path: root/src/backend/optimizer/path/joinpath.c

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * joinpath.c
 *	  Routines to find all possible paths for processing a set of joins
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2001, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *	  $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/path/joinpath.c,v 1.66 2001/10/25 05:49:32 momjian Exp $
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <math.h>

#include "optimizer/clauses.h"
#include "optimizer/cost.h"
#include "optimizer/pathnode.h"
#include "optimizer/paths.h"
#include "parser/parsetree.h"
#include "utils/lsyscache.h"

static void sort_inner_and_outer(Query *root, RelOptInfo *joinrel,
					 RelOptInfo *outerrel, RelOptInfo *innerrel,
					 List *restrictlist, List *mergeclause_list,
					 JoinType jointype);
static void match_unsorted_outer(Query *root, RelOptInfo *joinrel,
					 RelOptInfo *outerrel, RelOptInfo *innerrel,
					 List *restrictlist, List *mergeclause_list,
					 JoinType jointype);

#ifdef NOT_USED
static void match_unsorted_inner(Query *root, RelOptInfo *joinrel,
					 RelOptInfo *outerrel, RelOptInfo *innerrel,
					 List *restrictlist, List *mergeclause_list,
					 JoinType jointype);
#endif
static void hash_inner_and_outer(Query *root, RelOptInfo *joinrel,
					 RelOptInfo *outerrel, RelOptInfo *innerrel,
					 List *restrictlist, JoinType jointype);
static Path *best_innerjoin(List *join_paths, List *outer_relid,
			   JoinType jointype);
static List *select_mergejoin_clauses(RelOptInfo *joinrel,
						 RelOptInfo *outerrel,
						 RelOptInfo *innerrel,
						 List *restrictlist,
						 JoinType jointype);


/*
 * add_paths_to_joinrel
 *	  Given a join relation and two component rels from which it can be made,
 *	  consider all possible paths that use the two component rels as outer
 *	  and inner rel respectively.  Add these paths to the join rel's pathlist
 *	  if they survive comparison with other paths (and remove any existing
 *	  paths that are dominated by these paths).
 *
 * Modifies the pathlist field of the joinrel node to contain the best
 * paths found so far.
 */
void
add_paths_to_joinrel(Query *root,
					 RelOptInfo *joinrel,
					 RelOptInfo *outerrel,
					 RelOptInfo *innerrel,
					 JoinType jointype,
					 List *restrictlist)
{
	List	   *mergeclause_list = NIL;

	/*
	 * Find potential mergejoin clauses.  We can skip this if we are not
	 * interested in doing a mergejoin.  However, mergejoin is currently
	 * our only way of implementing full outer joins, so override
	 * mergejoin disable if it's a full join.
	 */
	if (enable_mergejoin || jointype == JOIN_FULL)
		mergeclause_list = select_mergejoin_clauses(joinrel,
													outerrel,
													innerrel,
													restrictlist,
													jointype);

	/*
	 * 1. Consider mergejoin paths where both relations must be explicitly
	 * sorted.
	 */
	sort_inner_and_outer(root, joinrel, outerrel, innerrel,
						 restrictlist, mergeclause_list, jointype);

	/*
	 * 2. Consider paths where the outer relation need not be explicitly
	 * sorted. This includes both nestloops and mergejoins where the outer
	 * path is already ordered.
	 */
	match_unsorted_outer(root, joinrel, outerrel, innerrel,
						 restrictlist, mergeclause_list, jointype);

#ifdef NOT_USED

	/*
	 * 3. Consider paths where the inner relation need not be explicitly
	 * sorted.	This includes mergejoins only (nestloops were already
	 * built in match_unsorted_outer).
	 *
	 * Diked out as redundant 2/13/2000 -- tgl.  There isn't any really
	 * significant difference between the inner and outer side of a
	 * mergejoin, so match_unsorted_inner creates no paths that aren't
	 * equivalent to those made by match_unsorted_outer when
	 * add_paths_to_joinrel() is invoked with the two rels given in the
	 * other order.
	 */
	match_unsorted_inner(root, joinrel, outerrel, innerrel,
						 restrictlist, mergeclause_list, jointype);
#endif

