path: root/cffi/api.py

import sys, types
from .lock import allocate_lock

try:
    callable
except NameError:
    # Python 3.1
    from collections import Callable
    callable = lambda x: isinstance(x, Callable)

try:
    basestring
except NameError:
    # Python 3.x
    basestring = str


class FFIError(Exception):
    pass

class CDefError(Exception):
    def __str__(self):
        try:
            line = 'line %d: ' % (self.args[1].coord.line,)
        except (AttributeError, TypeError, IndexError):
            line = ''
        return '%s%s' % (line, self.args[0])


class FFI(object):
    r'''
    The main top-level class that you instantiate once, or once per module.

    Example usage:

        ffi = FFI()
        ffi.cdef("""
            int printf(const char *, ...);
        """)

        C = ffi.dlopen(None)   # standard library
        -or-
        C = ffi.verify()  # use a C compiler: verify the decl above is right

        C.printf("hello, %s!\n", ffi.new("char[]", "world"))
    '''

    def __init__(self, backend=None):
        """Create an FFI instance.  The 'backend' argument is used to
        select a non-default backend, mostly for tests.
        """
        from . import cparser, model
        if backend is None:
            # You need PyPy (>= 2.0 beta), or a CPython (>= 2.6) with
            # _cffi_backend.so compiled.
            import _cffi_backend as backend
            from . import __version__
            assert backend.__version__ == __version__
            # (If you insist you can also try to pass the option
            # 'backend=backend_ctypes.CTypesBackend()', but don't
            # rely on it!  It's probably not going to work well.)

        self._backend = backend
        self._lock = allocate_lock()
        self._parser = cparser.Parser()
        self._cached_btypes = {}
        self._parsed_types = types.ModuleType('parsed_types').__dict__
        self._new_types = types.ModuleType('new_types').__dict__
        self._function_caches = []
        self._libraries = []
        self._cdefsources = []
        if hasattr(backend, 'set_ffi'):
            backend.set_ffi(self)
        for name in backend.__dict__:
            if name.startswith('RTLD_'):
                setattr(self, name, getattr(backend, name))
        #
        with self._lock:
            self.BVoidP = self._get_cached_btype(model.voidp_type)
        if isinstance(backend, types.ModuleType):
            # _cffi_backend: attach these constants to the class
            if not hasattr(FFI, 'NULL'):
                FFI.NULL = self.cast(self.BVoidP, 0)
                FFI.CData, FFI.CType = backend._get_types()
        else:
            # ctypes backend: attach these constants to the instance
            self.NULL = self.cast(self.BVoidP, 0)
            self.CData, self.CType = backend._get_types()

    def cdef(self, csource, override=False, packed=False):
        """Parse the given C source.  This registers all declared functions,
        types, and global variables.  The functions and global variables can
        then be accessed via either 'ffi.dlopen()' or 'ffi.verify()'.
        The types can be used in 'ffi.new()' and other functions.
        If 'packed' is specified as True, all structs declared inside this
        cdef are packed, i.e. laid out without any field alignment at all.
        """
        if not isinstance(csource, str):    # unicode, on Python 2
            if not isinstance(csource, basestring):
                raise TypeError("cdef() argument must be a string")
            csource = csource.encode('ascii')
        with self._lock:
            self._parser.parse(csource, override=override, packed=packed)
            self._cdefsources.append(csource)
            if override:
                for cache in self._function_caches:
                    cache.clear()

    def dlopen(self, name, flags=0):
        """Load and return a dynamic library identified by 'name'.
        The standard C library can be loaded by passing None.
        Note that functions and types declared by 'ffi.cdef()' are not
        linked to a particular library, just like C headers; in the
        library we only look for the actual (untyped) symbols.
        """
        assert isinstance(name, basestring) or name is None
        with self._lock:
            lib, function_cache = _make_ffi_library(self, name, flags)
            self._function_caches.append(function_cache)
            self._libraries.append(lib)
        return lib

    def _typeof_locked(self, cdecl):
        # call me with the lock!
        key = cdecl
        if key in self._parsed_types:
            return self._parsed_types[key]
        #
        if not isinstance(cdecl, str):    # unicode, on Python 2
            cdecl = cdecl.encode('ascii')
        #
        type = self._parser.parse_type(cdecl)
        really_a_function_type = type.is_raw_function
        if really_a_function_type:
            type = type.as_function_pointer()
        btype = self._get_cached_btype(type)
        result = btype, really_a_function_type
        self._parsed_types[key] = result
        return result

