # ForeignKey with unique=True should enforce max_num=1
 
-        place = Place.objects.create(pk=1, name='Giordanos', city='Chicago')
+        place = Place.objects.create(pk=1, name="Giordanos", city="Chicago")
 
-        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(Place, Location, can_delete=False, fields="__all__")
+        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Place, Location, can_delete=False, fields="__all__"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(FormSet.max_num, 1)
 
         formset = FormSet(instance=place)
@@ -1199,37 +1286,41 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<p><label for="id_location_set-0-lon">Lon:</label> '
             '<input id="id_location_set-0-lon" type="text" name="location_set-0-lon" maxlength="100">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="location_set-0-place" value="1" id="id_location_set-0-place">'
-            '<input type="hidden" name="location_set-0-id" id="id_location_set-0-id"></p>'
+            '<input type="hidden" name="location_set-0-id" id="id_location_set-0-id"></p>',
         )
 
     def test_foreign_keys_in_parents(self):
         self.assertEqual(type(_get_foreign_key(Restaurant, Owner)), models.ForeignKey)
-        self.assertEqual(type(_get_foreign_key(MexicanRestaurant, Owner)), models.ForeignKey)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            type(_get_foreign_key(MexicanRestaurant, Owner)), models.ForeignKey
+        )
 
     def test_unique_validation(self):
         FormSet = modelformset_factory(Product, fields="__all__", extra=1)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-slug': 'car-red',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-slug": "car-red",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        product1, = saved
-        self.assertEqual(product1.slug, 'car-red')
+        (product1,) = saved
+        self.assertEqual(product1.slug, "car-red")
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-slug': 'car-red',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-slug": "car-red",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.errors, [{'slug': ['Product with this Slug already exists.']}])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formset.errors, [{"slug": ["Product with this Slug already exists."]}]
+        )
 
     def test_modelformset_validate_max_flag(self):
         # If validate_max is set and max_num is less than TOTAL_FORMS in the
@@ -1238,19 +1329,21 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         # value in the returned data is not checked)
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '2',  # should be ignored
-            'form-0-price': '12.00',
-            'form-0-quantity': '1',
-            'form-1-price': '24.00',
-            'form-1-quantity': '2',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "2",  # should be ignored
+            "form-0-price": "12.00",
+            "form-0-quantity": "1",
+            "form-1-price": "24.00",
+            "form-1-quantity": "2",
         }
 
-        FormSet = modelformset_factory(Price, fields="__all__", extra=1, max_num=1, validate_max=True)
+        FormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Price, fields="__all__", extra=1, max_num=1, validate_max=True
+        )
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ['Please submit at most 1 form.'])
+        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ["Please submit at most 1 form."])
 
         # Now test the same thing without the validate_max flag to ensure
         # default behavior is unchanged
@@ -1260,16 +1353,16 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_modelformset_min_num_equals_max_num_less_than(self):
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-0-slug': 'car-red',
-            'form-1-slug': 'car-blue',
-            'form-2-slug': 'car-black',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-0-slug": "car-red",
+            "form-1-slug": "car-blue",
+            "form-2-slug": "car-black",
         }
         FormSet = modelformset_factory(
             Product,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             extra=1,
             max_num=2,
             validate_max=True,
@@ -1278,18 +1371,18 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         )
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ['Please submit at most 2 forms.'])
+        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ["Please submit at most 2 forms."])
 
     def test_modelformset_min_num_equals_max_num_more_than(self):
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-0-slug': 'car-red',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-0-slug": "car-red",
         }
         FormSet = modelformset_factory(
             Product,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             extra=1,
             max_num=2,
             validate_max=True,
@@ -1298,81 +1391,95 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         )
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ['Please submit at least 2 forms.'])
+        self.assertEqual(formset.non_form_errors(), ["Please submit at least 2 forms."])
 
     def test_unique_together_validation(self):
         FormSet = modelformset_factory(Price, fields="__all__", extra=1)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-price': '12.00',
-            'form-0-quantity': '1',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-price": "12.00",
+            "form-0-quantity": "1",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        price1, = saved
-        self.assertEqual(price1.price, Decimal('12.00'))
+        (price1,) = saved
+        self.assertEqual(price1.price, Decimal("12.00"))
         self.assertEqual(price1.quantity, 1)
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-price': '12.00',
-            'form-0-quantity': '1',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-price": "12.00",
+            "form-0-quantity": "1",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.errors, [{'__all__': ['Price with this Price and Quantity already exists.']}])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formset.errors,
+            [{"__all__": ["Price with this Price and Quantity already exists."]}],
+        )
 
     def test_unique_together_with_inlineformset_factory(self):
         # Also see bug #8882.
 