	/*
	 * 4. Consider paths where both outer and inner relations must be
	 * hashed before being joined.
	 */
	if (enable_hashjoin)
		hash_inner_and_outer(root, joinrel, outerrel, innerrel,
							 restrictlist, jointype);
}

/*
 * sort_inner_and_outer
 *	  Create mergejoin join paths by explicitly sorting both the outer and
 *	  inner join relations on each available merge ordering.
 *
 * 'joinrel' is the join relation
 * 'outerrel' is the outer join relation
 * 'innerrel' is the inner join relation
 * 'restrictlist' contains all of the RestrictInfo nodes for restriction
 *		clauses that apply to this join
 * 'mergeclause_list' is a list of RestrictInfo nodes for available
 *		mergejoin clauses in this join
 * 'jointype' is the type of join to do
 */
static void
sort_inner_and_outer(Query *root,
					 RelOptInfo *joinrel,
					 RelOptInfo *outerrel,
					 RelOptInfo *innerrel,
					 List *restrictlist,
					 List *mergeclause_list,
					 JoinType jointype)
{
	List	   *all_pathkeys;
	List	   *i;

	/*
	 * Each possible ordering of the available mergejoin clauses will
	 * generate a differently-sorted result path at essentially the same
	 * cost.  We have no basis for choosing one over another at this level
	 * of joining, but some sort orders may be more useful than others for
	 * higher-level mergejoins, so it's worth considering multiple
	 * orderings.
	 *
	 * Actually, it's not quite true that every mergeclause ordering will
	 * generate a different path order, because some of the clauses may be
	 * redundant.  Therefore, what we do is convert the mergeclause list
	 * to a list of canonical pathkeys, and then consider different
	 * orderings of the pathkeys.
	 *
	 * Generating a path for *every* permutation of the pathkeys doesn't seem
	 * like a winning strategy; the cost in planning time is too high. For
	 * now, we generate one path for each pathkey, listing that pathkey
	 * first and the rest in random order.	This should allow at least a
	 * one-clause mergejoin without re-sorting against any other possible
	 * mergejoin partner path.	But if we've not guessed the right
	 * ordering of secondary keys, we may end up evaluating clauses as
	 * qpquals when they could have been done as mergeclauses. We need to
	 * figure out a better way.  (Two possible approaches: look at all the
	 * relevant index relations to suggest plausible sort orders, or make
	 * just one output path and somehow mark it as having a sort-order
	 * that can be rearranged freely.)
	 */
	all_pathkeys = make_pathkeys_for_mergeclauses(root,
												  mergeclause_list,
												  outerrel);

	foreach(i, all_pathkeys)
	{
		List	   *front_pathkey = lfirst(i);
		List	   *cur_pathkeys;
		List	   *cur_mergeclauses;
		List	   *outerkeys;
		List	   *innerkeys;
		List	   *merge_pathkeys;

		/* Make a pathkey list with this guy first. */
		if (i != all_pathkeys)
			cur_pathkeys = lcons(front_pathkey,
								 lremove(front_pathkey,
										 listCopy(all_pathkeys)));
		else
			cur_pathkeys = all_pathkeys;		/* no work at first one... */

		/*
		 * Select mergeclause(s) that match this sort ordering.  If we had
		 * redundant merge clauses then we will get a subset of the
		 * original clause list.  There had better be some match,
		 * however...
		 */
		cur_mergeclauses = find_mergeclauses_for_pathkeys(root,
														  cur_pathkeys,
													   mergeclause_list);
		Assert(cur_mergeclauses != NIL);

