Refs #33476 -- Reformatted code with Black.

16 files changed, 5122 insertions, 3330 deletions

diff --git a/tests/admin_views/admin.py b/tests/admin_views/admin.py
index 9cd078074b..b78746c0ff 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/admin.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/admin.py
@@ -20,33 +20,127 @@ from django.views.decorators.common import no_append_slash
 
 from .forms import MediaActionForm
 from .models import (
-    Actor, AdminOrderedAdminMethod, AdminOrderedCallable, AdminOrderedField,
-    AdminOrderedModelMethod, Album, Answer, Answer2, Article, BarAccount, Book,
-    Bookmark, Box, Category, Chapter, ChapterXtra1, Child, ChildOfReferer,
-    Choice, City, Collector, Color, Color2, ComplexSortedPerson, CoverLetter,
-    CustomArticle, CyclicOne, CyclicTwo, DependentChild, DooHickey, EmptyModel,
-    EmptyModelHidden, EmptyModelMixin, EmptyModelVisible, ExplicitlyProvidedPK,
-    ExternalSubscriber, Fabric, FancyDoodad, FieldOverridePost,
-    FilteredManager, FooAccount, FoodDelivery, FunkyTag, Gadget, Gallery,
-    GenRelReference, Grommet, ImplicitlyGeneratedPK, Ingredient,
-    InlineReference, InlineReferer, Inquisition, Language, Link,
-    MainPrepopulated, ModelWithStringPrimaryKey, NotReferenced, OldSubscriber,
-    OtherStory, Paper, Parent, ParentWithDependentChildren, ParentWithUUIDPK,
-    Person, Persona, Picture, Pizza, Plot, PlotDetails, PlotProxy,
-    PluggableSearchPerson, Podcast, Post, PrePopulatedPost,
-    PrePopulatedPostLargeSlug, PrePopulatedSubPost, Promo, Question,
-    ReadablePizza, ReadOnlyPizza, ReadOnlyRelatedField, Recipe, Recommendation,
-    Recommender, ReferencedByGenRel, ReferencedByInline, ReferencedByParent,
-    RelatedPrepopulated, RelatedWithUUIDPKModel, Report, Reservation,
-    Restaurant, RowLevelChangePermissionModel, Section, ShortMessage, Simple,
-    Sketch, Song, State, Story, StumpJoke, Subscriber, SuperVillain, Telegram,
-    Thing, Topping, UnchangeableObject, UndeletableObject, UnorderedObject,
-    UserMessenger, UserProxy, Villain, Vodcast, Whatsit, Widget, Worker,
+    Actor,
+    AdminOrderedAdminMethod,
+    AdminOrderedCallable,
+    AdminOrderedField,
+    AdminOrderedModelMethod,
+    Album,
+    Answer,
+    Answer2,
+    Article,
+    BarAccount,
+    Book,
+    Bookmark,
+    Box,
+    Category,
+    Chapter,
+    ChapterXtra1,
+    Child,
+    ChildOfReferer,
+    Choice,
+    City,
+    Collector,
+    Color,
+    Color2,
+    ComplexSortedPerson,
+    CoverLetter,
+    CustomArticle,
+    CyclicOne,
+    CyclicTwo,
+    DependentChild,
+    DooHickey,
+    EmptyModel,
+    EmptyModelHidden,
+    EmptyModelMixin,
+    EmptyModelVisible,
+    ExplicitlyProvidedPK,
+    ExternalSubscriber,
+    Fabric,
+    FancyDoodad,
+    FieldOverridePost,
+    FilteredManager,
+    FooAccount,
+    FoodDelivery,
+    FunkyTag,
+    Gadget,
+    Gallery,
+    GenRelReference,
+    Grommet,
+    ImplicitlyGeneratedPK,
+    Ingredient,
+    InlineReference,
+    InlineReferer,
+    Inquisition,
+    Language,
+    Link,
+    MainPrepopulated,
+    ModelWithStringPrimaryKey,
+    NotReferenced,
+    OldSubscriber,
+    OtherStory,
+    Paper,
+    Parent,
+    ParentWithDependentChildren,
+    ParentWithUUIDPK,
+    Person,
+    Persona,
+    Picture,
+    Pizza,
+    Plot,
+    PlotDetails,
+    PlotProxy,
+    PluggableSearchPerson,
+    Podcast,
+    Post,
+    PrePopulatedPost,
+    PrePopulatedPostLargeSlug,
+    PrePopulatedSubPost,
+    Promo,
+    Question,
+    ReadablePizza,
+    ReadOnlyPizza,
+    ReadOnlyRelatedField,
+    Recipe,
+    Recommendation,
+    Recommender,
+    ReferencedByGenRel,
+    ReferencedByInline,
+    ReferencedByParent,
+    RelatedPrepopulated,
+    RelatedWithUUIDPKModel,
+    Report,
+    Reservation,
+    Restaurant,
+    RowLevelChangePermissionModel,
+    Section,
+    ShortMessage,
+    Simple,
+    Sketch,
+    Song,
+    State,
+    Story,
+    StumpJoke,
+    Subscriber,
+    SuperVillain,
+    Telegram,
+    Thing,
+    Topping,
+    UnchangeableObject,
+    UndeletableObject,
+    UnorderedObject,
+    UserMessenger,
+    UserProxy,
+    Villain,
+    Vodcast,
+    Whatsit,
+    Widget,
+    Worker,
     WorkHour,
 )
 
 
-@admin.display(ordering='date')
+@admin.display(ordering="date")
 def callable_year(dt_value):
     try:
         return dt_value.year
@@ -56,19 +150,11 @@ def callable_year(dt_value):
 
 class ArticleInline(admin.TabularInline):
     model = Article
-    fk_name = 'section'
-    prepopulated_fields = {
-        'title': ('content',)
-    }
+    fk_name = "section"
+    prepopulated_fields = {"title": ("content",)}
     fieldsets = (
-        ('Some fields', {
-            'classes': ('collapse',),
-            'fields': ('title', 'content')
-        }),
-        ('Some other fields', {
-            'classes': ('wide',),
-            'fields': ('date', 'section')
-        })
+        ("Some fields", {"classes": ("collapse",), "fields": ("title", "content")}),
+        ("Some other fields", {"classes": ("wide",), "fields": ("date", "section")}),
     )
 
 
@@ -78,13 +164,13 @@ class ChapterInline(admin.TabularInline):
 
 class ChapterXtra1Admin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     list_filter = (
-        'chap',
-        'chap__title',
-        'chap__book',
-        'chap__book__name',
-        'chap__book__promo',
-        'chap__book__promo__name',
-        'guest_author__promo__book',
+        "chap",
+        "chap__title",
+        "chap__book",
+        "chap__book__name",
+        "chap__book__promo",
+        "chap__book__promo__name",
+        "guest_author__promo__book",
     )
 
 
@@ -92,7 +178,7 @@ class ArticleForm(forms.ModelForm):
     extra_form_field = forms.BooleanField(required=False)
 
     class Meta:
-        fields = '__all__'
+        fields = "__all__"
         model = Article
 
 
@@ -100,7 +186,11 @@ class ArticleAdminWithExtraUrl(admin.ModelAdmin):
     def get_urls(self):
         urlpatterns = super().get_urls()
         urlpatterns.append(
-            path('extra.json', self.admin_site.admin_view(self.extra_json), name='article_extra_json')
+            path(
+                "extra.json",
+                self.admin_site.admin_view(self.extra_json),
+                name="article_extra_json",
+            )
         )
         return urlpatterns
 
@@ -110,76 +200,87 @@ class ArticleAdminWithExtraUrl(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 class ArticleAdmin(ArticleAdminWithExtraUrl):
     list_display = (
-        'content', 'date', callable_year, 'model_year', 'modeladmin_year',
-        'model_year_reversed', 'section', lambda obj: obj.title,
-        'order_by_expression', 'model_property_year', 'model_month',
-        'order_by_f_expression', 'order_by_orderby_expression',
+        "content",
+        "date",
+        callable_year,
+        "model_year",
+        "modeladmin_year",
+        "model_year_reversed",
+        "section",
+        lambda obj: obj.title,
+        "order_by_expression",
+        "model_property_year",
+        "model_month",
+        "order_by_f_expression",
+        "order_by_orderby_expression",
     )
-    list_editable = ('section',)
-    list_filter = ('date', 'section')
-    autocomplete_fields = ('section',)
+    list_editable = ("section",)
+    list_filter = ("date", "section")
+    autocomplete_fields = ("section",)
     view_on_site = False
     form = ArticleForm
     fieldsets = (
-        ('Some fields', {
-            'classes': ('collapse',),
-            'fields': ('title', 'content', 'extra_form_field'),
-        }),
-        ('Some other fields', {
-            'classes': ('wide',),
-            'fields': ('date', 'section', 'sub_section')
-        })
+        (
+            "Some fields",
+            {
+                "classes": ("collapse",),
+                "fields": ("title", "content", "extra_form_field"),
+            },
+        ),
+        (
+            "Some other fields",
+            {"classes": ("wide",), "fields": ("date", "section", "sub_section")},
+        ),
     )
 
     # These orderings aren't particularly useful but show that expressions can
     # be used for admin_order_field.
-    @admin.display(ordering=models.F('date') + datetime.timedelta(days=3))
+    @admin.display(ordering=models.F("date") + datetime.timedelta(days=3))
     def order_by_expression(self, obj):
         return obj.model_year
 
-    @admin.display(ordering=models.F('date'))
+    @admin.display(ordering=models.F("date"))
     def order_by_f_expression(self, obj):
         return obj.model_year
 
-    @admin.display(ordering=models.F('date').asc(nulls_last=True))
+    @admin.display(ordering=models.F("date").asc(nulls_last=True))
     def order_by_orderby_expression(self, obj):
         return obj.model_year
 
     def changelist_view(self, request):
-        return super().changelist_view(request, extra_context={'extra_var': 'Hello!'})
+        return super().changelist_view(request, extra_context={"extra_var": "Hello!"})
 
-    @admin.display(ordering='date', description=None)
+    @admin.display(ordering="date", description=None)
     def modeladmin_year(self, obj):
         return obj.date.year
 
     def delete_model(self, request, obj):
         EmailMessage(
-            'Greetings from a deleted object',
-            'I hereby inform you that some user deleted me',
-            'from@example.com',
-            ['to@example.com']
+            "Greetings from a deleted object",
+            "I hereby inform you that some user deleted me",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
         ).send()
         return super().delete_model(request, obj)
 
     def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change=True):
         EmailMessage(
-            'Greetings from a created object',
-            'I hereby inform you that some user created me',
-            'from@example.com',
-            ['to@example.com']
+            "Greetings from a created object",
+            "I hereby inform you that some user created me",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
         ).send()
         return super().save_model(request, obj, form, change)
 
 
 class ArticleAdmin2(admin.ModelAdmin):
-
     def has_module_permission(self, request):
         return False
 
 
 class RowLevelChangePermissionModelAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     def has_change_permission(self, request, obj=None):
-        """ Only allow changing objects with even id number """
+        """Only allow changing objects with even id number"""
         return request.user.is_staff and (obj is not None) and (obj.id % 2 == 0)
 
     def has_view_permission(self, request, obj=None):
@@ -191,63 +292,68 @@ class CustomArticleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     """
     Tests various hooks for using custom templates and contexts.
     """
-    change_list_template = 'custom_admin/change_list.html'
-    change_form_template = 'custom_admin/change_form.html'
-    add_form_template = 'custom_admin/add_form.html'
-    object_history_template = 'custom_admin/object_history.html'
-    delete_confirmation_template = 'custom_admin/delete_confirmation.html'
-    delete_selected_confirmation_template = 'custom_admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html'
-    popup_response_template = 'custom_admin/popup_response.html'
+
+    change_list_template = "custom_admin/change_list.html"
+    change_form_template = "custom_admin/change_form.html"
+    add_form_template = "custom_admin/add_form.html"
+    object_history_template = "custom_admin/object_history.html"
+    delete_confirmation_template = "custom_admin/delete_confirmation.html"
+    delete_selected_confirmation_template = (
+        "custom_admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html"
+    )
+    popup_response_template = "custom_admin/popup_response.html"
 
     def changelist_view(self, request):
-        return super().changelist_view(request, extra_context={'extra_var': 'Hello!'})
+        return super().changelist_view(request, extra_context={"extra_var": "Hello!"})
 
 
 class ThingAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_filter = ('color', 'color__warm', 'color__value', 'pub_date')
+    list_filter = ("color", "color__warm", "color__value", "pub_date")
 
 
 class InquisitionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('leader', 'country', 'expected', 'sketch')
+    list_display = ("leader", "country", "expected", "sketch")
 
     @admin.display
     def sketch(self, obj):
         # A method with the same name as a reverse accessor.
-        return 'list-display-sketch'
+        return "list-display-sketch"
 
 
 class SketchAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    raw_id_fields = ('inquisition', 'defendant0', 'defendant1')
+    raw_id_fields = ("inquisition", "defendant0", "defendant1")
 
 
 class FabricAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('surface',)
-    list_filter = ('surface',)
+    list_display = ("surface",)
+    list_filter = ("surface",)
 
 
 class BasePersonModelFormSet(BaseModelFormSet):
     def clean(self):
         for person_dict in self.cleaned_data:
-            person = person_dict.get('id')
-            alive = person_dict.get('alive')
+            person = person_dict.get("id")
+            alive = person_dict.get("alive")
             if person and alive and person.name == "Grace Hopper":
                 raise ValidationError("Grace is not a Zombie")
 
 
 class PersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('name', 'gender', 'alive')
-    list_editable = ('gender', 'alive')
-    list_filter = ('gender',)
-    search_fields = ('^name',)
+    list_display = ("name", "gender", "alive")
+    list_editable = ("gender", "alive")
+    list_filter = ("gender",)
+    search_fields = ("^name",)
     save_as = True
 
     def get_changelist_formset(self, request, **kwargs):
-        return super().get_changelist_formset(request, formset=BasePersonModelFormSet, **kwargs)
+        return super().get_changelist_formset(
+            request, formset=BasePersonModelFormSet, **kwargs
+        )
 
     def get_queryset(self, request):
         # Order by a field that isn't in list display, to be able to test
         # whether ordering is preserved.
-        return super().get_queryset(request).order_by('age')
+        return super().get_queryset(request).order_by("age")
 
 
 class FooAccountAdmin(admin.StackedInline):
@@ -261,14 +367,11 @@ class BarAccountAdmin(admin.StackedInline):
 
 
 class PersonaAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    inlines = (
-        FooAccountAdmin,
-        BarAccountAdmin
-    )
+    inlines = (FooAccountAdmin, BarAccountAdmin)
 
 
 class SubscriberAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    actions = ['mail_admin']
+    actions = ["mail_admin"]
     action_form = MediaActionForm
 
     def delete_queryset(self, request, queryset):
@@ -278,38 +381,39 @@ class SubscriberAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     @admin.action
     def mail_admin(self, request, selected):
         EmailMessage(
-            'Greetings from a ModelAdmin action',
-            'This is the test email from an admin action',
-            'from@example.com',
-            ['to@example.com']
+            "Greetings from a ModelAdmin action",
+            "This is the test email from an admin action",
+            "from@example.com",
+            ["to@example.com"],
         ).send()
 
 
-@admin.action(description='External mail (Another awesome action)')
+@admin.action(description="External mail (Another awesome action)")
 def external_mail(modeladmin, request, selected):
     EmailMessage(
-        'Greetings from a function action',
-        'This is the test email from a function action',
-        'from@example.com',
-        ['to@example.com']
+        "Greetings from a function action",
+        "This is the test email from a function action",
+        "from@example.com",
+        ["to@example.com"],
     ).send()
 
 
-@admin.action(description='Redirect to (Awesome action)')
+@admin.action(description="Redirect to (Awesome action)")
 def redirect_to(modeladmin, request, selected):
     from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
-    return HttpResponseRedirect('/some-where-else/')
 
+    return HttpResponseRedirect("/some-where-else/")
 
-@admin.action(description='Download subscription')
+
+@admin.action(description="Download subscription")
 def download(modeladmin, request, selected):
-    buf = StringIO('This is the content of the file')
+    buf = StringIO("This is the content of the file")
     return StreamingHttpResponse(FileWrapper(buf))
 
 
-@admin.action(description='No permission to run')
+@admin.action(description="No permission to run")
 def no_perm(modeladmin, request, selected):
-    return HttpResponse(content='No permission to perform this action', status=403)
+    return HttpResponse(content="No permission to perform this action", status=403)
 
 
 class ExternalSubscriberAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -317,17 +421,17 @@ class ExternalSubscriberAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class PodcastAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('name', 'release_date')
-    list_editable = ('release_date',)
-    date_hierarchy = 'release_date'
-    ordering = ('name',)
+    list_display = ("name", "release_date")
+    list_editable = ("release_date",)
+    date_hierarchy = "release_date"
+    ordering = ("name",)
 
 
 class VodcastAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('name', 'released')
-    list_editable = ('released',)
+    list_display = ("name", "released")
+    list_editable = ("released",)
 
-    ordering = ('name',)
+    ordering = ("name",)
 
 
 class ChildInline(admin.StackedInline):
@@ -338,16 +442,19 @@ class ParentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     model = Parent
     inlines = [ChildInline]
     save_as = True
-    list_display = ('id', 'name',)
-    list_display_links = ('id',)
-    list_editable = ('name',)
+    list_display = (
+        "id",
+        "name",
+    )
+    list_display_links = ("id",)
+    list_editable = ("name",)
 
     def save_related(self, request, form, formsets, change):
         super().save_related(request, form, formsets, change)
         first_name, last_name = form.instance.name.split()
         for child in form.instance.child_set.all():
             if len(child.name.split()) < 2:
-                child.name = child.name + ' ' + last_name
+                child.name = child.name + " " + last_name
                 child.save()
 
 
@@ -374,13 +481,16 @@ class PictureAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class LanguageAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ['iso', 'shortlist', 'english_name', 'name']
-    list_editable = ['shortlist']
+    list_display = ["iso", "shortlist", "english_name", "name"]
+    list_editable = ["shortlist"]
 
 
 class RecommendationAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     show_full_result_count = False
-    search_fields = ('=titletranslation__text', '=the_recommender__titletranslation__text',)
+    search_fields = (
+        "=titletranslation__text",
+        "=the_recommender__titletranslation__text",
+    )
 
 
 class WidgetInline(admin.StackedInline):
@@ -404,8 +514,8 @@ class FancyDoodadInline(admin.StackedInline):
 
 
 class CategoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('id', 'collector', 'order')
-    list_editable = ('order',)
+    list_display = ("id", "collector", "order")
+    list_editable = ("order",)
 
 
 class CategoryInline(admin.StackedInline):
@@ -414,8 +524,12 @@ class CategoryInline(admin.StackedInline):
 
 class CollectorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     inlines = [
-        WidgetInline, DooHickeyInline, GrommetInline, WhatsitInline,
-        FancyDoodadInline, CategoryInline
+        WidgetInline,
+        DooHickeyInline,
+        GrommetInline,
+        WhatsitInline,
+        FancyDoodadInline,
+        CategoryInline,
     ]
 
 
@@ -433,13 +547,11 @@ class LinkInline(admin.TabularInline):
 class SubPostInline(admin.TabularInline):
     model = PrePopulatedSubPost
 
-    prepopulated_fields = {
-        'subslug': ('subtitle',)
-    }
+    prepopulated_fields = {"subslug": ("subtitle",)}
 
     def get_readonly_fields(self, request, obj=None):
         if obj and obj.published:
-            return ('subslug',)
+            return ("subslug",)
         return self.readonly_fields
 
     def get_prepopulated_fields(self, request, obj=None):
@@ -449,16 +561,14 @@ class SubPostInline(admin.TabularInline):
 
 
 class PrePopulatedPostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ['title', 'slug']
-    prepopulated_fields = {
-        'slug': ('title',)
-    }
+    list_display = ["title", "slug"]
+    prepopulated_fields = {"slug": ("title",)}
 
     inlines = [SubPostInline]
 
     def get_readonly_fields(self, request, obj=None):
         if obj and obj.published:
-            return ('slug',)
+            return ("slug",)
         return self.readonly_fields
 
     def get_prepopulated_fields(self, request, obj=None):
@@ -468,23 +578,26 @@ class PrePopulatedPostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class PrePopulatedPostReadOnlyAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    prepopulated_fields = {'slug': ('title',)}
+    prepopulated_fields = {"slug": ("title",)}
 
     def has_change_permission(self, *args, **kwargs):
         return False
 
 
 class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ['title', 'public']
+    list_display = ["title", "public"]
     readonly_fields = (
-        'posted', 'awesomeness_level', 'coolness', 'value',
-        'multiline', 'multiline_html', lambda obj: "foo",
-        'readonly_content',
+        "posted",
+        "awesomeness_level",
+        "coolness",
+        "value",
+        "multiline",
+        "multiline_html",
+        lambda obj: "foo",
+        "readonly_content",
     )
 
-    inlines = [
-        LinkInline
-    ]
+    inlines = [LinkInline]
 
     @admin.display
     def coolness(self, instance):
@@ -493,7 +606,7 @@ class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
         else:
             return "Unknown coolness."
 
-    @admin.display(description='Value in $US')
+    @admin.display(description="Value in $US")
     def value(self, instance):
         return 1000
 
@@ -511,10 +624,10 @@ class FieldOverridePostForm(forms.ModelForm):
 
     class Meta:
         help_texts = {
-            'posted': 'Overridden help text for the date',
+            "posted": "Overridden help text for the date",
         }
         labels = {
-            'public': 'Overridden public label',
+            "public": "Overridden public label",
         }
 
 
@@ -524,7 +637,7 @@ class FieldOverridePostAdmin(PostAdmin):
 
 class CustomChangeList(ChangeList):
     def get_queryset(self, request):
-        return self.root_queryset.order_by('pk').filter(pk=9999)  # Doesn't exist
+        return self.root_queryset.order_by("pk").filter(pk=9999)  # Doesn't exist
 
 
 class GadgetAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -533,23 +646,23 @@ class GadgetAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class ToppingAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    readonly_fields = ('pizzas',)
+    readonly_fields = ("pizzas",)
 
 
 class PizzaAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    readonly_fields = ('toppings',)
+    readonly_fields = ("toppings",)
 
 
 class ReadOnlyRelatedFieldAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    readonly_fields = ('chapter', 'language', 'user')
+    readonly_fields = ("chapter", "language", "user")
 
 
 class StudentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    search_fields = ('name',)
+    search_fields = ("name",)
 
 
 class ReadOnlyPizzaAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    readonly_fields = ('name', 'toppings')
+    readonly_fields = ("name", "toppings")
 
     def has_add_permission(self, request):
         return False
@@ -562,13 +675,13 @@ class ReadOnlyPizzaAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class WorkHourAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('datum', 'employee')
-    list_filter = ('employee',)
+    list_display = ("datum", "employee")
+    list_filter = ("employee",)
 
 
 class FoodDeliveryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('reference', 'driver', 'restaurant')
-    list_editable = ('driver', 'restaurant')
+    list_display = ("reference", "driver", "restaurant")
+    list_editable = ("driver", "restaurant")
 
 
 class CoverLetterAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -580,7 +693,7 @@ class CoverLetterAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     """
 
     def get_queryset(self, request):
-        return super().get_queryset(request).defer('date_written')
+        return super().get_queryset(request).defer("date_written")
 
 
 class PaperAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -592,7 +705,7 @@ class PaperAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     """
 
     def get_queryset(self, request):
-        return super().get_queryset(request).only('title')
+        return super().get_queryset(request).only("title")
 
 
 class ShortMessageAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -604,7 +717,7 @@ class ShortMessageAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     """
 
     def get_queryset(self, request):
-        return super().get_queryset(request).defer('timestamp')
+        return super().get_queryset(request).defer("timestamp")
 
 
 class TelegramAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -616,45 +729,47 @@ class TelegramAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     """
 
     def get_queryset(self, request):
-        return super().get_queryset(request).only('title')
+        return super().get_queryset(request).only("title")
 
 
 class StoryForm(forms.ModelForm):
     class Meta:
-        widgets = {'title': forms.HiddenInput}
+        widgets = {"title": forms.HiddenInput}
 
 
 class StoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('id', 'title', 'content')
-    list_display_links = ('title',)  # 'id' not in list_display_links
-    list_editable = ('content',)
+    list_display = ("id", "title", "content")
+    list_display_links = ("title",)  # 'id' not in list_display_links
+    list_editable = ("content",)
     form = StoryForm
-    ordering = ['-id']
+    ordering = ["-id"]
 
 
 class OtherStoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('id', 'title', 'content')
-    list_display_links = ('title', 'id')  # 'id' in list_display_links
-    list_editable = ('content',)
-    ordering = ['-id']
+    list_display = ("id", "title", "content")
+    list_display_links = ("title", "id")  # 'id' in list_display_links
+    list_editable = ("content",)
+    ordering = ["-id"]
 
 
 class ComplexSortedPersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('name', 'age', 'is_employee', 'colored_name')
-    ordering = ('name',)
+    list_display = ("name", "age", "is_employee", "colored_name")
+    ordering = ("name",)
 
-    @admin.display(ordering='name')
+    @admin.display(ordering="name")
     def colored_name(self, obj):
         return format_html('<span style="color: #ff00ff;">{}</span>', obj.name)
 
 
 class PluggableSearchPersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('name', 'age')
-    search_fields = ('name',)
+    list_display = ("name", "age")
+    search_fields = ("name",)
 
     def get_search_results(self, request, queryset, search_term):
         queryset, may_have_duplicates = super().get_search_results(
-            request, queryset, search_term,
+            request,
+            queryset,
+            search_term,
         )
         try:
             search_term_as_int = int(search_term)
@@ -666,51 +781,50 @@ class PluggableSearchPersonAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class AlbumAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_filter = ['title']
+    list_filter = ["title"]
 
 
 class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    ordering = ['-posted']
-    search_fields = ['question']
-    autocomplete_fields = ['related_questions']
+    ordering = ["-posted"]
+    search_fields = ["question"]
+    autocomplete_fields = ["related_questions"]
 
 
 class AnswerAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    autocomplete_fields = ['question']
+    autocomplete_fields = ["question"]
 
 
 class PrePopulatedPostLargeSlugAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    prepopulated_fields = {
-        'slug': ('title',)
-    }
+    prepopulated_fields = {"slug": ("title",)}
 
 
 class AdminOrderedFieldAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    ordering = ('order',)
-    list_display = ('stuff', 'order')
+    ordering = ("order",)
+    list_display = ("stuff", "order")
 
 
 class AdminOrderedModelMethodAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    ordering = ('order',)
-    list_display = ('stuff', 'some_order')
+    ordering = ("order",)
+    list_display = ("stuff", "some_order")
 
 
 class AdminOrderedAdminMethodAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    @admin.display(ordering='order')
+    @admin.display(ordering="order")
     def some_admin_order(self, obj):
         return obj.order
-    ordering = ('order',)
-    list_display = ('stuff', 'some_admin_order')
+
+    ordering = ("order",)
+    list_display = ("stuff", "some_admin_order")
 
 
-@admin.display(ordering='order')
+@admin.display(ordering="order")
 def admin_ordered_callable(obj):
     return obj.order
 
 
 class AdminOrderedCallableAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    ordering = ('order',)
-    list_display = ('stuff', admin_ordered_callable)
+    ordering = ("order",)
+    list_display = ("stuff", admin_ordered_callable)
 
 
 class ReportAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -719,60 +833,67 @@ class ReportAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
     def get_urls(self):
         # Corner case: Don't call parent implementation
-        return [path('extra/', self.extra, name='cable_extra')]
+        return [path("extra/", self.extra, name="cable_extra")]
 
 
 class CustomTemplateBooleanFieldListFilter(BooleanFieldListFilter):
-    template = 'custom_filter_template.html'
+    template = "custom_filter_template.html"
 
 
 class CustomTemplateFilterColorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_filter = (('warm', CustomTemplateBooleanFieldListFilter),)
+    list_filter = (("warm", CustomTemplateBooleanFieldListFilter),)
 
 
 # For Selenium Prepopulated tests -------------------------------------
 class RelatedPrepopulatedInline1(admin.StackedInline):
     fieldsets = (
-        (None, {
-            'fields': (
-                ('fk', 'm2m'),
-                ('pubdate', 'status'),
-                ('name', 'slug1', 'slug2',),
-            ),
-        }),
+        (
+            None,
+            {
+                "fields": (
+                    ("fk", "m2m"),
+                    ("pubdate", "status"),
+                    (
+                        "name",
+                        "slug1",
+                        "slug2",
+                    ),
+                ),
+            },
+        ),
     )
-    formfield_overrides = {models.CharField: {'strip': False}}
+    formfield_overrides = {models.CharField: {"strip": False}}
     model = RelatedPrepopulated
     extra = 1
-    autocomplete_fields = ['fk', 'm2m']
+    autocomplete_fields = ["fk", "m2m"]
     prepopulated_fields = {
-        'slug1': ['name', 'pubdate'],
-        'slug2': ['status', 'name'],
+        "slug1": ["name", "pubdate"],
+        "slug2": ["status", "name"],
     }
 
 
 class RelatedPrepopulatedInline2(admin.TabularInline):
     model = RelatedPrepopulated
     extra = 1
-    autocomplete_fields = ['fk', 'm2m']
+    autocomplete_fields = ["fk", "m2m"]
     prepopulated_fields = {
-        'slug1': ['name', 'pubdate'],
-        'slug2': ['status', 'name'],
+        "slug1": ["name", "pubdate"],
+        "slug2": ["status", "name"],
     }
 
 
 class RelatedPrepopulatedInline3(admin.TabularInline):
     model = RelatedPrepopulated
     extra = 0
-    autocomplete_fields = ['fk', 'm2m']
+    autocomplete_fields = ["fk", "m2m"]
 
 
 class RelatedPrepopulatedStackedInlineNoFieldsets(admin.StackedInline):
     model = RelatedPrepopulated
     extra = 1
     prepopulated_fields = {
-        'slug1': ['name', 'pubdate'],
-        'slug2': ['status'],
+        "slug1": ["name", "pubdate"],
+        "slug2": ["status"],
     }
 
 
@@ -784,28 +905,29 @@ class MainPrepopulatedAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
         RelatedPrepopulatedStackedInlineNoFieldsets,
     ]
     fieldsets = (
-        (None, {
-            'fields': (('pubdate', 'status'), ('name', 'slug1', 'slug2', 'slug3'))
-        }),
+        (
+            None,
+            {"fields": (("pubdate", "status"), ("name", "slug1", "slug2", "slug3"))},
+        ),
     )
-    formfield_overrides = {models.CharField: {'strip': False}}
+    formfield_overrides = {models.CharField: {"strip": False}}
     prepopulated_fields = {
-        'slug1': ['name', 'pubdate'],
-        'slug2': ['status', 'name'],
-        'slug3': ['name'],
+        "slug1": ["name", "pubdate"],
+        "slug2": ["status", "name"],
+        "slug3": ["name"],
     }
 
 
 class UnorderedObjectAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ['id', 'name']
-    list_display_links = ['id']
-    list_editable = ['name']
+    list_display = ["id", "name"]
+    list_display_links = ["id"]
+    list_editable = ["name"]
     list_per_page = 2
 
 
 class UndeletableObjectAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     def change_view(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['extra_context'] = {'show_delete': False}
+        kwargs["extra_context"] = {"show_delete": False}
         return super().change_view(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
@@ -831,8 +953,14 @@ class CustomManagerAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class MessageTestingAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    actions = ["message_debug", "message_info", "message_success",
-               "message_warning", "message_error", "message_extra_tags"]
+    actions = [
+        "message_debug",
+        "message_info",
+        "message_success",
+        "message_warning",
+        "message_error",
+        "message_extra_tags",
+    ]
 
     @admin.action
     def message_debug(self, request, selected):
@@ -860,9 +988,9 @@ class MessageTestingAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class ChoiceList(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ['choice']
-    readonly_fields = ['choice']
-    fields = ['choice']
+    list_display = ["choice"]
+    readonly_fields = ["choice"]
+    fields = ["choice"]
 
 
 class DependentChildAdminForm(forms.ModelForm):
@@ -870,11 +998,16 @@ class DependentChildAdminForm(forms.ModelForm):
     Issue #20522
     Form to test child dependency on parent object's validation
     """
+
     def clean(self):
-        parent = self.cleaned_data.get('parent')
-        if parent.family_name and parent.family_name != self.cleaned_data.get('family_name'):
-            raise ValidationError("Children must share a family name with their parents " +
-                                  "in this contrived test case")
+        parent = self.cleaned_data.get("parent")
+        if parent.family_name and parent.family_name != self.cleaned_data.get(
+            "family_name"
+        ):
+            raise ValidationError(
+                "Children must share a family name with their parents "
+                + "in this contrived test case"
+            )
         return super().clean()
 
 
@@ -889,6 +1022,7 @@ class ParentWithDependentChildrenAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 # Tests for ticket 11277 ----------------------------------
 
+
 class FormWithoutHiddenField(forms.ModelForm):
     first = forms.CharField()
     second = forms.CharField()
@@ -907,9 +1041,12 @@ class FormWithVisibleAndHiddenField(forms.ModelForm):
 class EmptyModelVisibleAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     form = FormWithoutHiddenField
     fieldsets = (
-        (None, {
-            'fields': (('first', 'second'),),
-        }),
+        (
+            None,
+            {
+                "fields": (("first", "second"),),
+            },
+        ),
     )
 
 
@@ -933,8 +1070,8 @@ class StateAdminForm(forms.ModelForm):
 
     class Meta:
         model = State
-        fields = '__all__'
-        labels = {'name': 'State name (from form’s Meta.labels)'}
+        fields = "__all__"
+        labels = {"name": "State name (from form’s Meta.labels)"}
 
     @property
     def changed_data(self):
@@ -942,7 +1079,7 @@ class StateAdminForm(forms.ModelForm):
         if data:
             # Add arbitrary name to changed_data to test
             # change message construction.
-            return data + ['not_a_form_field']
+            return data + ["not_a_form_field"]
         return data
 
 
@@ -963,20 +1100,20 @@ class CityAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     def get_formset_kwargs(self, request, obj, inline, prefix):
         return {
             **super().get_formset_kwargs(request, obj, inline, prefix),
-            'form_kwargs': {'initial': {'name': 'overridden_name'}},
+            "form_kwargs": {"initial": {"name": "overridden_name"}},
         }
 
 
 class WorkerAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     def view_on_site(self, obj):
-        return '/worker/%s/%s/' % (obj.surname, obj.name)
+        return "/worker/%s/%s/" % (obj.surname, obj.name)
 
 
 class WorkerInlineAdmin(admin.TabularInline):
     model = Worker
 
     def view_on_site(self, obj):
-        return '/worker_inline/%s/%s/' % (obj.surname, obj.name)
+        return "/worker_inline/%s/%s/" % (obj.surname, obj.name)
 
 
 class RestaurantAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
@@ -984,11 +1121,11 @@ class RestaurantAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     view_on_site = False
 
     def get_changeform_initial_data(self, request):
-        return {'name': 'overridden_value'}
+        return {"name": "overridden_value"}
 
 
 class FunkyTagAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('name', 'content_object')
+    list_display = ("name", "content_object")
 
 
 class InlineReferenceInline(admin.TabularInline):
@@ -1000,11 +1137,11 @@ class InlineRefererAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
 
 class PlotReadonlyAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    readonly_fields = ('plotdetails',)
+    readonly_fields = ("plotdetails",)
 
 
 class GetFormsetsArgumentCheckingAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    fields = ['name']
+    fields = ["name"]
 
     def add_view(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         request.is_add_view = True
@@ -1016,19 +1153,26 @@ class GetFormsetsArgumentCheckingAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
 
     def get_formsets_with_inlines(self, request, obj=None):
         if request.is_add_view and obj is not None:
-            raise Exception("'obj' passed to get_formsets_with_inlines wasn't None during add_view")
+            raise Exception(
+                "'obj' passed to get_formsets_with_inlines wasn't None during add_view"
+            )
         if not request.is_add_view and obj is None:
-            raise Exception("'obj' passed to get_formsets_with_inlines was None during change_view")
+            raise Exception(
+                "'obj' passed to get_formsets_with_inlines was None during change_view"
+            )
         return super().get_formsets_with_inlines(request, obj)
 
 
 site = admin.AdminSite(name="admin")
-site.site_url = '/my-site-url/'
+site.site_url = "/my-site-url/"
 site.register(Article, ArticleAdmin)
 site.register(CustomArticle, CustomArticleAdmin)
 site.register(
-    Section, save_as=True, inlines=[ArticleInline],
-    readonly_fields=['name_property'], search_fields=['name'],
+    Section,
+    save_as=True,
+    inlines=[ArticleInline],
+    readonly_fields=["name_property"],
+    search_fields=["name"],
 )
 site.register(ModelWithStringPrimaryKey)
 site.register(Color)
@@ -1091,7 +1235,7 @@ site.register(InlineReferer, InlineRefererAdmin)
 site.register(ReferencedByGenRel)
 site.register(GenRelReference)
 site.register(ParentWithUUIDPK)
-site.register(RelatedPrepopulated, search_fields=['name'])
+site.register(RelatedPrepopulated, search_fields=["name"])
 site.register(RelatedWithUUIDPKModel)
 site.register(ReadOnlyRelatedField, ReadOnlyRelatedFieldAdmin)
 
@@ -1113,8 +1257,8 @@ site.register(Topping, ToppingAdmin)
 site.register(Album, AlbumAdmin)
 site.register(Song)
 site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)
-site.register(Answer, AnswerAdmin, date_hierarchy='question__posted')
-site.register(Answer2, date_hierarchy='question__expires')
+site.register(Answer, AnswerAdmin, date_hierarchy="question__posted")
+site.register(Answer2, date_hierarchy="question__expires")
 site.register(PrePopulatedPost, PrePopulatedPostAdmin)
 site.register(ComplexSortedPerson, ComplexSortedPersonAdmin)
 site.register(FilteredManager, CustomManagerAdmin)
@@ -1152,9 +1296,9 @@ site2.register(Group, GroupAdmin)
 site2.register(ParentWithUUIDPK)
 site2.register(
     RelatedWithUUIDPKModel,
-    list_display=['pk', 'parent'],
-    list_editable=['parent'],
-    raw_id_fields=['parent'],
+    list_display=["pk", "parent"],
+    list_editable=["parent"],
+    raw_id_fields=["parent"],
 )
 site2.register(Person, save_as_continue=False)
 site2.register(ReadOnlyRelatedField, ReadOnlyRelatedFieldAdmin)
@@ -1166,21 +1310,27 @@ site7.register(Section)
 site7.register(PrePopulatedPost, PrePopulatedPostReadOnlyAdmin)
 site7.register(
     Pizza,
-    filter_horizontal=['toppings'],
+    filter_horizontal=["toppings"],
     fieldsets=(
-        ('Collapsible', {
-            'classes': ['collapse'],
-            'fields': ['toppings'],
-        }),
+        (
+            "Collapsible",
+            {
+                "classes": ["collapse"],
+                "fields": ["toppings"],
+            },
+        ),
     ),
 )
 site7.register(
     Question,
-    filter_horizontal=['related_questions'],
+    filter_horizontal=["related_questions"],
     fieldsets=(
-        ('Not collapsible', {
-            'fields': ['related_questions'],
-        }),
+        (
+            "Not collapsible",
+            {
+                "fields": ["related_questions"],
+            },
+        ),
     ),
 )
 
@@ -1188,37 +1338,42 @@ site7.register(
 # Used to test ModelAdmin.sortable_by and get_sortable_by().
 class ArticleAdmin6(admin.ModelAdmin):
     list_display = (
-        'content', 'date', callable_year, 'model_year', 'modeladmin_year',
-        'model_year_reversed', 'section',
+        "content",
+        "date",
+        callable_year,
+        "model_year",
+        "modeladmin_year",
+        "model_year_reversed",
+        "section",
     )
-    sortable_by = ('date', callable_year)
+    sortable_by = ("date", callable_year)
 
-    @admin.display(ordering='date')
+    @admin.display(ordering="date")
     def modeladmin_year(self, obj):
         return obj.date.year
 
 
 class ActorAdmin6(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('name', 'age')
-    sortable_by = ('name',)
+    list_display = ("name", "age")
+    sortable_by = ("name",)
 
     def get_sortable_by(self, request):
-        return ('age',)
+        return ("age",)
 
 
 class ChapterAdmin6(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('title', 'book')
+    list_display = ("title", "book")
     sortable_by = ()
 
 
 class ColorAdmin6(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    list_display = ('value',)
+    list_display = ("value",)
 
     def get_sortable_by(self, request):
         return ()
 
 
-site6 = admin.AdminSite(name='admin6')
+site6 = admin.AdminSite(name="admin6")
 site6.register(Article, ArticleAdmin6)
 site6.register(Actor, ActorAdmin6)
 site6.register(Chapter, ChapterAdmin6)
@@ -1240,10 +1395,10 @@ class ActorAdmin9(admin.ModelAdmin):
         return urls
 
 
-site9 = admin.AdminSite(name='admin9')
+site9 = admin.AdminSite(name="admin9")
 site9.register(Article, ArticleAdmin9)
 site9.register(Actor, ActorAdmin9)
 
-site10 = admin.AdminSite(name='admin10')
+site10 = admin.AdminSite(name="admin10")
 site10.final_catch_all_view = False
 site10.register(Article, ArticleAdminWithExtraUrl)
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/custom_has_permission_admin.py b/tests/admin_views/custom_has_permission_admin.py
index 354f6a2418..6dc2011b24 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/custom_has_permission_admin.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/custom_has_permission_admin.py
@@ -6,24 +6,26 @@ from django.contrib.auth import get_permission_codename
 from django.contrib.auth.forms import AuthenticationForm
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 
-from . import admin as base_admin, models
+from . import admin as base_admin
+from . import models
 
-PERMISSION_NAME = 'admin_views.%s' % get_permission_codename('change', models.Article._meta)
+PERMISSION_NAME = "admin_views.%s" % get_permission_codename(
+    "change", models.Article._meta
+)
 
 
 class PermissionAdminAuthenticationForm(AuthenticationForm):
     def confirm_login_allowed(self, user):
         if not user.is_active or not (user.is_staff or user.has_perm(PERMISSION_NAME)):
-            raise ValidationError('permission denied')
+            raise ValidationError("permission denied")
 
 
 class HasPermissionAdmin(admin.AdminSite):
     login_form = PermissionAdminAuthenticationForm
 
     def has_permission(self, request):
-        return (
-            request.user.is_active and
-            (request.user.is_staff or request.user.has_perm(PERMISSION_NAME))
+        return request.user.is_active and (
+            request.user.is_staff or request.user.has_perm(PERMISSION_NAME)
         )
 
 
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/customadmin.py b/tests/admin_views/customadmin.py
index a9d8a060b9..f9e1f6fe1a 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/customadmin.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/customadmin.py
@@ -7,32 +7,33 @@ from django.contrib.auth.models import User
 from django.http import HttpResponse
 from django.urls import path
 
-from . import admin as base_admin, forms, models
+from . import admin as base_admin
+from . import forms, models
 
 
 class Admin2(admin.AdminSite):
-    app_index_template = 'custom_admin/app_index.html'
+    app_index_template = "custom_admin/app_index.html"
     login_form = forms.CustomAdminAuthenticationForm
-    login_template = 'custom_admin/login.html'
-    logout_template = 'custom_admin/logout.html'
-    index_template = ['custom_admin/index.html']  # a list, to test fix for #18697
-    password_change_template = 'custom_admin/password_change_form.html'
-    password_change_done_template = 'custom_admin/password_change_done.html'
+    login_template = "custom_admin/login.html"
+    logout_template = "custom_admin/logout.html"
+    index_template = ["custom_admin/index.html"]  # a list, to test fix for #18697
+    password_change_template = "custom_admin/password_change_form.html"
+    password_change_done_template = "custom_admin/password_change_done.html"
 
     # A custom index view.
     def index(self, request, extra_context=None):
-        return super().index(request, {'foo': '*bar*'})
+        return super().index(request, {"foo": "*bar*"})
 
     def get_urls(self):
         return [
-            path('my_view/', self.admin_view(self.my_view), name='my_view'),
+            path("my_view/", self.admin_view(self.my_view), name="my_view"),
         ] + super().get_urls()
 
     def my_view(self, request):
         return HttpResponse("Django is a magical pony!")
 
     def password_change(self, request, extra_context=None):
-        return super().password_change(request, {'spam': 'eggs'})
+        return super().password_change(request, {"spam": "eggs"})
 
 
 class UserLimitedAdmin(UserAdmin):
@@ -43,19 +44,23 @@ class UserLimitedAdmin(UserAdmin):
 
 
 class CustomPwdTemplateUserAdmin(UserAdmin):
-    change_user_password_template = ['admin/auth/user/change_password.html']  # a list, to test fix for #18697
+    change_user_password_template = [
+        "admin/auth/user/change_password.html"
+    ]  # a list, to test fix for #18697
 
 
 class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     def get_deleted_objects(self, objs, request):
-        return ['a deletable object'], {'books': 1}, set(), []
+        return ["a deletable object"], {"books": 1}, set(), []
 
 
 site = Admin2(name="admin2")
 
 site.register(models.Article, base_admin.ArticleAdmin)
 site.register(models.Book, BookAdmin)
-site.register(models.Section, inlines=[base_admin.ArticleInline], search_fields=['name'])
+site.register(
+    models.Section, inlines=[base_admin.ArticleInline], search_fields=["name"]
+)
 site.register(models.Thing, base_admin.ThingAdmin)
 site.register(models.Fabric, base_admin.FabricAdmin)
 site.register(models.ChapterXtra1, base_admin.ChapterXtra1Admin)
@@ -63,5 +68,5 @@ site.register(User, UserLimitedAdmin)
 site.register(models.UndeletableObject, base_admin.UndeletableObjectAdmin)
 site.register(models.Simple, base_admin.AttributeErrorRaisingAdmin)
 
-simple_site = Admin2(name='admin4')
+simple_site = Admin2(name="admin4")
 simple_site.register(User, CustomPwdTemplateUserAdmin)
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/forms.py b/tests/admin_views/forms.py
index b25e49246a..e9d9c0a8a5 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/forms.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/forms.py
@@ -4,17 +4,16 @@ from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 
 
 class CustomAdminAuthenticationForm(AdminAuthenticationForm):
-
     class Media:
-        css = {'all': ('path/to/media.css',)}
+        css = {"all": ("path/to/media.css",)}
 
     def clean_username(self):
-        username = self.cleaned_data.get('username')
-        if username == 'customform':
-            raise ValidationError('custom form error')
+        username = self.cleaned_data.get("username")
+        if username == "customform":
+            raise ValidationError("custom form error")
         return username
 
 
 class MediaActionForm(ActionForm):
     class Media:
-        js = ['path/to/media.js']
+        js = ["path/to/media.js"]
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/models.py b/tests/admin_views/models.py
index c2972e0940..f6632816e8 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/models.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/models.py
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ import uuid
 
 from django.contrib import admin
 from django.contrib.auth.models import User
-from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import (
-    GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation,
-)
+from django.contrib.contenttypes.fields import GenericForeignKey, GenericRelation
 from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
 from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage
@@ -18,6 +16,7 @@ class Section(models.Model):
     A simple section that links to articles, to test linking to related items
     in admin views.
     """
+
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -35,26 +34,31 @@ class Article(models.Model):
     """
     A simple article to test admin views. Test backwards compatibility.
     """
+
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     content = models.TextField()
     date = models.DateTimeField()
     section = models.ForeignKey(Section, models.CASCADE, null=True, blank=True)
-    another_section = models.ForeignKey(Section, models.CASCADE, null=True, blank=True, related_name='+')
-    sub_section = models.ForeignKey(Section, models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True, related_name='+')
+    another_section = models.ForeignKey(
+        Section, models.CASCADE, null=True, blank=True, related_name="+"
+    )
+    sub_section = models.ForeignKey(
+        Section, models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True, related_name="+"
+    )
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
-    @admin.display(ordering='date', description='')
+    @admin.display(ordering="date", description="")
     def model_year(self):
         return self.date.year
 
-    @admin.display(ordering='-date', description='')
+    @admin.display(ordering="-date", description="")
     def model_year_reversed(self):
         return self.date.year
 
     @property
-    @admin.display(ordering='date')
+    @admin.display(ordering="date")
     def model_property_year(self):
         return self.date.year
 
@@ -67,14 +71,15 @@ class Book(models.Model):
     """
     A simple book that has chapters.
     """
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Name?')
+
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Name?")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
 
 
 class Promo(models.Model):
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Name?')
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Name?")
     book = models.ForeignKey(Book, models.CASCADE)
     author = models.ForeignKey(User, models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True)
 
@@ -83,33 +88,33 @@ class Promo(models.Model):
 
 
 class Chapter(models.Model):
-    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Title?')
+    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Title?")
     content = models.TextField()
     book = models.ForeignKey(Book, models.CASCADE)
 
     class Meta:
         # Use a utf-8 bytestring to ensure it works (see #11710)
-        verbose_name = '¿Chapter?'
+        verbose_name = "¿Chapter?"
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.title
 
 
 class ChapterXtra1(models.Model):
-    chap = models.OneToOneField(Chapter, models.CASCADE, verbose_name='¿Chap?')
-    xtra = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Xtra?')
+    chap = models.OneToOneField(Chapter, models.CASCADE, verbose_name="¿Chap?")
+    xtra = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Xtra?")
     guest_author = models.ForeignKey(User, models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '¿Xtra1: %s' % self.xtra
+        return "¿Xtra1: %s" % self.xtra
 
 
 class ChapterXtra2(models.Model):
-    chap = models.OneToOneField(Chapter, models.CASCADE, verbose_name='¿Chap?')
-    xtra = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='¿Xtra?')
+    chap = models.OneToOneField(Chapter, models.CASCADE, verbose_name="¿Chap?")
+    xtra = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="¿Xtra?")
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '¿Xtra2: %s' % self.xtra
+        return "¿Xtra2: %s" % self.xtra
 
 
 class RowLevelChangePermissionModel(models.Model):
@@ -128,7 +133,7 @@ class ModelWithStringPrimaryKey(models.Model):
         return self.string_pk
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/dummy/%s/' % self.string_pk
+        return "/dummy/%s/" % self.string_pk
 
 
 class Color(models.Model):
@@ -147,7 +152,7 @@ class Color2(Color):
 
 class Thing(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=20)
-    color = models.ForeignKey(Color, models.CASCADE, limit_choices_to={'warm': True})
+    color = models.ForeignKey(Color, models.CASCADE, limit_choices_to={"warm": True})
     pub_date = models.DateField(blank=True, null=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -178,22 +183,22 @@ class Sketch(models.Model):
         Inquisition,
         models.CASCADE,
         limit_choices_to={
-            'leader__name': 'Palin',
-            'leader__age': 27,
-            'expected': False,
+            "leader__name": "Palin",
+            "leader__age": 27,
+            "expected": False,
         },
     )
     defendant0 = models.ForeignKey(
         Actor,
         models.CASCADE,
-        limit_choices_to={'title__isnull': False},
-        related_name='as_defendant0',
+        limit_choices_to={"title__isnull": False},
+        related_name="as_defendant0",
     )
     defendant1 = models.ForeignKey(
         Actor,
         models.CASCADE,
-        limit_choices_to={'title__isnull': True},
-        related_name='as_defendant1',
+        limit_choices_to={"title__isnull": True},
+        related_name="as_defendant1",
     )
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -224,7 +229,9 @@ class StumpJoke(models.Model):
         limit_choices_to=today_callable_dict,
         related_name="+",
     )
-    has_fooled_today = models.ManyToManyField(Character, limit_choices_to=today_callable_q, related_name="+")
+    has_fooled_today = models.ManyToManyField(
+        Character, limit_choices_to=today_callable_q, related_name="+"
+    )
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.variation
@@ -232,11 +239,14 @@ class StumpJoke(models.Model):
 
 class Fabric(models.Model):
     NG_CHOICES = (
-        ('Textured', (
-            ('x', 'Horizontal'),
-            ('y', 'Vertical'),
-        )),
-        ('plain', 'Smooth'),
+        (
+            "Textured",
+            (
+                ("x", "Horizontal"),
+                ("y", "Vertical"),
+            ),
+        ),
+        ("plain", "Smooth"),
     )
     surface = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=NG_CHOICES)
 