-        repository = Repository.objects.create(name='Test Repo')
+        repository = Repository.objects.create(name="Test Repo")
         FormSet = inlineformset_factory(Repository, Revision, extra=1, fields="__all__")
         data = {
-            'revision_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'revision_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'revision_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'revision_set-0-repository': repository.pk,
-            'revision_set-0-revision': '146239817507f148d448db38840db7c3cbf47c76',
-            'revision_set-0-DELETE': '',
+            "revision_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "revision_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "revision_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "revision_set-0-repository": repository.pk,
+            "revision_set-0-revision": "146239817507f148d448db38840db7c3cbf47c76",
+            "revision_set-0-DELETE": "",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=repository)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         saved = formset.save()
         self.assertEqual(len(saved), 1)
-        revision1, = saved
+        (revision1,) = saved
         self.assertEqual(revision1.repository, repository)
-        self.assertEqual(revision1.revision, '146239817507f148d448db38840db7c3cbf47c76')
+        self.assertEqual(revision1.revision, "146239817507f148d448db38840db7c3cbf47c76")
 
         # attempt to save the same revision against the same repo.
         data = {
-            'revision_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'revision_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'revision_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'revision_set-0-repository': repository.pk,
-            'revision_set-0-revision': '146239817507f148d448db38840db7c3cbf47c76',
-            'revision_set-0-DELETE': '',
+            "revision_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "revision_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "revision_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "revision_set-0-repository": repository.pk,
+            "revision_set-0-revision": "146239817507f148d448db38840db7c3cbf47c76",
+            "revision_set-0-DELETE": "",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=repository)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset.errors, [{'__all__': ['Revision with this Repository and Revision already exists.']}])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formset.errors,
+            [
+                {
+                    "__all__": [
+                        "Revision with this Repository and Revision already exists."
+                    ]
+                }
+            ],
+        )
 
         # unique_together with inlineformset_factory with overridden form fields
         # Also see #9494
 
-        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(Repository, Revision, fields=('revision',), extra=1)
+        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Repository, Revision, fields=("revision",), extra=1
+        )
         data = {
-            'revision_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'revision_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'revision_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'revision_set-0-repository': repository.pk,
-            'revision_set-0-revision': '146239817507f148d448db38840db7c3cbf47c76',
-            'revision_set-0-DELETE': '',
+            "revision_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "revision_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "revision_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "revision_set-0-repository": repository.pk,
+            "revision_set-0-revision": "146239817507f148d448db38840db7c3cbf47c76",
+            "revision_set-0-DELETE": "",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=repository)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
@@ -1380,8 +1487,10 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
     def test_callable_defaults(self):
         # Use of callable defaults (see bug #7975).
 
-        person = Person.objects.create(name='Ringo')
-        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(Person, Membership, can_delete=False, extra=1, fields="__all__")
+        person = Person.objects.create(name="Ringo")
+        FormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Person, Membership, can_delete=False, extra=1, fields="__all__"
+        )
         formset = FormSet(instance=person)
 
         # Django will render a hidden field for model fields that have a callable
@@ -1390,9 +1499,13 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1)  # this formset only has one form
         form = formset.forms[0]
-        now = form.fields['date_joined'].initial()
+        now = form.fields["date_joined"].initial()
         result = form.as_p()
-        result = re.sub(r'[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}(?:\.[0-9]+)?', '__DATETIME__', result)
+        result = re.sub(
+            r"[0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{2} [0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}:[0-9]{2}(?:\.[0-9]+)?",
+            "__DATETIME__",
+            result,
+        )
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
             result,
             '<p><label for="id_membership_set-0-date_joined">Date joined:</label>'
@@ -1404,17 +1517,18 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             '<input type="number" name="membership_set-0-karma" id="id_membership_set-0-karma">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="membership_set-0-person" value="%d" id="id_membership_set-0-person">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="membership_set-0-id" id="id_membership_set-0-id"></p>'
-            % person.id)
+            % person.id,
+        )
 