		/*
		 * Build sort pathkeys for both sides.
		 *
		 * Note: it's possible that the cheapest paths will already be sorted
		 * properly.  create_mergejoin_path will detect that case and
		 * suppress an explicit sort step, so we needn't do so here.
		 */
		outerkeys = make_pathkeys_for_mergeclauses(root,
												   cur_mergeclauses,
												   outerrel);
		innerkeys = make_pathkeys_for_mergeclauses(root,
												   cur_mergeclauses,
												   innerrel);
		/* Build pathkeys representing output sort order. */
		merge_pathkeys = build_join_pathkeys(root, joinrel, outerkeys);

		/*
		 * And now we can make the path.  We only consider the cheapest-
		 * total-cost input paths, since we are assuming here that a sort
		 * is required.  We will consider cheapest-startup-cost input
		 * paths later, and only if they don't need a sort.
		 */
		add_path(joinrel, (Path *)
				 create_mergejoin_path(root,
									   joinrel,
									   jointype,
									   outerrel->cheapest_total_path,
									   innerrel->cheapest_total_path,
									   restrictlist,
									   merge_pathkeys,
									   cur_mergeclauses,
									   outerkeys,
									   innerkeys));
	}
}

/*
 * match_unsorted_outer
 *	  Creates possible join paths for processing a single join relation
 *	  'joinrel' by employing either iterative substitution or
 *	  mergejoining on each of its possible outer paths (considering
 *	  only outer paths that are already ordered well enough for merging).
 *
 * We always generate a nestloop path for each available outer path.
 * In fact we may generate as many as three: one on the cheapest-total-cost
 * inner path, one on the cheapest-startup-cost inner path (if different),
 * and one on the best inner-indexscan path (if any).
 *
 * We also consider mergejoins if mergejoin clauses are available.	We have
 * two ways to generate the inner path for a mergejoin: sort the cheapest
 * inner path, or use an inner path that is already suitably ordered for the
 * merge.  If we have several mergeclauses, it could be that there is no inner
 * path (or only a very expensive one) for the full list of mergeclauses, but
 * better paths exist if we truncate the mergeclause list (thereby discarding
 * some sort key requirements).  So, we consider truncations of the
 * mergeclause list as well as the full list.  (Ideally we'd consider all
 * subsets of the mergeclause list, but that seems way too expensive.)
 *
 * 'joinrel' is the join relation
 * 'outerrel' is the outer join relation
 * 'innerrel' is the inner join relation
 * 'restrictlist' contains all of the RestrictInfo nodes for restriction
 *		clauses that apply to this join
 * 'mergeclause_list' is a list of RestrictInfo nodes for available
 *		mergejoin clauses in this join
 * 'jointype' is the type of join to do
 */
static void
match_unsorted_outer(Query *root,
					 RelOptInfo *joinrel,
					 RelOptInfo *outerrel,
					 RelOptInfo *innerrel,
					 List *restrictlist,
					 List *mergeclause_list,
					 JoinType jointype)
{
	bool		nestjoinOK;
	bool		useallclauses;
	Path	   *bestinnerjoin;
	List	   *i;

	/*
	 * Nestloop only supports inner and left joins.  Also, if we are doing
	 * a right or full join, we must use *all* the mergeclauses as join
	 * clauses, else we will not have a valid plan.  (Although these two
	 * flags are currently inverses, keep them separate for clarity and
	 * possible future changes.)
	 */
	switch (jointype)
	{
		case JOIN_INNER:
		case JOIN_LEFT:
			nestjoinOK = true;
			useallclauses = false;
			break;
		case JOIN_RIGHT:
		case JOIN_FULL:
			nestjoinOK = false;
			useallclauses = true;
			break;
		default:
			elog(ERROR, "match_unsorted_outer: unexpected join type %d",
				 (int) jointype);
			nestjoinOK = false; /* keep compiler quiet */
			useallclauses = false;
			break;
	}