@@ -260,6 +270,7 @@ class Persona(models.Model):
     A simple persona associated with accounts, to test inlining of related
     accounts which inherit from a common accounts class.
     """
+
     name = models.CharField(blank=False, max_length=80)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -271,9 +282,10 @@ class Account(models.Model):
     A simple, generic account encapsulating the information shared by all
     types of accounts.
     """
+
     username = models.CharField(blank=False, max_length=80)
     persona = models.ForeignKey(Persona, models.CASCADE, related_name="accounts")
-    servicename = 'generic service'
+    servicename = "generic service"
 
     def __str__(self):
         return "%s: %s" % (self.servicename, self.username)
@@ -281,12 +293,14 @@ class Account(models.Model):
 
 class FooAccount(Account):
     """A service-specific account of type Foo."""
-    servicename = 'foo'
+
+    servicename = "foo"
 
 
 class BarAccount(Account):
     """A service-specific account of type Bar."""
-    servicename = 'bar'
+
+    servicename = "bar"
 
 
 class Subscriber(models.Model):
@@ -313,11 +327,13 @@ class Podcast(Media):
     release_date = models.DateField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('release_date',)  # overridden in PodcastAdmin
+        ordering = ("release_date",)  # overridden in PodcastAdmin
 
 
 class Vodcast(Media):
-    media = models.OneToOneField(Media, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True, parent_link=True)
+    media = models.OneToOneField(
+        Media, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True, parent_link=True
+    )
     released = models.BooleanField(default=False)
 
 
@@ -325,8 +341,8 @@ class Parent(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
 
     def clean(self):
-        if self.name == '_invalid':
-            raise ValidationError('invalid')
+        if self.name == "_invalid":
+            raise ValidationError("invalid")
 
 
 class Child(models.Model):
@@ -334,19 +350,20 @@ class Child(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=30, blank=True)
 
     def clean(self):
-        if self.name == '_invalid':
-            raise ValidationError('invalid')
+        if self.name == "_invalid":
+            raise ValidationError("invalid")
 
 
 class PKChild(models.Model):
     """
     Used to check autocomplete to_field resolution when ForeignKey is PK.
     """
+
     parent = models.ForeignKey(Parent, models.CASCADE, primary_key=True)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=128)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['parent']
+        ordering = ["parent"]
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -370,7 +387,7 @@ class Gallery(models.Model):
 
 class Picture(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    image = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to='test_upload')
+    image = models.FileField(storage=temp_storage, upload_to="test_upload")
     gallery = models.ForeignKey(Gallery, models.CASCADE, related_name="pictures")
 
 
@@ -384,7 +401,7 @@ class Language(models.Model):
         return self.iso
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('iso',)
+        ordering = ("iso",)
 
 
 # a base class for Recommender and Recommendation
@@ -446,10 +463,10 @@ class Category(models.Model):
     order = models.PositiveIntegerField()
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ('order',)
+        ordering = ("order",)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s:o%s' % (self.id, self.order)
+        return "%s:o%s" % (self.id, self.order)
 
 
 def link_posted_default():
@@ -476,12 +493,16 @@ class PrePopulatedSubPost(models.Model):
 
 
 class Post(models.Model):
-    title = models.CharField(max_length=100, help_text='Some help text for the title (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)')
-    content = models.TextField(help_text='Some help text for the content (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)')
+    title = models.CharField(
+        max_length=100, help_text="Some help text for the title (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)"
+    )
+    content = models.TextField(
+        help_text="Some help text for the content (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)"
+    )
     readonly_content = models.TextField()
     posted = models.DateField(
         default=datetime.date.today,
-        help_text='Some help text for the date (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)',
+        help_text="Some help text for the date (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)",
     )
     public = models.BooleanField(null=True, blank=True)
 
@@ -519,7 +540,7 @@ class FunkyTag(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=25)
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, models.CASCADE)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -527,8 +548,8 @@ class FunkyTag(models.Model):
 
 class Plot(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    team_leader = models.ForeignKey(Villain, models.CASCADE, related_name='lead_plots')
-    contact = models.ForeignKey(Villain, models.CASCADE, related_name='contact_plots')
+    team_leader = models.ForeignKey(Villain, models.CASCADE, related_name="lead_plots")
+    contact = models.ForeignKey(Villain, models.CASCADE, related_name="contact_plots")
     tags = GenericRelation(FunkyTag)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -549,7 +570,8 @@ class PlotProxy(Plot):
 
 
 class SecretHideout(models.Model):
-    """ Secret! Not registered with the admin! """
+    """Secret! Not registered with the admin!"""
+
     location = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     villain = models.ForeignKey(Villain, models.CASCADE)
 
@@ -558,7 +580,8 @@ class SecretHideout(models.Model):
 
 
 class SuperSecretHideout(models.Model):
-    """ Secret! Not registered with the admin! """
+    """Secret! Not registered with the admin!"""
+
     location = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     supervillain = models.ForeignKey(SuperVillain, models.CASCADE)
 
@@ -568,7 +591,7 @@ class SuperSecretHideout(models.Model):
 
 class Bookmark(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=60)
-    tag = GenericRelation(FunkyTag, related_query_name='bookmark')
+    tag = GenericRelation(FunkyTag, related_query_name="bookmark")
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -576,7 +599,7 @@ class Bookmark(models.Model):
 
 class CyclicOne(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=25)
-    two = models.ForeignKey('CyclicTwo', models.CASCADE)
+    two = models.ForeignKey("CyclicTwo", models.CASCADE)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.name
@@ -599,7 +622,7 @@ class Topping(models.Model):
 
 class Pizza(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=20)
-    toppings = models.ManyToManyField('Topping', related_name='pizzas')
+    toppings = models.ManyToManyField("Topping", related_name="pizzas")
 
 
 # Pizza's ModelAdmin has readonly_fields = ['toppings'].
@@ -634,7 +657,7 @@ class Employee(Person):
     code = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
     class Meta:
-        ordering = ['name']
+        ordering = ["name"]
 
 
 class WorkHour(models.Model):
@@ -646,6 +669,7 @@ class Manager(Employee):
     """
     A multi-layer MTI child.
     """
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -658,7 +682,7 @@ class Question(models.Model):
     question = models.CharField(max_length=20)
     posted = models.DateField(default=datetime.date.today)
     expires = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)
-    related_questions = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+    related_questions = models.ManyToManyField("self")
     uuid = models.UUIDField(default=uuid.uuid4, unique=True)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -668,12 +692,15 @@ class Question(models.Model):
 class Answer(models.Model):
     question = models.ForeignKey(Question, models.PROTECT)
     question_with_to_field = models.ForeignKey(
-        Question, models.SET_NULL,
-        blank=True, null=True, to_field='uuid',
-        related_name='uuid_answers',
-        limit_choices_to=~models.Q(question__istartswith='not'),
+        Question,
+        models.SET_NULL,
+        blank=True,
+        null=True,
+        to_field="uuid",
+        related_name="uuid_answers",
+        limit_choices_to=~models.Q(question__istartswith="not"),
     )
-    related_answers = models.ManyToManyField('self')
+    related_answers = models.ManyToManyField("self")
     answer = models.CharField(max_length=20)
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -692,17 +719,19 @@ class Reservation(models.Model):
 
 class FoodDelivery(models.Model):
     DRIVER_CHOICES = (
-        ('bill', 'Bill G'),
-        ('steve', 'Steve J'),
+        ("bill", "Bill G"),
+        ("steve", "Steve J"),
     )
     RESTAURANT_CHOICES = (
-        ('indian', 'A Taste of India'),
-        ('thai', 'Thai Pography'),
-        ('pizza', 'Pizza Mama'),
+        ("indian", "A Taste of India"),
+        ("thai", "Thai Pography"),
+        ("pizza", "Pizza Mama"),
     )
     reference = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     driver = models.CharField(max_length=100, choices=DRIVER_CHOICES, blank=True)
-    restaurant = models.CharField(max_length=100, choices=RESTAURANT_CHOICES, blank=True)
+    restaurant = models.CharField(
+        max_length=100, choices=RESTAURANT_CHOICES, blank=True
+    )
 
     class Meta:
         unique_together = (("driver", "restaurant"),)
@@ -761,6 +790,7 @@ class PrePopulatedPostLargeSlug(models.Model):
     be localized in prepopulated_fields_js.html or it might end up breaking
     the JavaScript (ie, using THOUSAND_SEPARATOR ends up with maxLength=1,000)
     """
+
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
     published = models.BooleanField(default=False)
     # `db_index=False` because MySQL cannot index large CharField (#21196).
@@ -776,7 +806,7 @@ class AdminOrderedModelMethod(models.Model):
     order = models.IntegerField()
     stuff = models.CharField(max_length=200)
 
-    @admin.display(ordering='order')
+    @admin.display(ordering="order")
     def some_order(self):
         return self.order
 
@@ -803,8 +833,8 @@ class MainPrepopulated(models.Model):
     pubdate = models.DateField()
     status = models.CharField(
         max_length=20,
-        choices=(('option one', 'Option One'),
-                 ('option two', 'Option Two')))
+        choices=(("option one", "Option One"), ("option two", "Option Two")),
+    )
     slug1 = models.SlugField(blank=True)
     slug2 = models.SlugField(blank=True)
     slug3 = models.SlugField(blank=True, allow_unicode=True)
@@ -813,13 +843,13 @@ class MainPrepopulated(models.Model):
 class RelatedPrepopulated(models.Model):
     parent = models.ForeignKey(MainPrepopulated, models.CASCADE)
     name = models.CharField(max_length=75)
-    fk = models.ForeignKey('self', models.CASCADE, blank=True, null=True)
-    m2m = models.ManyToManyField('self', blank=True)
+    fk = models.ForeignKey("self", models.CASCADE, blank=True, null=True)
+    m2m = models.ManyToManyField("self", blank=True)
     pubdate = models.DateField()
     status = models.CharField(
         max_length=20,
-        choices=(('option one', 'Option One'),
-                 ('option two', 'Option Two')))
+        choices=(("option one", "Option One"), ("option two", "Option Two")),
+    )
     slug1 = models.SlugField(max_length=50)
     slug2 = models.SlugField(max_length=60)
 
@@ -829,6 +859,7 @@ class UnorderedObject(models.Model):
     Model without any defined `Meta.ordering`.
     Refs #16819.
     """
+
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
     bool = models.BooleanField(default=True)
 
@@ -838,6 +869,7 @@ class UndeletableObject(models.Model):
     Model whose show_delete in admin change_view has been disabled
     Refs #10057.
     """
+
     name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
 
 
@@ -862,8 +894,9 @@ class Simple(models.Model):
 
 class Choice(models.Model):
     choice = models.IntegerField(
-        blank=True, null=True,
-        choices=((1, 'Yes'), (0, 'No'), (None, 'No opinion')),
+        blank=True,
+        null=True,
+        choices=((1, "Yes"), (0, "No"), (None, "No opinion")),
     )
 
 
@@ -873,6 +906,7 @@ class ParentWithDependentChildren(models.Model):
     Model where the validation of child foreign-key relationships depends
     on validation of the parent
     """
+
     some_required_info = models.PositiveIntegerField()
     family_name = models.CharField(max_length=255, blank=False)
 
@@ -883,6 +917,7 @@ class DependentChild(models.Model):
     Model that depends on validation of the parent class for one of its
     fields to validate during clean
     """
+
     parent = models.ForeignKey(ParentWithDependentChildren, models.CASCADE)
     family_name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
 
@@ -901,27 +936,27 @@ class FilteredManager(models.Model):
 
 
 class EmptyModelVisible(models.Model):
-    """ See ticket #11277. """
+    """See ticket #11277."""
 
 
 class EmptyModelHidden(models.Model):
-    """ See ticket #11277. """
+    """See ticket #11277."""
 
 
 class EmptyModelMixin(models.Model):
-    """ See ticket #11277. """
+    """See ticket #11277."""
 
 
 class State(models.Model):
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='State verbose_name')
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="State verbose_name")
 
 
 class City(models.Model):
     state = models.ForeignKey(State, models.CASCADE)
-    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name='City verbose_name')
+    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="City verbose_name")
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/dummy/%s/' % self.pk
+        return "/dummy/%s/" % self.pk
 
 
 class Restaurant(models.Model):
@@ -929,7 +964,7 @@ class Restaurant(models.Model):
     name = models.CharField(max_length=100)
 
     def get_absolute_url(self):
-        return '/dummy/%s/' % self.pk
+        return "/dummy/%s/" % self.pk
 
 
 class Worker(models.Model):
@@ -947,8 +982,8 @@ class ParentWithFK(models.Model):
     fk = models.ForeignKey(
         ReferencedByParent,
         models.CASCADE,
-        to_field='name',
-        related_name='hidden+',
+        to_field="name",
+        related_name="hidden+",
     )
 
 
@@ -970,8 +1005,8 @@ class InlineReference(models.Model):
     fk = models.ForeignKey(
         ReferencedByInline,
         models.CASCADE,
-        to_field='name',
-        related_name='hidden+',
+        to_field="name",
+        related_name="hidden+",
     )
 
 
@@ -981,12 +1016,12 @@ class Recipe(models.Model):
 
 class Ingredient(models.Model):
     iname = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True)
-    recipes = models.ManyToManyField(Recipe, through='RecipeIngredient')
+    recipes = models.ManyToManyField(Recipe, through="RecipeIngredient")
 
 
 class RecipeIngredient(models.Model):
-    ingredient = models.ForeignKey(Ingredient, models.CASCADE, to_field='iname')
-    recipe = models.ForeignKey(Recipe, models.CASCADE, to_field='rname')
+    ingredient = models.ForeignKey(Ingredient, models.CASCADE, to_field="iname")
+    recipe = models.ForeignKey(Recipe, models.CASCADE, to_field="rname")
 
 
 # Model for #23839
@@ -1008,7 +1043,7 @@ class ImplicitlyGeneratedPK(models.Model):
 class ReferencedByGenRel(models.Model):
     content_type = models.ForeignKey(ContentType, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
     object_id = models.PositiveIntegerField()
-    content_object = GenericForeignKey('content_type', 'object_id')
+    content_object = GenericForeignKey("content_type", "object_id")
 
 
 class GenRelReference(models.Model):
@@ -1024,7 +1059,9 @@ class ParentWithUUIDPK(models.Model):
 
 
 class RelatedWithUUIDPKModel(models.Model):
-    parent = models.ForeignKey(ParentWithUUIDPK, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True)
+    parent = models.ForeignKey(
+        ParentWithUUIDPK, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, null=True, blank=True
+    )
 
 
 class Author(models.Model):
@@ -1038,6 +1075,7 @@ class Authorship(models.Model):
 
 class UserProxy(User):
     """Proxy a model with a different app_label."""
+
     class Meta:
         proxy = True
 
@@ -1054,5 +1092,9 @@ class Héllo(models.Model):
 
 class Box(models.Model):
     title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
-    next_box = models.ForeignKey("self", null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, blank=True)
-    next_box = models.ForeignKey("self", null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, blank=True)
+    next_box = models.ForeignKey(
+        "self", null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, blank=True
+    )
+    next_box = models.ForeignKey(
+        "self", null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, blank=True
+    )
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/test_actions.py b/tests/admin_views/test_actions.py
index 6c5aa5ad53..2bdcff44ae 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/test_actions.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/test_actions.py
@@ -12,19 +12,29 @@ from django.urls import reverse
 from .admin import SubscriberAdmin
 from .forms import MediaActionForm
 from .models import (
-    Actor, Answer, Book, ExternalSubscriber, Question, Subscriber,
+    Actor,
+    Answer,
+    Book,
+    ExternalSubscriber,
+    Question,
+    Subscriber,
     UnchangeableObject,
 )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.s1 = ExternalSubscriber.objects.create(name='John Doe', email='john@example.org')
-        cls.s2 = Subscriber.objects.create(name='Max Mustermann', email='max@example.org')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = ExternalSubscriber.objects.create(
+            name="John Doe", email="john@example.org"
+        )
+        cls.s2 = Subscriber.objects.create(
+            name="Max Mustermann", email="max@example.org"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -33,44 +43,56 @@ class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
         """A custom action defined in a ModelAdmin method."""
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'mail_admin',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "mail_admin",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), action_data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Greetings from a ModelAdmin action')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, "Greetings from a ModelAdmin action")
 
     def test_model_admin_default_delete_action(self):
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk, self.s2.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
         delete_confirmation_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk, self.s2.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'post': 'yes',
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "post": "yes",
         }
-        confirmation = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), action_data)
+        confirmation = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertIsInstance(confirmation, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertContains(confirmation, 'Are you sure you want to delete the selected subscribers?')
-        self.assertContains(confirmation, '<h2>Summary</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(confirmation, '<li>Subscribers: 2</li>')
-        self.assertContains(confirmation, '<li>External subscribers: 1</li>')
+        self.assertContains(
+            confirmation, "Are you sure you want to delete the selected subscribers?"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(confirmation, "<h2>Summary</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(confirmation, "<li>Subscribers: 2</li>")
+        self.assertContains(confirmation, "<li>External subscribers: 1</li>")
         self.assertContains(confirmation, ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME, count=2)
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), delete_confirmation_data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), delete_confirmation_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(Subscriber.objects.count(), 0)
 
     def test_default_delete_action_nonexistent_pk(self):
         self.assertFalse(Subscriber.objects.filter(id=9998).exists())
         action_data = {
-            ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: ['9998'],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: ["9998"],
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), action_data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Are you sure you want to delete the selected subscribers?')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<ul></ul>', html=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "Are you sure you want to delete the selected subscribers?"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "<ul></ul>", html=True)
 
     @override_settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True, NUMBER_GROUPING=3)
     def test_non_localized_pk(self):
@@ -81,11 +103,13 @@ class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
         s = ExternalSubscriber.objects.create(id=9999)
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [s.pk, self.s2.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), action_data)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html")
         self.assertContains(response, 'value="9999"')  # Instead of 9,999
         self.assertContains(response, 'value="%s"' % self.s2.pk)
 
@@ -94,33 +118,43 @@ class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
         The default delete action where some related objects are protected
         from deletion.
         """
-        q1 = Question.objects.create(question='Why?')
-        a1 = Answer.objects.create(question=q1, answer='Because.')
-        a2 = Answer.objects.create(question=q1, answer='Yes.')
-        q2 = Question.objects.create(question='Wherefore?')
+        q1 = Question.objects.create(question="Why?")
+        a1 = Answer.objects.create(question=q1, answer="Because.")
+        a2 = Answer.objects.create(question=q1, answer="Yes.")
+        q2 = Question.objects.create(question="Wherefore?")
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [q1.pk, q2.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
         delete_confirmation_data = action_data.copy()
-        delete_confirmation_data['post'] = 'yes'
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_question_changelist'), action_data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'would require deleting the following protected related objects')
+        delete_confirmation_data["post"] = "yes"
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_question_changelist"), action_data
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "would require deleting the following protected related objects"
+        )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Because.</a></li>' % reverse('admin:admin_views_answer_change', args=(a1.pk,)),
-            html=True
+            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Because.</a></li>'
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_answer_change", args=(a1.pk,)),
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Yes.</a></li>' % reverse('admin:admin_views_answer_change', args=(a2.pk,)),
-            html=True
+            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Yes.</a></li>'
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_answer_change", args=(a2.pk,)),
+            html=True,
         )
         # A POST request to delete protected objects displays the page which
         # says the deletion is prohibited.
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_question_changelist'), delete_confirmation_data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'would require deleting the following protected related objects')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_question_changelist"), delete_confirmation_data
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "would require deleting the following protected related objects"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(Question.objects.count(), 2)
 
     def test_model_admin_default_delete_action_no_change_url(self):
@@ -131,58 +165,68 @@ class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
         obj = UnchangeableObject.objects.create()
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: obj.pk,
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': '0',
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": "0",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_unchangeableobject_changelist'), action_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_unchangeableobject_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         # No 500 caused by NoReverseMatch. The page doesn't display a link to
         # the nonexistent change page.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<li>Unchangeable object: %s</li>' % obj, 1, html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "<li>Unchangeable object: %s</li>" % obj, 1, html=True
+        )
 
     def test_delete_queryset_hook(self):
         delete_confirmation_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk, self.s2.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'post': 'yes',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "post": "yes",
+            "index": 0,
         }
         SubscriberAdmin.overridden = False
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), delete_confirmation_data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), delete_confirmation_data
+        )
         # SubscriberAdmin.delete_queryset() sets overridden to True.
         self.assertIs(SubscriberAdmin.overridden, True)
         self.assertEqual(Subscriber.objects.all().count(), 0)
 
     def test_delete_selected_uses_get_deleted_objects(self):
         """The delete_selected action uses ModelAdmin.get_deleted_objects()."""
-        book = Book.objects.create(name='Test Book')
+        book = Book.objects.create(name="Test Book")
         data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [book.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin2:admin_views_book_changelist'), data)
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin2:admin_views_book_changelist"), data)
         # BookAdmin.get_deleted_objects() returns custom text.
-        self.assertContains(response, 'a deletable object')
+        self.assertContains(response, "a deletable object")
 
     def test_custom_function_mail_action(self):
         """A custom action may be defined in a function."""
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'external_mail',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "external_mail",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist'), action_data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Greetings from a function action')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, "Greetings from a function action")
 
     def test_custom_function_action_with_redirect(self):
         """Another custom action defined in a function."""
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'redirect_to',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "redirect_to",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist'), action_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
 
     def test_default_redirect(self):
@@ -192,10 +236,10 @@ class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
         """
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'external_mail',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "external_mail",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist') + '?o=1'
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist") + "?o=1"
         response = self.client.post(url, action_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, url)
 
@@ -203,29 +247,37 @@ class AdminActionsTest(TestCase):
         """A custom action may return a StreamingHttpResponse."""
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'download',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "download",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist'), action_data)
-        content = b''.join(response.streaming_content)
-        self.assertEqual(content, b'This is the content of the file')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
+        content = b"".join(response.streaming_content)
+        self.assertEqual(content, b"This is the content of the file")
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_custom_function_action_no_perm_response(self):
         """A custom action may returns an HttpResponse with a 403 code."""
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'no_perm',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "no_perm",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist'), action_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
-        self.assertEqual(response.content, b'No permission to perform this action')
+        self.assertEqual(response.content, b"No permission to perform this action")
 
     def test_actions_ordering(self):
         """Actions are ordered as expected."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '''<label>Action: <select name="action" required>
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist")
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            """<label>Action: <select name="action" required>
 <option value="" selected>---------</option>
 <option value="delete_selected">Delete selected external
 subscribers</option>
@@ -234,15 +286,20 @@ subscribers</option>
 action)</option>
 <option value="download">Download subscription</option>
 <option value="no_perm">No permission to run</option>
-</select>''', html=True)
+</select>""",
+            html=True,
+        )
 
     def test_model_without_action(self):
         """A ModelAdmin might not have any actions."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_oldsubscriber_changelist'))
-        self.assertIsNone(response.context['action_form'])
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_oldsubscriber_changelist")
+        )
+        self.assertIsNone(response.context["action_form"])
         self.assertNotContains(
-            response, '<input type="checkbox" class="action-select"',
-            msg_prefix='Found an unexpected action toggle checkboxbox in response'
+            response,
+            '<input type="checkbox" class="action-select"',
+            msg_prefix="Found an unexpected action toggle checkboxbox in response",
         )
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<input type="checkbox" class="action-select"')
 
@@ -250,18 +307,21 @@ action)</option>
         """
         A ModelAdmin without any actions still has jQuery included on the page.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_oldsubscriber_changelist'))
-        self.assertIsNone(response.context['action_form'])
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_oldsubscriber_changelist")
+        )
+        self.assertIsNone(response.context["action_form"])
         self.assertContains(
-            response, 'jquery.min.js',
-            msg_prefix='jQuery missing from admin pages for model with no admin actions'
+            response,
+            "jquery.min.js",
+            msg_prefix="jQuery missing from admin pages for model with no admin actions",
         )
 
     def test_action_column_class(self):
         """The checkbox column class is present in the response."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'))
-        self.assertIsNotNone(response.context['action_form'])
-        self.assertContains(response, 'action-checkbox-column')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"))
+        self.assertIsNotNone(response.context["action_form"])
+        self.assertContains(response, "action-checkbox-column")
 
     def test_multiple_actions_form(self):
         """
@@ -270,24 +330,26 @@ action)</option>
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
             # Two different actions selected on the two forms...
-            'action': ['external_mail', 'delete_selected'],
+            "action": ["external_mail", "delete_selected"],
             # ...but "go" was clicked on the top form.
-            'index': 0
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist'), action_data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_externalsubscriber_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         # The action sends mail rather than deletes.
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Greetings from a function action')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, "Greetings from a function action")
 
     def test_media_from_actions_form(self):
         """
         The action form's media is included in the changelist view's media.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"))
         media_path = MediaActionForm.Media.js[0]
-        self.assertIsInstance(response.context['action_form'], MediaActionForm)
-        self.assertIn('media', response.context)
-        self.assertIn(media_path, response.context['media']._js)
+        self.assertIsInstance(response.context["action_form"], MediaActionForm)
+        self.assertIn("media", response.context)
+        self.assertIn(media_path, response.context["media"]._js)
         self.assertContains(response, media_path)
 
     def test_user_message_on_none_selected(self):
@@ -296,14 +358,14 @@ action)</option>
         """
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist')
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist")
         response = self.client.post(url, action_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, url, fetch_redirect_response=False)
         response = self.client.get(response.url)
-        msg = 'Items must be selected in order to perform actions on them. No items have been changed.'
+        msg = "Items must be selected in order to perform actions on them. No items have been changed."
         self.assertContains(response, msg)
         self.assertEqual(Subscriber.objects.count(), 2)
 
@@ -313,28 +375,28 @@ action)</option>
         """
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk, self.s2.pk],
-            'action': '',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist')
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist")
         response = self.client.post(url, action_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, url, fetch_redirect_response=False)
         response = self.client.get(response.url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'No action selected.')
+        self.assertContains(response, "No action selected.")
         self.assertEqual(Subscriber.objects.count(), 2)
 
     def test_selection_counter(self):
         """The selection counter is there."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '0 of 2 selected')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "0 of 2 selected")
 
     def test_popup_actions(self):
-        """ Actions aren't shown in popups."""
-        changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist')
+        """Actions aren't shown in popups."""
+        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(changelist_url)
-        self.assertIsNotNone(response.context['action_form'])
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url + '?%s' % IS_POPUP_VAR)
-        self.assertIsNone(response.context['action_form'])
+        self.assertIsNotNone(response.context["action_form"])
+        response = self.client.get(changelist_url + "?%s" % IS_POPUP_VAR)
+        self.assertIsNone(response.context["action_form"])
 
     def test_popup_template_response_on_add(self):
         """
@@ -342,78 +404,90 @@ action)</option>
         easy customization.
         """
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_actor_add') + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR,
-            {'name': 'Troy McClure', 'age': '55', IS_POPUP_VAR: '1'}
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_actor_add") + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR,
+            {"name": "Troy McClure", "age": "55", IS_POPUP_VAR: "1"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.template_name, [
-            'admin/admin_views/actor/popup_response.html',
-            'admin/admin_views/popup_response.html',
-            'admin/popup_response.html',
-        ])
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/popup_response.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.template_name,
+            [
+                "admin/admin_views/actor/popup_response.html",
+                "admin/admin_views/popup_response.html",
+                "admin/popup_response.html",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "admin/popup_response.html")
 
     def test_popup_template_response_on_change(self):
-        instance = Actor.objects.create(name='David Tennant', age=45)
+        instance = Actor.objects.create(name="David Tennant", age=45)
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_actor_change', args=(instance.pk,)) + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR,
-            {'name': 'David Tennant', 'age': '46', IS_POPUP_VAR: '1'}
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_actor_change", args=(instance.pk,))
+            + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR,
+            {"name": "David Tennant", "age": "46", IS_POPUP_VAR: "1"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.template_name, [
-            'admin/admin_views/actor/popup_response.html',
-            'admin/admin_views/popup_response.html',
-            'admin/popup_response.html',
-        ])
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/popup_response.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.template_name,
+            [
+                "admin/admin_views/actor/popup_response.html",
+                "admin/admin_views/popup_response.html",
+                "admin/popup_response.html",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "admin/popup_response.html")
 
     def test_popup_template_response_on_delete(self):
-        instance = Actor.objects.create(name='David Tennant', age=45)
+        instance = Actor.objects.create(name="David Tennant", age=45)
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_actor_delete', args=(instance.pk,)) + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR,
-            {IS_POPUP_VAR: '1'}
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_actor_delete", args=(instance.pk,))
+            + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR,
+            {IS_POPUP_VAR: "1"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.template_name, [
-            'admin/admin_views/actor/popup_response.html',
-            'admin/admin_views/popup_response.html',
-            'admin/popup_response.html',
-        ])
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/popup_response.html')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.template_name,
+            [
+                "admin/admin_views/actor/popup_response.html",
+                "admin/admin_views/popup_response.html",
+                "admin/popup_response.html",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "admin/popup_response.html")
 
     def test_popup_template_escaping(self):
-        popup_response_data = json.dumps({
-            'new_value': 'new_value\\',
-            'obj': 'obj\\',
-            'value': 'value\\',
-        })
+        popup_response_data = json.dumps(
+            {
+                "new_value": "new_value\\",
+                "obj": "obj\\",
+                "value": "value\\",
+            }
+        )
         context = {
-            'popup_response_data': popup_response_data,
+            "popup_response_data": popup_response_data,
         }
-        output = render_to_string('admin/popup_response.html', context)
-        self.assertIn(
-            r'&quot;value\\&quot;', output
-        )
-        self.assertIn(
-            r'&quot;new_value\\&quot;', output
-        )
-        self.assertIn(
-            r'&quot;obj\\&quot;', output
-        )
+        output = render_to_string("admin/popup_response.html", context)
+        self.assertIn(r"&quot;value\\&quot;", output)
+        self.assertIn(r"&quot;new_value\\&quot;", output)
+        self.assertIn(r"&quot;obj\\&quot;", output)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminActionsPermissionTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.s1 = ExternalSubscriber.objects.create(name='John Doe', email='john@example.org')
-        cls.s2 = Subscriber.objects.create(name='Max Mustermann', email='max@example.org')
+        cls.s1 = ExternalSubscriber.objects.create(
+            name="John Doe", email="john@example.org"
+        )
+        cls.s2 = Subscriber.objects.create(
+            name="Max Mustermann", email="max@example.org"
+        )
         cls.user = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='user', password='secret', email='user@example.com',
+            username="user",
+            password="secret",
+            email="user@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='change_subscriber')
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename="change_subscriber")
         cls.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -426,25 +500,27 @@ class AdminActionsPermissionTests(TestCase):
         """
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
+            "action": "delete_selected",
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist')
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist")
         response = self.client.post(url, action_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, url, fetch_redirect_response=False)
         response = self.client.get(response.url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'No action selected.')
+        self.assertContains(response, "No action selected.")
 
     def test_model_admin_no_delete_permission_externalsubscriber(self):
         """
         Permission is denied if the user doesn't have delete permission for a
         related model (ExternalSubscriber).
         """
-        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename='delete_subscriber')
+        permission = Permission.objects.get(codename="delete_subscriber")
         self.user.user_permissions.add(permission)
         delete_confirmation_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk, self.s2.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'post': 'yes',
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "post": "yes",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist'), delete_confirmation_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_subscriber_changelist"), delete_confirmation_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/test_adminsite.py b/tests/admin_views/test_adminsite.py
index 4874bc48c8..68a32567d8 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/test_adminsite.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/test_adminsite.py
@@ -12,71 +12,76 @@ site.register(User)
 site.register(Article)
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('test_admin/admin/', site.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin/", site.urls),
 ]
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.test_adminsite')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.test_adminsite")
 class SiteEachContextTest(TestCase):
     """
     Check each_context contains the documented variables and that available_apps context
     variable structure is the expected one.
     """
+
     request_factory = RequestFactory()
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.u1 = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.u1 = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
-        request = self.request_factory.get(reverse('test_adminsite:index'))
+        request = self.request_factory.get(reverse("test_adminsite:index"))
         request.user = self.u1
         self.ctx = site.each_context(request)
 
     def test_each_context(self):
         ctx = self.ctx
-        self.assertEqual(ctx['site_header'], 'Django administration')
-        self.assertEqual(ctx['site_title'], 'Django site admin')
-        self.assertEqual(ctx['site_url'], '/')
-        self.assertIs(ctx['has_permission'], True)
+        self.assertEqual(ctx["site_header"], "Django administration")
+        self.assertEqual(ctx["site_title"], "Django site admin")
+        self.assertEqual(ctx["site_url"], "/")
+        self.assertIs(ctx["has_permission"], True)
 
     def test_each_context_site_url_with_script_name(self):
-        request = self.request_factory.get(reverse('test_adminsite:index'), SCRIPT_NAME='/my-script-name/')
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            reverse("test_adminsite:index"), SCRIPT_NAME="/my-script-name/"
+        )
         request.user = self.u1
-        self.assertEqual(site.each_context(request)['site_url'], '/my-script-name/')
+        self.assertEqual(site.each_context(request)["site_url"], "/my-script-name/")
 
     def test_available_apps(self):
         ctx = self.ctx
-        apps = ctx['available_apps']
+        apps = ctx["available_apps"]
         # we have registered two models from two different apps
         self.assertEqual(len(apps), 2)
 
         # admin_views.Article
         admin_views = apps[0]
-        self.assertEqual(admin_views['app_label'], 'admin_views')
-        self.assertEqual(len(admin_views['models']), 1)
-        article = admin_views['models'][0]
-        self.assertEqual(article['object_name'], 'Article')
-        self.assertEqual(article['model'], Article)
+        self.assertEqual(admin_views["app_label"], "admin_views")
+        self.assertEqual(len(admin_views["models"]), 1)
+        article = admin_views["models"][0]
+        self.assertEqual(article["object_name"], "Article")
+        self.assertEqual(article["model"], Article)
 
         # auth.User
         auth = apps[1]
-        self.assertEqual(auth['app_label'], 'auth')
-        self.assertEqual(len(auth['models']), 1)
-        user = auth['models'][0]
-        self.assertEqual(user['object_name'], 'User')
-        self.assertEqual(user['model'], User)
+        self.assertEqual(auth["app_label"], "auth")
+        self.assertEqual(len(auth["models"]), 1)
+        user = auth["models"][0]
+        self.assertEqual(user["object_name"], "User")
+        self.assertEqual(user["model"], User)
 
-        self.assertEqual(auth['app_url'], '/test_admin/admin/auth/')
-        self.assertIs(auth['has_module_perms'], True)
+        self.assertEqual(auth["app_url"], "/test_admin/admin/auth/")
+        self.assertIs(auth["has_module_perms"], True)
 
-        self.assertIn('perms', user)
-        self.assertIs(user['perms']['add'], True)
-        self.assertIs(user['perms']['change'], True)
-        self.assertIs(user['perms']['delete'], True)
-        self.assertEqual(user['admin_url'], '/test_admin/admin/auth/user/')
-        self.assertEqual(user['add_url'], '/test_admin/admin/auth/user/add/')
-        self.assertEqual(user['name'], 'Users')
+        self.assertIn("perms", user)
+        self.assertIs(user["perms"]["add"], True)
+        self.assertIs(user["perms"]["change"], True)
+        self.assertIs(user["perms"]["delete"], True)
+        self.assertEqual(user["admin_url"], "/test_admin/admin/auth/user/")
+        self.assertEqual(user["add_url"], "/test_admin/admin/auth/user/add/")
+        self.assertEqual(user["name"], "Users")
 
 
 class SiteActionsTests(SimpleTestCase):
@@ -86,11 +91,12 @@ class SiteActionsTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_add_action(self):
         def test_action():
             pass
+
         self.site.add_action(test_action)
-        self.assertEqual(self.site.get_action('test_action'), test_action)
+        self.assertEqual(self.site.get_action("test_action"), test_action)
 
     def test_disable_action(self):
-        action_name = 'delete_selected'
+        action_name = "delete_selected"
         self.assertEqual(self.site._actions[action_name], delete_selected)
         self.site.disable_action(action_name)
         with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
@@ -98,7 +104,7 @@ class SiteActionsTests(SimpleTestCase):
 
     def test_get_action(self):
         """AdminSite.get_action() returns an action even if it's disabled."""
-        action_name = 'delete_selected'
+        action_name = "delete_selected"
         self.assertEqual(self.site.get_action(action_name), delete_selected)
         self.site.disable_action(action_name)
         self.assertEqual(self.site.get_action(action_name), delete_selected)
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/test_autocomplete_view.py b/tests/admin_views/test_autocomplete_view.py
index dfaba42009..febddc1547 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/test_autocomplete_view.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/test_autocomplete_view.py
@@ -14,8 +14,18 @@ from django.urls import reverse, reverse_lazy
 
 from .admin import AnswerAdmin, QuestionAdmin
 from .models import (
-    Answer, Author, Authorship, Bonus, Book, Employee, Manager, Parent,
-    PKChild, Question, Toy, WorkHour,
+    Answer,
+    Author,
+    Authorship,
+    Bonus,
+    Book,
+    Employee,
+    Manager,
+    Parent,
+    PKChild,
+    Question,
+    Toy,
+    WorkHour,
 )
 from .tests import AdminViewBasicTestCase
 
@@ -23,30 +33,30 @@ PAGINATOR_SIZE = AutocompleteJsonView.paginate_by
 
 
 class AuthorAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-    ordering = ['id']
-    search_fields = ['id']
+    ordering = ["id"]
+    search_fields = ["id"]
 
 
 class AuthorshipInline(admin.TabularInline):
     model = Authorship
-    autocomplete_fields = ['author']
+    autocomplete_fields = ["author"]
 
 
 class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
     inlines = [AuthorshipInline]
 
 
-site = admin.AdminSite(name='autocomplete_admin')
+site = admin.AdminSite(name="autocomplete_admin")
 site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)
 site.register(Answer, AnswerAdmin)
 site.register(Author, AuthorAdmin)
 site.register(Book, BookAdmin)
-site.register(Employee, search_fields=['name'])
-site.register(WorkHour, autocomplete_fields=['employee'])
-site.register(Manager, search_fields=['name'])
-site.register(Bonus, autocomplete_fields=['recipient'])
-site.register(PKChild, search_fields=['name'])
-site.register(Toy, autocomplete_fields=['child'])
+site.register(Employee, search_fields=["name"])
+site.register(WorkHour, autocomplete_fields=["employee"])
+site.register(Manager, search_fields=["name"])
+site.register(Bonus, autocomplete_fields=["recipient"])
+site.register(PKChild, search_fields=["name"])
+site.register(Toy, autocomplete_fields=["child"])
 
 
 @contextmanager
@@ -63,70 +73,87 @@ def model_admin(model, model_admin, admin_site=site):
 
 
 class AutocompleteJsonViewTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
-    as_view_args = {'admin_site': site}
+    as_view_args = {"admin_site": site}
     opts = {
-        'app_label': Answer._meta.app_label,
-        'model_name': Answer._meta.model_name,
-        'field_name': 'question'
+        "app_label": Answer._meta.app_label,
+        "model_name": Answer._meta.model_name,
+        "field_name": "question",
     }
     factory = RequestFactory()
-    url = reverse_lazy('autocomplete_admin:autocomplete')
+    url = reverse_lazy("autocomplete_admin:autocomplete")
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.user = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='user', password='secret',
-            email='user@example.com', is_staff=True,
+            username="user",
+            password="secret",
+            email="user@example.com",
+            is_staff=True,
         )
         super().setUpTestData()
 
     def test_success(self):
-        q = Question.objects.create(question='Is this a question?')
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts})
+        q = Question.objects.create(question="Is this a question?")
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "is", **self.opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
         response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(q.pk), 'text': q.question}],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [{"id": str(q.pk), "text": q.question}],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_custom_to_field(self):
-        q = Question.objects.create(question='Is this a question?')
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts, 'field_name': 'question_with_to_field'})
+        q = Question.objects.create(question="Is this a question?")
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            self.url,
+            {"term": "is", **self.opts, "field_name": "question_with_to_field"},
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(q.uuid), 'text': q.question}],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [{"id": str(q.uuid), "text": q.question}],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_custom_to_field_permission_denied(self):
-        Question.objects.create(question='Is this a question?')
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts, 'field_name': 'question_with_to_field'})
+        Question.objects.create(question="Is this a question?")
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            self.url,
+            {"term": "is", **self.opts, "field_name": "question_with_to_field"},
+        )
         request.user = self.user
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
 
     def test_custom_to_field_custom_pk(self):
-        q = Question.objects.create(question='Is this a question?')
+        q = Question.objects.create(question="Is this a question?")
         opts = {
-            'app_label': Question._meta.app_label,
-            'model_name': Question._meta.model_name,
-            'field_name': 'related_questions',
+            "app_label": Question._meta.app_label,
+            "model_name": Question._meta.model_name,
+            "field_name": "related_questions",
         }
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **opts})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "is", **opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
         response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(q.big_id), 'text': q.question}],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [{"id": str(q.big_id), "text": q.question}],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_to_field_resolution_with_mti(self):
         """
@@ -134,59 +161,75 @@ class AutocompleteJsonViewTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         MTI. Tests for single and multi-level cases.
         """
         tests = [
-            (Employee, WorkHour, 'employee'),
-            (Manager, Bonus, 'recipient'),
+            (Employee, WorkHour, "employee"),
+            (Manager, Bonus, "recipient"),
         ]
         for Target, Remote, related_name in tests:
-            with self.subTest(target_model=Target, remote_model=Remote, related_name=related_name):
-                o = Target.objects.create(name="Frida Kahlo", gender=2, code="painter", alive=False)
+            with self.subTest(
+                target_model=Target, remote_model=Remote, related_name=related_name
+            ):
+                o = Target.objects.create(
+                    name="Frida Kahlo", gender=2, code="painter", alive=False
+                )
                 opts = {
-                    'app_label': Remote._meta.app_label,
-                    'model_name': Remote._meta.model_name,
-                    'field_name': related_name,
+                    "app_label": Remote._meta.app_label,
+                    "model_name": Remote._meta.model_name,
+                    "field_name": related_name,
                 }
-                request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'frida', **opts})
+                request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "frida", **opts})
                 request.user = self.superuser
                 response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-                data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-                self.assertEqual(data, {
-                    'results': [{'id': str(o.pk), 'text': o.name}],
-                    'pagination': {'more': False},
-                })
+                data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    data,
+                    {
+                        "results": [{"id": str(o.pk), "text": o.name}],
+                        "pagination": {"more": False},
+                    },
+                )
 
     def test_to_field_resolution_with_fk_pk(self):
         p = Parent.objects.create(name="Bertie")
         c = PKChild.objects.create(parent=p, name="Anna")
         opts = {
-            'app_label': Toy._meta.app_label,
-            'model_name': Toy._meta.model_name,
-            'field_name': 'child',
+            "app_label": Toy._meta.app_label,
+            "model_name": Toy._meta.model_name,
+            "field_name": "child",
         }
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'anna', **opts})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "anna", **opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
         response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(c.pk), 'text': c.name}],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [{"id": str(c.pk), "text": c.name}],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_field_does_not_exist(self):
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts, 'field_name': 'does_not_exist'})
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            self.url, {"term": "is", **self.opts, "field_name": "does_not_exist"}
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
 
     def test_field_no_related_field(self):
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts, 'field_name': 'answer'})
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            self.url, {"term": "is", **self.opts, "field_name": "answer"}
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
 
     def test_field_does_not_allowed(self):
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts, 'field_name': 'related_questions'})
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            self.url, {"term": "is", **self.opts, "field_name": "related_questions"}
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
@@ -194,23 +237,29 @@ class AutocompleteJsonViewTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
     def test_limit_choices_to(self):
         # Answer.question_with_to_field defines limit_choices_to to "those not
         # starting with 'not'".
-        q = Question.objects.create(question='Is this a question?')
-        Question.objects.create(question='Not a question.')
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts, 'field_name': 'question_with_to_field'})
+        q = Question.objects.create(question="Is this a question?")
+        Question.objects.create(question="Not a question.")
+        request = self.factory.get(
+            self.url,
+            {"term": "is", **self.opts, "field_name": "question_with_to_field"},
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(q.uuid), 'text': q.question}],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [{"id": str(q.uuid), "text": q.question}],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_must_be_logged_in(self):
-        response = self.client.get(self.url, {'term': '', **self.opts})
+        response = self.client.get(self.url, {"term": "", **self.opts})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.client.logout()
-        response = self.client.get(self.url, {'term': '', **self.opts})
+        response = self.client.get(self.url, {"term": "", **self.opts})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
 
     def test_has_view_or_change_permission_required(self):
@@ -218,16 +267,16 @@ class AutocompleteJsonViewTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         Users require the change permission for the related model to the
         autocomplete view for it.
         """
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'is', **self.opts})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "is", **self.opts})
         request.user = self.user
         with self.assertRaises(PermissionDenied):
             AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
-        for permission in ('view', 'change'):
+        for permission in ("view", "change"):
             with self.subTest(permission=permission):
                 self.user.user_permissions.clear()
                 p = Permission.objects.get(
                     content_type=ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Question),
-                    codename='%s_question' % permission,
+                    codename="%s_question" % permission,
                 )
                 self.user.user_permissions.add(p)
                 request.user = User.objects.get(pk=self.user.pk)
@@ -239,106 +288,134 @@ class AutocompleteJsonViewTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         Searching across model relations use QuerySet.distinct() to avoid
         duplicates.
         """
-        q1 = Question.objects.create(question='question 1')
-        q2 = Question.objects.create(question='question 2')
+        q1 = Question.objects.create(question="question 1")
+        q2 = Question.objects.create(question="question 2")
         q2.related_questions.add(q1)
-        q3 = Question.objects.create(question='question 3')
+        q3 = Question.objects.create(question="question 3")
         q3.related_questions.add(q1)
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'question', **self.opts})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "question", **self.opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
 
         class DistinctQuestionAdmin(QuestionAdmin):
-            search_fields = ['related_questions__question', 'question']
+            search_fields = ["related_questions__question", "question"]
 
         with model_admin(Question, DistinctQuestionAdmin):
             response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(len(data['results']), 3)
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(len(data["results"]), 3)
 
     def test_missing_search_fields(self):
         class EmptySearchAdmin(QuestionAdmin):
             search_fields = []
 
         with model_admin(Question, EmptySearchAdmin):
-            msg = 'EmptySearchAdmin must have search_fields for the autocomplete_view.'
+            msg = "EmptySearchAdmin must have search_fields for the autocomplete_view."
             with self.assertRaisesMessage(Http404, msg):
-                site.autocomplete_view(self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': '', **self.opts}))
+                site.autocomplete_view(
+                    self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "", **self.opts})
+                )
 
     def test_get_paginator(self):
         """Search results are paginated."""
+
         class PKOrderingQuestionAdmin(QuestionAdmin):
-            ordering = ['pk']
+            ordering = ["pk"]
 
-        Question.objects.bulk_create(Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10))
+        Question.objects.bulk_create(
+            Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10)
+        )
         # The first page of results.
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': '', **self.opts})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "", **self.opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
         with model_admin(Question, PKOrderingQuestionAdmin):
             response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(q.pk), 'text': q.question} for q in Question.objects.all()[:PAGINATOR_SIZE]],
-            'pagination': {'more': True},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [
+                    {"id": str(q.pk), "text": q.question}
+                    for q in Question.objects.all()[:PAGINATOR_SIZE]
+                ],
+                "pagination": {"more": True},
+            },
+        )
         # The second page of results.
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': '', 'page': '2', **self.opts})
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "", "page": "2", **self.opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
         with model_admin(Question, PKOrderingQuestionAdmin):
             response = AutocompleteJsonView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [{'id': str(q.pk), 'text': q.question} for q in Question.objects.all()[PAGINATOR_SIZE:]],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [
+                    {"id": str(q.pk), "text": q.question}
+                    for q in Question.objects.all()[PAGINATOR_SIZE:]
+                ],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
     def test_serialize_result(self):
         class AutocompleteJsonSerializeResultView(AutocompleteJsonView):
             def serialize_result(self, obj, to_field_name):
                 return {
                     **super().serialize_result(obj, to_field_name),
-                    'posted': str(obj.posted),
+                    "posted": str(obj.posted),
                 }
 
-        Question.objects.create(question='Question 1', posted=datetime.date(2021, 8, 9))
-        Question.objects.create(question='Question 2', posted=datetime.date(2021, 8, 7))
-        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {'term': 'question', **self.opts})
+        Question.objects.create(question="Question 1", posted=datetime.date(2021, 8, 9))
+        Question.objects.create(question="Question 2", posted=datetime.date(2021, 8, 7))
+        request = self.factory.get(self.url, {"term": "question", **self.opts})
         request.user = self.superuser
-        response = AutocompleteJsonSerializeResultView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(request)
+        response = AutocompleteJsonSerializeResultView.as_view(**self.as_view_args)(
+            request
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        data = json.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(data, {
-            'results': [
-                {'id': str(q.pk), 'text': q.question, 'posted': str(q.posted)}
-                for q in Question.objects.order_by('-posted')
-            ],
-            'pagination': {'more': False},
-        })
+        data = json.loads(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            data,
+            {
+                "results": [
+                    {"id": str(q.pk), "text": q.question, "posted": str(q.posted)}
+                    for q in Question.objects.order_by("-posted")
+                ],
+                "pagination": {"more": False},
+            },
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['admin_views'] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
+    available_apps = ["admin_views"] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
+        )
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            login_url=reverse("autocomplete_admin:index"),
         )
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('autocomplete_admin:index'))
 