         # test for validation with callable defaults. Validations rely on hidden fields
 
         data = {
-            'membership_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'membership_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'membership_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'membership_set-0-date_joined': now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
-            'initial-membership_set-0-date_joined': now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
-            'membership_set-0-karma': '',
+            "membership_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "membership_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "membership_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "membership_set-0-date_joined": now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
+            "initial-membership_set-0-date_joined": now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
+            "membership_set-0-karma": "",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=person)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
@@ -1423,12 +1537,12 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
         one_day_later = now + datetime.timedelta(days=1)
         filled_data = {
-            'membership_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'membership_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'membership_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'membership_set-0-date_joined': one_day_later.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
-            'initial-membership_set-0-date_joined': now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
-            'membership_set-0-karma': '',
+            "membership_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "membership_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "membership_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "membership_set-0-date_joined": one_day_later.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
+            "initial-membership_set-0-date_joined": now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
+            "membership_set-0-karma": "",
         }
         formset = FormSet(filled_data, instance=person)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
@@ -1444,7 +1558,7 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
             def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                 super().__init__(**kwargs)
-                self.fields['date_joined'].widget = forms.SplitDateTimeWidget()
+                self.fields["date_joined"].widget = forms.SplitDateTimeWidget()
 
         FormSet = inlineformset_factory(
             Person,
@@ -1455,13 +1569,13 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
             fields="__all__",
         )
         data = {
-            'membership_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'membership_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'membership_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'membership_set-0-date_joined_0': now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'),
-            'membership_set-0-date_joined_1': now.strftime('%H:%M:%S'),
-            'initial-membership_set-0-date_joined': now.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
-            'membership_set-0-karma': '',
+            "membership_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "membership_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "membership_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "membership_set-0-date_joined_0": now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"),
+            "membership_set-0-date_joined_1": now.strftime("%H:%M:%S"),
+            "initial-membership_set-0-date_joined": now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"),
+            "membership_set-0-karma": "",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data, instance=person)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
@@ -1480,227 +1594,247 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         formset = PlayerInlineFormSet(instance=team)
         players = formset.get_queryset()
         self.assertEqual(len(players), 1)
-        player1, = players
+        (player1,) = players
         self.assertEqual(player1.team, team)
-        self.assertEqual(player1.name, 'Bobby')
+        self.assertEqual(player1.name, "Bobby")
 
     def test_inlineformset_with_arrayfield(self):
         class SimpleArrayField(forms.CharField):
             """A proxy for django.contrib.postgres.forms.SimpleArrayField."""
+
             def to_python(self, value):
                 value = super().to_python(value)
-                return value.split(',') if value else []
+                return value.split(",") if value else []
 
         class BookForm(forms.ModelForm):
             title = SimpleArrayField()
 
             class Meta:
                 model = Book
-                fields = ('title',)
+                fields = ("title",)
 
         BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, form=BookForm)
         data = {
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'book_set-0-title': 'test1,test2',
-            'book_set-1-title': 'test1,test2',
-            'book_set-2-title': 'test3,test4',
+            "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "book_set-0-title": "test1,test2",
+            "book_set-1-title": "test1,test2",
+            "book_set-2-title": "test3,test4",
         }
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='test')
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="test")
         formset = BookFormSet(data, instance=author)
-        self.assertEqual(formset.errors, [{}, {'__all__': ['Please correct the duplicate values below.']}, {}])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formset.errors,
+            [{}, {"__all__": ["Please correct the duplicate values below."]}, {}],
+        )
 
     def test_model_formset_with_custom_pk(self):
         # a formset for a Model that has a custom primary key that still needs to be
         # added to the formset automatically
-        FormSet = modelformset_factory(ClassyMexicanRestaurant, fields=["tacos_are_yummy"])
-        self.assertEqual(sorted(FormSet().forms[0].fields), ['tacos_are_yummy', 'the_restaurant'])
+        FormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            ClassyMexicanRestaurant, fields=["tacos_are_yummy"]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            sorted(FormSet().forms[0].fields), ["tacos_are_yummy", "the_restaurant"]
+        )
 
     def test_model_formset_with_initial_model_instance(self):
         # has_changed should compare model instance and primary key
         # see #18898
-        FormSet = modelformset_factory(Poem, fields='__all__')
+        FormSet = modelformset_factory(Poem, fields="__all__")
         john_milton = Poet(name="John Milton")
         john_milton.save()
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': 0,
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-name': '',
-            'form-0-poet': str(john_milton.id),
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": 1,
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": 0,
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-name": "",
+            "form-0-poet": str(john_milton.id),
         }
-        formset = FormSet(initial=[{'poet': john_milton}], data=data)
+        formset = FormSet(initial=[{"poet": john_milton}], data=data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.extra_forms[0].has_changed())
 