	/*
	 * Get the best innerjoin indexpath (if any) for this outer rel. It's
	 * the same for all outer paths.
	 */
	bestinnerjoin = best_innerjoin(innerrel->innerjoin, outerrel->relids,
								   jointype);

	foreach(i, outerrel->pathlist)
	{
		Path	   *outerpath = (Path *) lfirst(i);
		List	   *merge_pathkeys;
		List	   *mergeclauses;
		List	   *innersortkeys;
		List	   *trialsortkeys;
		Path	   *cheapest_startup_inner;
		Path	   *cheapest_total_inner;
		int			num_sortkeys;
		int			sortkeycnt;

		/*
		 * The result will have this sort order (even if it is implemented
		 * as a nestloop, and even if some of the mergeclauses are
		 * implemented by qpquals rather than as true mergeclauses):
		 */
		merge_pathkeys = build_join_pathkeys(root, joinrel,
											 outerpath->pathkeys);

		if (nestjoinOK)
		{
			/*
			 * Always consider a nestloop join with this outer and
			 * cheapest-total-cost inner.	Consider nestloops using the
			 * cheapest-startup-cost inner as well, and the best innerjoin
			 * indexpath.
			 */
			add_path(joinrel, (Path *)
					 create_nestloop_path(root,
										  joinrel,
										  jointype,
										  outerpath,
										  innerrel->cheapest_total_path,
										  restrictlist,
										  merge_pathkeys));
			if (innerrel->cheapest_startup_path !=
				innerrel->cheapest_total_path)
				add_path(joinrel, (Path *)
						 create_nestloop_path(root,
											  joinrel,
											  jointype,
											  outerpath,
										 innerrel->cheapest_startup_path,
											  restrictlist,
											  merge_pathkeys));
			if (bestinnerjoin != NULL)
				add_path(joinrel, (Path *)
						 create_nestloop_path(root,
											  joinrel,
											  jointype,
											  outerpath,
											  bestinnerjoin,
											  restrictlist,
											  merge_pathkeys));
		}

		/* Look for useful mergeclauses (if any) */
		mergeclauses = find_mergeclauses_for_pathkeys(root,
													  outerpath->pathkeys,
													  mergeclause_list);

		/* Done with this outer path if no chance for a mergejoin */
		if (mergeclauses == NIL)
			continue;
		if (useallclauses && length(mergeclauses) != length(mergeclause_list))
			continue;

		/* Compute the required ordering of the inner path */
		innersortkeys = make_pathkeys_for_mergeclauses(root,
													   mergeclauses,
													   innerrel);

		/*
		 * Generate a mergejoin on the basis of sorting the cheapest
		 * inner. Since a sort will be needed, only cheapest total cost
		 * matters.  (But create_mergejoin_path will do the right thing if
		 * innerrel->cheapest_total_path is already correctly sorted.)
		 */
		add_path(joinrel, (Path *)
				 create_mergejoin_path(root,
									   joinrel,
									   jointype,
									   outerpath,
									   innerrel->cheapest_total_path,
									   restrictlist,
									   merge_pathkeys,
									   mergeclauses,
									   NIL,
									   innersortkeys));

		/*
		 * Look for presorted inner paths that satisfy the innersortkey
		 * list --- or any truncation thereof, if we are allowed to build
		 * a mergejoin using a subset of the merge clauses.  Here, we
		 * consider both cheap startup cost and cheap total cost.  Ignore
		 * innerrel->cheapest_total_path, since we already made a path
		 * with it.
		 */
		num_sortkeys = length(innersortkeys);
		if (num_sortkeys > 1 && !useallclauses)
			trialsortkeys = listCopy(innersortkeys);	/* need modifiable copy */
		else
			trialsortkeys = innersortkeys;		/* won't really truncate */
		cheapest_startup_inner = NULL;
		cheapest_total_inner = NULL;

		for (sortkeycnt = num_sortkeys; sortkeycnt > 0; sortkeycnt--)
		{
			Path	   *innerpath;
			List	   *newclauses = NIL;

