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| author | Bruno Haible <bruno@clisp.org> | 2012-07-01 15:02:09 +0200 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Bruno Haible <bruno@clisp.org> | 2012-07-01 15:40:30 +0200 |
| commit | 95f922bb7ecdc4c198e50c8a1b756bddf8576aa5 (patch) | |
| tree | a3776200e82912ad6fb215e7ca8a99b3cbf2f0a1 | |
| parent | 3641ce506224f63f47648ebd12ae02401ed1a9a6 (diff) | |
| download | gperf-95f922bb7ecdc4c198e50c8a1b756bddf8576aa5.tar.gz | |
Remove distributed built files from version control.
| -rw-r--r-- | ChangeLog | 12 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/.gitignore | 12 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gperf.dvi | bin | 134248 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gperf.html | 2482 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gperf.info | 2096 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gperf.pdf | bin | 243013 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gperf.ps | 6348 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gperf_1.html | 825 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gperf_10.html | 135 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gperf_2.html | 49 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gperf_3.html | 42 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gperf_4.html | 99 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gperf_5.html | 720 | ||||
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| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gperf_7.html | 57 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gperf_8.html | 46 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gperf_9.html | 96 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/gperf_toc.html | 59 |
18 files changed, 24 insertions, 13556 deletions
@@ -1,5 +1,17 @@ 2012-07-01 Bruno Haible <bruno@clisp.org> + Remove distributed built files from version control. + * doc/.gitignore: New file. + * doc/gperf.info: Remove file. + * doc/gperf.dvi: Remove file. + * doc/gperf.ps: Remove file. + * doc/gperf.pdf: Remove file. + * doc/gperf.html: Remove file. + * doc/gperf_toc.html, doc/gperf_[0-9].html, doc/gperf_[0-9][0-9].html: + Remove files. + +2012-07-01 Bruno Haible <bruno@clisp.org> + Allow editor backup files in git checkouts. * .gitignore: New file. diff --git a/doc/.gitignore b/doc/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c84fac8 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +# Files generated by "make", using makeinfo, texi2html, perl +# and therefore distributed (i.e. kept by "make distclean"). +# Same as DISTRIBUTED_BUILT_FILES in Makefile.in. +/gperf.info +/gperf.dvi +/gperf.ps +/gperf.pdf +/gperf.html +/gperf_toc.html +/gperf_[0-9].html +/gperf_[0-9][0-9].html + diff --git a/doc/gperf.dvi b/doc/gperf.dvi Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 46a0696..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf.dvi +++ /dev/null diff --git a/doc/gperf.html b/doc/gperf.html deleted file mode 100644 index bc964f9..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2482 +0,0 @@ -<HTML> -<HEAD> -<!-- This HTML file has been created by texi2html 1.52b - from gperf.texi on 20 December 2009 --> - -<META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> -<TITLE>Perfect Hash Function Generator</TITLE> -</HEAD> -<BODY> -<H1>User's Guide to <CODE>gperf</CODE> 3.1</H1> -<H2>The GNU Perfect Hash Function Generator</H2> -<H2>Edition 3.1, 20 December 2009</H2> -<ADDRESS>Douglas C. Schmidt</ADDRESS> -<ADDRESS>Bruno Haible</ADDRESS> -<P> -<P><HR><P> -<H1>Table of Contents</H1> -<UL> -<LI><A NAME="TOC1" HREF="gperf.html#SEC1">GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC2" HREF="gperf.html#SEC2">Contributors to GNU <CODE>gperf</CODE> Utility</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC3" HREF="gperf.html#SEC3">2 Introduction</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC4" HREF="gperf.html#SEC4">3 Static search structures and GNU <CODE>gperf</CODE></A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC5" HREF="gperf.html#SEC5">4 High-Level Description of GNU <CODE>gperf</CODE></A> -<UL> -<LI><A NAME="TOC6" HREF="gperf.html#SEC6">4.1 Input Format to <CODE>gperf</CODE></A> -<UL> -<LI><A NAME="TOC7" HREF="gperf.html#SEC7">4.1.1 Declarations</A> -<UL> -<LI><A NAME="TOC8" HREF="gperf.html#SEC8">4.1.1.1 User-supplied <CODE>struct</CODE></A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC9" HREF="gperf.html#SEC9">4.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC10" HREF="gperf.html#SEC10">4.1.1.3 C Code Inclusion</A> -</UL> -<LI><A NAME="TOC11" HREF="gperf.html#SEC11">4.1.2 Format for Keyword Entries</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC12" HREF="gperf.html#SEC12">4.1.3 Including Additional C Functions</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC13" HREF="gperf.html#SEC13">4.1.4 Where to place directives for GNU <CODE>indent</CODE>.</A> -</UL> -<LI><A NAME="TOC14" HREF="gperf.html#SEC14">4.2 Output Format for Generated C Code with <CODE>gperf</CODE></A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC15" HREF="gperf.html#SEC15">4.3 Use of NUL bytes</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC16" HREF="gperf.html#SEC16">4.4 The Copyright of the Output</A> -</UL> -<LI><A NAME="TOC17" HREF="gperf.html#SEC17">5 Invoking <CODE>gperf</CODE></A> -<UL> -<LI><A NAME="TOC18" HREF="gperf.html#SEC18">5.1 Specifying the Location of the Output File</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC19" HREF="gperf.html#SEC19">5.2 Options that affect Interpretation of the Input File</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC20" HREF="gperf.html#SEC20">5.3 Options to specify the Language for the Output Code</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC21" HREF="gperf.html#SEC21">5.4 Options for fine tuning Details in the Output Code</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC22" HREF="gperf.html#SEC22">5.5 Options for changing the Algorithms employed by <CODE>gperf</CODE></A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC23" HREF="gperf.html#SEC23">5.6 Informative Output</A> -</UL> -<LI><A NAME="TOC24" HREF="gperf.html#SEC24">6 Known Bugs and Limitations with <CODE>gperf</CODE></A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC25" HREF="gperf.html#SEC25">7 Things Still Left to Do</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC26" HREF="gperf.html#SEC26">8 Bibliography</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC27" HREF="gperf.html#SEC27">Concept Index</A> -</UL> -<P><HR><P> - -<P> -Copyright (C) 1989-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - -</P> - -<P> -Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of -this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice -are preserved on all copies. - -</P> -<P> -Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this -manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the -section entitled “GNU General Public License” is included -exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting -derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice -identical to this one. - -</P> -<P> -Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual -into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, -except that the section entitled “GNU General Public License” may be -included in a translation approved by the author instead of in the -original English. - -</P> - - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC1" HREF="gperf.html#TOC1">GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</A></H1> -<P> -Version 3, 29 June 2007 - -</P> - - -<PRE> -Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <A HREF="http://fsf.org/">http://fsf.org/</A> - -Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this -license document, but changing it is not allowed. -</PRE> - - -<H2>1.0 Preamble</H2> - -<P> -The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for -software and other kinds of works. - -</P> -<P> -The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed -to take away your freedom to share and change the works. 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It is safest -to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively -state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least -the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. - -</P> - -<PRE> -<VAR>one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.</VAR> -Copyright (C) <VAR>year</VAR> <VAR>name of author</VAR> - -This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify -it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by -the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at -your option) any later version. - -This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but -WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of -MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU -General Public License for more details. - -You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License -along with this program. If not, see <A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/">http://www.gnu.org/licenses/</A>. -</PRE> - -<P> -Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. - -</P> -<P> -If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short -notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: - -</P> - -<PRE> -<VAR>program</VAR> Copyright (C) <VAR>year</VAR> <VAR>name of author</VAR> -This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type <SAMP>‘show w’</SAMP>. -This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it -under certain conditions; type <SAMP>‘show c’</SAMP> for details. -</PRE> - -<P> -The hypothetical commands <SAMP>‘show w’</SAMP> and <SAMP>‘show c’</SAMP> should show -the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your -program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would -use an “about box”. - -</P> -<P> -You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, -if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. -For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see -<A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/">http://www.gnu.org/licenses/</A>. - -</P> -<P> -The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your -program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine -library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary -applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use -the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But -first, please read <A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html</A>. - -</P> - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC2" HREF="gperf.html#TOC2">Contributors to GNU <CODE>gperf</CODE> Utility</A></H1> - - -<UL> -<LI> - -<A NAME="IDX1"></A> -The GNU <CODE>gperf</CODE> perfect hash function generator utility was -written in GNU C++ by Douglas C. Schmidt. The general -idea for the perfect hash function generator was inspired by Keith -Bostic's algorithm written in C, and distributed to net.sources around -1984. The current program is a heavily modified, enhanced, and extended -implementation of Keith's basic idea, created at the University of -California, Irvine. Bugs, patches, and suggestions should be reported -to <CODE><bug-gnu-gperf@gnu.org></CODE>. - -<LI> - -Special thanks is extended to Michael Tiemann and Doug Lea, for -providing a useful compiler, and for giving me a forum to exhibit my -creation. - -In addition, Adam de Boor and Nels Olson provided many tips and insights -that greatly helped improve the quality and functionality of <CODE>gperf</CODE>. - -<LI> - -Bruno Haible enhanced and optimized the search algorithm. He also rewrote -the input routines and the output routines for better reliability, and -added a testsuite. -</UL> - - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC3" HREF="gperf.html#TOC3">2 Introduction</A></H1> - -<P> -<CODE>gperf</CODE> is a perfect hash function generator written in C++. It -transforms an <VAR>n</VAR> element user-specified keyword set <VAR>W</VAR> into a -perfect hash function <VAR>F</VAR>. <VAR>F</VAR> uniquely maps keywords in -<VAR>W</VAR> onto the range 0..<VAR>k</VAR>, where <VAR>k</VAR> >= <VAR>n-1</VAR>. If <VAR>k</VAR> -= <VAR>n-1</VAR> then <VAR>F</VAR> is a <EM>minimal</EM> perfect hash function. -<CODE>gperf</CODE> generates a 0..<VAR>k</VAR> element static lookup table and a -pair of C functions. These functions determine whether a given -character string <VAR>s</VAR> occurs in <VAR>W</VAR>, using at most one probe into -the lookup table. - -</P> -<P> -<CODE>gperf</CODE> currently generates the reserved keyword recognizer for -lexical analyzers in several production and research compilers and -language processing tools, including GNU C, GNU C++, GNU Java, GNU Pascal, -GNU Modula 3, and GNU indent. Complete C++ source code for <CODE>gperf</CODE> is -available from <CODE>http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/gperf/</CODE>. -A paper describing <CODE>gperf</CODE>'s design and implementation in greater -detail is available in the Second USENIX C++ Conference proceedings -or from <CODE>http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/resume.html</CODE>. - -</P> - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC4" HREF="gperf.html#TOC4">3 Static search structures and GNU <CODE>gperf</CODE></A></H1> -<P> -<A NAME="IDX2"></A> - -</P> -<P> -A <EM>static search structure</EM> is an Abstract Data Type with certain -fundamental operations, e.g., <EM>initialize</EM>, <EM>insert</EM>, -and <EM>retrieve</EM>. Conceptually, all insertions occur before any -retrievals. In practice, <CODE>gperf</CODE> generates a <EM>static</EM> array -containing search set keywords and any associated attributes specified -by the user. Thus, there is essentially no execution-time cost for the -insertions. It is a useful data structure for representing <EM>static -search sets</EM>. Static search sets occur frequently in software system -applications. Typical static search sets include compiler reserved -words, assembler instruction opcodes, and built-in shell interpreter -commands. Search set members, called <EM>keywords</EM>, are inserted into -the structure only once, usually during program initialization, and are -not generally modified at run-time. - -</P> -<P> -Numerous static search structure implementations exist, e.g., -arrays, linked lists, binary search trees, digital search tries, and -hash tables. Different approaches offer trade-offs between space -utilization and search time efficiency. For example, an <VAR>n</VAR> element -sorted array is space efficient, though the average-case time -complexity for retrieval operations using binary search is -proportional to log <VAR>n</VAR>. Conversely, hash table implementations -often locate a table entry in constant time, but typically impose -additional memory overhead and exhibit poor worst case performance. - -</P> -<P> -<A NAME="IDX3"></A> -<EM>Minimal perfect hash functions</EM> provide an optimal solution for a -particular class of static search sets. A minimal perfect hash -function is defined by two properties: - -</P> - -<UL> -<LI> - -It allows keyword recognition in a static search set using at most -<EM>one</EM> probe into the hash table. This represents the “perfect” -property. -<LI> - -The actual memory allocated to store the keywords is precisely large -enough for the keyword set, and <EM>no larger</EM>. This is the -“minimal” property. -</UL> - -<P> -For most applications it is far easier to generate <EM>perfect</EM> hash -functions than <EM>minimal perfect</EM> hash functions. Moreover, -non-minimal perfect hash functions frequently execute faster than -minimal ones in practice. This phenomena occurs since searching a -sparse keyword table increases the probability of locating a “null” -entry, thereby reducing string comparisons. <CODE>gperf</CODE>'s default -behavior generates <EM>near-minimal</EM> perfect hash functions for -keyword sets. However, <CODE>gperf</CODE> provides many options that permit -user control over the degree of minimality and perfection. - -</P> -<P> -Static search sets often exhibit relative stability over time. For -example, Ada's 63 reserved words have remained constant for nearly a -decade. It is therefore frequently worthwhile to expend concerted -effort building an optimal search structure <EM>once</EM>, if it -subsequently receives heavy use multiple times. <CODE>gperf</CODE> removes -the drudgery associated with constructing time- and space-efficient -search structures by hand. It has proven a useful and practical tool -for serious programming projects. Output from <CODE>gperf</CODE> is currently -used in several production and research compilers, including GNU C, GNU -C++, GNU Java, GNU Pascal, and GNU Modula 3. The latter two compilers are -not yet part of the official GNU distribution. Each compiler utilizes -<CODE>gperf</CODE> to automatically generate static search structures that -efficiently identify their respective reserved keywords. - -</P> - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC5" HREF="gperf.html#TOC5">4 High-Level Description of GNU <CODE>gperf</CODE></A></H1> - -<P> -The perfect hash function generator <CODE>gperf</CODE> reads a set of -“keywords” from an input file (or from the standard input by -default). It attempts to derive a perfect hashing function that -recognizes a member of the <EM>static keyword set</EM> with at most a -single probe into the lookup table. If <CODE>gperf</CODE> succeeds in -generating such a function it produces a pair of C source code routines -that perform hashing and table lookup recognition. All generated C code -is directed to the standard output. Command-line options described -below allow you to modify the input and output format to <CODE>gperf</CODE>. - -</P> -<P> -By default, <CODE>gperf</CODE> attempts to produce time-efficient code, with -less emphasis on efficient space utilization. However, several options -exist that permit trading-off execution time for storage space and vice -versa. In particular, expanding the generated table size produces a -sparse search structure, generally yielding faster searches. -Conversely, you can direct <CODE>gperf</CODE> to utilize a C <CODE>switch</CODE> -statement scheme that minimizes data space storage size. Furthermore, -using a C <CODE>switch</CODE> may actually speed up the keyword retrieval time -somewhat. Actual results depend on your C compiler, of course. - -</P> -<P> -In general, <CODE>gperf</CODE> assigns values to the bytes it is using -for hashing until some set of values gives each keyword a unique value. -A helpful heuristic is that the larger the hash value range, the easier -it is for <CODE>gperf</CODE> to find and generate a perfect hash function. -Experimentation is the key to getting the most from <CODE>gperf</CODE>. - -</P> - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC6" HREF="gperf.html#TOC6">4.1 Input Format to <CODE>gperf</CODE></A></H2> -<P> -<A NAME="IDX4"></A> -<A NAME="IDX5"></A> -<A NAME="IDX6"></A> -<A NAME="IDX7"></A> -You can control the input file format by varying certain command-line -arguments, in particular the <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> option. The input's appearance -is similar to GNU utilities <CODE>flex</CODE> and <CODE>bison</CODE> (or UNIX -utilities <CODE>lex</CODE> and <CODE>yacc</CODE>). Here's an outline of the general -format: - -</P> - -<PRE> -declarations -%% -keywords -%% -functions -</PRE> - -<P> -<EM>Unlike</EM> <CODE>flex</CODE> or <CODE>bison</CODE>, the declarations section and -the functions section are optional. The following sections describe the -input format for each section. - -</P> - -<P> -It is possible to omit the declaration section entirely, if the <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> -option is not given. In this case the input file begins directly with the -first keyword line, e.g.: - -</P> - -<PRE> -january -february -march -april -... -</PRE> - - - -<H3><A NAME="SEC7" HREF="gperf.html#TOC7">4.1.1 Declarations</A></H3> - -<P> -The keyword input file optionally contains a section for including -arbitrary C declarations and definitions, <CODE>gperf</CODE> declarations that -act like command-line options, as well as for providing a user-supplied -<CODE>struct</CODE>. - -</P> - - - -<H4><A NAME="SEC8" HREF="gperf.html#TOC8">4.1.1.1 User-supplied <CODE>struct</CODE></A></H4> - -<P> -If the <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> option (or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> declaration) -<EM>is</EM> enabled, you <EM>must</EM> provide a C <CODE>struct</CODE> as the last -component in the declaration section from the input file. The first -field in this struct must be of type <CODE>char *</CODE> or <CODE>const char *</CODE> -if the <SAMP>‘-P’</SAMP> option is not given, or of type <CODE>int</CODE> if the option -<SAMP>‘-P’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%pic’</SAMP> declaration) is enabled. -This first field must be called <SAMP>‘name’</SAMP>, although it is possible to modify -its name with the <SAMP>‘-K’</SAMP> option (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%define slot-name’</SAMP> declaration) described below. - -</P> -<P> -Here is a simple example, using months of the year and their attributes as -input: - -</P> - -<PRE> -struct month { char *name; int number; int days; int leap_days; }; -%% -january, 1, 31, 31 -february, 2, 28, 29 -march, 3, 31, 31 -april, 4, 30, 30 -may, 5, 31, 31 -june, 6, 30, 30 -july, 7, 31, 31 -august, 8, 31, 31 -september, 9, 30, 30 -october, 10, 31, 31 -november, 11, 30, 30 -december, 12, 31, 31 -</PRE> - -<P> -<A NAME="IDX8"></A> -Separating the <CODE>struct</CODE> declaration from the list of keywords and -other fields are a pair of consecutive percent signs, <SAMP>‘%%’</SAMP>, -appearing left justified in the first column, as in the UNIX utility -<CODE>lex</CODE>. - -</P> -<P> -If the <CODE>struct</CODE> has already been declared in an include file, it can -be mentioned in an abbreviated form, like this: - -</P> - -<PRE> -struct month; -%% -january, 1, 31, 31 -... -</PRE> - - - -<H4><A NAME="SEC9" HREF="gperf.html#TOC9">4.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations</A></H4> - -<P> -The declaration section can contain <CODE>gperf</CODE> declarations. They -influence the way <CODE>gperf</CODE> works, like command line options do. -In fact, every such declaration is equivalent to a command line option. -There are three forms of declarations: - -</P> - -<OL> -<LI> - -Declarations without argument, like <SAMP>‘%compare-lengths’</SAMP>. - -<LI> - -Declarations with an argument, like <SAMP>‘%switch=<VAR>count</VAR>’</SAMP>. - -<LI> - -Declarations of names of entities in the output file, like -<SAMP>‘%define lookup-function-name <VAR>name</VAR>’</SAMP>. -</OL> - -<P> -When a declaration is given both in the input file and as a command line -option, the command-line option's value prevails. - -</P> -<P> -The following <CODE>gperf</CODE> declarations are available. - -</P> -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘%delimiters=<VAR>delimiter-list</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX9"></A> -Allows you to provide a string containing delimiters used to -separate keywords from their attributes. The default is ",". This -option is essential if you want to use keywords that have embedded -commas or newlines. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX10"></A> -Allows you to include a <CODE>struct</CODE> type declaration for generated -code; see above for an example. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%ignore-case’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX11"></A> -Consider upper and lower case ASCII characters as equivalent. The string -comparison will use a case insignificant character comparison. Note that -locale dependent case mappings are ignored. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%language=<VAR>language-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX12"></A> -Instructs <CODE>gperf</CODE> to generate code in the language specified by the -option's argument. Languages handled are currently: - -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘KR-C’</SAMP> -<DD> -Old-style K&R C. This language is understood by old-style C compilers and -ANSI C compilers, but ANSI C compilers may flag warnings (or even errors) -because of lacking <SAMP>‘const’</SAMP>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘C’</SAMP> -<DD> -Common C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers, and also by -old-style C compilers, provided that you <CODE>#define const</CODE> to empty -for compilers which don't know about this keyword. - -<DT><SAMP>‘ANSI-C’</SAMP> -<DD> -ANSI C. This language is understood by ANSI C (C89, ISO C90) compilers, -ISO C99 compilers, and C++ compilers. - -<DT><SAMP>‘C++’</SAMP> -<DD> -C++. This language is understood by C++ compilers. -</DL> - -The default is ANSI-C. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%define slot-name <VAR>name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX13"></A> -This declaration is only useful when option <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> declaration) has been given. -By default, the program assumes the structure component identifier for -the keyword is <SAMP>‘name’</SAMP>. This option allows an arbitrary choice of -identifier for this component, although it still must occur as the first -field in your supplied <CODE>struct</CODE>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%define initializer-suffix <VAR>initializers</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX14"></A> -This declaration is only useful when option <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> declaration) has been given. -It permits to specify initializers for the structure members following -<VAR>slot-name</VAR> in empty hash table entries. The list of initializers -should start with a comma. By default, the emitted code will -zero-initialize structure members following <VAR>slot-name</VAR>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%define hash-function-name <VAR>name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX15"></A> -Allows you to specify the name for the generated hash function. Default -name is <SAMP>‘hash’</SAMP>. This option permits the use of two hash tables in -the same file. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%define lookup-function-name <VAR>name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX16"></A> -Allows you to specify the name for the generated lookup function. -Default name is <SAMP>‘in_word_set’</SAMP>. This option permits multiple -generated hash functions to be used in the same application. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%define class-name <VAR>name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX17"></A> -This option is only useful when option <SAMP>‘-L C++’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, -the <SAMP>‘%language=C++’</SAMP> declaration) has been given. It -allows you to specify the name of generated C++ class. Default name is -<CODE>Perfect_Hash</CODE>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%7bit’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX18"></A> -This option specifies that all strings that will be passed as arguments -to the generated hash function and the generated lookup function will -solely consist of 7-bit ASCII characters (bytes in the range 0..127). -(Note that the ANSI C functions <CODE>isalnum</CODE> and <CODE>isgraph</CODE> do -<EM>not</EM> guarantee that a byte is in this range. Only an explicit -test like <SAMP>‘c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z'’</SAMP> guarantees this.) - -<DT><SAMP>‘%compare-lengths’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX19"></A> -Compare keyword lengths before trying a string comparison. This option -is mandatory for binary comparisons (see section <A HREF="gperf.html#SEC15">4.3 Use of NUL bytes</A>). It also might -cut down on the number of string comparisons made during the lookup, since -keywords with different lengths are never compared via <CODE>strcmp</CODE>. -However, using <SAMP>‘%compare-lengths’</SAMP> might greatly increase the size of the -generated C code if the lookup table range is large (which implies that -the switch option <SAMP>‘-S’</SAMP> or <SAMP>‘%switch’</SAMP> is not enabled), since the length -table contains as many elements as there are entries in the lookup table. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%compare-strncmp’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX20"></A> -Generates C code that uses the <CODE>strncmp</CODE> function to perform -string comparisons. The default action is to use <CODE>strcmp</CODE>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%readonly-tables’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX21"></A> -Makes the contents of all generated lookup tables constant, i.e., -“readonly”. Many compilers can generate more efficient code for this -by putting the tables in readonly memory. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%enum’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX22"></A> -Define constant values using an enum local to the lookup function rather -than with #defines. This also means that different lookup functions can -reside in the same file. Thanks to James Clark <CODE><jjc@ai.mit.edu></CODE>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%includes’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX23"></A> -Include the necessary system include file, <CODE><string.h></CODE>, at the -beginning of the code. By default, this is not done; the user must -include this header file himself to allow compilation of the code. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%global-table’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX24"></A> -Generate the static table of keywords as a static global variable, -rather than hiding it inside of the lookup function (which is the -default behavior). - -<DT><SAMP>‘%pic’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX25"></A> -Optimize the generated table for inclusion in shared libraries. This -reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library containing -the generated code. If the <SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> declaration (or, -equivalently, the option <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP>) is also given, the first field of the -user-defined struct must be of type <SAMP>‘int’</SAMP>, not <SAMP>‘char *’</SAMP>, because -it will contain offsets into the string pool instead of actual strings. -To convert such an offset to a string, you can use the expression -<SAMP>‘stringpool + <VAR>o</VAR>’</SAMP>, where <VAR>o</VAR> is the offset. The string pool -name can be changed through the <SAMP>‘%define string-pool-name’</SAMP> declaration. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%define string-pool-name <VAR>name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX26"></A> -Allows you to specify the name of the generated string pool created by -the declaration <SAMP>‘%pic’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the option <SAMP>‘-P’</SAMP>). -The default name is <SAMP>‘stringpool’</SAMP>. This declaration permits the use of -two hash tables in the same file, with <SAMP>‘%pic’</SAMP> and even when the -<SAMP>‘%global-table’</SAMP> declaration (or, equivalently, the option <SAMP>‘-G’</SAMP>) -is given. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%null-strings’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX27"></A> -Use NULL strings instead of empty strings for empty keyword table entries. -This reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library containing -the generated code (but not as much as the declaration <SAMP>‘%pic’</SAMP>), at the -expense of one more test-and-branch instruction at run time. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%define word-array-name <VAR>name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX28"></A> -Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing the -hash table. Default name is <SAMP>‘wordlist’</SAMP>. This option permits the -use of two hash tables in the same file, even when the option <SAMP>‘-G’</SAMP> -(or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%global-table’</SAMP> declaration) is given. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%define length-table-name <VAR>name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX29"></A> -Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing the -length table. Default name is <SAMP>‘lengthtable’</SAMP>. This option permits the -use of two length tables in the same file, even when the option <SAMP>‘-G’</SAMP> -(or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%global-table’</SAMP> declaration) is given. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%switch=<VAR>count</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX30"></A> -Causes the generated C code to use a <CODE>switch</CODE> statement scheme, -rather than an array lookup table. This can lead to a reduction in both -time and space requirements for some input files. The argument to this -option determines how many <CODE>switch</CODE> statements are generated. A -value of 1 generates 1 <CODE>switch</CODE> containing all the elements, a -value of 2 generates 2 tables with 1/2 the elements in each -<CODE>switch</CODE>, etc. This is useful since many C compilers cannot -correctly generate code for large <CODE>switch</CODE> statements. This option -was inspired in part by Keith Bostic's original C program. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%omit-struct-type’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX31"></A> -Prevents the transfer of the type declaration to the output file. Use -this option if the type is already defined elsewhere. -</DL> - - - -<H4><A NAME="SEC10" HREF="gperf.html#TOC10">4.1.1.3 C Code Inclusion</A></H4> - -<P> -<A NAME="IDX32"></A> -<A NAME="IDX33"></A> -Using a syntax similar to GNU utilities <CODE>flex</CODE> and <CODE>bison</CODE>, it -is possible to directly include C source text and comments verbatim into -the generated output file. This is accomplished by enclosing the region -inside left-justified surrounding <SAMP>‘%{’</SAMP>, <SAMP>‘%}’</SAMP> pairs. Here is -an input fragment based on the previous example that illustrates this -feature: - -</P> - -<PRE> -%{ -#include <assert.h> -/* This section of code is inserted directly into the output. */ -int return_month_days (struct month *months, int is_leap_year); -%} -struct month { char *name; int number; int days; int leap_days; }; -%% -january, 1, 31, 31 -february, 2, 28, 29 -march, 3, 31, 31 -... -</PRE> - - - -<H3><A NAME="SEC11" HREF="gperf.html#TOC11">4.1.2 Format for Keyword Entries</A></H3> - -<P> -The second input file format section contains lines of keywords and any -associated attributes you might supply. A line beginning with <SAMP>‘#’</SAMP> -in the first column is considered a comment. Everything following the -<SAMP>‘#’</SAMP> is ignored, up to and including the following newline. A line -beginning with <SAMP>‘%’</SAMP> in the first column is an option declaration and -must not occur within the keywords section. - -</P> -<P> -The first field of each non-comment line is always the keyword itself. It -can be given in two ways: as a simple name, i.e., without surrounding -string quotation marks, or as a string enclosed in double-quotes, in -C syntax, possibly with backslash escapes like <CODE>\"</CODE> or <CODE>\234</CODE> -or <CODE>\xa8</CODE>. In either case, it must start right at the beginning -of the line, without leading whitespace. -In this context, a “field” is considered to extend up to, but -not include, the first blank, comma, or newline. Here is a simple -example taken from a partial list of C reserved words: - -</P> - -<PRE> -# These are a few C reserved words, see the c.gperf file -# for a complete list of ANSI C reserved words. -unsigned -sizeof -switch -signed -if -default -for -while -return -</PRE> - -<P> -Note that unlike <CODE>flex</CODE> or <CODE>bison</CODE> the first <SAMP>‘%%’</SAMP> marker -may be elided if the declaration section is empty. - -</P> -<P> -Additional fields may optionally follow the leading keyword. Fields -should be separated by commas, and terminate at the end of line. What -these fields mean is entirely up to you; they are used to initialize the -elements of the user-defined <CODE>struct</CODE> provided by you in the -declaration section. If the <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> option (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> declaration) is <EM>not</EM> enabled -these fields are simply ignored. All previous examples except the last -one contain keyword attributes. - -</P> - - -<H3><A NAME="SEC12" HREF="gperf.html#TOC12">4.1.3 Including Additional C Functions</A></H3> - -<P> -The optional third section also corresponds closely with conventions -found in <CODE>flex</CODE> and <CODE>bison</CODE>. All text in this section, -starting at the final <SAMP>‘%%’</SAMP> and extending to the end of the input -file, is included verbatim into the generated output file. Naturally, -it is your responsibility to ensure that the code contained in this -section is valid C. - -</P> - - -<H3><A NAME="SEC13" HREF="gperf.html#TOC13">4.1.4 Where to place directives for GNU <CODE>indent</CODE>.</A></H3> - -<P> -If you want to invoke GNU <CODE>indent</CODE> on a <CODE>gperf</CODE> input file, -you will see that GNU <CODE>indent</CODE> doesn't understand the <SAMP>‘%%’</SAMP>, -<SAMP>‘%{’</SAMP> and <SAMP>‘%}’</SAMP> directives that control <CODE>gperf</CODE>'s -interpretation of the input file. Therefore you have to insert some -directives for GNU <CODE>indent</CODE>. More precisely, assuming the most -general input file structure - -</P> - -<PRE> -declarations part 1 -%{ -verbatim code -%} -declarations part 2 -%% -keywords -%% -functions -</PRE> - -<P> -you would insert <SAMP>‘*INDENT-OFF*’</SAMP> and <SAMP>‘*INDENT-ON*’</SAMP> comments -as follows: - -</P> - -<PRE> -/* *INDENT-OFF* */ -declarations part 1 -%{ -/* *INDENT-ON* */ -verbatim code -/* *INDENT-OFF* */ -%} -declarations part 2 -%% -keywords -%% -/* *INDENT-ON* */ -functions -</PRE> - - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC14" HREF="gperf.html#TOC14">4.2 Output Format for Generated C Code with <CODE>gperf</CODE></A></H2> -<P> -<A NAME="IDX34"></A> - -</P> -<P> -Several options control how the generated C code appears on the standard -output. Two C functions are generated. They are called <CODE>hash</CODE> and -<CODE>in_word_set</CODE>, although you may modify their names with a command-line -option. Both functions require two arguments, a string, <CODE>char *</CODE> -<VAR>str</VAR>, and a length parameter, <CODE>int</CODE> <VAR>len</VAR>. Their default -function prototypes are as follows: - -</P> -<P> -<DL> -<DT><U>Function:</U> unsigned int <B>hash</B> <I>(const char * <VAR>str</VAR>, unsigned int <VAR>len</VAR>)</I> -<DD><A NAME="IDX35"></A> -By default, the generated <CODE>hash</CODE> function returns an integer value -created by adding <VAR>len</VAR> to several user-specified <VAR>str</VAR> byte -positions indexed into an <EM>associated values</EM> table stored in a -local static array. The associated values table is constructed -internally by <CODE>gperf</CODE> and later output as a static local C array -called <SAMP>‘hash_table’</SAMP>. The relevant selected positions (i.e. indices -into <VAR>str</VAR>) are specified via the <SAMP>‘-k’</SAMP> option when running -<CODE>gperf</CODE>, as detailed in the <EM>Options</EM> section below (see section <A HREF="gperf.html#SEC17">5 Invoking <CODE>gperf</CODE></A>). -</DL> - -</P> -<P> -<DL> -<DT><U>Function:</U> <B>in_word_set</B> <I>(const char * <VAR>str</VAR>, unsigned int <VAR>len</VAR>)</I> -<DD><A NAME="IDX36"></A> -If <VAR>str</VAR> is in the keyword set, returns a pointer to that -keyword. More exactly, if the option <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> declaration) was given, it returns -a pointer to the matching keyword's structure. Otherwise it returns -<CODE>NULL</CODE>. -</DL> - -</P> -<P> -If the option <SAMP>‘-c’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%compare-strncmp’</SAMP> -declaration) is not used, <VAR>str</VAR> must be a NUL terminated -string of exactly length <VAR>len</VAR>. If <SAMP>‘-c’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%compare-strncmp’</SAMP> declaration) is used, <VAR>str</VAR> must -simply be an array of <VAR>len</VAR> bytes and does not need to be NUL -terminated. - -</P> -<P> -The code generated for these two functions is affected by the following -options: - -</P> -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--struct-type’</SAMP> -<DD> -Make use of the user-defined <CODE>struct</CODE>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-S <VAR>total-switch-statements</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--switch=<VAR>total-switch-statements</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX37"></A> -Generate 1 or more C <CODE>switch</CODE> statement rather than use a large, -(and potentially sparse) static array. Although the exact time and -space savings of this approach vary according to your C compiler's -degree of optimization, this method often results in smaller and faster -code. -</DL> - -<P> -If the <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> and <SAMP>‘-S’</SAMP> options (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> and <SAMP>‘%switch’</SAMP> declarations) are omitted, the default -action -is to generate a <CODE>char *</CODE> array containing the keywords, together with -additional empty strings used for padding the array. By experimenting -with the various input and output options, and timing the resulting C -code, you can determine the best option choices for different keyword -set characteristics. - -</P> - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC15" HREF="gperf.html#TOC15">4.3 Use of NUL bytes</A></H2> -<P> -<A NAME="IDX38"></A> - -</P> -<P> -By default, the code generated by <CODE>gperf</CODE> operates on zero -terminated strings, the usual representation of strings in C. This means -that the keywords in the input file must not contain NUL bytes, -and the <VAR>str</VAR> argument passed to <CODE>hash</CODE> or <CODE>in_word_set</CODE> -must be NUL terminated and have exactly length <VAR>len</VAR>. - -</P> -<P> -If option <SAMP>‘-c’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%compare-strncmp’</SAMP> -declaration) is used, then the <VAR>str</VAR> argument does not need -to be NUL terminated. The code generated by <CODE>gperf</CODE> will only -access the first <VAR>len</VAR>, not <VAR>len+1</VAR>, bytes starting at <VAR>str</VAR>. -However, the keywords in the input file still must not contain NUL -bytes. - -</P> -<P> -If option <SAMP>‘-l’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%compare-lengths’</SAMP> -declaration) is used, then the hash table performs binary -comparison. The keywords in the input file may contain NUL bytes, -written in string syntax as <CODE>\000</CODE> or <CODE>\x00</CODE>, and the code -generated by <CODE>gperf</CODE> will treat NUL like any other byte. -Also, in this case the <SAMP>‘-c’</SAMP> option (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%compare-strncmp’</SAMP> declaration) is ignored. - -</P> - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC16" HREF="gperf.html#TOC16">4.4 The Copyright of the Output</A></H2> -<P> -<A NAME="IDX39"></A> - -</P> -<P> -<CODE>gperf</CODE> is under GPL, but that does not cause the output produced -by <CODE>gperf</CODE> to be under GPL. The reason is that the output contains -only small pieces of text that come directly from <CODE>gperf</CODE>'s source -code -- only about 7 lines long, too small for being significant --, and -therefore the output is not a “work based on <CODE>gperf</CODE>” (in the -sense of the GPL version 3). - -</P> -<P> -On the other hand, the output produced by <CODE>gperf</CODE> contains -essentially all of the input file. Therefore the output is a -“derivative work” of the input (in the sense of U.S. copyright law); -and its copyright status depends on the copyright of the input. For most -software licenses, the result is that the the output is under the same -license, with the same copyright holder, as the input that was passed to -<CODE>gperf</CODE>. - -</P> - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC17" HREF="gperf.html#TOC17">5 Invoking <CODE>gperf</CODE></A></H1> - -<P> -There are <EM>many</EM> options to <CODE>gperf</CODE>. They were added to make -the program more convenient for use with real applications. “On-line” -help is readily available via the <SAMP>‘--help’</SAMP> option. Here is the -complete list of options. - -</P> - - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC18" HREF="gperf.html#TOC18">5.1 Specifying the Location of the Output File</A></H2> - -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘--output-file=<VAR>file</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -Allows you to specify the name of the file to which the output is written to. -</DL> - -<P> -The results are written to standard output if no output file is specified -or if it is <SAMP>‘-’</SAMP>. - -</P> - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC19" HREF="gperf.html#TOC19">5.2 Options that affect Interpretation of the Input File</A></H2> - -<P> -These options are also available as declarations in the input file -(see section <A HREF="gperf.html#SEC9">4.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations</A>). - -</P> -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘-e <VAR>keyword-delimiter-list</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--delimiters=<VAR>keyword-delimiter-list</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX40"></A> -Allows you to provide a string containing delimiters used to -separate keywords from their attributes. The default is ",". This -option is essential if you want to use keywords that have embedded -commas or newlines. One useful trick is to use -e'TAB', where TAB is -the literal tab character. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--struct-type’</SAMP> -<DD> -Allows you to include a <CODE>struct</CODE> type declaration for generated -code. Any text before a pair of consecutive <SAMP>‘%%’</SAMP> is considered -part of the type declaration. Keywords and additional fields may follow -this, one group of fields per line. A set of examples for generating -perfect hash tables and functions for Ada, C, C++, Pascal, Modula 2, -Modula 3 and JavaScript reserved words are distributed with this release. - -<DT><SAMP>‘--ignore-case’</SAMP> -<DD> -Consider upper and lower case ASCII characters as equivalent. The string -comparison will use a case insignificant character comparison. Note that -locale dependent case mappings are ignored. This option is therefore not -suitable if a properly internationalized or locale aware case mapping -should be used. (For example, in a Turkish locale, the upper case equivalent -of the lowercase ASCII letter <SAMP>‘i’</SAMP> is the non-ASCII character -<SAMP>‘capital i with dot above’</SAMP>.) For this case, it is better to apply -an uppercase or lowercase conversion on the string before passing it to -the <CODE>gperf</CODE> generated function. -</DL> - - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC20" HREF="gperf.html#TOC20">5.3 Options to specify the Language for the Output Code</A></H2> - -<P> -These options are also available as declarations in the input file -(see section <A HREF="gperf.html#SEC9">4.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations</A>). - -</P> -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘-L <VAR>generated-language-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--language=<VAR>generated-language-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -Instructs <CODE>gperf</CODE> to generate code in the language specified by the -option's argument. Languages handled are currently: - -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘KR-C’</SAMP> -<DD> -Old-style K&R C. This language is understood by old-style C compilers and -ANSI C compilers, but ANSI C compilers may flag warnings (or even errors) -because of lacking <SAMP>‘const’</SAMP>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘C’</SAMP> -<DD> -Common C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers, and also by -old-style C compilers, provided that you <CODE>#define const</CODE> to empty -for compilers which don't know about this keyword. - -<DT><SAMP>‘ANSI-C’</SAMP> -<DD> -ANSI C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers and C++ compilers. - -<DT><SAMP>‘C++’</SAMP> -<DD> -C++. This language is understood by C++ compilers. -</DL> - -The default is ANSI-C. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-a’</SAMP> -<DD> -This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases of -<CODE>gperf</CODE>. It does not do anything. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-g’</SAMP> -<DD> -This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases of -<CODE>gperf</CODE>. It does not do anything. -</DL> - - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC21" HREF="gperf.html#TOC21">5.4 Options for fine tuning Details in the Output Code</A></H2> - -<P> -Most of these options are also available as declarations in the input file -(see section <A HREF="gperf.html#SEC9">4.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations</A>). - -</P> -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘-K <VAR>slot-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--slot-name=<VAR>slot-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX41"></A> -This option is only useful when option <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> declaration) has been given. -By default, the program assumes the structure component identifier for -the keyword is <SAMP>‘name’</SAMP>. This option allows an arbitrary choice of -identifier for this component, although it still must occur as the first -field in your supplied <CODE>struct</CODE>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-F <VAR>initializers</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--initializer-suffix=<VAR>initializers</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX42"></A> -This option is only useful when option <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> declaration) has been given. -It permits to specify initializers for the structure members following -<VAR>slot-name</VAR> in empty hash table entries. The list of initializers -should start with a comma. By default, the emitted code will -zero-initialize structure members following <VAR>slot-name</VAR>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-H <VAR>hash-function-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--hash-function-name=<VAR>hash-function-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -Allows you to specify the name for the generated hash function. Default -name is <SAMP>‘hash’</SAMP>. This option permits the use of two hash tables in -the same file. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-N <VAR>lookup-function-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--lookup-function-name=<VAR>lookup-function-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -Allows you to specify the name for the generated lookup function. -Default name is <SAMP>‘in_word_set’</SAMP>. This option permits multiple -generated hash functions to be used in the same application. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-Z <VAR>class-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--class-name=<VAR>class-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX43"></A> -This option is only useful when option <SAMP>‘-L C++’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, -the <SAMP>‘%language=C++’</SAMP> declaration) has been given. It -allows you to specify the name of generated C++ class. Default name is -<CODE>Perfect_Hash</CODE>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-7’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--seven-bit’</SAMP> -<DD> -This option specifies that all strings that will be passed as arguments -to the generated hash function and the generated lookup function will -solely consist of 7-bit ASCII characters (bytes in the range 0..127). -(Note that the ANSI C functions <CODE>isalnum</CODE> and <CODE>isgraph</CODE> do -<EM>not</EM> guarantee that a byte is in this range. Only an explicit -test like <SAMP>‘c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z'’</SAMP> guarantees this.) This was the -default in versions of <CODE>gperf</CODE> earlier than 2.7; now the default is -to support 8-bit and multibyte characters. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-l’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--compare-lengths’</SAMP> -<DD> -Compare keyword lengths before trying a string comparison. This option -is mandatory for binary comparisons (see section <A HREF="gperf.html#SEC15">4.3 Use of NUL bytes</A>). It also might -cut down on the number of string comparisons made during the lookup, since -keywords with different lengths are never compared via <CODE>strcmp</CODE>. -However, using <SAMP>‘-l’</SAMP> might greatly increase the size of the -generated C code if the lookup table range is large (which implies that -the switch option <SAMP>‘-S’</SAMP> or <SAMP>‘%switch’</SAMP> is not enabled), since the length -table contains as many elements as there are entries in the lookup table. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-c’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--compare-strncmp’</SAMP> -<DD> -Generates C code that uses the <CODE>strncmp</CODE> function to perform -string comparisons. The default action is to use <CODE>strcmp</CODE>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-C’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--readonly-tables’</SAMP> -<DD> -Makes the contents of all generated lookup tables constant, i.e., -“readonly”. Many compilers can generate more efficient code for this -by putting the tables in readonly memory. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-E’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--enum’</SAMP> -<DD> -Define constant values using an enum local to the lookup function rather -than with #defines. This also means that different lookup functions can -reside in the same file. Thanks to James Clark <CODE><jjc@ai.mit.edu></CODE>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-I’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--includes’</SAMP> -<DD> -Include the necessary system include file, <CODE><string.h></CODE>, at the -beginning of the code. By default, this is not done; the user must -include this header file himself to allow compilation of the code. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-G’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--global-table’</SAMP> -<DD> -Generate the static table of keywords as a static global variable, -rather than hiding it inside of the lookup function (which is the -default behavior). - -<DT><SAMP>‘-P’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--pic’</SAMP> -<DD> -Optimize the generated table for inclusion in shared libraries. This -reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library containing -the generated code. If the option <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> declaration) is also given, the first field of the -user-defined struct must be of type <SAMP>‘int’</SAMP>, not <SAMP>‘char *’</SAMP>, because -it will contain offsets into the string pool instead of actual strings. -To convert such an offset to a string, you can use the expression -<SAMP>‘stringpool + <VAR>o</VAR>’</SAMP>, where <VAR>o</VAR> is the offset. The string pool -name can be changed through the option <SAMP>‘--string-pool-name’</SAMP>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-Q <VAR>string-pool-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--string-pool-name=<VAR>string-pool-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -Allows you to specify the name of the generated string pool created by -option <SAMP>‘-P’</SAMP>. The default name is <SAMP>‘stringpool’</SAMP>. This option -permits the use of two hash tables in the same file, with <SAMP>‘-P’</SAMP> and -even when the option <SAMP>‘-G’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%global-table’</SAMP> -declaration) is given. - -<DT><SAMP>‘--null-strings’</SAMP> -<DD> -Use NULL strings instead of empty strings for empty keyword table entries. -This reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library containing -the generated code (but not as much as option <SAMP>‘-P’</SAMP>), at the expense -of one more test-and-branch instruction at run time. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-W <VAR>hash-table-array-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--word-array-name=<VAR>hash-table-array-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX44"></A> -Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing the -hash table. Default name is <SAMP>‘wordlist’</SAMP>. This option permits the -use of two hash tables in the same file, even when the option <SAMP>‘-G’</SAMP> -(or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%global-table’</SAMP> declaration) is given. - -<DT><SAMP>‘--length-table-name=<VAR>length-table-array-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX45"></A> -Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing the -length table. Default name is <SAMP>‘lengthtable’</SAMP>. This option permits the -use of two length tables in the same file, even when the option <SAMP>‘-G’</SAMP> -(or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%global-table’</SAMP> declaration) is given. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-S <VAR>total-switch-statements</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--switch=<VAR>total-switch-statements</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX46"></A> -Causes the generated C code to use a <CODE>switch</CODE> statement scheme, -rather than an array lookup table. This can lead to a reduction in both -time and space requirements for some input files. The argument to this -option determines how many <CODE>switch</CODE> statements are generated. A -value of 1 generates 1 <CODE>switch</CODE> containing all the elements, a -value of 2 generates 2 tables with 1/2 the elements in each -<CODE>switch</CODE>, etc. This is useful since many C compilers cannot -correctly generate code for large <CODE>switch</CODE> statements. This option -was inspired in part by Keith Bostic's original C program. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-T’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--omit-struct-type’</SAMP> -<DD> -Prevents the transfer of the type declaration to the output file. Use -this option if the type is already defined elsewhere. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-p’</SAMP> -<DD> -This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases of -<CODE>gperf</CODE>. It does not do anything. -</DL> - - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC22" HREF="gperf.html#TOC22">5.5 Options for changing the Algorithms employed by <CODE>gperf</CODE></A></H2> - -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘-k <VAR>selected-byte-positions</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--key-positions=<VAR>selected-byte-positions</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -Allows selection of the byte positions used in the keywords' -hash function. The allowable choices range between 1-255, inclusive. -The positions are separated by commas, e.g., <SAMP>‘-k 9,4,13,14’</SAMP>; -ranges may be used, e.g., <SAMP>‘-k 2-7’</SAMP>; and positions may occur -in any order. Furthermore, the wildcard '*' causes the generated -hash function to consider <STRONG>all</STRONG> byte positions in each keyword, -whereas '$' instructs the hash function to use the “final byte” -of a keyword (this is the only way to use a byte position greater than -255, incidentally). - -For instance, the option <SAMP>‘-k 1,2,4,6-10,'$'’</SAMP> generates a hash -function that considers positions 1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10, plus the last -byte in each keyword (which may be at a different position for each -keyword, obviously). Keywords -with length less than the indicated byte positions work properly, since -selected byte positions exceeding the keyword length are simply not -referenced in the hash function. - -This option is not normally needed since version 2.8 of <CODE>gperf</CODE>; -the default byte positions are computed depending on the keyword set, -through a search that minimizes the number of byte positions. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-D’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--duplicates’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX47"></A> -Handle keywords whose selected byte sets hash to duplicate values. -Duplicate hash values can occur if a set of keywords has the same names, but -possesses different attributes, or if the selected byte positions are not well -chosen. With the -D option <CODE>gperf</CODE> treats all these keywords as -part of an equivalence class and generates a perfect hash function with -multiple comparisons for duplicate keywords. It is up to you to completely -disambiguate the keywords by modifying the generated C code. However, -<CODE>gperf</CODE> helps you out by organizing the output. - -Using this option usually means that the generated hash function is no -longer perfect. On the other hand, it permits <CODE>gperf</CODE> to work on -keyword sets that it otherwise could not handle. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-m <VAR>iterations</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--multiple-iterations=<VAR>iterations</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -Perform multiple choices of the <SAMP>‘-i’</SAMP> and <SAMP>‘-j’</SAMP> values, and -choose the best results. This increases the running time by a factor of -<VAR>iterations</VAR> but does a good job minimizing the generated table size. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-i <VAR>initial-value</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--initial-asso=<VAR>initial-value</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -Provides an initial <VAR>value</VAR> for the associate values array. Default -is 0. Increasing the initial value helps inflate the final table size, -possibly leading to more time efficient keyword lookups. Note that this -option is not particularly useful when <SAMP>‘-S’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, -<SAMP>‘%switch’</SAMP>) is used. Also, -<SAMP>‘-i’</SAMP> is overridden when the <SAMP>‘-r’</SAMP> option is used. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-j <VAR>jump-value</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--jump=<VAR>jump-value</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX48"></A> -Affects the “jump value”, i.e., how far to advance the associated -byte value upon collisions. <VAR>Jump-value</VAR> is rounded up to an -odd number, the default is 5. If the <VAR>jump-value</VAR> is 0 <CODE>gperf</CODE> -jumps by random amounts. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-n’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--no-strlen’</SAMP> -<DD> -Instructs the generator not to include the length of a keyword when -computing its hash value. This may save a few assembly instructions in -the generated lookup table. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-r’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--random’</SAMP> -<DD> -Utilizes randomness to initialize the associated values table. This -frequently generates solutions faster than using deterministic -initialization (which starts all associated values at 0). Furthermore, -using the randomization option generally increases the size of the -table. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-s <VAR>size-multiple</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--size-multiple=<VAR>size-multiple</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -Affects the size of the generated hash table. The numeric argument for -this option indicates “how many times larger or smaller” the maximum -associated value range should be, in relationship to the number of keywords. -It can be written as an integer, a floating-point number or a fraction. -For example, a value of 3 means “allow the maximum associated value to be -about 3 times larger than the number of input keywords”. -Conversely, a value of 1/3 means “allow the maximum associated value to -be about 3 times smaller than the number of input keywords”. Values -smaller than 1 are useful for limiting the overall size of the generated hash -table, though the option <SAMP>‘-m’</SAMP> is better at this purpose. - -If `generate switch' option <SAMP>‘-S’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, <SAMP>‘%switch’</SAMP>) is -<EM>not</EM> enabled, the maximum -associated value influences the static array table size, and a larger -table should decrease the time required for an unsuccessful search, at -the expense of extra table space. - -The default value is 1, thus the default maximum associated value about -the same size as the number of keywords (for efficiency, the maximum -associated value is always rounded up to a power of 2). The actual -table size may vary somewhat, since this technique is essentially a -heuristic. -</DL> - - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC23" HREF="gperf.html#TOC23">5.6 Informative Output</A></H2> - -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘-h’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--help’</SAMP> -<DD> -Prints a short summary on the meaning of each program option. Aborts -further program execution. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-v’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--version’</SAMP> -<DD> -Prints out the current version number. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-d’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--debug’</SAMP> -<DD> -Enables the debugging option. This produces verbose diagnostics to -“standard error” when <CODE>gperf</CODE> is executing. It is useful both for -maintaining the program and for determining whether a given set of -options is actually speeding up the search for a solution. Some useful -information is dumped at the end of the program when the <SAMP>‘-d’</SAMP> -option is enabled. -</DL> - - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC24" HREF="gperf.html#TOC24">6 Known Bugs and Limitations with <CODE>gperf</CODE></A></H1> - -<P> -The following are some limitations with the current release of -<CODE>gperf</CODE>: - -</P> - -<UL> -<LI> - -The <CODE>gperf</CODE> utility is tuned to execute quickly, and works quickly -for small to medium size data sets (around 1000 keywords). It is -extremely useful for maintaining perfect hash functions for compiler -keyword sets. Several recent enhancements now enable <CODE>gperf</CODE> to -work efficiently on much larger keyword sets (over 15,000 keywords). -When processing large keyword sets it helps greatly to have over 8 megs -of RAM. - -<LI> - -The size of the generate static keyword array can get <EM>extremely</EM> -large if the input keyword file is large or if the keywords are quite -similar. This tends to slow down the compilation of the generated C -code, and <EM>greatly</EM> inflates the object code size. If this -situation occurs, consider using the <SAMP>‘-S’</SAMP> option to reduce data -size, potentially increasing keyword recognition time a negligible -amount. Since many C compilers cannot correctly generate code for -large switch statements it is important to qualify the <VAR>-S</VAR> option -with an appropriate numerical argument that controls the number of -switch statements generated. - -<LI> - -The maximum number of selected byte positions has an -arbitrary limit of 255. This restriction should be removed, and if -anyone considers this a problem write me and let me know so I can remove -the constraint. -</UL> - - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC25" HREF="gperf.html#TOC25">7 Things Still Left to Do</A></H1> - -<P> -It should be “relatively” easy to replace the current perfect hash -function algorithm with a more exhaustive approach; the perfect hash -module is essential independent from other program modules. Additional -worthwhile improvements include: - -</P> - -<UL> -<LI> - -Another useful extension involves modifying the program to generate -“minimal” perfect hash functions (under certain circumstances, the -current version can be rather extravagant in the generated table size). -This is mostly of theoretical interest, since a sparse table -often produces faster lookups, and use of the <SAMP>‘-S’</SAMP> <CODE>switch</CODE> -option can minimize the data size, at the expense of slightly longer -lookups (note that the gcc compiler generally produces good code for -<CODE>switch</CODE> statements, reducing the need for more complex schemes). - -<LI> - -In addition to improving the algorithm, it would also be useful to -generate an Ada package as the code output, in addition to the current -C and C++ routines. -</UL> - - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC26" HREF="gperf.html#TOC26">8 Bibliography</A></H1> - -<P> -[1] Chang, C.C.: <I>A Scheme for Constructing Ordered Minimal Perfect -Hashing Functions</I> Information Sciences 39(1986), 187-195. - -</P> -<P> -[2] Cichelli, Richard J. <I>Author's Response to “On Cichelli's Minimal Perfect Hash -Functions Method”</I> Communications of the ACM, 23, 12(December 1980), 729. - -</P> -<P> -[3] Cichelli, Richard J. <I>Minimal Perfect Hash Functions Made Simple</I> -Communications of the ACM, 23, 1(January 1980), 17-19. - -</P> -<P> -[4] Cook, C. R. and Oldehoeft, R.R. <I>A Letter Oriented Minimal -Perfect Hashing Function</I> SIGPLAN Notices, 17, 9(September 1982), 18-27. - -</P> -<P> -[5] Cormack, G. V. and Horspool, R. N. S. and Kaiserwerth, M. -<I>Practical Perfect Hashing</I> Computer Journal, 28, 1(January 1985), 54-58. - -</P> -<P> -[6] Jaeschke, G. <I>Reciprocal Hashing: A Method for Generating Minimal -Perfect Hashing Functions</I> Communications of the ACM, 24, 12(December -1981), 829-833. - -</P> -<P> -[7] Jaeschke, G. and Osterburg, G. <I>On Cichelli's Minimal Perfect -Hash Functions Method</I> Communications of the ACM, 23, 12(December 1980), -728-729. - -</P> -<P> -[8] Sager, Thomas J. <I>A Polynomial Time Generator for Minimal Perfect -Hash Functions</I> Communications of the ACM, 28, 5(December 1985), 523-532 - -</P> -<P> -[9] Schmidt, Douglas C. <I>GPERF: A Perfect Hash Function Generator</I> -Second USENIX C++ Conference Proceedings, April 1990. - -</P> -<P> -[10] Schmidt, Douglas C. <I>GPERF: A Perfect Hash Function Generator</I> -C++ Report, SIGS 10 10 (November/December 1998). - -</P> -<P> -[11] Sebesta, R.W. and Taylor, M.A. <I>Minimal Perfect Hash Functions -for Reserved Word Lists</I> SIGPLAN Notices, 20, 12(September 1985), 47-53. - -</P> -<P> -[12] Sprugnoli, R. <I>Perfect Hashing Functions: A Single Probe -Retrieving Method for Static Sets</I> Communications of the ACM, 20 -11(November 1977), 841-850. - -</P> -<P> -[13] Stallman, Richard M. <I>Using and Porting GNU CC</I> Free Software Foundation, -1988. - -</P> -<P> -[14] Stroustrup, Bjarne <I>The C++ Programming Language.</I> Addison-Wesley, 1986. - -</P> -<P> -[15] Tiemann, Michael D. <I>User's Guide to GNU C++</I> Free Software -Foundation, 1989. - -</P> - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC27" HREF="gperf.html#TOC27">Concept Index</A></H1> - -<P> -Jump to: -<A HREF="#cindex_&">&</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_a">a</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_b">b</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_c">c</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_d">d</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_f">f</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_h">h</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_i">i</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_j">j</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_k">k</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_m">m</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_n">n</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_s">s</A> -<P> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_&">&</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX8"><SAMP>‘%%’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX18"><SAMP>‘%7bit’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX19"><SAMP>‘%compare-lengths’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX20"><SAMP>‘%compare-strncmp’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX17"><SAMP>‘%define class-name’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX15"><SAMP>‘%define hash-function-name’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX14"><SAMP>‘%define initializer-suffix’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX29"><SAMP>‘%define length-table-name’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX16"><SAMP>‘%define lookup-function-name’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX13"><SAMP>‘%define slot-name’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX26"><SAMP>‘%define string-pool-name’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX28"><SAMP>‘%define word-array-name’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX9"><SAMP>‘%delimiters’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX22"><SAMP>‘%enum’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX24"><SAMP>‘%global-table’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX11"><SAMP>‘%ignore-case’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX23"><SAMP>‘%includes’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX12"><SAMP>‘%language’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX27"><SAMP>‘%null-strings’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX31"><SAMP>‘%omit-struct-type’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX25"><SAMP>‘%pic’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX21"><SAMP>‘%readonly-tables’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX10"><SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX30"><SAMP>‘%switch’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX32"><SAMP>‘%{’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX33"><SAMP>‘%}’</SAMP></A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_a">a</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX44">Array name</A>, <A HREF="gperf.html#IDX45">Array name</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_b">b</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX1">Bugs</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_c">c</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX43">Class name</A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX39">Copyright</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_d">d</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX5">Declaration section</A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX40">Delimiters</A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX47">Duplicates</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_f">f</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX4">Format</A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX7">Functions section</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_h">h</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX35">hash</A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX34">hash table</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_i">i</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX36">in_word_set</A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX42">Initializers</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_j">j</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX48">Jump value</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_k">k</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX6">Keywords section</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_m">m</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX3">Minimal perfect hash functions</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_n">n</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX38">NUL</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_s">s</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX41">Slot name</A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX2">Static search structure</A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf.html#IDX37"><CODE>switch</CODE></A>, <A HREF="gperf.html#IDX46"><CODE>switch</CODE></A> -</DIR> - -</P> - -<P><HR><P> -This document was generated on 20 December 2009 using the -<A HREF="http://wwwinfo.cern.ch/dis/texi2html/">texi2html</A> -translator version 1.52b.</P> -</BODY> -</HTML> diff --git a/doc/gperf.info b/doc/gperf.info deleted file mode 100644 index 8353e43..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf.info +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2096 +0,0 @@ -This is gperf.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from gperf.texi. - -INFO-DIR-SECTION Programming Tools -START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY -* Gperf: (gperf). Perfect Hash Function Generator. -END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY - - This file documents the features of the GNU Perfect Hash Function -Generator 3.1. - - Copyright (C) 1989-2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this -manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are -preserved on all copies. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of -this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also -that the section entitled "GNU General Public License" is included -exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting -derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice -identical to this one. - - Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this -manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified -versions, except that the section entitled "GNU General Public License" -and this permission notice may be included in translations approved by -the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Top, Next: Copying, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir) - -Introduction -************ - - This manual documents the GNU `gperf' perfect hash function generator -utility, focusing on its features and how to use them, and how to report -bugs. - -* Menu: - -* Copying:: GNU General Public License says how you can - copy and share `gperf'. -* Contributors:: People who have contributed to `gperf'. -* Motivation:: The purpose of `gperf'. -* Search Structures:: Static search structures and GNU `gperf' -* Description:: High-level discussion of how GPERF functions. -* Options:: A description of options to the program. -* Bugs:: Known bugs and limitations with GPERF. -* Projects:: Things still left to do. -* Bibliography:: Material Referenced in this Report. - -* Concept Index:: - - -High-Level Description of GNU `gperf' - -* Input Format:: Input Format to `gperf' -* Output Format:: Output Format for Generated C Code with `gperf' -* Binary Strings:: Use of NUL bytes -* Output Copyright:: The Copyright of the Output. - -Input Format to `gperf' - -* Declarations:: Declarations. -* Keywords:: Format for Keyword Entries. -* Functions:: Including Additional C Functions. -* Controls for GNU indent:: Where to place directives for GNU `indent'. - -Declarations - -* User-supplied Struct:: Specifying keywords with attributes. -* Gperf Declarations:: Embedding command line options in the input. -* C Code Inclusion:: Including C declarations and definitions. - -Invoking `gperf' - -* Input Details:: Options that affect Interpretation of the Input File -* Output Language:: Specifying the Language for the Output Code -* Output Details:: Fine tuning Details in the Output Code -* Algorithmic Details:: Changing the Algorithms employed by `gperf' -* Verbosity:: Informative Output - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Copying, Next: Contributors, Prev: Top, Up: Top - -GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE -************************** - - Version 3, 29 June 2007 - - Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. `http://fsf.org/' - - Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this - license document, but changing it is not allowed. - -Preamble -======== - - The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for -software and other kinds of works. - - The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed -to take away your freedom to share and change the works. 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Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16. - - If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided - above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, - reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely - approximates an absolute waiver of all civil liability in - connection with the Program, unless a warranty or assumption of - liability accompanies a copy of the Program in return for a fee. - - -END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS -=========================== - -How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs -============================================= - - If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest -possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it -free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these -terms. - - To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest -to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively -state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the -"copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. - - ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES. - Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR - - This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify - it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by - the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at - your option) any later version. - - This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but - WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of - MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU - General Public License for more details. - - You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License - along with this program. If not, see `http://www.gnu.org/licenses/'. - - Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper -mail. - - If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short -notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode: - - PROGRAM Copyright (C) YEAR NAME OF AUTHOR - This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. - This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it - under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. - - The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the -appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your -program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would -use an "about box". - - You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or -school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if -necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow -the GNU GPL, see `http://www.gnu.org/licenses/'. - - The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your -program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine -library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary -applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the -GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, -please read `http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html'. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Contributors, Next: Motivation, Prev: Copying, Up: Top - -Contributors to GNU `gperf' Utility -*********************************** - - * The GNU `gperf' perfect hash function generator utility was - written in GNU C++ by Douglas C. Schmidt. The general idea for - the perfect hash function generator was inspired by Keith Bostic's - algorithm written in C, and distributed to net.sources around - 1984. The current program is a heavily modified, enhanced, and - extended implementation of Keith's basic idea, created at the - University of California, Irvine. Bugs, patches, and suggestions - should be reported to `<bug-gnu-gperf@gnu.org>'. - - * Special thanks is extended to Michael Tiemann and Doug Lea, for - providing a useful compiler, and for giving me a forum to exhibit - my creation. - - In addition, Adam de Boor and Nels Olson provided many tips and - insights that greatly helped improve the quality and functionality - of `gperf'. - - * Bruno Haible enhanced and optimized the search algorithm. He also - rewrote the input routines and the output routines for better - reliability, and added a testsuite. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Motivation, Next: Search Structures, Prev: Contributors, Up: Top - -1 Introduction -************** - - `gperf' is a perfect hash function generator written in C++. It -transforms an N element user-specified keyword set W into a perfect -hash function F. F uniquely maps keywords in W onto the range 0..K, -where K >= N-1. If K = N-1 then F is a _minimal_ perfect hash function. -`gperf' generates a 0..K element static lookup table and a pair of C -functions. These functions determine whether a given character string -S occurs in W, using at most one probe into the lookup table. - - `gperf' currently generates the reserved keyword recognizer for -lexical analyzers in several production and research compilers and -language processing tools, including GNU C, GNU C++, GNU Java, GNU -Pascal, GNU Modula 3, and GNU indent. Complete C++ source code for -`gperf' is available from `http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/gperf/'. A paper -describing `gperf''s design and implementation in greater detail is -available in the Second USENIX C++ Conference proceedings or from -`http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/resume.html'. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Search Structures, Next: Description, Prev: Motivation, Up: Top - -2 Static search structures and GNU `gperf' -****************************************** - - A "static search structure" is an Abstract Data Type with certain -fundamental operations, e.g., _initialize_, _insert_, and _retrieve_. -Conceptually, all insertions occur before any retrievals. In practice, -`gperf' generates a _static_ array containing search set keywords and -any associated attributes specified by the user. Thus, there is -essentially no execution-time cost for the insertions. It is a useful -data structure for representing _static search sets_. Static search -sets occur frequently in software system applications. Typical static -search sets include compiler reserved words, assembler instruction -opcodes, and built-in shell interpreter commands. Search set members, -called "keywords", are inserted into the structure only once, usually -during program initialization, and are not generally modified at -run-time. - - Numerous static search structure implementations exist, e.g., -arrays, linked lists, binary search trees, digital search tries, and -hash tables. Different approaches offer trade-offs between space -utilization and search time efficiency. For example, an N element -sorted array is space efficient, though the average-case time -complexity for retrieval operations using binary search is proportional -to log N. Conversely, hash table implementations often locate a table -entry in constant time, but typically impose additional memory overhead -and exhibit poor worst case performance. - - _Minimal perfect hash functions_ provide an optimal solution for a -particular class of static search sets. A minimal perfect hash -function is defined by two properties: - - * It allows keyword recognition in a static search set using at most - _one_ probe into the hash table. This represents the "perfect" - property. - - * The actual memory allocated to store the keywords is precisely - large enough for the keyword set, and _no larger_. This is the - "minimal" property. - - For most applications it is far easier to generate _perfect_ hash -functions than _minimal perfect_ hash functions. Moreover, non-minimal -perfect hash functions frequently execute faster than minimal ones in -practice. This phenomena occurs since searching a sparse keyword table -increases the probability of locating a "null" entry, thereby reducing -string comparisons. `gperf''s default behavior generates -_near-minimal_ perfect hash functions for keyword sets. However, -`gperf' provides many options that permit user control over the degree -of minimality and perfection. - - Static search sets often exhibit relative stability over time. For -example, Ada's 63 reserved words have remained constant for nearly a -decade. It is therefore frequently worthwhile to expend concerted -effort building an optimal search structure _once_, if it subsequently -receives heavy use multiple times. `gperf' removes the drudgery -associated with constructing time- and space-efficient search -structures by hand. It has proven a useful and practical tool for -serious programming projects. Output from `gperf' is currently used in -several production and research compilers, including GNU C, GNU C++, -GNU Java, GNU Pascal, and GNU Modula 3. The latter two compilers are -not yet part of the official GNU distribution. Each compiler utilizes -`gperf' to automatically generate static search structures that -efficiently identify their respective reserved keywords. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Description, Next: Options, Prev: Search Structures, Up: Top - -3 High-Level Description of GNU `gperf' -*************************************** - -* Menu: - -* Input Format:: Input Format to `gperf' -* Output Format:: Output Format for Generated C Code with `gperf' -* Binary Strings:: Use of NUL bytes -* Output Copyright:: The Copyright of the Output. - - The perfect hash function generator `gperf' reads a set of -"keywords" from an input file (or from the standard input by default). -It attempts to derive a perfect hashing function that recognizes a -member of the "static keyword set" with at most a single probe into the -lookup table. If `gperf' succeeds in generating such a function it -produces a pair of C source code routines that perform hashing and -table lookup recognition. All generated C code is directed to the -standard output. Command-line options described below allow you to -modify the input and output format to `gperf'. - - By default, `gperf' attempts to produce time-efficient code, with -less emphasis on efficient space utilization. However, several options -exist that permit trading-off execution time for storage space and vice -versa. In particular, expanding the generated table size produces a -sparse search structure, generally yielding faster searches. -Conversely, you can direct `gperf' to utilize a C `switch' statement -scheme that minimizes data space storage size. Furthermore, using a C -`switch' may actually speed up the keyword retrieval time somewhat. -Actual results depend on your C compiler, of course. - - In general, `gperf' assigns values to the bytes it is using for -hashing until some set of values gives each keyword a unique value. A -helpful heuristic is that the larger the hash value range, the easier -it is for `gperf' to find and generate a perfect hash function. -Experimentation is the key to getting the most from `gperf'. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Input Format, Next: Output Format, Prev: Description, Up: Description - -3.1 Input Format to `gperf' -=========================== - - You can control the input file format by varying certain command-line -arguments, in particular the `-t' option. The input's appearance is -similar to GNU utilities `flex' and `bison' (or UNIX utilities `lex' -and `yacc'). Here's an outline of the general format: - - declarations - %% - keywords - %% - functions - - _Unlike_ `flex' or `bison', the declarations section and the -functions section are optional. The following sections describe the -input format for each section. - -* Menu: - -* Declarations:: Declarations. -* Keywords:: Format for Keyword Entries. -* Functions:: Including Additional C Functions. -* Controls for GNU indent:: Where to place directives for GNU `indent'. - - It is possible to omit the declaration section entirely, if the `-t' -option is not given. In this case the input file begins directly with -the first keyword line, e.g.: - - january - february - march - april - ... - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Declarations, Next: Keywords, Prev: Input Format, Up: Input Format - -3.1.1 Declarations ------------------- - - The keyword input file optionally contains a section for including -arbitrary C declarations and definitions, `gperf' declarations that act -like command-line options, as well as for providing a user-supplied -`struct'. - -* Menu: - -* User-supplied Struct:: Specifying keywords with attributes. -* Gperf Declarations:: Embedding command line options in the input. -* C Code Inclusion:: Including C declarations and definitions. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: User-supplied Struct, Next: Gperf Declarations, Prev: Declarations, Up: Declarations - -3.1.1.1 User-supplied `struct' -.............................. - - If the `-t' option (or, equivalently, the `%struct-type' declaration) -_is_ enabled, you _must_ provide a C `struct' as the last component in -the declaration section from the input file. The first field in this -struct must be of type `char *' or `const char *' if the `-P' option is -not given, or of type `int' if the option `-P' (or, equivalently, the -`%pic' declaration) is enabled. This first field must be called -`name', although it is possible to modify its name with the `-K' option -(or, equivalently, the `%define slot-name' declaration) described below. - - Here is a simple example, using months of the year and their -attributes as input: - - struct month { char *name; int number; int days; int leap_days; }; - %% - january, 1, 31, 31 - february, 2, 28, 29 - march, 3, 31, 31 - april, 4, 30, 30 - may, 5, 31, 31 - june, 6, 30, 30 - july, 7, 31, 31 - august, 8, 31, 31 - september, 9, 30, 30 - october, 10, 31, 31 - november, 11, 30, 30 - december, 12, 31, 31 - - Separating the `struct' declaration from the list of keywords and -other fields are a pair of consecutive percent signs, `%%', appearing -left justified in the first column, as in the UNIX utility `lex'. - - If the `struct' has already been declared in an include file, it can -be mentioned in an abbreviated form, like this: - - struct month; - %% - january, 1, 31, 31 - ... - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Gperf Declarations, Next: C Code Inclusion, Prev: User-supplied Struct, Up: Declarations - -3.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations -.......................... - - The declaration section can contain `gperf' declarations. They -influence the way `gperf' works, like command line options do. In -fact, every such declaration is equivalent to a command line option. -There are three forms of declarations: - - 1. Declarations without argument, like `%compare-lengths'. - - 2. Declarations with an argument, like `%switch=COUNT'. - - 3. Declarations of names of entities in the output file, like - `%define lookup-function-name NAME'. - - When a declaration is given both in the input file and as a command -line option, the command-line option's value prevails. - - The following `gperf' declarations are available. - -`%delimiters=DELIMITER-LIST' - Allows you to provide a string containing delimiters used to - separate keywords from their attributes. The default is ",". This - option is essential if you want to use keywords that have embedded - commas or newlines. - -`%struct-type' - Allows you to include a `struct' type declaration for generated - code; see above for an example. - -`%ignore-case' - Consider upper and lower case ASCII characters as equivalent. The - string comparison will use a case insignificant character - comparison. Note that locale dependent case mappings are ignored. - -`%language=LANGUAGE-NAME' - Instructs `gperf' to generate code in the language specified by the - option's argument. Languages handled are currently: - - `KR-C' - Old-style K&R C. This language is understood by old-style C - compilers and ANSI C compilers, but ANSI C compilers may flag - warnings (or even errors) because of lacking `const'. - - `C' - Common C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers, - and also by old-style C compilers, provided that you `#define - const' to empty for compilers which don't know about this - keyword. - - `ANSI-C' - ANSI C. This language is understood by ANSI C (C89, ISO C90) - compilers, ISO C99 compilers, and C++ compilers. - - `C++' - C++. This language is understood by C++ compilers. - - The default is ANSI-C. - -`%define slot-name NAME' - This declaration is only useful when option `-t' (or, - equivalently, the `%struct-type' declaration) has been given. By - default, the program assumes the structure component identifier for - the keyword is `name'. This option allows an arbitrary choice of - identifier for this component, although it still must occur as the - first field in your supplied `struct'. - -`%define initializer-suffix INITIALIZERS' - This declaration is only useful when option `-t' (or, - equivalently, the `%struct-type' declaration) has been given. It - permits to specify initializers for the structure members following - SLOT-NAME in empty hash table entries. The list of initializers - should start with a comma. By default, the emitted code will - zero-initialize structure members following SLOT-NAME. - -`%define hash-function-name NAME' - Allows you to specify the name for the generated hash function. - Default name is `hash'. This option permits the use of two hash - tables in the same file. - -`%define lookup-function-name NAME' - Allows you to specify the name for the generated lookup function. - Default name is `in_word_set'. This option permits multiple - generated hash functions to be used in the same application. - -`%define class-name NAME' - This option is only useful when option `-L C++' (or, equivalently, - the `%language=C++' declaration) has been given. It allows you to - specify the name of generated C++ class. Default name is - `Perfect_Hash'. - -`%7bit' - This option specifies that all strings that will be passed as - arguments to the generated hash function and the generated lookup - function will solely consist of 7-bit ASCII characters (bytes in - the range 0..127). (Note that the ANSI C functions `isalnum' and - `isgraph' do _not_ guarantee that a byte is in this range. Only - an explicit test like `c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z'' guarantees this.) - -`%compare-lengths' - Compare keyword lengths before trying a string comparison. This - option is mandatory for binary comparisons (*note Binary - Strings::). It also might cut down on the number of string - comparisons made during the lookup, since keywords with different - lengths are never compared via `strcmp'. However, using - `%compare-lengths' might greatly increase the size of the - generated C code if the lookup table range is large (which implies - that the switch option `-S' or `%switch' is not enabled), since - the length table contains as many elements as there are entries in - the lookup table. - -`%compare-strncmp' - Generates C code that uses the `strncmp' function to perform - string comparisons. The default action is to use `strcmp'. - -`%readonly-tables' - Makes the contents of all generated lookup tables constant, i.e., - "readonly". Many compilers can generate more efficient code for - this by putting the tables in readonly memory. - -`%enum' - Define constant values using an enum local to the lookup function - rather than with #defines. This also means that different lookup - functions can reside in the same file. Thanks to James Clark - `<jjc@ai.mit.edu>'. - -`%includes' - Include the necessary system include file, `<string.h>', at the - beginning of the code. By default, this is not done; the user must - include this header file himself to allow compilation of the code. - -`%global-table' - Generate the static table of keywords as a static global variable, - rather than hiding it inside of the lookup function (which is the - default behavior). - -`%pic' - Optimize the generated table for inclusion in shared libraries. - This reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library - containing the generated code. If the `%struct-type' declaration - (or, equivalently, the option `-t') is also given, the first field - of the user-defined struct must be of type `int', not `char *', - because it will contain offsets into the string pool instead of - actual strings. To convert such an offset to a string, you can - use the expression `stringpool + O', where O is the offset. The - string pool name can be changed through the `%define - string-pool-name' declaration. - -`%define string-pool-name NAME' - Allows you to specify the name of the generated string pool - created by the declaration `%pic' (or, equivalently, the option - `-P'). The default name is `stringpool'. This declaration - permits the use of two hash tables in the same file, with `%pic' - and even when the `%global-table' declaration (or, equivalently, - the option `-G') is given. - -`%null-strings' - Use NULL strings instead of empty strings for empty keyword table - entries. This reduces the startup time of programs using a shared - library containing the generated code (but not as much as the - declaration `%pic'), at the expense of one more test-and-branch - instruction at run time. - -`%define word-array-name NAME' - Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing - the hash table. Default name is `wordlist'. This option permits - the use of two hash tables in the same file, even when the option - `-G' (or, equivalently, the `%global-table' declaration) is given. - -`%define length-table-name NAME' - Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing - the length table. Default name is `lengthtable'. This option - permits the use of two length tables in the same file, even when - the option `-G' (or, equivalently, the `%global-table' - declaration) is given. - -`%switch=COUNT' - Causes the generated C code to use a `switch' statement scheme, - rather than an array lookup table. This can lead to a reduction - in both time and space requirements for some input files. The - argument to this option determines how many `switch' statements - are generated. A value of 1 generates 1 `switch' containing all - the elements, a value of 2 generates 2 tables with 1/2 the - elements in each `switch', etc. This is useful since many C - compilers cannot correctly generate code for large `switch' - statements. This option was inspired in part by Keith Bostic's - original C program. - -`%omit-struct-type' - Prevents the transfer of the type declaration to the output file. - Use this option if the type is already defined elsewhere. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: C Code Inclusion, Prev: Gperf Declarations, Up: Declarations - -3.1.1.3 C Code Inclusion -........................ - - Using a syntax similar to GNU utilities `flex' and `bison', it is -possible to directly include C source text and comments verbatim into -the generated output file. This is accomplished by enclosing the region -inside left-justified surrounding `%{', `%}' pairs. Here is an input -fragment based on the previous example that illustrates this feature: - - %{ - #include <assert.h> - /* This section of code is inserted directly into the output. */ - int return_month_days (struct month *months, int is_leap_year); - %} - struct month { char *name; int number; int days; int leap_days; }; - %% - january, 1, 31, 31 - february, 2, 28, 29 - march, 3, 31, 31 - ... - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Keywords, Next: Functions, Prev: Declarations, Up: Input Format - -3.1.2 Format for Keyword Entries --------------------------------- - - The second input file format section contains lines of keywords and -any associated attributes you might supply. A line beginning with `#' -in the first column is considered a comment. Everything following the -`#' is ignored, up to and including the following newline. A line -beginning with `%' in the first column is an option declaration and -must not occur within the keywords section. - - The first field of each non-comment line is always the keyword -itself. It can be given in two ways: as a simple name, i.e., without -surrounding string quotation marks, or as a string enclosed in -double-quotes, in C syntax, possibly with backslash escapes like `\"' -or `\234' or `\xa8'. In either case, it must start right at the -beginning of the line, without leading whitespace. In this context, a -"field" is considered to extend up to, but not include, the first -blank, comma, or newline. Here is a simple example taken from a -partial list of C reserved words: - - # These are a few C reserved words, see the c.gperf file - # for a complete list of ANSI C reserved words. - unsigned - sizeof - switch - signed - if - default - for - while - return - - Note that unlike `flex' or `bison' the first `%%' marker may be -elided if the declaration section is empty. - - Additional fields may optionally follow the leading keyword. Fields -should be separated by commas, and terminate at the end of line. What -these fields mean is entirely up to you; they are used to initialize the -elements of the user-defined `struct' provided by you in the -declaration section. If the `-t' option (or, equivalently, the -`%struct-type' declaration) is _not_ enabled these fields are simply -ignored. All previous examples except the last one contain keyword -attributes. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Functions, Next: Controls for GNU indent, Prev: Keywords, Up: Input Format - -3.1.3 Including Additional C Functions --------------------------------------- - - The optional third section also corresponds closely with conventions -found in `flex' and `bison'. All text in this section, starting at the -final `%%' and extending to the end of the input file, is included -verbatim into the generated output file. Naturally, it is your -responsibility to ensure that the code contained in this section is -valid C. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Controls for GNU indent, Prev: Functions, Up: Input Format - -3.1.4 Where to place directives for GNU `indent'. -------------------------------------------------- - - If you want to invoke GNU `indent' on a `gperf' input file, you will -see that GNU `indent' doesn't understand the `%%', `%{' and `%}' -directives that control `gperf''s interpretation of the input file. -Therefore you have to insert some directives for GNU `indent'. More -precisely, assuming the most general input file structure - - declarations part 1 - %{ - verbatim code - %} - declarations part 2 - %% - keywords - %% - functions - -you would insert `*INDENT-OFF*' and `*INDENT-ON*' comments as follows: - - /* *INDENT-OFF* */ - declarations part 1 - %{ - /* *INDENT-ON* */ - verbatim code - /* *INDENT-OFF* */ - %} - declarations part 2 - %% - keywords - %% - /* *INDENT-ON* */ - functions - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Output Format, Next: Binary Strings, Prev: Input Format, Up: Description - -3.2 Output Format for Generated C Code with `gperf' -=================================================== - - Several options control how the generated C code appears on the -standard output. Two C functions are generated. They are called -`hash' and `in_word_set', although you may modify their names with a -command-line option. Both functions require two arguments, a string, -`char *' STR, and a length parameter, `int' LEN. Their default -function prototypes are as follows: - - -- Function: unsigned int hash (const char * STR, unsigned int LEN) - By default, the generated `hash' function returns an integer value - created by adding LEN to several user-specified STR byte positions - indexed into an "associated values" table stored in a local static - array. The associated values table is constructed internally by - `gperf' and later output as a static local C array called - `hash_table'. The relevant selected positions (i.e. indices into - STR) are specified via the `-k' option when running `gperf', as - detailed in the _Options_ section below (*note Options::). - - -- Function: in_word_set (const char * STR, unsigned int LEN) - If STR is in the keyword set, returns a pointer to that keyword. - More exactly, if the option `-t' (or, equivalently, the - `%struct-type' declaration) was given, it returns a pointer to the - matching keyword's structure. Otherwise it returns `NULL'. - - If the option `-c' (or, equivalently, the `%compare-strncmp' -declaration) is not used, STR must be a NUL terminated string of -exactly length LEN. If `-c' (or, equivalently, the `%compare-strncmp' -declaration) is used, STR must simply be an array of LEN bytes and does -not need to be NUL terminated. - - The code generated for these two functions is affected by the -following options: - -`-t' -`--struct-type' - Make use of the user-defined `struct'. - -`-S TOTAL-SWITCH-STATEMENTS' -`--switch=TOTAL-SWITCH-STATEMENTS' - Generate 1 or more C `switch' statement rather than use a large, - (and potentially sparse) static array. Although the exact time and - space savings of this approach vary according to your C compiler's - degree of optimization, this method often results in smaller and - faster code. - - If the `-t' and `-S' options (or, equivalently, the `%struct-type' -and `%switch' declarations) are omitted, the default action is to -generate a `char *' array containing the keywords, together with -additional empty strings used for padding the array. By experimenting -with the various input and output options, and timing the resulting C -code, you can determine the best option choices for different keyword -set characteristics. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Binary Strings, Next: Output Copyright, Prev: Output Format, Up: Description - -3.3 Use of NUL bytes -==================== - - By default, the code generated by `gperf' operates on zero -terminated strings, the usual representation of strings in C. This -means that the keywords in the input file must not contain NUL bytes, -and the STR argument passed to `hash' or `in_word_set' must be NUL -terminated and have exactly length LEN. - - If option `-c' (or, equivalently, the `%compare-strncmp' -declaration) is used, then the STR argument does not need to be NUL -terminated. The code generated by `gperf' will only access the first -LEN, not LEN+1, bytes starting at STR. However, the keywords in the -input file still must not contain NUL bytes. - - If option `-l' (or, equivalently, the `%compare-lengths' -declaration) is used, then the hash table performs binary comparison. -The keywords in the input file may contain NUL bytes, written in string -syntax as `\000' or `\x00', and the code generated by `gperf' will -treat NUL like any other byte. Also, in this case the `-c' option (or, -equivalently, the `%compare-strncmp' declaration) is ignored. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Output Copyright, Prev: Binary Strings, Up: Description - -3.4 The Copyright of the Output -=============================== - - `gperf' is under GPL, but that does not cause the output produced by -`gperf' to be under GPL. The reason is that the output contains only -small pieces of text that come directly from `gperf''s source code - -only about 7 lines long, too small for being significant -, and -therefore the output is not a "work based on `gperf'" (in the sense of -the GPL version 3). - - On the other hand, the output produced by `gperf' contains -essentially all of the input file. Therefore the output is a -"derivative work" of the input (in the sense of U.S. copyright law); -and its copyright status depends on the copyright of the input. For -most software licenses, the result is that the the output is under the -same license, with the same copyright holder, as the input that was -passed to `gperf'. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Options, Next: Bugs, Prev: Description, Up: Top - -4 Invoking `gperf' -****************** - - There are _many_ options to `gperf'. They were added to make the -program more convenient for use with real applications. "On-line" help -is readily available via the `--help' option. Here is the complete -list of options. - -* Menu: - -* Output File:: Specifying the Location of the Output File -* Input Details:: Options that affect Interpretation of the Input File -* Output Language:: Specifying the Language for the Output Code -* Output Details:: Fine tuning Details in the Output Code -* Algorithmic Details:: Changing the Algorithms employed by `gperf' -* Verbosity:: Informative Output - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Output File, Next: Input Details, Prev: Options, Up: Options - -4.1 Specifying the Location of the Output File -============================================== - -`--output-file=FILE' - Allows you to specify the name of the file to which the output is - written to. - - The results are written to standard output if no output file is -specified or if it is `-'. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Input Details, Next: Output Language, Prev: Output File, Up: Options - -4.2 Options that affect Interpretation of the Input File -======================================================== - - These options are also available as declarations in the input file -(*note Gperf Declarations::). - -`-e KEYWORD-DELIMITER-LIST' -`--delimiters=KEYWORD-DELIMITER-LIST' - Allows you to provide a string containing delimiters used to - separate keywords from their attributes. The default is ",". This - option is essential if you want to use keywords that have embedded - commas or newlines. One useful trick is to use -e'TAB', where TAB - is the literal tab character. - -`-t' -`--struct-type' - Allows you to include a `struct' type declaration for generated - code. Any text before a pair of consecutive `%%' is considered - part of the type declaration. Keywords and additional fields may - follow this, one group of fields per line. A set of examples for - generating perfect hash tables and functions for Ada, C, C++, - Pascal, Modula 2, Modula 3 and JavaScript reserved words are - distributed with this release. - -`--ignore-case' - Consider upper and lower case ASCII characters as equivalent. The - string comparison will use a case insignificant character - comparison. Note that locale dependent case mappings are ignored. - This option is therefore not suitable if a properly - internationalized or locale aware case mapping should be used. - (For example, in a Turkish locale, the upper case equivalent of - the lowercase ASCII letter `i' is the non-ASCII character `capital - i with dot above'.) For this case, it is better to apply an - uppercase or lowercase conversion on the string before passing it - to the `gperf' generated function. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Output Language, Next: Output Details, Prev: Input Details, Up: Options - -4.3 Options to specify the Language for the Output Code -======================================================= - - These options are also available as declarations in the input file -(*note Gperf Declarations::). - -`-L GENERATED-LANGUAGE-NAME' -`--language=GENERATED-LANGUAGE-NAME' - Instructs `gperf' to generate code in the language specified by the - option's argument. Languages handled are currently: - - `KR-C' - Old-style K&R C. This language is understood by old-style C - compilers and ANSI C compilers, but ANSI C compilers may flag - warnings (or even errors) because of lacking `const'. - - `C' - Common C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers, - and also by old-style C compilers, provided that you `#define - const' to empty for compilers which don't know about this - keyword. - - `ANSI-C' - ANSI C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers and - C++ compilers. - - `C++' - C++. This language is understood by C++ compilers. - - The default is ANSI-C. - -`-a' - This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases - of `gperf'. It does not do anything. - -`-g' - This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases - of `gperf'. It does not do anything. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Output Details, Next: Algorithmic Details, Prev: Output Language, Up: Options - -4.4 Options for fine tuning Details in the Output Code -====================================================== - - Most of these options are also available as declarations in the -input file (*note Gperf Declarations::). - -`-K SLOT-NAME' -`--slot-name=SLOT-NAME' - This option is only useful when option `-t' (or, equivalently, the - `%struct-type' declaration) has been given. By default, the - program assumes the structure component identifier for the keyword - is `name'. This option allows an arbitrary choice of identifier - for this component, although it still must occur as the first - field in your supplied `struct'. - -`-F INITIALIZERS' -`--initializer-suffix=INITIALIZERS' - This option is only useful when option `-t' (or, equivalently, the - `%struct-type' declaration) has been given. It permits to specify - initializers for the structure members following SLOT-NAME in - empty hash table entries. The list of initializers should start - with a comma. By default, the emitted code will zero-initialize - structure members following SLOT-NAME. - -`-H HASH-FUNCTION-NAME' -`--hash-function-name=HASH-FUNCTION-NAME' - Allows you to specify the name for the generated hash function. - Default name is `hash'. This option permits the use of two hash - tables in the same file. - -`-N LOOKUP-FUNCTION-NAME' -`--lookup-function-name=LOOKUP-FUNCTION-NAME' - Allows you to specify the name for the generated lookup function. - Default name is `in_word_set'. This option permits multiple - generated hash functions to be used in the same application. - -`-Z CLASS-NAME' -`--class-name=CLASS-NAME' - This option is only useful when option `-L C++' (or, equivalently, - the `%language=C++' declaration) has been given. It allows you to - specify the name of generated C++ class. Default name is - `Perfect_Hash'. - -`-7' -`--seven-bit' - This option specifies that all strings that will be passed as - arguments to the generated hash function and the generated lookup - function will solely consist of 7-bit ASCII characters (bytes in - the range 0..127). (Note that the ANSI C functions `isalnum' and - `isgraph' do _not_ guarantee that a byte is in this range. Only - an explicit test like `c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z'' guarantees this.) - This was the default in versions of `gperf' earlier than 2.7; now - the default is to support 8-bit and multibyte characters. - -`-l' -`--compare-lengths' - Compare keyword lengths before trying a string comparison. This - option is mandatory for binary comparisons (*note Binary - Strings::). It also might cut down on the number of string - comparisons made during the lookup, since keywords with different - lengths are never compared via `strcmp'. However, using `-l' - might greatly increase the size of the generated C code if the - lookup table range is large (which implies that the switch option - `-S' or `%switch' is not enabled), since the length table contains - as many elements as there are entries in the lookup table. - -`-c' -`--compare-strncmp' - Generates C code that uses the `strncmp' function to perform - string comparisons. The default action is to use `strcmp'. - -`-C' -`--readonly-tables' - Makes the contents of all generated lookup tables constant, i.e., - "readonly". Many compilers can generate more efficient code for - this by putting the tables in readonly memory. - -`-E' -`--enum' - Define constant values using an enum local to the lookup function - rather than with #defines. This also means that different lookup - functions can reside in the same file. Thanks to James Clark - `<jjc@ai.mit.edu>'. - -`-I' -`--includes' - Include the necessary system include file, `<string.h>', at the - beginning of the code. By default, this is not done; the user must - include this header file himself to allow compilation of the code. - -`-G' -`--global-table' - Generate the static table of keywords as a static global variable, - rather than hiding it inside of the lookup function (which is the - default behavior). - -`-P' -`--pic' - Optimize the generated table for inclusion in shared libraries. - This reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library - containing the generated code. If the option `-t' (or, - equivalently, the `%struct-type' declaration) is also given, the - first field of the user-defined struct must be of type `int', not - `char *', because it will contain offsets into the string pool - instead of actual strings. To convert such an offset to a string, - you can use the expression `stringpool + O', where O is the - offset. The string pool name can be changed through the option - `--string-pool-name'. - -`-Q STRING-POOL-NAME' -`--string-pool-name=STRING-POOL-NAME' - Allows you to specify the name of the generated string pool - created by option `-P'. The default name is `stringpool'. This - option permits the use of two hash tables in the same file, with - `-P' and even when the option `-G' (or, equivalently, the - `%global-table' declaration) is given. - -`--null-strings' - Use NULL strings instead of empty strings for empty keyword table - entries. This reduces the startup time of programs using a shared - library containing the generated code (but not as much as option - `-P'), at the expense of one more test-and-branch instruction at - run time. - -`-W HASH-TABLE-ARRAY-NAME' -`--word-array-name=HASH-TABLE-ARRAY-NAME' - Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing - the hash table. Default name is `wordlist'. This option permits - the use of two hash tables in the same file, even when the option - `-G' (or, equivalently, the `%global-table' declaration) is given. - -`--length-table-name=LENGTH-TABLE-ARRAY-NAME' - Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing - the length table. Default name is `lengthtable'. This option - permits the use of two length tables in the same file, even when - the option `-G' (or, equivalently, the `%global-table' - declaration) is given. - -`-S TOTAL-SWITCH-STATEMENTS' -`--switch=TOTAL-SWITCH-STATEMENTS' - Causes the generated C code to use a `switch' statement scheme, - rather than an array lookup table. This can lead to a reduction - in both time and space requirements for some input files. The - argument to this option determines how many `switch' statements - are generated. A value of 1 generates 1 `switch' containing all - the elements, a value of 2 generates 2 tables with 1/2 the - elements in each `switch', etc. This is useful since many C - compilers cannot correctly generate code for large `switch' - statements. This option was inspired in part by Keith Bostic's - original C program. - -`-T' -`--omit-struct-type' - Prevents the transfer of the type declaration to the output file. - Use this option if the type is already defined elsewhere. - -`-p' - This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases - of `gperf'. It does not do anything. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Algorithmic Details, Next: Verbosity, Prev: Output Details, Up: Options - -4.5 Options for changing the Algorithms employed by `gperf' -=========================================================== - -`-k SELECTED-BYTE-POSITIONS' -`--key-positions=SELECTED-BYTE-POSITIONS' - Allows selection of the byte positions used in the keywords' hash - function. The allowable choices range between 1-255, inclusive. - The positions are separated by commas, e.g., `-k 9,4,13,14'; - ranges may be used, e.g., `-k 2-7'; and positions may occur in any - order. Furthermore, the wildcard '*' causes the generated hash - function to consider *all* byte positions in each keyword, whereas - '$' instructs the hash function to use the "final byte" of a - keyword (this is the only way to use a byte position greater than - 255, incidentally). - - For instance, the option `-k 1,2,4,6-10,'$'' generates a hash - function that considers positions 1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10, plus the last - byte in each keyword (which may be at a different position for each - keyword, obviously). Keywords with length less than the indicated - byte positions work properly, since selected byte positions - exceeding the keyword length are simply not referenced in the hash - function. - - This option is not normally needed since version 2.8 of `gperf'; - the default byte positions are computed depending on the keyword - set, through a search that minimizes the number of byte positions. - -`-D' -`--duplicates' - Handle keywords whose selected byte sets hash to duplicate values. - Duplicate hash values can occur if a set of keywords has the same - names, but possesses different attributes, or if the selected byte - positions are not well chosen. With the -D option `gperf' treats - all these keywords as part of an equivalence class and generates a - perfect hash function with multiple comparisons for duplicate - keywords. It is up to you to completely disambiguate the keywords - by modifying the generated C code. However, `gperf' helps you out - by organizing the output. - - Using this option usually means that the generated hash function - is no longer perfect. On the other hand, it permits `gperf' to - work on keyword sets that it otherwise could not handle. - -`-m ITERATIONS' -`--multiple-iterations=ITERATIONS' - Perform multiple choices of the `-i' and `-j' values, and choose - the best results. This increases the running time by a factor of - ITERATIONS but does a good job minimizing the generated table size. - -`-i INITIAL-VALUE' -`--initial-asso=INITIAL-VALUE' - Provides an initial VALUE for the associate values array. Default - is 0. Increasing the initial value helps inflate the final table - size, possibly leading to more time efficient keyword lookups. - Note that this option is not particularly useful when `-S' (or, - equivalently, `%switch') is used. Also, `-i' is overridden when - the `-r' option is used. - -`-j JUMP-VALUE' -`--jump=JUMP-VALUE' - Affects the "jump value", i.e., how far to advance the associated - byte value upon collisions. JUMP-VALUE is rounded up to an odd - number, the default is 5. If the JUMP-VALUE is 0 `gperf' jumps by - random amounts. - -`-n' -`--no-strlen' - Instructs the generator not to include the length of a keyword when - computing its hash value. This may save a few assembly - instructions in the generated lookup table. - -`-r' -`--random' - Utilizes randomness to initialize the associated values table. - This frequently generates solutions faster than using deterministic - initialization (which starts all associated values at 0). - Furthermore, using the randomization option generally increases - the size of the table. - -`-s SIZE-MULTIPLE' -`--size-multiple=SIZE-MULTIPLE' - Affects the size of the generated hash table. The numeric - argument for this option indicates "how many times larger or - smaller" the maximum associated value range should be, in - relationship to the number of keywords. It can be written as an - integer, a floating-point number or a fraction. For example, a - value of 3 means "allow the maximum associated value to be about 3 - times larger than the number of input keywords". Conversely, a - value of 1/3 means "allow the maximum associated value to be about - 3 times smaller than the number of input keywords". Values - smaller than 1 are useful for limiting the overall size of the - generated hash table, though the option `-m' is better at this - purpose. - - If `generate switch' option `-S' (or, equivalently, `%switch') is - _not_ enabled, the maximum associated value influences the static - array table size, and a larger table should decrease the time - required for an unsuccessful search, at the expense of extra table - space. - - The default value is 1, thus the default maximum associated value - about the same size as the number of keywords (for efficiency, the - maximum associated value is always rounded up to a power of 2). - The actual table size may vary somewhat, since this technique is - essentially a heuristic. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Verbosity, Prev: Algorithmic Details, Up: Options - -4.6 Informative Output -====================== - -`-h' -`--help' - Prints a short summary on the meaning of each program option. - Aborts further program execution. - -`-v' -`--version' - Prints out the current version number. - -`-d' -`--debug' - Enables the debugging option. This produces verbose diagnostics to - "standard error" when `gperf' is executing. It is useful both for - maintaining the program and for determining whether a given set of - options is actually speeding up the search for a solution. Some - useful information is dumped at the end of the program when the - `-d' option is enabled. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Bugs, Next: Projects, Prev: Options, Up: Top - -5 Known Bugs and Limitations with `gperf' -***************************************** - - The following are some limitations with the current release of -`gperf': - - * The `gperf' utility is tuned to execute quickly, and works quickly - for small to medium size data sets (around 1000 keywords). It is - extremely useful for maintaining perfect hash functions for - compiler keyword sets. Several recent enhancements now enable - `gperf' to work efficiently on much larger keyword sets (over - 15,000 keywords). When processing large keyword sets it helps - greatly to have over 8 megs of RAM. - - * The size of the generate static keyword array can get _extremely_ - large if the input keyword file is large or if the keywords are - quite similar. This tends to slow down the compilation of the - generated C code, and _greatly_ inflates the object code size. If - this situation occurs, consider using the `-S' option to reduce - data size, potentially increasing keyword recognition time a - negligible amount. Since many C compilers cannot correctly - generate code for large switch statements it is important to - qualify the -S option with an appropriate numerical argument that - controls the number of switch statements generated. - - * The maximum number of selected byte positions has an arbitrary - limit of 255. This restriction should be removed, and if anyone - considers this a problem write me and let me know so I can remove - the constraint. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Projects, Next: Bibliography, Prev: Bugs, Up: Top - -6 Things Still Left to Do -************************* - - It should be "relatively" easy to replace the current perfect hash -function algorithm with a more exhaustive approach; the perfect hash -module is essential independent from other program modules. Additional -worthwhile improvements include: - - * Another useful extension involves modifying the program to generate - "minimal" perfect hash functions (under certain circumstances, the - current version can be rather extravagant in the generated table - size). This is mostly of theoretical interest, since a sparse - table often produces faster lookups, and use of the `-S' `switch' - option can minimize the data size, at the expense of slightly - longer lookups (note that the gcc compiler generally produces good - code for `switch' statements, reducing the need for more complex - schemes). - - * In addition to improving the algorithm, it would also be useful to - generate an Ada package as the code output, in addition to the - current C and C++ routines. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Bibliography, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Projects, Up: Top - -7 Bibliography -************** - -[1] Chang, C.C.: A Scheme for Constructing Ordered Minimal Perfect -Hashing Functions Information Sciences 39(1986), 187-195. - -[2] Cichelli, Richard J. Author's Response to "On Cichelli's Minimal -Perfect Hash Functions Method" Communications of the ACM, 23, -12(December 1980), 729. - -[3] Cichelli, Richard J. Minimal Perfect Hash Functions Made Simple -Communications of the ACM, 23, 1(January 1980), 17-19. - -[4] Cook, C. R. and Oldehoeft, R.R. A Letter Oriented Minimal Perfect -Hashing Function SIGPLAN Notices, 17, 9(September 1982), 18-27. - -[5] Cormack, G. V. and Horspool, R. N. S. and Kaiserwerth, M. -Practical Perfect Hashing Computer Journal, 28, 1(January 1985), 54-58. - -[6] Jaeschke, G. Reciprocal Hashing: A Method for Generating Minimal -Perfect Hashing Functions Communications of the ACM, 24, 12(December -1981), 829-833. - -[7] Jaeschke, G. and Osterburg, G. On Cichelli's Minimal Perfect Hash -Functions Method Communications of the ACM, 23, 12(December 1980), -728-729. - -[8] Sager, Thomas J. A Polynomial Time Generator for Minimal Perfect -Hash Functions Communications of the ACM, 28, 5(December 1985), 523-532 - -[9] Schmidt, Douglas C. GPERF: A Perfect Hash Function Generator Second -USENIX C++ Conference Proceedings, April 1990. - -[10] Schmidt, Douglas C. GPERF: A Perfect Hash Function Generator C++ -Report, SIGS 10 10 (November/December 1998). - -[11] Sebesta, R.W. and Taylor, M.A. Minimal Perfect Hash Functions for -Reserved Word Lists SIGPLAN Notices, 20, 12(September 1985), 47-53. - -[12] Sprugnoli, R. Perfect Hashing Functions: A Single Probe Retrieving -Method for Static Sets Communications of the ACM, 20 11(November 1977), -841-850. - -[13] Stallman, Richard M. Using and Porting GNU CC Free Software -Foundation, 1988. - -[14] Stroustrup, Bjarne The C++ Programming Language. Addison-Wesley, -1986. - -[15] Tiemann, Michael D. User's Guide to GNU C++ Free Software -Foundation, 1989. - - -File: gperf.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Bibliography, Up: Top - -Concept Index -************* - - -* Menu: - -* %%: User-supplied Struct. - (line 33) -* %7bit: Gperf Declarations. (line 95) -* %compare-lengths: Gperf Declarations. (line 103) -* %compare-strncmp: Gperf Declarations. (line 115) -* %define class-name: Gperf Declarations. (line 89) -* %define hash-function-name: Gperf Declarations. (line 79) -* %define initializer-suffix: Gperf Declarations. (line 71) -* %define length-table-name: Gperf Declarations. (line 173) -* %define lookup-function-name: Gperf Declarations. (line 84) -* %define slot-name: Gperf Declarations. (line 63) -* %define string-pool-name: Gperf Declarations. (line 152) -* %define word-array-name: Gperf Declarations. (line 167) -* %delimiters: Gperf Declarations. (line 24) -* %enum: Gperf Declarations. (line 124) -* %global-table: Gperf Declarations. (line 135) -* %ignore-case: Gperf Declarations. (line 34) -* %includes: Gperf Declarations. (line 130) -* %language: Gperf Declarations. (line 39) -* %null-strings: Gperf Declarations. (line 160) -* %omit-struct-type: Gperf Declarations. (line 192) -* %pic: Gperf Declarations. (line 140) -* %readonly-tables: Gperf Declarations. (line 119) -* %struct-type: Gperf Declarations. (line 30) -* %switch: Gperf Declarations. (line 180) -* %{: C Code Inclusion. (line 6) -* %}: C Code Inclusion. (line 6) -* Array name: Output Details. (line 129) -* Bugs: Contributors. (line 6) -* Class name: Output Details. (line 41) -* Copyright: Output Copyright. (line 6) -* Declaration section: Input Format. (line 6) -* Delimiters: Input Details. (line 11) -* Duplicates: Algorithmic Details. (line 32) -* Format: Input Format. (line 6) -* Functions section: Input Format. (line 6) -* hash: Output Format. (line 14) -* hash table: Output Format. (line 6) -* in_word_set: Output Format. (line 24) -* Initializers: Output Details. (line 20) -* Jump value: Algorithmic Details. (line 63) -* Keywords section: Input Format. (line 6) -* Minimal perfect hash functions: Search Structures. (line 30) -* NUL: Binary Strings. (line 6) -* Slot name: Output Details. (line 11) -* Static search structure: Search Structures. (line 6) -* switch <1>: Output Details. (line 143) -* switch: Output Format. (line 44) - - - -Tag Table: -Node: Top1235 -Node: Copying3372 -Node: Contributors40913 -Node: Motivation42106 -Node: Search Structures43238 -Node: Description46797 -Node: Input Format48755 -Node: Declarations49900 -Node: User-supplied Struct50488 -Node: Gperf Declarations52103 -Node: C Code Inclusion60900 -Node: Keywords61743 -Node: Functions63691 -Node: Controls for GNU indent64229 -Node: Output Format65180 -Node: Binary Strings67975 -Node: Output Copyright69151 -Node: Options70090 -Node: Output File70879 -Node: Input Details71271 -Node: Output Language73110 -Node: Output Details74534 -Node: Algorithmic Details81801 -Node: Verbosity87058 -Node: Bugs87769 -Node: Projects89365 -Node: Bibliography90497 -Node: Concept Index92512 - -End Tag Table diff --git a/doc/gperf.pdf b/doc/gperf.pdf Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index edf3b90..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf.pdf +++ /dev/null diff --git a/doc/gperf.ps b/doc/gperf.ps deleted file mode 100644 index 3b36de0..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf.ps +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6348 +0,0 @@ -%!PS-Adobe-2.0 -%%Creator: dvips(k) 5.96 Copyright 2005 Radical Eye Software -%%Title: ./gperf.dvi -%%CreationDate: Sun Dec 20 11:01:54 2009 -%%Pages: 37 -%%PageOrder: Ascend -%%BoundingBox: 0 0 595 843 -%%DocumentFonts: CMBX12 CMTT12 CMR10 CMSY10 CMTT10 CMSLTT10 CMTT9 CMSL10 -%%+ CMTI10 CMSS10 CMB10 CMR9 CMMI9 CMMI12 CMMI10 -%%DocumentPaperSizes: a4 -%%EndComments -%DVIPSWebPage: (www.radicaleye.com) -%DVIPSCommandLine: dvips -D600 -o gperf.ps ./gperf.dvi -%DVIPSParameters: dpi=600 -%DVIPSSource: TeX output 2009.12.20:1101 -%%BeginProcSet: tex.pro 0 0 -%! 