     def test_model_formset_with_initial_queryset(self):
         # has_changed should work with queryset and list of pk's
         # see #18898
-        FormSet = modelformset_factory(AuthorMeeting, fields='__all__')
-        Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        FormSet = modelformset_factory(AuthorMeeting, fields="__all__")
+        Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': 0,
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-name': '',
-            'form-0-created': '',
-            'form-0-authors': list(Author.objects.values_list('id', flat=True)),
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": 1,
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": 0,
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-name": "",
+            "form-0-created": "",
+            "form-0-authors": list(Author.objects.values_list("id", flat=True)),
         }
-        formset = FormSet(initial=[{'authors': Author.objects.all()}], data=data)
+        formset = FormSet(initial=[{"authors": Author.objects.all()}], data=data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.extra_forms[0].has_changed())
 
     def test_prevent_duplicates_from_with_the_same_formset(self):
         FormSet = modelformset_factory(Product, fields="__all__", extra=2)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': 2,
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': 0,
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-slug': 'red_car',
-            'form-1-slug': 'red_car',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": 2,
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": 0,
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-slug": "red_car",
+            "form-1-slug": "red_car",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset._non_form_errors, ['Please correct the duplicate data for slug.'])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formset._non_form_errors, ["Please correct the duplicate data for slug."]
+        )
 
         FormSet = modelformset_factory(Price, fields="__all__", extra=2)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': 2,
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': 0,
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-price': '25',
-            'form-0-quantity': '7',
-            'form-1-price': '25',
-            'form-1-quantity': '7',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": 2,
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": 0,
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-price": "25",
+            "form-0-quantity": "7",
+            "form-1-price": "25",
+            "form-1-quantity": "7",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
             formset._non_form_errors,
-            ['Please correct the duplicate data for price and quantity, which must be unique.']
+            [
+                "Please correct the duplicate data for price and quantity, which must be unique."
+            ],
         )
 
         # Only the price field is specified, this should skip any unique checks since
         # the unique_together is not fulfilled. This will fail with a KeyError if broken.
         FormSet = modelformset_factory(Price, fields=("price",), extra=2)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-price': '24',
-            'form-1-price': '24',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-price": "24",
+            "form-1-price": "24",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
 
         FormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, extra=0, fields="__all__")
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        Book.objects.create(pk=1, author=author, title='Les Paradis Artificiels')
-        Book.objects.create(pk=2, author=author, title='Les Fleurs du Mal')
-        Book.objects.create(pk=3, author=author, title='Flowers of Evil')
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        Book.objects.create(pk=1, author=author, title="Les Paradis Artificiels")
+        Book.objects.create(pk=2, author=author, title="Les Fleurs du Mal")
+        Book.objects.create(pk=3, author=author, title="Flowers of Evil")
 
-        book_ids = author.book_set.order_by('id').values_list('id', flat=True)
+        book_ids = author.book_set.order_by("id").values_list("id", flat=True)
         data = {
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-
-            'book_set-0-title': 'The 2008 Election',
-            'book_set-0-author': str(author.id),
-            'book_set-0-id': str(book_ids[0]),
-
-            'book_set-1-title': 'The 2008 Election',
-            'book_set-1-author': str(author.id),
-            'book_set-1-id': str(book_ids[1]),
+            "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "book_set-0-title": "The 2008 Election",
+            "book_set-0-author": str(author.id),
+            "book_set-0-id": str(book_ids[0]),
+            "book_set-1-title": "The 2008 Election",
+            "book_set-1-author": str(author.id),
+            "book_set-1-id": str(book_ids[1]),
         }
         formset = FormSet(data=data, instance=author)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
-        self.assertEqual(formset._non_form_errors, ['Please correct the duplicate data for title.'])
-        self.assertEqual(formset.errors, [{}, {'__all__': ['Please correct the duplicate values below.']}])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formset._non_form_errors, ["Please correct the duplicate data for title."]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            formset.errors,
+            [{}, {"__all__": ["Please correct the duplicate values below."]}],
+        )
 