    def _typeof(self, cdecl, consider_function_as_funcptr=False):
        # string -> ctype object
        try:
            result = self._parsed_types[cdecl]
        except KeyError:
            with self._lock:
                result = self._typeof_locked(cdecl)
        #
        btype, really_a_function_type = result
        if really_a_function_type and not consider_function_as_funcptr:
            raise CDefError("the type %r is a function type, not a "
                            "pointer-to-function type" % (cdecl,))
        return btype

    def typeof(self, cdecl):
        """Parse the C type given as a string and return the
        corresponding <ctype> object.
        It can also be used on 'cdata' instance to get its C type.
        """
        if isinstance(cdecl, basestring):
            return self._typeof(cdecl)
        if isinstance(cdecl, self.CData):
            return self._backend.typeof(cdecl)
        if isinstance(cdecl, types.BuiltinFunctionType):
            res = _builtin_function_type(cdecl)
            if res is not None:
                return res
        if (isinstance(cdecl, types.FunctionType)
                and hasattr(cdecl, '_cffi_base_type')):
            with self._lock:
                return self._get_cached_btype(cdecl._cffi_base_type)
        raise TypeError(type(cdecl))

    def sizeof(self, cdecl):
        """Return the size in bytes of the argument.  It can be a
        string naming a C type, or a 'cdata' instance.
        """
        if isinstance(cdecl, basestring):
            BType = self._typeof(cdecl)
            return self._backend.sizeof(BType)
        else:
            return self._backend.sizeof(cdecl)

    def alignof(self, cdecl):
        """Return the natural alignment size in bytes of the C type
        given as a string.
        """
        if isinstance(cdecl, basestring):
            cdecl = self._typeof(cdecl)
        return self._backend.alignof(cdecl)

    def offsetof(self, cdecl, fieldname):
        """Return the offset of the named field inside the given
        structure, which must be given as a C type name.
        """
        if isinstance(cdecl, basestring):
            cdecl = self._typeof(cdecl)
        return self._backend.typeoffsetof(cdecl, fieldname)[1]

    def new(self, cdecl, init=None):
        """Allocate an instance according to the specified C type and
        return a pointer to it.  The specified C type must be either a
        pointer or an array: ``new('X *')`` allocates an X and returns
        a pointer to it, whereas ``new('X[n]')`` allocates an array of
        n X'es and returns an array referencing it (which works
        mostly like a pointer, like in C).  You can also use
        ``new('X[]', n)`` to allocate an array of a non-constant
        length n.

        The memory is initialized following the rules of declaring a
        global variable in C: by default it is zero-initialized, but
        an explicit initializer can be given which can be used to
        fill all or part of the memory.

        When the returned <cdata> object goes out of scope, the memory
        is freed.  In other words the returned <cdata> object has
        ownership of the value of type 'cdecl' that it points to.  This
        means that the raw data can be used as long as this object is
        kept alive, but must not be used for a longer time.  Be careful
        about that when copying the pointer to the memory somewhere
        else, e.g. into another structure.
        """
        if isinstance(cdecl, basestring):
            cdecl = self._typeof(cdecl)
        return self._backend.newp(cdecl, init)

    def cast(self, cdecl, source):
        """Similar to a C cast: returns an instance of the named C
        type initialized with the given 'source'.  The source is
        casted between integers or pointers of any type.
        """
        if isinstance(cdecl, basestring):
            cdecl = self._typeof(cdecl)
        return self._backend.cast(cdecl, source)

    def string(self, cdata, maxlen=-1):
        """Return a Python string (or unicode string) from the 'cdata'.
        If 'cdata' is a pointer or array of characters or bytes, returns
        the null-terminated string.  The returned string extends until
        the first null character, or at most 'maxlen' characters.  If
        'cdata' is an array then 'maxlen' defaults to its length.

        If 'cdata' is a pointer or array of wchar_t, returns a unicode
        string following the same rules.

        If 'cdata' is a single character or byte or a wchar_t, returns
        it as a string or unicode string.

