vm: refactor SourceTextModule

- Removes redundant `instantiate` method
- Refactors `link` to match the spec linking steps more accurately
- Removes URL validation from SourceTextModule specifiers
- DRYs some dynamic import logic

Closes: https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/29030

Co-Authored-By: Michaël Zasso <targos@protonmail.com>

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/29776
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Michaël Zasso <targos@protonmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Minwoo Jung <minwoo@nodesource.com>

2 files changed, 32 insertions, 81 deletions

diff --git a/doc/api/errors.md b/doc/api/errors.md
index 34412648b3..4e76673723 100644
--- a/doc/api/errors.md
+++ b/doc/api/errors.md
@@ -1984,11 +1984,6 @@ than the parent module. Linked modules must share the same context.
 
 The linker function returned a module for which linking has failed.
 
-<a id="ERR_VM_MODULE_NOT_LINKED"></a>
-### ERR_VM_MODULE_NOT_LINKED
-
-The module must be successfully linked before instantiation.
-
 <a id="ERR_VM_MODULE_NOT_MODULE"></a>
 ### ERR_VM_MODULE_NOT_MODULE
 
@@ -2275,6 +2270,11 @@ removed: v10.0.0
 
 Used when a given value is out of the accepted range.
 
+<a id="ERR_VM_MODULE_NOT_LINKED"></a>
+### ERR_VM_MODULE_NOT_LINKED
+
+The module must be successfully linked before instantiation.
+
 <a id="ERR_ZLIB_BINDING_CLOSED"></a>
 ### ERR_ZLIB_BINDING_CLOSED
 <!-- YAML
diff --git a/doc/api/vm.md b/doc/api/vm.md
index 18ebd10a63..601b8c3052 100644
--- a/doc/api/vm.md
+++ b/doc/api/vm.md
@@ -322,9 +322,9 @@ intrinsically asynchronous, in contrast with the synchronous nature of
 `vm.Script` objects. With the help of async functions, however, manipulating
 `vm.SourceTextModule` objects is fairly straightforward.
 
-Using a `vm.SourceTextModule` object requires four distinct steps:
-creation/parsing, linking, instantiation, and evaluation. These four steps are
-illustrated in the following example.
+Using a `vm.SourceTextModule` object requires three distinct steps:
+creation/parsing, linking, and evaluation. These three steps are illustrated in
+the following example.
 
 This implementation lies at a lower level than the [ECMAScript Module
 loader][]. There is also currently no way to interact with the Loader, though
@@ -391,15 +391,6 @@ const contextifiedSandbox = vm.createContext({ secret: 42 });
 
   // Step 3
   //
-  // Instantiate the top-level Module.
-  //
-  // Only the top-level Module needs to be explicitly instantiated; its
-  // dependencies will be recursively instantiated by instantiate().
-
-  bar.instantiate();
-
-  // Step 4
-  //
   // Evaluate the Module. The evaluate() method returns a Promise with a single
   // property "result" that contains the result of the very last statement
   // executed in the Module. In the case of `bar`, it is `s;`, which refers to
@@ -417,8 +408,9 @@ const contextifiedSandbox = vm.createContext({ secret: 42 });
 
 * `code` {string} JavaScript Module code to parse
 * `options`
-  * `url` {string} URL used in module resolution and stack traces. **Default:**
-    `'vm:module(i)'` where `i` is a context-specific ascending index.
+  * `identifier` {string} String used in stack traces.
+    **Default:** `'vm:module(i)'` where `i` is a context-specific ascending
+    index.
   * `context` {Object} The [contextified][] object as returned by the
     `vm.createContext()` method, to compile and evaluate this `Module` in.
   * `lineOffset` {integer} Specifies the line number offset that is displayed
@@ -465,7 +457,6 @@ const contextifiedSandbox = vm.createContext({ secret: 42 });
     });
   // Since module has no dependencies, the linker function will never be called.
   await module.link(() => {});
-  module.instantiate();
   await module.evaluate();
 
   // Now, Object.prototype.secret will be equal to 42.
@@ -516,7 +507,7 @@ in the ECMAScript specification.
 
 Evaluate the module.
 
-This must be called after the module has been instantiated; otherwise it will
+This must be called after the module has been linked; otherwise it will
 throw an error. It could be called also when the module has already been
 evaluated, in which case it will do one of the following two things:
 
@@ -531,23 +522,6 @@ This method cannot be called while the module is being evaluated
 Corresponds to the [Evaluate() concrete method][] field of [Source Text Module
 Record][]s in the ECMAScript specification.
 
-### module.instantiate()
-
-Instantiate the module. This must be called after linking has completed
-(`linkingStatus` is `'linked'`); otherwise it will throw an error. It may also
-throw an exception if one of the dependencies does not provide an export the
-parent module requires.
-
-However, if this function succeeded, further calls to this function after the
-initial instantiation will be no-ops, to be consistent with the ECMAScript
-specification.
-
-Unlike other methods operating on `Module`, this function completes
-synchronously and returns nothing.
-
-Corresponds to the [Instantiate() concrete method][] field of [Source Text
-Module Record][]s in the ECMAScript specification.
-
 ### module.link(linker)
 
 * `linker` {Function}
@@ -563,7 +537,7 @@ Module Record][]s in the ECMAScript specification.
   * Returns: {vm.SourceTextModule|Promise}
 * Returns: {Promise}
 
-Link module dependencies. This method must be called before instantiation, and
+Link module dependencies. This method must be called before evaluation, and
 can only be called once per module.
 