         FormSet = modelformset_factory(Post, fields="__all__", extra=2)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-
-            'form-0-title': 'blah',
-            'form-0-slug': 'Morning',
-            'form-0-subtitle': 'foo',
-            'form-0-posted': '2009-01-01',
-            'form-1-title': 'blah',
-            'form-1-slug': 'Morning in Prague',
-            'form-1-subtitle': 'rawr',
-            'form-1-posted': '2009-01-01'
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-title": "blah",
+            "form-0-slug": "Morning",
+            "form-0-subtitle": "foo",
+            "form-0-posted": "2009-01-01",
+            "form-1-title": "blah",
+            "form-1-slug": "Morning in Prague",
+            "form-1-subtitle": "rawr",
+            "form-1-posted": "2009-01-01",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
             formset._non_form_errors,
-            ['Please correct the duplicate data for title which must be unique for the date in posted.']
+            [
+                "Please correct the duplicate data for title which must be unique for the date in posted."
+            ],
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.errors,
-            [{}, {'__all__': ['Please correct the duplicate values below.']}]
+            [{}, {"__all__": ["Please correct the duplicate values below."]}],
         )
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-
-            'form-0-title': 'foo',
-            'form-0-slug': 'Morning in Prague',
-            'form-0-subtitle': 'foo',
-            'form-0-posted': '2009-01-01',
-            'form-1-title': 'blah',
-            'form-1-slug': 'Morning in Prague',
-            'form-1-subtitle': 'rawr',
-            'form-1-posted': '2009-08-02'
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-title": "foo",
+            "form-0-slug": "Morning in Prague",
+            "form-0-subtitle": "foo",
+            "form-0-posted": "2009-01-01",
+            "form-1-title": "blah",
+            "form-1-slug": "Morning in Prague",
+            "form-1-subtitle": "rawr",
+            "form-1-posted": "2009-08-02",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
             formset._non_form_errors,
-            ['Please correct the duplicate data for slug which must be unique for the year in posted.']
+            [
+                "Please correct the duplicate data for slug which must be unique for the year in posted."
+            ],
         )
 
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-
-            'form-0-title': 'foo',
-            'form-0-slug': 'Morning in Prague',
-            'form-0-subtitle': 'rawr',
-            'form-0-posted': '2008-08-01',
-            'form-1-title': 'blah',
-            'form-1-slug': 'Prague',
-            'form-1-subtitle': 'rawr',
-            'form-1-posted': '2009-08-02'
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-title": "foo",
+            "form-0-slug": "Morning in Prague",
+            "form-0-subtitle": "rawr",
+            "form-0-posted": "2008-08-01",
+            "form-1-title": "blah",
+            "form-1-slug": "Prague",
+            "form-1-subtitle": "rawr",
+            "form-1-posted": "2009-08-02",
         }
         formset = FormSet(data)
         self.assertFalse(formset.is_valid())
         self.assertEqual(
             formset._non_form_errors,
-            ['Please correct the duplicate data for subtitle which must be unique for the month in posted.']
+            [
+                "Please correct the duplicate data for subtitle which must be unique for the month in posted."
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_prevent_change_outer_model_and_create_invalid_data(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='Charles')
-        other_author = Author.objects.create(name='Walt')
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__')
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="Charles")
+        other_author = Author.objects.create(name="Walt")
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-id': str(author.id),
-            'form-0-name': 'Charles',
-            'form-1-id': str(other_author.id),  # A model not in the formset's queryset.
-            'form-1-name': 'Changed name',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-id": str(author.id),
+            "form-0-name": "Charles",
+            "form-1-id": str(other_author.id),  # A model not in the formset's queryset.
+            "form-1-name": "Changed name",
         }
         # This formset is only for Walt Whitman and shouldn't accept data for
         # other_author.
-        formset = AuthorFormSet(data=data, queryset=Author.objects.filter(id__in=(author.id,)))
+        formset = AuthorFormSet(
+            data=data, queryset=Author.objects.filter(id__in=(author.id,))
+        )
         self.assertTrue(formset.is_valid())
         formset.save()
         # The name of other_author shouldn't be changed and new models aren't
@@ -1708,131 +1842,147 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Author.objects.all(), [author, other_author])
 
     def test_validation_without_id(self):
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__')
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-name': 'Charles',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-name": "Charles",
         }
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.errors,
-            [{'id': ['This field is required.']}],
+            [{"id": ["This field is required."]}],
         )
 
     def test_validation_with_child_model_without_id(self):
-        BetterAuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(BetterAuthor, fields='__all__')
+        BetterAuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(BetterAuthor, fields="__all__")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-name': 'Charles',
-            'form-0-write_speed': '10',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-name": "Charles",
+            "form-0-write_speed": "10",
         }
         formset = BetterAuthorFormSet(data)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.errors,
-            [{'author_ptr': ['This field is required.']}],
+            [{"author_ptr": ["This field is required."]}],
         )
 
