path: root/oslo_policy/policy.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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# Copyright (c) 2012 OpenStack Foundation.
# All Rights Reserved.
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#    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
#    not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
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#         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
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"""
Common Policy Engine Implementation

Policies are expressed as a target and an associated rule::

    "<target>": "<rule>"

The `target` is specific to the service that is conducting policy
enforcement.  Typically, the target refers to an API call.

A rule is made up of zero or more checks, where zero checks will always
allow the action that is being enforced.  A number of different check
types are supported, which can be divided into generic checks and
special checks.

Generic Checks
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A :class:`generic check <oslo_policy.policy.GenericCheck>` is used
to perform matching against attributes that are sent along with the API
calls.  These attributes can be used by the policy engine (on the right
side of the expression), by using the following syntax::

    <some_attribute>:%(user.id)s

The value on the right-hand side is either a string or resolves to a
string using regular Python string substitution.  The available attributes
and values are dependent on the program that is using the common policy
engine.

All of these attributes (related to users, API calls, and context) can be
checked against each other or against constants.  It is important to note
that these attributes are specific to the service that is conducting
policy enforcement.

Generic checks can be used to perform policy checks on the following user
attributes obtained through a token:

    - user_id
    - domain_id or project_id (depending on the token scope)
    - list of roles held for the given token scope

For example, a check on the user_id would be defined as::

    user_id:<some_value>

Together with the previously shown example, a complete generic check
would be::

    user_id:%(user.id)s

It is also possible to perform checks against other attributes that
represent the credentials.  This is done by adding additional values to
the ``creds`` dict that is passed to the
:meth:`~oslo_policy.policy.Enforcer.enforce` method.

Special Checks
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Special checks allow for more flexibility than is possible using generic
checks.  The built-in special check types are ``role``, ``rule``, and ``http``
checks.

Role Check
^^^^^^^^^^

A :class:`role check <oslo_policy.policy.RoleCheck>` is used to
check if a specific role is present in the supplied credentials.  A role
check is expressed as::

    "role:<role_name>"

Rule Check
^^^^^^^^^^

A :class:`rule check <oslo_policy.policy.RuleCheck>` is used to
reference another defined rule by its name.  This allows for common
checks to be defined once as a reusable rule, which is then referenced
within other rules.  It also allows one to define a set of checks as a
more descriptive name to aid in readabilty of policy.  A rule check is
expressed as::

    "rule:<rule_name>"

The following example shows a role check that is defined as a rule,
which is then used via a rule check::

    "admin_required": "role:admin"
    "<target>": "rule:admin_required"

HTTP Check
^^^^^^^^^^

An :class:`http check <oslo_policy.policy.HttpCheck>` is used to
make an HTTP request to a remote server to determine the results of the
check.  The target and credentials are passed to the remote server for
evaluation.  The action is authorized if the remote server returns a
response of ``True``. An http check is expressed as::

    "http:<target URI>"

It is expected that the target URI contains a string formatting keyword,
where the keyword is a key from the target dictionary.  An example of an
http check where the `name` key from the target is used to construct the
URL is would be defined as::

    "http://server.test/%(name)s"

Registering New Special Checks
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

It is also possible for additional special check types to be registered
using the :func:`~oslo_policy.policy.register` function.

Policy Rule Expressions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Policy rules can be expressed in one of two forms: A list of lists, or a
string written in the new policy language.

In the list-of-lists representation, each check inside the innermost
list is combined as with an "and" conjunction--for that check to pass,
all the specified checks must pass.  These innermost lists are then
combined as with an "or" conjunction. As an example, take the following
rule, expressed in the list-of-lists representation::

    [["role:admin"], ["project_id:%(project_id)s", "role:projectadmin"]]

This is the original way of expressing policies, but there now exists a
new way: the policy language.

In the policy language, each check is specified the same way as in the
list-of-lists representation: a simple "a:b" pair that is matched to
the correct class to perform that check:

 +--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
 |            TYPE                |                SYNTAX                    |
 +================================+==========================================+
 |User's Role                     |              role:admin                  |
 +--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
 |Rules already defined on policy |          rule:admin_required             |
 +--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
 |Against URLs¹                   |         http://my-url.org/check          |
 +--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
 |User attributes²                |    project_id:%(target.project.id)s      |
 +--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
 |Strings                         |        - <variable>:'xpto2035abc'        |
 |                                |        - 'myproject':<variable>          |
 +--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
 |                                |         - project_id:xpto2035abc         |
 |Literals                        |         - domain_id:20                   |
 |                                |         - True:%(user.enabled)s          |
 +--------------------------------+------------------------------------------+

¹URL checking must return ``True`` to be valid

²User attributes (obtained through the token): user_id, domain_id or project_id

Conjunction operators are available, allowing for more expressiveness
in crafting policies. So, in the policy language, the previous check in
list-of-lists becomes::

    role:admin or (project_id:%(project_id)s and role:projectadmin)

The policy language also has the ``not`` operator, allowing a richer
policy rule::

    project_id:%(project_id)s and not role:dunce

Finally, two special policy checks should be mentioned; the policy
check "@" will always accept an access, and the policy check "!" will
always reject an access.  (Note that if a rule is either the empty
list ("[]") or the empty string, this is equivalent to the "@" policy
check.)  Of these, the "!" policy check is probably the most useful,
as it allows particular rules to be explicitly disabled.