     @contextmanager
     def select2_ajax_wait(self, timeout=10):
         from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as ec
+
         yield
         with self.disable_implicit_wait():
             try:
                 loading_element = self.selenium.find_element(
-                    By.CSS_SELECTOR,
-                    'li.select2-results__option.loading-results'
+                    By.CSS_SELECTOR, "li.select2-results__option.loading-results"
                 )
             except NoSuchElementException:
                 pass
@@ -349,109 +426,146 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('autocomplete_admin:admin_views_answer_add'))
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-selection')
+
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("autocomplete_admin:admin_views_answer_add")
+        )
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-selection")
         elem.click()  # Open the autocomplete dropdown.
-        results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
+        results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results")
         self.assertTrue(results.is_displayed())
-        option = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results__option')
-        self.assertEqual(option.text, 'No results found')
+        option = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results__option")
+        self.assertEqual(option.text, "No results found")
         elem.click()  # Close the autocomplete dropdown.
-        q1 = Question.objects.create(question='Who am I?')
-        Question.objects.bulk_create(Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10))
+        q1 = Question.objects.create(question="Who am I?")
+        Question.objects.bulk_create(
+            Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10)
+        )
         elem.click()  # Reopen the dropdown now that some objects exist.
-        result_container = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
+        result_container = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results"
+        )
         self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
         # PAGINATOR_SIZE results and "Loading more results".
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1, root_element=result_container)
-        search = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-search__field')
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".select2-results__option",
+            PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1,
+            root_element=result_container,
+        )
+        search = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-search__field")
         # Load next page of results by scrolling to the bottom of the list.
         with self.select2_ajax_wait():
             for _ in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1):
                 search.send_keys(Keys.ARROW_DOWN)
         # All objects are now loaded.
         self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
-            '.select2-results__option',
+            ".select2-results__option",
             PAGINATOR_SIZE + 11,
             root_element=result_container,
         )
         # Limit the results with the search field.
         with self.select2_ajax_wait():
-            search.send_keys('Who')
+            search.send_keys("Who")
             # Ajax request is delayed.
             self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
             self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
-                '.select2-results__option',
+                ".select2-results__option",
                 PAGINATOR_SIZE + 12,
                 root_element=result_container,
             )
         self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', 1, root_element=result_container)
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".select2-results__option", 1, root_element=result_container
+        )
         # Select the result.
         search.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_question'))
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), str(q1.pk))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_question"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            select.first_selected_option.get_attribute("value"), str(q1.pk)
+        )
 
     def test_select_multiple(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('autocomplete_admin:admin_views_question_add'))
-        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-selection')
+
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url
+            + reverse("autocomplete_admin:admin_views_question_add")
+        )
+        elem = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-selection")
         elem.click()  # Open the autocomplete dropdown.
-        results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
+        results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results")
         self.assertTrue(results.is_displayed())
-        option = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results__option')
-        self.assertEqual(option.text, 'No results found')
+        option = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results__option")
+        self.assertEqual(option.text, "No results found")
         elem.click()  # Close the autocomplete dropdown.
-        Question.objects.create(question='Who am I?')
-        Question.objects.bulk_create(Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10))
+        Question.objects.create(question="Who am I?")
+        Question.objects.bulk_create(
+            Question(question=str(i)) for i in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 10)
+        )
         elem.click()  # Reopen the dropdown now that some objects exist.
-        result_container = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
+        result_container = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results"
+        )
         self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1, root_element=result_container)
-        search = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-search__field')
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".select2-results__option",
+            PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1,
+            root_element=result_container,
+        )
+        search = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-search__field")
         # Load next page of results by scrolling to the bottom of the list.
         with self.select2_ajax_wait():
             for _ in range(PAGINATOR_SIZE + 1):
                 search.send_keys(Keys.ARROW_DOWN)
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', 31, root_element=result_container)
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".select2-results__option", 31, root_element=result_container
+        )
         # Limit the results with the search field.
         with self.select2_ajax_wait():
-            search.send_keys('Who')
+            search.send_keys("Who")
             # Ajax request is delayed.
             self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
-            self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', 32, root_element=result_container)
+            self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+                ".select2-results__option", 32, root_element=result_container
+            )
         self.assertTrue(result_container.is_displayed())
 
-        self.assertCountSeleniumElements('.select2-results__option', 1, root_element=result_container)
+        self.assertCountSeleniumElements(
+            ".select2-results__option", 1, root_element=result_container
+        )
         # Select the result.
         search.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
         # Reopen the dropdown and add the first result to the selection.
         elem.click()
         search.send_keys(Keys.ARROW_DOWN)
         search.send_keys(Keys.RETURN)
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_related_questions'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_related_questions"))
         self.assertEqual(len(select.all_selected_options), 2)
 
     def test_inline_add_another_widgets(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
         def assertNoResults(row):
-            elem = row.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-selection')
+            elem = row.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-selection")
             elem.click()  # Open the autocomplete dropdown.
-            results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results')
+            results = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results")
             self.assertTrue(results.is_displayed())
-            option = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.select2-results__option')
-            self.assertEqual(option.text, 'No results found')
+            option = self.selenium.find_element(
+                By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".select2-results__option"
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(option.text, "No results found")
 
         # Autocomplete works in rows present when the page loads.
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('autocomplete_admin:admin_views_book_add'))
-        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.dynamic-authorship_set')
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("autocomplete_admin:admin_views_book_add")
+        )
+        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".dynamic-authorship_set")
         self.assertEqual(len(rows), 3)
         assertNoResults(rows[0])
         # Autocomplete works in rows added using the "Add another" button.
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Authorship').click()
-        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.dynamic-authorship_set')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Authorship").click()
+        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".dynamic-authorship_set")
         self.assertEqual(len(rows), 4)
         assertNoResults(rows[-1])
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/test_forms.py b/tests/admin_views/test_forms.py
index f9a56c02af..91d504b4f9 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/test_forms.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/test_forms.py
@@ -8,28 +8,35 @@ from .admin import ArticleForm
 
 # To verify that the login form rejects inactive users, use an authentication
 # backend that allows them.
-@override_settings(AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=['django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend'])
+@override_settings(
+    AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS=["django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend"]
+)
 class AdminAuthenticationFormTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        User.objects.create_user(username='inactive', password='password', is_active=False)
+        User.objects.create_user(
+            username="inactive", password="password", is_active=False
+        )
 
     def test_inactive_user(self):
         data = {
-            'username': 'inactive',
-            'password': 'password',
+            "username": "inactive",
+            "password": "password",
         }
         form = AdminAuthenticationForm(None, data)
-        self.assertEqual(form.non_field_errors(), ['This account is inactive.'])
+        self.assertEqual(form.non_field_errors(), ["This account is inactive."])
 
 
 class AdminFormTests(SimpleTestCase):
     def test_repr(self):
         fieldsets = (
-            ('My fields', {
-                'classes': ['collapse'],
-                'fields': ('url', 'title', 'content', 'sites'),
-            }),
+            (
+                "My fields",
+                {
+                    "classes": ["collapse"],
+                    "fields": ("url", "title", "content", "sites"),
+                },
+            ),
         )
         form = ArticleForm()
         admin_form = AdminForm(form, fieldsets, {})
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/test_history_view.py b/tests/admin_views/test_history_view.py
index c8d678476f..ddfdd56ca6 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/test_history_view.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/test_history_view.py
@@ -9,13 +9,14 @@ from django.urls import reverse
 from .models import City, State
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminHistoryViewTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
         )
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -26,35 +27,39 @@ class AdminHistoryViewTests(TestCase):
         Admin's model history change messages use form labels instead of
         field names.
         """
-        state = State.objects.create(name='My State Name')
-        city = City.objects.create(name='My City Name', state=state)
+        state = State.objects.create(name="My State Name")
+        city = City.objects.create(name="My City Name", state=state)
         change_dict = {
-            'name': 'My State Name 2',
-            'nolabel_form_field': True,
-            'city_set-0-name': 'My City name 2',
-            'city_set-0-id': city.pk,
-            'city_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'city_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'city_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
+            "name": "My State Name 2",
+            "nolabel_form_field": True,
+            "city_set-0-name": "My City name 2",
+            "city_set-0-id": city.pk,
+            "city_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "city_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "city_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
-        state_change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_state_change', args=(state.pk,))
+        state_change_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_state_change", args=(state.pk,))
         self.client.post(state_change_url, change_dict)
-        logentry = LogEntry.objects.filter(content_type__model__iexact='state').latest('id')
+        logentry = LogEntry.objects.filter(content_type__model__iexact="state").latest(
+            "id"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(
             logentry.get_change_message(),
-            'Changed State name (from form’s Meta.labels), '
-            'nolabel_form_field and not_a_form_field. '
-            'Changed City verbose_name for city “%s”.' % city
+            "Changed State name (from form’s Meta.labels), "
+            "nolabel_form_field and not_a_form_field. "
+            "Changed City verbose_name for city “%s”." % city,
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['admin_views'] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
+    available_apps = ["admin_views"] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
         )
         content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(User).pk
         for i in range(1, 1101):
@@ -64,34 +69,38 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
                 self.superuser.pk,
                 repr(self.superuser),
                 CHANGE,
-                change_message=f'Changed something {i}',
+                change_message=f"Changed something {i}",
             )
         self.admin_login(
-            username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'),
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            login_url=reverse("admin:index"),
         )
 
     def test_pagination(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
-        user_history_url = reverse('admin:auth_user_history', args=(self.superuser.pk,))
+        user_history_url = reverse("admin:auth_user_history", args=(self.superuser.pk,))
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + user_history_url)
 
-        paginator = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.paginator')
+        paginator = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".paginator")
         self.assertTrue(paginator.is_displayed())
-        self.assertIn('%s entries' % LogEntry.objects.count(), paginator.text)
+        self.assertIn("%s entries" % LogEntry.objects.count(), paginator.text)
         self.assertIn(str(Paginator.ELLIPSIS), paginator.text)
         # The current page.
-        current_page_link = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'span.this-page')
-        self.assertEqual(current_page_link.text, '1')
+        current_page_link = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "span.this-page"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(current_page_link.text, "1")
         # The last page.
-        last_page_link = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.end')
-        self.assertTrue(last_page_link.text, '20')
+        last_page_link = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".end")
+        self.assertTrue(last_page_link.text, "20")
         # Select the second page.
-        pages = paginator.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'a')
+        pages = paginator.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, "a")
         second_page_link = pages[0]
-        self.assertEqual(second_page_link.text, '2')
+        self.assertEqual(second_page_link.text, "2")
         second_page_link.click()
-        self.assertIn('?p=2', self.selenium.current_url)
-        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#change-history tbody tr')
-        self.assertIn('Changed something 101', rows[0].text)
-        self.assertIn('Changed something 200', rows[-1].text)
+        self.assertIn("?p=2", self.selenium.current_url)
+        rows = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#change-history tbody tr")
+        self.assertIn("Changed something 101", rows[0].text)
+        self.assertIn("Changed something 200", rows[-1].text)
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/test_multidb.py b/tests/admin_views/test_multidb.py
index 7ff1f7f663..da5b6b9a59 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/test_multidb.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/test_multidb.py
@@ -17,17 +17,17 @@ class Router:
     db_for_write = db_for_read
 
 
-site = admin.AdminSite(name='test_adminsite')
+site = admin.AdminSite(name="test_adminsite")
 site.register(Book)
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('admin/', site.urls),
+    path("admin/", site.urls),
 ]
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=__name__, DATABASE_ROUTERS=['%s.Router' % __name__])
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF=__name__, DATABASE_ROUTERS=["%s.Router" % __name__])
 class MultiDatabaseTests(TestCase):
-    databases = {'default', 'other'}
+    databases = {"default", "other"}
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
@@ -36,44 +36,52 @@ class MultiDatabaseTests(TestCase):
         for db in cls.databases:
             Router.target_db = db
             cls.superusers[db] = User.objects.create_superuser(
-                username='admin', password='something', email='test@test.org',
+                username="admin",
+                password="something",
+                email="test@test.org",
             )
-            b = Book(name='Test Book')
+            b = Book(name="Test Book")
             b.save(using=db)
             cls.test_book_ids[db] = b.id
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.admin.options.transaction')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.admin.options.transaction")
     def test_add_view(self, mock):
         for db in self.databases:
             with self.subTest(db=db):
                 Router.target_db = db
                 self.client.force_login(self.superusers[db])
                 self.client.post(
-                    reverse('test_adminsite:admin_views_book_add'),
-                    {'name': 'Foobar: 5th edition'},
+                    reverse("test_adminsite:admin_views_book_add"),
+                    {"name": "Foobar: 5th edition"},
                 )
                 mock.atomic.assert_called_with(using=db)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.admin.options.transaction')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.admin.options.transaction")
     def test_change_view(self, mock):
         for db in self.databases:
             with self.subTest(db=db):
                 Router.target_db = db
                 self.client.force_login(self.superusers[db])
                 self.client.post(
-                    reverse('test_adminsite:admin_views_book_change', args=[self.test_book_ids[db]]),
-                    {'name': 'Test Book 2: Test more'},
+                    reverse(
+                        "test_adminsite:admin_views_book_change",
+                        args=[self.test_book_ids[db]],
+                    ),
+                    {"name": "Test Book 2: Test more"},
                 )
                 mock.atomic.assert_called_with(using=db)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.admin.options.transaction')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.admin.options.transaction")
     def test_delete_view(self, mock):
         for db in self.databases:
             with self.subTest(db=db):
                 Router.target_db = db
                 self.client.force_login(self.superusers[db])
                 self.client.post(
-                    reverse('test_adminsite:admin_views_book_delete', args=[self.test_book_ids[db]]),
-                    {'post': 'yes'},
+                    reverse(
+                        "test_adminsite:admin_views_book_delete",
+                        args=[self.test_book_ids[db]],
+                    ),
+                    {"post": "yes"},
                 )
                 mock.atomic.assert_called_with(using=db)
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/test_nav_sidebar.py b/tests/admin_views/test_nav_sidebar.py
index 329fe34b28..a58193c550 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/test_nav_sidebar.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/test_nav_sidebar.py
@@ -15,165 +15,204 @@ class AdminSiteWithoutSidebar(admin.AdminSite):
     enable_nav_sidebar = False
 
 
-site_with_sidebar = AdminSiteWithSidebar(name='test_with_sidebar')
-site_without_sidebar = AdminSiteWithoutSidebar(name='test_without_sidebar')
+site_with_sidebar = AdminSiteWithSidebar(name="test_with_sidebar")
+site_without_sidebar = AdminSiteWithoutSidebar(name="test_without_sidebar")
 
 site_with_sidebar.register(User)
 site_with_sidebar.register(Héllo)
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('test_sidebar/admin/', site_with_sidebar.urls),
-    path('test_wihout_sidebar/admin/', site_without_sidebar.urls),
+    path("test_sidebar/admin/", site_with_sidebar.urls),
+    path("test_wihout_sidebar/admin/", site_without_sidebar.urls),
 ]
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.test_nav_sidebar')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.test_nav_sidebar")
 class AdminSidebarTests(TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super',
-            password='secret',
-            email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
         )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_sidebar_not_on_index(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('test_with_sidebar:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("test_with_sidebar:index"))
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="main" id="main">')
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<nav class="sticky" id="nav-sidebar">')
 
     def test_sidebar_disabled(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('test_without_sidebar:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("test_without_sidebar:index"))
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<nav class="sticky" id="nav-sidebar">')
 
     def test_sidebar_unauthenticated(self):
         self.client.logout()
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('test_with_sidebar:login'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("test_with_sidebar:login"))
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<nav class="sticky" id="nav-sidebar">')
 
     def test_sidebar_aria_current_page(self):
-        url = reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist')
+        url = reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertContains(response, '<nav class="sticky" id="nav-sidebar">')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s" aria-current="page">Users</a>' % url)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<a href="%s" aria-current="page">Users</a>' % url
+        )
 
     @override_settings(
-        TEMPLATES=[{
-            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-            'DIRS': [],
-            'APP_DIRS': True,
-            'OPTIONS': {
-                'context_processors': [
-                    'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-                    'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
-                ],
-            },
-        }]
+        TEMPLATES=[
+            {
+                "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+                "DIRS": [],
+                "APP_DIRS": True,
+                "OPTIONS": {
+                    "context_processors": [
+                        "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
+                        "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
+                    ],
+                },
+            }
+        ]
     )
     def test_sidebar_aria_current_page_missing_without_request_context_processor(self):
-        url = reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist')
+        url = reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertContains(response, '<nav class="sticky" id="nav-sidebar">')
         # Does not include aria-current attribute.
         self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">Users</a>' % url)
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'aria-current')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "aria-current")
 
     @override_settings(DEBUG=True)
     def test_included_app_list_template_context_fully_set(self):
         # All context variables should be set when rendering the sidebar.
-        url = reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist')
-        with self.assertNoLogs('django.template', 'DEBUG'):
+        url = reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
+        with self.assertNoLogs("django.template", "DEBUG"):
             self.client.get(url)
 
     def test_sidebar_model_name_non_ascii(self):
-        url = reverse('test_with_sidebar:admin_views_héllo_changelist')
+        url = reverse("test_with_sidebar:admin_views_héllo_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<div class="app-admin_views module current-app">')
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<div class="app-admin_views module current-app">'
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, '<tr class="model-héllo current-model">')
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<th scope="row">'
             '<a href="/test_sidebar/admin/admin_views/h%C3%A9llo/" aria-current="page">'
-            'Héllos</a></th>'
+            "Héllos</a></th>",
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.test_nav_sidebar')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.test_nav_sidebar")
 class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
-    available_apps = ['admin_views'] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
+    available_apps = ["admin_views"] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super',
-            password='secret',
-            email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
+        )
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            login_url=reverse("test_with_sidebar:index"),
+        )
+        self.selenium.execute_script(
+            "localStorage.removeItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"
         )
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('test_with_sidebar:index'))
-        self.selenium.execute_script("localStorage.removeItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')")
 
     def test_sidebar_starts_open(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#main')
-        self.assertIn('shifted', main_element.get_attribute('class').split())
+
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
+        )
+        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#main")
+        self.assertIn("shifted", main_element.get_attribute("class").split())
 
     def test_sidebar_can_be_closed(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#toggle-nav-sidebar')
-        self.assertEqual(toggle_button.tag_name, 'button')
-        self.assertEqual(toggle_button.get_attribute('aria-label'), 'Toggle navigation')
-        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-sidebar a'):
-            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute('tabIndex'), '0')
+
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
+        )
+        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#toggle-nav-sidebar"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(toggle_button.tag_name, "button")
+        self.assertEqual(toggle_button.get_attribute("aria-label"), "Toggle navigation")
+        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#nav-sidebar a"):
+            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute("tabIndex"), "0")
         toggle_button.click()
         # Hidden sidebar is not reachable via keyboard navigation.
-        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-sidebar a'):
-            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute('tabIndex'), '-1')
-        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#main')
-        self.assertNotIn('shifted', main_element.get_attribute('class').split())
+        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#nav-sidebar a"):
+            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute("tabIndex"), "-1")
+        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#main")
+        self.assertNotIn("shifted", main_element.get_attribute("class").split())
 
     def test_sidebar_state_persists(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        self.assertIsNone(self.selenium.execute_script("return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"))
-        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#toggle-nav-sidebar')
+
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
+        )
+        self.assertIsNone(
+            self.selenium.execute_script(
+                "return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"
+            )
+        )
+        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#toggle-nav-sidebar"
+        )
         toggle_button.click()
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.selenium.execute_script("return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"),
-            'false',
+            self.selenium.execute_script(
+                "return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"
+            ),
+            "false",
         )
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#main')
-        self.assertNotIn('shifted', main_element.get_attribute('class').split())
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
+        )
+        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#main")
+        self.assertNotIn("shifted", main_element.get_attribute("class").split())
 
-        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#toggle-nav-sidebar')
+        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#toggle-nav-sidebar"
+        )
         # Hidden sidebar is not reachable via keyboard navigation.
-        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-sidebar a'):
-            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute('tabIndex'), '-1')
+        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#nav-sidebar a"):
+            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute("tabIndex"), "-1")
         toggle_button.click()
-        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-sidebar a'):
-            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute('tabIndex'), '0')
+        for link in self.selenium.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#nav-sidebar a"):
+            self.assertEqual(link.get_attribute("tabIndex"), "0")
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.selenium.execute_script("return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"),
-            'true',
+            self.selenium.execute_script(
+                "return localStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarIsOpen')"
+            ),
+            "true",
         )
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist'))
-        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#main')
-        self.assertIn('shifted', main_element.get_attribute('class').split())
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
+        )
+        main_element = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#main")
+        self.assertIn("shifted", main_element.get_attribute("class").split())
 
     def test_sidebar_filter_persists(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
         self.selenium.get(
-            self.live_server_url +
-            reverse('test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist')
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("test_with_sidebar:auth_user_changelist")
         )
         filter_value_script = (
             "return sessionStorage.getItem('django.admin.navSidebarFilterValue')"
         )
         self.assertIsNone(self.selenium.execute_script(filter_value_script))
-        filter_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#nav-filter')
-        filter_input.send_keys('users')
-        self.assertEqual(self.selenium.execute_script(filter_value_script), 'users')
+        filter_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#nav-filter")
+        filter_input.send_keys("users")
+        self.assertEqual(self.selenium.execute_script(filter_value_script), "users")
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/test_templatetags.py b/tests/admin_views/test_templatetags.py
index 14c3fcead5..a13133095b 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/test_templatetags.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/test_templatetags.py
@@ -20,24 +20,28 @@ class AdminTemplateTagsTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         """
         submit_row template tag should pass whole context.
         """
-        request = self.request_factory.get(reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=[self.superuser.pk]))
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_change", args=[self.superuser.pk])
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         admin = UserAdmin(User, site)
-        extra_context = {'extra': True}
-        response = admin.change_view(request, str(self.superuser.pk), extra_context=extra_context)
+        extra_context = {"extra": True}
+        response = admin.change_view(
+            request, str(self.superuser.pk), extra_context=extra_context
+        )
         template_context = submit_row(response.context_data)
-        self.assertIs(template_context['extra'], True)
-        self.assertIs(template_context['show_save'], True)
+        self.assertIs(template_context["extra"], True)
+        self.assertIs(template_context["show_save"], True)
 
     def test_override_show_save_and_add_another(self):
         request = self.request_factory.get(
-            reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=[self.superuser.pk]),
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_change", args=[self.superuser.pk]),
         )
         request.user = self.superuser
         admin = UserAdmin(User, site)
         for extra_context, expected_flag in (
             ({}, True),  # Default.
-            ({'show_save_and_add_another': False}, False),
+            ({"show_save_and_add_another": False}, False),
         ):
             with self.subTest(show_save_and_add_another=expected_flag):
                 response = admin.change_view(
@@ -46,7 +50,9 @@ class AdminTemplateTagsTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
                     extra_context=extra_context,
                 )
                 template_context = submit_row(response.context_data)
-                self.assertIs(template_context['show_save_and_add_another'], expected_flag)
+                self.assertIs(
+                    template_context["show_save_and_add_another"], expected_flag
+                )
 
     def test_override_change_form_template_tags(self):
         """
@@ -54,37 +60,43 @@ class AdminTemplateTagsTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         admin/app_label/model/template.html.
         """
         article = Article.objects.all()[0]
-        request = self.request_factory.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=[article.pk]))
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_change", args=[article.pk])
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         admin = ArticleAdmin(Article, site)
-        extra_context = {'show_publish': True, 'extra': True}
-        response = admin.change_view(request, str(article.pk), extra_context=extra_context)
+        extra_context = {"show_publish": True, "extra": True}
+        response = admin.change_view(
+            request, str(article.pk), extra_context=extra_context
+        )
         response.render()
-        self.assertIs(response.context_data['show_publish'], True)
-        self.assertIs(response.context_data['extra'], True)
+        self.assertIs(response.context_data["show_publish"], True)
+        self.assertIs(response.context_data["extra"], True)
         self.assertContains(response, 'name="_save"')
         self.assertContains(response, 'name="_publish"')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-change_form_object_tools')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-prepopulated_fields_js')
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-change_form_object_tools")
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-prepopulated_fields_js")
 
     def test_override_change_list_template_tags(self):
         """
         admin_list template tags follow the standard search pattern
         admin/app_label/model/template.html.
         """
-        request = self.request_factory.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
+        request = self.request_factory.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
+        )
         request.user = self.superuser
         admin = ArticleAdmin(Article, site)
-        admin.date_hierarchy = 'date'
-        admin.search_fields = ('title', 'content')
+        admin.date_hierarchy = "date"
+        admin.search_fields = ("title", "content")
         response = admin.changelist_view(request)
         response.render()
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-actions')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-change_list_object_tools')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-change_list_results')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-date_hierarchy')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-pagination')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'override-search_form')
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-actions")
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-change_list_object_tools")
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-change_list_results")
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-date_hierarchy")
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-pagination")
+        self.assertContains(response, "override-search_form")
 
 
 class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
@@ -92,11 +104,13 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def test_choice_links(self):
         modeladmin = ModelAdmin(Question, site)
-        modeladmin.date_hierarchy = 'posted'
+        modeladmin.date_hierarchy = "posted"
 
         posted_dates = (
             datetime.date(2017, 10, 1),
@@ -106,67 +120,82 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
             datetime.date(2017, 12, 31),
             datetime.date(2018, 2, 1),
         )
-        Question.objects.bulk_create(Question(question='q', posted=posted) for posted in posted_dates)
+        Question.objects.bulk_create(
+            Question(question="q", posted=posted) for posted in posted_dates
+        )
 
         tests = (
-            ({}, [['year=2017'], ['year=2018']]),
-            ({'year': 2016}, []),
-            ({'year': 2017}, [['month=10', 'year=2017'], ['month=12', 'year=2017']]),
-            ({'year': 2017, 'month': 9}, []),
-            ({'year': 2017, 'month': 12}, [['day=15', 'month=12', 'year=2017'], ['day=31', 'month=12', 'year=2017']]),
+            ({}, [["year=2017"], ["year=2018"]]),
+            ({"year": 2016}, []),
+            ({"year": 2017}, [["month=10", "year=2017"], ["month=12", "year=2017"]]),
+            ({"year": 2017, "month": 9}, []),
+            (
+                {"year": 2017, "month": 12},
+                [
+                    ["day=15", "month=12", "year=2017"],
+                    ["day=31", "month=12", "year=2017"],
+                ],
+            ),
         )
         for query, expected_choices in tests:
             with self.subTest(query=query):
-                query = {'posted__%s' % q: val for q, val in query.items()}
-                request = self.factory.get('/', query)
+                query = {"posted__%s" % q: val for q, val in query.items()}
+                request = self.factory.get("/", query)
                 request.user = self.superuser
                 changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
                 spec = date_hierarchy(changelist)
-                choices = [choice['link'] for choice in spec['choices']]
+                choices = [choice["link"] for choice in spec["choices"]]
                 expected_choices = [
-                    '&'.join('posted__%s' % c for c in choice) for choice in expected_choices
+                    "&".join("posted__%s" % c for c in choice)
+                    for choice in expected_choices
+                ]
+                expected_choices = [
+                    ("?" + choice) if choice else "" for choice in expected_choices
                 ]
-                expected_choices = [('?' + choice) if choice else '' for choice in expected_choices]
                 self.assertEqual(choices, expected_choices)
 
     def test_choice_links_datetime(self):
         modeladmin = ModelAdmin(Question, site)
-        modeladmin.date_hierarchy = 'expires'
-        Question.objects.bulk_create([
-            Question(question='q1', expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 1)),
-            Question(question='q2', expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 1)),
-            Question(question='q3', expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 15)),
-            Question(question='q4', expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 15)),
-            Question(question='q5', expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 31)),
-            Question(question='q6', expires=datetime.datetime(2018, 2, 1)),
-        ])
+        modeladmin.date_hierarchy = "expires"
+        Question.objects.bulk_create(
+            [
+                Question(question="q1", expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 1)),
+                Question(question="q2", expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 10, 1)),
+                Question(question="q3", expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 15)),
+                Question(question="q4", expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 15)),
+                Question(question="q5", expires=datetime.datetime(2017, 12, 31)),
+                Question(question="q6", expires=datetime.datetime(2018, 2, 1)),
+            ]
+        )
         tests = [
-            ({}, [['year=2017'], ['year=2018']]),
-            ({'year': 2016}, []),
+            ({}, [["year=2017"], ["year=2018"]]),
+            ({"year": 2016}, []),
             (
-                {'year': 2017}, [
-                    ['month=10', 'year=2017'],
-                    ['month=12', 'year=2017'],
+                {"year": 2017},
+                [
+                    ["month=10", "year=2017"],
+                    ["month=12", "year=2017"],
                 ],
             ),
-            ({'year': 2017, 'month': 9}, []),
+            ({"year": 2017, "month": 9}, []),
             (
-                {'year': 2017, 'month': 12}, [
-                    ['day=15', 'month=12', 'year=2017'],
-                    ['day=31', 'month=12', 'year=2017'],
+                {"year": 2017, "month": 12},
+                [
+                    ["day=15", "month=12", "year=2017"],
+                    ["day=31", "month=12", "year=2017"],
                 ],
             ),
         ]
         for query, expected_choices in tests:
             with self.subTest(query=query):
-                query = {'expires__%s' % q: val for q, val in query.items()}
-                request = self.factory.get('/', query)
+                query = {"expires__%s" % q: val for q, val in query.items()}
+                request = self.factory.get("/", query)
                 request.user = self.superuser
                 changelist = modeladmin.get_changelist_instance(request)
                 spec = date_hierarchy(changelist)
-                choices = [choice['link'] for choice in spec['choices']]
+                choices = [choice["link"] for choice in spec["choices"]]
                 expected_choices = [
-                    '?' + '&'.join('expires__%s' % c for c in choice)
+                    "?" + "&".join("expires__%s" % c for c in choice)
                     for choice in expected_choices
                 ]
                 self.assertEqual(choices, expected_choices)
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/tests.py b/tests/admin_views/tests.py
index 6d73d56625..4935b58823 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/tests.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/tests.py
@@ -33,7 +33,10 @@ from django.core.files import temp as tempfile
 from django.forms.utils import ErrorList
 from django.template.response import TemplateResponse
 from django.test import (
-    TestCase, modify_settings, override_settings, skipUnlessDBFeature,
+    TestCase,
+    modify_settings,
+    override_settings,
+    skipUnlessDBFeature,
 )
 from django.test.utils import override_script_prefix
 from django.urls import NoReverseMatch, resolve, reverse
@@ -46,23 +49,101 @@ from django.utils.http import urlencode
 from . import customadmin
 from .admin import CityAdmin, site, site2
 from .models import (
-    Actor, AdminOrderedAdminMethod, AdminOrderedCallable, AdminOrderedField,
-    AdminOrderedModelMethod, Album, Answer, Answer2, Article, BarAccount, Book,
-    Bookmark, Box, Category, Chapter, ChapterXtra1, ChapterXtra2, Character,
-    Child, Choice, City, Collector, Color, ComplexSortedPerson, CoverLetter,
-    CustomArticle, CyclicOne, CyclicTwo, DooHickey, Employee, EmptyModel,
-    Fabric, FancyDoodad, FieldOverridePost, FilteredManager, FooAccount,
-    FoodDelivery, FunkyTag, Gallery, Grommet, Inquisition, Language, Link,
-    MainPrepopulated, Media, ModelWithStringPrimaryKey, OtherStory, Paper,
-    Parent, ParentWithDependentChildren, ParentWithUUIDPK, Person, Persona,
-    Picture, Pizza, Plot, PlotDetails, PluggableSearchPerson, Podcast, Post,
-    PrePopulatedPost, Promo, Question, ReadablePizza, ReadOnlyPizza,
-    ReadOnlyRelatedField, Recommendation, Recommender, RelatedPrepopulated,
-    RelatedWithUUIDPKModel, Report, Restaurant, RowLevelChangePermissionModel,
-    SecretHideout, Section, ShortMessage, Simple, Song, State, Story,
-    SuperSecretHideout, SuperVillain, Telegram, TitleTranslation, Topping,
-    UnchangeableObject, UndeletableObject, UnorderedObject, UserProxy, Villain,
-    Vodcast, Whatsit, Widget, Worker, WorkHour,
+    Actor,
+    AdminOrderedAdminMethod,
+    AdminOrderedCallable,
+    AdminOrderedField,
+    AdminOrderedModelMethod,
+    Album,
+    Answer,
+    Answer2,
+    Article,
+    BarAccount,
+    Book,
+    Bookmark,
+    Box,
+    Category,
+    Chapter,
+    ChapterXtra1,
+    ChapterXtra2,
+    Character,
+    Child,
+    Choice,
+    City,
+    Collector,
+    Color,
+    ComplexSortedPerson,
+    CoverLetter,
+    CustomArticle,
+    CyclicOne,
+    CyclicTwo,
+    DooHickey,
+    Employee,
+    EmptyModel,
+    Fabric,
+    FancyDoodad,
+    FieldOverridePost,
+    FilteredManager,
+    FooAccount,
+    FoodDelivery,
+    FunkyTag,
+    Gallery,
+    Grommet,
+    Inquisition,
+    Language,
+    Link,
+    MainPrepopulated,
+    Media,
+    ModelWithStringPrimaryKey,
+    OtherStory,
+    Paper,
+    Parent,
+    ParentWithDependentChildren,
+    ParentWithUUIDPK,
+    Person,
+    Persona,
+    Picture,
+    Pizza,
+    Plot,
+    PlotDetails,
+    PluggableSearchPerson,
+    Podcast,
+    Post,
+    PrePopulatedPost,
+    Promo,
+    Question,
+    ReadablePizza,
+    ReadOnlyPizza,
+    ReadOnlyRelatedField,
+    Recommendation,
+    Recommender,
+    RelatedPrepopulated,
+    RelatedWithUUIDPKModel,
+    Report,
+    Restaurant,
+    RowLevelChangePermissionModel,
+    SecretHideout,
+    Section,
+    ShortMessage,
+    Simple,
+    Song,
+    State,
+    Story,
+    SuperSecretHideout,
+    SuperVillain,
+    Telegram,
+    TitleTranslation,
+    Topping,
+    UnchangeableObject,
+    UndeletableObject,
+    UnorderedObject,
+    UserProxy,
+    Villain,
+    Vodcast,
+    Whatsit,
+    Widget,
+    Worker,
+    WorkHour,
 )
 
 ERROR_MESSAGE = "Please enter the correct username and password \
@@ -83,12 +164,13 @@ class AdminFieldExtractionMixin:
     """
     Helper methods for extracting data from AdminForm.
     """
+
     def get_admin_form_fields(self, response):
         """
         Return a list of AdminFields for the AdminForm in the response.
         """
         fields = []
-        for fieldset in response.context['adminform']:
+        for fieldset in response.context["adminform"]:
             for field_line in fieldset:
                 fields.extend(field_line)
         return fields
@@ -105,51 +187,64 @@ class AdminFieldExtractionMixin:
         """
         admin_readonly_fields = self.get_admin_readonly_fields(response)
         for field in admin_readonly_fields:
-            if field.field['name'] == field_name:
+            if field.field["name"] == field_name:
                 return field
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls', USE_I18N=True, LANGUAGE_CODE='en')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls", USE_I18N=True, LANGUAGE_CODE="en")
 class AdminViewBasicTestCase(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>',
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
             date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
             section=cls.s1,
-            title='Article 1',
+            title="Article 1",
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Oldest content</p>',
+            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
             date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
             section=cls.s1,
-            title='Article 2',
+            title="Article 2",
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
-        )
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
-        cls.color1 = Color.objects.create(value='Red', warm=True)
-        cls.color2 = Color.objects.create(value='Orange', warm=True)
-        cls.color3 = Color.objects.create(value='Blue', warm=False)
-        cls.color4 = Color.objects.create(value='Green', warm=False)
-        cls.fab1 = Fabric.objects.create(surface='x')
-        cls.fab2 = Fabric.objects.create(surface='y')
-        cls.fab3 = Fabric.objects.create(surface='plain')
-        cls.b1 = Book.objects.create(name='Book 1')
-        cls.b2 = Book.objects.create(name='Book 2')
-        cls.pro1 = Promo.objects.create(name='Promo 1', book=cls.b1)
-        cls.pro1 = Promo.objects.create(name='Promo 2', book=cls.b2)
-        cls.chap1 = Chapter.objects.create(title='Chapter 1', content='[ insert contents here ]', book=cls.b1)
-        cls.chap2 = Chapter.objects.create(title='Chapter 2', content='[ insert contents here ]', book=cls.b1)
-        cls.chap3 = Chapter.objects.create(title='Chapter 1', content='[ insert contents here ]', book=cls.b2)
-        cls.chap4 = Chapter.objects.create(title='Chapter 2', content='[ insert contents here ]', book=cls.b2)
-        cls.cx1 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap1, xtra='ChapterXtra1 1')
-        cls.cx2 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap3, xtra='ChapterXtra1 2')
-        Actor.objects.create(name='Palin', age=27)
+            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
+        )
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
+        )
+        cls.color1 = Color.objects.create(value="Red", warm=True)
+        cls.color2 = Color.objects.create(value="Orange", warm=True)
+        cls.color3 = Color.objects.create(value="Blue", warm=False)
+        cls.color4 = Color.objects.create(value="Green", warm=False)
+        cls.fab1 = Fabric.objects.create(surface="x")
+        cls.fab2 = Fabric.objects.create(surface="y")
+        cls.fab3 = Fabric.objects.create(surface="plain")
+        cls.b1 = Book.objects.create(name="Book 1")
+        cls.b2 = Book.objects.create(name="Book 2")
+        cls.pro1 = Promo.objects.create(name="Promo 1", book=cls.b1)
+        cls.pro1 = Promo.objects.create(name="Promo 2", book=cls.b2)
+        cls.chap1 = Chapter.objects.create(
+            title="Chapter 1", content="[ insert contents here ]", book=cls.b1
+        )
+        cls.chap2 = Chapter.objects.create(
+            title="Chapter 2", content="[ insert contents here ]", book=cls.b1
+        )
+        cls.chap3 = Chapter.objects.create(
+            title="Chapter 1", content="[ insert contents here ]", book=cls.b2
+        )
+        cls.chap4 = Chapter.objects.create(
+            title="Chapter 2", content="[ insert contents here ]", book=cls.b2
+        )
+        cls.cx1 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap1, xtra="ChapterXtra1 1")
+        cls.cx2 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap3, xtra="ChapterXtra1 2")
+        Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)
 
         # Post data for edit inline
         cls.inline_post_data = {
@@ -204,7 +299,9 @@ class AdminViewBasicTestCase(TestCase):
         self.assertLess(
             response.content.index(text1.encode()),
             response.content.index(text2.encode()),
-            (failing_msg or '') + '\nResponse:\n' + response.content.decode(response.charset)
+            (failing_msg or "")
+            + "\nResponse:\n"
+            + response.content.decode(response.charset),
         )
 
 
@@ -213,7 +310,7 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         """
         If you leave off the trailing slash, app should redirect and add it.
         """
-        add_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add')
+        add_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add")
         response = self.client.get(add_url[:-1])
         self.assertRedirects(response, add_url, status_code=301)
 
@@ -221,22 +318,27 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         """
         A smoke test to ensure GET on the add_view works.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"))
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_add_with_GET_args(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'), {'name': 'My Section'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"), {"name": "My Section"}
+        )
         self.assertContains(
-            response, 'value="My Section"',
-            msg_prefix="Couldn't find an input with the right value in the response"
+            response,
+            'value="My Section"',
+            msg_prefix="Couldn't find an input with the right value in the response",
         )
 
     def test_basic_edit_GET(self):
         """
         A smoke test to ensure GET on the change_view works.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
@@ -246,11 +348,14 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         model with an integer PK field) redirects to the index page with a
         message saying the object doesn't exist.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(quote("abc/<b>"),)), follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(quote("abc/<b>"),)),
+            follow=True,
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:index"))
         self.assertEqual(
-            [m.message for m in response.context['messages']],
-            ['section with ID “abc/<b>” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?']
+            [m.message for m in response.context["messages"]],
+            ["section with ID “abc/<b>” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?"],
         )
 
     def test_basic_edit_GET_old_url_redirect(self):
@@ -258,20 +363,26 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         The change URL changed in Django 1.9, but the old one still redirects.
         """
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)).replace('change/', '')
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)).replace(
+                "change/", ""
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,))
         )
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
 
     def test_basic_inheritance_GET_string_PK(self):
         """
         GET on the change_view (for inherited models) redirects to the index
         page with a message saying the object doesn't exist.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_supervillain_change', args=('abc',)), follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_supervillain_change", args=("abc",)), follow=True
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:index"))
         self.assertEqual(
-            [m.message for m in response.context['messages']],
-            ['super villain with ID “abc” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?']
+            [m.message for m in response.context["messages"]],
+            ["super villain with ID “abc” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?"],
         )
 
     def test_basic_add_POST(self):
@@ -285,26 +396,26 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
             "article_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
             "article_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'), post_data)
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"), post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
 
     def test_popup_add_POST(self):
         """HTTP response from a popup is properly escaped."""
         post_data = {
-            IS_POPUP_VAR: '1',
-            'title': 'title with a new\nline',
-            'content': 'some content',
-            'date_0': '2010-09-10',
-            'date_1': '14:55:39',
+            IS_POPUP_VAR: "1",
+            "title": "title with a new\nline",
+            "content": "some content",
+            "date_0": "2010-09-10",
+            "date_1": "14:55:39",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), post_data)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'title with a new\\nline')
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), post_data)
+        self.assertContains(response, "title with a new\\nline")
 
     def test_basic_edit_POST(self):
         """
         A smoke test to ensure POST on edit_view works.
         """
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,))
         response = self.client.post(url, self.inline_post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
 
@@ -313,15 +424,19 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         Test "save as".
         """
         post_data = self.inline_post_data.copy()
-        post_data.update({
-            '_saveasnew': 'Save+as+new',
-            "article_set-1-section": "1",
-            "article_set-2-section": "1",
-            "article_set-3-section": "1",
-            "article_set-4-section": "1",
-            "article_set-5-section": "1",
-        })
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), post_data)
+        post_data.update(
+            {
+                "_saveasnew": "Save+as+new",
+                "article_set-1-section": "1",
+                "article_set-2-section": "1",
+                "article_set-3-section": "1",
+                "article_set-4-section": "1",
+                "article_set-5-section": "1",
+            }
+        )
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)), post_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
 
     def test_edit_save_as_delete_inline(self):
@@ -329,40 +444,50 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         Should be able to "Save as new" while also deleting an inline.
         """
         post_data = self.inline_post_data.copy()
-        post_data.update({
-            '_saveasnew': 'Save+as+new',
-            "article_set-1-section": "1",
-            "article_set-2-section": "1",
-            "article_set-2-DELETE": "1",
-            "article_set-3-section": "1",
-        })
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), post_data)
+        post_data.update(
+            {
+                "_saveasnew": "Save+as+new",
+                "article_set-1-section": "1",
+                "article_set-2-section": "1",
+                "article_set-2-DELETE": "1",
+                "article_set-3-section": "1",
+            }
+        )
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)), post_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         # started with 3 articles, one was deleted.
-        self.assertEqual(Section.objects.latest('id').article_set.count(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(Section.objects.latest("id").article_set.count(), 2)
 
     def test_change_list_column_field_classes(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"))
         # callables display the callable name.
-        self.assertContains(response, 'column-callable_year')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'field-callable_year')
+        self.assertContains(response, "column-callable_year")
+        self.assertContains(response, "field-callable_year")
         # lambdas display as "lambda" + index that they appear in list_display.
-        self.assertContains(response, 'column-lambda8')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'field-lambda8')
+        self.assertContains(response, "column-lambda8")
+        self.assertContains(response, "field-lambda8")
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_callable(self):
         """
         Ensure we can sort on a list_display field that is a callable
         (column 2 is callable_year in ArticleAdmin)
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), {'o': 2})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": 2}
+        )
         self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, 'Oldest content', 'Middle content',
-            "Results of sorting on callable are out of order."
+            response,
+            "Oldest content",
+            "Middle content",
+            "Results of sorting on callable are out of order.",
         )
         self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, 'Middle content', 'Newest content',
-            "Results of sorting on callable are out of order."
+            response,
+            "Middle content",
+            "Newest content",
+            "Results of sorting on callable are out of order.",
         )
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_property(self):
@@ -370,61 +495,71 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         Sort on a list_display field that is a property (column 10 is
         a property in Article model).
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), {'o': 10})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": 10}
+        )
         self.assertContentBefore(
             response,
-            'Oldest content',
-            'Middle content',
-            'Results of sorting on property are out of order.',
+            "Oldest content",
+            "Middle content",
+            "Results of sorting on property are out of order.",
         )
         self.assertContentBefore(
             response,
-            'Middle content',
-            'Newest content',
-            'Results of sorting on property are out of order.',
+            "Middle content",
+            "Newest content",
+            "Results of sorting on property are out of order.",
         )
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_callable_query_expression(self):
         """Query expressions may be used for admin_order_field."""
         tests = [
-            ('order_by_expression', 9),
-            ('order_by_f_expression', 12),
-            ('order_by_orderby_expression', 13),
+            ("order_by_expression", 9),
+            ("order_by_f_expression", 12),
+            ("order_by_orderby_expression", 13),
         ]
         for admin_order_field, index in tests:
             with self.subTest(admin_order_field):
                 response = self.client.get(
-                    reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'),
-                    {'o': index},
+                    reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"),
+                    {"o": index},
                 )
                 self.assertContentBefore(
-                    response, 'Oldest content', 'Middle content',
-                    'Results of sorting on callable are out of order.'
+                    response,
+                    "Oldest content",
+                    "Middle content",
+                    "Results of sorting on callable are out of order.",
                 )
                 self.assertContentBefore(
-                    response, 'Middle content', 'Newest content',
-                    'Results of sorting on callable are out of order.'
+                    response,
+                    "Middle content",
+                    "Newest content",
+                    "Results of sorting on callable are out of order.",
                 )
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_callable_query_expression_reverse(self):
         tests = [
-            ('order_by_expression', -9),
-            ('order_by_f_expression', -12),
-            ('order_by_orderby_expression', -13),
+            ("order_by_expression", -9),
+            ("order_by_f_expression", -12),
+            ("order_by_orderby_expression", -13),
         ]
         for admin_order_field, index in tests:
             with self.subTest(admin_order_field):
                 response = self.client.get(
-                    reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'),
-                    {'o': index},
+                    reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"),
+                    {"o": index},
                 )
                 self.assertContentBefore(
-                    response, 'Middle content', 'Oldest content',
-                    'Results of sorting on callable are out of order.'
+                    response,
+                    "Middle content",
+                    "Oldest content",
+                    "Results of sorting on callable are out of order.",
                 )
                 self.assertContentBefore(
-                    response, 'Newest content', 'Middle content',
-                    'Results of sorting on callable are out of order.'
+                    response,
+                    "Newest content",
+                    "Middle content",
+                    "Results of sorting on callable are out of order.",
                 )
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_model(self):
@@ -432,14 +567,20 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         Ensure we can sort on a list_display field that is a Model method
         (column 3 is 'model_year' in ArticleAdmin)
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), {'o': '-3'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": "-3"}
+        )
         self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, 'Newest content', 'Middle content',
-            "Results of sorting on Model method are out of order."
+            response,
+            "Newest content",
+            "Middle content",
+            "Results of sorting on Model method are out of order.",
         )
         self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, 'Middle content', 'Oldest content',
-            "Results of sorting on Model method are out of order."
+            response,
+            "Middle content",
+            "Oldest content",
+            "Results of sorting on Model method are out of order.",
         )
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_model_admin(self):
@@ -447,14 +588,20 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         Ensure we can sort on a list_display field that is a ModelAdmin method
         (column 4 is 'modeladmin_year' in ArticleAdmin)
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), {'o': '4'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": "4"}
+        )
         self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, 'Oldest content', 'Middle content',
-            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order."
+            response,
+            "Oldest content",
+            "Middle content",
+            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order.",
         )
         self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, 'Middle content', 'Newest content',
-            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order."
+            response,
+            "Middle content",
+            "Newest content",
+            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order.",
         )
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_model_admin_reverse(self):
@@ -465,42 +612,58 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         """
         td = '<td class="field-model_property_year">%s</td>'
         td_2000, td_2008, td_2009 = td % 2000, td % 2008, td % 2009
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), {'o': '6'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": "6"}
+        )
         self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, td_2009, td_2008,
-            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order."
+            response,
+            td_2009,
+            td_2008,
+            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order.",
         )
         self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, td_2008, td_2000,
-            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order."
+            response,
+            td_2008,
+            td_2000,
+            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order.",
         )
         # Let's make sure the ordering is right and that we don't get a
         # FieldError when we change to descending order
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), {'o': '-6'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), {"o": "-6"}
+        )
         self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, td_2000, td_2008,
-            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order."
+            response,
+            td_2000,
+            td_2008,
+            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order.",
         )
         self.assertContentBefore(
-            response, td_2008, td_2009,
-            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order."
+            response,
+            td_2008,
+            td_2009,
+            "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order.",
         )
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_multiple(self):
         p1 = Person.objects.create(name="Chris", gender=1, alive=True)
         p2 = Person.objects.create(name="Chris", gender=2, alive=True)
         p3 = Person.objects.create(name="Bob", gender=1, alive=True)
-        link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(p1.pk,))
-        link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(p2.pk,))
-        link3 = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(p3.pk,))
+        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(p1.pk,))
+        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(p2.pk,))
+        link3 = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(p3.pk,))
 
         # Sort by name, gender
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), {'o': '1.2'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), {"o": "1.2"}
+        )
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link3, link1)
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link1, link2)
 
         # Sort by gender descending, name
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), {'o': '-2.1'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), {"o": "-2.1"}
+        )
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link2, link3)
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link3, link1)
 
@@ -514,27 +677,29 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         p1 = Person.objects.create(name="Amy", gender=1, alive=True, age=80)
         p2 = Person.objects.create(name="Bob", gender=1, alive=True, age=70)
         p3 = Person.objects.create(name="Chris", gender=2, alive=False, age=60)
-        link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(p1.pk,))
-        link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(p2.pk,))
-        link3 = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(p3.pk,))
+        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(p1.pk,))
+        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(p2.pk,))
+        link3 = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(p3.pk,))
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), {})
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), {})
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link3, link2)
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link2, link1)
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_model_meta(self):
         # Test ordering on Model Meta is respected
 
-        l1 = Language.objects.create(iso='ur', name='Urdu')
-        l2 = Language.objects.create(iso='ar', name='Arabic')
-        link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_language_change', args=(quote(l1.pk),))
-        link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_language_change', args=(quote(l2.pk),))
+        l1 = Language.objects.create(iso="ur", name="Urdu")
+        l2 = Language.objects.create(iso="ar", name="Arabic")
+        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_language_change", args=(quote(l1.pk),))
+        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_language_change", args=(quote(l2.pk),))
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_language_changelist'), {})
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_language_changelist"), {})
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link2, link1)
 
         # Test we can override with query string
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_language_changelist'), {'o': '-1'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_language_changelist"), {"o": "-1"}
+        )
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link1, link2)
 
     def test_change_list_sorting_override_model_admin(self):
@@ -542,10 +707,10 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         dt = datetime.datetime.now()
         p1 = Podcast.objects.create(name="A", release_date=dt)
         p2 = Podcast.objects.create(name="B", release_date=dt - datetime.timedelta(10))
-        link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_change', args=(p1.pk,))
-        link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_change', args=(p2.pk,))
+        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_change", args=(p1.pk,))
+        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_change", args=(p2.pk,))
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'), {})
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist"), {})
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link1, link2)
 
     def test_multiple_sort_same_field(self):
@@ -554,26 +719,28 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         dt = datetime.datetime.now()
         p1 = Podcast.objects.create(name="A", release_date=dt)
         p2 = Podcast.objects.create(name="B", release_date=dt - datetime.timedelta(10))
-        link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_change', args=(quote(p1.pk),))
-        link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_change', args=(quote(p2.pk),))
+        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_change", args=(quote(p1.pk),))
+        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_change", args=(quote(p2.pk),))
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'), {})
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist"), {})
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link1, link2)
 
         p1 = ComplexSortedPerson.objects.create(name="Bob", age=10)
         p2 = ComplexSortedPerson.objects.create(name="Amy", age=20)
-        link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_complexsortedperson_change', args=(p1.pk,))
-        link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_complexsortedperson_change', args=(p2.pk,))
+        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_complexsortedperson_change", args=(p1.pk,))
+        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_complexsortedperson_change", args=(p2.pk,))
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_complexsortedperson_changelist'), {})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_complexsortedperson_changelist"), {}
+        )
         # Should have 5 columns (including action checkbox col)
         self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col"', count=5)
 
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Name')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Colored name')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Name")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Colored name")
 
         # Check order
-        self.assertContentBefore(response, 'Name', 'Colored name')
+        self.assertContentBefore(response, "Name", "Colored name")
 