     def test_validation_with_invalid_id(self):
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__')
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-id': 'abc',
-            'form-0-name': 'Charles',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-id": "abc",
+            "form-0-name": "Charles",
         }
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.errors,
-            [{'id': ['Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices.']}],
+            [
+                {
+                    "id": [
+                        "Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices."
+                    ]
+                }
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_validation_with_nonexistent_id(self):
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__')
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '',
-            'form-0-id': '12345',
-            'form-0-name': 'Charles',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "",
+            "form-0-id": "12345",
+            "form-0-name": "Charles",
         }
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.errors,
-            [{'id': ['Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices.']}],
+            [
+                {
+                    "id": [
+                        "Select a valid choice. That choice is not one of the available choices."
+                    ]
+                }
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_initial_form_count_empty_data(self):
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__')
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__")
         formset = AuthorFormSet({})
         self.assertEqual(formset.initial_form_count(), 0)
 
     def test_edit_only(self):
-        charles = Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__', edit_only=True)
+        charles = Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", edit_only=True)
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-name': 'Arthur Rimbaud',
-            'form-1-name': 'Walt Whitman',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-0-name": "Arthur Rimbaud",
+            "form-1-name": "Walt Whitman",
         }
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), True)
         formset.save()
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Author.objects.all(), [charles])
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-id': charles.pk,
-            'form-0-name': 'Arthur Rimbaud',
-            'form-1-name': 'Walt Whitman',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-0-id": charles.pk,
+            "form-0-name": "Arthur Rimbaud",
+            "form-1-name": "Walt Whitman",
         }
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), True)
         formset.save()
         charles.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(charles.name, 'Arthur Rimbaud')
+        self.assertEqual(charles.name, "Arthur Rimbaud")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Author.objects.all(), [charles])
 
     def test_edit_only_inlineformset_factory(self):
-        charles = Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        book = Book.objects.create(author=charles, title='Les Paradis Artificiels')
+        charles = Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        book = Book.objects.create(author=charles, title="Les Paradis Artificiels")
         AuthorFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
-            Author, Book, can_delete=False, fields='__all__', edit_only=True,
+            Author,
+            Book,
+            can_delete=False,
+            fields="__all__",
+            edit_only=True,
         )
         data = {
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '4',
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'book_set-0-id': book.pk,
-            'book_set-0-title': 'Les Fleurs du Mal',
-            'book_set-0-author': charles.pk,
-            'book_set-1-title': 'Flowers of Evil',
-            'book_set-1-author': charles.pk,
+            "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "4",
+            "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "book_set-0-id": book.pk,
+            "book_set-0-title": "Les Fleurs du Mal",
+            "book_set-0-author": charles.pk,
+            "book_set-1-title": "Flowers of Evil",
+            "book_set-1-author": charles.pk,
         }
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data, instance=charles)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), True)
         formset.save()
         book.refresh_from_db()
-        self.assertEqual(book.title, 'Les Fleurs du Mal')
+        self.assertEqual(book.title, "Les Fleurs du Mal")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(Book.objects.all(), [book])
 
     def test_edit_only_object_outside_of_queryset(self):
-        charles = Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        walt = Author.objects.create(name='Walt Whitman')
+        charles = Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        walt = Author.objects.create(name="Walt Whitman")
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-0-id': walt.pk,
-            'form-0-name': 'Parth Patil',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-0-id": walt.pk,
+            "form-0-name": "Parth Patil",
         }
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__', edit_only=True)
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", edit_only=True)
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data, queryset=Author.objects.filter(pk=charles.pk))
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), True)
         formset.save()
@@ -1841,242 +1991,257 @@ class ModelFormsetTest(TestCase):
 
