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<H1>curs_util 3x</H1>
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<PRE>
<!-- Manpage converted by man2html 3.0.1 -->
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG> <STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE>
<H2>NAME</H2><PRE>
<STRONG>delay_output</STRONG>, <STRONG>filter</STRONG>, <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>, <STRONG>getwin</STRONG>, <STRONG>key_name</STRONG>, <STRONG>keyname</STRONG>,
<STRONG>nofilter</STRONG>, <STRONG>putwin</STRONG>, <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>, <STRONG>use_env</STRONG>, <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG>, <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG> -
miscellaneous <STRONG>curses</STRONG> utility routines
</PRE>
<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2><PRE>
<STRONG>#include</STRONG> <STRONG><curses.h></STRONG>
<STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*unctrl(chtype</STRONG> <STRONG>c);</STRONG>
<STRONG>wchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*wunctrl(cchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>*c);</STRONG>
<STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*keyname(int</STRONG> <STRONG>c);</STRONG>
<STRONG>char</STRONG> <STRONG>*key_name(wchar_t</STRONG> <STRONG>w);</STRONG>
<STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>filter(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>nofilter(void);</STRONG>
<STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>use_env(bool</STRONG> <STRONG>f);</STRONG>
<STRONG>void</STRONG> <STRONG>use_tioctl(bool</STRONG> <STRONG>f);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>putwin(WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*win,</STRONG> <STRONG>FILE</STRONG> <STRONG>*filep);</STRONG>
<STRONG>WINDOW</STRONG> <STRONG>*getwin(FILE</STRONG> <STRONG>*filep);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>delay_output(int</STRONG> <STRONG>ms);</STRONG>
<STRONG>int</STRONG> <STRONG>flushinp(void);</STRONG>
</PRE>
<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2><PRE>
The <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> routine returns a character string which is a
printable representation of the character <EM>c</EM>, ignoring at-
tributes. Control characters are displayed in the <STRONG>^</STRONG><EM>X</EM> no-
tation. Printing characters are displayed as is. The
corresponding <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG> returns a printable representation
of a wide character.
The <STRONG>keyname</STRONG> routine returns a character string correspond-
ing to the key <EM>c</EM>:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Printable characters are displayed as themselves,
e.g., a one-character string containing the key.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Control characters are displayed in the <STRONG>^</STRONG><EM>X</EM> nota-
tion.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> DEL (character 127) is displayed as <STRONG>^?</STRONG>.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Values above 128 are either meta characters (if the
screen has not been initialized, or if <STRONG>meta</STRONG> has
been called with a TRUE parameter), shown in the
<STRONG>M-</STRONG><EM>X</EM> notation, or are displayed as themselves. In
the latter case, the values may not be printable;
this follows the X/Open specification.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Values above 256 may be the names of the names of
function keys.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Otherwise (if there is no corresponding name) the
function returns null, to denote an error. X/Open
also lists an "UNKNOWN KEY" return value, which
some implementations return rather than null.
The corresponding <STRONG>key_name</STRONG> returns a character string cor-
responding to the wide-character value <EM>w</EM>. The two func-
tions do not return the same set of strings; the latter
returns null where the former would display a meta charac-
ter.
The <STRONG>filter</STRONG> routine, if used, must be called before <STRONG>initscr</STRONG>
or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> are called. The effect is that, during those
calls, <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> is set to 1; the capabilities <STRONG>clear</STRONG>, <STRONG>cup</STRONG>,
<STRONG>cud</STRONG>, <STRONG>cud1</STRONG>, <STRONG>cuu1</STRONG>, <STRONG>cuu</STRONG>, <STRONG>vpa</STRONG> are disabled; and the <STRONG>home</STRONG>
string is set to the value of <STRONG>cr</STRONG>.
The <STRONG>nofilter</STRONG> routine cancels the effect of a preceding
<STRONG>filter</STRONG> call. That allows the caller to initialize a
screen on a different device, using a different value of
<STRONG>$TERM</STRONG>. The limitation arises because the <STRONG>filter</STRONG> routine
modifies the in-memory copy of the terminal information.
The <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> routine, if used, should be called before
<STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> are called (because those compute the
screen size). It modifies the way <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> treats environ-
ment variables when determining the screen size.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Normally ncurses looks first at the terminal database
for the screen size.
If <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> was called with <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG> for parameter, it
stops here unless If <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> was also called with
<STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> for parameter.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Then it asks for the screen size via operating system
calls. If successful, it overrides the values from
the terminal database.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> Finally (unless <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> was called with <STRONG>FALSE</STRONG> parame-
ter), ncurses examines the <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> or <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> environ-
ment variables, using a value in those to override the
results from the operating system or terminal data-
base.
Ncurses also updates the screen size in response to
SIGWINCH, unless overridden by the <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> or <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG>
environment variables,
The <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> routine, if used, should be called before
<STRONG>initscr</STRONG> or <STRONG>newterm</STRONG> are called (because those compute the
screen size). After <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> is called with <STRONG>TRUE</STRONG> as an
argument, ncurses modifies the last step in its computa-
tion of screen size as follows:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> checks if the <STRONG>LINES</STRONG> and <STRONG>COLUMNS</STRONG> environment variables
are set to a number greater than zero.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> for each, ncurses updates the corresponding environ-
ment variable with the value that it has obtained via
operating system call or from the terminal database.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> ncurses re-fetches the value of the environment vari-
ables so that it is still the environment variables
which set the screen size.
The <STRONG>use_env</STRONG> and <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> routines combine as summarized
here:
<EM>use</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>env</EM> <EM>use</EM><STRONG>_</STRONG><EM>tioctl</EM> <EM>Summary</EM>
----------------------------------------------------------------
TRUE FALSE This is the default behavior. ncurses
uses operating system calls unless over-
ridden by $LINES or $COLUMNS environment
variables.