Default Rule
~~~~~~~~~~~~

A default rule can be defined, which will be enforced when a rule does
not exist for the target that is being checked.  By default, the rule
associated with the rule name of ``default`` will be used as the default
rule.  It is possible to use a different rule name as the default rule
by setting the ``policy_default_rule`` configuration setting to the
desired rule name.
"""

import logging
import os

from oslo_config import cfg
from oslo_serialization import jsonutils
import six

from oslo_policy import _checks
from oslo_policy._i18n import _
from oslo_policy import _parser
from oslo_policy.openstack.common import fileutils
from oslo_policy import opts


LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)


register = _checks.register
Check = _checks.Check


class PolicyNotAuthorized(Exception):
    """Default exception raised for policy enforcement failure."""

    def __init__(self, rule, target, creds):
        msg = (_('%(rule)s on %(target)s by %(creds)s disallowed by policy') %
               {'rule': rule, 'target': target, 'creds': creds})
        super(PolicyNotAuthorized, self).__init__(msg)


class Rules(dict):
    """A store for rules. Handles the default_rule setting directly."""

    @classmethod
    def load_json(cls, data, default_rule=None):
        """Allow loading of JSON rule data."""

        # Suck in the JSON data and parse the rules
        rules = dict((k, _parser.parse_rule(v)) for k, v in
                     jsonutils.loads(data).items())

        return cls(rules, default_rule)

    @classmethod
    def from_dict(cls, rules_dict, default_rule=None):
        """Allow loading of rule data from a dictionary."""

        # Parse the rules stored in the dictionary
        rules = dict((k, _parser.parse_rule(v)) for k, v in rules_dict.items())

        return cls(rules, default_rule)

    def __init__(self, rules=None, default_rule=None):
        """Initialize the Rules store."""

        super(Rules, self).__init__(rules or {})
        self.default_rule = default_rule

    def __missing__(self, key):
        """Implements the default rule handling."""

        if isinstance(self.default_rule, dict):
            raise KeyError(key)

        # If the default rule isn't actually defined, do something
        # reasonably intelligent
        if not self.default_rule:
            raise KeyError(key)

        if isinstance(self.default_rule, _checks.BaseCheck):
            return self.default_rule

        # We need to check this or we can get infinite recursion
        if self.default_rule not in self:
            raise KeyError(key)

        elif isinstance(self.default_rule, six.string_types):
            return self[self.default_rule]

    def __str__(self):
        """Dumps a string representation of the rules."""

        # Start by building the canonical strings for the rules
        out_rules = {}
        for key, value in self.items():
            # Use empty string for singleton TrueCheck instances
            if isinstance(value, _checks.TrueCheck):
                out_rules[key] = ''
            else:
                out_rules[key] = str(value)

        # Dump a pretty-printed JSON representation
        return jsonutils.dumps(out_rules, indent=4)


class Enforcer(object):
    """Responsible for loading and enforcing rules.

    :param conf: A configuration object.
    :param policy_file: Custom policy file to use, if none is
                        specified, ``conf.policy_file`` will be
                        used.
    :param rules: Default dictionary / Rules to use. It will be
                  considered just in the first instantiation. If
                  :meth:`load_rules` with ``force_reload=True``,
                  :meth:`clear` or :meth:`set_rules` with ``overwrite=True``
                  is called this will be overwritten.
    :param default_rule: Default rule to use, conf.default_rule will
                         be used if none is specified.
    :param use_conf: Whether to load rules from cache or config file.
    :param overwrite: Whether to overwrite existing rules when reload rules
                      from config file.
    """

    def __init__(self, conf, policy_file=None, rules=None,
                 default_rule=None, use_conf=True, overwrite=True):
        self.conf = conf
        opts._register(conf)

        self.default_rule = (default_rule or
                             self.conf.oslo_policy.policy_default_rule)
        self.rules = Rules(rules, self.default_rule)

        self.policy_path = None

        self.policy_file = policy_file or self.conf.oslo_policy.policy_file
        self.use_conf = use_conf
        self.overwrite = overwrite
        self._loaded_files = []
        self._policy_dir_mtimes = {}

    def set_rules(self, rules, overwrite=True, use_conf=False):
        """Create a new :class:`Rules` based on the provided dict of rules.

        :param dict rules: New rules to use.
        :param overwrite: Whether to overwrite current rules or update them
                          with the new rules.
        :param use_conf: Whether to reload rules from cache or config file.
        """

        if not isinstance(rules, dict):
            raise TypeError(_('Rules must be an instance of dict or Rules, '
                            'got %s instead') % type(rules))
        self.use_conf = use_conf
        if overwrite:
            self.rules = Rules(rules, self.default_rule)
        else:
            self.rules.update(rules)

    def clear(self):
        """Clears :class:`Enforcer` rules, policy's cache and policy's path."""
        self.set_rules({})
        fileutils.delete_cached_file(self.policy_path)