         # Check sorting - should be by name
         self.assertContentBefore(response, link2, link1)
@@ -584,146 +751,170 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         fields: field names, method on the model admin and model itself, and
         other callables. See #17252.
         """
-        models = [(AdminOrderedField, 'adminorderedfield'),
-                  (AdminOrderedModelMethod, 'adminorderedmodelmethod'),
-                  (AdminOrderedAdminMethod, 'adminorderedadminmethod'),
-                  (AdminOrderedCallable, 'adminorderedcallable')]
+        models = [
+            (AdminOrderedField, "adminorderedfield"),
+            (AdminOrderedModelMethod, "adminorderedmodelmethod"),
+            (AdminOrderedAdminMethod, "adminorderedadminmethod"),
+            (AdminOrderedCallable, "adminorderedcallable"),
+        ]
         for model, url in models:
-            model.objects.create(stuff='The Last Item', order=3)
-            model.objects.create(stuff='The First Item', order=1)
-            model.objects.create(stuff='The Middle Item', order=2)
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_%s_changelist' % url), {})
+            model.objects.create(stuff="The Last Item", order=3)
+            model.objects.create(stuff="The First Item", order=1)
+            model.objects.create(stuff="The Middle Item", order=2)
+            response = self.client.get(
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_%s_changelist" % url), {}
+            )
             # Should have 3 columns including action checkbox col.
             self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col"', count=3, msg_prefix=url)
             # Check if the correct column was selected. 2 is the index of the
             # 'order' column in the model admin's 'list_display' with 0 being
             # the implicit 'action_checkbox' and 1 being the column 'stuff'.
-            self.assertEqual(response.context['cl'].get_ordering_field_columns(), {2: 'asc'})
+            self.assertEqual(
+                response.context["cl"].get_ordering_field_columns(), {2: "asc"}
+            )
             # Check order of records.
-            self.assertContentBefore(response, 'The First Item', 'The Middle Item')
-            self.assertContentBefore(response, 'The Middle Item', 'The Last Item')
+            self.assertContentBefore(response, "The First Item", "The Middle Item")
+            self.assertContentBefore(response, "The Middle Item", "The Last Item")
 
     def test_has_related_field_in_list_display_fk(self):
         """Joins shouldn't be performed for <FK>_id fields in list display."""
-        state = State.objects.create(name='Karnataka')
-        City.objects.create(state=state, name='Bangalore')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_city_changelist'), {})
+        state = State.objects.create(name="Karnataka")
+        City.objects.create(state=state, name="Bangalore")
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_city_changelist"), {})
 
-        response.context['cl'].list_display = ['id', 'name', 'state']
-        self.assertIs(response.context['cl'].has_related_field_in_list_display(), True)
+        response.context["cl"].list_display = ["id", "name", "state"]
+        self.assertIs(response.context["cl"].has_related_field_in_list_display(), True)
 
-        response.context['cl'].list_display = ['id', 'name', 'state_id']
-        self.assertIs(response.context['cl'].has_related_field_in_list_display(), False)
+        response.context["cl"].list_display = ["id", "name", "state_id"]
+        self.assertIs(response.context["cl"].has_related_field_in_list_display(), False)
 
     def test_has_related_field_in_list_display_o2o(self):
         """Joins shouldn't be performed for <O2O>_id fields in list display."""
-        media = Media.objects.create(name='Foo')
+        media = Media.objects.create(name="Foo")
         Vodcast.objects.create(media=media)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_vodcast_changelist'), {})
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_vodcast_changelist"), {})
 
-        response.context['cl'].list_display = ['media']
-        self.assertIs(response.context['cl'].has_related_field_in_list_display(), True)
+        response.context["cl"].list_display = ["media"]
+        self.assertIs(response.context["cl"].has_related_field_in_list_display(), True)
 
-        response.context['cl'].list_display = ['media_id']
-        self.assertIs(response.context['cl'].has_related_field_in_list_display(), False)
+        response.context["cl"].list_display = ["media_id"]
+        self.assertIs(response.context["cl"].has_related_field_in_list_display(), False)
 
     def test_limited_filter(self):
         """Ensure admin changelist filters do not contain objects excluded via limit_choices_to.
         This also tests relation-spanning filters (e.g. 'color__value').
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_thing_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_thing_changelist"))
         self.assertContains(
-            response, '<div id="changelist-filter">',
-            msg_prefix="Expected filter not found in changelist view"
+            response,
+            '<div id="changelist-filter">',
+            msg_prefix="Expected filter not found in changelist view",
         )
         self.assertNotContains(
-            response, '<a href="?color__id__exact=3">Blue</a>',
-            msg_prefix="Changelist filter not correctly limited by limit_choices_to"
+            response,
+            '<a href="?color__id__exact=3">Blue</a>',
+            msg_prefix="Changelist filter not correctly limited by limit_choices_to",
         )
 
     def test_relation_spanning_filters(self):
-        changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_chapterxtra1_changelist')
+        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_chapterxtra1_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(changelist_url)
         self.assertContains(response, '<div id="changelist-filter">')
         filters = {
-            'chap__id__exact': {
-                'values': [c.id for c in Chapter.objects.all()],
-                'test': lambda obj, value: obj.chap.id == value,
+            "chap__id__exact": {
+                "values": [c.id for c in Chapter.objects.all()],
+                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.chap.id == value,
             },
-            'chap__title': {
-                'values': [c.title for c in Chapter.objects.all()],
-                'test': lambda obj, value: obj.chap.title == value,
+            "chap__title": {
+                "values": [c.title for c in Chapter.objects.all()],
+                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.chap.title == value,
             },
-            'chap__book__id__exact': {
-                'values': [b.id for b in Book.objects.all()],
-                'test': lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.id == value,
+            "chap__book__id__exact": {
+                "values": [b.id for b in Book.objects.all()],
+                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.id == value,
             },
-            'chap__book__name': {
-                'values': [b.name for b in Book.objects.all()],
-                'test': lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.name == value,
+            "chap__book__name": {
+                "values": [b.name for b in Book.objects.all()],
+                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.name == value,
             },
-            'chap__book__promo__id__exact': {
-                'values': [p.id for p in Promo.objects.all()],
-                'test': lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.promo_set.filter(id=value).exists(),
+            "chap__book__promo__id__exact": {
+                "values": [p.id for p in Promo.objects.all()],
+                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.promo_set.filter(
+                    id=value
+                ).exists(),
             },
-            'chap__book__promo__name': {
-                'values': [p.name for p in Promo.objects.all()],
-                'test': lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.promo_set.filter(name=value).exists(),
+            "chap__book__promo__name": {
+                "values": [p.name for p in Promo.objects.all()],
+                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.promo_set.filter(
+                    name=value
+                ).exists(),
             },
             # A forward relation (book) after a reverse relation (promo).
-            'guest_author__promo__book__id__exact': {
-                'values': [p.id for p in Book.objects.all()],
-                'test': lambda obj, value: obj.guest_author.promo_set.filter(book=value).exists(),
+            "guest_author__promo__book__id__exact": {
+                "values": [p.id for p in Book.objects.all()],
+                "test": lambda obj, value: obj.guest_author.promo_set.filter(
+                    book=value
+                ).exists(),
             },
         }
         for filter_path, params in filters.items():
-            for value in params['values']:
+            for value in params["values"]:
                 query_string = urlencode({filter_path: value})
                 # ensure filter link exists
                 self.assertContains(response, '<a href="?%s"' % query_string)
                 # ensure link works
-                filtered_response = self.client.get('%s?%s' % (changelist_url, query_string))
+                filtered_response = self.client.get(
+                    "%s?%s" % (changelist_url, query_string)
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(filtered_response.status_code, 200)
                 # ensure changelist contains only valid objects
-                for obj in filtered_response.context['cl'].queryset.all():
-                    self.assertTrue(params['test'](obj, value))
+                for obj in filtered_response.context["cl"].queryset.all():
+                    self.assertTrue(params["test"](obj, value))
 
     def test_incorrect_lookup_parameters(self):
         """Ensure incorrect lookup parameters are handled gracefully."""
-        changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_thing_changelist')
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'notarealfield': '5'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?e=1' % changelist_url)
+        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_thing_changelist")
+        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"notarealfield": "5"})
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?e=1" % changelist_url)
 
         # Spanning relationships through a nonexistent related object (Refs #16716)
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'notarealfield__whatever': '5'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?e=1' % changelist_url)
+        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"notarealfield__whatever": "5"})
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?e=1" % changelist_url)
 
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'color__id__exact': 'StringNotInteger!'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?e=1' % changelist_url)
+        response = self.client.get(
+            changelist_url, {"color__id__exact": "StringNotInteger!"}
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?e=1" % changelist_url)
 
         # Regression test for #18530
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'pub_date__gte': 'foo'})
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?e=1' % changelist_url)
+        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"pub_date__gte": "foo"})
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?e=1" % changelist_url)
 
     def test_isnull_lookups(self):
         """Ensure is_null is handled correctly."""
-        Article.objects.create(title="I Could Go Anywhere", content="Versatile", date=datetime.datetime.now())
-        changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        Article.objects.create(
+            title="I Could Go Anywhere",
+            content="Versatile",
+            date=datetime.datetime.now(),
+        )
+        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(changelist_url)
-        self.assertContains(response, '4 articles')
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'section__isnull': 'false'})
-        self.assertContains(response, '3 articles')
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'section__isnull': '0'})
-        self.assertContains(response, '3 articles')
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'section__isnull': 'true'})
-        self.assertContains(response, '1 article')
-        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'section__isnull': '1'})
-        self.assertContains(response, '1 article')
+        self.assertContains(response, "4 articles")
+        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"section__isnull": "false"})
+        self.assertContains(response, "3 articles")
+        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"section__isnull": "0"})
+        self.assertContains(response, "3 articles")
+        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"section__isnull": "true"})
+        self.assertContains(response, "1 article")
+        response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {"section__isnull": "1"})
+        self.assertContains(response, "1 article")
 
     def test_logout_and_password_change_URLs(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">' % reverse('admin:logout'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">' % reverse('admin:password_change'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"))
+        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">' % reverse("admin:logout"))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<a href="%s">' % reverse("admin:password_change")
+        )
 
     def test_named_group_field_choices_change_list(self):
         """
@@ -731,49 +922,64 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         for rows corresponding to instances of a model in which a named group
         has been used in the choices option of a field.
         """
-        link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_fabric_change', args=(self.fab1.pk,))
-        link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_fabric_change', args=(self.fab2.pk,))
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_fabric_changelist'))
+        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_fabric_change", args=(self.fab1.pk,))
+        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_fabric_change", args=(self.fab2.pk,))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_fabric_changelist"))
         fail_msg = (
             "Changelist table isn't showing the right human-readable values "
             "set by a model field 'choices' option named group."
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">Horizontal</a>' % link1, msg_prefix=fail_msg, html=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">Vertical</a>' % link2, msg_prefix=fail_msg, html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<a href="%s">Horizontal</a>' % link1,
+            msg_prefix=fail_msg,
+            html=True,
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<a href="%s">Vertical</a>' % link2,
+            msg_prefix=fail_msg,
+            html=True,
+        )
 
     def test_named_group_field_choices_filter(self):
         """
         Ensures the filter UI shows correctly when at least one named group has
         been used in the choices option of a model field.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_fabric_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_fabric_changelist"))
         fail_msg = (
             "Changelist filter isn't showing options contained inside a model "
             "field 'choices' option named group."
         )
         self.assertContains(response, '<div id="changelist-filter">')
         self.assertContains(
-            response, '<a href="?surface__exact=x">Horizontal</a>',
-            msg_prefix=fail_msg, html=True
+            response,
+            '<a href="?surface__exact=x">Horizontal</a>',
+            msg_prefix=fail_msg,
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(
-            response, '<a href="?surface__exact=y">Vertical</a>',
-            msg_prefix=fail_msg, html=True
+            response,
+            '<a href="?surface__exact=y">Vertical</a>',
+            msg_prefix=fail_msg,
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_change_list_null_boolean_display(self):
         Post.objects.create(public=None)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'icon-unknown.svg')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_post_changelist"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "icon-unknown.svg")
 
     def test_display_decorator_with_boolean_and_empty_value(self):
         msg = (
-            'The boolean and empty_value arguments to the @display decorator '
-            'are mutually exclusive.'
+            "The boolean and empty_value arguments to the @display decorator "
+            "are mutually exclusive."
         )
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
+
             class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
-                @admin.display(boolean=True, empty_value='(Missing)')
+                @admin.display(boolean=True, empty_value="(Missing)")
                 def is_published(self, obj):
                     return obj.publish_date is not None
 
@@ -783,21 +989,21 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         if the default language is non-English but the selected language
         is English. See #13388 and #3594 for more details.
         """
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='fr'), translation.override('en-us'):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:jsi18n'))
-            self.assertNotContains(response, 'Choisir une heure')
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="fr"), translation.override("en-us"):
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:jsi18n"))
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "Choisir une heure")
 
     def test_i18n_language_non_english_fallback(self):
         """
         Makes sure that the fallback language is still working properly
         in cases where the selected language cannot be found.
         """
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='fr'), translation.override('none'):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:jsi18n'))
-            self.assertContains(response, 'Choisir une heure')
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="fr"), translation.override("none"):
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:jsi18n"))
+            self.assertContains(response, "Choisir une heure")
 
     def test_jsi18n_with_context(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin-extra-context:jsi18n'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin-extra-context:jsi18n"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_jsi18n_format_fallback(self):
@@ -805,96 +1011,125 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         The JavaScript i18n view doesn't return localized date/time formats
         when the selected language cannot be found.
         """
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='ru'), translation.override('none'):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:jsi18n'))
-            self.assertNotContains(response, '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S')
-            self.assertContains(response, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="ru"), translation.override("none"):
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:jsi18n"))
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S")
+            self.assertContains(response, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
 
     def test_disallowed_filtering(self):
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminLookup', 'ERROR'):
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminLookup", "ERROR"):
             response = self.client.get(
-                "%s?owner__email__startswith=fuzzy" % reverse('admin:admin_views_album_changelist')
+                "%s?owner__email__startswith=fuzzy"
+                % reverse("admin:admin_views_album_changelist")
             )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
         # Filters are allowed if explicitly included in list_filter
-        response = self.client.get("%s?color__value__startswith=red" % reverse('admin:admin_views_thing_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "%s?color__value__startswith=red"
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_thing_changelist")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        response = self.client.get("%s?color__value=red" % reverse('admin:admin_views_thing_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "%s?color__value=red" % reverse("admin:admin_views_thing_changelist")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
         # Filters should be allowed if they involve a local field without the
         # need to allow them in list_filter or date_hierarchy.
-        response = self.client.get("%s?age__gt=30" % reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "%s?age__gt=30" % reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
-        e1 = Employee.objects.create(name='Anonymous', gender=1, age=22, alive=True, code='123')
-        e2 = Employee.objects.create(name='Visitor', gender=2, age=19, alive=True, code='124')
+        e1 = Employee.objects.create(
+            name="Anonymous", gender=1, age=22, alive=True, code="123"
+        )
+        e2 = Employee.objects.create(
+            name="Visitor", gender=2, age=19, alive=True, code="124"
+        )
         WorkHour.objects.create(datum=datetime.datetime.now(), employee=e1)
         WorkHour.objects.create(datum=datetime.datetime.now(), employee=e2)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_workhour_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'employee__person_ptr__exact')
-        response = self.client.get("%s?employee__person_ptr__exact=%d" % (
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_workhour_changelist'), e1.pk)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_workhour_changelist"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "employee__person_ptr__exact")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "%s?employee__person_ptr__exact=%d"
+            % (reverse("admin:admin_views_workhour_changelist"), e1.pk)
         )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_disallowed_to_field(self):
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist')
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.get(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'missing_field'})
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_section_changelist")
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.get(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: "missing_field"})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
         # Specifying a field that is not referred by any other model registered
         # to this admin site should raise an exception.
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'name'})
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.get(
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_section_changelist"), {TO_FIELD_VAR: "name"}
+            )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
         # #23839 - Primary key should always be allowed, even if the referenced model isn't registered.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_notreferenced_changelist'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'id'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_notreferenced_changelist"), {TO_FIELD_VAR: "id"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
         # #23915 - Specifying a field referenced by another model though a m2m should be allowed.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_recipe_changelist'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'rname'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_recipe_changelist"), {TO_FIELD_VAR: "rname"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
         # #23604, #23915 - Specifying a field referenced through a reverse m2m relationship should be allowed.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_ingredient_changelist'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'iname'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_ingredient_changelist"), {TO_FIELD_VAR: "iname"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
         # #23329 - Specifying a field that is not referred by any other model directly registered
         # to this admin site but registered through inheritance should be allowed.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_referencedbyparent_changelist'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'name'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_referencedbyparent_changelist"),
+            {TO_FIELD_VAR: "name"},
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
         # #23431 - Specifying a field that is only referred to by a inline of a registered
         # model should be allowed.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_referencedbyinline_changelist'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'name'})
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_referencedbyinline_changelist"),
+            {TO_FIELD_VAR: "name"},
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
         # #25622 - Specifying a field of a model only referred by a generic
         # relation should raise DisallowedModelAdminToField.
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_referencedbygenrel_changelist')
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.get(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'object_id'})
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_referencedbygenrel_changelist")
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.get(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: "object_id"})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
         # We also want to prevent the add, change, and delete views from
         # leaking a disallowed field value.
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'name'})
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.post(
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"), {TO_FIELD_VAR: "name"}
+            )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
         section = Section.objects.create()
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(section.pk,))
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.post(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'name'})
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(section.pk,))
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.post(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: "name"})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_section_delete', args=(section.pk,))
-        with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField', 'ERROR'):
-            response = self.client.post(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'name'})
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_section_delete", args=(section.pk,))
+        with self.assertLogs("django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField", "ERROR"):
+            response = self.client.post(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: "name"})
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
 
     def test_allowed_filtering_15103(self):
@@ -904,7 +1139,9 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         can break.
         """
         # Filters should be allowed if they are defined on a ForeignKey pointing to this model
-        url = "%s?leader__name=Palin&leader__age=27" % reverse('admin:admin_views_inquisition_changelist')
+        url = "%s?leader__name=Palin&leader__age=27" % reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_inquisition_changelist"
+        )
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
@@ -913,7 +1150,9 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         Regression test for ticket 20664 - ensure the pk is properly quoted.
         """
         actor = Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)
-        response = self.client.get("%s?%s" % (reverse('admin:admin_views_actor_changelist'), IS_POPUP_VAR))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            "%s?%s" % (reverse("admin:admin_views_actor_changelist"), IS_POPUP_VAR)
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, 'data-popup-opener="%s"' % actor.pk)
 
     def test_hide_change_password(self):
@@ -922,14 +1161,15 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         does not have a usable password set.
         (against 9bea85795705d015cdadc82c68b99196a8554f5c)
         """
-        user = User.objects.get(username='super')
+        user = User.objects.get(username="super")
         user.set_unusable_password()
         user.save()
         self.client.force_login(user)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:index"))
         self.assertNotContains(
-            response, reverse('admin:password_change'),
-            msg_prefix='The "change password" link should not be displayed if a user does not have a usable password.'
+            response,
+            reverse("admin:password_change"),
+            msg_prefix='The "change password" link should not be displayed if a user does not have a usable password.',
         )
 
     def test_change_view_with_show_delete_extra_context(self):
@@ -937,20 +1177,31 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         The 'show_delete' context variable in the admin's change view controls
         the display of the delete button.
         """
-        instance = UndeletableObject.objects.create(name='foo')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_undeletableobject_change', args=(instance.pk,)))
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'deletelink')
+        instance = UndeletableObject.objects.create(name="foo")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_undeletableobject_change", args=(instance.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "deletelink")
 
     def test_change_view_logs_m2m_field_changes(self):
         """Changes to ManyToManyFields are included in the object's history."""
-        pizza = ReadablePizza.objects.create(name='Cheese')
-        cheese = Topping.objects.create(name='cheese')
-        post_data = {'name': pizza.name, 'toppings': [cheese.pk]}
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_readablepizza_change', args=(pizza.pk,)), post_data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_readablepizza_changelist'))
-        pizza_ctype = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ReadablePizza, for_concrete_model=False)
-        log = LogEntry.objects.filter(content_type=pizza_ctype, object_id=pizza.pk).first()
-        self.assertEqual(log.get_change_message(), 'Changed Toppings.')
+        pizza = ReadablePizza.objects.create(name="Cheese")
+        cheese = Topping.objects.create(name="cheese")
+        post_data = {"name": pizza.name, "toppings": [cheese.pk]}
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_readablepizza_change", args=(pizza.pk,)),
+            post_data,
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, reverse("admin:admin_views_readablepizza_changelist")
+        )
+        pizza_ctype = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(
+            ReadablePizza, for_concrete_model=False
+        )
+        log = LogEntry.objects.filter(
+            content_type=pizza_ctype, object_id=pizza.pk
+        ).first()
+        self.assertEqual(log.get_change_message(), "Changed Toppings.")
 
     def test_allows_attributeerror_to_bubble_up(self):
         """
@@ -960,7 +1211,7 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         """
         Simple.objects.create()
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
-            self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_simple_changelist'))
+            self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_simple_changelist"))
 
     def test_changelist_with_no_change_url(self):
         """
@@ -968,282 +1219,337 @@ class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         for change_view is removed from get_urls (#20934).
         """
         o = UnchangeableObject.objects.create()
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_unchangeableobject_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_unchangeableobject_changelist")
+        )
         # Check the format of the shown object -- shouldn't contain a change link
-        self.assertContains(response, '<th class="field-__str__">%s</th>' % o, html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<th class="field-__str__">%s</th>' % o, html=True
+        )
 
     def test_invalid_appindex_url(self):
         """
         #21056 -- URL reversing shouldn't work for nonexistent apps.
         """
-        good_url = '/test_admin/admin/admin_views/'
-        confirm_good_url = reverse('admin:app_list',
-                                   kwargs={'app_label': 'admin_views'})
+        good_url = "/test_admin/admin/admin_views/"
+        confirm_good_url = reverse(
+            "admin:app_list", kwargs={"app_label": "admin_views"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(good_url, confirm_good_url)
 
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-            reverse('admin:app_list', kwargs={'app_label': 'this_should_fail'})
+            reverse("admin:app_list", kwargs={"app_label": "this_should_fail"})
         with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
-            reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views2',))
+            reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views2",))
 
     def test_resolve_admin_views(self):
-        index_match = resolve('/test_admin/admin4/')
-        list_match = resolve('/test_admin/admin4/auth/user/')
+        index_match = resolve("/test_admin/admin4/")
+        list_match = resolve("/test_admin/admin4/auth/user/")
         self.assertIs(index_match.func.admin_site, customadmin.simple_site)
-        self.assertIsInstance(list_match.func.model_admin, customadmin.CustomPwdTemplateUserAdmin)
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            list_match.func.model_admin, customadmin.CustomPwdTemplateUserAdmin
+        )
 
     def test_adminsite_display_site_url(self):
         """
         #13749 - Admin should display link to front-end site 'View site'
         """
-        url = reverse('admin:index')
+        url = reverse("admin:index")
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['site_url'], '/my-site-url/')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["site_url"], "/my-site-url/")
         self.assertContains(response, '<a href="/my-site-url/">View site</a>')
 
     def test_date_hierarchy_empty_queryset(self):
         self.assertIs(Question.objects.exists(), False)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_answer2_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_answer2_changelist"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
-    @override_settings(TIME_ZONE='America/Sao_Paulo', USE_TZ=True)
+    @override_settings(TIME_ZONE="America/Sao_Paulo", USE_TZ=True)
     def test_date_hierarchy_timezone_dst(self):
         # This datetime doesn't exist in this timezone due to DST.
-        for date in make_aware_datetimes(datetime.datetime(2016, 10, 16, 15), 'America/Sao_Paulo'):
+        for date in make_aware_datetimes(
+            datetime.datetime(2016, 10, 16, 15), "America/Sao_Paulo"
+        ):
             with self.subTest(repr(date.tzinfo)):
-                q = Question.objects.create(question='Why?', expires=date)
-                Answer2.objects.create(question=q, answer='Because.')
-                response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_answer2_changelist'))
-                self.assertContains(response, 'question__expires__day=16')
-                self.assertContains(response, 'question__expires__month=10')
-                self.assertContains(response, 'question__expires__year=2016')
-
-    @override_settings(TIME_ZONE='America/Los_Angeles', USE_TZ=True)
+                q = Question.objects.create(question="Why?", expires=date)
+                Answer2.objects.create(question=q, answer="Because.")
+                response = self.client.get(
+                    reverse("admin:admin_views_answer2_changelist")
+                )
+                self.assertContains(response, "question__expires__day=16")
+                self.assertContains(response, "question__expires__month=10")
+                self.assertContains(response, "question__expires__year=2016")
+
+    @override_settings(TIME_ZONE="America/Los_Angeles", USE_TZ=True)
     def test_date_hierarchy_local_date_differ_from_utc(self):
         # This datetime is 2017-01-01 in UTC.
-        for date in make_aware_datetimes(datetime.datetime(2016, 12, 31, 16), 'America/Los_Angeles'):
+        for date in make_aware_datetimes(
+            datetime.datetime(2016, 12, 31, 16), "America/Los_Angeles"
+        ):
             with self.subTest(repr(date.tzinfo)):
-                q = Question.objects.create(question='Why?', expires=date)
-                Answer2.objects.create(question=q, answer='Because.')
-                response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_answer2_changelist'))
-                self.assertContains(response, 'question__expires__day=31')
-                self.assertContains(response, 'question__expires__month=12')
-                self.assertContains(response, 'question__expires__year=2016')
+                q = Question.objects.create(question="Why?", expires=date)
+                Answer2.objects.create(question=q, answer="Because.")
+                response = self.client.get(
+                    reverse("admin:admin_views_answer2_changelist")
+                )
+                self.assertContains(response, "question__expires__day=31")
+                self.assertContains(response, "question__expires__month=12")
+                self.assertContains(response, "question__expires__year=2016")
 
     def test_sortable_by_columns_subset(self):
-        expected_sortable_fields = ('date', 'callable_year')
+        expected_sortable_fields = ("date", "callable_year")
         expected_not_sortable_fields = (
-            'content', 'model_year', 'modeladmin_year', 'model_year_reversed',
-            'section',
+            "content",
+            "model_year",
+            "modeladmin_year",
+            "model_year_reversed",
+            "section",
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin6:admin_views_article_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin6:admin_views_article_changelist"))
         for field_name in expected_sortable_fields:
-            self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="sortable column-%s">' % field_name)
+            self.assertContains(
+                response, '<th scope="col" class="sortable column-%s">' % field_name
+            )
         for field_name in expected_not_sortable_fields:
-            self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="column-%s">' % field_name)
+            self.assertContains(
+                response, '<th scope="col" class="column-%s">' % field_name
+            )
 
     def test_get_sortable_by_columns_subset(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin6:admin_views_actor_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin6:admin_views_actor_changelist"))
         self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="sortable column-age">')
         self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="column-name">')
 
     def test_sortable_by_no_column(self):
-        expected_not_sortable_fields = ('title', 'book')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin6:admin_views_chapter_changelist'))
+        expected_not_sortable_fields = ("title", "book")
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin6:admin_views_chapter_changelist"))
         for field_name in expected_not_sortable_fields:
-            self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="column-%s">' % field_name)
+            self.assertContains(
+                response, '<th scope="col" class="column-%s">' % field_name
+            )
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="sortable column')
 
     def test_get_sortable_by_no_column(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin6:admin_views_color_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin6:admin_views_color_changelist"))
         self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="column-value">')
         self.assertNotContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="sortable column')
 
     def test_app_index_context(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<title>Admin_Views administration | Django site admin</title>',
+            "<title>Admin_Views administration | Django site admin</title>",
         )
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'Admin_Views administration')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['app_label'], 'admin_views')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "Admin_Views administration")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["app_label"], "admin_views")
 
     def test_change_view_subtitle_per_object(self):
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a1.pk,)),
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_change", args=(self.a1.pk,)),
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<title>Article 1 | Change article | Django site admin</title>',
+            "<title>Article 1 | Change article | Django site admin</title>",
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Change article</h1>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Article 1</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Change article</h1>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Article 1</h2>")
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a2.pk,)),
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_change", args=(self.a2.pk,)),
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<title>Article 2 | Change article | Django site admin</title>',
+            "<title>Article 2 | Change article | Django site admin</title>",
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Change article</h1>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Article 2</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Change article</h1>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Article 2</h2>")
 
     def test_view_subtitle_per_object(self):
         viewuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='viewuser', password='secret', is_staff=True,
+            username="viewuser",
+            password="secret",
+            is_staff=True,
         )
         viewuser.user_permissions.add(
-            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('view', Article._meta)),
+            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("view", Article._meta)),
         )
         self.client.force_login(viewuser)
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a1.pk,)),
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_change", args=(self.a1.pk,)),
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<title>Article 1 | View article | Django site admin</title>',
+            "<title>Article 1 | View article | Django site admin</title>",
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>View article</h1>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Article 1</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>View article</h1>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Article 1</h2>")
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a2.pk,)),
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_change", args=(self.a2.pk,)),
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<title>Article 2 | View article | Django site admin</title>',
+            "<title>Article 2 | View article | Django site admin</title>",
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>View article</h1>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Article 2</h2>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>View article</h1>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Article 2</h2>")
 
     def test_formset_kwargs_can_be_overridden(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_city_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'overridden_name')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_city_add"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "overridden_name")
 
     def test_render_views_no_subtitle(self):
         tests = [
-            reverse('admin:index'),
-            reverse('admin:password_change'),
-            reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)),
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_article_delete', args=(self.a1.pk,)),
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_article_history', args=(self.a1.pk,)),
+            reverse("admin:index"),
+            reverse("admin:password_change"),
+            reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views",)),
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_delete", args=(self.a1.pk,)),
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_history", args=(self.a1.pk,)),
             # Login must be after logout.
-            reverse('admin:logout'),
-            reverse('admin:login'),
+            reverse("admin:logout"),
+            reverse("admin:login"),
         ]
         for url in tests:
             with self.subTest(url=url):
-                with self.assertNoLogs('django.template', 'DEBUG'):
+                with self.assertNoLogs("django.template", "DEBUG"):
                     self.client.get(url)
 
     def test_render_delete_selected_confirmation_no_subtitle(self):
         post_data = {
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'selected_across': '0',
-            'index': '0',
-            '_selected_action': self.a1.pk,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "selected_across": "0",
+            "index": "0",
+            "_selected_action": self.a1.pk,
         }
-        with self.assertNoLogs('django.template', 'DEBUG'):
-            self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), post_data)
+        with self.assertNoLogs("django.template", "DEBUG"):
+            self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"), post_data)
 
 
-@override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
-    'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-    # Put this app's and the shared tests templates dirs in DIRS to take precedence
-    # over the admin's templates dir.
-    'DIRS': [
-        os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates'),
-        os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)), 'templates'),
-    ],
-    'APP_DIRS': True,
-    'OPTIONS': {
-        'context_processors': [
-            'django.template.context_processors.debug',
-            'django.template.context_processors.request',
-            'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-            'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
-        ],
-    },
-}])
+@override_settings(
+    TEMPLATES=[
+        {
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            # Put this app's and the shared tests templates dirs in DIRS to take precedence
+            # over the admin's templates dir.
+            "DIRS": [
+                os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "templates"),
+                os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)), "templates"),
+            ],
+            "APP_DIRS": True,
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "context_processors": [
+                    "django.template.context_processors.debug",
+                    "django.template.context_processors.request",
+                    "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
+                    "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
+                ],
+            },
+        }
+    ]
+)
 class AdminCustomTemplateTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
     def test_custom_model_admin_templates(self):
         # Test custom change list template with custom extra context
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_changelist")
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "var hello = 'Hello!';")
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/change_list.html')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/change_list.html")
 
         # Test custom add form template
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_add'))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/add_form.html')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_add"))
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/add_form.html")
 
         # Add an article so we can test delete, change, and history views
-        post = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_add'), {
-            'content': '<p>great article</p>',
-            'date_0': '2008-03-18',
-            'date_1': '10:54:39'
-        })
-        self.assertRedirects(post, reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_changelist'))
+        post = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_add"),
+            {
+                "content": "<p>great article</p>",
+                "date_0": "2008-03-18",
+                "date_1": "10:54:39",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            post, reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_changelist")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(CustomArticle.objects.all().count(), 1)
         article_pk = CustomArticle.objects.all()[0].pk
 
         # Test custom delete, change, and object history templates
         # Test custom change form template
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_change', args=(article_pk,)))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/change_form.html')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_delete', args=(article_pk,)))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/delete_confirmation.html')
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_changelist'), data={
-            'index': 0,
-            'action': ['delete_selected'],
-            '_selected_action': ['1'],
-        })
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_history', args=(article_pk,)))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/object_history.html')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_change", args=(article_pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/change_form.html")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_delete", args=(article_pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/delete_confirmation.html")
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_changelist"),
+            data={
+                "index": 0,
+                "action": ["delete_selected"],
+                "_selected_action": ["1"],
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(
+            response, "custom_admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html"
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_history", args=(article_pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/object_history.html")
 
         # A custom popup response template may be specified by
         # ModelAdmin.popup_response_template.
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_add') + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR, {
-            'content': '<p>great article</p>',
-            'date_0': '2008-03-18',
-            'date_1': '10:54:39',
-            IS_POPUP_VAR: '1'
-        })
-        self.assertEqual(response.template_name, 'custom_admin/popup_response.html')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_customarticle_add") + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR,
+            {
+                "content": "<p>great article</p>",
+                "date_0": "2008-03-18",
+                "date_1": "10:54:39",
+                IS_POPUP_VAR: "1",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.template_name, "custom_admin/popup_response.html")
 
     def test_extended_bodyclass_template_change_form(self):
         """
         The admin/change_form.html template uses block.super in the
         bodyclass block.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")
 
     def test_change_password_template(self):
-        user = User.objects.get(username='super')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:auth_user_password_change', args=(user.id,)))
+        user = User.objects.get(username="super")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_password_change", args=(user.id,))
+        )
         # The auth/user/change_password.html template uses super in the
         # bodyclass block.
-        self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
+        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")
 
         # When a site has multiple passwords in the browser's password manager,
         # a browser pop up asks which user the new password is for. To prevent
         # this, the username is added to the change password form.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<input type="text" name="username" value="super" class="hidden">')
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<input type="text" name="username" value="super" class="hidden">'
+        )
 
     def test_extended_bodyclass_template_index(self):
         """
         The admin/index.html template uses block.super in the bodyclass block.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:index"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")
 
     def test_extended_bodyclass_change_list(self):
         """
         The admin/change_list.html' template uses block.super
         in the bodyclass block.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")
 
     def test_extended_bodyclass_template_login(self):
         """
@@ -1251,8 +1557,8 @@ class AdminCustomTemplateTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         bodyclass block.
         """
         self.client.logout()
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:login'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:login"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")
 
     def test_extended_bodyclass_template_delete_confirmation(self):
         """
@@ -1260,8 +1566,8 @@ class AdminCustomTemplateTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         block.super in the bodyclass block.
         """
         group = Group.objects.create(name="foogroup")
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:auth_group_delete', args=(group.id,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:auth_group_delete", args=(group.id,)))
+        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")
 
     def test_extended_bodyclass_template_delete_selected_confirmation(self):
         """
@@ -1270,41 +1576,51 @@ class AdminCustomTemplateTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
         """
         group = Group.objects.create(name="foogroup")
         post_data = {
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'selected_across': '0',
-            'index': '0',
-            '_selected_action': group.id
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "selected_across": "0",
+            "index": "0",
+            "_selected_action": group.id,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_group_changelist'), post_data)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['site_header'], 'Django administration')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:auth_group_changelist"), post_data)
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["site_header"], "Django administration")
+        self.assertContains(response, "bodyclass_consistency_check ")
 
     def test_filter_with_custom_template(self):
         """
         A custom template can be used to render an admin filter.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_color2_changelist'))
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_filter_template.html')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_color2_changelist"))
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_filter_template.html")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminViewFormUrlTest(TestCase):
     current_app = "admin3"
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
+        )
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
         )
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -1314,10 +1630,16 @@ class AdminViewFormUrlTest(TestCase):
         change_view has form_url in response.context
         """
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,), current_app=self.current_app)
+            reverse(
+                "admin:admin_views_section_change",
+                args=(self.s1.pk,),
+                current_app=self.current_app,
+            )
         )
-        self.assertIn('form_url', response.context, msg='form_url not present in response.context')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['form_url'], 'pony')
+        self.assertIn(
+            "form_url", response.context, msg="form_url not present in response.context"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["form_url"], "pony")
 
     def test_initial_data_can_be_overridden(self):
         """
@@ -1325,8 +1647,8 @@ class AdminViewFormUrlTest(TestCase):
         ModelAdmin class. Usually, the initial value is set via the GET params.
         """
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_restaurant_add', current_app=self.current_app),
-            {'name': 'test_value'}
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_restaurant_add", current_app=self.current_app),
+            {"name": "test_value"},
         )
         # this would be the usual behaviour
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'value="test_value"')
@@ -1334,12 +1656,13 @@ class AdminViewFormUrlTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, 'value="overridden_value"')
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminJavaScriptTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -1349,54 +1672,66 @@ class AdminJavaScriptTest(TestCase):
         The minified versions of the JS files are only used when DEBUG is False.
         """
         with override_settings(DEBUG=False):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'))
-            self.assertNotContains(response, 'vendor/jquery/jquery.js')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'prepopulate.js')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'actions.js')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'collapse.js')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'inlines.js')
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"))
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "vendor/jquery/jquery.js")
+            self.assertContains(response, "vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js")
+            self.assertContains(response, "prepopulate.js")
+            self.assertContains(response, "actions.js")
+            self.assertContains(response, "collapse.js")
+            self.assertContains(response, "inlines.js")
         with override_settings(DEBUG=True):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'))
-            self.assertContains(response, 'vendor/jquery/jquery.js')
-            self.assertNotContains(response, 'vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'prepopulate.js')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'actions.js')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'collapse.js')
-            self.assertContains(response, 'inlines.js')
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"))
+            self.assertContains(response, "vendor/jquery/jquery.js")
+            self.assertNotContains(response, "vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js")
+            self.assertContains(response, "prepopulate.js")
+            self.assertContains(response, "actions.js")
+            self.assertContains(response, "collapse.js")
+            self.assertContains(response, "inlines.js")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class SaveAsTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name='John Mauchly', gender=1, alive=True)
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name="John Mauchly", gender=1, alive=True)
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_save_as_duplication(self):
         """'save as' creates a new person"""
-        post_data = {'_saveasnew': '', 'name': 'John M', 'gender': 1, 'age': 42}
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(self.per1.pk,)), post_data)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(name='John M')), 1)
+        post_data = {"_saveasnew": "", "name": "John M", "gender": 1, "age": 42}
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(self.per1.pk,)), post_data
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(name="John M")), 1)
         self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(id=self.per1.pk)), 1)
-        new_person = Person.objects.latest('id')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(new_person.pk,)))
+        new_person = Person.objects.latest("id")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(new_person.pk,))
+        )
 
     def test_save_as_continue_false(self):
         """
         Saving a new object using "Save as new" redirects to the changelist
         instead of the change view when ModelAdmin.save_as_continue=False.
         """
-        post_data = {'_saveasnew': '', 'name': 'John M', 'gender': 1, 'age': 42}
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(self.per1.pk,), current_app=site2.name)
+        post_data = {"_saveasnew": "", "name": "John M", "gender": 1, "age": 42}
+        url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_person_change",
+            args=(self.per1.pk,),
+            current_app=site2.name,
+        )
         response = self.client.post(url, post_data)
-        self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(name='John M')), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(name="John M")), 1)
         self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(id=self.per1.pk)), 1)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist', current_app=site2.name))
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response,
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist", current_app=site2.name),
+        )
 
     def test_save_as_new_with_validation_errors(self):
         """
@@ -1404,124 +1739,142 @@ class SaveAsTests(TestCase):
         you only see the "Save as new" button and not the other save buttons,
         and that only the "Save as" button is visible.
         """
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(self.per1.pk,)), {
-            '_saveasnew': '',
-            'gender': 'invalid',
-            '_addanother': 'fail',
-        })
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Please correct the errors below.')
-        self.assertFalse(response.context['show_save_and_add_another'])
-        self.assertFalse(response.context['show_save_and_continue'])
-        self.assertTrue(response.context['show_save_as_new'])
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_change", args=(self.per1.pk,)),
+            {
+                "_saveasnew": "",
+                "gender": "invalid",
+                "_addanother": "fail",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "Please correct the errors below.")
+        self.assertFalse(response.context["show_save_and_add_another"])
+        self.assertFalse(response.context["show_save_and_continue"])
+        self.assertTrue(response.context["show_save_as_new"])
 
     def test_save_as_new_with_validation_errors_with_inlines(self):
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='Father')
-        child = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Child')
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_parent_change', args=(parent.pk,)), {
-            '_saveasnew': 'Save as new',
-            'child_set-0-parent': parent.pk,
-            'child_set-0-id': child.pk,
-            'child_set-0-name': 'Child',
-            'child_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'child_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': 1000,
-            'child_set-MIN_NUM_FORMS': 0,
-            'child_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 4,
-            'name': '_invalid',
-        })
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Please correct the error below.')
-        self.assertFalse(response.context['show_save_and_add_another'])
-        self.assertFalse(response.context['show_save_and_continue'])
-        self.assertTrue(response.context['show_save_as_new'])
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="Father")
+        child = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Child")
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_parent_change", args=(parent.pk,)),
+            {
+                "_saveasnew": "Save as new",
+                "child_set-0-parent": parent.pk,
+                "child_set-0-id": child.pk,
+                "child_set-0-name": "Child",
+                "child_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 1,
+                "child_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": 1000,
+                "child_set-MIN_NUM_FORMS": 0,
+                "child_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 4,
+                "name": "_invalid",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "Please correct the error below.")
+        self.assertFalse(response.context["show_save_and_add_another"])
+        self.assertFalse(response.context["show_save_and_continue"])
+        self.assertTrue(response.context["show_save_as_new"])
 
     def test_save_as_new_with_inlines_with_validation_errors(self):
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='Father')
-        child = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Child')
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_parent_change', args=(parent.pk,)), {
-            '_saveasnew': 'Save as new',
-            'child_set-0-parent': parent.pk,
-            'child_set-0-id': child.pk,
-            'child_set-0-name': '_invalid',
-            'child_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 1,
-            'child_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': 1000,
-            'child_set-MIN_NUM_FORMS': 0,
-            'child_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 4,
-            'name': 'Father',
-        })
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Please correct the error below.')
-        self.assertFalse(response.context['show_save_and_add_another'])
-        self.assertFalse(response.context['show_save_and_continue'])
-        self.assertTrue(response.context['show_save_as_new'])
-
-
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
-class CustomModelAdminTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="Father")
+        child = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Child")
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_parent_change", args=(parent.pk,)),
+            {
+                "_saveasnew": "Save as new",
+                "child_set-0-parent": parent.pk,
+                "child_set-0-id": child.pk,
+                "child_set-0-name": "_invalid",
+                "child_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 1,
+                "child_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": 1000,
+                "child_set-MIN_NUM_FORMS": 0,
+                "child_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 4,
+                "name": "Father",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "Please correct the error below.")
+        self.assertFalse(response.context["show_save_and_add_another"])
+        self.assertFalse(response.context["show_save_and_continue"])
+        self.assertTrue(response.context["show_save_as_new"])
 
+
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
+class CustomModelAdminTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
     def test_custom_admin_site_login_form(self):
         self.client.logout()
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:index'), follow=True)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:index"), follow=True)
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        login = self.client.post(reverse('admin2:login'), {
-            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse('admin2:index'),
-            'username': 'customform',
-            'password': 'secret',
-        }, follow=True)
+        login = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin2:login"),
+            {
+                REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse("admin2:index"),
+                "username": "customform",
+                "password": "secret",
+            },
+            follow=True,
+        )
         self.assertIsInstance(login, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertContains(login, 'custom form error')
-        self.assertContains(login, 'path/to/media.css')
+        self.assertContains(login, "custom form error")
+        self.assertContains(login, "path/to/media.css")
 
     def test_custom_admin_site_login_template(self):
         self.client.logout()
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:index'), follow=True)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:index"), follow=True)
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/login.html')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Hello from a custom login template')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/login.html")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Hello from a custom login template")
 
     def test_custom_admin_site_logout_template(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:logout'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:logout"))
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/logout.html')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Hello from a custom logout template')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/logout.html")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Hello from a custom logout template")
 
     def test_custom_admin_site_index_view_and_template(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:index"))
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/index.html')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Hello from a custom index template *bar*')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/index.html")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Hello from a custom index template *bar*")
 
     def test_custom_admin_site_app_index_view_and_template(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/app_index.html')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Hello from a custom app_index template')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/app_index.html")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Hello from a custom app_index template")
 
     def test_custom_admin_site_password_change_template(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:password_change'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:password_change"))
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/password_change_form.html')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Hello from a custom password change form template')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/password_change_form.html")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "Hello from a custom password change form template"
+        )
 
     def test_custom_admin_site_password_change_with_extra_context(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:password_change'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:password_change"))
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/password_change_form.html')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'eggs')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/password_change_form.html")
+        self.assertContains(response, "eggs")
 
     def test_custom_admin_site_password_change_done_template(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:password_change_done'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:password_change_done"))
         self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/password_change_done.html')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Hello from a custom password change done template')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "custom_admin/password_change_done.html")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "Hello from a custom password change done template"
+        )
 
     def test_custom_admin_site_view(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:my_view'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin2:my_view"))
         self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Django is a magical pony!")
 
     def test_pwd_change_custom_template(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        su = User.objects.get(username='super')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin4:auth_user_password_change', args=(su.pk,)))
+        su = User.objects.get(username="super")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin4:auth_user_password_change", args=(su.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
 
@@ -1532,110 +1885,146 @@ def get_perm(Model, codename):
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls',
+    ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls",
     # Test with the admin's documented list of required context processors.
-    TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'APP_DIRS': True,
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'context_processors': [
-                'django.template.context_processors.request',
-                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
-            ],
-        },
-    }],
+    TEMPLATES=[
+        {
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "APP_DIRS": True,
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "context_processors": [
+                    "django.template.context_processors.request",
+                    "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
+                    "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
+                ],
+            },
+        }
+    ],
 )
 class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
     """Tests for Admin Views Permissions."""
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.viewuser = User.objects.create_user(username='viewuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.adduser = User.objects.create_user(username='adduser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(username='changeuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.deleteuser = User.objects.create_user(username='deleteuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.joepublicuser = User.objects.create_user(username='joepublic', password='secret')
-        cls.nostaffuser = User.objects.create_user(username='nostaff', password='secret')
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.viewuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="viewuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.adduser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="adduser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="changeuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.deleteuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="deleteuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.joepublicuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="joepublic", password="secret"
+        )
+        cls.nostaffuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="nostaff", password="secret"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1,
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
             another_section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
+        )
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
         )
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
 
         # Setup permissions, for our users who can add, change, and delete.
         opts = Article._meta
 
         # User who can view Articles
-        cls.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('view', opts)))
+        cls.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("view", opts))
+        )
         # User who can add Articles
-        cls.adduser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('add', opts)))
+        cls.adduser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("add", opts))
+        )
         # User who can change Articles
-        cls.changeuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('change', opts)))
-        cls.nostaffuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('change', opts)))
+        cls.changeuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("change", opts))
+        )
+        cls.nostaffuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("change", opts))
+        )
 
         # User who can delete Articles
-        cls.deleteuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('delete', opts)))
-        cls.deleteuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('delete', Section._meta)))
+        cls.deleteuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("delete", opts))
+        )
+        cls.deleteuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename("delete", Section._meta))
+        )
 
         # login POST dicts
-        cls.index_url = reverse('admin:index')
+        cls.index_url = reverse("admin:index")
         cls.super_login = {
             REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
-            'username': 'super',
-            'password': 'secret',
+            "username": "super",
+            "password": "secret",
         }
         cls.super_email_login = {
             REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
-            'username': 'super@example.com',
-            'password': 'secret',
+            "username": "super@example.com",
+            "password": "secret",
         }
         cls.super_email_bad_login = {
             REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
-            'username': 'super@example.com',
-            'password': 'notsecret',
+            "username": "super@example.com",
+            "password": "notsecret",
         }
         cls.adduser_login = {
             REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
-            'username': 'adduser',
-            'password': 'secret',
+            "username": "adduser",
+            "password": "secret",
         }
         cls.changeuser_login = {
             REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
-            'username': 'changeuser',
-            'password': 'secret',
+            "username": "changeuser",
+            "password": "secret",
         }
         cls.deleteuser_login = {
             REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
-            'username': 'deleteuser',
-            'password': 'secret',
+            "username": "deleteuser",
+            "password": "secret",
         }
         cls.nostaff_login = {
-            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse('has_permission_admin:index'),
-            'username': 'nostaff',
-            'password': 'secret',
+            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse("has_permission_admin:index"),
+            "username": "nostaff",
+            "password": "secret",
         }
         cls.joepublic_login = {
             REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
-            'username': 'joepublic',
-            'password': 'secret',
+            "username": "joepublic",
+            "password": "secret",
         }
         cls.viewuser_login = {
             REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
-            'username': 'viewuser',
-            'password': 'secret',
+            "username": "viewuser",
+            "password": "secret",
         }
         cls.no_username_login = {
             REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
-            'password': 'secret',
+            "password": "secret",
         }
 
     def test_login(self):
@@ -1646,14 +2035,14 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         Unsuccessful attempts will continue to render the login page with
         a 200 status code.
         """
-        login_url = '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), reverse('admin:index'))
+        login_url = "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), reverse("admin:index"))
         # Super User
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
         self.assertRedirects(response, login_url)
         login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_login)
         self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
         self.assertFalse(login.context)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # Test if user enters email address
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
@@ -1663,7 +2052,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         # only correct passwords get a username hint
         login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_email_bad_login)
         self.assertContains(login, ERROR_MESSAGE)
-        new_user = User(username='jondoe', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        new_user = User(username="jondoe", password="secret", email="super@example.com")
         new_user.save()
         # check to ensure if there are multiple email addresses a user doesn't get a 500
         login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_email_login)
@@ -1675,7 +2064,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         login = self.client.post(login_url, self.viewuser_login)
         self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
         self.assertFalse(login.context)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # Add User
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
@@ -1683,7 +2072,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         login = self.client.post(login_url, self.adduser_login)
         self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
         self.assertFalse(login.context)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # Change User
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
@@ -1691,7 +2080,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         login = self.client.post(login_url, self.changeuser_login)
         self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
         self.assertFalse(login.context)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # Delete User
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
@@ -1699,7 +2088,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         login = self.client.post(login_url, self.deleteuser_login)
         self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
         self.assertFalse(login.context)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # Regular User should not be able to login.
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
@@ -1712,60 +2101,67 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         login = self.client.post(login_url, self.no_username_login)
         self.assertEqual(login.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertFormError(login, 'form', 'username', ['This field is required.'])
+        self.assertFormError(login, "form", "username", ["This field is required."])
 
     def test_login_redirect_for_direct_get(self):
         """
         Login redirect should be to the admin index page when going directly to
         /admin/login/.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:login'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:login"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context[REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME], reverse('admin:index'))
+        self.assertEqual(response.context[REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME], reverse("admin:index"))
 
     def test_login_has_permission(self):
         # Regular User should not be able to login.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('has_permission_admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("has_permission_admin:index"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        login = self.client.post(reverse('has_permission_admin:login'), self.joepublic_login)
-        self.assertContains(login, 'permission denied')
+        login = self.client.post(
+            reverse("has_permission_admin:login"), self.joepublic_login
+        )
+        self.assertContains(login, "permission denied")
 
         # User with permissions should be able to login.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('has_permission_admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("has_permission_admin:index"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        login = self.client.post(reverse('has_permission_admin:login'), self.nostaff_login)
-        self.assertRedirects(login, reverse('has_permission_admin:index'))
+        login = self.client.post(
+            reverse("has_permission_admin:login"), self.nostaff_login
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(login, reverse("has_permission_admin:index"))
         self.assertFalse(login.context)
-        self.client.get(reverse('has_permission_admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("has_permission_admin:logout"))
 