			/*
			 * Look for an inner path ordered well enough for the first
			 * 'sortkeycnt' innersortkeys.	NB: trialsortkeys list is
			 * modified destructively, which is why we made a copy...
			 */
			trialsortkeys = ltruncate(sortkeycnt, trialsortkeys);
			innerpath = get_cheapest_path_for_pathkeys(innerrel->pathlist,
													   trialsortkeys,
													   TOTAL_COST);
			if (innerpath != NULL &&
				innerpath != innerrel->cheapest_total_path &&
				(cheapest_total_inner == NULL ||
				 compare_path_costs(innerpath, cheapest_total_inner,
									TOTAL_COST) < 0))
			{
				/* Found a cheap (or even-cheaper) sorted path */
				/* Select the right mergeclauses, if we didn't already */
				if (sortkeycnt < num_sortkeys)
				{
					newclauses =
						find_mergeclauses_for_pathkeys(root,
													   trialsortkeys,
													   mergeclauses);
					Assert(newclauses != NIL);
				}
				else
					newclauses = mergeclauses;
				add_path(joinrel, (Path *)
						 create_mergejoin_path(root,
											   joinrel,
											   jointype,
											   outerpath,
											   innerpath,
											   restrictlist,
											   merge_pathkeys,
											   newclauses,
											   NIL,
											   NIL));
				cheapest_total_inner = innerpath;
			}
			/* Same on the basis of cheapest startup cost ... */
			innerpath = get_cheapest_path_for_pathkeys(innerrel->pathlist,
													   trialsortkeys,
													   STARTUP_COST);
			if (innerpath != NULL &&
				innerpath != innerrel->cheapest_total_path &&
				(cheapest_startup_inner == NULL ||
				 compare_path_costs(innerpath, cheapest_startup_inner,
									STARTUP_COST) < 0))
			{
				/* Found a cheap (or even-cheaper) sorted path */
				if (innerpath != cheapest_total_inner)
				{
					/*
					 * Avoid rebuilding clause list if we already made
					 * one; saves memory in big join trees...
					 */
					if (newclauses == NIL)
					{
						if (sortkeycnt < num_sortkeys)
						{
							newclauses =
								find_mergeclauses_for_pathkeys(root,
														   trialsortkeys,
														   mergeclauses);
							Assert(newclauses != NIL);
						}
						else
							newclauses = mergeclauses;
					}
					add_path(joinrel, (Path *)
							 create_mergejoin_path(root,
												   joinrel,
												   jointype,
												   outerpath,
												   innerpath,
												   restrictlist,
												   merge_pathkeys,
												   newclauses,
												   NIL,
												   NIL));
				}
				cheapest_startup_inner = innerpath;
			}

			/*
			 * Don't consider truncated sortkeys if we need all clauses.
			 */
			if (useallclauses)
				break;
		}
	}
}

#ifdef NOT_USED

/*
 * match_unsorted_inner
 *	  Generate mergejoin paths that use an explicit sort of the outer path
 *	  with an already-ordered inner path.
 *
 * 'joinrel' is the join result relation
 * 'outerrel' is the outer join relation
 * 'innerrel' is the inner join relation
 * 'restrictlist' contains all of the RestrictInfo nodes for restriction
 *		clauses that apply to this join
 * 'mergeclause_list' is a list of RestrictInfo nodes for available
 *		mergejoin clauses in this join
 * 'jointype' is the type of join to do
 */
static void
match_unsorted_inner(Query *root,
					 RelOptInfo *joinrel,
					 RelOptInfo *outerrel,
					 RelOptInfo *innerrel,
					 List *restrictlist,
					 List *mergeclause_list,
					 JoinType jointype)
{
	bool		useallclauses;
	List	   *i;