 The function is expected to return a `Module` object or a `Promise` that
@@ -571,9 +545,9 @@ eventually resolves to a `Module` object. The returned `Module` must satisfy the
 following two invariants:
 
 * It must belong to the same context as the parent `Module`.
-* Its `linkingStatus` must not be `'errored'`.
+* Its `status` must not be `'errored'`.
 
-If the returned `Module`'s `linkingStatus` is `'unlinked'`, this method will be
+If the returned `Module`'s `status` is `'unlinked'`, this method will be
 recursively called on the returned `Module` with the same provided `linker`
 function.
 
@@ -587,37 +561,22 @@ specification, with a few key differences:
 
 * The linker function is allowed to be asynchronous while
   [HostResolveImportedModule][] is synchronous.
-* The linker function is executed during linking, a Node.js-specific stage
-  before instantiation, while [HostResolveImportedModule][] is called during
-  instantiation.
 
 The actual [HostResolveImportedModule][] implementation used during module
-instantiation is one that returns the modules linked during linking. Since at
+linking is one that returns the modules linked during linking. Since at
 that point all modules would have been fully linked already, the
 [HostResolveImportedModule][] implementation is fully synchronous per
 specification.
 
-### module.linkingStatus
-
-* {string}
-
-The current linking status of `module`. It will be one of the following values:
-
-* `'unlinked'`: `module.link()` has not yet been called.
-* `'linking'`: `module.link()` has been called, but not all Promises returned by
-  the linker function have been resolved yet.
-* `'linked'`: `module.link()` has been called, and all its dependencies have
-  been successfully linked.
-* `'errored'`: `module.link()` has been called, but at least one of its
-  dependencies failed to link, either because the callback returned a `Promise`
-  that is rejected, or because the `Module` the callback returned is invalid.
+Corresponds to the [Link() concrete method][] field of [Source Text Module
+Record][]s in the ECMAScript specification.
 
 ### module.namespace
 
 * {Object}
 
-The namespace object of the module. This is only available after instantiation
-(`module.instantiate()`) has completed.
+The namespace object of the module. This is only available after linking
+(`module.link()`) has completed.
 
 Corresponds to the [GetModuleNamespace][] abstract operation in the ECMAScript
 specification.
@@ -628,21 +587,13 @@ specification.
 
 The current status of the module. Will be one of:
 
-* `'uninstantiated'`: The module is not instantiated. It may because of any of
-  the following reasons:
-
-  * The module was just created.
-  * `module.instantiate()` has been called on this module, but it failed for
-    some reason.
-
-  This status does not convey any information regarding if `module.link()` has
-  been called. See `module.linkingStatus` for that.
+* `'unlinked'`: `module.link()` has not yet been called.
 
-* `'instantiating'`: The module is currently being instantiated through a
-  `module.instantiate()` call on itself or a parent module.
+* `'linking'`: `module.link()` has been called, but not all Promises returned
+  by the linker function have been resolved yet.
 
-* `'instantiated'`: The module has been instantiated successfully, but
-  `module.evaluate()` has not yet been called.
+* `'linked'`: The module has been linked successfully, and all of its
+  dependencies are linked, but `module.evaluate()` has not yet been called.
 
 * `'evaluating'`: The module is being evaluated through a `module.evaluate()` on
   itself or a parent module.
@@ -656,11 +607,11 @@ Other than `'errored'`, this status string corresponds to the specification's
 `'evaluated'` in the specification, but with `[[EvaluationError]]` set to a
 value that is not `undefined`.
 
-### module.url
+### module.identifier
 
 * {string}
 
-The URL of the current module, as set in the constructor.
+The identifier of the current module, as set in the constructor.
 
 ## vm.compileFunction(code[, params[, options]])
 <!-- YAML
@@ -1127,11 +1078,11 @@ queues.
 [`vm.runInContext()`]: #vm_vm_runincontext_code_contextifiedsandbox_options
 [`vm.runInThisContext()`]: #vm_vm_runinthiscontext_code_options
 [ECMAScript Module Loader]: esm.html#esm_ecmascript_modules
-[Evaluate() concrete method]: https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-moduleevaluation
-[GetModuleNamespace]: https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-getmodulenamespace
-[HostResolveImportedModule]: https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-hostresolveimportedmodule
-[Instantiate() concrete method]: https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-moduledeclarationinstantiation
-[Source Text Module Record]: https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-source-text-module-records
+[Evaluate() concrete method]: https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-moduleevaluation
+[GetModuleNamespace]: https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-getmodulenamespace
+[HostResolveImportedModule]: https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-hostresolveimportedmodule
+[Link() concrete method]: https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-moduledeclarationlinking
+[Source Text Module Record]: https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-source-text-module-records
 [V8 Embedder's Guide]: https://v8.dev/docs/embed#contexts
 [contextified]: #vm_what_does_it_mean_to_contextify_an_object
 [global object]: https://es5.github.io/#x15.1