         # Staff should be able to login.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('has_permission_admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("has_permission_admin:index"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        login = self.client.post(reverse('has_permission_admin:login'), {
-            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse('has_permission_admin:index'),
-            'username': 'deleteuser',
-            'password': 'secret',
-        })
-        self.assertRedirects(login, reverse('has_permission_admin:index'))
+        login = self.client.post(
+            reverse("has_permission_admin:login"),
+            {
+                REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse("has_permission_admin:index"),
+                "username": "deleteuser",
+                "password": "secret",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(login, reverse("has_permission_admin:index"))
         self.assertFalse(login.context)
-        self.client.get(reverse('has_permission_admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("has_permission_admin:logout"))
 
     def test_login_successfully_redirects_to_original_URL(self):
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
-        query_string = 'the-answer=42'
-        redirect_url = '%s?%s' % (self.index_url, query_string)
+        query_string = "the-answer=42"
+        redirect_url = "%s?%s" % (self.index_url, query_string)
         new_next = {REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: redirect_url}
         post_data = self.super_login.copy()
         post_data.pop(REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME)
         login = self.client.post(
-            '%s?%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), urlencode(new_next)),
-            post_data)
+            "%s?%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), urlencode(new_next)), post_data
+        )
         self.assertRedirects(login, redirect_url)
 
     def test_double_login_is_not_allowed(self):
         """Regression test for #19327"""
-        login_url = '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), reverse('admin:index'))
+        login_url = "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), reverse("admin:index"))
 
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
@@ -1788,7 +2184,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_login)
         self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
         self.assertFalse(login.context)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
     def test_login_page_notice_for_non_staff_users(self):
         """
@@ -1796,76 +2192,93 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         presented with the login page and a hint indicating that the current
         user doesn't have access to it.
         """
-        hint_template = 'You are authenticated as {}'
+        hint_template = "You are authenticated as {}"
 
         # Anonymous user should not be shown the hint
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url, follow=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, hint_template.format(''), status_code=200)
+        self.assertContains(response, "login-form")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, hint_template.format(""), status_code=200)
 
         # Non-staff user should be shown the hint
         self.client.force_login(self.nostaffuser)
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url, follow=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
-        self.assertContains(response, hint_template.format(self.nostaffuser.username), status_code=200)
+        self.assertContains(response, "login-form")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, hint_template.format(self.nostaffuser.username), status_code=200
+        )
 
     def test_add_view(self):
         """Test add view restricts access and actually adds items."""
         add_dict = {
-            'title': 'Døm ikke',
-            'content': '<p>great article</p>',
-            'date_0': '2008-03-18', 'date_1': '10:54:39',
-            'section': self.s1.pk,
+            "title": "Døm ikke",
+            "content": "<p>great article</p>",
+            "date_0": "2008-03-18",
+            "date_1": "10:54:39",
+            "section": self.s1.pk,
         }
         # Change User should not have access to add articles
         self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
         # make sure the view removes test cookie
         self.assertIs(self.client.session.test_cookie_worked(), False)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
         # Try POST just to make sure
-        post = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), add_dict)
+        post = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), add_dict)
         self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 3)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # View User should not have access to add articles
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
         # Try POST just to make sure
-        post = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), add_dict)
+        post = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), add_dict)
         self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 3)
         # Now give the user permission to add but not change.
-        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('add', Article._meta)))
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'Add article')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<title>Add article | Django site admin</title>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<input type="submit" value="Save and view" name="_continue">')
-        post = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), add_dict, follow=False)
+        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("add", Article._meta))
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"))
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "Add article")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<title>Add article | Django site admin</title>")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<input type="submit" value="Save and view" name="_continue">'
+        )
+        post = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), add_dict, follow=False
+        )
         self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 4)
-        article = Article.objects.latest('pk')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(article.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<li class="success">The article “Døm ikke” was added successfully.</li>')
+        article = Article.objects.latest("pk")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_change", args=(article.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<li class="success">The article “Døm ikke” was added successfully.</li>',
+        )
         article.delete()
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # Add user may login and POST to add view, then redirect to admin root
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
-        addpage = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
-        change_list_link = '&rsaquo; <a href="%s">Articles</a>' % reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        addpage = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"))
+        change_list_link = '&rsaquo; <a href="%s">Articles</a>' % reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_article_changelist"
+        )
         self.assertNotContains(
-            addpage, change_list_link,
-            msg_prefix='User restricted to add permission is given link to change list view in breadcrumbs.'
+            addpage,
+            change_list_link,
+            msg_prefix="User restricted to add permission is given link to change list view in breadcrumbs.",
         )
-        post = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), add_dict)
+        post = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), add_dict)
         self.assertRedirects(post, self.index_url)
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 4)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Greetings from a created object')
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, "Greetings from a created object")
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # The addition was logged correctly
         addition_log = LogEntry.objects.all()[0]
@@ -1880,15 +2293,16 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
 
         # Super can add too, but is redirected to the change list view
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        addpage = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
+        addpage = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"))
         self.assertContains(
-            addpage, change_list_link,
-            msg_prefix='Unrestricted user is not given link to change list view in breadcrumbs.'
+            addpage,
+            change_list_link,
+            msg_prefix="Unrestricted user is not given link to change list view in breadcrumbs.",
         )
-        post = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), add_dict)
-        self.assertRedirects(post, reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
+        post = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), add_dict)
+        self.assertRedirects(post, reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist"))
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 5)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # 8509 - if a normal user is already logged in, it is possible
         # to change user into the superuser without error
@@ -1898,34 +2312,42 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         # make sure the view removes test cookie
         self.assertIs(self.client.session.test_cookie_worked(), False)
 
-    @mock.patch('django.contrib.admin.options.InlineModelAdmin.has_change_permission')
+    @mock.patch("django.contrib.admin.options.InlineModelAdmin.has_change_permission")
     def test_add_view_with_view_only_inlines(self, has_change_permission):
         """User with add permission to a section but view-only for inlines."""
-        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('add', Section._meta)))
+        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename("add", Section._meta))
+        )
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
         # Valid POST creates a new section.
         data = {
-            'name': 'New obj',
-            'article_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 0,
-            'article_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 0,
+            "name": "New obj",
+            "article_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 0,
+            "article_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'), data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:index'))
-        self.assertEqual(Section.objects.latest('id').name, data['name'])
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"), data)
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:index"))
+        self.assertEqual(Section.objects.latest("id").name, data["name"])
         # InlineModelAdmin.has_change_permission()'s obj argument is always
         # None during object add.
-        self.assertEqual([obj for (request, obj), _ in has_change_permission.call_args_list], [None, None])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [obj for (request, obj), _ in has_change_permission.call_args_list],
+            [None, None],
+        )
 
     def test_change_view(self):
         """Change view should restrict access and allow users to edit items."""
         change_dict = {
-            'title': 'Ikke fordømt',
-            'content': '<p>edited article</p>',
-            'date_0': '2008-03-18', 'date_1': '10:54:39',
-            'section': self.s1.pk,
+            "title": "Ikke fordømt",
+            "content": "<p>edited article</p>",
+            "date_0": "2008-03-18",
+            "date_1": "10:54:39",
+            "section": self.s1.pk,
         }
-        article_change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a1.pk,))
-        article_changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        article_change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_article_change", args=(self.a1.pk,)
+        )
+        article_changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
 
         # add user should not be able to view the list of article or change any of them
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
@@ -1935,127 +2357,170 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
         post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
         self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # view user can view articles but not make changes.
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
         response = self.client.get(article_changelist_url)
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<title>Select article to view | Django site admin</title>',
+            "<title>Select article to view | Django site admin</title>",
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Select article to view</h1>')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'Select article to view')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Select article to view</h1>")
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "Select article to view")
         response = self.client.get(article_change_url)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<title>View article | Django site admin</title>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>View article</h1>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<label>Extra form field:</label>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="/test_admin/admin/admin_views/article/" class="closelink">Close</a>')
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'View article')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<title>View article | Django site admin</title>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>View article</h1>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<label>Extra form field:</label>")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<a href="/test_admin/admin/admin_views/article/" class="closelink">Close</a>',
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "View article")
         post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
         self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pk=self.a1.pk).content, '<p>Middle content</p>')
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(pk=self.a1.pk).content, "<p>Middle content</p>"
+        )
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # change user can view all items and edit them
         self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
         response = self.client.get(article_changelist_url)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'Select article to change')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "Select article to change")
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<title>Select article to change | Django site admin</title>',
+            "<title>Select article to change | Django site admin</title>",
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Select article to change</h1>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Select article to change</h1>")
         response = self.client.get(article_change_url)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'Change article')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "Change article")
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<title>Change article | Django site admin</title>',
+            "<title>Change article | Django site admin</title>",
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Change article</h1>')
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Change article</h1>")
         post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
         self.assertRedirects(post, article_changelist_url)
-        self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pk=self.a1.pk).content, '<p>edited article</p>')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Article.objects.get(pk=self.a1.pk).content, "<p>edited article</p>"
+        )
 
         # one error in form should produce singular error message, multiple errors plural
-        change_dict['title'] = ''
+        change_dict["title"] = ""
         post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
         self.assertContains(
-            post, 'Please correct the error below.',
-            msg_prefix='Singular error message not found in response to post with one error'
+            post,
+            "Please correct the error below.",
+            msg_prefix="Singular error message not found in response to post with one error",
         )
 
-        change_dict['content'] = ''
+        change_dict["content"] = ""
         post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
         self.assertContains(
-            post, 'Please correct the errors below.',
-            msg_prefix='Plural error message not found in response to post with multiple errors'
+            post,
+            "Please correct the errors below.",
+            msg_prefix="Plural error message not found in response to post with multiple errors",
         )
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # Test redirection when using row-level change permissions. Refs #11513.
         r1 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=1, name="odd id")
         r2 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=2, name="even id")
-        r3 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=3, name='odd id mult 3')
-        r6 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=6, name='even id mult 3')
-        change_url_1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change', args=(r1.pk,))
-        change_url_2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change', args=(r2.pk,))
-        change_url_3 = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change', args=(r3.pk,))
-        change_url_6 = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change', args=(r6.pk,))
-        logins = [self.superuser, self.viewuser, self.adduser, self.changeuser, self.deleteuser]
+        r3 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=3, name="odd id mult 3")
+        r6 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=6, name="even id mult 3")
+        change_url_1 = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change", args=(r1.pk,)
+        )
+        change_url_2 = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change", args=(r2.pk,)
+        )
+        change_url_3 = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change", args=(r3.pk,)
+        )
+        change_url_6 = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change", args=(r6.pk,)
+        )
+        logins = [
+            self.superuser,
+            self.viewuser,
+            self.adduser,
+            self.changeuser,
+            self.deleteuser,
+        ]
         for login_user in logins:
             with self.subTest(login_user.username):
                 self.client.force_login(login_user)
                 response = self.client.get(change_url_1)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
-                response = self.client.post(change_url_1, {'name': 'changed'})
-                self.assertEqual(RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=1).name, 'odd id')
+                response = self.client.post(change_url_1, {"name": "changed"})
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=1).name, "odd id"
+                )
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
                 response = self.client.get(change_url_2)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-                response = self.client.post(change_url_2, {'name': 'changed'})
-                self.assertEqual(RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=2).name, 'changed')
+                response = self.client.post(change_url_2, {"name": "changed"})
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=2).name, "changed"
+                )
                 self.assertRedirects(response, self.index_url)
                 response = self.client.get(change_url_3)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-                response = self.client.post(change_url_3, {'name': 'changed'})
+                response = self.client.post(change_url_3, {"name": "changed"})
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
-                self.assertEqual(RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=3).name, 'odd id mult 3')
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=3).name,
+                    "odd id mult 3",
+                )
                 response = self.client.get(change_url_6)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-                response = self.client.post(change_url_6, {'name': 'changed'})
-                self.assertEqual(RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=6).name, 'changed')
+                response = self.client.post(change_url_6, {"name": "changed"})
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=6).name, "changed"
+                )
                 self.assertRedirects(response, self.index_url)
 
-                self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+                self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         for login_user in [self.joepublicuser, self.nostaffuser]:
             with self.subTest(login_user.username):
                 self.client.force_login(login_user)
                 response = self.client.get(change_url_1, follow=True)
-                self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
-                response = self.client.post(change_url_1, {'name': 'changed'}, follow=True)
-                self.assertEqual(RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=1).name, 'odd id')
-                self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
+                self.assertContains(response, "login-form")
+                response = self.client.post(
+                    change_url_1, {"name": "changed"}, follow=True
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=1).name, "odd id"
+                )
+                self.assertContains(response, "login-form")
                 response = self.client.get(change_url_2, follow=True)
-                self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
-                response = self.client.post(change_url_2, {'name': 'changed again'}, follow=True)
-                self.assertEqual(RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=2).name, 'changed')
-                self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
-                self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+                self.assertContains(response, "login-form")
+                response = self.client.post(
+                    change_url_2, {"name": "changed again"}, follow=True
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=2).name, "changed"
+                )
+                self.assertContains(response, "login-form")
+                self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
     def test_change_view_without_object_change_permission(self):
         """
         The object should be read-only if the user has permission to view it
         and change objects of that type but not to change the current object.
         """
-        change_url = reverse('admin9:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a1.pk,))
+        change_url = reverse("admin9:admin_views_article_change", args=(self.a1.pk,))
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
         response = self.client.get(change_url)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'View article')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<title>View article | Django site admin</title>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>View article</h1>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="/test_admin/admin9/admin_views/article/" class="closelink">Close</a>')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["title"], "View article")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<title>View article | Django site admin</title>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>View article</h1>")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<a href="/test_admin/admin9/admin_views/article/" class="closelink">Close</a>',
+        )
 
     def test_change_view_save_as_new(self):
         """
@@ -2063,13 +2528,16 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         permission.
         """
         change_dict_save_as_new = {
-            '_saveasnew': 'Save as new',
-            'title': 'Ikke fordømt',
-            'content': '<p>edited article</p>',
-            'date_0': '2008-03-18', 'date_1': '10:54:39',
-            'section': self.s1.pk,
+            "_saveasnew": "Save as new",
+            "title": "Ikke fordømt",
+            "content": "<p>edited article</p>",
+            "date_0": "2008-03-18",
+            "date_1": "10:54:39",
+            "section": self.s1.pk,
         }
-        article_change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a1.pk,))
+        article_change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_article_change", args=(self.a1.pk,)
+        )
 
         # Add user can perform "Save as new".
         article_count = Article.objects.count()
@@ -2092,103 +2560,131 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
         post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict_save_as_new)
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), article_count + 1)
-        new_article = Article.objects.latest('id')
-        self.assertRedirects(post, reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(new_article.pk,)))
+        new_article = Article.objects.latest("id")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            post, reverse("admin:admin_views_article_change", args=(new_article.pk,))
+        )
 
     def test_change_view_with_view_only_inlines(self):
         """
         User with change permission to a section but view-only for inlines.
         """
-        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('change', Section._meta)))
+        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename("change", Section._meta))
+        )
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
         # GET shows inlines.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
-        self.assertEqual(len(response.context['inline_admin_formsets']), 1)
-        formset = response.context['inline_admin_formsets'][0]
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(response.context["inline_admin_formsets"]), 1)
+        formset = response.context["inline_admin_formsets"][0]
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3)
         # Valid POST changes the name.
         data = {
-            'name': 'Can edit name with view-only inlines',
-            'article_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 3,
-            'article_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 3
+            "name": "Can edit name with view-only inlines",
+            "article_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 3,
+            "article_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 3,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'))
-        self.assertEqual(Section.objects.get(pk=self.s1.pk).name, data['name'])
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)), data
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:admin_views_section_changelist"))
+        self.assertEqual(Section.objects.get(pk=self.s1.pk).name, data["name"])
         # Invalid POST reshows inlines.
-        del data['name']
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), data)
+        del data["name"]
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)), data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(len(response.context['inline_admin_formsets']), 1)
-        formset = response.context['inline_admin_formsets'][0]
+        self.assertEqual(len(response.context["inline_admin_formsets"]), 1)
+        formset = response.context["inline_admin_formsets"][0]
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3)
 
     def test_change_view_with_view_and_add_inlines(self):
         """User has view and add permissions on the inline model."""
-        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('change', Section._meta)))
-        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('add', Article._meta)))
+        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename("change", Section._meta))
+        )
+        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("add", Article._meta))
+        )
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
         # GET shows inlines.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
-        self.assertEqual(len(response.context['inline_admin_formsets']), 1)
-        formset = response.context['inline_admin_formsets'][0]
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(response.context["inline_admin_formsets"]), 1)
+        formset = response.context["inline_admin_formsets"][0]
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 6)
         # Valid POST creates a new article.
         data = {
-            'name': 'Can edit name with view-only inlines',
-            'article_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 6,
-            'article_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 3,
-            'article_set-3-id': [''],
-            'article_set-3-title': ['A title'],
-            'article_set-3-content': ['Added content'],
-            'article_set-3-date_0': ['2008-3-18'],
-            'article_set-3-date_1': ['11:54:58'],
-            'article_set-3-section': [str(self.s1.pk)],
+            "name": "Can edit name with view-only inlines",
+            "article_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 6,
+            "article_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 3,
+            "article_set-3-id": [""],
+            "article_set-3-title": ["A title"],
+            "article_set-3-content": ["Added content"],
+            "article_set-3-date_0": ["2008-3-18"],
+            "article_set-3-date_1": ["11:54:58"],
+            "article_set-3-section": [str(self.s1.pk)],
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'))
-        self.assertEqual(Section.objects.get(pk=self.s1.pk).name, data['name'])
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)), data
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:admin_views_section_changelist"))
+        self.assertEqual(Section.objects.get(pk=self.s1.pk).name, data["name"])
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 4)
         # Invalid POST reshows inlines.
-        del data['name']
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), data)
+        del data["name"]
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)), data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(len(response.context['inline_admin_formsets']), 1)
-        formset = response.context['inline_admin_formsets'][0]
+        self.assertEqual(len(response.context["inline_admin_formsets"]), 1)
+        formset = response.context["inline_admin_formsets"][0]
         self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 6)
 
     def test_change_view_with_view_and_delete_inlines(self):
         """User has view and delete permissions on the inline model."""
-        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('change', Section._meta)))
+        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename("change", Section._meta))
+        )
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
         data = {
-            'name': 'Name is required.',
-            'article_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 6,
-            'article_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 3,
-            'article_set-0-id': [str(self.a1.pk)],
-            'article_set-0-DELETE': ['on'],
+            "name": "Name is required.",
+            "article_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 6,
+            "article_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 3,
+            "article_set-0-id": [str(self.a1.pk)],
+            "article_set-0-DELETE": ["on"],
         }
         # Inline POST details are ignored without delete permission.
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)), data
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:admin_views_section_changelist"))
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 3)
         # Deletion successful when delete permission is added.
-        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('delete', Article._meta)))
+        self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("delete", Article._meta))
+        )
         data = {
-            'name': 'Name is required.',
-            'article_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 6,
-            'article_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 3,
-            'article_set-0-id': [str(self.a1.pk)],
-            'article_set-0-DELETE': ['on'],
+            "name": "Name is required.",
+            "article_set-TOTAL_FORMS": 6,
+            "article_set-INITIAL_FORMS": 3,
+            "article_set-0-id": [str(self.a1.pk)],
+            "article_set-0-DELETE": ["on"],
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,)), data
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:admin_views_section_changelist"))
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 2)
 
     def test_delete_view(self):
         """Delete view should restrict access and actually delete items."""
-        delete_dict = {'post': 'yes'}
-        delete_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_delete', args=(self.a1.pk,))
+        delete_dict = {"post": "yes"}
+        delete_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_delete", args=(self.a1.pk,))
 
         # add user should not be able to delete articles
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
@@ -2210,7 +2706,9 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
 
         # Delete user can delete
         self.client.force_login(self.deleteuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_delete', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_delete", args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Summary</h2>")
         self.assertContains(response, "<li>Articles: 3</li>")
         # test response contains link to related Article
@@ -2224,7 +2722,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         self.assertRedirects(post, self.index_url)
         self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 2)
         self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Greetings from a deleted object')
+        self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, "Greetings from a deleted object")
         article_ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Article)
         logged = LogEntry.objects.get(content_type=article_ct, action_flag=DELETION)
         self.assertEqual(logged.object_id, str(self.a1.pk))
@@ -2234,82 +2732,110 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         The delete view allows users to delete collected objects without a
         'delete' permission (ReadOnlyPizza.Meta.default_permissions is empty).
         """
-        pizza = ReadOnlyPizza.objects.create(name='Double Cheese')
-        delete_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_readonlypizza_delete', args=(pizza.pk,))
+        pizza = ReadOnlyPizza.objects.create(name="Double Cheese")
+        delete_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_readonlypizza_delete", args=(pizza.pk,))
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
         response = self.client.get(delete_url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'admin_views/readonlypizza/%s/' % pizza.pk)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Summary</h2>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<li>Read only pizzas: 1</li>')
-        post = self.client.post(delete_url, {'post': 'yes'})
-        self.assertRedirects(post, reverse('admin:admin_views_readonlypizza_changelist'))
+        self.assertContains(response, "admin_views/readonlypizza/%s/" % pizza.pk)
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Summary</h2>")
+        self.assertContains(response, "<li>Read only pizzas: 1</li>")
+        post = self.client.post(delete_url, {"post": "yes"})
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            post, reverse("admin:admin_views_readonlypizza_changelist")
+        )
         self.assertEqual(ReadOnlyPizza.objects.count(), 0)
 
     def test_delete_view_nonexistent_obj(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.deleteuser)
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_delete', args=('nonexistent',))
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_delete", args=("nonexistent",))
         response = self.client.get(url, follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:index'))
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:index"))
         self.assertEqual(
-            [m.message for m in response.context['messages']],
-            ['article with ID “nonexistent” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?']
+            [m.message for m in response.context["messages"]],
+            ["article with ID “nonexistent” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?"],
         )
 
     def test_history_view(self):
         """History view should restrict access."""
         # add user should not be able to view the list of article or change any of them
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_history', args=(self.a1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_history", args=(self.a1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # view user can view all items
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_history', args=(self.a1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_history", args=(self.a1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         # change user can view all items and edit them
         self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_history', args=(self.a1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_history", args=(self.a1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
         # Test redirection when using row-level change permissions. Refs #11513.
         rl1 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=1, name="odd id")
         rl2 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=2, name="even id")
-        logins = [self.superuser, self.viewuser, self.adduser, self.changeuser, self.deleteuser]
+        logins = [
+            self.superuser,
+            self.viewuser,
+            self.adduser,
+            self.changeuser,
+            self.deleteuser,
+        ]
         for login_user in logins:
             with self.subTest(login_user.username):
                 self.client.force_login(login_user)
-                url = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history', args=(rl1.pk,))
+                url = reverse(
+                    "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history",
+                    args=(rl1.pk,),
+                )
                 response = self.client.get(url)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
 
-                url = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history', args=(rl2.pk,))
+                url = reverse(
+                    "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history",
+                    args=(rl2.pk,),
+                )
                 response = self.client.get(url)
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
-                self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+                self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
         for login_user in [self.joepublicuser, self.nostaffuser]:
             with self.subTest(login_user.username):
                 self.client.force_login(login_user)
-                url = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history', args=(rl1.pk,))
+                url = reverse(
+                    "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history",
+                    args=(rl1.pk,),
+                )
                 response = self.client.get(url, follow=True)
-                self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
-                url = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history', args=(rl2.pk,))
+                self.assertContains(response, "login-form")
+                url = reverse(
+                    "admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history",
+                    args=(rl2.pk,),
+                )
                 response = self.client.get(url, follow=True)
-                self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
+                self.assertContains(response, "login-form")
 
-                self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+                self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
     def test_history_view_bad_url(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_history', args=('foo',)), follow=True)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_history", args=("foo",)), follow=True
+        )
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:index"))
         self.assertEqual(
-            [m.message for m in response.context['messages']],
-            ['article with ID “foo” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?']
+            [m.message for m in response.context["messages"]],
+            ["article with ID “foo” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?"],
         )
 
     def test_conditionally_show_add_section_link(self):
@@ -2319,13 +2845,13 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         """
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
         # The user can't add sections yet, so they shouldn't see the "add section" link.
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add')
-        add_link_text = 'add_id_section'
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add")
+        add_link_text = "add_id_section"
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertNotContains(response, add_link_text)
         # Allow the user to add sections too. Now they can see the "add section" link.
-        user = User.objects.get(username='adduser')
-        perm = get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('add', Section._meta))
+        user = User.objects.get(username="adduser")
+        perm = get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename("add", Section._meta))
         user.user_permissions.add(perm)
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertContains(response, add_link_text)
@@ -2335,19 +2861,24 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         The foreign key widget should only show the "change related" button if
         the user has permission to change that related item.
         """
+
         def get_change_related(response):
-            return response.context['adminform'].form.fields['section'].widget.can_change_related
+            return (
+                response.context["adminform"]
+                .form.fields["section"]
+                .widget.can_change_related
+            )
 
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
         # The user can't change sections yet, so they shouldn't see the "change section" link.
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add')
-        change_link_text = 'change_id_section'
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add")
+        change_link_text = "change_id_section"
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertFalse(get_change_related(response))
         self.assertNotContains(response, change_link_text)
         # Allow the user to change sections too. Now they can see the "change section" link.
-        user = User.objects.get(username='adduser')
-        perm = get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('change', Section._meta))
+        user = User.objects.get(username="adduser")
+        perm = get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename("change", Section._meta))
         user.user_permissions.add(perm)
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertTrue(get_change_related(response))
@@ -2358,19 +2889,24 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         The foreign key widget should only show the "delete related" button if
         the user has permission to delete that related item.
         """
+
         def get_delete_related(response):
-            return response.context['adminform'].form.fields['sub_section'].widget.can_delete_related
+            return (
+                response.context["adminform"]
+                .form.fields["sub_section"]
+                .widget.can_delete_related
+            )
 
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
         # The user can't delete sections yet, so they shouldn't see the "delete section" link.
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add')
-        delete_link_text = 'delete_id_sub_section'
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add")
+        delete_link_text = "delete_id_sub_section"
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertFalse(get_delete_related(response))
         self.assertNotContains(response, delete_link_text)
         # Allow the user to delete sections too. Now they can see the "delete section" link.
-        user = User.objects.get(username='adduser')
-        perm = get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('delete', Section._meta))
+        user = User.objects.get(username="adduser")
+        perm = get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename("delete", Section._meta))
         user.user_permissions.add(perm)
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertTrue(get_delete_related(response))
@@ -2378,28 +2914,28 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_disabled_permissions_when_logged_in(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        superuser = User.objects.get(username='super')
+        superuser = User.objects.get(username="super")
         superuser.is_active = False
         superuser.save()
 
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url, follow=True)
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="login-form"')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Log out')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Log out")
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('secure_view'), follow=True)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("secure_view"), follow=True)
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="login-form"')
 
     def test_disabled_staff_permissions_when_logged_in(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        superuser = User.objects.get(username='super')
+        superuser = User.objects.get(username="super")
         superuser.is_staff = False
         superuser.save()
 
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url, follow=True)
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="login-form"')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Log out')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Log out")
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('secure_view'), follow=True)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("secure_view"), follow=True)
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="login-form"')
 
     def test_app_list_permissions(self):
@@ -2407,19 +2943,19 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         If a user has no module perms, the app list returns a 404.
         """
         opts = Article._meta
-        change_user = User.objects.get(username='changeuser')
-        permission = get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('change', opts))
+        change_user = User.objects.get(username="changeuser")
+        permission = get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename("change", opts))
 
         self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
 
         # the user has no module permissions
         change_user.user_permissions.remove(permission)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
         # the user now has module permissions
         change_user.user_permissions.add(permission)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_shortcut_view_only_available_to_staff(self):
@@ -2427,12 +2963,12 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         Only admin users should be able to use the admin shortcut view.
         """
         model_ctype = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ModelWithStringPrimaryKey)
-        obj = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey.objects.create(string_pk='foo')
-        shortcut_url = reverse('admin:view_on_site', args=(model_ctype.pk, obj.pk))
+        obj = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey.objects.create(string_pk="foo")
+        shortcut_url = reverse("admin:view_on_site", args=(model_ctype.pk, obj.pk))
 
         # Not logged in: we should see the login page.
         response = self.client.get(shortcut_url, follow=True)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/login.html')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "admin/login.html")
 
         # Logged in? Redirect.
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -2440,7 +2976,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         # Can't use self.assertRedirects() because User.get_absolute_url() is silly.
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         # Domain may depend on contrib.sites tests also run
-        self.assertRegex(response.url, 'http://(testserver|example.com)/dummy/foo/')
+        self.assertRegex(response.url, "http://(testserver|example.com)/dummy/foo/")
 
     def test_has_module_permission(self):
         """
@@ -2450,32 +2986,32 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         """
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'admin_views')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Articles')
+        self.assertContains(response, "admin_views")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Articles")
         self.client.logout()
 
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'admin_views')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Articles')
+        self.assertContains(response, "admin_views")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Articles")
         self.client.logout()
 
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'admin_views')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Articles')
+        self.assertContains(response, "admin_views")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Articles")
         self.client.logout()
 
         self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'admin_views')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Articles')
+        self.assertContains(response, "admin_views")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Articles")
         self.client.logout()
 
         self.client.force_login(self.deleteuser)
         response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'admin_views')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Articles')
+        self.assertContains(response, "admin_views")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Articles")
 
     def test_overriding_has_module_permission(self):
         """
@@ -2484,7 +3020,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         """
         articles = Article._meta.verbose_name_plural.title()
         sections = Section._meta.verbose_name_plural.title()
-        index_url = reverse('admin7:index')
+        index_url = reverse("admin7:index")
 
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
         response = self.client.get(index_url)
@@ -2494,19 +3030,19 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
 
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
         response = self.client.get(index_url)
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'admin_views')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "admin_views")
         self.assertNotContains(response, articles)
         self.client.logout()
 
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
         response = self.client.get(index_url)
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'admin_views')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "admin_views")
         self.assertNotContains(response, articles)
         self.client.logout()
 
         self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
         response = self.client.get(index_url)
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'admin_views')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "admin_views")
         self.assertNotContains(response, articles)
         self.client.logout()
 
@@ -2517,7 +3053,7 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
         # The app list displays Sections but not Articles as the latter has
         # ModelAdmin.has_module_permission() = False.
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin7:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin7:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
         self.assertContains(response, sections)
         self.assertNotContains(response, articles)
 
@@ -2535,140 +3071,195 @@ class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
             "date_1": "16:35:00",
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), post_data, follow=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add"), post_data, follow=True
+        )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The article “Fun &amp; games” was added successfully.</li>',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls',
-    TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'APP_DIRS': True,
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'context_processors': [
-                'django.template.context_processors.request',
-                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
-            ],
-        },
-    }],
+    ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls",
+    TEMPLATES=[
+        {
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "APP_DIRS": True,
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "context_processors": [
+                    "django.template.context_processors.request",
+                    "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
+                    "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
+                ],
+            },
+        }
+    ],
 )
 class AdminViewProxyModelPermissionsTests(TestCase):
     """Tests for proxy models permissions in the admin."""
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.viewuser = User.objects.create_user(username='viewuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.adduser = User.objects.create_user(username='adduser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(username='changeuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.deleteuser = User.objects.create_user(username='deleteuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
+        cls.viewuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="viewuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.adduser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="adduser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="changeuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.deleteuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="deleteuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
         # Setup permissions.
         opts = UserProxy._meta
-        cls.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename('view', opts)))
-        cls.adduser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename('add', opts)))
-        cls.changeuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename('change', opts)))
-        cls.deleteuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename('delete', opts)))
+        cls.viewuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename("view", opts))
+        )
+        cls.adduser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename("add", opts))
+        )
+        cls.changeuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename("change", opts))
+        )
+        cls.deleteuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename("delete", opts))
+        )
         # UserProxy instances.
-        cls.user_proxy = UserProxy.objects.create(username='user_proxy', password='secret')
+        cls.user_proxy = UserProxy.objects.create(
+            username="user_proxy", password="secret"
+        )
 
     def test_add(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_userproxy_add')
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_userproxy_add")
         data = {
-            'username': 'can_add',
-            'password': 'secret',
-            'date_joined_0': '2019-01-15',
-            'date_joined_1': '16:59:10',
+            "username": "can_add",
+            "password": "secret",
+            "date_joined_0": "2019-01-15",
+            "date_joined_1": "16:59:10",
         }
         response = self.client.post(url, data, follow=True)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTrue(UserProxy.objects.filter(username='can_add').exists())
+        self.assertTrue(UserProxy.objects.filter(username="can_add").exists())
 
     def test_view(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_userproxy_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Select user proxy to view</h1>')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_userproxy_change', args=(self.user_proxy.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h1>View user proxy</h1>')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_userproxy_changelist"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>Select user proxy to view</h1>")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_userproxy_change", args=(self.user_proxy.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "<h1>View user proxy</h1>")
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">user_proxy</div>')
 
     def test_change(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
         data = {
-            'password': self.user_proxy.password,
-            'username': self.user_proxy.username,
-            'date_joined_0': self.user_proxy.date_joined.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'),
-            'date_joined_1': self.user_proxy.date_joined.strftime('%H:%M:%S'),
-            'first_name': 'first_name',
+            "password": self.user_proxy.password,
+            "username": self.user_proxy.username,
+            "date_joined_0": self.user_proxy.date_joined.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"),
+            "date_joined_1": self.user_proxy.date_joined.strftime("%H:%M:%S"),
+            "first_name": "first_name",
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_userproxy_change', args=(self.user_proxy.pk,))
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_userproxy_change", args=(self.user_proxy.pk,))
         response = self.client.post(url, data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_userproxy_changelist'))
-        self.assertEqual(UserProxy.objects.get(pk=self.user_proxy.pk).first_name, 'first_name')
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, reverse("admin:admin_views_userproxy_changelist")
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            UserProxy.objects.get(pk=self.user_proxy.pk).first_name, "first_name"
+        )
 
     def test_delete(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.deleteuser)
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_userproxy_delete', args=(self.user_proxy.pk,))
-        response = self.client.post(url, {'post': 'yes'}, follow=True)
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_userproxy_delete", args=(self.user_proxy.pk,))
+        response = self.client.post(url, {"post": "yes"}, follow=True)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertFalse(UserProxy.objects.filter(pk=self.user_proxy.pk).exists())
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminViewsNoUrlTest(TestCase):
     """Regression test for #17333"""
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
         # User who can change Reports
-        cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(username='changeuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.changeuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Report, get_permission_codename('change', Report._meta)))
+        cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="changeuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.changeuser.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Report, get_permission_codename("change", Report._meta))
+        )
 
     def test_no_standard_modeladmin_urls(self):
         """Admin index views don't break when user's ModelAdmin removes standard urls"""
         self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
-        r = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
+        r = self.client.get(reverse("admin:index"))
         # we shouldn't get a 500 error caused by a NoReverseMatch
         self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 200)
-        self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
 
 
-@skipUnlessDBFeature('can_defer_constraint_checks')
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@skipUnlessDBFeature("can_defer_constraint_checks")
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.deleteuser = User.objects.create_user(username='deleteuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.deleteuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="deleteuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
-        )
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
-
-        cls.v1 = Villain.objects.create(name='Adam')
-        cls.v2 = Villain.objects.create(name='Sue')
-        cls.sv1 = SuperVillain.objects.create(name='Bob')
-        cls.pl1 = Plot.objects.create(name='World Domination', team_leader=cls.v1, contact=cls.v2)
-        cls.pl2 = Plot.objects.create(name='World Peace', team_leader=cls.v2, contact=cls.v2)
-        cls.pl3 = Plot.objects.create(name='Corn Conspiracy', team_leader=cls.v1, contact=cls.v1)
-        cls.pd1 = PlotDetails.objects.create(details='almost finished', plot=cls.pl1)
-        cls.sh1 = SecretHideout.objects.create(location='underground bunker', villain=cls.v1)
-        cls.sh2 = SecretHideout.objects.create(location='floating castle', villain=cls.sv1)
-        cls.ssh1 = SuperSecretHideout.objects.create(location='super floating castle!', supervillain=cls.sv1)
-        cls.cy1 = CyclicOne.objects.create(name='I am recursive', two_id=1)
-        cls.cy2 = CyclicTwo.objects.create(name='I am recursive too', one_id=1)
+            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
+        )
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
+        )
+
+        cls.v1 = Villain.objects.create(name="Adam")
+        cls.v2 = Villain.objects.create(name="Sue")
+        cls.sv1 = SuperVillain.objects.create(name="Bob")
+        cls.pl1 = Plot.objects.create(
+            name="World Domination", team_leader=cls.v1, contact=cls.v2
+        )
+        cls.pl2 = Plot.objects.create(
+            name="World Peace", team_leader=cls.v2, contact=cls.v2
+        )
+        cls.pl3 = Plot.objects.create(
+            name="Corn Conspiracy", team_leader=cls.v1, contact=cls.v1
+        )
+        cls.pd1 = PlotDetails.objects.create(details="almost finished", plot=cls.pl1)
+        cls.sh1 = SecretHideout.objects.create(
+            location="underground bunker", villain=cls.v1
+        )
+        cls.sh2 = SecretHideout.objects.create(
+            location="floating castle", villain=cls.sv1
+        )
+        cls.ssh1 = SuperSecretHideout.objects.create(
+            location="super floating castle!", supervillain=cls.sv1
+        )
+        cls.cy1 = CyclicOne.objects.create(name="I am recursive", two_id=1)
+        cls.cy2 = CyclicTwo.objects.create(name="I am recursive too", one_id=1)
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -2680,12 +3271,15 @@ class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
         """
         pattern = re.compile(
             r'<li>Plot: <a href="%s">World Domination</a>\s*<ul>\s*'
-            r'<li>Plot details: <a href="%s">almost finished</a>' % (
-                reverse('admin:admin_views_plot_change', args=(self.pl1.pk,)),
-                reverse('admin:admin_views_plotdetails_change', args=(self.pd1.pk,)),
+            r'<li>Plot details: <a href="%s">almost finished</a>'
+            % (
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_plot_change", args=(self.pl1.pk,)),
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_plotdetails_change", args=(self.pd1.pk,)),
             )
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_delete', args=(self.v1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_villain_delete", args=(self.v1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertRegex(response.content.decode(), pattern)
 
     def test_cyclic(self):
@@ -2694,24 +3288,33 @@ class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
         listed once.
         """
         one = '<li>Cyclic one: <a href="%s">I am recursive</a>' % (
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_cyclicone_change', args=(self.cy1.pk,)),
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_cyclicone_change", args=(self.cy1.pk,)),
         )
         two = '<li>Cyclic two: <a href="%s">I am recursive too</a>' % (
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_cyclictwo_change', args=(self.cy2.pk,)),
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_cyclictwo_change", args=(self.cy2.pk,)),
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_cyclicone_delete", args=(self.cy1.pk,))
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_cyclicone_delete', args=(self.cy1.pk,)))
 
         self.assertContains(response, one, 1)
         self.assertContains(response, two, 1)
 
     def test_perms_needed(self):
         self.client.logout()
-        delete_user = User.objects.get(username='deleteuser')
-        delete_user.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Plot, get_permission_codename('delete', Plot._meta)))
+        delete_user = User.objects.get(username="deleteuser")
+        delete_user.user_permissions.add(
+            get_perm(Plot, get_permission_codename("delete", Plot._meta))
+        )
 
         self.client.force_login(self.deleteuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_plot_delete', args=(self.pl1.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, "your account doesn't have permission to delete the following types of objects")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_plot_delete", args=(self.pl1.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            "your account doesn't have permission to delete the following types of objects",
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "<li>plot details</li>")
 
     def test_protected(self):
@@ -2719,15 +3322,21 @@ class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
         a1 = Answer.objects.create(question=q, answer="Because.")
         a2 = Answer.objects.create(question=q, answer="Yes.")
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_question_delete', args=(q.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, "would require deleting the following protected related objects")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_question_delete", args=(q.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "would require deleting the following protected related objects"
+        )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Because.</a></li>' % reverse('admin:admin_views_answer_change', args=(a1.pk,))
+            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Because.</a></li>'
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_answer_change", args=(a1.pk,)),
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Yes.</a></li>' % reverse('admin:admin_views_answer_change', args=(a2.pk,))
+            '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Yes.</a></li>'
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_answer_change", args=(a2.pk,)),
         )
 
     def test_post_delete_protected(self):
@@ -2735,43 +3344,51 @@ class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
         A POST request to delete protected objects should display the page
         which says the deletion is prohibited.
         """
-        q = Question.objects.create(question='Why?')
-        Answer.objects.create(question=q, answer='Because.')
+        q = Question.objects.create(question="Why?")
+        Answer.objects.create(question=q, answer="Because.")
 
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_question_delete', args=(q.pk,)), {'post': 'yes'})
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_question_delete", args=(q.pk,)), {"post": "yes"}
+        )
         self.assertEqual(Question.objects.count(), 1)
-        self.assertContains(response, "would require deleting the following protected related objects")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "would require deleting the following protected related objects"
+        )
 
     def test_restricted(self):
-        album = Album.objects.create(title='Amaryllis')
-        song = Song.objects.create(album=album, name='Unity')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_album_delete', args=(album.pk,)))
+        album = Album.objects.create(title="Amaryllis")
+        song = Song.objects.create(album=album, name="Unity")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_album_delete", args=(album.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            'would require deleting the following protected related objects',
+            "would require deleting the following protected related objects",
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li>Song: <a href="%s">Unity</a></li>'
-            % reverse('admin:admin_views_song_change', args=(song.pk,))
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_song_change", args=(song.pk,)),
         )
 
     def test_post_delete_restricted(self):
-        album = Album.objects.create(title='Amaryllis')
-        Song.objects.create(album=album, name='Unity')
+        album = Album.objects.create(title="Amaryllis")
+        Song.objects.create(album=album, name="Unity")
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_album_delete', args=(album.pk,)),
-            {'post': 'yes'},
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_album_delete", args=(album.pk,)),
+            {"post": "yes"},
         )
         self.assertEqual(Album.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            'would require deleting the following protected related objects',
+            "would require deleting the following protected related objects",
         )
 
     def test_not_registered(self):
         should_contain = """<li>Secret hideout: underground bunker"""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_delete', args=(self.v1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_villain_delete", args=(self.v1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain, 1)
 
     def test_multiple_fkeys_to_same_model(self):
@@ -2781,11 +3398,15 @@ class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
         objects to delete.
         """
         should_contain = '<li>Plot: <a href="%s">World Domination</a>' % reverse(
-            'admin:admin_views_plot_change', args=(self.pl1.pk,)
+            "admin:admin_views_plot_change", args=(self.pl1.pk,)
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_villain_delete", args=(self.v1.pk,))
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_delete', args=(self.v1.pk,)))
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_delete', args=(self.v2.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_villain_delete", args=(self.v2.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
 
     def test_multiple_fkeys_to_same_instance(self):
@@ -2795,9 +3416,11 @@ class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
         once.
         """
         should_contain = '<li>Plot: <a href="%s">World Peace</a></li>' % reverse(
-            'admin:admin_views_plot_change', args=(self.pl2.pk,)
+            "admin:admin_views_plot_change", args=(self.pl2.pk,)
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_villain_delete", args=(self.v2.pk,))
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_delete', args=(self.v2.pk,)))
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain, 1)
 
     def test_inheritance(self):
@@ -2807,17 +3430,21 @@ class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
         for deletion, as well as any relationships they have.
         """
         should_contain = [
-            '<li>Villain: <a href="%s">Bob</a>' % reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_change', args=(self.sv1.pk,)),
-            '<li>Super villain: <a href="%s">Bob</a>' % reverse(
-                'admin:admin_views_supervillain_change', args=(self.sv1.pk,)
-            ),
-            '<li>Secret hideout: floating castle',
-            '<li>Super secret hideout: super floating castle!',
+            '<li>Villain: <a href="%s">Bob</a>'
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_villain_change", args=(self.sv1.pk,)),
+            '<li>Super villain: <a href="%s">Bob</a>'
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_supervillain_change", args=(self.sv1.pk,)),
+            "<li>Secret hideout: floating castle",
+            "<li>Super secret hideout: super floating castle!",
         ]
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_delete', args=(self.sv1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_villain_delete", args=(self.sv1.pk,))
+        )
         for should in should_contain:
             self.assertContains(response, should, 1)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_supervillain_delete', args=(self.sv1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_supervillain_delete", args=(self.sv1.pk,))
+        )
         for should in should_contain:
             self.assertContains(response, should, 1)
 
@@ -2827,10 +3454,13 @@ class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
         those objects should be listed for deletion.
         """
         plot = self.pl3
-        tag = FunkyTag.objects.create(content_object=plot, name='hott')
+        tag = FunkyTag.objects.create(content_object=plot, name="hott")
         should_contain = '<li>Funky tag: <a href="%s">hott' % reverse(
-            'admin:admin_views_funkytag_change', args=(tag.id,))
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_plot_delete', args=(plot.pk,)))
+            "admin:admin_views_funkytag_change", args=(tag.id,)
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_plot_delete", args=(plot.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
 
     def test_generic_relations_with_related_query_name(self):
@@ -2839,64 +3469,89 @@ class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
         GenericRelation(related_query_name='...') pointing to it, those objects
         should be listed for deletion.
         """
-        bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(name='djangoproject')
-        tag = FunkyTag.objects.create(content_object=bookmark, name='django')
-        tag_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_funkytag_change', args=(tag.id,))
+        bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(name="djangoproject")
+        tag = FunkyTag.objects.create(content_object=bookmark, name="django")
+        tag_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_funkytag_change", args=(tag.id,))
         should_contain = '<li>Funky tag: <a href="%s">django' % tag_url
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_bookmark_delete', args=(bookmark.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_bookmark_delete", args=(bookmark.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
 
     def test_delete_view_uses_get_deleted_objects(self):
         """The delete view uses ModelAdmin.get_deleted_objects()."""
-        book = Book.objects.create(name='Test Book')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:admin_views_book_delete', args=(book.pk,)))
+        book = Book.objects.create(name="Test Book")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin2:admin_views_book_delete", args=(book.pk,))
+        )
         # BookAdmin.get_deleted_objects() returns custom text.
-        self.assertContains(response, 'a deletable object')
+        self.assertContains(response, "a deletable object")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class TestGenericRelations(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.v1 = Villain.objects.create(name='Adam')
-        cls.pl3 = Plot.objects.create(name='Corn Conspiracy', team_leader=cls.v1, contact=cls.v1)
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.v1 = Villain.objects.create(name="Adam")
+        cls.pl3 = Plot.objects.create(
+            name="Corn Conspiracy", team_leader=cls.v1, contact=cls.v1
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_generic_content_object_in_list_display(self):
-        FunkyTag.objects.create(content_object=self.pl3, name='hott')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_funkytag_changelist'))
+        FunkyTag.objects.create(content_object=self.pl3, name="hott")
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_funkytag_changelist"))
         self.assertContains(response, "%s</td>" % self.pl3)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminViewStringPrimaryKeyTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
+        )
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
         )
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
         cls.pk = (
             "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890 "
             r"""-_.!~*'() ;/?:@&=+$, <>#%" {}|\^[]`"""
         )
         cls.m1 = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey.objects.create(string_pk=cls.pk)
-        content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ModelWithStringPrimaryKey).pk
+        content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(
+            ModelWithStringPrimaryKey
+        ).pk
         user_pk = cls.superuser.pk
-        LogEntry.objects.log_action(user_pk, content_type_pk, cls.pk, cls.pk, 2, change_message='Changed something')
+        LogEntry.objects.log_action(
+            user_pk,
+            content_type_pk,
+            cls.pk,
+            cls.pk,
+            2,
+            change_message="Changed something",
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -2907,57 +3562,82 @@ class AdminViewStringPrimaryKeyTest(TestCase):
         key should work.
         Refs #12349, #18550.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_history', args=(self.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse(
+                "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_history", args=(self.pk,)
+            )
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, escape(self.pk))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Changed something')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Changed something")
 
     def test_get_change_view(self):
         "Retrieving the object using urlencoded form of primary key should work"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(self.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse(
+                "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change", args=(self.pk,)
+            )
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, escape(self.pk))
 
     def test_changelist_to_changeform_link(self):
         "Link to the changeform of the object in changelist should use reverse() and be quoted -- #18072"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_changelist")
+        )
         # this URL now comes through reverse(), thus url quoting and iri_to_uri encoding
         pk_final_url = escape(iri_to_uri(quote(self.pk)))
         change_url = reverse(
-            'admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=('__fk__',)
-        ).replace('__fk__', pk_final_url)
-        should_contain = '<th class="field-__str__"><a href="%s">%s</a></th>' % (change_url, escape(self.pk))
+            "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change", args=("__fk__",)
+        ).replace("__fk__", pk_final_url)
+        should_contain = '<th class="field-__str__"><a href="%s">%s</a></th>' % (
+            change_url,
+            escape(self.pk),
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
 
     def test_recentactions_link(self):
         "The link from the recent actions list referring to the changeform of the object should be quoted"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
-        link = reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(quote(self.pk),))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:index"))
+        link = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change", args=(quote(self.pk),)
+        )
         should_contain = """<a href="%s">%s</a>""" % (escape(link), escape(self.pk))
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
 
     def test_deleteconfirmation_link(self):
         "The link from the delete confirmation page referring back to the changeform of the object should be quoted"
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_delete', args=(quote(self.pk),))
+        url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_delete", args=(quote(self.pk),)
+        )
         response = self.client.get(url)
         # this URL now comes through reverse(), thus url quoting and iri_to_uri encoding
         change_url = reverse(
-            'admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=('__fk__',)
-        ).replace('__fk__', escape(iri_to_uri(quote(self.pk))))
+            "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change", args=("__fk__",)
+        ).replace("__fk__", escape(iri_to_uri(quote(self.pk))))
         should_contain = '<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (change_url, escape(self.pk))
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
 
     def test_url_conflicts_with_add(self):
         "A model with a primary key that ends with add or is `add` should be visible"
-        add_model = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey.objects.create(pk="i have something to add")
+        add_model = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey.objects.create(
+            pk="i have something to add"
+        )
         add_model.save()
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(quote(add_model.pk),))
+            reverse(
+                "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change",
+                args=(quote(add_model.pk),),
+            )
         )
         should_contain = """<h1>Change model with string primary key</h1>"""
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
 
         add_model2 = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey.objects.create(pk="add")
-        add_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_add')
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(quote(add_model2.pk),))
+        add_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_add")
+        change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change",
+            args=(quote(add_model2.pk),),
+        )
         self.assertNotEqual(add_url, change_url)
 
     def test_url_conflicts_with_delete(self):
@@ -2965,7 +3645,10 @@ class AdminViewStringPrimaryKeyTest(TestCase):
         delete_model = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey(pk="delete")
         delete_model.save()
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(quote(delete_model.pk),))
+            reverse(
+                "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change",
+                args=(quote(delete_model.pk),),
+            )
         )
         should_contain = """<h1>Change model with string primary key</h1>"""
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
@@ -2975,17 +3658,23 @@ class AdminViewStringPrimaryKeyTest(TestCase):
         history_model = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey(pk="history")
         history_model.save()
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(quote(history_model.pk),))
+            reverse(
+                "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change",
+                args=(quote(history_model.pk),),
+            )
         )
         should_contain = """<h1>Change model with string primary key</h1>"""
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
 
     def test_shortcut_view_with_escaping(self):
         "'View on site should' work properly with char fields"
-        model = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey(pk='abc_123')
+        model = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey(pk="abc_123")
         model.save()
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(quote(model.pk),))
+            reverse(
+                "admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change",
+                args=(quote(model.pk),),
+            )
         )
         should_contain = '/%s/" class="viewsitelink">' % model.pk
         self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
@@ -2993,16 +3682,20 @@ class AdminViewStringPrimaryKeyTest(TestCase):
     def test_change_view_history_link(self):
         """Object history button link should work and contain the pk value quoted."""
         url = reverse(
-            'admin:%s_modelwithstringprimarykey_change' % ModelWithStringPrimaryKey._meta.app_label,
-            args=(quote(self.pk),)
+            "admin:%s_modelwithstringprimarykey_change"
+            % ModelWithStringPrimaryKey._meta.app_label,
+            args=(quote(self.pk),),
         )
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         expected_link = reverse(
-            'admin:%s_modelwithstringprimarykey_history' % ModelWithStringPrimaryKey._meta.app_label,
-            args=(quote(self.pk),)
+            "admin:%s_modelwithstringprimarykey_history"
+            % ModelWithStringPrimaryKey._meta.app_label,
+            args=(quote(self.pk),),
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<a href="%s" class="historylink"' % escape(expected_link)
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s" class="historylink"' % escape(expected_link))
 
     def test_redirect_on_add_view_continue_button(self):
         """As soon as an object is added using "Save and continue editing"
@@ -3012,29 +3705,31 @@ class AdminViewStringPrimaryKeyTest(TestCase):
         like slash or underscore, these characters must be escaped (see #22266)
         """
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_add'),
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_add"),
             {
-                'string_pk': '123/history',
+                "string_pk": "123/history",
                 "_continue": "1",  # Save and continue editing
-            }
+            },
         )
 