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b(example,)f(Corresp)s(onding)e(Source)i(includes)f(in)m -(terface)i(de\014nition)330 1870 y(\014les)g(asso)s(ciated)i(with)d -(source)i(\014les)f(for)g(the)g(w)m(ork,)h(and)f(the)g(source)g(co)s -(de)h(for)e(shared)h(libraries)330 1979 y(and)g(dynamically)g(link)m -(ed)h(subprograms)e(that)h(the)h(w)m(ork)f(is)g(sp)s(eci\014cally)h -(designed)f(to)h(require,)330 2089 y(suc)m(h)k(as)g(b)m(y)g(in)m -(timate)i(data)e(comm)m(unication)i(or)e(con)m(trol)h(\015o)m(w)f(b)s -(et)m(w)m(een)h(those)f(subprograms)330 2198 y(and)30 -b(other)g(parts)g(of)h(the)g(w)m(ork.)330 2345 y(The)h(Corresp)s -(onding)f(Source)i(need)f(not)h(include)f(an)m(ything)i(that)f(users)f -(can)h(regenerate)h(auto-)330 2454 y(matically)e(from)e(other)h(parts)f -(of)h(the)f(Corresp)s(onding)f(Source.)330 2600 y(The)h(Corresp)s -(onding)e(Source)j(for)f(a)h(w)m(ork)f(in)g(source)h(co)s(de)f(form)g -(is)h(that)f(same)h(w)m(ork.)199 2746 y(2.)61 b(Basic)32 -b(P)m(ermissions.)330 2892 y(All)44 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y(conditions)30 b(so)f(long)h(as)g(y)m(our)f -(license)h(otherwise)g(remains)f(in)g(force.)41 b(Y)-8 -b(ou)30 b(ma)m(y)f(con)m(v)m(ey)i(co)m(v)m(ered)330 3806 -y(w)m(orks)40 b(to)g(others)g(for)g(the)g(sole)g(purp)s(ose)e(of)i(ha)m -(ving)h(them)e(mak)m(e)i(mo)s(di\014cations)f(exclusiv)m(ely)330 -3915 y(for)45 b(y)m(ou,)50 b(or)45 b(pro)m(vide)h(y)m(ou)f(with)g -(facilities)j(for)d(running)f(those)h(w)m(orks,)50 b(pro)m(vided)45 -b(that)h(y)m(ou)330 4025 y(comply)34 b(with)f(the)h(terms)f(of)h(this)f -(License)i(in)e(con)m(v)m(eying)i(all)g(material)g(for)e(whic)m(h)g(y)m -(ou)h(do)g(not)330 4134 y(con)m(trol)i(cop)m(yrigh)m(t.)55 -b(Those)35 b(th)m(us)f(making)h(or)g(running)e(the)i(co)m(v)m(ered)h(w) -m(orks)f(for)f(y)m(ou)h(m)m(ust)g(do)330 4244 y(so)29 -b(exclusiv)m(ely)h(on)e(y)m(our)g(b)s(ehalf,)h(under)d(y)m(our)j -(direction)g(and)f(con)m(trol,)i(on)e(terms)h(that)g(prohibit)330 -4354 y(them)35 b(from)g(making)g(an)m(y)h(copies)g(of)f(y)m(our)h(cop)m 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y(sa)m(ying)h(where)f(to)h(\014nd)d(the)i -(Corresp)s(onding)f(Source.)55 b(Regardless)35 b(of)h(what)f(serv)m(er) -g(hosts)510 3011 y(the)e(Corresp)s(onding)e(Source,)j(y)m(ou)f(remain)f -(obligated)j(to)e(ensure)f(that)i(it)f(is)g(a)m(v)-5 -b(ailable)35 b(for)510 3121 y(as)c(long)g(as)f(needed)g(to)h(satisfy)g -(these)g(requiremen)m(ts.)384 3258 y(e.)61 b(Con)m(v)m(ey)24 -b(the)g(ob)5 b(ject)24 b(co)s(de)f(using)g(p)s(eer-to-p)s(eer)h -(transmission,)g(pro)m(vided)f(y)m(ou)h(inform)f(other)510 -3367 y(p)s(eers)d(where)g(the)h(ob)5 b(ject)22 b(co)s(de)f(and)f -(Corresp)s(onding)f(Source)i(of)g(the)g(w)m(ork)g(are)g(b)s(eing)g -(o\013ered)510 3477 y(to)31 b(the)g(general)g(public)f(at)h(no)f(c)m -(harge)i(under)d(subsection)h(6d.)330 3641 y(A)35 b(separable)f(p)s -(ortion)g(of)h(the)g(ob)5 b(ject)35 b(co)s(de,)h(whose)e(source)h(co)s -(de)g(is)f(excluded)g(from)g(the)h(Cor-)330 3751 y(resp)s(onding)c -(Source)h(as)h(a)g(System)f(Library)-8 b(,)33 b(need)f(not)h(b)s(e)e 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y(gran)m(ted)c(under)e(the)h(third)g(paragraph)g(of)g(section)i -(11\).)330 3376 y(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)j(if)e(y)m(ou)f(cease)i(all)f -(violation)i(of)d(this)g(License,)i(then)e(y)m(our)h(license)g(from)f -(a)h(particular)330 3485 y(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)k(holder)e(is)h(reinstated)h -(\(a\))f(pro)m(visionally)-8 b(,)39 b(unless)c(and)g(un)m(til)h(the)g -(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)h(holder)330 3595 y(explicitly)42 b(and)e(\014nally)h -(terminates)g(y)m(our)g(license,)j(and)c(\(b\))h(p)s(ermanen)m(tly)-8 -b(,)43 b(if)e(the)g(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)330 3705 y(holder)34 -b(fails)h(to)g(notify)g(y)m(ou)g(of)f(the)h(violation)h(b)m(y)e(some)h -(reasonable)g(means)g(prior)e(to)i(60)h(da)m(ys)330 3814 -y(after)31 b(the)f(cessation.)330 3949 y(Moreo)m(v)m(er,)k(y)m(our)d -(license)i(from)e(a)h(particular)f(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)i(holder)e(is)h -(reinstated)g(p)s(ermanen)m(tly)f(if)330 4059 y(the)d(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)h -(holder)f(noti\014es)g(y)m(ou)g(of)g(the)g(violation)h(b)m(y)f(some)g 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y(transaction)g(who)d(receiv)m(es)k(a)d(cop)m -(y)i(of)e(the)h(w)m(ork)f(also)i(receiv)m(es)g(whatev)m(er)f(licenses)g -(to)g(the)g(w)m(ork)330 1789 y(the)d(part)m(y's)g(predecessor)g(in)g -(in)m(terest)h(had)e(or)h(could)g(giv)m(e)h(under)e(the)h(previous)f -(paragraph,)i(plus)330 1899 y(a)31 b(righ)m(t)g(to)h(p)s(ossession)e -(of)h(the)g(Corresp)s(onding)e(Source)i(of)g(the)f(w)m(ork)h(from)g -(the)g(predecessor)f(in)330 2008 y(in)m(terest,)i(if)e(the)h -(predecessor)f(has)g(it)h(or)f(can)h(get)h(it)e(with)h(reasonable)g -(e\013orts.)330 2140 y(Y)-8 b(ou)36 b(ma)m(y)g(not)g(imp)s(ose)f(an)m -(y)h(further)e(restrictions)j(on)e(the)h(exercise)g(of)g(the)g(righ)m -(ts)g(gran)m(ted)g(or)330 2250 y(a\016rmed)27 b(under)f(this)h -(License.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)28 b(example,)h(y)m(ou)f(ma)m(y)g(not)g(imp)s -(ose)f(a)h(license)g(fee,)h(ro)m(y)m(alt)m(y)-8 b(,)31 -b(or)330 2359 y(other)d(c)m(harge)g(for)g(exercise)h(of)e(righ)m(ts)h 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b(con)m(tributor,)j(whether)d(already)g(acquired)g -(or)h(hereafter)f(acquired,)j(that)d(w)m(ould)g(b)s(e)g(infringed)330 -3521 y(b)m(y)27 b(some)h(manner,)g(p)s(ermitted)f(b)m(y)g(this)h -(License,)h(of)e(making,)i(using,)f(or)f(selling)i(its)f(con)m -(tributor)330 3630 y(v)m(ersion,)40 b(but)c(do)i(not)f(include)g -(claims)i(that)f(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)f(infringed)h(only)g(as)h(a)g -(consequence)g(of)330 3740 y(further)33 b(mo)s(di\014cation)h(of)g(the) -g(con)m(tributor)g(v)m(ersion.)52 b(F)-8 b(or)34 b(purp)s(oses)e(of)i -(this)g(de\014nition,)h(\\con-)330 3850 y(trol")40 b(includes)f(the)g -(righ)m(t)h(to)f(gran)m(t)h(paten)m(t)g(sublicenses)f(in)g(a)g(manner)g -(consisten)m(t)h(with)f(the)330 3959 y(requiremen)m(ts)30 -b(of)h(this)f(License.)330 4091 y(Eac)m(h)44 b(con)m(tributor)h(gran)m -(ts)f(y)m(ou)g(a)h(non-exclusiv)m(e,)j(w)m(orldwide,)f(ro)m(y)m(alt)m -(y-free)g(paten)m(t)e(license)330 4200 y(under)26 b(the)h(con)m 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y(License,)j(to)f(extend)g(the)f(paten)m(t)h(license)h(to)f(do)m -(wnstream)f(recipien)m(ts.)56 b(\\Kno)m(wingly)36 b(relying")330 -628 y(means)31 b(y)m(ou)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(actual)h(kno)m(wledge)f(that,)g -(but)f(for)g(the)g(paten)m(t)i(license,)f(y)m(our)g(con)m(v)m(eying)h -(the)330 737 y(co)m(v)m(ered)40 b(w)m(ork)e(in)g(a)g(coun)m(try)-8 -b(,)41 b(or)e(y)m(our)f(recipien)m(t's)h(use)f(of)g(the)h(co)m(v)m -(ered)g(w)m(ork)g(in)e(a)i(coun)m(try)-8 b(,)330 847 -y(w)m(ould)35 b(infringe)g(one)g(or)g(more)g(iden)m(ti\014able)h(paten) -m(ts)g(in)f(that)h(coun)m(try)f(that)h(y)m(ou)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(reason)330 -956 y(to)31 b(b)s(eliev)m(e)h(are)e(v)-5 b(alid.)330 -1121 y(If,)31 b(pursuan)m(t)e(to)j(or)e(in)h(connection)h(with)e(a)h -(single)h(transaction)g(or)f(arrangemen)m(t,)h(y)m(ou)f(con)m(v)m(ey)-8 -b(,)330 1230 y(or)35 b(propagate)h(b)m(y)e(pro)s(curing)g(con)m(v)m(ey) -m(ance)j(of,)g(a)e(co)m(v)m(ered)h(w)m(ork,)g(and)f(gran)m(t)g(a)g -(paten)m(t)h(license)330 1340 y(to)c(some)f(of)h(the)f(parties)h -(receiving)g(the)f(co)m(v)m(ered)i(w)m(ork)e(authorizing)h(them)f(to)h -(use,)g(propagate,)330 1450 y(mo)s(dify)26 b(or)h(con)m(v)m(ey)h(a)g -(sp)s(eci\014c)e(cop)m(y)i(of)f(the)g(co)m(v)m(ered)i(w)m(ork,)f(then)e -(the)h(paten)m(t)h(license)g(y)m(ou)f(gran)m(t)330 1559 -y(is)j(automatically)k(extended)c(to)h(all)g(recipien)m(ts)h(of)e(the)h -(co)m(v)m(ered)h(w)m(ork)e(and)g(w)m(orks)g(based)g(on)h(it.)330 -1724 y(A)d(paten)m(t)g(license)h(is)e(\\discriminatory")i(if)e(it)h(do) -s(es)f(not)h(include)f(within)g(the)h(scop)s(e)f(of)h(its)g(co)m(v)m -(er-)330 1833 y(age,)f(prohibits)c(the)h(exercise)h(of,)h(or)d(is)h -(conditioned)h(on)f(the)g(non-exercise)h(of)f(one)g(or)g(more)g(of)g -(the)330 1943 y(righ)m(ts)32 b(that)g(are)g(sp)s(eci\014cally)h(gran)m -(ted)f(under)e(this)i(License.)45 b(Y)-8 b(ou)32 b(ma)m(y)g(not)g(con)m -(v)m(ey)h(a)f(co)m(v)m(ered)330 2052 y(w)m(ork)d(if)g(y)m(ou)g(are)h(a) 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Of course, your -program's commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would -use an “about box”. - -</P> -<P> -You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, -if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. -For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see -<A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/">http://www.gnu.org/licenses/</A>. - -</P> -<P> -The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your -program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine -library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary -applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use -the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But -first, please read <A HREF="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html</A>. - -</P> -<P><HR><P> -Go to the first, previous, <A HREF="gperf_2.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -</BODY> -</HTML> diff --git a/doc/gperf_10.html b/doc/gperf_10.html deleted file mode 100644 index a3d3e17..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_10.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,135 +0,0 @@ -<HTML> -<HEAD> -<!-- This HTML file has been created by texi2html 1.52b - from gperf.texi on 20 December 2009 --> - -<META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> -<TITLE>Perfect Hash Function Generator - Concept Index</TITLE> -</HEAD> -<BODY> -Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_9.html">previous</A>, next, last section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -<P><HR><P> - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC27" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC27">Concept Index</A></H1> - -<P> -Jump to: -<A HREF="#cindex_&">&</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_a">a</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_b">b</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_c">c</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_d">d</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_f">f</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_h">h</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_i">i</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_j">j</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_k">k</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_m">m</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_n">n</A> -- -<A HREF="#cindex_s">s</A> -<P> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_&">&</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX8"><SAMP>‘%%’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX18"><SAMP>‘%7bit’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX19"><SAMP>‘%compare-lengths’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX20"><SAMP>‘%compare-strncmp’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX17"><SAMP>‘%define class-name’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX15"><SAMP>‘%define hash-function-name’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX14"><SAMP>‘%define initializer-suffix’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX29"><SAMP>‘%define length-table-name’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX16"><SAMP>‘%define lookup-function-name’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX13"><SAMP>‘%define slot-name’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX26"><SAMP>‘%define string-pool-name’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX28"><SAMP>‘%define word-array-name’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX9"><SAMP>‘%delimiters’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX22"><SAMP>‘%enum’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX24"><SAMP>‘%global-table’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX11"><SAMP>‘%ignore-case’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX23"><SAMP>‘%includes’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX12"><SAMP>‘%language’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX27"><SAMP>‘%null-strings’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX31"><SAMP>‘%omit-struct-type’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX25"><SAMP>‘%pic’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX21"><SAMP>‘%readonly-tables’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX10"><SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX30"><SAMP>‘%switch’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX32"><SAMP>‘%{’</SAMP></A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX33"><SAMP>‘%}’</SAMP></A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_a">a</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_6.html#IDX44">Array name</A>, <A HREF="gperf_6.html#IDX45">Array name</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_b">b</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_2.html#IDX1">Bugs</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_c">c</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_6.html#IDX43">Class name</A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX39">Copyright</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_d">d</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX5">Declaration section</A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_6.html#IDX40">Delimiters</A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_6.html#IDX47">Duplicates</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_f">f</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX4">Format</A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX7">Functions section</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_h">h</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX35">hash</A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX34">hash table</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_i">i</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX36">in_word_set</A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_6.html#IDX42">Initializers</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_j">j</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_6.html#IDX48">Jump value</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_k">k</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX6">Keywords section</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_m">m</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_4.html#IDX3">Minimal perfect hash functions</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_n">n</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX38">NUL</A> -</DIR> -<H2><A NAME="cindex_s">s</A></H2> -<DIR> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_6.html#IDX41">Slot name</A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_4.html#IDX2">Static search structure</A> -<LI><A HREF="gperf_5.html#IDX37"><CODE>switch</CODE></A>, <A HREF="gperf_6.html#IDX46"><CODE>switch</CODE></A> -</DIR> - -</P> - -<P><HR><P> -Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_9.html">previous</A>, next, last section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -</BODY> -</HTML> diff --git a/doc/gperf_2.html b/doc/gperf_2.html deleted file mode 100644 index 1a57404..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_2.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,49 +0,0 @@ -<HTML> -<HEAD> -<!-- This HTML file has been created by texi2html 1.52b - from gperf.texi on 20 December 2009 --> - -<META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> -<TITLE>Perfect Hash Function Generator - Contributors to GNU gperf Utility</TITLE> -</HEAD> -<BODY> -Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_1.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gperf_3.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -<P><HR><P> - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC2" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC2">Contributors to GNU <CODE>gperf</CODE> Utility</A></H1> - - -<UL> -<LI> - -<A NAME="IDX1"></A> -The GNU <CODE>gperf</CODE> perfect hash function generator utility was -written in GNU C++ by Douglas C. Schmidt. The general -idea for the perfect hash function generator was inspired by Keith -Bostic's algorithm written in C, and distributed to net.sources around -1984. The current program is a heavily modified, enhanced, and extended -implementation of Keith's basic idea, created at the University of -California, Irvine. Bugs, patches, and suggestions should be reported -to <CODE><bug-gnu-gperf@gnu.org></CODE>. - -<LI> - -Special thanks is extended to Michael Tiemann and Doug Lea, for -providing a useful compiler, and for giving me a forum to exhibit my -creation. - -In addition, Adam de Boor and Nels Olson provided many tips and insights -that greatly helped improve the quality and functionality of <CODE>gperf</CODE>. - -<LI> - -Bruno Haible enhanced and optimized the search algorithm. He also rewrote -the input routines and the output routines for better reliability, and -added a testsuite. -</UL> - -<P><HR><P> -Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_1.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gperf_3.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -</BODY> -</HTML> diff --git a/doc/gperf_3.html b/doc/gperf_3.html deleted file mode 100644 index c587a69..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_3.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,42 +0,0 @@ -<HTML> -<HEAD> -<!-- This HTML file has been created by texi2html 1.52b - from gperf.texi on 20 December 2009 --> - -<META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> -<TITLE>Perfect Hash Function Generator - 2 Introduction</TITLE> -</HEAD> -<BODY> -Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_2.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gperf_4.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -<P><HR><P> - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC3" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC3">2 Introduction</A></H1> - -<P> -<CODE>gperf</CODE> is a perfect hash function generator written in C++. It -transforms an <VAR>n</VAR> element user-specified keyword set <VAR>W</VAR> into a -perfect hash function <VAR>F</VAR>. <VAR>F</VAR> uniquely maps keywords in -<VAR>W</VAR> onto the range 0..<VAR>k</VAR>, where <VAR>k</VAR> >= <VAR>n-1</VAR>. If <VAR>k</VAR> -= <VAR>n-1</VAR> then <VAR>F</VAR> is a <EM>minimal</EM> perfect hash function. -<CODE>gperf</CODE> generates a 0..<VAR>k</VAR> element static lookup table and a -pair of C functions. These functions determine whether a given -character string <VAR>s</VAR> occurs in <VAR>W</VAR>, using at most one probe into -the lookup table. - -</P> -<P> -<CODE>gperf</CODE> currently generates the reserved keyword recognizer for -lexical analyzers in several production and research compilers and -language processing tools, including GNU C, GNU C++, GNU Java, GNU Pascal, -GNU Modula 3, and GNU indent. Complete C++ source code for <CODE>gperf</CODE> is -available from <CODE>http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/gperf/</CODE>. -A paper describing <CODE>gperf</CODE>'s design and implementation in greater -detail is available in the Second USENIX C++ Conference proceedings -or from <CODE>http://www.cs.wustl.edu/~schmidt/resume.html</CODE>. - -</P> -<P><HR><P> -Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_2.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gperf_4.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -</BODY> -</HTML> diff --git a/doc/gperf_4.html b/doc/gperf_4.html deleted file mode 100644 index 8aab740..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_4.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,99 +0,0 @@ -<HTML> -<HEAD> -<!-- This HTML file has been created by texi2html 1.52b - from gperf.texi on 20 December 2009 --> - -<META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> -<TITLE>Perfect Hash Function Generator - 3 Static search structures and GNU gperf</TITLE> -</HEAD> -<BODY> -Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_3.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gperf_5.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -<P><HR><P> - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC4" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC4">3 Static search structures and GNU <CODE>gperf</CODE></A></H1> -<P> -<A NAME="IDX2"></A> - -</P> -<P> -A <EM>static search structure</EM> is an Abstract Data Type with certain -fundamental operations, e.g., <EM>initialize</EM>, <EM>insert</EM>, -and <EM>retrieve</EM>. Conceptually, all insertions occur before any -retrievals. In practice, <CODE>gperf</CODE> generates a <EM>static</EM> array -containing search set keywords and any associated attributes specified -by the user. Thus, there is essentially no execution-time cost for the -insertions. It is a useful data structure for representing <EM>static -search sets</EM>. Static search sets occur frequently in software system -applications. Typical static search sets include compiler reserved -words, assembler instruction opcodes, and built-in shell interpreter -commands. Search set members, called <EM>keywords</EM>, are inserted into -the structure only once, usually during program initialization, and are -not generally modified at run-time. - -</P> -<P> -Numerous static search structure implementations exist, e.g., -arrays, linked lists, binary search trees, digital search tries, and -hash tables. Different approaches offer trade-offs between space -utilization and search time efficiency. For example, an <VAR>n</VAR> element -sorted array is space efficient, though the average-case time -complexity for retrieval operations using binary search is -proportional to log <VAR>n</VAR>. Conversely, hash table implementations -often locate a table entry in constant time, but typically impose -additional memory overhead and exhibit poor worst case performance. - -</P> -<P> -<A NAME="IDX3"></A> -<EM>Minimal perfect hash functions</EM> provide an optimal solution for a -particular class of static search sets. A minimal perfect hash -function is defined by two properties: - -</P> - -<UL> -<LI> - -It allows keyword recognition in a static search set using at most -<EM>one</EM> probe into the hash table. This represents the “perfect” -property. -<LI> - -The actual memory allocated to store the keywords is precisely large -enough for the keyword set, and <EM>no larger</EM>. This is the -“minimal” property. -</UL> - -<P> -For most applications it is far easier to generate <EM>perfect</EM> hash -functions than <EM>minimal perfect</EM> hash functions. Moreover, -non-minimal perfect hash functions frequently execute faster than -minimal ones in practice. This phenomena occurs since searching a -sparse keyword table increases the probability of locating a “null” -entry, thereby reducing string comparisons. <CODE>gperf</CODE>'s default -behavior generates <EM>near-minimal</EM> perfect hash functions for -keyword sets. However, <CODE>gperf</CODE> provides many options that permit -user control over the degree of minimality and perfection. - -</P> -<P> -Static search sets often exhibit relative stability over time. For -example, Ada's 63 reserved words have remained constant for nearly a -decade. It is therefore frequently worthwhile to expend concerted -effort building an optimal search structure <EM>once</EM>, if it -subsequently receives heavy use multiple times. <CODE>gperf</CODE> removes -the drudgery associated with constructing time- and space-efficient -search structures by hand. It has proven a useful and practical tool -for serious programming projects. Output from <CODE>gperf</CODE> is currently -used in several production and research compilers, including GNU C, GNU -C++, GNU Java, GNU Pascal, and GNU Modula 3. The latter two compilers are -not yet part of the official GNU distribution. Each compiler utilizes -<CODE>gperf</CODE> to automatically generate static search structures that -efficiently identify their respective reserved keywords. - -</P> -<P><HR><P> -Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_3.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gperf_5.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -</BODY> -</HTML> diff --git a/doc/gperf_5.html b/doc/gperf_5.html deleted file mode 100644 index 3f97b93..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_5.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,720 +0,0 @@ -<HTML> -<HEAD> -<!-- This HTML file has been created by texi2html 1.52b - from gperf.texi on 20 December 2009 --> - -<META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> -<TITLE>Perfect Hash Function Generator - 4 High-Level Description of GNU gperf</TITLE> -</HEAD> -<BODY> -Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_4.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gperf_6.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -<P><HR><P> - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC5" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC5">4 High-Level Description of GNU <CODE>gperf</CODE></A></H1> - -<P> -The perfect hash function generator <CODE>gperf</CODE> reads a set of -“keywords” from an input file (or from the standard input by -default). It attempts to derive a perfect hashing function that -recognizes a member of the <EM>static keyword set</EM> with at most a -single probe into the lookup table. If <CODE>gperf</CODE> succeeds in -generating such a function it produces a pair of C source code routines -that perform hashing and table lookup recognition. All generated C code -is directed to the standard output. Command-line options described -below allow you to modify the input and output format to <CODE>gperf</CODE>. - -</P> -<P> -By default, <CODE>gperf</CODE> attempts to produce time-efficient code, with -less emphasis on efficient space utilization. However, several options -exist that permit trading-off execution time for storage space and vice -versa. In particular, expanding the generated table size produces a -sparse search structure, generally yielding faster searches. -Conversely, you can direct <CODE>gperf</CODE> to utilize a C <CODE>switch</CODE> -statement scheme that minimizes data space storage size. Furthermore, -using a C <CODE>switch</CODE> may actually speed up the keyword retrieval time -somewhat. Actual results depend on your C compiler, of course. - -</P> -<P> -In general, <CODE>gperf</CODE> assigns values to the bytes it is using -for hashing until some set of values gives each keyword a unique value. -A helpful heuristic is that the larger the hash value range, the easier -it is for <CODE>gperf</CODE> to find and generate a perfect hash function. -Experimentation is the key to getting the most from <CODE>gperf</CODE>. - -</P> - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC6" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC6">4.1 Input Format to <CODE>gperf</CODE></A></H2> -<P> -<A NAME="IDX4"></A> -<A NAME="IDX5"></A> -<A NAME="IDX6"></A> -<A NAME="IDX7"></A> -You can control the input file format by varying certain command-line -arguments, in particular the <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> option. The input's appearance -is similar to GNU utilities <CODE>flex</CODE> and <CODE>bison</CODE> (or UNIX -utilities <CODE>lex</CODE> and <CODE>yacc</CODE>). Here's an outline of the general -format: - -</P> - -<PRE> -declarations -%% -keywords -%% -functions -</PRE> - -<P> -<EM>Unlike</EM> <CODE>flex</CODE> or <CODE>bison</CODE>, the declarations section and -the functions section are optional. The following sections describe the -input format for each section. - -</P> - -<P> -It is possible to omit the declaration section entirely, if the <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> -option is not given. In this case the input file begins directly with the -first keyword line, e.g.: - -</P> - -<PRE> -january -february -march -april -... -</PRE> - - - -<H3><A NAME="SEC7" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC7">4.1.1 Declarations</A></H3> - -<P> -The keyword input file optionally contains a section for including -arbitrary C declarations and definitions, <CODE>gperf</CODE> declarations that -act like command-line options, as well as for providing a user-supplied -<CODE>struct</CODE>. - -</P> - - - -<H4><A NAME="SEC8" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC8">4.1.1.1 User-supplied <CODE>struct</CODE></A></H4> - -<P> -If the <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> option (or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> declaration) -<EM>is</EM> enabled, you <EM>must</EM> provide a C <CODE>struct</CODE> as the last -component in the declaration section from the input file. The first -field in this struct must be of type <CODE>char *</CODE> or <CODE>const char *</CODE> -if the <SAMP>‘-P’</SAMP> option is not given, or of type <CODE>int</CODE> if the option -<SAMP>‘-P’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%pic’</SAMP> declaration) is enabled. -This first field must be called <SAMP>‘name’</SAMP>, although it is possible to modify -its name with the <SAMP>‘-K’</SAMP> option (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%define slot-name’</SAMP> declaration) described below. - -</P> -<P> -Here is a simple example, using months of the year and their attributes as -input: - -</P> - -<PRE> -struct month { char *name; int number; int days; int leap_days; }; -%% -january, 1, 31, 31 -february, 2, 28, 29 -march, 3, 31, 31 -april, 4, 30, 30 -may, 5, 31, 31 -june, 6, 30, 30 -july, 7, 31, 31 -august, 8, 31, 31 -september, 9, 30, 30 -october, 10, 31, 31 -november, 11, 30, 30 -december, 12, 31, 31 -</PRE> - -<P> -<A NAME="IDX8"></A> -Separating the <CODE>struct</CODE> declaration from the list of keywords and -other fields are a pair of consecutive percent signs, <SAMP>‘%%’</SAMP>, -appearing left justified in the first column, as in the UNIX utility -<CODE>lex</CODE>. - -</P> -<P> -If the <CODE>struct</CODE> has already been declared in an include file, it can -be mentioned in an abbreviated form, like this: - -</P> - -<PRE> -struct month; -%% -january, 1, 31, 31 -... -</PRE> - - - -<H4><A NAME="SEC9" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC9">4.