 class TestModelFormsetOverridesTroughFormMeta(TestCase):
     def test_modelformset_factory_widgets(self):
-        widgets = {
-            'name': forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'poet'})
-        }
+        widgets = {"name": forms.TextInput(attrs={"class": "poet"})}
         PoetFormSet = modelformset_factory(Poet, fields="__all__", widgets=widgets)
         form = PoetFormSet.form()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(form['name']),
-            '<input id="id_name" maxlength="100" type="text" class="poet" name="name" required>'
+            str(form["name"]),
+            '<input id="id_name" maxlength="100" type="text" class="poet" name="name" required>',
         )
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_widgets(self):
-        widgets = {
-            'title': forms.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'book'})
-        }
-        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, widgets=widgets, fields="__all__")
+        widgets = {"title": forms.TextInput(attrs={"class": "book"})}
+        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author, Book, widgets=widgets, fields="__all__"
+        )
         form = BookFormSet.form()
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            str(form['title']),
-            '<input class="book" id="id_title" maxlength="100" name="title" type="text" required>'
+            str(form["title"]),
+            '<input class="book" id="id_title" maxlength="100" name="title" type="text" required>',
         )
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_labels_overrides(self):
-        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(Book, fields="__all__", labels={
-            'title': 'Name'
-        })
+        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Book, fields="__all__", labels={"title": "Name"}
+        )
         form = BookFormSet.form()
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(form['title'].label_tag(), '<label for="id_title">Name:</label>')
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            form['title'].legend_tag(),
+            form["title"].label_tag(), '<label for="id_title">Name:</label>'
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            form["title"].legend_tag(),
             '<legend for="id_title">Name:</legend>',
         )
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_labels_overrides(self):
-        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, fields="__all__", labels={
-            'title': 'Name'
-        })
+        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author, Book, fields="__all__", labels={"title": "Name"}
+        )
         form = BookFormSet.form()
-        self.assertHTMLEqual(form['title'].label_tag(), '<label for="id_title">Name:</label>')
         self.assertHTMLEqual(
-            form['title'].legend_tag(),
+            form["title"].label_tag(), '<label for="id_title">Name:</label>'
+        )
+        self.assertHTMLEqual(
+            form["title"].legend_tag(),
             '<legend for="id_title">Name:</legend>',
         )
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_help_text_overrides(self):
-        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(Book, fields="__all__", help_texts={
-            'title': 'Choose carefully.'
-        })
+        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Book, fields="__all__", help_texts={"title": "Choose carefully."}
+        )
         form = BookFormSet.form()
-        self.assertEqual(form['title'].help_text, 'Choose carefully.')
+        self.assertEqual(form["title"].help_text, "Choose carefully.")
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_help_text_overrides(self):
-        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, fields="__all__", help_texts={
-            'title': 'Choose carefully.'
-        })
+        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author, Book, fields="__all__", help_texts={"title": "Choose carefully."}
+        )
         form = BookFormSet.form()
-        self.assertEqual(form['title'].help_text, 'Choose carefully.')
+        self.assertEqual(form["title"].help_text, "Choose carefully.")
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_error_messages_overrides(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(Book, fields="__all__", error_messages={
-            'title': {
-                'max_length': 'Title too long!!'
-            }
-        })
-        form = BookFormSet.form(data={'title': 'Foo ' * 30, 'author': author.id})
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Book,
+            fields="__all__",
+            error_messages={"title": {"max_length": "Title too long!!"}},
+        )
+        form = BookFormSet.form(data={"title": "Foo " * 30, "author": author.id})
         form.full_clean()
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'title': ['Title too long!!']})
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {"title": ["Title too long!!"]})
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_error_messages_overrides(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, fields="__all__", error_messages={
-            'title': {
-                'max_length': 'Title too long!!'
-            }
-        })
-        form = BookFormSet.form(data={'title': 'Foo ' * 30, 'author': author.id})
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author,
+            Book,
+            fields="__all__",
+            error_messages={"title": {"max_length": "Title too long!!"}},
+        )
+        form = BookFormSet.form(data={"title": "Foo " * 30, "author": author.id})
         form.full_clean()
-        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {'title': ['Title too long!!']})
+        self.assertEqual(form.errors, {"title": ["Title too long!!"]})
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_field_class_overrides(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(Book, fields="__all__", field_classes={
-            'title': forms.SlugField,
-        })
-        form = BookFormSet.form(data={'title': 'Foo ' * 30, 'author': author.id})
-        self.assertIs(Book._meta.get_field('title').__class__, models.CharField)
-        self.assertIsInstance(form.fields['title'], forms.SlugField)
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Book,
+            fields="__all__",
+            field_classes={
+                "title": forms.SlugField,
+            },
+        )
+        form = BookFormSet.form(data={"title": "Foo " * 30, "author": author.id})
+        self.assertIs(Book._meta.get_field("title").__class__, models.CharField)
+        self.assertIsInstance(form.fields["title"], forms.SlugField)
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_field_class_overrides(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name='Charles Baudelaire')
-        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(Author, Book, fields="__all__", field_classes={
-            'title': forms.SlugField,
-        })
-        form = BookFormSet.form(data={'title': 'Foo ' * 30, 'author': author.id})
-        self.assertIs(Book._meta.get_field('title').__class__, models.CharField)
-        self.assertIsInstance(form.fields['title'], forms.SlugField)
+        author = Author.objects.create(pk=1, name="Charles Baudelaire")
+        BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
+            Author,