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # temporary redirect
-        self.assertIn('/123_2Fhistory/', response.headers['location'])  # PK is quoted
+        self.assertIn("/123_2Fhistory/", response.headers["location"])  # PK is quoted
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class SecureViewTests(TestCase):
     """
     Test behavior of a view protected by the staff_member_required decorator.
     """
 
     def test_secure_view_shows_login_if_not_logged_in(self):
-        secure_url = reverse('secure_view')
+        secure_url = reverse("secure_view")
         response = self.client.get(secure_url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), secure_url))
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), secure_url)
+        )
         response = self.client.get(secure_url, follow=True)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/login.html')
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "admin/login.html")
         self.assertEqual(response.context[REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME], secure_url)
 
     def test_staff_member_required_decorator_works_with_argument(self):
@@ -3042,32 +3737,53 @@ class SecureViewTests(TestCase):
         Staff_member_required decorator works with an argument
         (redirect_field_name).
         """
-        secure_url = '/test_admin/admin/secure-view2/'
+        secure_url = "/test_admin/admin/secure-view2/"
         response = self.client.get(secure_url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?myfield=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), secure_url))
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "%s?myfield=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), secure_url)
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminViewUnicodeTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.b1 = Book.objects.create(name='Lærdommer')
-        cls.p1 = Promo.objects.create(name='<Promo for Lærdommer>', book=cls.b1)
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.b1 = Book.objects.create(name="Lærdommer")
+        cls.p1 = Promo.objects.create(name="<Promo for Lærdommer>", book=cls.b1)
         cls.chap1 = Chapter.objects.create(
-            title='Norske bostaver æøå skaper problemer', content='<p>Svært frustrerende med UnicodeDecodeErro</p>',
-            book=cls.b1
+            title="Norske bostaver æøå skaper problemer",
+            content="<p>Svært frustrerende med UnicodeDecodeErro</p>",
+            book=cls.b1,
         )
         cls.chap2 = Chapter.objects.create(
-            title='Kjærlighet', content='<p>La kjærligheten til de lidende seire.</p>', book=cls.b1)
-        cls.chap3 = Chapter.objects.create(title='Kjærlighet', content='<p>Noe innhold</p>', book=cls.b1)
-        cls.chap4 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap1, xtra='<Xtra(1) Norske bostaver æøå skaper problemer>')
-        cls.chap5 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap2, xtra='<Xtra(1) Kjærlighet>')
-        cls.chap6 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap3, xtra='<Xtra(1) Kjærlighet>')
-        cls.chap7 = ChapterXtra2.objects.create(chap=cls.chap1, xtra='<Xtra(2) Norske bostaver æøå skaper problemer>')
-        cls.chap8 = ChapterXtra2.objects.create(chap=cls.chap2, xtra='<Xtra(2) Kjærlighet>')
-        cls.chap9 = ChapterXtra2.objects.create(chap=cls.chap3, xtra='<Xtra(2) Kjærlighet>')
+            title="Kjærlighet",
+            content="<p>La kjærligheten til de lidende seire.</p>",
+            book=cls.b1,
+        )
+        cls.chap3 = Chapter.objects.create(
+            title="Kjærlighet", content="<p>Noe innhold</p>", book=cls.b1
+        )
+        cls.chap4 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(
+            chap=cls.chap1, xtra="<Xtra(1) Norske bostaver æøå skaper problemer>"
+        )
+        cls.chap5 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(
+            chap=cls.chap2, xtra="<Xtra(1) Kjærlighet>"
+        )
+        cls.chap6 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(
+            chap=cls.chap3, xtra="<Xtra(1) Kjærlighet>"
+        )
+        cls.chap7 = ChapterXtra2.objects.create(
+            chap=cls.chap1, xtra="<Xtra(2) Norske bostaver æøå skaper problemer>"
+        )
+        cls.chap8 = ChapterXtra2.objects.create(
+            chap=cls.chap2, xtra="<Xtra(2) Kjærlighet>"
+        )
+        cls.chap9 = ChapterXtra2.objects.create(
+            chap=cls.chap3, xtra="<Xtra(2) Kjærlighet>"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -3102,62 +3818,75 @@ class AdminViewUnicodeTest(TestCase):
             "chapter_set-5-content": "",
         }
 
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_book_change', args=(self.b1.pk,)), post_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_book_change", args=(self.b1.pk,)), post_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
 
     def test_unicode_delete(self):
         """
         The delete_view handles non-ASCII characters
         """
-        delete_dict = {'post': 'yes'}
-        delete_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_book_delete', args=(self.b1.pk,))
+        delete_dict = {"post": "yes"}
+        delete_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_book_delete", args=(self.b1.pk,))
         response = self.client.get(delete_url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         response = self.client.post(delete_url, delete_dict)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_book_changelist'))
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:admin_views_book_changelist"))
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
-        cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name='John Mauchly', gender=1, alive=True)
-        cls.per2 = Person.objects.create(name='Grace Hopper', gender=1, alive=False)
-        cls.per3 = Person.objects.create(name='Guido van Rossum', gender=1, alive=True)
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
+        )
+        cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name="John Mauchly", gender=1, alive=True)
+        cls.per2 = Person.objects.create(name="Grace Hopper", gender=1, alive=False)
+        cls.per3 = Person.objects.create(name="Guido van Rossum", gender=1, alive=True)
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_inheritance(self):
-        Podcast.objects.create(name="This Week in Django", release_date=datetime.date.today())
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'))
+        Podcast.objects.create(
+            name="This Week in Django", release_date=datetime.date.today()
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_inheritance_2(self):
         Vodcast.objects.create(name="This Week in Django", released=True)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_vodcast_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_vodcast_changelist"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_custom_pk(self):
-        Language.objects.create(iso='en', name='English', english_name='English')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_language_changelist'))
+        Language.objects.create(iso="en", name="English", english_name="English")
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_language_changelist"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_changelist_input_html(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"))
         # 2 inputs per object(the field and the hidden id field) = 6
         # 4 management hidden fields = 4
         # 4 action inputs (3 regular checkboxes, 1 checkbox to select all)
@@ -3177,42 +3906,35 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-gender": "1",
             "form-0-id": str(self.per1.pk),
-
             "form-1-gender": "2",
             "form-1-id": str(self.per2.pk),
-
             "form-2-alive": "checked",
             "form-2-gender": "1",
             "form-2-id": str(self.per3.pk),
-
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'),
-                                    data, follow=True)
-        self.assertEqual(len(response.context['messages']), 1)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), data, follow=True
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(response.context["messages"]), 1)
 
     def test_post_submission(self):
         data = {
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-gender": "1",
             "form-0-id": str(self.per1.pk),
-
             "form-1-gender": "2",
             "form-1-id": str(self.per2.pk),
-
             "form-2-alive": "checked",
             "form-2-gender": "1",
             "form-2-id": str(self.per3.pk),
-
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), data)
+        self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), data)
 
         self.assertIs(Person.objects.get(name="John Mauchly").alive, False)
         self.assertEqual(Person.objects.get(name="Grace Hopper").gender, 2)
@@ -3222,18 +3944,17 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-id": str(self.per1.pk),
             "form-0-gender": "1",
             "form-0-alive": "checked",
-
             "form-1-id": str(self.per3.pk),
             "form-1-gender": "1",
             "form-1-alive": "checked",
-
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?gender__exact=1', data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist") + "?gender__exact=1", data
+        )
 
         self.assertIs(Person.objects.get(name="John Mauchly").alive, True)
 
@@ -3242,13 +3963,13 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-id": str(self.per1.pk),
             "form-0-gender": "1",
-
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=john', data)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist") + "?q=john", data
+        )
 
         self.assertIs(Person.objects.get(name="John Mauchly").alive, False)
 
@@ -3257,73 +3978,75 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
         Non-field errors are displayed for each of the forms in the
         changelist's formset.
         """
-        fd1 = FoodDelivery.objects.create(reference='123', driver='bill', restaurant='thai')
-        fd2 = FoodDelivery.objects.create(reference='456', driver='bill', restaurant='india')
-        fd3 = FoodDelivery.objects.create(reference='789', driver='bill', restaurant='pizza')
+        fd1 = FoodDelivery.objects.create(
+            reference="123", driver="bill", restaurant="thai"
+        )
+        fd2 = FoodDelivery.objects.create(
+            reference="456", driver="bill", restaurant="india"
+        )
+        fd3 = FoodDelivery.objects.create(
+            reference="789", driver="bill", restaurant="pizza"
+        )
 
         data = {
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-id": str(fd1.id),
             "form-0-reference": "123",
             "form-0-driver": "bill",
             "form-0-restaurant": "thai",
-
             # Same data as above: Forbidden because of unique_together!
             "form-1-id": str(fd2.id),
             "form-1-reference": "456",
             "form-1-driver": "bill",
             "form-1-restaurant": "thai",
-
             "form-2-id": str(fd3.id),
             "form-2-reference": "789",
             "form-2-driver": "bill",
             "form-2-restaurant": "pizza",
-
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_fooddelivery_changelist'), data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_fooddelivery_changelist"), data
+        )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<tr><td colspan="4"><ul class="errorlist nonfield"><li>Food delivery '
-            'with this Driver and Restaurant already exists.</li></ul></td></tr>',
+            "with this Driver and Restaurant already exists.</li></ul></td></tr>",
             1,
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
 
         data = {
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-id": str(fd1.id),
             "form-0-reference": "123",
             "form-0-driver": "bill",
             "form-0-restaurant": "thai",
-
             # Same data as above: Forbidden because of unique_together!
             "form-1-id": str(fd2.id),
             "form-1-reference": "456",
             "form-1-driver": "bill",
             "form-1-restaurant": "thai",
-
             # Same data also.
             "form-2-id": str(fd3.id),
             "form-2-reference": "789",
             "form-2-driver": "bill",
             "form-2-restaurant": "thai",
-
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_fooddelivery_changelist'), data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_fooddelivery_changelist"), data
+        )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<tr><td colspan="4"><ul class="errorlist nonfield"><li>Food delivery '
-            'with this Driver and Restaurant already exists.</li></ul></td></tr>',
+            "with this Driver and Restaurant already exists.</li></ul></td></tr>",
             2,
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_non_form_errors(self):
@@ -3332,16 +4055,16 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-id": str(self.per2.pk),
             "form-0-alive": "1",
             "form-0-gender": "2",
-
             # The form processing understands this as a list_editable "Save"
             # and not an action "Go".
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), data
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "Grace is not a Zombie")
 
     def test_non_form_errors_is_errorlist(self):
@@ -3350,19 +4073,19 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-id": str(self.per2.pk),
             "form-0-alive": "1",
             "form-0-gender": "2",
-
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), data)
-        non_form_errors = response.context['cl'].formset.non_form_errors()
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), data
+        )
+        non_form_errors = response.context["cl"].formset.non_form_errors()
         self.assertIsInstance(non_form_errors, ErrorList)
         self.assertEqual(
             str(non_form_errors),
-            str(ErrorList(['Grace is not a Zombie'], error_class='nonform')),
+            str(ErrorList(["Grace is not a Zombie"], error_class="nonform")),
         )
 
     def test_list_editable_ordering(self):
@@ -3378,28 +4101,25 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "4",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "4",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-order": "14",
             "form-0-id": "1",
             "form-0-collector": "1",
-
             "form-1-order": "13",
             "form-1-id": "2",
             "form-1-collector": "1",
-
             "form-2-order": "1",
             "form-2-id": "3",
             "form-2-collector": "1",
-
             "form-3-order": "0",
             "form-3-id": "4",
             "form-3-collector": "1",
-
             # The form processing understands this as a list_editable "Save"
             # and not an action "Go".
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_category_changelist'), data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_category_changelist"), data
+        )
         # Successful post will redirect
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
 
@@ -3413,17 +4133,21 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
         """
         Pagination works for list_editable items.
         """
-        UnorderedObject.objects.create(id=1, name='Unordered object #1')
-        UnorderedObject.objects.create(id=2, name='Unordered object #2')
-        UnorderedObject.objects.create(id=3, name='Unordered object #3')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_unorderedobject_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Unordered object #3')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Unordered object #2')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Unordered object #1')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_unorderedobject_changelist') + '?p=2')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Unordered object #3')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Unordered object #2')
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Unordered object #1')
+        UnorderedObject.objects.create(id=1, name="Unordered object #1")
+        UnorderedObject.objects.create(id=2, name="Unordered object #2")
+        UnorderedObject.objects.create(id=3, name="Unordered object #3")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_unorderedobject_changelist")
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "Unordered object #3")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Unordered object #2")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Unordered object #1")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_unorderedobject_changelist") + "?p=2"
+        )
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Unordered object #3")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "Unordered object #2")
+        self.assertContains(response, "Unordered object #1")
 
     def test_list_editable_action_submit(self):
         # List editable changes should not be executed if the action "Go" button is
@@ -3432,22 +4156,18 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-gender": "1",
             "form-0-id": "1",
-
             "form-1-gender": "2",
             "form-1-id": "2",
-
             "form-2-alive": "checked",
             "form-2-gender": "1",
             "form-2-id": "3",
-
             "index": "0",
-            "_selected_action": ['3'],
-            "action": ['', 'delete_selected'],
+            "_selected_action": ["3"],
+            "action": ["", "delete_selected"],
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), data)
+        self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), data)
 
         self.assertIs(Person.objects.get(name="John Mauchly").alive, True)
         self.assertEqual(Person.objects.get(name="Grace Hopper").gender, 1)
@@ -3459,22 +4179,18 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
             "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "form-0-gender": "1",
             "form-0-id": str(self.per1.pk),
-
             "form-1-gender": "2",
             "form-1-id": str(self.per2.pk),
-
             "form-2-alive": "checked",
             "form-2-gender": "1",
             "form-2-id": str(self.per3.pk),
-
             "_save": "Save",
-            "_selected_action": ['1'],
-            "action": ['', 'delete_selected'],
+            "_selected_action": ["1"],
+            "action": ["", "delete_selected"],
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), data)
+        self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"), data)
 
         self.assertIs(Person.objects.get(name="John Mauchly").alive, False)
         self.assertEqual(Person.objects.get(name="Grace Hopper").gender, 2)
@@ -3483,10 +4199,12 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
         """
         Fields should not be list-editable in popups.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'))
-        self.assertNotEqual(response.context['cl'].list_editable, ())
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?%s' % IS_POPUP_VAR)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['cl'].list_editable, ())
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist"))
+        self.assertNotEqual(response.context["cl"].list_editable, ())
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist") + "?%s" % IS_POPUP_VAR
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["cl"].list_editable, ())
 
     def test_pk_hidden_fields(self):
         """
@@ -3494,12 +4212,14 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
         corresponding human-readable value is displayed instead. The hidden pk
         fields are displayed but separately (not in the table) and only once.
         """
-        story1 = Story.objects.create(title='The adventures of Guido', content='Once upon a time in Djangoland...')
+        story1 = Story.objects.create(
+            title="The adventures of Guido", content="Once upon a time in Djangoland..."
+        )
         story2 = Story.objects.create(
-            title='Crouching Tiger, Hidden Python',
-            content='The Python was sneaking into...',
+            title="Crouching Tiger, Hidden Python",
+            content="The Python was sneaking into...",
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_story_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_story_changelist"))
         # Only one hidden field, in a separate place than the table.
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="id_form-0-id"', 1)
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="id_form-1-id"', 1)
@@ -3509,27 +4229,27 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" value="%d" id="id_form-0-id">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" value="%d" id="id_form-1-id">\n</div>'
             % (story2.id, story1.id),
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(response, '<td class="field-id">%d</td>' % story1.id, 1)
         self.assertContains(response, '<td class="field-id">%d</td>' % story2.id, 1)
 
     def test_pk_hidden_fields_with_list_display_links(self):
-        """ Similarly as test_pk_hidden_fields, but when the hidden pk fields are
-            referenced in list_display_links.
-            Refs #12475.
+        """Similarly as test_pk_hidden_fields, but when the hidden pk fields are
+        referenced in list_display_links.
+        Refs #12475.
         """
         story1 = OtherStory.objects.create(
-            title='The adventures of Guido',
-            content='Once upon a time in Djangoland...',
+            title="The adventures of Guido",
+            content="Once upon a time in Djangoland...",
         )
         story2 = OtherStory.objects.create(
-            title='Crouching Tiger, Hidden Python',
-            content='The Python was sneaking into...',
+            title="Crouching Tiger, Hidden Python",
+            content="The Python was sneaking into...",
         )
-        link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_otherstory_change', args=(story1.pk,))
-        link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_otherstory_change', args=(story2.pk,))
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_otherstory_changelist'))
+        link1 = reverse("admin:admin_views_otherstory_change", args=(story1.pk,))
+        link2 = reverse("admin:admin_views_otherstory_change", args=(story2.pk,))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_otherstory_changelist"))
         # Only one hidden field, in a separate place than the table.
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="id_form-0-id"', 1)
         self.assertContains(response, 'id="id_form-1-id"', 1)
@@ -3539,35 +4259,54 @@ class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
             '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" value="%d" id="id_form-0-id">'
             '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" value="%d" id="id_form-1-id">\n</div>'
             % (story2.id, story1.id),
-            html=True
+            html=True,
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<th class="field-id"><a href="%s">%d</a></th>' % (link1, story1.id),
+            1,
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<th class="field-id"><a href="%s">%d</a></th>' % (link2, story2.id),
+            1,
         )
-        self.assertContains(response, '<th class="field-id"><a href="%s">%d</a></th>' % (link1, story1.id), 1)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<th class="field-id"><a href="%s">%d</a></th>' % (link2, story2.id), 1)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminSearchTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.joepublicuser = User.objects.create_user(username='joepublic', password='secret')
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.joepublicuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="joepublic", password="secret"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
+        )
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
         )
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
 
-        cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name='John Mauchly', gender=1, alive=True)
-        cls.per2 = Person.objects.create(name='Grace Hopper', gender=1, alive=False)
-        cls.per3 = Person.objects.create(name='Guido van Rossum', gender=1, alive=True)
-        Person.objects.create(name='John Doe', gender=1)
+        cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name="John Mauchly", gender=1, alive=True)
+        cls.per2 = Person.objects.create(name="Grace Hopper", gender=1, alive=False)
+        cls.per3 = Person.objects.create(name="Guido van Rossum", gender=1, alive=True)
+        Person.objects.create(name="John Doe", gender=1)
         Person.objects.create(name='John O"Hara', gender=1)
         Person.objects.create(name="John O'Hara", gender=1)
 
@@ -3576,17 +4315,19 @@ class AdminSearchTest(TestCase):
         cls.t3 = Recommender.objects.create()
         cls.t4 = Recommendation.objects.create(the_recommender=cls.t3)
 
-        cls.tt1 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t1, text='Bar')
-        cls.tt2 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t2, text='Foo')
-        cls.tt3 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t3, text='Few')
-        cls.tt4 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t4, text='Bas')
+        cls.tt1 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t1, text="Bar")
+        cls.tt2 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t2, text="Foo")
+        cls.tt3 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t3, text="Few")
+        cls.tt4 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t4, text="Bas")
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_search_on_sibling_models(self):
         "A search that mentions sibling models"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist') + '?q=bar')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist") + "?q=bar"
+        )
         # confirm the search returned 1 object
         self.assertContains(response, "\n1 recommendation\n")
 
@@ -3595,26 +4336,40 @@ class AdminSearchTest(TestCase):
         The to_field GET parameter is preserved when a search is performed.
         Refs #10918.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist') + '?q=joe&%s=id' % TO_FIELD_VAR)
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_changelist") + "?q=joe&%s=id" % TO_FIELD_VAR
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "\n1 user\n")
-        self.assertContains(response, '<input type="hidden" name="%s" value="id">' % TO_FIELD_VAR, html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<input type="hidden" name="%s" value="id">' % TO_FIELD_VAR,
+            html=True,
+        )
 
     def test_exact_matches(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist') + '?q=bar')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist") + "?q=bar"
+        )
         # confirm the search returned one object
         self.assertContains(response, "\n1 recommendation\n")
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist') + '?q=ba')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist") + "?q=ba"
+        )
         # confirm the search returned zero objects
         self.assertContains(response, "\n0 recommendations\n")
 
     def test_beginning_matches(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=Gui')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist") + "?q=Gui"
+        )
         # confirm the search returned one object
         self.assertContains(response, "\n1 person\n")
         self.assertContains(response, "Guido")
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=uido')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist") + "?q=uido"
+        )
         # confirm the search returned zero objects
         self.assertContains(response, "\n0 persons\n")
         self.assertNotContains(response, "Guido")
@@ -3623,12 +4378,16 @@ class AdminSearchTest(TestCase):
         PluggableSearchPerson.objects.create(name="Bob", age=10)
         PluggableSearchPerson.objects.create(name="Amy", age=20)
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_pluggablesearchperson_changelist') + '?q=Bob')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_pluggablesearchperson_changelist") + "?q=Bob"
+        )
         # confirm the search returned one object
         self.assertContains(response, "\n1 pluggable search person\n")
         self.assertContains(response, "Bob")
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_pluggablesearchperson_changelist') + '?q=20')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_pluggablesearchperson_changelist") + "?q=20"
+        )
         # confirm the search returned one object
         self.assertContains(response, "\n1 pluggable search person\n")
         self.assertContains(response, "Amy")
@@ -3641,11 +4400,13 @@ class AdminSearchTest(TestCase):
         # + 1 for filtered result + 1 for filtered count
         # + 1 for total count
         with self.assertNumQueries(5):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=Gui')
+            response = self.client.get(
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist") + "?q=Gui"
+            )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             """<span class="small quiet">1 result (<a href="?">6 total</a>)</span>""",
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_no_total_count(self):
@@ -3656,42 +4417,45 @@ class AdminSearchTest(TestCase):
         #   1 query for session + 1 for fetching user
         # + 1 for filtered result + 1 for filtered count
         with self.assertNumQueries(4):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist') + '?q=bar')
+            response = self.client.get(
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist") + "?q=bar"
+            )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             """<span class="small quiet">1 result (<a href="?">Show all</a>)</span>""",
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
-        self.assertTrue(response.context['cl'].show_admin_actions)
+        self.assertTrue(response.context["cl"].show_admin_actions)
 
     def test_search_with_spaces(self):
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=%s'
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist") + "?q=%s"
         tests = [
             ('"John Doe"', 1),
             ("'John Doe'", 1),
-            ('John Doe', 0),
+            ("John Doe", 0),
             ('"John Doe" John', 1),
             ("'John Doe' John", 1),
             ("John Doe John", 0),
             ('"John Do"', 1),
             ("'John Do'", 1),
-            ("'John O\'Hara'", 0),
+            ("'John O'Hara'", 0),
             ("'John O\\'Hara'", 1),
-            ('"John O\"Hara"', 0),
+            ('"John O"Hara"', 0),
             ('"John O\\"Hara"', 1),
         ]
         for search, hits in tests:
             with self.subTest(search=search):
                 response = self.client.get(url % search)
-                self.assertContains(response, '\n%s person' % hits)
+                self.assertContains(response, "\n%s person" % hits)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminInheritedInlinesTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -3706,7 +4470,7 @@ class AdminInheritedInlinesTest(TestCase):
         name_re = re.compile(b'name="(.*?)"')
 
         # test the add case
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_persona_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_persona_add"))
         names = name_re.findall(response.content)
         # make sure we have no duplicate HTML names
         self.assertEqual(len(names), len(set(names)))
@@ -3725,7 +4489,7 @@ class AdminInheritedInlinesTest(TestCase):
             "accounts-2-0-username": bar_user,
         }
 
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_persona_add'), post_data)
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_persona_add"), post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
         self.assertEqual(Persona.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(FooAccount.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -3740,31 +4504,31 @@ class AdminInheritedInlinesTest(TestCase):
 
         # test the edit case
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_persona_change', args=(persona_id,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_persona_change", args=(persona_id,))
+        )
         names = name_re.findall(response.content)
         # make sure we have no duplicate HTML names
         self.assertEqual(len(names), len(set(names)))
 
         post_data = {
             "name": "Test Name",
-
             "accounts-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
             "accounts-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
             "accounts-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "accounts-0-username": "%s-1" % foo_user,
             "accounts-0-account_ptr": str(foo_id),
             "accounts-0-persona": str(persona_id),
-
             "accounts-2-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
             "accounts-2-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
             "accounts-2-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
             "accounts-2-0-username": "%s-1" % bar_user,
             "accounts-2-0-account_ptr": str(bar_id),
             "accounts-2-0-persona": str(persona_id),
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_persona_change', args=(persona_id,)), post_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_persona_change", args=(persona_id,)), post_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Persona.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(FooAccount.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -3774,12 +4538,13 @@ class AdminInheritedInlinesTest(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(Persona.objects.all()[0].accounts.count(), 2)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class TestCustomChangeList(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -3790,21 +4555,22 @@ class TestCustomChangeList(TestCase):
         """
         # Insert some data
         post_data = {"name": "First Gadget"}
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_gadget_add'), post_data)
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_gadget_add"), post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
         # Hit the page once to get messages out of the queue message list
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_gadget_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_gadget_changelist"))
         # Data is still not visible on the page
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_gadget_changelist'))
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'First Gadget')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_gadget_changelist"))
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "First Gadget")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class TestInlineNotEditable(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -3813,73 +4579,74 @@ class TestInlineNotEditable(TestCase):
         """
         InlineModelAdmin broken?
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_parent_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_parent_add"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
         cls.pks = [EmptyModel.objects.create().id for i in range(3)]
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
         self.super_login = {
-            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse('admin:index'),
-            'username': 'super',
-            'password': 'secret',
+            REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse("admin:index"),
+            "username": "super",
+            "password": "secret",
         }
 
     def test_changelist_view(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_emptymodel_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_emptymodel_changelist"))
         for i in self.pks:
             if i > 1:
-                self.assertContains(response, 'Primary key = %s' % i)
+                self.assertContains(response, "Primary key = %s" % i)
             else:
-                self.assertNotContains(response, 'Primary key = %s' % i)
+                self.assertNotContains(response, "Primary key = %s" % i)
 
     def test_changelist_view_count_queries(self):
         # create 2 Person objects
-        Person.objects.create(name='person1', gender=1)
-        Person.objects.create(name='person2', gender=2)
-        changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist')
+        Person.objects.create(name="person1", gender=1)
+        Person.objects.create(name="person2", gender=2)
+        changelist_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist")
 
         # 5 queries are expected: 1 for the session, 1 for the user,
         # 2 for the counts and 1 for the objects on the page
         with self.assertNumQueries(5):
             resp = self.client.get(changelist_url)
-            self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note'], '0 of 2 selected')
-            self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note_all'], 'All 2 selected')
+            self.assertEqual(resp.context["selection_note"], "0 of 2 selected")
+            self.assertEqual(resp.context["selection_note_all"], "All 2 selected")
         with self.assertNumQueries(5):
-            extra = {'q': 'not_in_name'}
+            extra = {"q": "not_in_name"}
             resp = self.client.get(changelist_url, extra)
-            self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note'], '0 of 0 selected')
-            self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note_all'], 'All 0 selected')
+            self.assertEqual(resp.context["selection_note"], "0 of 0 selected")
+            self.assertEqual(resp.context["selection_note_all"], "All 0 selected")
         with self.assertNumQueries(5):
-            extra = {'q': 'person'}
+            extra = {"q": "person"}
             resp = self.client.get(changelist_url, extra)
-            self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note'], '0 of 2 selected')
-            self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note_all'], 'All 2 selected')
+            self.assertEqual(resp.context["selection_note"], "0 of 2 selected")
+            self.assertEqual(resp.context["selection_note_all"], "All 2 selected")
         with self.assertNumQueries(5):
-            extra = {'gender__exact': '1'}
+            extra = {"gender__exact": "1"}
             resp = self.client.get(changelist_url, extra)
-            self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note'], '0 of 1 selected')
-            self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note_all'], '1 selected')
+            self.assertEqual(resp.context["selection_note"], "0 of 1 selected")
+            self.assertEqual(resp.context["selection_note_all"], "1 selected")
 
     def test_change_view(self):
         for i in self.pks:
-            url = reverse('admin:admin_views_emptymodel_change', args=(i,))
+            url = reverse("admin:admin_views_emptymodel_change", args=(i,))
             response = self.client.get(url, follow=True)
             if i > 1:
                 self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
             else:
-                self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:index'))
+                self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:index"))
                 self.assertEqual(
-                    [m.message for m in response.context['messages']],
-                    ['empty model with ID “1” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?']
+                    [m.message for m in response.context["messages"]],
+                    ["empty model with ID “1” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?"],
                 )
 
     def test_add_model_modeladmin_defer_qs(self):
@@ -3892,7 +4659,9 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
             "author": "Candidate, Best",
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_coverletter_add'), post_data, follow=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_coverletter_add"), post_data, follow=True
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(CoverLetter.objects.count(), 1)
         # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name
@@ -3900,8 +4669,9 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The cover letter “<a href="%s">'
-            'Candidate, Best</a>” was added successfully.</li>' %
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_coverletter_change', args=(pk,)), html=True
+            "Candidate, Best</a>” was added successfully.</li>"
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_coverletter_change", args=(pk,)),
+            html=True,
         )
 
         # model has no __str__ method
@@ -3911,7 +4681,9 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
             "content": "What's this SMS thing?",
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_shortmessage_add'), post_data, follow=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_shortmessage_add"), post_data, follow=True
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(ShortMessage.objects.count(), 1)
         # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name
@@ -3919,8 +4691,9 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The short message “<a href="%s">'
-            '%s</a>” was added successfully.</li>' %
-            (reverse('admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change', args=(sm.pk,)), sm), html=True
+            "%s</a>” was added successfully.</li>"
+            % (reverse("admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change", args=(sm.pk,)), sm),
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_add_model_modeladmin_only_qs(self):
@@ -3933,7 +4706,9 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
             "title": "Urgent telegram",
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_telegram_add'), post_data, follow=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_telegram_add"), post_data, follow=True
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(Telegram.objects.count(), 1)
         # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name
@@ -3941,8 +4716,9 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The telegram “<a href="%s">'
-            'Urgent telegram</a>” was added successfully.</li>' %
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_telegram_change', args=(pk,)), html=True
+            "Urgent telegram</a>” was added successfully.</li>"
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_telegram_change", args=(pk,)),
+            html=True,
         )
 
         # model has no __str__ method
@@ -3952,7 +4728,9 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
             "title": "My Modified Paper Title",
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_paper_add'), post_data, follow=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_paper_add"), post_data, follow=True
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(Paper.objects.count(), 1)
         # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name
@@ -3960,8 +4738,9 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The paper “<a href="%s">'
-            '%s</a>” was added successfully.</li>' %
-            (reverse('admin:admin_views_paper_change', args=(p.pk,)), p), html=True
+            "%s</a>” was added successfully.</li>"
+            % (reverse("admin:admin_views_paper_change", args=(p.pk,)), p),
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_edit_model_modeladmin_defer_qs(self):
@@ -3970,14 +4749,16 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         # model has __str__ method
         cl = CoverLetter.objects.create(author="John Doe")
         self.assertEqual(CoverLetter.objects.count(), 1)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_coverletter_change', args=(cl.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_coverletter_change", args=(cl.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         # Emulate model instance edit via the admin
         post_data = {
             "author": "John Doe II",
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_coverletter_change', args=(cl.pk,))
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_coverletter_change", args=(cl.pk,))
         response = self.client.post(url, post_data, follow=True)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(CoverLetter.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -3986,21 +4767,24 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The cover letter “<a href="%s">'
-            'John Doe II</a>” was changed successfully.</li>' %
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_coverletter_change', args=(cl.pk,)), html=True
+            "John Doe II</a>” was changed successfully.</li>"
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_coverletter_change", args=(cl.pk,)),
+            html=True,
         )
 
         # model has no __str__ method
         sm = ShortMessage.objects.create(content="This is expensive")
         self.assertEqual(ShortMessage.objects.count(), 1)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change', args=(sm.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change", args=(sm.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         # Emulate model instance edit via the admin
         post_data = {
             "content": "Too expensive",
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change', args=(sm.pk,))
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change", args=(sm.pk,))
         response = self.client.post(url, post_data, follow=True)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(ShortMessage.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4009,8 +4793,9 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The short message “<a href="%s">'
-            '%s</a>” was changed successfully.</li>' %
-            (reverse('admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change', args=(sm.pk,)), sm), html=True
+            "%s</a>” was changed successfully.</li>"
+            % (reverse("admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change", args=(sm.pk,)), sm),
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_edit_model_modeladmin_only_qs(self):
@@ -4019,14 +4804,20 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         # model has __str__ method
         t = Telegram.objects.create(title="First Telegram")
         self.assertEqual(Telegram.objects.count(), 1)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_telegram_change', args=(t.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_telegram_change", args=(t.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         # Emulate model instance edit via the admin
         post_data = {
             "title": "Telegram without typo",
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_telegram_change', args=(t.pk,)), post_data, follow=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_telegram_change", args=(t.pk,)),
+            post_data,
+            follow=True,
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(Telegram.objects.count(), 1)
         # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name. The instance
@@ -4034,21 +4825,28 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The telegram “<a href="%s">'
-            'Telegram without typo</a>” was changed successfully.</li>' %
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_telegram_change', args=(t.pk,)), html=True
+            "Telegram without typo</a>” was changed successfully.</li>"
+            % reverse("admin:admin_views_telegram_change", args=(t.pk,)),
+            html=True,
         )
 
         # model has no __str__ method
         p = Paper.objects.create(title="My Paper Title")
         self.assertEqual(Paper.objects.count(), 1)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_paper_change', args=(p.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_paper_change", args=(p.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         # Emulate model instance edit via the admin
         post_data = {
             "title": "My Modified Paper Title",
             "_save": "Save",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_paper_change', args=(p.pk,)), post_data, follow=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_paper_change", args=(p.pk,)),
+            post_data,
+            follow=True,
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         self.assertEqual(Paper.objects.count(), 1)
         # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name. The ugly(!)
@@ -4056,41 +4854,51 @@ class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The paper “<a href="%s">'
-            '%s</a>” was changed successfully.</li>' %
-            (reverse('admin:admin_views_paper_change', args=(p.pk,)), p), html=True
+            "%s</a>” was changed successfully.</li>"
+            % (reverse("admin:admin_views_paper_change", args=(p.pk,)), p),
+            html=True,
         )
 
     def test_history_view_custom_qs(self):
         """
         Custom querysets are considered for the admin history view.
         """
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:login'), self.super_login)
+        self.client.post(reverse("admin:login"), self.super_login)
         FilteredManager.objects.create(pk=1)
         FilteredManager.objects.create(pk=2)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_filteredmanager_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_filteredmanager_changelist")
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "PK=1")
         self.assertContains(response, "PK=2")
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_filteredmanager_history', args=(1,))).status_code, 200
+            self.client.get(
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_filteredmanager_history", args=(1,))
+            ).status_code,
+            200,
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_filteredmanager_history', args=(2,))).status_code, 200
+            self.client.get(
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_filteredmanager_history", args=(2,))
+            ).status_code,
+            200,
         )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminInlineFileUploadTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
         file1 = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".file1")
-        file1.write(b'a' * (2 ** 21))
+        file1.write(b"a" * (2**21))
         filename = file1.name
         file1.close()
-        cls.gallery = Gallery.objects.create(name='Test Gallery')
+        cls.gallery = Gallery.objects.create(name="Test Gallery")
         cls.picture = Picture.objects.create(
-            name='Test Picture',
+            name="Test Picture",
             image=filename,
             gallery=cls.gallery,
         )
@@ -4100,9 +4908,9 @@ class AdminInlineFileUploadTest(TestCase):
 
     def test_form_has_multipart_enctype(self):
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_gallery_change', args=(self.gallery.id,))
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_gallery_change", args=(self.gallery.id,))
         )
-        self.assertIs(response.context['has_file_field'], True)
+        self.assertIs(response.context["has_file_field"], True)
         self.assertContains(response, MULTIPART_ENCTYPE)
 
     def test_inline_file_upload_edit_validation_error_post(self):
@@ -4124,23 +4932,24 @@ class AdminInlineFileUploadTest(TestCase):
             "pictures-1-image": "",
         }
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_gallery_change', args=(self.gallery.id,)), post_data
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_gallery_change", args=(self.gallery.id,)),
+            post_data,
         )
         self.assertContains(response, b"Currently")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.collector = Collector.objects.create(pk=1, name='John Fowles')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.collector = Collector.objects.create(pk=1, name="John Fowles")
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.post_data = {
             "name": "Test Name",
-
             "widget_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "widget_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
             "widget_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
@@ -4153,7 +4962,6 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
             "widget_set-2-id": "",
             "widget_set-2-owner": "1",
             "widget_set-2-name": "",
-
             "doohickey_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "doohickey_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
             "doohickey_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
@@ -4166,7 +4974,6 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
             "doohickey_set-2-owner": "1",
             "doohickey_set-2-code": "",
             "doohickey_set-2-name": "",
-
             "grommet_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "grommet_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
             "grommet_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
@@ -4179,7 +4986,6 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
             "grommet_set-2-code": "",
             "grommet_set-2-owner": "1",
             "grommet_set-2-name": "",
-
             "whatsit_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "whatsit_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
             "whatsit_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
@@ -4192,7 +4998,6 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
             "whatsit_set-2-owner": "1",
             "whatsit_set-2-index": "",
             "whatsit_set-2-name": "",
-
             "fancydoodad_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "fancydoodad_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
             "fancydoodad_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
@@ -4208,7 +5013,6 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
             "fancydoodad_set-2-owner": "1",
             "fancydoodad_set-2-name": "",
             "fancydoodad_set-2-expensive": "on",
-
             "category_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
             "category_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
             "category_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
@@ -4228,8 +5032,10 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
     def test_simple_inline(self):
         "A simple model can be saved as inlines"
         # First add a new inline
-        self.post_data['widget_set-0-name'] = "Widget 1"
-        collector_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_collector_change', args=(self.collector.pk,))
+        self.post_data["widget_set-0-name"] = "Widget 1"
+        collector_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_collector_change", args=(self.collector.pk,)
+        )
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Widget.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4241,22 +5047,22 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, 'name="widget_set-0-id"')
 
         # No file or image fields, no enctype on the forms
-        self.assertIs(response.context['has_file_field'], False)
+        self.assertIs(response.context["has_file_field"], False)
         self.assertNotContains(response, MULTIPART_ENCTYPE)
 
         # Now resave that inline
-        self.post_data['widget_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['widget_set-0-id'] = str(widget_id)
-        self.post_data['widget_set-0-name'] = "Widget 1"
+        self.post_data["widget_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["widget_set-0-id"] = str(widget_id)
+        self.post_data["widget_set-0-name"] = "Widget 1"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Widget.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(Widget.objects.all()[0].name, "Widget 1")
 
         # Now modify that inline
-        self.post_data['widget_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['widget_set-0-id'] = str(widget_id)
-        self.post_data['widget_set-0-name'] = "Widget 1 Updated"
+        self.post_data["widget_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["widget_set-0-id"] = str(widget_id)
+        self.post_data["widget_set-0-name"] = "Widget 1 Updated"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Widget.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4265,8 +5071,10 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
     def test_explicit_autofield_inline(self):
         "A model with an explicit autofield primary key can be saved as inlines. Regression for #8093"
         # First add a new inline
-        self.post_data['grommet_set-0-name'] = "Grommet 1"
-        collector_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_collector_change', args=(self.collector.pk,))
+        self.post_data["grommet_set-0-name"] = "Grommet 1"
+        collector_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_collector_change", args=(self.collector.pk,)
+        )
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Grommet.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4277,18 +5085,18 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, 'name="grommet_set-0-code"')
 
         # Now resave that inline
-        self.post_data['grommet_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['grommet_set-0-code'] = str(Grommet.objects.all()[0].code)
-        self.post_data['grommet_set-0-name'] = "Grommet 1"
+        self.post_data["grommet_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["grommet_set-0-code"] = str(Grommet.objects.all()[0].code)
+        self.post_data["grommet_set-0-name"] = "Grommet 1"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Grommet.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(Grommet.objects.all()[0].name, "Grommet 1")
 
         # Now modify that inline
-        self.post_data['grommet_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['grommet_set-0-code'] = str(Grommet.objects.all()[0].code)
-        self.post_data['grommet_set-0-name'] = "Grommet 1 Updated"
+        self.post_data["grommet_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["grommet_set-0-code"] = str(Grommet.objects.all()[0].code)
+        self.post_data["grommet_set-0-name"] = "Grommet 1 Updated"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Grommet.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4297,9 +5105,11 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
     def test_char_pk_inline(self):
         "A model with a character PK can be saved as inlines. Regression for #10992"
         # First add a new inline
-        self.post_data['doohickey_set-0-code'] = "DH1"
-        self.post_data['doohickey_set-0-name'] = "Doohickey 1"
-        collector_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_collector_change', args=(self.collector.pk,))
+        self.post_data["doohickey_set-0-code"] = "DH1"
+        self.post_data["doohickey_set-0-name"] = "Doohickey 1"
+        collector_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_collector_change", args=(self.collector.pk,)
+        )
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(DooHickey.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4310,18 +5120,18 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, 'name="doohickey_set-0-code"')
 
         # Now resave that inline
-        self.post_data['doohickey_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['doohickey_set-0-code'] = "DH1"
-        self.post_data['doohickey_set-0-name'] = "Doohickey 1"
+        self.post_data["doohickey_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["doohickey_set-0-code"] = "DH1"
+        self.post_data["doohickey_set-0-name"] = "Doohickey 1"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(DooHickey.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(DooHickey.objects.all()[0].name, "Doohickey 1")
 
         # Now modify that inline
-        self.post_data['doohickey_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['doohickey_set-0-code'] = "DH1"
-        self.post_data['doohickey_set-0-name'] = "Doohickey 1 Updated"
+        self.post_data["doohickey_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["doohickey_set-0-code"] = "DH1"
+        self.post_data["doohickey_set-0-name"] = "Doohickey 1 Updated"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(DooHickey.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4330,9 +5140,11 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
     def test_integer_pk_inline(self):
         "A model with an integer PK can be saved as inlines. Regression for #10992"
         # First add a new inline
-        self.post_data['whatsit_set-0-index'] = "42"
-        self.post_data['whatsit_set-0-name'] = "Whatsit 1"
-        collector_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_collector_change', args=(self.collector.pk,))
+        self.post_data["whatsit_set-0-index"] = "42"
+        self.post_data["whatsit_set-0-name"] = "Whatsit 1"
+        collector_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_collector_change", args=(self.collector.pk,)
+        )
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Whatsit.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4343,18 +5155,18 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, 'name="whatsit_set-0-index"')
 
         # Now resave that inline
-        self.post_data['whatsit_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['whatsit_set-0-index'] = "42"
-        self.post_data['whatsit_set-0-name'] = "Whatsit 1"
+        self.post_data["whatsit_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["whatsit_set-0-index"] = "42"
+        self.post_data["whatsit_set-0-name"] = "Whatsit 1"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Whatsit.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(Whatsit.objects.all()[0].name, "Whatsit 1")
 
         # Now modify that inline
-        self.post_data['whatsit_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['whatsit_set-0-index'] = "42"
-        self.post_data['whatsit_set-0-name'] = "Whatsit 1 Updated"
+        self.post_data["whatsit_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["whatsit_set-0-index"] = "42"
+        self.post_data["whatsit_set-0-name"] = "Whatsit 1 Updated"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Whatsit.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4363,8 +5175,10 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
     def test_inherited_inline(self):
         "An inherited model can be saved as inlines. Regression for #11042"
         # First add a new inline
-        self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-0-name'] = "Fancy Doodad 1"
-        collector_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_collector_change', args=(self.collector.pk,))
+        self.post_data["fancydoodad_set-0-name"] = "Fancy Doodad 1"
+        collector_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_collector_change", args=(self.collector.pk,)
+        )
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(FancyDoodad.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4376,18 +5190,18 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, 'name="fancydoodad_set-0-doodad_ptr"')
 
         # Now resave that inline
-        self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-0-doodad_ptr'] = str(doodad_pk)
-        self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-0-name'] = "Fancy Doodad 1"
+        self.post_data["fancydoodad_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["fancydoodad_set-0-doodad_ptr"] = str(doodad_pk)
+        self.post_data["fancydoodad_set-0-name"] = "Fancy Doodad 1"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(FancyDoodad.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(FancyDoodad.objects.all()[0].name, "Fancy Doodad 1")
 
         # Now modify that inline
-        self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
-        self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-0-doodad_ptr'] = str(doodad_pk)
-        self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-0-name'] = "Fancy Doodad 1 Updated"
+        self.post_data["fancydoodad_set-INITIAL_FORMS"] = "1"
+        self.post_data["fancydoodad_set-0-doodad_ptr"] = str(doodad_pk)
+        self.post_data["fancydoodad_set-0-name"] = "Fancy Doodad 1 Updated"
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(FancyDoodad.objects.count(), 1)
@@ -4404,42 +5218,38 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
         Category.objects.create(id=4, order=0, collector=self.collector)
 
         # NB: The order values must be changed so that the items are reordered.
-        self.post_data.update({
-            "name": "Frederick Clegg",
-
-            "category_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "7",
-            "category_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "4",
-            "category_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
-
-            "category_set-0-order": "14",
-            "category_set-0-id": "1",
-            "category_set-0-collector": "1",
-
-            "category_set-1-order": "13",
-            "category_set-1-id": "2",
-            "category_set-1-collector": "1",
-
-            "category_set-2-order": "1",
-            "category_set-2-id": "3",
-            "category_set-2-collector": "1",
-
-            "category_set-3-order": "0",
-            "category_set-3-id": "4",
-            "category_set-3-collector": "1",
-
-            "category_set-4-order": "",
-            "category_set-4-id": "",
-            "category_set-4-collector": "1",
-
-            "category_set-5-order": "",
-            "category_set-5-id": "",
-            "category_set-5-collector": "1",
-
-            "category_set-6-order": "",
-            "category_set-6-id": "",
-            "category_set-6-collector": "1",
-        })
-        collector_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_collector_change', args=(self.collector.pk,))
+        self.post_data.update(
+            {
+                "name": "Frederick Clegg",
+                "category_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "7",
+                "category_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "4",
+                "category_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+                "category_set-0-order": "14",
+                "category_set-0-id": "1",
+                "category_set-0-collector": "1",
+                "category_set-1-order": "13",
+                "category_set-1-id": "2",
+                "category_set-1-collector": "1",
+                "category_set-2-order": "1",
+                "category_set-2-id": "3",
+                "category_set-2-collector": "1",
+                "category_set-3-order": "0",
+                "category_set-3-id": "4",
+                "category_set-3-collector": "1",
+                "category_set-4-order": "",
+                "category_set-4-id": "",
+                "category_set-4-collector": "1",
+                "category_set-5-order": "",
+                "category_set-5-id": "",
+                "category_set-5-collector": "1",
+                "category_set-6-order": "",
+                "category_set-6-id": "",
+                "category_set-6-collector": "1",
+            }
+        )
+        collector_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_collector_change", args=(self.collector.pk,)
+        )
         response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
         # Successful post will redirect
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
@@ -4452,105 +5262,124 @@ class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(Category.objects.get(id=4).order, 0)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class NeverCacheTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_admin_index(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of the main index"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:index"))
         self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
 
     def test_app_index(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of an application index"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
         self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
 
     def test_model_index(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of a model index"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_fabric_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_fabric_changelist"))
         self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
 
     def test_model_add(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of a model add page"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_fabric_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_fabric_add"))
         self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
 
     def test_model_view(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of a model edit page"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
 
     def test_model_history(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of a model history page"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_history', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_history", args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
 
     def test_model_delete(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of a model delete page"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_delete', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_delete", args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
 
     def test_login(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of login views"
         self.client.logout()
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:index"))
         self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
 
     def test_logout(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of logout view"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
         self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
 
     def test_password_change(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of the password change view"
         self.client.logout()
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:password_change'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:password_change"))
         self.assertIsNone(get_max_age(response))
 
     def test_password_change_done(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of the password change done view"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:password_change_done'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:password_change_done"))
         self.assertIsNone(get_max_age(response))
 
     def test_JS_i18n(self):
         "Check the never-cache status of the JavaScript i18n view"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:jsi18n'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:jsi18n"))
         self.assertIsNone(get_max_age(response))
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class PrePopulatedTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_prepopulated_on(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_add"))
         self.assertContains(response, "&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_slug&quot;")
-        self.assertContains(response, "&quot;dependency_ids&quot;: [&quot;#id_title&quot;]")
-        self.assertContains(response, "&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_prepopulatedsubpost_set-0-subslug&quot;")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, "&quot;dependency_ids&quot;: [&quot;#id_title&quot;]"
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            "&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_prepopulatedsubpost_set-0-subslug&quot;",
+        )
 
     def test_prepopulated_off(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_change', args=(self.p1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_change", args=(self.p1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "A Long Title")
         self.assertNotContains(response, "&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_slug&quot;")
-        self.assertNotContains(response, "&quot;dependency_ids&quot;: [&quot;#id_title&quot;]")
+        self.assertNotContains(
+            response, "&quot;dependency_ids&quot;: [&quot;#id_title&quot;]"
+        )
         self.assertNotContains(
             response,
-            "&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_prepopulatedsubpost_set-0-subslug&quot;"
+            "&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_prepopulatedsubpost_set-0-subslug&quot;",
         )
 
     @override_settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True)
@@ -4559,7 +5388,9 @@ class PrePopulatedTest(TestCase):
         Regression test for #15938: if USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR is set, make sure
         that maxLength (in the JavaScript) is rendered without separators.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_prepopulatedpostlargeslug_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_prepopulatedpostlargeslug_add")
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "&quot;maxLength&quot;: 1000")  # instead of 1,000
 
     def test_view_only_add_form(self):
@@ -4568,38 +5399,44 @@ class PrePopulatedTest(TestCase):
         which is present in the add view, even if the
         ModelAdmin.has_change_permission() returns False.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin7:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'data-prepopulated-fields=')
-        self.assertContains(response, '&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_slug&quot;')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin7:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_add"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "data-prepopulated-fields=")
+        self.assertContains(response, "&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_slug&quot;")
 
     def test_view_only_change_form(self):
         """
         PrePopulatedPostReadOnlyAdmin.prepopulated_fields includes 'slug'. That
         doesn't break a view-only change view.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin7:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_change', args=(self.p1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin7:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_change", args=(self.p1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, 'data-prepopulated-fields="[]"')
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">%s</div>' % self.p1.slug)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
 