        self.default_rule = None
        self.policy_path = None
        self._loaded_files = []
        self._policy_dir_mtimes = {}

    def load_rules(self, force_reload=False):
        """Loads policy_path's rules.

        Policy file is cached and will be reloaded if modified.

        :param force_reload: Whether to reload rules from config file.
        """

        if force_reload:
            self.use_conf = force_reload

        if self.use_conf:
            if not self.policy_path:
                self.policy_path = self._get_policy_path(self.policy_file)

            self._load_policy_file(self.policy_path, force_reload,
                                   overwrite=self.overwrite)
            for path in self.conf.oslo_policy.policy_dirs:
                try:
                    path = self._get_policy_path(path)
                except cfg.ConfigFilesNotFoundError:
                    continue
                if (force_reload or self._is_directory_updated(
                        self._policy_dir_mtimes, path)):
                    self._walk_through_policy_directory(path,
                                                        self._load_policy_file,
                                                        force_reload, False)

    @staticmethod
    def _is_directory_updated(cache, path):
        # Get the current modified time and compare it to what is in
        # the cache and check if the new mtime is greater than what
        # is in the cache
        mtime = 0
        if os.path.exists(path):
            # Make a list of all the files
            files = [path] + [os.path.join(path, file) for file in
                              os.listdir(path)]
            # Pick the newest one, let's use its time.
            mtime = os.path.getmtime(max(files, key=os.path.getmtime))
        cache_info = cache.setdefault(path, {})
        if mtime > cache_info.get('mtime', 0):
            cache_info['mtime'] = mtime
            return True
        return False

    @staticmethod
    def _walk_through_policy_directory(path, func, *args):
        # We do not iterate over sub-directories.
        policy_files = next(os.walk(path))[2]
        policy_files.sort()
        for policy_file in [p for p in policy_files if not p.startswith('.')]:
            func(os.path.join(path, policy_file), *args)

    def _load_policy_file(self, path, force_reload, overwrite=True):
            reloaded, data = fileutils.read_cached_file(
                path, force_reload=force_reload)
            if reloaded or not self.rules or not overwrite:
                rules = Rules.load_json(data, self.default_rule)
                self.set_rules(rules, overwrite=overwrite, use_conf=True)
                self._loaded_files.append(path)
                LOG.debug('Reloaded policy file: %(path)s',
                          {'path': path})

    def _get_policy_path(self, path):
        """Locate the policy JSON data file/path.

        :param path: It's value can be a full path or related path. When
                     full path specified, this function just returns the full
                     path. When related path specified, this function will
                     search configuration directories to find one that exists.

        :returns: The policy path

        :raises: ConfigFilesNotFoundError if the file/path couldn't
                 be located.
        """
        policy_path = self.conf.find_file(path)

        if policy_path:
            return policy_path

        raise cfg.ConfigFilesNotFoundError((path,))

    def enforce(self, rule, target, creds, do_raise=False,
                exc=None, *args, **kwargs):
        """Checks authorization of a rule against the target and credentials.

        :param rule: The rule to evaluate.
        :type rule: string or :class:`BaseCheck`
        :param dict target: As much information about the object being operated
                            on as possible.
        :param dict creds: As much information about the user performing the
                           action as possible.
        :param do_raise: Whether to raise an exception or not if check
                        fails.
        :param exc: Class of the exception to raise if the check fails.
                    Any remaining arguments passed to :meth:`enforce` (both
                    positional and keyword arguments) will be passed to
                    the exception class. If not specified,
                    :class:`PolicyNotAuthorized` will be used.

        :return: ``False`` if the policy does not allow the action and `exc` is
                 not provided; otherwise, returns a value that evaluates to
                 ``True``.  Note: for rules using the "case" expression, this
                 ``True`` value will be the specified string from the
                 expression.
        """

        self.load_rules()

        # Allow the rule to be a Check tree
        if isinstance(rule, _checks.BaseCheck):
            result = rule(target, creds, self)
        elif not self.rules:
            # No rules to reference means we're going to fail closed
            result = False
        else:
            try:
                # Evaluate the rule
                result = self.rules[rule](target, creds, self)
            except KeyError:
                LOG.debug('Rule [%s] does not exist' % rule)
                # If the rule doesn't exist, fail closed
                result = False

        # If it is False, raise the exception if requested
        if do_raise and not result:
            if exc:
                raise exc(*args, **kwargs)

            raise PolicyNotAuthorized(rule, target, creds)

        return result