	switch (jointype)
	{
		case JOIN_INNER:
		case JOIN_LEFT:
			useallclauses = false;
			break;
		case JOIN_RIGHT:
		case JOIN_FULL:
			useallclauses = true;
			break;
		default:
			elog(ERROR, "match_unsorted_inner: unexpected join type %d",
				 (int) jointype);
			useallclauses = false;		/* keep compiler quiet */
			break;
	}

	foreach(i, innerrel->pathlist)
	{
		Path	   *innerpath = (Path *) lfirst(i);
		List	   *mergeclauses;
		List	   *outersortkeys;
		List	   *merge_pathkeys;
		Path	   *totalouterpath;
		Path	   *startupouterpath;

		/* Look for useful mergeclauses (if any) */
		mergeclauses = find_mergeclauses_for_pathkeys(root,
													  innerpath->pathkeys,
													  mergeclause_list);

		/* Done with this inner path if no chance for a mergejoin */
		if (mergeclauses == NIL)
			continue;
		if (useallclauses && length(mergeclauses) != length(mergeclause_list))
			continue;

		/* Compute the required ordering of the outer path */
		outersortkeys = make_pathkeys_for_mergeclauses(root,
													   mergeclauses,
													   outerrel);

		/*
		 * Generate a mergejoin on the basis of sorting the cheapest
		 * outer. Since a sort will be needed, only cheapest total cost
		 * matters.
		 */
		merge_pathkeys = build_join_pathkeys(root, joinrel, outersortkeys);
		add_path(joinrel, (Path *)
				 create_mergejoin_path(root,
									   joinrel,
									   jointype,
									   outerrel->cheapest_total_path,
									   innerpath,
									   restrictlist,
									   merge_pathkeys,
									   mergeclauses,
									   outersortkeys,
									   NIL));

		/*
		 * Now generate mergejoins based on already-sufficiently-ordered
		 * outer paths.  There's likely to be some redundancy here with
		 * paths already generated by merge_unsorted_outer ... but since
		 * merge_unsorted_outer doesn't consider all permutations of the
		 * mergeclause list, it may fail to notice that this particular
		 * innerpath could have been used with this outerpath.
		 */
		totalouterpath = get_cheapest_path_for_pathkeys(outerrel->pathlist,
														outersortkeys,
														TOTAL_COST);
		if (totalouterpath == NULL)
			continue;			/* there won't be a startup-cost path
								 * either */

		merge_pathkeys = build_join_pathkeys(root, joinrel,
											 totalouterpath->pathkeys);
		add_path(joinrel, (Path *)
				 create_mergejoin_path(root,
									   joinrel,
									   jointype,
									   totalouterpath,
									   innerpath,
									   restrictlist,
									   merge_pathkeys,
									   mergeclauses,
									   NIL,
									   NIL));

		startupouterpath = get_cheapest_path_for_pathkeys(outerrel->pathlist,
														  outersortkeys,
														  STARTUP_COST);
		if (startupouterpath != NULL && startupouterpath != totalouterpath)
		{
			merge_pathkeys = build_join_pathkeys(root, joinrel,
											 startupouterpath->pathkeys);
			add_path(joinrel, (Path *)
					 create_mergejoin_path(root,
										   joinrel,
										   jointype,
										   startupouterpath,
										   innerpath,
										   restrictlist,
										   merge_pathkeys,
										   mergeclauses,
										   NIL,
										   NIL));
		}
	}
}
#endif

/*
 * hash_inner_and_outer
 *	  Create hashjoin join paths by explicitly hashing both the outer and
 *	  inner join relations of each available hash clause.
 *
 * 'joinrel' is the join relation
 * 'outerrel' is the outer join relation
 * 'innerrel' is the inner join relation
 * 'restrictlist' contains all of the RestrictInfo nodes for restriction
 *		clauses that apply to this join
 * 'jointype' is the type of join to do
 */
static void
hash_inner_and_outer(Query *root,
					 RelOptInfo *joinrel,
					 RelOptInfo *outerrel,
					 RelOptInfo *innerrel,
					 List *restrictlist,
					 JoinType jointype)
{
	Relids		outerrelids = outerrel->relids;
	Relids		innerrelids = innerrel->relids;
	bool		isouterjoin;
	List	   *i;