-    available_apps = ['admin_views'] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
+    available_apps = ["admin_views"] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        self.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
+        self.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        self.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
+        )
 
     def test_login_button_centered(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:login'))
-        button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.submit-row input')
-        offset_left = button.get_property('offsetLeft')
-        offset_right = (
-            button.get_property('offsetParent').get_property('offsetWidth') -
-            (offset_left + button.get_property('offsetWidth'))
-        )
+
+        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:login"))
+        button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".submit-row input")
+        offset_left = button.get_property("offsetLeft")
+        offset_right = button.get_property("offsetParent").get_property(
+            "offsetWidth"
+        ) - (offset_left + button.get_property("offsetWidth"))
         # Use assertAlmostEqual to avoid pixel rounding errors.
         self.assertAlmostEqual(offset_left, offset_right, delta=3)
 
@@ -4610,164 +5447,221 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         Refs #13068, #9264, #9983, #9784.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_mainprepopulated_add'))
-        self.wait_for('.select2')
+
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_views_mainprepopulated_add")
+        )
+        self.wait_for(".select2")
 
         # Main form ----------------------------------------------------------
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_pubdate').send_keys('2012-02-18')
-        self.select_option('#id_status', 'option two')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name').send_keys(' the mAin nÀMë and it\'s awεšomeıııİ')
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug2').get_attribute('value')
-        slug3 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug3').get_attribute('value')
-        self.assertEqual(slug1, 'the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii-2012-02-18')
-        self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii')
-        self.assertEqual(slug3, 'the-main-n\xe0m\xeb-and-its-aw\u03b5\u0161ome\u0131\u0131\u0131i')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_pubdate").send_keys("2012-02-18")
+        self.select_option("#id_status", "option two")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_name").send_keys(
+            " the mAin nÀMë and it's awεšomeıııİ"
+        )
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_slug1").get_attribute("value")
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_slug2").get_attribute("value")
+        slug3 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_slug3").get_attribute("value")
+        self.assertEqual(slug1, "the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii-2012-02-18")
+        self.assertEqual(slug2, "option-two-the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            slug3, "the-main-n\xe0m\xeb-and-its-aw\u03b5\u0161ome\u0131\u0131\u0131i"
+        )
 
         # Stacked inlines with fieldsets -------------------------------------
         # Initial inline
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-pubdate').send_keys('2011-12-17')
-        self.select_option('#id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-status', 'option one')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-name').send_keys(
-            ' here is a sŤāÇkeð   inline !  '
-        )
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-slug2').get_attribute('value')
-        self.assertEqual(slug1, 'here-is-a-stacked-inline-2011-12-17')
-        self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-one-here-is-a-stacked-inline')
-        initial_select2_inputs = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection')
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-pubdate"
+        ).send_keys("2011-12-17")
+        self.select_option("#id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-status", "option one")
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-name"
+        ).send_keys(" here is a sŤāÇkeð   inline !  ")
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-slug1"
+        ).get_attribute("value")
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-slug2"
+        ).get_attribute("value")
+        self.assertEqual(slug1, "here-is-a-stacked-inline-2011-12-17")
+        self.assertEqual(slug2, "option-one-here-is-a-stacked-inline")
+        initial_select2_inputs = self.selenium.find_elements(
+            By.CLASS_NAME, "select2-selection"
+        )
         # Inline formsets have empty/invisible forms.
         # Only the 4 visible select2 inputs are initialized.
         num_initial_select2_inputs = len(initial_select2_inputs)
         self.assertEqual(num_initial_select2_inputs, 4)
 
         # Add an inline
-        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Related prepopulated')[0].click()
+        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Related prepopulated")[
+            0
+        ].click()
         self.assertEqual(
-            len(self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection')),
-            num_initial_select2_inputs + 2
-        )
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-pubdate').send_keys('1999-01-25')
-        self.select_option('#id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-status', 'option two')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-name').send_keys(
-            ' now you haVe anöther   sŤāÇkeð  inline with a very ... '
-            'loooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooog text... '
-        )
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-slug2').get_attribute('value')
+            len(self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, "select2-selection")),
+            num_initial_select2_inputs + 2,
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-pubdate"
+        ).send_keys("1999-01-25")
+        self.select_option("#id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-status", "option two")
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-name"
+        ).send_keys(
+            " now you haVe anöther   sŤāÇkeð  inline with a very ... "
+            "loooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooog text... "
+        )
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-slug1"
+        ).get_attribute("value")
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-slug2"
+        ).get_attribute("value")
         # 50 characters maximum for slug1 field
-        self.assertEqual(slug1, 'now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-lo')
+        self.assertEqual(slug1, "now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-lo")
         # 60 characters maximum for slug2 field
-        self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-l')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            slug2, "option-two-now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-l"
+        )
 
         # Tabular inlines ----------------------------------------------------
         # Initial inline
-        element = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-status')
-        self.selenium.execute_script('window.scrollTo(0, %s);' % element.location['y'])
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-pubdate').send_keys('1234-12-07')
-        self.select_option('#id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-status', 'option two')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-name').send_keys(
-            'And now, with a tÃbűlaŘ inline !!!'
-        )
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-slug2').get_attribute('value')
-        self.assertEqual(slug1, 'and-now-with-a-tabular-inline-1234-12-07')
-        self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-and-now-with-a-tabular-inline')
+        element = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-status"
+        )
+        self.selenium.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, %s);" % element.location["y"])
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-pubdate"
+        ).send_keys("1234-12-07")
+        self.select_option("#id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-status", "option two")
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-name"
+        ).send_keys("And now, with a tÃbűlaŘ inline !!!")
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-slug1"
+        ).get_attribute("value")
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-slug2"
+        ).get_attribute("value")
+        self.assertEqual(slug1, "and-now-with-a-tabular-inline-1234-12-07")
+        self.assertEqual(slug2, "option-two-and-now-with-a-tabular-inline")
 
         # Add an inline
         # Button may be outside the browser frame.
-        element = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Related prepopulated')[1]
-        self.selenium.execute_script('window.scrollTo(0, %s);' % element.location['y'])
+        element = self.selenium.find_elements(
+            By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Related prepopulated"
+        )[1]
+        self.selenium.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, %s);" % element.location["y"])
         element.click()
         self.assertEqual(
-            len(self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection')),
-            num_initial_select2_inputs + 4
-        )
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-pubdate').send_keys('1981-08-22')
-        self.select_option('#id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-status', 'option one')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-name').send_keys(
-            r'tÃbűlaŘ inline with ignored ;"&*^\%$#@-/`~ characters'
-        )
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-slug2').get_attribute('value')
-        self.assertEqual(slug1, 'tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters-1981-08-22')
-        self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-one-tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters')
+            len(self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, "select2-selection")),
+            num_initial_select2_inputs + 4,
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-pubdate"
+        ).send_keys("1981-08-22")
+        self.select_option("#id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-status", "option one")
+        self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-name"
+        ).send_keys(r'tÃbűlaŘ inline with ignored ;"&*^\%$#@-/`~ characters')
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-slug1"
+        ).get_attribute("value")
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.ID, "id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-slug2"
+        ).get_attribute("value")
+        self.assertEqual(slug1, "tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters-1981-08-22")
+        self.assertEqual(slug2, "option-one-tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters")
         # Add an inline without an initial inline.
         # The button is outside of the browser frame.
         self.selenium.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);")
-        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Related prepopulated')[2].click()
+        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, "Add another Related prepopulated")[
+            2
+        ].click()
         self.assertEqual(
-            len(self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection')),
-            num_initial_select2_inputs + 6
+            len(self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, "select2-selection")),
+            num_initial_select2_inputs + 6,
         )
         # Stacked Inlines without fieldsets ----------------------------------
         # Initial inline.
-        row_id = 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-4-0-'
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}pubdate').send_keys('2011-12-12')
-        self.select_option(f'#{row_id}status', 'option one')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}name').send_keys(' sŤāÇkeð  inline !  ')
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}slug2').get_attribute('value')
-        self.assertEqual(slug1, 'stacked-inline-2011-12-12')
-        self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-one')
+        row_id = "id_relatedprepopulated_set-4-0-"
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f"{row_id}pubdate").send_keys("2011-12-12")
+        self.select_option(f"#{row_id}status", "option one")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f"{row_id}name").send_keys(
+            " sŤāÇkeð  inline !  "
+        )
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f"{row_id}slug1").get_attribute(
+            "value"
+        )
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f"{row_id}slug2").get_attribute(
+            "value"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(slug1, "stacked-inline-2011-12-12")
+        self.assertEqual(slug2, "option-one")
         # Add inline.
         self.selenium.find_elements(
             By.LINK_TEXT,
-            'Add another Related prepopulated',
+            "Add another Related prepopulated",
         )[3].click()
-        row_id = 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-4-1-'
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}pubdate').send_keys('1999-01-20')
-        self.select_option(f'#{row_id}status', 'option two')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}name').send_keys(
-            ' now you haVe anöther   sŤāÇkeð  inline with a very loooong '
+        row_id = "id_relatedprepopulated_set-4-1-"
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f"{row_id}pubdate").send_keys("1999-01-20")
+        self.select_option(f"#{row_id}status", "option two")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f"{row_id}name").send_keys(
+            " now you haVe anöther   sŤāÇkeð  inline with a very loooong "
+        )
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f"{row_id}slug1").get_attribute(
+            "value"
         )
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}slug2').get_attribute('value')
-        self.assertEqual(slug1, 'now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-lo')
-        self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two')
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f"{row_id}slug2").get_attribute(
+            "value"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(slug1, "now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-lo")
+        self.assertEqual(slug2, "option-two")
 
         # Save and check that everything is properly stored in the database
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
             self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.assertEqual(MainPrepopulated.objects.all().count(), 1)
         MainPrepopulated.objects.get(
-            name=' the mAin nÀMë and it\'s awεšomeıııİ',
-            pubdate='2012-02-18',
-            status='option two',
-            slug1='the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii-2012-02-18',
-            slug2='option-two-the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii',
-            slug3='the-main-nàmë-and-its-awεšomeıııi',
+            name=" the mAin nÀMë and it's awεšomeıııİ",
+            pubdate="2012-02-18",
+            status="option two",
+            slug1="the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii-2012-02-18",
+            slug2="option-two-the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii",
+            slug3="the-main-nàmë-and-its-awεšomeıııi",
         )
         self.assertEqual(RelatedPrepopulated.objects.all().count(), 6)
         RelatedPrepopulated.objects.get(
-            name=' here is a sŤāÇkeð   inline !  ',
-            pubdate='2011-12-17',
-            status='option one',
-            slug1='here-is-a-stacked-inline-2011-12-17',
-            slug2='option-one-here-is-a-stacked-inline',
+            name=" here is a sŤāÇkeð   inline !  ",
+            pubdate="2011-12-17",
+            status="option one",
+            slug1="here-is-a-stacked-inline-2011-12-17",
+            slug2="option-one-here-is-a-stacked-inline",
         )
         RelatedPrepopulated.objects.get(
             # 75 characters in name field
-            name=' now you haVe anöther   sŤāÇkeð  inline with a very ... loooooooooooooooooo',
-            pubdate='1999-01-25',
-            status='option two',
-            slug1='now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-lo',
-            slug2='option-two-now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-l',
+            name=" now you haVe anöther   sŤāÇkeð  inline with a very ... loooooooooooooooooo",
+            pubdate="1999-01-25",
+            status="option two",
+            slug1="now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-lo",
+            slug2="option-two-now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-l",
         )
         RelatedPrepopulated.objects.get(
-            name='And now, with a tÃbűlaŘ inline !!!',
-            pubdate='1234-12-07',
-            status='option two',
-            slug1='and-now-with-a-tabular-inline-1234-12-07',
-            slug2='option-two-and-now-with-a-tabular-inline',
+            name="And now, with a tÃbűlaŘ inline !!!",
+            pubdate="1234-12-07",
+            status="option two",
+            slug1="and-now-with-a-tabular-inline-1234-12-07",
+            slug2="option-two-and-now-with-a-tabular-inline",
         )
         RelatedPrepopulated.objects.get(
             name=r'tÃbűlaŘ inline with ignored ;"&*^\%$#@-/`~ characters',
-            pubdate='1981-08-22',
-            status='option one',
-            slug1='tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters-1981-08-22',
-            slug2='option-one-tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters',
+            pubdate="1981-08-22",
+            status="option one",
+            slug1="tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters-1981-08-22",
+            slug2="option-one-tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters",
         )
 
     def test_populate_existing_object(self):
@@ -4779,37 +5673,41 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
 
         # Slugs are empty to start with.
         item = MainPrepopulated.objects.create(
-            name=' this is the mAin nÀMë',
-            pubdate='2012-02-18',
-            status='option two',
-            slug1='',
-            slug2='',
+            name=" this is the mAin nÀMë",
+            pubdate="2012-02-18",
+            status="option two",
+            slug1="",
+            slug2="",
+        )
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
         )
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
 
-        object_url = self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_mainprepopulated_change', args=(item.id,))
+        object_url = self.live_server_url + reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_mainprepopulated_change", args=(item.id,)
+        )
 
         self.selenium.get(object_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name').send_keys(' the best')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_name").send_keys(" the best")
 
         # The slugs got prepopulated since they were originally empty
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug2').get_attribute('value')
-        self.assertEqual(slug1, 'this-is-the-main-name-the-best-2012-02-18')
-        self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-this-is-the-main-name-the-best')
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_slug1").get_attribute("value")
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_slug2").get_attribute("value")
+        self.assertEqual(slug1, "this-is-the-main-name-the-best-2012-02-18")
+        self.assertEqual(slug2, "option-two-this-is-the-main-name-the-best")
 
         # Save the object
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
             self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
 
         self.selenium.get(object_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name').send_keys(' hello')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_name").send_keys(" hello")
 
         # The slugs got prepopulated didn't change since they were originally not empty
-        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug1').get_attribute('value')
-        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug2').get_attribute('value')
-        self.assertEqual(slug1, 'this-is-the-main-name-the-best-2012-02-18')
-        self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-this-is-the-main-name-the-best')
+        slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_slug1").get_attribute("value")
+        slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_slug2").get_attribute("value")
+        self.assertEqual(slug1, "this-is-the-main-name-the-best-2012-02-18")
+        self.assertEqual(slug2, "option-two-this-is-the-main-name-the-best")
 
     def test_collapsible_fieldset(self):
         """
@@ -4817,32 +5715,39 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         show/hide the appropriate field section.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
-        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').is_displayed())
-        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Show')[0].click()
-        self.assertTrue(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').is_displayed())
-        self.assertEqual(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'fieldsetcollapser0').text, "Hide")
+
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_views_article_add")
+        )
+        self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_title").is_displayed())
+        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, "Show")[0].click()
+        self.assertTrue(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_title").is_displayed())
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "fieldsetcollapser0").text, "Hide"
+        )
 
     def test_selectbox_height_collapsible_fieldset(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
         self.admin_login(
-            username='super',
-            password='secret',
-            login_url=reverse('admin7:index'),
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            login_url=reverse("admin7:index"),
         )
-        url = self.live_server_url + reverse('admin7:admin_views_pizza_add')
+        url = self.live_server_url + reverse("admin7:admin_views_pizza_add")
         self.selenium.get(url)
-        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Show')[0].click()
-        filter_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_toppings_filter')
-        from_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_toppings_from')
-        to_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_toppings_to')
+        self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, "Show")[0].click()
+        filter_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_toppings_filter")
+        from_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_toppings_from")
+        to_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_toppings_to")
         self.assertEqual(
-            to_box.get_property('offsetHeight'),
+            to_box.get_property("offsetHeight"),
             (
-                filter_box.get_property('offsetHeight') +
-                from_box.get_property('offsetHeight')
+                filter_box.get_property("offsetHeight")
+                + from_box.get_property("offsetHeight")
             ),
         )
 
@@ -4850,20 +5755,20 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
         self.admin_login(
-            username='super',
-            password='secret',
-            login_url=reverse('admin7:index'),
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            login_url=reverse("admin7:index"),
         )
-        url = self.live_server_url + reverse('admin7:admin_views_question_add')
+        url = self.live_server_url + reverse("admin7:admin_views_question_add")
         self.selenium.get(url)
-        filter_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_related_questions_filter')
-        from_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_related_questions_from')
-        to_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_related_questions_to')
+        filter_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_related_questions_filter")
+        from_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_related_questions_from")
+        to_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_related_questions_to")
         self.assertEqual(
-            to_box.get_property('offsetHeight'),
+            to_box.get_property("offsetHeight"),
             (
-                filter_box.get_property('offsetHeight') +
-                from_box.get_property('offsetHeight')
+                filter_box.get_property("offsetHeight")
+                + from_box.get_property("offsetHeight")
             ),
         )
 
@@ -4872,35 +5777,44 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
         # First form field has a single widget
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
-            self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_picture_add'))
+            self.selenium.get(
+                self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_views_picture_add")
+            )
         self.assertEqual(
             self.selenium.switch_to.active_element,
-            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name')
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_name"),
         )
 
         # First form field has a MultiWidget
         with self.wait_page_loaded():
-            self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_reservation_add'))
+            self.selenium.get(
+                self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_views_reservation_add")
+            )
         self.assertEqual(
             self.selenium.switch_to.active_element,
-            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_start_date_0')
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_start_date_0"),
         )
 
     def test_cancel_delete_confirmation(self):
         "Cancelling the deletion of an object takes the user back one page."
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
         pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name="Double Cheese")
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_pizza_change', args=(pizza.id,))
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_pizza_change", args=(pizza.id,))
         full_url = self.live_server_url + url
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
         self.selenium.get(full_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'deletelink').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "deletelink").click()
         # Click 'cancel' on the delete page.
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'cancel-link').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "cancel-link").click()
         # Wait until we're back on the change page.
-        self.wait_for_text('#content h1', 'Change pizza')
+        self.wait_for_text("#content h1", "Change pizza")
         self.assertEqual(self.selenium.current_url, full_url)
         self.assertEqual(Pizza.objects.count(), 1)
 
@@ -4910,19 +5824,22 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         one page.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
+
         pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name="Double Cheese")
         topping1 = Topping.objects.create(name="Cheddar")
         topping2 = Topping.objects.create(name="Mozzarella")
         pizza.toppings.add(topping1, topping2)
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_pizza_change', args=(pizza.id,))
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_pizza_change", args=(pizza.id,))
         full_url = self.live_server_url + url
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
         self.selenium.get(full_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'deletelink').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "deletelink").click()
         # Click 'cancel' on the delete page.
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'cancel-link').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "cancel-link").click()
         # Wait until we're back on the change page.
-        self.wait_for_text('#content h1', 'Change pizza')
+        self.wait_for_text("#content h1", "Change pizza")
         self.assertEqual(self.selenium.current_url, full_url)
         self.assertEqual(Pizza.objects.count(), 1)
         self.assertEqual(Topping.objects.count(), 2)
@@ -4933,104 +5850,141 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
-        s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+
+        s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         Article.objects.create(
-            title='foo',
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>',
+            title="foo",
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
             date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
             section=s1,
         )
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
+        )
         # Change popup
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'change_id_form-0-section').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "change_id_form-0-section").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        self.wait_for_text('#content h1', 'Change section')
-        name_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name')
+        self.wait_for_text("#content h1", "Change section")
+        name_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_name")
         name_input.clear()
-        name_input.send_keys('<i>edited section</i>')
+        name_input.send_keys("<i>edited section</i>")
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
         # Hide sidebar.
-        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#toggle-nav-sidebar')
+        toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#toggle-nav-sidebar"
+        )
         toggle_button.click()
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_form-0-section'))
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, '<i>edited section</i>')
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_form-0-section"))
+        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, "<i>edited section</i>")
         # Rendered select2 input.
-        select2_display = self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection__rendered')
+        select2_display = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CLASS_NAME, "select2-selection__rendered"
+        )
         # Clear button (×\n) is included in text.
-        self.assertEqual(select2_display.text, '×\n<i>edited section</i>')
+        self.assertEqual(select2_display.text, "×\n<i>edited section</i>")
 
         # Add popup
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_form-0-section').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "add_id_form-0-section").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        self.wait_for_text('#content h1', 'Add section')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name').send_keys('new section')
+        self.wait_for_text("#content h1", "Add section")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_name").send_keys("new section")
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_form-0-section'))
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, 'new section')
-        select2_display = self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection__rendered')
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_form-0-section"))
+        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, "new section")
+        select2_display = self.selenium.find_element(
+            By.CLASS_NAME, "select2-selection__rendered"
+        )
         # Clear button (×\n) is included in text.
-        self.assertEqual(select2_display.text, '×\nnew section')
+        self.assertEqual(select2_display.text, "×\nnew section")
 
     def test_inline_uuid_pk_edit_with_popup(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
-        parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test')
+
+        parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title="test")
         related_with_parent = RelatedWithUUIDPKModel.objects.create(parent=parent)
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_change', args=(related_with_parent.id,))
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_change",
+            args=(related_with_parent.id,),
+        )
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'change_id_parent').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "change_id_parent").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_parent'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_parent"))
         self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, str(parent.id))
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), str(parent.id))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            select.first_selected_option.get_attribute("value"), str(parent.id)
+        )
 
     def test_inline_uuid_pk_add_with_popup(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_add'))
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_parent').click()
+
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        self.selenium.get(
+            self.live_server_url
+            + reverse("admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_add")
+        )
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "add_id_parent").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_title").send_keys("test")
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_parent'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_parent"))
         uuid_id = str(ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.first().id)
         self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, uuid_id)
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), uuid_id)
+        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute("value"), uuid_id)
 
     def test_inline_uuid_pk_delete_with_popup(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
-        parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test')
+
+        parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title="test")
         related_with_parent = RelatedWithUUIDPKModel.objects.create(parent=parent)
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_change', args=(related_with_parent.id,))
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_change",
+            args=(related_with_parent.id,),
+        )
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'delete_id_parent').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "delete_id_parent").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Yes, I’m sure"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_parent'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_parent"))
         self.assertEqual(ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.count(), 0)
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, '---------')
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, "---------")
+        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute("value"), "")
 
     def test_inline_with_popup_cancel_delete(self):
         """Clicking ""No, take me back" on a delete popup closes the window."""
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test')
+
+        parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title="test")
         related_with_parent = RelatedWithUUIDPKModel.objects.create(parent=parent)
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_change', args=(related_with_parent.id,))
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_change",
+            args=(related_with_parent.id,),
+        )
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'delete_id_parent').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "delete_id_parent").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//a[text()="No, take me back"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
@@ -5038,19 +5992,27 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
 
     def test_list_editable_raw_id_fields(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test')
-        parent2 = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test2')
+
+        parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title="test")
+        parent2 = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title="test2")
         RelatedWithUUIDPKModel.objects.create(parent=parent)
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_changelist', current_app=site2.name)
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        change_url = reverse(
+            "admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_changelist",
+            current_app=site2.name,
+        )
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'lookup_id_form-0-parent').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "lookup_id_form-0-parent").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
         # Select "parent2" in the popup.
         self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, str(parent2.pk)).click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
         # The newly selected pk should appear in the raw id input.
-        value = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_form-0-parent').get_attribute('value')
+        value = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_form-0-parent").get_attribute(
+            "value"
+        )
         self.assertEqual(value, str(parent2.pk))
 
     def test_input_element_font(self):
@@ -5059,27 +6021,31 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         adds additional CSS to handle this.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:login'))
-        element = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_username')
+
+        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:login"))
+        element = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_username")
         # Some browsers quotes the fonts, some don't.
         fonts = [
             font.strip().strip('"')
-            for font in element.value_of_css_property('font-family').split(',')
+            for font in element.value_of_css_property("font-family").split(",")
         ]
         self.assertEqual(
             fonts,
-            ['Roboto', 'Lucida Grande', 'Verdana', 'Arial', 'sans-serif'],
+            ["Roboto", "Lucida Grande", "Verdana", "Arial", "sans-serif"],
         )
 
     def test_search_input_filtered_page(self):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        Person.objects.create(name='Guido van Rossum', gender=1, alive=True)
-        Person.objects.create(name='Grace Hopper', gender=1, alive=False)
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        person_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=Gui'
+
+        Person.objects.create(name="Guido van Rossum", gender=1, alive=True)
+        Person.objects.create(name="Grace Hopper", gender=1, alive=False)
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        person_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_person_changelist") + "?q=Gui"
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + person_url)
         self.assertGreater(
-            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'searchbar').rect['width'],
+            self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "searchbar").rect["width"],
             50,
         )
 
@@ -5089,63 +6055,75 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
         from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        add_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_box_add', current_app=site.name)
+
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        add_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_box_add", current_app=site.name)
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + add_url)
 
         base_window = self.selenium.current_window_handle
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "add_id_next_box").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
 
         popup_window_test = self.selenium.current_window_handle
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_title").send_keys("test")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "add_id_next_box").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup(num_windows=3)
 
         popup_window_test2 = self.selenium.current_window_handle
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test2')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_title").send_keys("test2")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "add_id_next_box").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup(num_windows=4)
 
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test3')
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_title").send_keys("test3")
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(popup_window_test2)
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_next_box'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_next_box"))
         next_box_id = str(Box.objects.get(title="test3").id)
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), next_box_id)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            select.first_selected_option.get_attribute("value"), next_box_id
+        )
 
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(popup_window_test)
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_next_box'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_next_box"))
         next_box_id = str(Box.objects.get(title="test2").id)
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), next_box_id)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            select.first_selected_option.get_attribute("value"), next_box_id
+        )
 
         self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
         self.selenium.switch_to.window(base_window)
-        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_next_box'))
+        select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_next_box"))
         next_box_id = str(Box.objects.get(title="test").id)
-        self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), next_box_id)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            select.first_selected_option.get_attribute("value"), next_box_id
+        )
 
     def test_related_popup_incorrect_close(self):
         """
         Cleanup child popups when closing a parent popup.
         """
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
-        self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
-        add_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_box_add', current_app=site.name)
+
+        self.admin_login(
+            username="super", password="secret", login_url=reverse("admin:index")
+        )
+        add_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_box_add", current_app=site.name)
         self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + add_url)
 
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "add_id_next_box").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
 
         test_window = self.selenium.current_window_handle
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_title").send_keys("test")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "add_id_next_box").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup(num_windows=3)
 
         test2_window = self.selenium.current_window_handle
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test2')
-        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "id_title").send_keys("test2")
+        self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, "add_id_next_box").click()
         self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup(num_windows=4)
         self.assertEqual(len(self.selenium.window_handles), 4)
 
@@ -5164,12 +6142,12 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
         from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
         self.admin_login(
-            username='super',
-            password='secret',
-            login_url=reverse('admin:index'),
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            login_url=reverse("admin:index"),
         )
-        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_story_add'))
-        field_title = self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'field-title')
+        self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse("admin:admin_views_story_add"))
+        field_title = self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "field-title")
         current_size = self.selenium.get_window_size()
         try:
             self.selenium.set_window_size(1024, 768)
@@ -5177,21 +6155,22 @@ class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
             self.selenium.set_window_size(767, 575)
             self.assertIs(field_title.is_displayed(), False)
         finally:
-            self.selenium.set_window_size(current_size['width'], current_size['height'])
+            self.selenium.set_window_size(current_size["width"], current_size["height"])
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_readonly_get(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_post_add"))
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'name="posted"')
         # 3 fields + 2 submit buttons + 5 inline management form fields, + 2
         # hidden fields for inlines + 1 field for the inline + 2 empty form
@@ -5203,11 +6182,18 @@ class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, "foo")
 
         # Multiline text in a readonly field gets <br> tags
-        self.assertContains(response, 'Multiline<br>test<br>string')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">Multiline<br>html<br>content</div>', html=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, 'InlineMultiline<br>test<br>string')
+        self.assertContains(response, "Multiline<br>test<br>string")
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<div class="readonly">Multiline<br>html<br>content</div>',
+            html=True,
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "InlineMultiline<br>test<br>string")
 
-        self.assertContains(response, formats.localize(datetime.date.today() - datetime.timedelta(days=7)))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            formats.localize(datetime.date.today() - datetime.timedelta(days=7)),
+        )
 
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="form-row field-coolness">')
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="form-row field-awesomeness_level">')
@@ -5218,37 +6204,45 @@ class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<div class="help">Some help text for the title (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)</div>',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<div class="help">Some help text for the content (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)</div>',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<div class="help">Some help text for the date (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)</div>',
-            html=True
+            html=True,
         )
 
-        p = Post.objects.create(title="I worked on readonly_fields", content="Its good stuff")
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_change', args=(p.pk,)))
+        p = Post.objects.create(
+            title="I worked on readonly_fields", content="Its good stuff"
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_post_change", args=(p.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, "%d amount of cool" % p.pk)
 
     def test_readonly_text_field(self):
         p = Post.objects.create(
-            title="Readonly test", content="test",
-            readonly_content='test\r\n\r\ntest\r\n\r\ntest\r\n\r\ntest',
+            title="Readonly test",
+            content="test",
+            readonly_content="test\r\n\r\ntest\r\n\r\ntest\r\n\r\ntest",
         )
         Link.objects.create(
-            url="http://www.djangoproject.com", post=p,
+            url="http://www.djangoproject.com",
+            post=p,
             readonly_link_content="test\r\nlink",
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_change', args=(p.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_post_change", args=(p.pk,))
+        )
         # Checking readonly field.
-        self.assertContains(response, 'test<br><br>test<br><br>test<br><br>test')
+        self.assertContains(response, "test<br><br>test<br><br>test<br><br>test")
         # Checking readonly field in inline.
-        self.assertContains(response, 'test<br>link')
+        self.assertContains(response, "test<br>link")
 
     def test_readonly_post(self):
         data = {
@@ -5258,27 +6252,29 @@ class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
             "link_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
             "link_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_add'), data)
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_post_add"), data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Post.objects.count(), 1)
         p = Post.objects.get()
         self.assertEqual(p.posted, datetime.date.today())
 
         data["posted"] = "10-8-1990"  # some date that's not today
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_add'), data)
+        response = self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_post_add"), data)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
         self.assertEqual(Post.objects.count(), 2)
-        p = Post.objects.order_by('-id')[0]
+        p = Post.objects.order_by("-id")[0]
         self.assertEqual(p.posted, datetime.date.today())
 
     def test_readonly_manytomany(self):
         "Regression test for #13004"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_pizza_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_pizza_add"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_user_password_change_limited_queryset(self):
         su = User.objects.filter(is_superuser=True)[0]
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:auth_user_password_change', args=(su.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin2:auth_user_password_change", args=(su.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_change_form_renders_correct_null_choice_value(self):
@@ -5286,8 +6282,12 @@ class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
         Regression test for #17911.
         """
         choice = Choice.objects.create(choice=None)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_choice_change', args=(choice.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">No opinion</div>', html=True)
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_choice_change", args=(choice.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<div class="readonly">No opinion</div>', html=True
+        )
 
     def _test_readonly_foreignkey_links(self, admin_site):
         """
@@ -5295,21 +6295,23 @@ class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
         registered in admin.
         """
         chapter = Chapter.objects.create(
-            title='Chapter 1',
-            content='content',
-            book=Book.objects.create(name='Book 1'),
+            title="Chapter 1",
+            content="content",
+            book=Book.objects.create(name="Book 1"),
         )
-        language = Language.objects.create(iso='_40', name='Test')
+        language = Language.objects.create(iso="_40", name="Test")
         obj = ReadOnlyRelatedField.objects.create(
             chapter=chapter,
             language=language,
             user=self.superuser,
         )
         response = self.client.get(
-            reverse(f'{admin_site}:admin_views_readonlyrelatedfield_change', args=(obj.pk,)),
+            reverse(
+                f"{admin_site}:admin_views_readonlyrelatedfield_change", args=(obj.pk,)
+            ),
         )
         # Related ForeignKey object registered in admin.
-        user_url = reverse(f'{admin_site}:auth_user_change', args=(self.superuser.pk,))
+        user_url = reverse(f"{admin_site}:auth_user_change", args=(self.superuser.pk,))
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<div class="readonly"><a href="%s">super</a></div>' % user_url,
@@ -5317,7 +6319,7 @@ class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
         )
         # Related ForeignKey with the string primary key registered in admin.
         language_url = reverse(
-            f'{admin_site}:admin_views_language_change',
+            f"{admin_site}:admin_views_language_change",
             args=(quote(language.pk),),
         )
         self.assertContains(
@@ -5326,53 +6328,61 @@ class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
             html=True,
         )
         # Related ForeignKey object not registered in admin.
-        self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">Chapter 1</div>', html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<div class="readonly">Chapter 1</div>', html=True
+        )
 
     def test_readonly_foreignkey_links_default_admin_site(self):
-        self._test_readonly_foreignkey_links('admin')
+        self._test_readonly_foreignkey_links("admin")
 
     def test_readonly_foreignkey_links_custom_admin_site(self):
-        self._test_readonly_foreignkey_links('namespaced_admin')
+        self._test_readonly_foreignkey_links("namespaced_admin")
 
     def test_readonly_manytomany_backwards_ref(self):
         """
         Regression test for #16433 - backwards references for related objects
         broke if the related field is read-only due to the help_text attribute
         """
-        topping = Topping.objects.create(name='Salami')
-        pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name='Americano')
+        topping = Topping.objects.create(name="Salami")
+        pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name="Americano")
         pizza.toppings.add(topping)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_topping_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_topping_add"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_readonly_manytomany_forwards_ref(self):
-        topping = Topping.objects.create(name='Salami')
-        pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name='Americano')
+        topping = Topping.objects.create(name="Salami")
+        pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name="Americano")
         pizza.toppings.add(topping)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_pizza_change', args=(pizza.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<label>Toppings:</label>', html=True)
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_pizza_change", args=(pizza.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "<label>Toppings:</label>", html=True)
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">Salami</div>', html=True)
 
     def test_readonly_onetoone_backwards_ref(self):
         """
         Can reference a reverse OneToOneField in ModelAdmin.readonly_fields.
         """
-        v1 = Villain.objects.create(name='Adam')
-        pl = Plot.objects.create(name='Test Plot', team_leader=v1, contact=v1)
-        pd = PlotDetails.objects.create(details='Brand New Plot', plot=pl)
+        v1 = Villain.objects.create(name="Adam")
+        pl = Plot.objects.create(name="Test Plot", team_leader=v1, contact=v1)
+        pd = PlotDetails.objects.create(details="Brand New Plot", plot=pl)
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_plotproxy_change', args=(pl.pk,)))
-        field = self.get_admin_readonly_field(response, 'plotdetails')
-        pd_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_plotdetails_change', args=(pd.pk,))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_plotproxy_change", args=(pl.pk,))
+        )
+        field = self.get_admin_readonly_field(response, "plotdetails")
+        pd_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_plotdetails_change", args=(pd.pk,))
         self.assertEqual(field.contents(), '<a href="%s">Brand New Plot</a>' % pd_url)
 
         # The reverse relation also works if the OneToOneField is null.
         pd.plot = None
         pd.save()
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_plotproxy_change', args=(pl.pk,)))
-        field = self.get_admin_readonly_field(response, 'plotdetails')
-        self.assertEqual(field.contents(), '-')  # default empty value
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_plotproxy_change", args=(pl.pk,))
+        )
+        field = self.get_admin_readonly_field(response, "plotdetails")
+        self.assertEqual(field.contents(), "-")  # default empty value
 
     def test_readonly_field_overrides(self):
         """
@@ -5380,34 +6390,47 @@ class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
         AdminReadonlyField
         """
         p = FieldOverridePost.objects.create(title="Test Post", content="Test Content")
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_fieldoverridepost_change', args=(p.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, '<div class="help">Overridden help text for the date</div>')
-        self.assertContains(response, '<label for="id_public">Overridden public label:</label>', html=True)
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'Some help text for the date (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)')
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_fieldoverridepost_change", args=(p.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<div class="help">Overridden help text for the date</div>'
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<label for="id_public">Overridden public label:</label>',
+            html=True,
+        )
+        self.assertNotContains(
+            response, "Some help text for the date (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)"
+        )
 
     def test_correct_autoescaping(self):
         """
         Make sure that non-field readonly elements are properly autoescaped (#24461)
         """
-        section = Section.objects.create(name='<a>evil</a>')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(section.pk,)))
+        section = Section.objects.create(name="<a>evil</a>")
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_change", args=(section.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertNotContains(response, "<a>evil</a>", status_code=200)
         self.assertContains(response, "&lt;a&gt;evil&lt;/a&gt;", status_code=200)
 
     def test_label_suffix_translated(self):
-        pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name='Americano')
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_pizza_change', args=(pizza.pk,))
-        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='fr'):
+        pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name="Americano")
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_pizza_change", args=(pizza.pk,))
+        with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE="fr"):
             response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<label>Toppings\u00A0:</label>', html=True)
+        self.assertContains(response, "<label>Toppings\u00A0:</label>", html=True)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class LimitChoicesToInAdminTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -5415,25 +6438,26 @@ class LimitChoicesToInAdminTest(TestCase):
     def test_limit_choices_to_as_callable(self):
         """Test for ticket 2445 changes to admin."""
         threepwood = Character.objects.create(
-            username='threepwood',
+            username="threepwood",
             last_action=datetime.datetime.today() + datetime.timedelta(days=1),
         )
         marley = Character.objects.create(
-            username='marley',
+            username="marley",
             last_action=datetime.datetime.today() - datetime.timedelta(days=1),
         )
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_stumpjoke_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_stumpjoke_add"))
         # The allowed option should appear twice; the limited option should not appear.
         self.assertContains(response, threepwood.username, count=2)
         self.assertNotContains(response, marley.username)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class RawIdFieldsTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -5441,20 +6465,18 @@ class RawIdFieldsTest(TestCase):
     def test_limit_choices_to(self):
         """Regression test for 14880"""
         actor = Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)
-        Inquisition.objects.create(expected=True,
-                                   leader=actor,
-                                   country="England")
-        Inquisition.objects.create(expected=False,
-                                   leader=actor,
-                                   country="Spain")
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_sketch_add'))
+        Inquisition.objects.create(expected=True, leader=actor, country="England")
+        Inquisition.objects.create(expected=False, leader=actor, country="Spain")
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_sketch_add"))
         # Find the link
-        m = re.search(br'<a href="([^"]*)"[^>]* id="lookup_id_inquisition"', response.content)
+        m = re.search(
+            rb'<a href="([^"]*)"[^>]* id="lookup_id_inquisition"', response.content
+        )
         self.assertTrue(m)  # Got a match
-        popup_url = m[1].decode().replace('&amp;', '&')
+        popup_url = m[1].decode().replace("&amp;", "&")
 
         # Handle relative links
-        popup_url = urljoin(response.request['PATH_INFO'], popup_url)
+        popup_url = urljoin(response.request["PATH_INFO"], popup_url)
         # Get the popup and verify the correct objects show up in the resulting
         # page. This step also tests integers, strings and booleans in the
         # lookup query string; in model we define inquisition field to have a
@@ -5470,14 +6492,16 @@ class RawIdFieldsTest(TestCase):
         """Regression test for 20182"""
         Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)
         Actor.objects.create(name="Kilbraken", age=50, title="Judge")
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_sketch_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_sketch_add"))
         # Find the link
-        m = re.search(br'<a href="([^"]*)"[^>]* id="lookup_id_defendant0"', response.content)
+        m = re.search(
+            rb'<a href="([^"]*)"[^>]* id="lookup_id_defendant0"', response.content
+        )
         self.assertTrue(m)  # Got a match
-        popup_url = m[1].decode().replace('&amp;', '&')
+        popup_url = m[1].decode().replace("&amp;", "&")
 
         # Handle relative links
-        popup_url = urljoin(response.request['PATH_INFO'], popup_url)
+        popup_url = urljoin(response.request["PATH_INFO"], popup_url)
         # Get the popup and verify the correct objects show up in the resulting
         # page. This step tests field__isnull=0 gets parsed correctly from the
         # lookup query string; in model we define defendant0 field to have a
@@ -5490,14 +6514,16 @@ class RawIdFieldsTest(TestCase):
         """Regression test for 20182"""
         Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)
         Actor.objects.create(name="Kilbraken", age=50, title="Judge")
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_sketch_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_sketch_add"))
         # Find the link
-        m = re.search(br'<a href="([^"]*)"[^>]* id="lookup_id_defendant1"', response.content)
+        m = re.search(
+            rb'<a href="([^"]*)"[^>]* id="lookup_id_defendant1"', response.content
+        )
         self.assertTrue(m)  # Got a match
-        popup_url = m[1].decode().replace('&amp;', '&')
+        popup_url = m[1].decode().replace("&amp;", "&")
 
         # Handle relative links
-        popup_url = urljoin(response.request['PATH_INFO'], popup_url)
+        popup_url = urljoin(response.request["PATH_INFO"], popup_url)
         # Get the popup and verify the correct objects show up in the resulting
         # page. This step tests field__isnull=1 gets parsed correctly from the
         # lookup query string; in model we define defendant1 field to have a
@@ -5513,11 +6539,11 @@ class RawIdFieldsTest(TestCase):
         """
         actor = Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)
         Inquisition.objects.create(expected=True, leader=actor, country="England")
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_inquisition_changelist'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'list-display-sketch')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_inquisition_changelist"))
+        self.assertContains(response, "list-display-sketch")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class UserAdminTest(TestCase):
     """
     Tests user CRUD functionality.
@@ -5525,50 +6551,72 @@ class UserAdminTest(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.adduser = User.objects.create_user(username='adduser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(username='changeuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.adduser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="adduser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="changeuser", password="secret", is_staff=True
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
+        )
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
         )
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
 
-        cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name='John Mauchly', gender=1, alive=True)
-        cls.per2 = Person.objects.create(name='Grace Hopper', gender=1, alive=False)
-        cls.per3 = Person.objects.create(name='Guido van Rossum', gender=1, alive=True)
+        cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name="John Mauchly", gender=1, alive=True)
+        cls.per2 = Person.objects.create(name="Grace Hopper", gender=1, alive=False)
+        cls.per3 = Person.objects.create(name="Guido van Rossum", gender=1, alive=True)
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_save_button(self):
         user_count = User.objects.count()
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_user_add'), {
-            'username': 'newuser',
-            'password1': 'newpassword',
-            'password2': 'newpassword',
-        })
-        new_user = User.objects.get(username='newuser')
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(new_user.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_add"),
+            {
+                "username": "newuser",
+                "password1": "newpassword",
+                "password2": "newpassword",
+            },
+        )
+        new_user = User.objects.get(username="newuser")
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, reverse("admin:auth_user_change", args=(new_user.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), user_count + 1)
         self.assertTrue(new_user.has_usable_password())
 
     def test_save_continue_editing_button(self):
         user_count = User.objects.count()
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_user_add'), {
-            'username': 'newuser',
-            'password1': 'newpassword',
-            'password2': 'newpassword',
-            '_continue': '1',
-        })
-        new_user = User.objects.get(username='newuser')
-        new_user_url = reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(new_user.pk,))
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_add"),
+            {
+                "username": "newuser",
+                "password1": "newpassword",
+                "password2": "newpassword",
+                "_continue": "1",
+            },
+        )
+        new_user = User.objects.get(username="newuser")
+        new_user_url = reverse("admin:auth_user_change", args=(new_user.pk,))
         self.assertRedirects(response, new_user_url, fetch_redirect_response=False)
         self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), user_count + 1)
         self.assertTrue(new_user.has_usable_password())
@@ -5576,90 +6624,122 @@ class UserAdminTest(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(
             response,
             '<li class="success">The user “<a href="%s">'
-            '%s</a>” was added successfully. You may edit it again below.</li>'
+            "%s</a>” was added successfully. You may edit it again below.</li>"
             % (new_user_url, new_user),
             html=True,
         )
 
     def test_password_mismatch(self):
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_user_add'), {
-            'username': 'newuser',
-            'password1': 'newpassword',
-            'password2': 'mismatch',
-        })
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_add"),
+            {
+                "username": "newuser",
+                "password1": "newpassword",
+                "password2": "mismatch",
+            },
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'adminform', 'password', [])
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'adminform', 'password2', ['The two password fields didn’t match.'])
+        self.assertFormError(response, "adminform", "password", [])
+        self.assertFormError(
+            response,
+            "adminform",
+            "password2",
+            ["The two password fields didn’t match."],
+        )
 
     def test_user_fk_add_popup(self):
         """User addition through a FK popup should return the appropriate JavaScript response."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_album_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, reverse('admin:auth_user_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'class="related-widget-wrapper-link add-related" id="add_id_owner"')
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:auth_user_add') + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_album_add"))
+        self.assertContains(response, reverse("admin:auth_user_add"))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            'class="related-widget-wrapper-link add-related" id="add_id_owner"',
+        )
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_add") + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR
+        )
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'name="_continue"')
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'name="_addanother"')
         data = {
-            'username': 'newuser',
-            'password1': 'newpassword',
-            'password2': 'newpassword',
-            IS_POPUP_VAR: '1',
-            '_save': '1',
+            "username": "newuser",
+            "password1": "newpassword",
+            "password2": "newpassword",
+            IS_POPUP_VAR: "1",
+            "_save": "1",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_user_add') + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR, data, follow=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '&quot;obj&quot;: &quot;newuser&quot;')
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_add") + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR, data, follow=True
+        )
+        self.assertContains(response, "&quot;obj&quot;: &quot;newuser&quot;")
 
     def test_user_fk_change_popup(self):
         """User change through a FK popup should return the appropriate JavaScript response."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_album_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=('__fk__',)))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'class="related-widget-wrapper-link change-related" id="change_id_owner"')
-        user = User.objects.get(username='changeuser')
-        url = reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(user.pk,)) + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_album_add"))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, reverse("admin:auth_user_change", args=("__fk__",))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            'class="related-widget-wrapper-link change-related" id="change_id_owner"',
+        )
+        user = User.objects.get(username="changeuser")
+        url = (
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_change", args=(user.pk,)) + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR
+        )
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'name="_continue"')
         self.assertNotContains(response, 'name="_addanother"')
         data = {
-            'username': 'newuser',
-            'password1': 'newpassword',
-            'password2': 'newpassword',
-            'last_login_0': '2007-05-30',
-            'last_login_1': '13:20:10',
-            'date_joined_0': '2007-05-30',
-            'date_joined_1': '13:20:10',
-            IS_POPUP_VAR: '1',
-            '_save': '1',
+            "username": "newuser",
+            "password1": "newpassword",
+            "password2": "newpassword",
+            "last_login_0": "2007-05-30",
+            "last_login_1": "13:20:10",
+            "date_joined_0": "2007-05-30",
+            "date_joined_1": "13:20:10",
+            IS_POPUP_VAR: "1",
+            "_save": "1",
         }
         response = self.client.post(url, data, follow=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '&quot;obj&quot;: &quot;newuser&quot;')
-        self.assertContains(response, '&quot;action&quot;: &quot;change&quot;')
+        self.assertContains(response, "&quot;obj&quot;: &quot;newuser&quot;")
+        self.assertContains(response, "&quot;action&quot;: &quot;change&quot;")
 
     def test_user_fk_delete_popup(self):
         """User deletion through a FK popup should return the appropriate JavaScript response."""
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_album_add'))
-        self.assertContains(response, reverse('admin:auth_user_delete', args=('__fk__',)))
-        self.assertContains(response, 'class="related-widget-wrapper-link change-related" id="change_id_owner"')
-        user = User.objects.get(username='changeuser')
-        url = reverse('admin:auth_user_delete', args=(user.pk,)) + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_album_add"))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, reverse("admin:auth_user_delete", args=("__fk__",))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            'class="related-widget-wrapper-link change-related" id="change_id_owner"',
+        )
+        user = User.objects.get(username="changeuser")
+        url = (
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_delete", args=(user.pk,)) + "?%s=1" % IS_POPUP_VAR
+        )
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
         data = {
-            'post': 'yes',
-            IS_POPUP_VAR: '1',
+            "post": "yes",
+            IS_POPUP_VAR: "1",
         }
         response = self.client.post(url, data, follow=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '&quot;action&quot;: &quot;delete&quot;')
+        self.assertContains(response, "&quot;action&quot;: &quot;delete&quot;")
 
     def test_save_add_another_button(self):
         user_count = User.objects.count()
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_user_add'), {
-            'username': 'newuser',
-            'password1': 'newpassword',
-            'password2': 'newpassword',
-            '_addanother': '1',
-        })
-        new_user = User.objects.order_by('-id')[0]
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:auth_user_add'))
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_add"),
+            {
+                "username": "newuser",
+                "password1": "newpassword",
+                "password2": "newpassword",
+                "_addanother": "1",
+            },
+        )
+        new_user = User.objects.order_by("-id")[0]
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:auth_user_add"))
         self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), user_count + 1)
         self.assertTrue(new_user.has_usable_password())
 
@@ -5670,17 +6750,19 @@ class UserAdminTest(TestCase):
         ContentType.objects.clear_cache()
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(10):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(u.pk,)))
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:auth_user_change", args=(u.pk,)))
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
     def test_form_url_present_in_context(self):
         u = User.objects.all()[0]
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin3:auth_user_password_change', args=(u.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin3:auth_user_password_change", args=(u.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertEqual(response.context['form_url'], 'pony')
+        self.assertEqual(response.context["form_url"], "pony")
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class GroupAdminTest(TestCase):
     """
     Tests group CRUD functionality.
@@ -5688,19 +6770,24 @@ class GroupAdminTest(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_save_button(self):
         group_count = Group.objects.count()
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_group_add'), {
-            'name': 'newgroup',
-        })
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:auth_group_add"),
+            {
+                "name": "newgroup",
+            },
+        )
 
-        Group.objects.order_by('-id')[0]
-        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:auth_group_changelist'))
+        Group.objects.order_by("-id")[0]
+        self.assertRedirects(response, reverse("admin:auth_group_changelist"))
         self.assertEqual(Group.objects.count(), group_count + 1)
 
     def test_group_permission_performance(self):
@@ -5710,27 +6797,36 @@ class GroupAdminTest(TestCase):
         ContentType.objects.clear_cache()
 
         with self.assertNumQueries(8):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:auth_group_change', args=(g.pk,)))
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:auth_group_change", args=(g.pk,)))
             self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class CSSTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name="Test section")
         cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Middle content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Oldest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
         )
         cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
-            content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
+            content="<p>Newest content</p>",
+            date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
+            section=cls.s1,
+        )
+        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(
+            title="A Long Title", published=True, slug="a-long-title"
         )
-        cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -5739,7 +6835,7 @@ class CSSTest(TestCase):
         """
         Fields have a CSS class name with a 'field-' prefix.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_post_add"))
 
         # The main form
         self.assertContains(response, 'class="form-row field-title"')
@@ -5760,13 +6856,13 @@ class CSSTest(TestCase):
         pages (#17050).
         """
         # General index page
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:index"))
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="app-admin_views module')
         self.assertContains(response, '<tr class="model-actor">')
         self.assertContains(response, '<tr class="model-album">')
 