        If 'cdata' is an enum, returns the value of the enumerator as a
        string, or 'NUMBER' if the value is out of range.
        """
        return self._backend.string(cdata, maxlen)

    def buffer(self, cdata, size=-1):
        """Return a read-write buffer object that references the raw C data
        pointed to by the given 'cdata'.  The 'cdata' must be a pointer or
        an array.  Can be passed to functions expecting a buffer, or directly
        manipulated with:

            buf[:]          get a copy of it in a regular string, or
            buf[idx]        as a single character
            buf[:] = ...
            buf[idx] = ...  change the content
        """
        return self._backend.buffer(cdata, size)

    def callback(self, cdecl, python_callable=None, error=None):
        """Return a callback object or a decorator making such a
        callback object.  'cdecl' must name a C function pointer type.
        The callback invokes the specified 'python_callable' (which may
        be provided either directly or via a decorator).  Important: the
        callback object must be manually kept alive for as long as the
        callback may be invoked from the C level.
        """
        def callback_decorator_wrap(python_callable):
            if not callable(python_callable):
                raise TypeError("the 'python_callable' argument "
                                "is not callable")
            return self._backend.callback(cdecl, python_callable, error)
        if isinstance(cdecl, basestring):
            cdecl = self._typeof(cdecl, consider_function_as_funcptr=True)
        if python_callable is None:
            return callback_decorator_wrap                # decorator mode
        else:
            return callback_decorator_wrap(python_callable)  # direct mode

    def getctype(self, cdecl, replace_with=''):
        """Return a string giving the C type 'cdecl', which may be itself
        a string or a <ctype> object.  If 'replace_with' is given, it gives
        extra text to append (or insert for more complicated C types), like
        a variable name, or '*' to get actually the C type 'pointer-to-cdecl'.
        """
        if isinstance(cdecl, basestring):
            cdecl = self._typeof(cdecl)
        replace_with = replace_with.strip()
        if (replace_with.startswith('*')
                and '&[' in self._backend.getcname(cdecl, '&')):
            replace_with = '(%s)' % replace_with
        elif replace_with and not replace_with[0] in '[(':
            replace_with = ' ' + replace_with
        return self._backend.getcname(cdecl, replace_with)

    def gc(self, cdata, destructor):
        """Return a new cdata object that points to the same
        data.  Later, when this new cdata object is garbage-collected,
        'destructor(old_cdata_object)' will be called.
        """
        with self._lock:
            try:
                gc_weakrefs = self.gc_weakrefs
            except AttributeError:
                from .gc_weakref import GcWeakrefs
                gc_weakrefs = self.gc_weakrefs = GcWeakrefs(self)
            return gc_weakrefs.build(cdata, destructor)

    def _get_cached_btype(self, type):
        assert self._lock.acquire(False) is False
        # call me with the lock!
        try:
            BType = self._cached_btypes[type]
        except KeyError:
            finishlist = []
            BType = type.get_cached_btype(self, finishlist)
            for type in finishlist:
                type.finish_backend_type(self, finishlist)
        return BType

    def verify(self, source='', tmpdir=None, **kwargs):
        """Verify that the current ffi signatures compile on this
        machine, and return a dynamic library object.  The dynamic
        library can be used to call functions and access global
        variables declared in this 'ffi'.  The library is compiled
        by the C compiler: it gives you C-level API compatibility
        (including calling macros).  This is unlike 'ffi.dlopen()',
        which requires binary compatibility in the signatures.
        """
        from .verifier import Verifier
        self.verifier = Verifier(self, source, tmpdir, **kwargs)
        lib = self.verifier.load_library()
        self._libraries.append(lib)
        return lib

    def _get_errno(self):
        return self._backend.get_errno()
    def _set_errno(self, errno):
        self._backend.set_errno(errno)
    errno = property(_get_errno, _set_errno, None,
                     "the value of 'errno' from/to the C calls")

    def getwinerror(self, code=-1):
        return self._backend.getwinerror(code)

    def _pointer_to(self, ctype):
        from . import model
        with self._lock:
            return model.pointer_cache(self, ctype)

    def addressof(self, cdata, field=None):
        """Return the address of a <cdata 'struct-or-union'>.
        If 'field' is specified, return the address of this field.
        """
        ctype = self._backend.typeof(cdata)
        ctype, offset = self._backend.typeoffsetof(ctype, field)
        ctypeptr = self._pointer_to(ctype)
        return self._backend.rawaddressof(ctypeptr, cdata, offset)