TRUE TRUE ncurses updates $LINES and $COLUMNS
based on operating system calls.
FALSE TRUE ncurses ignores $LINES and $COLUMNS, us-
es operating system calls to obtain
size.
FALSE FALSE ncurses relies on the terminal database
to determine size.
The <STRONG>putwin</STRONG> routine writes all data associated with window
<EM>win</EM> into the file to which <EM>filep</EM> points. This information
can be later retrieved using the <STRONG>getwin</STRONG> function.
The <STRONG>getwin</STRONG> routine reads window related data stored in the
file by <STRONG>putwin</STRONG>. The routine then creates and initializes
a new window using that data. It returns a pointer to the
new window.
The <STRONG>delay_output</STRONG> routine inserts an <EM>ms</EM> millisecond pause
in output. This routine should not be used extensively
because padding characters are used rather than a CPU
pause. If no padding character is specified, this uses
<STRONG>napms</STRONG> to perform the delay.
The <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG> routine throws away any typeahead that has
been typed by the user and has not yet been read by the
program.
</PRE>
<H2>RETURN VALUE</H2><PRE>
Except for <STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>, routines that return an integer re-
turn <STRONG>ERR</STRONG> upon failure and <STRONG>OK</STRONG> (SVr4 specifies only "an in-
teger value other than <STRONG>ERR</STRONG>") upon successful completion.
Routines that return pointers return <STRONG>NULL</STRONG> on error.
X/Open does not define any error conditions. In this im-
plementation
<STRONG>flushinp</STRONG>
returns an error if the terminal was not initial-
ized.
<STRONG>meta</STRONG> returns an error if the terminal was not initial-
ized.
<STRONG>putwin</STRONG>
returns an error if the associated <STRONG>fwrite</STRONG> calls
return an error.
</PRE>
<H2>PORTABILITY</H2><PRE>
The XSI Curses standard, Issue 4 describes these func-
tions. It states that <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> and <STRONG>wunctrl</STRONG> will return a
null pointer if unsuccessful, but does not define any er-
ror conditions. This implementation checks for three cas-
es:
<STRONG>o</STRONG> the parameter is a 7-bit US-ASCII code. This is
the case that X/Open Curses documented.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> the parameter is in the range 128-159, i.e., a C1
control code. If <STRONG>use_legacy_coding</STRONG> has been called
with a <STRONG>2</STRONG> parameter, <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> returns the parameter,
i.e., a one-character string with the parameter as
the first character. Otherwise, it returns "~@",
"~A", etc., analogous to "^@", "^A", C0 controls.
X/Open Curses does not document whether <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> can
be called before initializing curses. This imple-
mentation permits that, and returns the "~@", etc.,
values in that case.
<STRONG>o</STRONG> parameter values outside the 0 to 255 range. <STRONG>unc-</STRONG>
<STRONG>trl</STRONG> returns a null pointer.
The SVr4 documentation describes the action of <STRONG>filter</STRONG> only
in the vaguest terms. The description here is adapted
from the XSI Curses standard (which erroneously fails to
describe the disabling of <STRONG>cuu</STRONG>).
The strings returned by <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG> in this implementation are
determined at compile time, showing C1 controls from the
upper-128 codes with a `~' prefix rather than `^'. Other
implementations have different conventions. For example,
they may show both sets of control characters with `^',
and strip the parameter to 7 bits. Or they may ignore C1
controls and treat all of the upper-128 codes as print-
able. This implementation uses 8 bits but does not modify
the string to reflect locale. The <STRONG>use_legacy_coding</STRONG> func-
tion allows the caller to change the output of <STRONG>unctrl</STRONG>.
Likewise, the <STRONG>meta</STRONG> function allows the caller to change
the output of <STRONG>keyname</STRONG>, i.e., it determines whether to use
the `M-' prefix for "meta" keys (codes in the range 128 to
255). Both <STRONG>use_legacy_coding</STRONG> and <STRONG>meta</STRONG> succeed only after
curses is initialized. X/Open Curses does not document
the treatment of codes 128 to 159. When treating them as
"meta" keys (or if <STRONG>keyname</STRONG> is called before initializing
curses), this implementation returns strings "M-^@",
"M-^A", etc.
The <STRONG>keyname</STRONG> function may return the names of user-defined
string capabilities which are defined in the terminfo en-
try via the <STRONG>-x</STRONG> option of <STRONG>tic</STRONG>. This implementation auto-
matically assigns at run-time keycodes to user-defined
strings which begin with "k". The keycodes start at
KEY_MAX, but are not guaranteed to be the same value for
different runs because user-defined codes are merged from
all terminal descriptions which have been loaded. The
<STRONG>use_extended_names</STRONG> function controls whether this data is
loaded when the terminal description is read by the li-
brary.
The <STRONG>nofilter</STRONG> and <STRONG>use_tioctl</STRONG> routines are specific to
ncurses. They were not supported on Version 7, BSD or
System V implementations. It is recommended that any code
depending on ncurses extensions be conditioned using
NCURSES_VERSION.
</PRE>
<H2>SEE ALSO</H2><PRE>
<STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">legacy_coding(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="ncurses.3x.html">curses(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_initscr.3x.html">curs_initscr(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>curs_ker-</STRONG>
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_kernel.3x.html">nel(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_scr_dump.3x.html">curs_scr_dump(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG><A HREF="curs_variables.3x.html">curs_variables(3x)</A></STRONG>, <STRONG>lega-</STRONG>
<STRONG><A HREF="legacy_coding.3x.html">cy_coding(3x)</A></STRONG>.
<STRONG><A HREF="curs_util.3x.html">curs_util(3x)</A></STRONG>
</PRE>
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