         # App index page
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="app-admin_views module')
         self.assertContains(response, '<tr class="model-actor">')
         self.assertContains(response, '<tr class="model-album">')
@@ -5775,14 +6871,14 @@ class CSSTest(TestCase):
         """
         Ensure app and model tag are correctly read by change_form template
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_add"))
         self.assertContains(response, '<body class=" app-admin_views model-section ')
 
     def test_app_model_in_list_body_class(self):
         """
         Ensure app and model tag are correctly read by change_list template
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_section_changelist"))
         self.assertContains(response, '<body class=" app-admin_views model-section ')
 
     def test_app_model_in_delete_confirmation_body_class(self):
@@ -5790,14 +6886,16 @@ class CSSTest(TestCase):
         Ensure app and model tag are correctly read by delete_confirmation
         template
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_delete', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_delete", args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, '<body class=" app-admin_views model-section ')
 
     def test_app_model_in_app_index_body_class(self):
         """
         Ensure app and model tag are correctly read by app_index template
         """
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
         self.assertContains(response, '<body class=" dashboard app-admin_views')
 
     def test_app_model_in_delete_selected_confirmation_body_class(self):
@@ -5807,10 +6905,12 @@ class CSSTest(TestCase):
         """
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
-            'action': 'delete_selected',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "delete_selected",
+            "index": 0,
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'), action_data)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_section_changelist"), action_data
+        )
         self.assertContains(response, '<body class=" app-admin_views model-section ')
 
     def test_changelist_field_classes(self):
@@ -5819,7 +6919,7 @@ class CSSTest(TestCase):
         Refs #11195.
         """
         Podcast.objects.create(name="Django Dose", release_date=datetime.date.today())
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist"))
         self.assertContains(response, '<th class="field-name">')
         self.assertContains(response, '<td class="field-release_date nowrap">')
         self.assertContains(response, '<td class="action-checkbox">')
@@ -5832,86 +6932,113 @@ except ImportError:
 
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(docutils, "no docutils installed.")
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
-@modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': ['django.contrib.admindocs', 'django.contrib.flatpages']})
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
+@modify_settings(
+    INSTALLED_APPS={"append": ["django.contrib.admindocs", "django.contrib.flatpages"]}
+)
 class AdminDocsTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_tags(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-tags'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("django-admindocs-tags"))
 
         # The builtin tag group exists
         self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Built-in tags</h2>", count=2, html=True)
 
         # A builtin tag exists in both the index and detail
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h3 id="built_in-autoescape">autoescape</h3>', html=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<li><a href="#built_in-autoescape">autoescape</a></li>', html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<h3 id="built_in-autoescape">autoescape</h3>', html=True
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<li><a href="#built_in-autoescape">autoescape</a></li>',
+            html=True,
+        )
 
         # An app tag exists in both the index and detail
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h3 id="flatpages-get_flatpages">get_flatpages</h3>', html=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<li><a href="#flatpages-get_flatpages">get_flatpages</a></li>', html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<h3 id="flatpages-get_flatpages">get_flatpages</h3>', html=True
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<li><a href="#flatpages-get_flatpages">get_flatpages</a></li>',
+            html=True,
+        )
 
         # The admin list tag group exists
         self.assertContains(response, "<h2>admin_list</h2>", count=2, html=True)
 
         # An admin list tag exists in both the index and detail
-        self.assertContains(response, '<h3 id="admin_list-admin_actions">admin_actions</h3>', html=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<li><a href="#admin_list-admin_actions">admin_actions</a></li>', html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<h3 id="admin_list-admin_actions">admin_actions</h3>', html=True
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response,
+            '<li><a href="#admin_list-admin_actions">admin_actions</a></li>',
+            html=True,
+        )
 
     def test_filters(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-filters'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("django-admindocs-filters"))
 
         # The builtin filter group exists
         self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Built-in filters</h2>", count=2, html=True)
 
         # A builtin filter exists in both the index and detail
         self.assertContains(response, '<h3 id="built_in-add">add</h3>', html=True)
-        self.assertContains(response, '<li><a href="#built_in-add">add</a></li>', html=True)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<li><a href="#built_in-add">add</a></li>', html=True
+        )
 
 
 @override_settings(
-    ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls',
-    TEMPLATES=[{
-        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
-        'APP_DIRS': True,
-        'OPTIONS': {
-            'context_processors': [
-                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
-                'django.template.context_processors.request',
-                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
-                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
-            ],
-        },
-    }],
+    ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls",
+    TEMPLATES=[
+        {
+            "BACKEND": "django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates",
+            "APP_DIRS": True,
+            "OPTIONS": {
+                "context_processors": [
+                    "django.template.context_processors.debug",
+                    "django.template.context_processors.request",
+                    "django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth",
+                    "django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages",
+                ],
+            },
+        }
+    ],
 )
 class ValidXHTMLTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_lang_name_present(self):
         with translation.override(None):
-            response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
+            response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:app_list", args=("admin_views",)))
             self.assertNotContains(response, ' lang=""')
             self.assertNotContains(response, ' xml:lang=""')
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls', USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True)
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls", USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True)
 class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -5927,24 +7054,27 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
 
     def assert_contains_month_link(self, response, date):
         self.assertContains(
-            response, '?release_date__month=%d&amp;release_date__year=%d"' % (
-                date.month, date.year))
+            response,
+            '?release_date__month=%d&amp;release_date__year=%d"'
+            % (date.month, date.year),
+        )
 
     def assert_contains_day_link(self, response, date):
         self.assertContains(
-            response, '?release_date__day=%d&amp;'
-            'release_date__month=%d&amp;release_date__year=%d"' % (
-                date.day, date.month, date.year))
+            response,
+            "?release_date__day=%d&amp;"
+            'release_date__month=%d&amp;release_date__year=%d"'
+            % (date.day, date.month, date.year),
+        )
 
     def test_empty(self):
         """
         No date hierarchy links display with empty changelist.
         """
-        response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'))
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'release_date__year=')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'release_date__month=')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'release_date__day=')
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist"))
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "release_date__year=")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "release_date__month=")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "release_date__day=")
 
     def test_single(self):
         """
@@ -5952,7 +7082,7 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
         """
         DATE = datetime.date(2000, 6, 30)
         Podcast.objects.create(release_date=DATE)
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist')
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(url)
         self.assert_contains_day_link(response, DATE)
         self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2000)
@@ -5961,12 +7091,14 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
         """
         day-level links appear for changelist within single month.
         """
-        DATES = (datetime.date(2000, 6, 30),
-                 datetime.date(2000, 6, 15),
-                 datetime.date(2000, 6, 3))
+        DATES = (
+            datetime.date(2000, 6, 30),
+            datetime.date(2000, 6, 15),
+            datetime.date(2000, 6, 3),
+        )
         for date in DATES:
             Podcast.objects.create(release_date=date)
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist')
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(url)
         for date in DATES:
             self.assert_contains_day_link(response, date)
@@ -5976,15 +7108,17 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
         """
         month-level links appear for changelist within single year.
         """
-        DATES = (datetime.date(2000, 1, 30),
-                 datetime.date(2000, 3, 15),
-                 datetime.date(2000, 5, 3))
+        DATES = (
+            datetime.date(2000, 1, 30),
+            datetime.date(2000, 3, 15),
+            datetime.date(2000, 5, 3),
+        )
         for date in DATES:
             Podcast.objects.create(release_date=date)
-        url = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist')
+        url = reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(url)
         # no day-level links
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'release_date__day=')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "release_date__day=")
         for date in DATES:
             self.assert_contains_month_link(response, date)
         self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2000)
@@ -5993,33 +7127,37 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
         """
         year-level links appear for year-spanning changelist.
         """
-        DATES = (datetime.date(2001, 1, 30),
-                 datetime.date(2003, 3, 15),
-                 datetime.date(2005, 5, 3))
+        DATES = (
+            datetime.date(2001, 1, 30),
+            datetime.date(2003, 3, 15),
+            datetime.date(2005, 5, 3),
+        )
         for date in DATES:
             Podcast.objects.create(release_date=date)
-        response = self.client.get(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist"))
         # no day/month-level links
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'release_date__day=')
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'release_date__month=')
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "release_date__day=")
+        self.assertNotContains(response, "release_date__month=")
         for date in DATES:
             self.assert_contains_year_link(response, date)
 
         # and make sure GET parameters still behave correctly
         for date in DATES:
-            url = '%s?release_date__year=%d' % (
-                  reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'),
-                  date.year)
+            url = "%s?release_date__year=%d" % (
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist"),
+                date.year,
+            )
             response = self.client.get(url)
             self.assert_contains_month_link(response, date)
             self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2000)
             self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2003)
             self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2005)
 
-            url = '%s?release_date__year=%d&release_date__month=%d' % (
-                  reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'),
-                  date.year, date.month)
+            url = "%s?release_date__year=%d&release_date__month=%d" % (
+                reverse("admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist"),
+                date.year,
+                date.month,
+            )
             response = self.client.get(url)
             self.assert_contains_day_link(response, date)
             self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2000)
@@ -6038,7 +7176,7 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
             for i in range(answer_count):
                 question.answer_set.create()
 
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_answer_changelist'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_answer_changelist"))
         for date, answer_count in questions_data:
             link = '?question__posted__year=%d"' % date.year
             if answer_count > 0:
@@ -6047,7 +7185,7 @@ class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
                 self.assertNotContains(response, link)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminCustomSaveRelatedTests(TestCase):
     """
     One can easily customize the way related objects are saved.
@@ -6056,104 +7194,120 @@ class AdminCustomSaveRelatedTests(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_should_be_able_to_edit_related_objects_on_add_view(self):
         post = {
-            'child_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
-            'child_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'name': 'Josh Stone',
-            'child_set-0-name': 'Paul',
-            'child_set-1-name': 'Catherine',
+            "child_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
+            "child_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "name": "Josh Stone",
+            "child_set-0-name": "Paul",
+            "child_set-1-name": "Catherine",
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_parent_add'), post)
+        self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_parent_add"), post)
         self.assertEqual(1, Parent.objects.count())
         self.assertEqual(2, Child.objects.count())
 
-        children_names = list(Child.objects.order_by('name').values_list('name', flat=True))
+        children_names = list(
+            Child.objects.order_by("name").values_list("name", flat=True)
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual('Josh Stone', Parent.objects.latest('id').name)
-        self.assertEqual(['Catherine Stone', 'Paul Stone'], children_names)
+        self.assertEqual("Josh Stone", Parent.objects.latest("id").name)
+        self.assertEqual(["Catherine Stone", "Paul Stone"], children_names)
 
     def test_should_be_able_to_edit_related_objects_on_change_view(self):
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='Josh Stone')
-        paul = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Paul')
-        catherine = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Catherine')
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="Josh Stone")
+        paul = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Paul")
+        catherine = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Catherine")
         post = {
-            'child_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '5',
-            'child_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
-            'name': 'Josh Stone',
-            'child_set-0-name': 'Paul',
-            'child_set-0-id': paul.id,
-            'child_set-1-name': 'Catherine',
-            'child_set-1-id': catherine.id,
+            "child_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "5",
+            "child_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
+            "name": "Josh Stone",
+            "child_set-0-name": "Paul",
+            "child_set-0-id": paul.id,
+            "child_set-1-name": "Catherine",
+            "child_set-1-id": catherine.id,
         }
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_parent_change', args=(parent.id,)), post)
+        self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_parent_change", args=(parent.id,)), post
+        )
 
-        children_names = list(Child.objects.order_by('name').values_list('name', flat=True))
+        children_names = list(
+            Child.objects.order_by("name").values_list("name", flat=True)
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual('Josh Stone', Parent.objects.latest('id').name)
-        self.assertEqual(['Catherine Stone', 'Paul Stone'], children_names)
+        self.assertEqual("Josh Stone", Parent.objects.latest("id").name)
+        self.assertEqual(["Catherine Stone", "Paul Stone"], children_names)
 
     def test_should_be_able_to_edit_related_objects_on_changelist_view(self):
-        parent = Parent.objects.create(name='Josh Rock')
-        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Paul')
-        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Catherine')
+        parent = Parent.objects.create(name="Josh Rock")
+        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Paul")
+        Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name="Catherine")
         post = {
-            'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
-            'form-0-id': parent.id,
-            'form-0-name': 'Josh Stone',
-            '_save': 'Save'
+            "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
+            "form-0-id": parent.id,
+            "form-0-name": "Josh Stone",
+            "_save": "Save",
         }
 
-        self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_parent_changelist'), post)
-        children_names = list(Child.objects.order_by('name').values_list('name', flat=True))
+        self.client.post(reverse("admin:admin_views_parent_changelist"), post)
+        children_names = list(
+            Child.objects.order_by("name").values_list("name", flat=True)
+        )
 
-        self.assertEqual('Josh Stone', Parent.objects.latest('id').name)
-        self.assertEqual(['Catherine Stone', 'Paul Stone'], children_names)
+        self.assertEqual("Josh Stone", Parent.objects.latest("id").name)
+        self.assertEqual(["Catherine Stone", "Paul Stone"], children_names)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminViewLogoutTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def test_logout(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'registration/logged_out.html')
-        self.assertEqual(response.request['PATH_INFO'], reverse('admin:logout'))
-        self.assertFalse(response.context['has_permission'])
-        self.assertNotContains(response, 'user-tools')  # user-tools div shouldn't visible.
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "registration/logged_out.html")
+        self.assertEqual(response.request["PATH_INFO"], reverse("admin:logout"))
+        self.assertFalse(response.context["has_permission"])
+        self.assertNotContains(
+            response, "user-tools"
+        )  # user-tools div shouldn't visible.
 
     def test_client_logout_url_can_be_used_to_login(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
-        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # we should be redirected to the login page.
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            response.status_code, 302
+        )  # we should be redirected to the login page.
 
         # follow the redirect and test results.
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'), follow=True)
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:logout"), follow=True)
         self.assertContains(
             response,
-            '<input type="hidden" name="next" value="%s">' % reverse('admin:index'),
+            '<input type="hidden" name="next" value="%s">' % reverse("admin:index"),
         )
-        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/login.html')
-        self.assertEqual(response.request['PATH_INFO'], reverse('admin:login'))
+        self.assertTemplateUsed(response, "admin/login.html")
+        self.assertEqual(response.request["PATH_INFO"], reverse("admin:login"))
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminUserMessageTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -6165,59 +7319,69 @@ class AdminUserMessageTest(TestCase):
         """
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [1],
-            'action': 'message_%s' % level,
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "message_%s" % level,
+            "index": 0,
         }
 
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_usermessenger_changelist'),
-                                    action_data, follow=True)
-        self.assertContains(response,
-                            '<li class="%s">Test %s</li>' % (level, level),
-                            html=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_usermessenger_changelist"),
+            action_data,
+            follow=True,
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<li class="%s">Test %s</li>' % (level, level), html=True
+        )
 
     @override_settings(MESSAGE_LEVEL=10)  # Set to DEBUG for this request
     def test_message_debug(self):
-        self.send_message('debug')
+        self.send_message("debug")
 
     def test_message_info(self):
-        self.send_message('info')
+        self.send_message("info")
 
     def test_message_success(self):
-        self.send_message('success')
+        self.send_message("success")
 
     def test_message_warning(self):
-        self.send_message('warning')
+        self.send_message("warning")
 
     def test_message_error(self):
-        self.send_message('error')
+        self.send_message("error")
 
     def test_message_extra_tags(self):
         action_data = {
             ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [1],
-            'action': 'message_extra_tags',
-            'index': 0,
+            "action": "message_extra_tags",
+            "index": 0,
         }
 
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_usermessenger_changelist'),
-                                    action_data, follow=True)
-        self.assertContains(response,
-                            '<li class="extra_tag info">Test tags</li>',
-                            html=True)
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_usermessenger_changelist"),
+            action_data,
+            follow=True,
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<li class="extra_tag info">Test tags</li>', html=True
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests(TestCase):
     admin_site = site
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-        cls.joepublicuser = User.objects.create_user(username='joepublic', password='secret')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+        cls.joepublicuser = User.objects.create_user(
+            username="joepublic", password="secret"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
-    def assertURLEqual(self, url1, url2, msg_prefix=''):
+    def assertURLEqual(self, url1, url2, msg_prefix=""):
         """
         Assert that two URLs are equal despite the ordering
         of their querystring. Refs #22360.
@@ -6231,101 +7395,117 @@ class AdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         parsed_qs2 = dict(parse_qsl(parsed_url2.query))
 
         for parsed_qs in [parsed_qs1, parsed_qs2]:
-            if '_changelist_filters' in parsed_qs:
-                changelist_filters = parsed_qs['_changelist_filters']
+            if "_changelist_filters" in parsed_qs:
+                changelist_filters = parsed_qs["_changelist_filters"]
                 parsed_filters = dict(parse_qsl(changelist_filters))
-                parsed_qs['_changelist_filters'] = parsed_filters
+                parsed_qs["_changelist_filters"] = parsed_filters
 
         self.assertEqual(path1, path2)
         self.assertEqual(parsed_qs1, parsed_qs2)
 
     def test_assert_url_equal(self):
         # Test equality.
-        change_user_url = reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(self.joepublicuser.pk,))
+        change_user_url = reverse(
+            "admin:auth_user_change", args=(self.joepublicuser.pk,)
+        )
         self.assertURLEqual(
-            'http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0'.format(
+            "http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0".format(
                 change_user_url
             ),
-            'http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0'.format(
+            "http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0".format(
                 change_user_url
-            )
+            ),
         )
 
         # Test inequality.
         with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
             self.assertURLEqual(
-                'http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0'.format(
+                "http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0".format(
                     change_user_url
                 ),
-                'http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D1%26is_superuser__exact%3D1'.format(
+                "http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D1%26is_superuser__exact%3D1".format(
                     change_user_url
-                )
+                ),
             )
 
         # Ignore scheme and host.
         self.assertURLEqual(
-            'http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0'.format(
+            "http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0".format(
+                change_user_url
+            ),
+            "{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0".format(
                 change_user_url
             ),
-            '{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0'.format(change_user_url)
         )
 
         # Ignore ordering of querystring.
         self.assertURLEqual(
-            '{}?is_staff__exact=0&is_superuser__exact=0'.format(reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist')),
-            '{}?is_superuser__exact=0&is_staff__exact=0'.format(reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist'))
+            "{}?is_staff__exact=0&is_superuser__exact=0".format(
+                reverse("admin:auth_user_changelist")
+            ),
+            "{}?is_superuser__exact=0&is_staff__exact=0".format(
+                reverse("admin:auth_user_changelist")
+            ),
         )
 
         # Ignore ordering of _changelist_filters.
         self.assertURLEqual(
-            '{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0'.format(change_user_url),
-            '{}?_changelist_filters=is_superuser__exact%3D0%26is_staff__exact%3D0'.format(change_user_url)
+            "{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0".format(
+                change_user_url
+            ),
+            "{}?_changelist_filters=is_superuser__exact%3D0%26is_staff__exact%3D0".format(
+                change_user_url
+            ),
         )
 
     def get_changelist_filters(self):
         return {
-            'is_superuser__exact': 0,
-            'is_staff__exact': 0,
+            "is_superuser__exact": 0,
+            "is_staff__exact": 0,
         }
 
     def get_changelist_filters_querystring(self):
         return urlencode(self.get_changelist_filters())
 
     def get_preserved_filters_querystring(self):
-        return urlencode({
-            '_changelist_filters': self.get_changelist_filters_querystring()
-        })
+        return urlencode(
+            {"_changelist_filters": self.get_changelist_filters_querystring()}
+        )
 
     def get_sample_user_id(self):
         return self.joepublicuser.pk
 
     def get_changelist_url(self):
-        return '%s?%s' % (
-            reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist',
-                    current_app=self.admin_site.name),
+        return "%s?%s" % (
+            reverse("admin:auth_user_changelist", current_app=self.admin_site.name),
             self.get_changelist_filters_querystring(),
         )
 
     def get_add_url(self, add_preserved_filters=True):
-        url = reverse('admin:auth_user_add', current_app=self.admin_site.name)
+        url = reverse("admin:auth_user_add", current_app=self.admin_site.name)
         if add_preserved_filters:
-            url = '%s?%s' % (url, self.get_preserved_filters_querystring())
+            url = "%s?%s" % (url, self.get_preserved_filters_querystring())
         return url
 
     def get_change_url(self, user_id=None, add_preserved_filters=True):
         if user_id is None:
             user_id = self.get_sample_user_id()
-        url = reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(user_id,), current_app=self.admin_site.name)
+        url = reverse(
+            "admin:auth_user_change", args=(user_id,), current_app=self.admin_site.name
+        )
         if add_preserved_filters:
-            url = '%s?%s' % (url, self.get_preserved_filters_querystring())
+            url = "%s?%s" % (url, self.get_preserved_filters_querystring())
         return url
 
     def get_history_url(self, user_id=None):
         if user_id is None:
             user_id = self.get_sample_user_id()
         return "%s?%s" % (
-            reverse('admin:auth_user_history', args=(user_id,),
-                    current_app=self.admin_site.name),
+            reverse(
+                "admin:auth_user_history",
+                args=(user_id,),
+                current_app=self.admin_site.name,
+            ),
             self.get_preserved_filters_querystring(),
         )
 
@@ -6333,8 +7513,11 @@ class AdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         if user_id is None:
             user_id = self.get_sample_user_id()
         return "%s?%s" % (
-            reverse('admin:auth_user_delete', args=(user_id,),
-                    current_app=self.admin_site.name),
+            reverse(
+                "admin:auth_user_delete",
+                args=(user_id,),
+                current_app=self.admin_site.name,
+            ),
             self.get_preserved_filters_querystring(),
         )
 
@@ -6345,7 +7528,7 @@ class AdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         # Check the `change_view` link has the correct querystring.
         detail_link = re.search(
             '<a href="(.*?)">{}</a>'.format(self.joepublicuser.username),
-            response.content.decode()
+            response.content.decode(),
         )
         self.assertURLEqual(detail_link[1], self.get_change_url())
 
@@ -6357,49 +7540,49 @@ class AdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         # Check the form action.
         form_action = re.search(
             '<form action="(.*?)" method="post" id="user_form" novalidate>',
-            response.content.decode()
+            response.content.decode(),
+        )
+        self.assertURLEqual(
+            form_action[1], "?%s" % self.get_preserved_filters_querystring()
         )
-        self.assertURLEqual(form_action[1], '?%s' % self.get_preserved_filters_querystring())
 
         # Check the history link.
         history_link = re.search(
-            '<a href="(.*?)" class="historylink">History</a>',
-            response.content.decode()
+            '<a href="(.*?)" class="historylink">History</a>', response.content.decode()
         )
         self.assertURLEqual(history_link[1], self.get_history_url())
 
         # Check the delete link.
         delete_link = re.search(
-            '<a href="(.*?)" class="deletelink">Delete</a>',
-            response.content.decode()
+            '<a href="(.*?)" class="deletelink">Delete</a>', response.content.decode()
         )
         self.assertURLEqual(delete_link[1], self.get_delete_url())
 
         # Test redirect on "Save".
         post_data = {
-            'username': 'joepublic',
-            'last_login_0': '2007-05-30',
-            'last_login_1': '13:20:10',
-            'date_joined_0': '2007-05-30',
-            'date_joined_1': '13:20:10',
+            "username": "joepublic",
+            "last_login_0": "2007-05-30",
+            "last_login_1": "13:20:10",
+            "date_joined_0": "2007-05-30",
+            "date_joined_1": "13:20:10",
         }
 
-        post_data['_save'] = 1
+        post_data["_save"] = 1
         response = self.client.post(self.get_change_url(), data=post_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_changelist_url())
-        post_data.pop('_save')
+        post_data.pop("_save")
 
         # Test redirect on "Save and continue".
-        post_data['_continue'] = 1
+        post_data["_continue"] = 1
         response = self.client.post(self.get_change_url(), data=post_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_change_url())
-        post_data.pop('_continue')
+        post_data.pop("_continue")
 
         # Test redirect on "Save and add new".
-        post_data['_addanother'] = 1
+        post_data["_addanother"] = 1
         response = self.client.post(self.get_change_url(), data=post_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_add_url())
-        post_data.pop('_addanother')
+        post_data.pop("_addanother")
 
     def test_change_view_without_preserved_filters(self):
         response = self.client.get(self.get_change_url(add_preserved_filters=False))
@@ -6414,35 +7597,41 @@ class AdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests(TestCase):
         # Check the form action.
         form_action = re.search(
             '<form action="(.*?)" method="post" id="user_form" novalidate>',
-            response.content.decode()
+            response.content.decode(),
+        )
+        self.assertURLEqual(
+            form_action[1], "?%s" % self.get_preserved_filters_querystring()
         )
-        self.assertURLEqual(form_action[1], '?%s' % self.get_preserved_filters_querystring())
 
         post_data = {
-            'username': 'dummy',
-            'password1': 'test',
-            'password2': 'test',
+            "username": "dummy",
+            "password1": "test",
+            "password2": "test",
         }
 
         # Test redirect on "Save".
-        post_data['_save'] = 1
+        post_data["_save"] = 1
         response = self.client.post(self.get_add_url(), data=post_data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_change_url(User.objects.get(username='dummy').pk))
-        post_data.pop('_save')
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, self.get_change_url(User.objects.get(username="dummy").pk)
+        )
+        post_data.pop("_save")
 
         # Test redirect on "Save and continue".
-        post_data['username'] = 'dummy2'
-        post_data['_continue'] = 1
+        post_data["username"] = "dummy2"
+        post_data["_continue"] = 1
         response = self.client.post(self.get_add_url(), data=post_data)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_change_url(User.objects.get(username='dummy2').pk))
-        post_data.pop('_continue')
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, self.get_change_url(User.objects.get(username="dummy2").pk)
+        )
+        post_data.pop("_continue")
 
         # Test redirect on "Save and add new".
-        post_data['username'] = 'dummy3'
-        post_data['_addanother'] = 1
+        post_data["username"] = "dummy3"
+        post_data["_addanother"] = 1
         response = self.client.post(self.get_add_url(), data=post_data)
         self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_add_url())
-        post_data.pop('_addanother')
+        post_data.pop("_addanother")
 
     def test_add_view_without_preserved_filters(self):
         response = self.client.get(self.get_add_url(add_preserved_filters=False))
@@ -6451,18 +7640,20 @@ class AdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests(TestCase):
 
     def test_delete_view(self):
         # Test redirect on "Delete".
-        response = self.client.post(self.get_delete_url(), {'post': 'yes'})
+        response = self.client.post(self.get_delete_url(), {"post": "yes"})
         self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_changelist_url())
 
     def test_url_prefix(self):
         context = {
-            'preserved_filters': self.get_preserved_filters_querystring(),
-            'opts': User._meta,
+            "preserved_filters": self.get_preserved_filters_querystring(),
+            "opts": User._meta,
         }
-        prefixes = ('', '/prefix/', '/後台/')
+        prefixes = ("", "/prefix/", "/後台/")
         for prefix in prefixes:
             with self.subTest(prefix=prefix), override_script_prefix(prefix):
-                url = reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist', current_app=self.admin_site.name)
+                url = reverse(
+                    "admin:auth_user_changelist", current_app=self.admin_site.name
+                )
                 self.assertURLEqual(
                     self.get_changelist_url(),
                     add_preserved_filters(context, url),
@@ -6473,40 +7664,44 @@ class NamespacedAdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests(AdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests)
     admin_site = site2
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class TestLabelVisibility(TestCase):
-    """ #11277 -Labels of hidden fields in admin were not hidden. """
+    """#11277 -Labels of hidden fields in admin were not hidden."""
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_all_fields_visible(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_emptymodelvisible_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_emptymodelvisible_add"))
         self.assert_fieldline_visible(response)
-        self.assert_field_visible(response, 'first')
-        self.assert_field_visible(response, 'second')
+        self.assert_field_visible(response, "first")
+        self.assert_field_visible(response, "second")
 
     def test_all_fields_hidden(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_emptymodelhidden_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_emptymodelhidden_add"))
         self.assert_fieldline_hidden(response)
-        self.assert_field_hidden(response, 'first')
-        self.assert_field_hidden(response, 'second')
+        self.assert_field_hidden(response, "first")
+        self.assert_field_hidden(response, "second")
 
     def test_mixin(self):
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_emptymodelmixin_add'))
+        response = self.client.get(reverse("admin:admin_views_emptymodelmixin_add"))
         self.assert_fieldline_visible(response)
-        self.assert_field_hidden(response, 'first')
-        self.assert_field_visible(response, 'second')
+        self.assert_field_hidden(response, "first")
+        self.assert_field_visible(response, "second")
 
     def assert_field_visible(self, response, field_name):
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="fieldBox field-%s">' % field_name)
 
     def assert_field_hidden(self, response, field_name):
-        self.assertContains(response, '<div class="fieldBox field-%s hidden">' % field_name)
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '<div class="fieldBox field-%s hidden">' % field_name
+        )
 
     def assert_fieldline_visible(self, response):
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="form-row field-first field-second">')
@@ -6515,28 +7710,31 @@ class TestLabelVisibility(TestCase):
         self.assertContains(response, '<div class="form-row hidden')
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminViewOnSiteTests(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-
-        cls.s1 = State.objects.create(name='New York')
-        cls.s2 = State.objects.create(name='Illinois')
-        cls.s3 = State.objects.create(name='California')
-        cls.c1 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s1, name='New York')
-        cls.c2 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s2, name='Chicago')
-        cls.c3 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s3, name='San Francisco')
-        cls.r1 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name='Italian Pizza')
-        cls.r2 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name='Boulevard')
-        cls.r3 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name='Chinese Dinner')
-        cls.r4 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name='Angels')
-        cls.r5 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name='Take Away')
-        cls.r6 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c3, name='The Unknown Restaurant')
-        cls.w1 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name='Mario', surname='Rossi')
-        cls.w2 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name='Antonio', surname='Bianchi')
-        cls.w3 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name='John', surname='Doe')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+
+        cls.s1 = State.objects.create(name="New York")
+        cls.s2 = State.objects.create(name="Illinois")
+        cls.s3 = State.objects.create(name="California")
+        cls.c1 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s1, name="New York")
+        cls.c2 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s2, name="Chicago")
+        cls.c3 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s3, name="San Francisco")
+        cls.r1 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name="Italian Pizza")
+        cls.r2 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name="Boulevard")
+        cls.r3 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name="Chinese Dinner")
+        cls.r4 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name="Angels")
+        cls.r5 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name="Take Away")
+        cls.r6 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c3, name="The Unknown Restaurant")
+        cls.w1 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name="Mario", surname="Rossi")
+        cls.w2 = Worker.objects.create(
+            work_at=cls.r1, name="Antonio", surname="Bianchi"
+        )
+        cls.w3 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name="John", surname="Doe")
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
@@ -6553,26 +7751,37 @@ class AdminViewOnSiteTests(TestCase):
         # not included on the parent form, and the family_name of the parent
         # does not match that of the child
         post_data = {
-            'family_name': 'Test1',
-            'dependentchild_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'dependentchild_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'dependentchild_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1',
-            'dependentchild_set-0-id': '',
-            'dependentchild_set-0-parent': '',
-            'dependentchild_set-0-family_name': 'Test2',
+            "family_name": "Test1",
+            "dependentchild_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "dependentchild_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "dependentchild_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "1",
+            "dependentchild_set-0-id": "",
+            "dependentchild_set-0-parent": "",
+            "dependentchild_set-0-family_name": "Test2",
         }
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_parentwithdependentchildren_add'), post_data)
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'adminform', 'some_required_info', ['This field is required.'])
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_parentwithdependentchildren_add"), post_data
+        )
+        self.assertFormError(
+            response, "adminform", "some_required_info", ["This field is required."]
+        )
         msg = "The form 'adminform' in context 0 does not contain the non-field error 'Error'"
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormError(response, 'adminform', None, ['Error'])
+            self.assertFormError(response, "adminform", None, ["Error"])
         self.assertFormsetError(
-            response, 'inline_admin_formset', 0, None,
-            ['Children must share a family name with their parents in this contrived test case']
+            response,
+            "inline_admin_formset",
+            0,
+            None,
+            [
+                "Children must share a family name with their parents in this contrived test case"
+            ],
         )
         msg = "The formset 'inline_admin_formset' in context 22 does not contain any non-form errors."
         with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
-            self.assertFormsetError(response, 'inline_admin_formset', None, None, ['Error'])
+            self.assertFormsetError(
+                response, "inline_admin_formset", None, None, ["Error"]
+            )
 
     def test_change_view_form_and_formsets_run_validation(self):
         """
@@ -6580,26 +7789,38 @@ class AdminViewOnSiteTests(TestCase):
         Verifying that if the parent form fails validation, the inlines also
         run validation even if validation is contingent on parent form data
         """
-        pwdc = ParentWithDependentChildren.objects.create(some_required_info=6, family_name='Test1')
+        pwdc = ParentWithDependentChildren.objects.create(
+            some_required_info=6, family_name="Test1"
+        )
         # The form validation should fail because 'some_required_info' is
         # not included on the parent form, and the family_name of the parent
         # does not match that of the child
         post_data = {
-            'family_name': 'Test2',
-            'dependentchild_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
-            'dependentchild_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
-            'dependentchild_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1',
-            'dependentchild_set-0-id': '',
-            'dependentchild_set-0-parent': str(pwdc.id),
-            'dependentchild_set-0-family_name': 'Test1',
+            "family_name": "Test2",
+            "dependentchild_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
+            "dependentchild_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
+            "dependentchild_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "1",
+            "dependentchild_set-0-id": "",
+            "dependentchild_set-0-parent": str(pwdc.id),
+            "dependentchild_set-0-family_name": "Test1",
         }
         response = self.client.post(
-            reverse('admin:admin_views_parentwithdependentchildren_change', args=(pwdc.id,)), post_data
+            reverse(
+                "admin:admin_views_parentwithdependentchildren_change", args=(pwdc.id,)
+            ),
+            post_data,
+        )
+        self.assertFormError(
+            response, "adminform", "some_required_info", ["This field is required."]
         )
-        self.assertFormError(response, 'adminform', 'some_required_info', ['This field is required.'])
         self.assertFormsetError(
-            response, 'inline_admin_formset', 0, None,
-            ['Children must share a family name with their parents in this contrived test case']
+            response,
+            "inline_admin_formset",
+            0,
+            None,
+            [
+                "Children must share a family name with their parents in this contrived test case"
+            ],
         )
 
     def test_check(self):
@@ -6613,33 +7834,48 @@ class AdminViewOnSiteTests(TestCase):
             CityAdmin.view_on_site = lambda obj: obj.get_absolute_url()
             self.assertEqual(admin.check(), [])
             CityAdmin.view_on_site = []
-            self.assertEqual(admin.check(), [
-                Error(
-                    "The value of 'view_on_site' must be a callable or a boolean value.",
-                    obj=CityAdmin,
-                    id='admin.E025',
-                ),
-            ])
+            self.assertEqual(
+                admin.check(),
+                [
+                    Error(
+                        "The value of 'view_on_site' must be a callable or a boolean value.",
+                        obj=CityAdmin,
+                        id="admin.E025",
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
         finally:
             # Restore the original values for the benefit of other tests.
             CityAdmin.view_on_site = True
 
     def test_false(self):
         "The 'View on site' button is not displayed if view_on_site is False"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_restaurant_change', args=(self.r1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_restaurant_change", args=(self.r1.pk,))
+        )
         content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Restaurant).pk
-        self.assertNotContains(response, reverse('admin:view_on_site', args=(content_type_pk, 1)))
+        self.assertNotContains(
+            response, reverse("admin:view_on_site", args=(content_type_pk, 1))
+        )
 
     def test_true(self):
         "The default behavior is followed if view_on_site is True"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_city_change', args=(self.c1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_city_change", args=(self.c1.pk,))
+        )
         content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(City).pk
-        self.assertContains(response, reverse('admin:view_on_site', args=(content_type_pk, self.c1.pk)))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, reverse("admin:view_on_site", args=(content_type_pk, self.c1.pk))
+        )
 
     def test_callable(self):
         "The right link is displayed if view_on_site is a callable"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_worker_change', args=(self.w1.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, '"/worker/%s/%s/"' % (self.w1.surname, self.w1.name))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_worker_change", args=(self.w1.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '"/worker/%s/%s/"' % (self.w1.surname, self.w1.name)
+        )
 
     def test_missing_get_absolute_url(self):
         "None is returned if model doesn't have get_absolute_url"
@@ -6647,51 +7883,66 @@ class AdminViewOnSiteTests(TestCase):
         self.assertIsNone(model_admin.get_view_on_site_url(Worker()))
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class InlineAdminViewOnSiteTest(TestCase):
-
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
-
-        cls.s1 = State.objects.create(name='New York')
-        cls.s2 = State.objects.create(name='Illinois')
-        cls.s3 = State.objects.create(name='California')
-        cls.c1 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s1, name='New York')
-        cls.c2 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s2, name='Chicago')
-        cls.c3 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s3, name='San Francisco')
-        cls.r1 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name='Italian Pizza')
-        cls.r2 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name='Boulevard')
-        cls.r3 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name='Chinese Dinner')
-        cls.r4 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name='Angels')
-        cls.r5 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name='Take Away')
-        cls.r6 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c3, name='The Unknown Restaurant')
-        cls.w1 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name='Mario', surname='Rossi')
-        cls.w2 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name='Antonio', surname='Bianchi')
-        cls.w3 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name='John', surname='Doe')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
+
+        cls.s1 = State.objects.create(name="New York")
+        cls.s2 = State.objects.create(name="Illinois")
+        cls.s3 = State.objects.create(name="California")
+        cls.c1 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s1, name="New York")
+        cls.c2 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s2, name="Chicago")
+        cls.c3 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s3, name="San Francisco")
+        cls.r1 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name="Italian Pizza")
+        cls.r2 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name="Boulevard")
+        cls.r3 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name="Chinese Dinner")
+        cls.r4 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name="Angels")
+        cls.r5 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name="Take Away")
+        cls.r6 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c3, name="The Unknown Restaurant")
+        cls.w1 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name="Mario", surname="Rossi")
+        cls.w2 = Worker.objects.create(
+            work_at=cls.r1, name="Antonio", surname="Bianchi"
+        )
+        cls.w3 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name="John", surname="Doe")
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_false(self):
         "The 'View on site' button is not displayed if view_on_site is False"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_state_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_state_change", args=(self.s1.pk,))
+        )
         content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(City).pk
-        self.assertNotContains(response, reverse('admin:view_on_site', args=(content_type_pk, self.c1.pk)))
+        self.assertNotContains(
+            response, reverse("admin:view_on_site", args=(content_type_pk, self.c1.pk))
+        )
 
     def test_true(self):
         "The 'View on site' button is displayed if view_on_site is True"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_city_change', args=(self.c1.pk,)))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_city_change", args=(self.c1.pk,))
+        )
         content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Restaurant).pk
-        self.assertContains(response, reverse('admin:view_on_site', args=(content_type_pk, self.r1.pk)))
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, reverse("admin:view_on_site", args=(content_type_pk, self.r1.pk))
+        )
 
     def test_callable(self):
         "The right link is displayed if view_on_site is a callable"
-        response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_restaurant_change', args=(self.r1.pk,)))
-        self.assertContains(response, '"/worker_inline/%s/%s/"' % (self.w1.surname, self.w1.name))
+        response = self.client.get(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_restaurant_change", args=(self.r1.pk,))
+        )
+        self.assertContains(
+            response, '"/worker_inline/%s/%s/"' % (self.w1.surname, self.w1.name)
+        )
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class GetFormsetsWithInlinesArgumentTest(TestCase):
     """
     #23934 - When adding a new model instance in the admin, the 'obj' argument
@@ -6703,31 +7954,43 @@ class GetFormsetsWithInlinesArgumentTest(TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpTestData(cls):
-        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
+        cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
+            username="super", password="secret", email="super@example.com"
+        )
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
 
     def test_explicitly_provided_pk(self):
-        post_data = {'name': '1'}
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_explicitlyprovidedpk_add'), post_data)
+        post_data = {"name": "1"}
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_explicitlyprovidedpk_add"), post_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
 
-        post_data = {'name': '2'}
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_explicitlyprovidedpk_change', args=(1,)), post_data)
+        post_data = {"name": "2"}
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_explicitlyprovidedpk_change", args=(1,)),
+            post_data,
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
 
     def test_implicitly_generated_pk(self):
-        post_data = {'name': '1'}
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_implicitlygeneratedpk_add'), post_data)
+        post_data = {"name": "1"}
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_implicitlygeneratedpk_add"), post_data
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
 
-        post_data = {'name': '2'}
-        response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_implicitlygeneratedpk_change', args=(1,)), post_data)
+        post_data = {"name": "2"}
+        response = self.client.post(
+            reverse("admin:admin_views_implicitlygeneratedpk_change", args=(1,)),
+            post_data,
+        )
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
 
 
-@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
+@override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF="admin_views.urls")
 class AdminSiteFinalCatchAllPatternTests(TestCase):
     """
     Verifies the behaviour of the admin catch-all view.
@@ -6738,107 +8001,116 @@ class AdminSiteFinalCatchAllPatternTests(TestCase):
     * Otherwise Http404.
     * Catch-all view disabled via AdminSite.final_catch_all_view.
     """
+
     def test_unknown_url_redirects_login_if_not_authenticated(self):
-        unknown_url = '/test_admin/admin/unknown/'
+        unknown_url = "/test_admin/admin/unknown/"
         response = self.client.get(unknown_url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), unknown_url))
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), unknown_url)
+        )
 
     def test_unknown_url_404_if_authenticated(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super',
-            password='secret',
-            email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        unknown_url = '/test_admin/admin/unknown/'
+        unknown_url = "/test_admin/admin/unknown/"
         response = self.client.get(unknown_url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_known_url_redirects_login_if_not_authenticated(self):
-        known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        known_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), known_url))
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), known_url)
+        )
 
     def test_known_url_missing_slash_redirects_login_if_not_authenticated(self):
-        known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')[:-1]
+        known_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")[:-1]
         response = self.client.get(known_url)
         # Redirects with the next URL also missing the slash.
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), known_url))
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), known_url)
+        )
 
     def test_non_admin_url_shares_url_prefix(self):
-        url = reverse('non_admin')[:-1]
+        url = reverse("non_admin")[:-1]
         response = self.client.get(url)
         # Redirects with the next URL also missing the slash.
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), url))
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), url))
 
     def test_url_without_trailing_slash_if_not_authenticated(self):
-        url = reverse('admin:article_extra_json')
+        url = reverse("admin:article_extra_json")
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), url))
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), url))
 
     def test_unkown_url_without_trailing_slash_if_not_authenticated(self):
-        url = reverse('admin:article_extra_json')[:-1]
+        url = reverse("admin:article_extra_json")[:-1]
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), url))
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin:login"), url))
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
     def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_unknown_url(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='staff',
-            password='secret',
-            email='staff@example.com',
+            username="staff",
+            password="secret",
+            email="staff@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        unknown_url = '/test_admin/admin/unknown/'
+        unknown_url = "/test_admin/admin/unknown/"
         response = self.client.get(unknown_url[:-1])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
     def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='staff',
-            password='secret',
-            email='staff@example.com',
+            username="staff",
+            password="secret",
+            email="staff@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        known_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
-        self.assertRedirects(response, known_url, status_code=301, target_status_code=403)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, known_url, status_code=301, target_status_code=403
+        )
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
     def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_script_name(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='staff',
-            password='secret',
-            email='staff@example.com',
+            username="staff",
+            password="secret",
+            email="staff@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
-        response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1], SCRIPT_NAME='/prefix/')
+        known_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
+        response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1], SCRIPT_NAME="/prefix/")
         self.assertRedirects(
             response,
-            '/prefix' + known_url,
+            "/prefix" + known_url,
             status_code=301,
             fetch_redirect_response=False,
         )
 
-    @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True, FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME='/prefix/')
+    @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True, FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME="/prefix/")
     def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_force_script_name(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='staff',
-            password='secret',
-            email='staff@example.com',
+            username="staff",
+            password="secret",
+            email="staff@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        known_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
         self.assertRedirects(
             response,
-            '/prefix' + known_url,
+            "/prefix" + known_url,
             status_code=301,
             fetch_redirect_response=False,
         )
@@ -6846,129 +8118,150 @@ class AdminSiteFinalCatchAllPatternTests(TestCase):
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
     def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_non_staff_user(self):
         user = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='user',
-            password='secret',
-            email='user@example.com',
+            username="user",
+            password="secret",
+            email="user@example.com",
             is_staff=False,
         )
         self.client.force_login(user)
-        known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        known_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '/test_admin/admin/login/?next=/test_admin/admin/admin_views/article')
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response,
+            "/test_admin/admin/login/?next=/test_admin/admin/admin_views/article",
+        )
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=False)
     def test_missing_slash_append_slash_false(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='staff',
-            password='secret',
-            email='staff@example.com',
+            username="staff",
+            password="secret",
+            email="staff@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        known_url = reverse("admin:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
     def test_single_model_no_append_slash(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='staff',
-            password='secret',
-            email='staff@example.com',
+            username="staff",
+            password="secret",
+            email="staff@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        known_url = reverse('admin9:admin_views_actor_changelist')
+        known_url = reverse("admin9:admin_views_actor_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     # Same tests above with final_catch_all_view=False.
 
     def test_unknown_url_404_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
-        unknown_url = '/test_admin/admin10/unknown/'
+        unknown_url = "/test_admin/admin10/unknown/"
         response = self.client.get(unknown_url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     def test_unknown_url_404_if_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
-            username='super',
-            password='secret',
-            email='super@example.com',
+            username="super",
+            password="secret",
+            email="super@example.com",
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        unknown_url = '/test_admin/admin10/unknown/'
+        unknown_url = "/test_admin/admin10/unknown/"
         response = self.client.get(unknown_url)
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
-    def test_known_url_redirects_login_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
-        known_url = reverse('admin10:admin_views_article_changelist')
+    def test_known_url_redirects_login_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(
+        self,
+    ):
+        known_url = reverse("admin10:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin10:login'), known_url))
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin10:login"), known_url)
+        )
 
-    def test_known_url_missing_slash_redirects_with_slash_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
-        known_url = reverse('admin10:admin_views_article_changelist')
+    def test_known_url_missing_slash_redirects_with_slash_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(
+        self,
+    ):
+        known_url = reverse("admin10:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
-        self.assertRedirects(response, known_url, status_code=301, fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, known_url, status_code=301, fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
 
     def test_non_admin_url_shares_url_prefix_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
-        url = reverse('non_admin10')
+        url = reverse("non_admin10")
         response = self.client.get(url[:-1])
         self.assertRedirects(response, url, status_code=301)
 
-    def test_url_without_trailing_slash_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
-        url = reverse('admin10:article_extra_json')
+    def test_url_without_trailing_slash_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(
+        self,
+    ):
+        url = reverse("admin10:article_extra_json")
         response = self.client.get(url)
-        self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin10:login'), url))
+        self.assertRedirects(response, "%s?next=%s" % (reverse("admin10:login"), url))
 
-    def test_unkown_url_without_trailing_slash_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
-        url = reverse('admin10:article_extra_json')[:-1]
+    def test_unkown_url_without_trailing_slash_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(
+        self,
+    ):
+        url = reverse("admin10:article_extra_json")[:-1]
         response = self.client.get(url)
         # Matches test_admin/admin10/admin_views/article/<path:object_id>/
-        self.assertRedirects(response, url + '/', status_code=301, fetch_redirect_response=False)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, url + "/", status_code=301, fetch_redirect_response=False
+        )
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
-    def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_unknown_url_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
+    def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_unknown_url_without_final_catch_all_view(
+        self,
+    ):
         superuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='staff',
-            password='secret',
-            email='staff@example.com',
+            username="staff",
+            password="secret",
+            email="staff@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        unknown_url = '/test_admin/admin10/unknown/'
+        unknown_url = "/test_admin/admin10/unknown/"
         response = self.client.get(unknown_url[:-1])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
     def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='staff',
-            password='secret',
-            email='staff@example.com',
+            username="staff",
+            password="secret",
+            email="staff@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        known_url = reverse('admin10:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        known_url = reverse("admin10:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
-        self.assertRedirects(response, known_url, status_code=301, target_status_code=403)
+        self.assertRedirects(
+            response, known_url, status_code=301, target_status_code=403
+        )
 
     @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=False)
     def test_missing_slash_append_slash_false_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
         superuser = User.objects.create_user(
-            username='staff',
-            password='secret',
-            email='staff@example.com',
+            username="staff",
+            password="secret",
+            email="staff@example.com",
             is_staff=True,
         )
         self.client.force_login(superuser)
-        known_url = reverse('admin10:admin_views_article_changelist')
+        known_url = reverse("admin10:admin_views_article_changelist")
         response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
 
     # Outside admin.
 
     def test_non_admin_url_404_if_not_authenticated(self):
-        unknown_url = '/unknown/'
+        unknown_url = "/unknown/"
         response = self.client.get(unknown_url)
         # Does not redirect to the admin login.
         self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/urls.py b/tests/admin_views/urls.py
index 355e082b68..c1e673d811 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/urls.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/urls.py
@@ -10,23 +10,31 @@ def non_admin_view(request):
 
 
 urlpatterns = [
-    path('test_admin/admin/doc/', include('django.contrib.admindocs.urls')),
-    path('test_admin/admin/secure-view/', views.secure_view, name='secure_view'),
-    path('test_admin/admin/secure-view2/', views.secure_view2, name='secure_view2'),
-    path('test_admin/admin/', admin.site.urls),
-    path('test_admin/admin2/', customadmin.site.urls),
-    path('test_admin/admin3/', (admin.site.get_urls(), 'admin', 'admin3'), {'form_url': 'pony'}),
-    path('test_admin/admin4/', customadmin.simple_site.urls),
-    path('test_admin/admin5/', admin.site2.urls),
-    path('test_admin/admin6/', admin.site6.urls),
-    path('test_admin/admin7/', admin.site7.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin/doc/", include("django.contrib.admindocs.urls")),
+    path("test_admin/admin/secure-view/", views.secure_view, name="secure_view"),
+    path("test_admin/admin/secure-view2/", views.secure_view2, name="secure_view2"),
+    path("test_admin/admin/", admin.site.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin2/", customadmin.site.urls),
+    path(
+        "test_admin/admin3/",
+        (admin.site.get_urls(), "admin", "admin3"),
+        {"form_url": "pony"},
+    ),
+    path("test_admin/admin4/", customadmin.simple_site.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin5/", admin.site2.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin6/", admin.site6.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin7/", admin.site7.urls),
     # All admin views accept `extra_context` to allow adding it like this:
-    path('test_admin/admin8/', (admin.site.get_urls(), 'admin', 'admin-extra-context'), {'extra_context': {}}),
-    path('test_admin/admin9/', admin.site9.urls),
-    path('test_admin/admin10/', admin.site10.urls),
-    path('test_admin/has_permission_admin/', custom_has_permission_admin.site.urls),
-    path('test_admin/autocomplete_admin/', autocomplete_site.urls),
+    path(
+        "test_admin/admin8/",
+        (admin.site.get_urls(), "admin", "admin-extra-context"),
+        {"extra_context": {}},
+    ),
+    path("test_admin/admin9/", admin.site9.urls),
+    path("test_admin/admin10/", admin.site10.urls),
+    path("test_admin/has_permission_admin/", custom_has_permission_admin.site.urls),
+    path("test_admin/autocomplete_admin/", autocomplete_site.urls),
     # Shares the admin URL prefix.
-    path('test_admin/admin/non_admin_view/', non_admin_view, name='non_admin'),
-    path('test_admin/admin10/non_admin_view/', non_admin_view, name='non_admin10'),
+    path("test_admin/admin/non_admin_view/", non_admin_view, name="non_admin"),
+    path("test_admin/admin10/non_admin_view/", non_admin_view, name="non_admin10"),
 ]
diff --git a/tests/admin_views/views.py b/tests/admin_views/views.py
index 430f084693..e3dd549ca4 100644
--- a/tests/admin_views/views.py
+++ b/tests/admin_views/views.py
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ def secure_view(request):
     return HttpResponse(str(request.POST))
 
 
-@staff_member_required(redirect_field_name='myfield')
+@staff_member_required(redirect_field_name="myfield")
 def secure_view2(request):
     return HttpResponse(str(request.POST))