	/*
	 * Hashjoin only supports inner and left joins.
	 */
	switch (jointype)
	{
		case JOIN_INNER:
			isouterjoin = false;
			break;
		case JOIN_LEFT:
			isouterjoin = true;
			break;
		default:
			return;
	}

	/*
	 * Scan the join's restrictinfo list to find hashjoinable clauses that
	 * are usable with this pair of sub-relations.	Since we currently
	 * accept only var-op-var clauses as hashjoinable, we need only check
	 * the membership of the vars to determine whether a particular clause
	 * can be used with this pair of sub-relations.  This code would need
	 * to be upgraded if we wanted to allow more-complex expressions in
	 * hash joins.
	 */
	foreach(i, restrictlist)
	{
		RestrictInfo *restrictinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(i);
		Var		   *left,
				   *right;
		List	   *hashclauses;

		if (restrictinfo->hashjoinoperator == InvalidOid)
			continue;			/* not hashjoinable */

		/*
		 * If processing an outer join, only use its own join clauses for
		 * hashing.  For inner joins we need not be so picky.
		 */
		if (isouterjoin && restrictinfo->ispusheddown)
			continue;

		/* these must be OK, since check_hashjoinable accepted the clause */
		left = get_leftop(restrictinfo->clause);
		right = get_rightop(restrictinfo->clause);

		/*
		 * Check if clause is usable with these input rels.
		 */
		if (intMember(left->varno, outerrelids) &&
			intMember(right->varno, innerrelids))
		{
			/* righthand side is inner */
		}
		else if (intMember(left->varno, innerrelids) &&
				 intMember(right->varno, outerrelids))
		{
			/* lefthand side is inner */
		}
		else
			continue;			/* no good for these input relations */

		/* always a one-element list of hash clauses */
		hashclauses = makeList1(restrictinfo);

		/*
		 * We consider both the cheapest-total-cost and
		 * cheapest-startup-cost outer paths.  There's no need to consider
		 * any but the cheapest-total-cost inner path, however.
		 */
		add_path(joinrel, (Path *)
				 create_hashjoin_path(root,
									  joinrel,
									  jointype,
									  outerrel->cheapest_total_path,
									  innerrel->cheapest_total_path,
									  restrictlist,
									  hashclauses));
		if (outerrel->cheapest_startup_path != outerrel->cheapest_total_path)
			add_path(joinrel, (Path *)
					 create_hashjoin_path(root,
										  joinrel,
										  jointype,
										  outerrel->cheapest_startup_path,
										  innerrel->cheapest_total_path,
										  restrictlist,
										  hashclauses));
	}
}

/*
 * best_innerjoin
 *	  Find the cheapest index path that has already been identified by
 *	  indexable_joinclauses() as being a possible inner path for the given
 *	  outer relation(s) in a nestloop join.
 *
 * We compare indexpaths on total_cost only, assuming that they will all have
 * zero or negligible startup_cost.  We might have to think harder someday...
 *
 * 'join_paths' is a list of potential inner indexscan join paths
 * 'outer_relids' is the relid list of the outer join relation
 *
 * Returns the pathnode of the best path, or NULL if there's no
 * usable path.
 */
static Path *
best_innerjoin(List *join_paths, Relids outer_relids, JoinType jointype)
{
	Path	   *cheapest = (Path *) NULL;
	bool		isouterjoin;
	List	   *join_path;