+            Book,
+            fields="__all__",
+            field_classes={
+                "title": forms.SlugField,
+            },
+        )
+        form = BookFormSet.form(data={"title": "Foo " * 30, "author": author.id})
+        self.assertIs(Book._meta.get_field("title").__class__, models.CharField)
+        self.assertIsInstance(form.fields["title"], forms.SlugField)
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_absolute_max(self):
-        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__', absolute_max=1500)
+        AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
+            Author, fields="__all__", absolute_max=1500
+        )
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1501',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1501",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data=data)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), False)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1500)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.non_form_errors(),
-            ['Please submit at most 1000 forms.'],
+            ["Please submit at most 1000 forms."],
         )
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_absolute_max_with_max_num(self):
         AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
             Author,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             max_num=20,
             absolute_max=100,
         )
         data = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '101',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "101",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
         formset = AuthorFormSet(data=data)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), False)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 100)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.non_form_errors(),
-            ['Please submit at most 20 forms.'],
+            ["Please submit at most 20 forms."],
         )
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_absolute_max(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
         BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
             Author,
             Book,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             absolute_max=1500,
         )
         data = {
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1501',
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
+            "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1501",
+            "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
         formset = BookFormSet(data, instance=author)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), False)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 1500)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.non_form_errors(),
-            ['Please submit at most 1000 forms.'],
+            ["Please submit at most 1000 forms."],
         )
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_absolute_max_with_max_num(self):
-        author = Author.objects.create(name='Charles Baudelaire')
+        author = Author.objects.create(name="Charles Baudelaire")
         BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
             Author,
             Book,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             max_num=20,
             absolute_max=100,
         )
         data = {
-            'book_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '101',
-            'book_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
+            "book_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "101",
+            "book_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "book_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
         formset = BookFormSet(data, instance=author)
         self.assertIs(formset.is_valid(), False)
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 100)
         self.assertEqual(
             formset.non_form_errors(),
-            ['Please submit at most 20 forms.'],
+            ["Please submit at most 20 forms."],
         )
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_can_delete_extra(self):
         AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
             Author,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             can_delete=True,
             can_delete_extra=True,
             extra=2,
         )
         formset = AuthorFormSet()
         self.assertEqual(len(formset), 2)
-        self.assertIn('DELETE', formset.forms[0].fields)
-        self.assertIn('DELETE', formset.forms[1].fields)
+        self.assertIn("DELETE", formset.forms[0].fields)
+        self.assertIn("DELETE", formset.forms[1].fields)
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_disable_delete_extra(self):
         AuthorFormSet = modelformset_factory(
             Author,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             can_delete=True,
             can_delete_extra=False,
             extra=2,
         )
         formset = AuthorFormSet()
         self.assertEqual(len(formset), 2)
-        self.assertNotIn('DELETE', formset.forms[0].fields)
-        self.assertNotIn('DELETE', formset.forms[1].fields)
+        self.assertNotIn("DELETE", formset.forms[0].fields)
+        self.assertNotIn("DELETE", formset.forms[1].fields)
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_can_delete_extra(self):
         BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
             Author,
             Book,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             can_delete=True,
             can_delete_extra=True,
             extra=2,
         )
         formset = BookFormSet()
         self.assertEqual(len(formset), 2)
-        self.assertIn('DELETE', formset.forms[0].fields)
-        self.assertIn('DELETE', formset.forms[1].fields)
+        self.assertIn("DELETE", formset.forms[0].fields)
+        self.assertIn("DELETE", formset.forms[1].fields)
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_can_not_delete_extra(self):
         BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
             Author,
             Book,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             can_delete=True,
             can_delete_extra=False,
             extra=2,
         )
         formset = BookFormSet()
         self.assertEqual(len(formset), 2)
-        self.assertNotIn('DELETE', formset.forms[0].fields)
-        self.assertNotIn('DELETE', formset.forms[1].fields)
+        self.assertNotIn("DELETE", formset.forms[0].fields)
+        self.assertNotIn("DELETE", formset.forms[1].fields)
 
     def test_inlineformset_factory_passes_renderer(self):
         from django.forms.renderers import Jinja2
+
         renderer = Jinja2()
         BookFormSet = inlineformset_factory(
             Author,
             Book,
-            fields='__all__',
+            fields="__all__",
             renderer=renderer,
         )
         formset = BookFormSet()
@@ -2084,7 +2249,8 @@ class TestModelFormsetOverridesTroughFormMeta(TestCase):
 
     def test_modelformset_factory_passes_renderer(self):
         from django.forms.renderers import Jinja2
+
         renderer = Jinja2()
-        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields='__all__', renderer=renderer)
+        BookFormSet = modelformset_factory(Author, fields="__all__", renderer=renderer)
         formset = BookFormSet()
         self.assertEqual(formset.renderer, renderer)