    def include(self, ffi_to_include):
        """Includes the typedefs, structs, unions and enums defined
        in another FFI instance.  Usage is similar to a #include in C,
        where a part of the program might include types defined in
        another part for its own usage.  Note that the include()
        method has no effect on functions, constants and global
        variables, which must anyway be accessed directly from the
        lib object returned by the original FFI instance.
        """
        with ffi_to_include._lock:
            with self._lock:
                self._parser.include(ffi_to_include._parser)
                self._cdefsources.append('[')
                self._cdefsources.extend(ffi_to_include._cdefsources)
                self._cdefsources.append(']')

    def new_handle(self, x):
        return self._backend.newp_handle(self.BVoidP, x)

    def from_handle(self, x):
        return self._backend.from_handle(x)


def _load_backend_lib(backend, name, flags):
    if name is None:
        if sys.platform != "win32":
            return backend.load_library(None, flags)
        name = "c"    # Windows: load_library(None) fails, but this works
                      # (backward compatibility hack only)
    try:
        if '.' not in name and '/' not in name:
            raise OSError("library not found: %r" % (name,))
        return backend.load_library(name, flags)
    except OSError:
        import ctypes.util
        path = ctypes.util.find_library(name)
        if path is None:
            raise     # propagate the original OSError
        return backend.load_library(path, flags)

def _make_ffi_library(ffi, libname, flags):
    import os
    backend = ffi._backend
    backendlib = _load_backend_lib(backend, libname, flags)
    copied_enums = []
    #
    def make_accessor_locked(name):
        key = 'function ' + name
        if key in ffi._parser._declarations:
            tp = ffi._parser._declarations[key]
            BType = ffi._get_cached_btype(tp)
            try:
                value = backendlib.load_function(BType, name)
            except KeyError as e:
                raise AttributeError('%s: %s' % (name, e))
            library.__dict__[name] = value
            return
        #
        key = 'variable ' + name
        if key in ffi._parser._declarations:
            tp = ffi._parser._declarations[key]
            BType = ffi._get_cached_btype(tp)
            read_variable = backendlib.read_variable
            write_variable = backendlib.write_variable
            setattr(FFILibrary, name, property(
                lambda self: read_variable(BType, name),
                lambda self, value: write_variable(BType, name, value)))
            return
        #
        if not copied_enums:
            from . import model
            for key, tp in ffi._parser._declarations.items():
                if not isinstance(tp, model.EnumType):
                    continue
                for enumname, enumval in zip(tp.enumerators, tp.enumvalues):
                    if enumname not in library.__dict__:
                        library.__dict__[enumname] = enumval
            for key, val in ffi._parser._int_constants.items():
                if key not in library.__dict__:
                    library.__dict__[key] = val

            copied_enums.append(True)
            if name in library.__dict__:
                return
        #
        raise AttributeError(name)
    #
    def make_accessor(name):
        with ffi._lock:
            if name in library.__dict__ or name in FFILibrary.__dict__:
                return    # added by another thread while waiting for the lock
            make_accessor_locked(name)
    #
    class FFILibrary(object):
        def __getattr__(self, name):
            make_accessor(name)
            return getattr(self, name)
        def __setattr__(self, name, value):
            try:
                property = getattr(self.__class__, name)
            except AttributeError:
                make_accessor(name)
                setattr(self, name, value)
            else:
                property.__set__(self, value)
    #
    if libname is not None:
        try:
            if not isinstance(libname, str):    # unicode, on Python 2
                libname = libname.encode('utf-8')
            FFILibrary.__name__ = 'FFILibrary_%s' % libname
        except UnicodeError:
            pass
    library = FFILibrary()
    return library, library.__dict__

def _builtin_function_type(func):
    # a hack to make at least ffi.typeof(builtin_function) work,
    # if the builtin function was obtained by 'vengine_cpy'.
    import sys
    try:
        module = sys.modules[func.__module__]
        ffi = module._cffi_original_ffi
        types_of_builtin_funcs = module._cffi_types_of_builtin_funcs
        tp = types_of_builtin_funcs[func]
    except (KeyError, AttributeError, TypeError):
        return None
    else:
        with ffi._lock:
            return ffi._get_cached_btype(tp)