	/*
	 * Nestloop only supports inner and left joins.
	 */
	switch (jointype)
	{
		case JOIN_INNER:
			isouterjoin = false;
			break;
		case JOIN_LEFT:
			isouterjoin = true;
			break;
		default:
			return NULL;
	}

	foreach(join_path, join_paths)
	{
		IndexPath  *path = (IndexPath *) lfirst(join_path);

		Assert(IsA(path, IndexPath));

		/*
		 * If processing an outer join, only use explicit join clauses in
		 * the inner indexscan.  For inner joins we need not be so picky.
		 */
		if (isouterjoin && !path->alljoinquals)
			continue;

		/*
		 * path->joinrelids is the set of base rels that must be part of
		 * outer_relids in order to use this inner path, because those
		 * rels are used in the index join quals of this inner path.
		 */
		if (is_subseti(path->joinrelids, outer_relids) &&
			(cheapest == NULL ||
			 compare_path_costs((Path *) path, cheapest, TOTAL_COST) < 0))
			cheapest = (Path *) path;
	}
	return cheapest;
}

/*
 * select_mergejoin_clauses
 *	  Select mergejoin clauses that are usable for a particular join.
 *	  Returns a list of RestrictInfo nodes for those clauses.
 *
 * We examine each restrictinfo clause known for the join to see
 * if it is mergejoinable and involves vars from the two sub-relations
 * currently of interest.
 *
 * Since we currently allow only plain Vars as the left and right sides
 * of mergejoin clauses, this test is relatively simple.  This routine
 * would need to be upgraded to support more-complex expressions
 * as sides of mergejoins.	In theory, we could allow arbitrarily complex
 * expressions in mergejoins, so long as one side uses only vars from one
 * sub-relation and the other side uses only vars from the other.
 */
static List *
select_mergejoin_clauses(RelOptInfo *joinrel,
						 RelOptInfo *outerrel,
						 RelOptInfo *innerrel,
						 List *restrictlist,
						 JoinType jointype)
{
	List	   *result_list = NIL;
	Relids		outerrelids = outerrel->relids;
	Relids		innerrelids = innerrel->relids;
	bool		isouterjoin = IS_OUTER_JOIN(jointype);
	List	   *i;

	foreach(i, restrictlist)
	{
		RestrictInfo *restrictinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(i);
		Expr	   *clause;
		Var		   *left,
				   *right;

		/*
		 * If processing an outer join, only use its own join clauses in
		 * the merge.  For inner joins we need not be so picky.
		 *
		 * Furthermore, if it is a right/full join then *all* the explicit
		 * join clauses must be mergejoinable, else the executor will
		 * fail. If we are asked for a right join then just return NIL to
		 * indicate no mergejoin is possible (we can handle it as a left
		 * join instead). If we are asked for a full join then emit an
		 * error, because there is no fallback.
		 */
		if (isouterjoin)
		{
			if (restrictinfo->ispusheddown)
				continue;
			switch (jointype)
			{
				case JOIN_RIGHT:
					if (restrictinfo->mergejoinoperator == InvalidOid)
						return NIL;		/* not mergejoinable */
					break;
				case JOIN_FULL:
					if (restrictinfo->mergejoinoperator == InvalidOid)
						elog(ERROR, "FULL JOIN is only supported with mergejoinable join conditions");
					break;
				default:
					/* otherwise, it's OK to have nonmergeable join quals */
					break;
			}
		}

		if (restrictinfo->mergejoinoperator == InvalidOid)
			continue;			/* not mergejoinable */

		clause = restrictinfo->clause;
		/* these must be OK, since check_mergejoinable accepted the clause */
		left = get_leftop(clause);
		right = get_rightop(clause);

		if ((intMember(left->varno, outerrelids) &&
			 intMember(right->varno, innerrelids)) ||
			(intMember(left->varno, innerrelids) &&
			 intMember(right->varno, outerrelids)))
			result_list = lcons(restrictinfo, result_list);
	}

	return result_list;
}