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations</A></H4> - -<P> -The declaration section can contain <CODE>gperf</CODE> declarations. They -influence the way <CODE>gperf</CODE> works, like command line options do. -In fact, every such declaration is equivalent to a command line option. -There are three forms of declarations: - -</P> - -<OL> -<LI> - -Declarations without argument, like <SAMP>‘%compare-lengths’</SAMP>. - -<LI> - -Declarations with an argument, like <SAMP>‘%switch=<VAR>count</VAR>’</SAMP>. - -<LI> - -Declarations of names of entities in the output file, like -<SAMP>‘%define lookup-function-name <VAR>name</VAR>’</SAMP>. -</OL> - -<P> -When a declaration is given both in the input file and as a command line -option, the command-line option's value prevails. - -</P> -<P> -The following <CODE>gperf</CODE> declarations are available. - -</P> -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘%delimiters=<VAR>delimiter-list</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX9"></A> -Allows you to provide a string containing delimiters used to -separate keywords from their attributes. The default is ",". This -option is essential if you want to use keywords that have embedded -commas or newlines. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX10"></A> -Allows you to include a <CODE>struct</CODE> type declaration for generated -code; see above for an example. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%ignore-case’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX11"></A> -Consider upper and lower case ASCII characters as equivalent. The string -comparison will use a case insignificant character comparison. Note that -locale dependent case mappings are ignored. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%language=<VAR>language-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX12"></A> -Instructs <CODE>gperf</CODE> to generate code in the language specified by the -option's argument. Languages handled are currently: - -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘KR-C’</SAMP> -<DD> -Old-style K&R C. This language is understood by old-style C compilers and -ANSI C compilers, but ANSI C compilers may flag warnings (or even errors) -because of lacking <SAMP>‘const’</SAMP>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘C’</SAMP> -<DD> -Common C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers, and also by -old-style C compilers, provided that you <CODE>#define const</CODE> to empty -for compilers which don't know about this keyword. - -<DT><SAMP>‘ANSI-C’</SAMP> -<DD> -ANSI C. This language is understood by ANSI C (C89, ISO C90) compilers, -ISO C99 compilers, and C++ compilers. - -<DT><SAMP>‘C++’</SAMP> -<DD> -C++. This language is understood by C++ compilers. -</DL> - -The default is ANSI-C. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%define slot-name <VAR>name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX13"></A> -This declaration is only useful when option <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> declaration) has been given. -By default, the program assumes the structure component identifier for -the keyword is <SAMP>‘name’</SAMP>. This option allows an arbitrary choice of -identifier for this component, although it still must occur as the first -field in your supplied <CODE>struct</CODE>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%define initializer-suffix <VAR>initializers</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX14"></A> -This declaration is only useful when option <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> declaration) has been given. -It permits to specify initializers for the structure members following -<VAR>slot-name</VAR> in empty hash table entries. The list of initializers -should start with a comma. By default, the emitted code will -zero-initialize structure members following <VAR>slot-name</VAR>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%define hash-function-name <VAR>name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX15"></A> -Allows you to specify the name for the generated hash function. Default -name is <SAMP>‘hash’</SAMP>. This option permits the use of two hash tables in -the same file. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%define lookup-function-name <VAR>name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX16"></A> -Allows you to specify the name for the generated lookup function. -Default name is <SAMP>‘in_word_set’</SAMP>. This option permits multiple -generated hash functions to be used in the same application. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%define class-name <VAR>name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX17"></A> -This option is only useful when option <SAMP>‘-L C++’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, -the <SAMP>‘%language=C++’</SAMP> declaration) has been given. It -allows you to specify the name of generated C++ class. Default name is -<CODE>Perfect_Hash</CODE>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%7bit’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX18"></A> -This option specifies that all strings that will be passed as arguments -to the generated hash function and the generated lookup function will -solely consist of 7-bit ASCII characters (bytes in the range 0..127). -(Note that the ANSI C functions <CODE>isalnum</CODE> and <CODE>isgraph</CODE> do -<EM>not</EM> guarantee that a byte is in this range. Only an explicit -test like <SAMP>‘c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z'’</SAMP> guarantees this.) - -<DT><SAMP>‘%compare-lengths’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX19"></A> -Compare keyword lengths before trying a string comparison. This option -is mandatory for binary comparisons (see section <A HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC15">4.3 Use of NUL bytes</A>). It also might -cut down on the number of string comparisons made during the lookup, since -keywords with different lengths are never compared via <CODE>strcmp</CODE>. -However, using <SAMP>‘%compare-lengths’</SAMP> might greatly increase the size of the -generated C code if the lookup table range is large (which implies that -the switch option <SAMP>‘-S’</SAMP> or <SAMP>‘%switch’</SAMP> is not enabled), since the length -table contains as many elements as there are entries in the lookup table. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%compare-strncmp’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX20"></A> -Generates C code that uses the <CODE>strncmp</CODE> function to perform -string comparisons. The default action is to use <CODE>strcmp</CODE>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%readonly-tables’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX21"></A> -Makes the contents of all generated lookup tables constant, i.e., -“readonly”. Many compilers can generate more efficient code for this -by putting the tables in readonly memory. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%enum’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX22"></A> -Define constant values using an enum local to the lookup function rather -than with #defines. This also means that different lookup functions can -reside in the same file. Thanks to James Clark <CODE><jjc@ai.mit.edu></CODE>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%includes’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX23"></A> -Include the necessary system include file, <CODE><string.h></CODE>, at the -beginning of the code. By default, this is not done; the user must -include this header file himself to allow compilation of the code. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%global-table’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX24"></A> -Generate the static table of keywords as a static global variable, -rather than hiding it inside of the lookup function (which is the -default behavior). - -<DT><SAMP>‘%pic’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX25"></A> -Optimize the generated table for inclusion in shared libraries. This -reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library containing -the generated code. If the <SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> declaration (or, -equivalently, the option <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP>) is also given, the first field of the -user-defined struct must be of type <SAMP>‘int’</SAMP>, not <SAMP>‘char *’</SAMP>, because -it will contain offsets into the string pool instead of actual strings. -To convert such an offset to a string, you can use the expression -<SAMP>‘stringpool + <VAR>o</VAR>’</SAMP>, where <VAR>o</VAR> is the offset. The string pool -name can be changed through the <SAMP>‘%define string-pool-name’</SAMP> declaration. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%define string-pool-name <VAR>name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX26"></A> -Allows you to specify the name of the generated string pool created by -the declaration <SAMP>‘%pic’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the option <SAMP>‘-P’</SAMP>). -The default name is <SAMP>‘stringpool’</SAMP>. This declaration permits the use of -two hash tables in the same file, with <SAMP>‘%pic’</SAMP> and even when the -<SAMP>‘%global-table’</SAMP> declaration (or, equivalently, the option <SAMP>‘-G’</SAMP>) -is given. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%null-strings’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX27"></A> -Use NULL strings instead of empty strings for empty keyword table entries. -This reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library containing -the generated code (but not as much as the declaration <SAMP>‘%pic’</SAMP>), at the -expense of one more test-and-branch instruction at run time. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%define word-array-name <VAR>name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX28"></A> -Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing the -hash table. Default name is <SAMP>‘wordlist’</SAMP>. This option permits the -use of two hash tables in the same file, even when the option <SAMP>‘-G’</SAMP> -(or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%global-table’</SAMP> declaration) is given. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%define length-table-name <VAR>name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX29"></A> -Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing the -length table. Default name is <SAMP>‘lengthtable’</SAMP>. This option permits the -use of two length tables in the same file, even when the option <SAMP>‘-G’</SAMP> -(or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%global-table’</SAMP> declaration) is given. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%switch=<VAR>count</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX30"></A> -Causes the generated C code to use a <CODE>switch</CODE> statement scheme, -rather than an array lookup table. This can lead to a reduction in both -time and space requirements for some input files. The argument to this -option determines how many <CODE>switch</CODE> statements are generated. A -value of 1 generates 1 <CODE>switch</CODE> containing all the elements, a -value of 2 generates 2 tables with 1/2 the elements in each -<CODE>switch</CODE>, etc. This is useful since many C compilers cannot -correctly generate code for large <CODE>switch</CODE> statements. This option -was inspired in part by Keith Bostic's original C program. - -<DT><SAMP>‘%omit-struct-type’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX31"></A> -Prevents the transfer of the type declaration to the output file. Use -this option if the type is already defined elsewhere. -</DL> - - - -<H4><A NAME="SEC10" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC10">4.1.1.3 C Code Inclusion</A></H4> - -<P> -<A NAME="IDX32"></A> -<A NAME="IDX33"></A> -Using a syntax similar to GNU utilities <CODE>flex</CODE> and <CODE>bison</CODE>, it -is possible to directly include C source text and comments verbatim into -the generated output file. This is accomplished by enclosing the region -inside left-justified surrounding <SAMP>‘%{’</SAMP>, <SAMP>‘%}’</SAMP> pairs. Here is -an input fragment based on the previous example that illustrates this -feature: - -</P> - -<PRE> -%{ -#include <assert.h> -/* This section of code is inserted directly into the output. */ -int return_month_days (struct month *months, int is_leap_year); -%} -struct month { char *name; int number; int days; int leap_days; }; -%% -january, 1, 31, 31 -february, 2, 28, 29 -march, 3, 31, 31 -... -</PRE> - - - -<H3><A NAME="SEC11" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC11">4.1.2 Format for Keyword Entries</A></H3> - -<P> -The second input file format section contains lines of keywords and any -associated attributes you might supply. A line beginning with <SAMP>‘#’</SAMP> -in the first column is considered a comment. Everything following the -<SAMP>‘#’</SAMP> is ignored, up to and including the following newline. A line -beginning with <SAMP>‘%’</SAMP> in the first column is an option declaration and -must not occur within the keywords section. - -</P> -<P> -The first field of each non-comment line is always the keyword itself. It -can be given in two ways: as a simple name, i.e., without surrounding -string quotation marks, or as a string enclosed in double-quotes, in -C syntax, possibly with backslash escapes like <CODE>\"</CODE> or <CODE>\234</CODE> -or <CODE>\xa8</CODE>. In either case, it must start right at the beginning -of the line, without leading whitespace. -In this context, a “field” is considered to extend up to, but -not include, the first blank, comma, or newline. Here is a simple -example taken from a partial list of C reserved words: - -</P> - -<PRE> -# These are a few C reserved words, see the c.gperf file -# for a complete list of ANSI C reserved words. -unsigned -sizeof -switch -signed -if -default -for -while -return -</PRE> - -<P> -Note that unlike <CODE>flex</CODE> or <CODE>bison</CODE> the first <SAMP>‘%%’</SAMP> marker -may be elided if the declaration section is empty. - -</P> -<P> -Additional fields may optionally follow the leading keyword. Fields -should be separated by commas, and terminate at the end of line. What -these fields mean is entirely up to you; they are used to initialize the -elements of the user-defined <CODE>struct</CODE> provided by you in the -declaration section. If the <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> option (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> declaration) is <EM>not</EM> enabled -these fields are simply ignored. All previous examples except the last -one contain keyword attributes. - -</P> - - -<H3><A NAME="SEC12" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC12">4.1.3 Including Additional C Functions</A></H3> - -<P> -The optional third section also corresponds closely with conventions -found in <CODE>flex</CODE> and <CODE>bison</CODE>. All text in this section, -starting at the final <SAMP>‘%%’</SAMP> and extending to the end of the input -file, is included verbatim into the generated output file. Naturally, -it is your responsibility to ensure that the code contained in this -section is valid C. - -</P> - - -<H3><A NAME="SEC13" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC13">4.1.4 Where to place directives for GNU <CODE>indent</CODE>.</A></H3> - -<P> -If you want to invoke GNU <CODE>indent</CODE> on a <CODE>gperf</CODE> input file, -you will see that GNU <CODE>indent</CODE> doesn't understand the <SAMP>‘%%’</SAMP>, -<SAMP>‘%{’</SAMP> and <SAMP>‘%}’</SAMP> directives that control <CODE>gperf</CODE>'s -interpretation of the input file. Therefore you have to insert some -directives for GNU <CODE>indent</CODE>. More precisely, assuming the most -general input file structure - -</P> - -<PRE> -declarations part 1 -%{ -verbatim code -%} -declarations part 2 -%% -keywords -%% -functions -</PRE> - -<P> -you would insert <SAMP>‘*INDENT-OFF*’</SAMP> and <SAMP>‘*INDENT-ON*’</SAMP> comments -as follows: - -</P> - -<PRE> -/* *INDENT-OFF* */ -declarations part 1 -%{ -/* *INDENT-ON* */ -verbatim code -/* *INDENT-OFF* */ -%} -declarations part 2 -%% -keywords -%% -/* *INDENT-ON* */ -functions -</PRE> - - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC14" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC14">4.2 Output Format for Generated C Code with <CODE>gperf</CODE></A></H2> -<P> -<A NAME="IDX34"></A> - -</P> -<P> -Several options control how the generated C code appears on the standard -output. Two C functions are generated. They are called <CODE>hash</CODE> and -<CODE>in_word_set</CODE>, although you may modify their names with a command-line -option. Both functions require two arguments, a string, <CODE>char *</CODE> -<VAR>str</VAR>, and a length parameter, <CODE>int</CODE> <VAR>len</VAR>. Their default -function prototypes are as follows: - -</P> -<P> -<DL> -<DT><U>Function:</U> unsigned int <B>hash</B> <I>(const char * <VAR>str</VAR>, unsigned int <VAR>len</VAR>)</I> -<DD><A NAME="IDX35"></A> -By default, the generated <CODE>hash</CODE> function returns an integer value -created by adding <VAR>len</VAR> to several user-specified <VAR>str</VAR> byte -positions indexed into an <EM>associated values</EM> table stored in a -local static array. The associated values table is constructed -internally by <CODE>gperf</CODE> and later output as a static local C array -called <SAMP>‘hash_table’</SAMP>. The relevant selected positions (i.e. indices -into <VAR>str</VAR>) are specified via the <SAMP>‘-k’</SAMP> option when running -<CODE>gperf</CODE>, as detailed in the <EM>Options</EM> section below (see section <A HREF="gperf_6.html#SEC17">5 Invoking <CODE>gperf</CODE></A>). -</DL> - -</P> -<P> -<DL> -<DT><U>Function:</U> <B>in_word_set</B> <I>(const char * <VAR>str</VAR>, unsigned int <VAR>len</VAR>)</I> -<DD><A NAME="IDX36"></A> -If <VAR>str</VAR> is in the keyword set, returns a pointer to that -keyword. More exactly, if the option <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> declaration) was given, it returns -a pointer to the matching keyword's structure. Otherwise it returns -<CODE>NULL</CODE>. -</DL> - -</P> -<P> -If the option <SAMP>‘-c’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%compare-strncmp’</SAMP> -declaration) is not used, <VAR>str</VAR> must be a NUL terminated -string of exactly length <VAR>len</VAR>. If <SAMP>‘-c’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%compare-strncmp’</SAMP> declaration) is used, <VAR>str</VAR> must -simply be an array of <VAR>len</VAR> bytes and does not need to be NUL -terminated. - -</P> -<P> -The code generated for these two functions is affected by the following -options: - -</P> -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--struct-type’</SAMP> -<DD> -Make use of the user-defined <CODE>struct</CODE>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-S <VAR>total-switch-statements</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--switch=<VAR>total-switch-statements</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX37"></A> -Generate 1 or more C <CODE>switch</CODE> statement rather than use a large, -(and potentially sparse) static array. Although the exact time and -space savings of this approach vary according to your C compiler's -degree of optimization, this method often results in smaller and faster -code. -</DL> - -<P> -If the <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> and <SAMP>‘-S’</SAMP> options (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> and <SAMP>‘%switch’</SAMP> declarations) are omitted, the default -action -is to generate a <CODE>char *</CODE> array containing the keywords, together with -additional empty strings used for padding the array. By experimenting -with the various input and output options, and timing the resulting C -code, you can determine the best option choices for different keyword -set characteristics. - -</P> - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC15" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC15">4.3 Use of NUL bytes</A></H2> -<P> -<A NAME="IDX38"></A> - -</P> -<P> -By default, the code generated by <CODE>gperf</CODE> operates on zero -terminated strings, the usual representation of strings in C. This means -that the keywords in the input file must not contain NUL bytes, -and the <VAR>str</VAR> argument passed to <CODE>hash</CODE> or <CODE>in_word_set</CODE> -must be NUL terminated and have exactly length <VAR>len</VAR>. - -</P> -<P> -If option <SAMP>‘-c’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%compare-strncmp’</SAMP> -declaration) is used, then the <VAR>str</VAR> argument does not need -to be NUL terminated. The code generated by <CODE>gperf</CODE> will only -access the first <VAR>len</VAR>, not <VAR>len+1</VAR>, bytes starting at <VAR>str</VAR>. -However, the keywords in the input file still must not contain NUL -bytes. - -</P> -<P> -If option <SAMP>‘-l’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%compare-lengths’</SAMP> -declaration) is used, then the hash table performs binary -comparison. The keywords in the input file may contain NUL bytes, -written in string syntax as <CODE>\000</CODE> or <CODE>\x00</CODE>, and the code -generated by <CODE>gperf</CODE> will treat NUL like any other byte. -Also, in this case the <SAMP>‘-c’</SAMP> option (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%compare-strncmp’</SAMP> declaration) is ignored. - -</P> - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC16" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC16">4.4 The Copyright of the Output</A></H2> -<P> -<A NAME="IDX39"></A> - -</P> -<P> -<CODE>gperf</CODE> is under GPL, but that does not cause the output produced -by <CODE>gperf</CODE> to be under GPL. The reason is that the output contains -only small pieces of text that come directly from <CODE>gperf</CODE>'s source -code -- only about 7 lines long, too small for being significant --, and -therefore the output is not a “work based on <CODE>gperf</CODE>” (in the -sense of the GPL version 3). - -</P> -<P> -On the other hand, the output produced by <CODE>gperf</CODE> contains -essentially all of the input file. Therefore the output is a -“derivative work” of the input (in the sense of U.S. copyright law); -and its copyright status depends on the copyright of the input. For most -software licenses, the result is that the the output is under the same -license, with the same copyright holder, as the input that was passed to -<CODE>gperf</CODE>. - -</P> -<P><HR><P> -Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_4.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gperf_6.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -</BODY> -</HTML> diff --git a/doc/gperf_6.html b/doc/gperf_6.html deleted file mode 100644 index 92743c6..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_6.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,502 +0,0 @@ -<HTML> -<HEAD> -<!-- This HTML file has been created by texi2html 1.52b - from gperf.texi on 20 December 2009 --> - -<META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> -<TITLE>Perfect Hash Function Generator - 5 Invoking gperf</TITLE> -</HEAD> -<BODY> -Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_5.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gperf_7.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -<P><HR><P> - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC17" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC17">5 Invoking <CODE>gperf</CODE></A></H1> - -<P> -There are <EM>many</EM> options to <CODE>gperf</CODE>. They were added to make -the program more convenient for use with real applications. “On-line” -help is readily available via the <SAMP>‘--help’</SAMP> option. Here is the -complete list of options. - -</P> - - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC18" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC18">5.1 Specifying the Location of the Output File</A></H2> - -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘--output-file=<VAR>file</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -Allows you to specify the name of the file to which the output is written to. -</DL> - -<P> -The results are written to standard output if no output file is specified -or if it is <SAMP>‘-’</SAMP>. - -</P> - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC19" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC19">5.2 Options that affect Interpretation of the Input File</A></H2> - -<P> -These options are also available as declarations in the input file -(see section <A HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC9">4.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations</A>). - -</P> -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘-e <VAR>keyword-delimiter-list</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--delimiters=<VAR>keyword-delimiter-list</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX40"></A> -Allows you to provide a string containing delimiters used to -separate keywords from their attributes. The default is ",". This -option is essential if you want to use keywords that have embedded -commas or newlines. One useful trick is to use -e'TAB', where TAB is -the literal tab character. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--struct-type’</SAMP> -<DD> -Allows you to include a <CODE>struct</CODE> type declaration for generated -code. Any text before a pair of consecutive <SAMP>‘%%’</SAMP> is considered -part of the type declaration. Keywords and additional fields may follow -this, one group of fields per line. A set of examples for generating -perfect hash tables and functions for Ada, C, C++, Pascal, Modula 2, -Modula 3 and JavaScript reserved words are distributed with this release. - -<DT><SAMP>‘--ignore-case’</SAMP> -<DD> -Consider upper and lower case ASCII characters as equivalent. The string -comparison will use a case insignificant character comparison. Note that -locale dependent case mappings are ignored. This option is therefore not -suitable if a properly internationalized or locale aware case mapping -should be used. (For example, in a Turkish locale, the upper case equivalent -of the lowercase ASCII letter <SAMP>‘i’</SAMP> is the non-ASCII character -<SAMP>‘capital i with dot above’</SAMP>.) For this case, it is better to apply -an uppercase or lowercase conversion on the string before passing it to -the <CODE>gperf</CODE> generated function. -</DL> - - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC20" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC20">5.3 Options to specify the Language for the Output Code</A></H2> - -<P> -These options are also available as declarations in the input file -(see section <A HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC9">4.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations</A>). - -</P> -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘-L <VAR>generated-language-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--language=<VAR>generated-language-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -Instructs <CODE>gperf</CODE> to generate code in the language specified by the -option's argument. Languages handled are currently: - -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘KR-C’</SAMP> -<DD> -Old-style K&R C. This language is understood by old-style C compilers and -ANSI C compilers, but ANSI C compilers may flag warnings (or even errors) -because of lacking <SAMP>‘const’</SAMP>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘C’</SAMP> -<DD> -Common C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers, and also by -old-style C compilers, provided that you <CODE>#define const</CODE> to empty -for compilers which don't know about this keyword. - -<DT><SAMP>‘ANSI-C’</SAMP> -<DD> -ANSI C. This language is understood by ANSI C compilers and C++ compilers. - -<DT><SAMP>‘C++’</SAMP> -<DD> -C++. This language is understood by C++ compilers. -</DL> - -The default is ANSI-C. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-a’</SAMP> -<DD> -This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases of -<CODE>gperf</CODE>. It does not do anything. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-g’</SAMP> -<DD> -This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases of -<CODE>gperf</CODE>. It does not do anything. -</DL> - - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC21" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC21">5.4 Options for fine tuning Details in the Output Code</A></H2> - -<P> -Most of these options are also available as declarations in the input file -(see section <A HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC9">4.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations</A>). - -</P> -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘-K <VAR>slot-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--slot-name=<VAR>slot-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX41"></A> -This option is only useful when option <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> declaration) has been given. -By default, the program assumes the structure component identifier for -the keyword is <SAMP>‘name’</SAMP>. This option allows an arbitrary choice of -identifier for this component, although it still must occur as the first -field in your supplied <CODE>struct</CODE>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-F <VAR>initializers</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--initializer-suffix=<VAR>initializers</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX42"></A> -This option is only useful when option <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> declaration) has been given. -It permits to specify initializers for the structure members following -<VAR>slot-name</VAR> in empty hash table entries. The list of initializers -should start with a comma. By default, the emitted code will -zero-initialize structure members following <VAR>slot-name</VAR>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-H <VAR>hash-function-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--hash-function-name=<VAR>hash-function-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -Allows you to specify the name for the generated hash function. Default -name is <SAMP>‘hash’</SAMP>. This option permits the use of two hash tables in -the same file. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-N <VAR>lookup-function-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--lookup-function-name=<VAR>lookup-function-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -Allows you to specify the name for the generated lookup function. -Default name is <SAMP>‘in_word_set’</SAMP>. This option permits multiple -generated hash functions to be used in the same application. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-Z <VAR>class-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--class-name=<VAR>class-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX43"></A> -This option is only useful when option <SAMP>‘-L C++’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, -the <SAMP>‘%language=C++’</SAMP> declaration) has been given. It -allows you to specify the name of generated C++ class. Default name is -<CODE>Perfect_Hash</CODE>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-7’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--seven-bit’</SAMP> -<DD> -This option specifies that all strings that will be passed as arguments -to the generated hash function and the generated lookup function will -solely consist of 7-bit ASCII characters (bytes in the range 0..127). -(Note that the ANSI C functions <CODE>isalnum</CODE> and <CODE>isgraph</CODE> do -<EM>not</EM> guarantee that a byte is in this range. Only an explicit -test like <SAMP>‘c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z'’</SAMP> guarantees this.) This was the -default in versions of <CODE>gperf</CODE> earlier than 2.7; now the default is -to support 8-bit and multibyte characters. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-l’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--compare-lengths’</SAMP> -<DD> -Compare keyword lengths before trying a string comparison. This option -is mandatory for binary comparisons (see section <A HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC15">4.3 Use of NUL bytes</A>). It also might -cut down on the number of string comparisons made during the lookup, since -keywords with different lengths are never compared via <CODE>strcmp</CODE>. -However, using <SAMP>‘-l’</SAMP> might greatly increase the size of the -generated C code if the lookup table range is large (which implies that -the switch option <SAMP>‘-S’</SAMP> or <SAMP>‘%switch’</SAMP> is not enabled), since the length -table contains as many elements as there are entries in the lookup table. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-c’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--compare-strncmp’</SAMP> -<DD> -Generates C code that uses the <CODE>strncmp</CODE> function to perform -string comparisons. The default action is to use <CODE>strcmp</CODE>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-C’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--readonly-tables’</SAMP> -<DD> -Makes the contents of all generated lookup tables constant, i.e., -“readonly”. Many compilers can generate more efficient code for this -by putting the tables in readonly memory. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-E’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--enum’</SAMP> -<DD> -Define constant values using an enum local to the lookup function rather -than with #defines. This also means that different lookup functions can -reside in the same file. Thanks to James Clark <CODE><jjc@ai.mit.edu></CODE>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-I’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--includes’</SAMP> -<DD> -Include the necessary system include file, <CODE><string.h></CODE>, at the -beginning of the code. By default, this is not done; the user must -include this header file himself to allow compilation of the code. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-G’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--global-table’</SAMP> -<DD> -Generate the static table of keywords as a static global variable, -rather than hiding it inside of the lookup function (which is the -default behavior). - -<DT><SAMP>‘-P’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--pic’</SAMP> -<DD> -Optimize the generated table for inclusion in shared libraries. This -reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library containing -the generated code. If the option <SAMP>‘-t’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the -<SAMP>‘%struct-type’</SAMP> declaration) is also given, the first field of the -user-defined struct must be of type <SAMP>‘int’</SAMP>, not <SAMP>‘char *’</SAMP>, because -it will contain offsets into the string pool instead of actual strings. -To convert such an offset to a string, you can use the expression -<SAMP>‘stringpool + <VAR>o</VAR>’</SAMP>, where <VAR>o</VAR> is the offset. The string pool -name can be changed through the option <SAMP>‘--string-pool-name’</SAMP>. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-Q <VAR>string-pool-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--string-pool-name=<VAR>string-pool-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -Allows you to specify the name of the generated string pool created by -option <SAMP>‘-P’</SAMP>. The default name is <SAMP>‘stringpool’</SAMP>. This option -permits the use of two hash tables in the same file, with <SAMP>‘-P’</SAMP> and -even when the option <SAMP>‘-G’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%global-table’</SAMP> -declaration) is given. - -<DT><SAMP>‘--null-strings’</SAMP> -<DD> -Use NULL strings instead of empty strings for empty keyword table entries. -This reduces the startup time of programs using a shared library containing -the generated code (but not as much as option <SAMP>‘-P’</SAMP>), at the expense -of one more test-and-branch instruction at run time. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-W <VAR>hash-table-array-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--word-array-name=<VAR>hash-table-array-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX44"></A> -Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing the -hash table. Default name is <SAMP>‘wordlist’</SAMP>. This option permits the -use of two hash tables in the same file, even when the option <SAMP>‘-G’</SAMP> -(or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%global-table’</SAMP> declaration) is given. - -<DT><SAMP>‘--length-table-name=<VAR>length-table-array-name</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX45"></A> -Allows you to specify the name for the generated array containing the -length table. Default name is <SAMP>‘lengthtable’</SAMP>. This option permits the -use of two length tables in the same file, even when the option <SAMP>‘-G’</SAMP> -(or, equivalently, the <SAMP>‘%global-table’</SAMP> declaration) is given. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-S <VAR>total-switch-statements</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--switch=<VAR>total-switch-statements</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX46"></A> -Causes the generated C code to use a <CODE>switch</CODE> statement scheme, -rather than an array lookup table. This can lead to a reduction in both -time and space requirements for some input files. The argument to this -option determines how many <CODE>switch</CODE> statements are generated. A -value of 1 generates 1 <CODE>switch</CODE> containing all the elements, a -value of 2 generates 2 tables with 1/2 the elements in each -<CODE>switch</CODE>, etc. This is useful since many C compilers cannot -correctly generate code for large <CODE>switch</CODE> statements. This option -was inspired in part by Keith Bostic's original C program. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-T’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--omit-struct-type’</SAMP> -<DD> -Prevents the transfer of the type declaration to the output file. Use -this option if the type is already defined elsewhere. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-p’</SAMP> -<DD> -This option is supported for compatibility with previous releases of -<CODE>gperf</CODE>. It does not do anything. -</DL> - - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC22" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC22">5.5 Options for changing the Algorithms employed by <CODE>gperf</CODE></A></H2> - -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘-k <VAR>selected-byte-positions</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--key-positions=<VAR>selected-byte-positions</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -Allows selection of the byte positions used in the keywords' -hash function. The allowable choices range between 1-255, inclusive. -The positions are separated by commas, e.g., <SAMP>‘-k 9,4,13,14’</SAMP>; -ranges may be used, e.g., <SAMP>‘-k 2-7’</SAMP>; and positions may occur -in any order. Furthermore, the wildcard '*' causes the generated -hash function to consider <STRONG>all</STRONG> byte positions in each keyword, -whereas '$' instructs the hash function to use the “final byte” -of a keyword (this is the only way to use a byte position greater than -255, incidentally). - -For instance, the option <SAMP>‘-k 1,2,4,6-10,'$'’</SAMP> generates a hash -function that considers positions 1,2,4,6,7,8,9,10, plus the last -byte in each keyword (which may be at a different position for each -keyword, obviously). Keywords -with length less than the indicated byte positions work properly, since -selected byte positions exceeding the keyword length are simply not -referenced in the hash function. - -This option is not normally needed since version 2.8 of <CODE>gperf</CODE>; -the default byte positions are computed depending on the keyword set, -through a search that minimizes the number of byte positions. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-D’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--duplicates’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX47"></A> -Handle keywords whose selected byte sets hash to duplicate values. -Duplicate hash values can occur if a set of keywords has the same names, but -possesses different attributes, or if the selected byte positions are not well -chosen. With the -D option <CODE>gperf</CODE> treats all these keywords as -part of an equivalence class and generates a perfect hash function with -multiple comparisons for duplicate keywords. It is up to you to completely -disambiguate the keywords by modifying the generated C code. However, -<CODE>gperf</CODE> helps you out by organizing the output. - -Using this option usually means that the generated hash function is no -longer perfect. On the other hand, it permits <CODE>gperf</CODE> to work on -keyword sets that it otherwise could not handle. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-m <VAR>iterations</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--multiple-iterations=<VAR>iterations</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -Perform multiple choices of the <SAMP>‘-i’</SAMP> and <SAMP>‘-j’</SAMP> values, and -choose the best results. This increases the running time by a factor of -<VAR>iterations</VAR> but does a good job minimizing the generated table size. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-i <VAR>initial-value</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--initial-asso=<VAR>initial-value</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -Provides an initial <VAR>value</VAR> for the associate values array. Default -is 0. Increasing the initial value helps inflate the final table size, -possibly leading to more time efficient keyword lookups. Note that this -option is not particularly useful when <SAMP>‘-S’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, -<SAMP>‘%switch’</SAMP>) is used. Also, -<SAMP>‘-i’</SAMP> is overridden when the <SAMP>‘-r’</SAMP> option is used. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-j <VAR>jump-value</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--jump=<VAR>jump-value</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<A NAME="IDX48"></A> -Affects the “jump value”, i.e., how far to advance the associated -byte value upon collisions. <VAR>Jump-value</VAR> is rounded up to an -odd number, the default is 5. If the <VAR>jump-value</VAR> is 0 <CODE>gperf</CODE> -jumps by random amounts. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-n’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--no-strlen’</SAMP> -<DD> -Instructs the generator not to include the length of a keyword when -computing its hash value. This may save a few assembly instructions in -the generated lookup table. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-r’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--random’</SAMP> -<DD> -Utilizes randomness to initialize the associated values table. This -frequently generates solutions faster than using deterministic -initialization (which starts all associated values at 0). Furthermore, -using the randomization option generally increases the size of the -table. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-s <VAR>size-multiple</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--size-multiple=<VAR>size-multiple</VAR>’</SAMP> -<DD> -Affects the size of the generated hash table. The numeric argument for -this option indicates “how many times larger or smaller” the maximum -associated value range should be, in relationship to the number of keywords. -It can be written as an integer, a floating-point number or a fraction. -For example, a value of 3 means “allow the maximum associated value to be -about 3 times larger than the number of input keywords”. -Conversely, a value of 1/3 means “allow the maximum associated value to -be about 3 times smaller than the number of input keywords”. Values -smaller than 1 are useful for limiting the overall size of the generated hash -table, though the option <SAMP>‘-m’</SAMP> is better at this purpose. - -If `generate switch' option <SAMP>‘-S’</SAMP> (or, equivalently, <SAMP>‘%switch’</SAMP>) is -<EM>not</EM> enabled, the maximum -associated value influences the static array table size, and a larger -table should decrease the time required for an unsuccessful search, at -the expense of extra table space. - -The default value is 1, thus the default maximum associated value about -the same size as the number of keywords (for efficiency, the maximum -associated value is always rounded up to a power of 2). The actual -table size may vary somewhat, since this technique is essentially a -heuristic. -</DL> - - - -<H2><A NAME="SEC23" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC23">5.6 Informative Output</A></H2> - -<DL COMPACT> - -<DT><SAMP>‘-h’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--help’</SAMP> -<DD> -Prints a short summary on the meaning of each program option. Aborts -further program execution. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-v’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--version’</SAMP> -<DD> -Prints out the current version number. - -<DT><SAMP>‘-d’</SAMP> -<DD> -<DT><SAMP>‘--debug’</SAMP> -<DD> -Enables the debugging option. This produces verbose diagnostics to -“standard error” when <CODE>gperf</CODE> is executing. It is useful both for -maintaining the program and for determining whether a given set of -options is actually speeding up the search for a solution. Some useful -information is dumped at the end of the program when the <SAMP>‘-d’</SAMP> -option is enabled. -</DL> - -<P><HR><P> -Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_5.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gperf_7.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -</BODY> -</HTML> diff --git a/doc/gperf_7.html b/doc/gperf_7.html deleted file mode 100644 index af5edf8..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_7.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,57 +0,0 @@ -<HTML> -<HEAD> -<!-- This HTML file has been created by texi2html 1.52b - from gperf.texi on 20 December 2009 --> - -<META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> -<TITLE>Perfect Hash Function Generator - 6 Known Bugs and Limitations with gperf</TITLE> -</HEAD> -<BODY> -Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_6.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gperf_8.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -<P><HR><P> - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC24" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC24">6 Known Bugs and Limitations with <CODE>gperf</CODE></A></H1> - -<P> -The following are some limitations with the current release of -<CODE>gperf</CODE>: - -</P> - -<UL> -<LI> - -The <CODE>gperf</CODE> utility is tuned to execute quickly, and works quickly -for small to medium size data sets (around 1000 keywords). It is -extremely useful for maintaining perfect hash functions for compiler -keyword sets. Several recent enhancements now enable <CODE>gperf</CODE> to -work efficiently on much larger keyword sets (over 15,000 keywords). -When processing large keyword sets it helps greatly to have over 8 megs -of RAM. - -<LI> - -The size of the generate static keyword array can get <EM>extremely</EM> -large if the input keyword file is large or if the keywords are quite -similar. This tends to slow down the compilation of the generated C -code, and <EM>greatly</EM> inflates the object code size. If this -situation occurs, consider using the <SAMP>‘-S’</SAMP> option to reduce data -size, potentially increasing keyword recognition time a negligible -amount. Since many C compilers cannot correctly generate code for -large switch statements it is important to qualify the <VAR>-S</VAR> option -with an appropriate numerical argument that controls the number of -switch statements generated. - -<LI> - -The maximum number of selected byte positions has an -arbitrary limit of 255. This restriction should be removed, and if -anyone considers this a problem write me and let me know so I can remove -the constraint. -</UL> - -<P><HR><P> -Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_6.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gperf_8.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -</BODY> -</HTML> diff --git a/doc/gperf_8.html b/doc/gperf_8.html deleted file mode 100644 index fecdb26..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_8.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,46 +0,0 @@ -<HTML> -<HEAD> -<!-- This HTML file has been created by texi2html 1.52b - from gperf.texi on 20 December 2009 --> - -<META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> -<TITLE>Perfect Hash Function Generator - 7 Things Still Left to Do</TITLE> -</HEAD> -<BODY> -Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_7.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gperf_9.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -<P><HR><P> - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC25" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC25">7 Things Still Left to Do</A></H1> - -<P> -It should be “relatively” easy to replace the current perfect hash -function algorithm with a more exhaustive approach; the perfect hash -module is essential independent from other program modules. Additional -worthwhile improvements include: - -</P> - -<UL> -<LI> - -Another useful extension involves modifying the program to generate -“minimal” perfect hash functions (under certain circumstances, the -current version can be rather extravagant in the generated table size). -This is mostly of theoretical interest, since a sparse table -often produces faster lookups, and use of the <SAMP>‘-S’</SAMP> <CODE>switch</CODE> -option can minimize the data size, at the expense of slightly longer -lookups (note that the gcc compiler generally produces good code for -<CODE>switch</CODE> statements, reducing the need for more complex schemes). - -<LI> - -In addition to improving the algorithm, it would also be useful to -generate an Ada package as the code output, in addition to the current -C and C++ routines. -</UL> - -<P><HR><P> -Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_7.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gperf_9.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -</BODY> -</HTML> diff --git a/doc/gperf_9.html b/doc/gperf_9.html deleted file mode 100644 index 4664479..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_9.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,96 +0,0 @@ -<HTML> -<HEAD> -<!-- This HTML file has been created by texi2html 1.52b - from gperf.texi on 20 December 2009 --> - -<META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> -<TITLE>Perfect Hash Function Generator - 8 Bibliography</TITLE> -</HEAD> -<BODY> -Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_8.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -<P><HR><P> - - -<H1><A NAME="SEC26" HREF="gperf_toc.html#TOC26">8 Bibliography</A></H1> - -<P> -[1] Chang, C.C.: <I>A Scheme for Constructing Ordered Minimal Perfect -Hashing Functions</I> Information Sciences 39(1986), 187-195. - -</P> -<P> -[2] Cichelli, Richard J. <I>Author's Response to “On Cichelli's Minimal Perfect Hash -Functions Method”</I> Communications of the ACM, 23, 12(December 1980), 729. - -</P> -<P> -[3] Cichelli, Richard J. <I>Minimal Perfect Hash Functions Made Simple</I> -Communications of the ACM, 23, 1(January 1980), 17-19. - -</P> -<P> -[4] Cook, C. R. and Oldehoeft, R.R. <I>A Letter Oriented Minimal -Perfect Hashing Function</I> SIGPLAN Notices, 17, 9(September 1982), 18-27. - -</P> -<P> -[5] Cormack, G. V. and Horspool, R. N. S. and Kaiserwerth, M. -<I>Practical Perfect Hashing</I> Computer Journal, 28, 1(January 1985), 54-58. - -</P> -<P> -[6] Jaeschke, G. <I>Reciprocal Hashing: A Method for Generating Minimal -Perfect Hashing Functions</I> Communications of the ACM, 24, 12(December -1981), 829-833. - -</P> -<P> -[7] Jaeschke, G. and Osterburg, G. <I>On Cichelli's Minimal Perfect -Hash Functions Method</I> Communications of the ACM, 23, 12(December 1980), -728-729. - -</P> -<P> -[8] Sager, Thomas J. <I>A Polynomial Time Generator for Minimal Perfect -Hash Functions</I> Communications of the ACM, 28, 5(December 1985), 523-532 - -</P> -<P> -[9] Schmidt, Douglas C. <I>GPERF: A Perfect Hash Function Generator</I> -Second USENIX C++ Conference Proceedings, April 1990. - -</P> -<P> -[10] Schmidt, Douglas C. <I>GPERF: A Perfect Hash Function Generator</I> -C++ Report, SIGS 10 10 (November/December 1998). - -</P> -<P> -[11] Sebesta, R.W. and Taylor, M.A. <I>Minimal Perfect Hash Functions -for Reserved Word Lists</I> SIGPLAN Notices, 20, 12(September 1985), 47-53. - -</P> -<P> -[12] Sprugnoli, R. <I>Perfect Hashing Functions: A Single Probe -Retrieving Method for Static Sets</I> Communications of the ACM, 20 -11(November 1977), 841-850. - -</P> -<P> -[13] Stallman, Richard M. <I>Using and Porting GNU CC</I> Free Software Foundation, -1988. - -</P> -<P> -[14] Stroustrup, Bjarne <I>The C++ Programming Language.</I> Addison-Wesley, 1986. - -</P> -<P> -[15] Tiemann, Michael D. <I>User's Guide to GNU C++</I> Free Software -Foundation, 1989. - -</P> -<P><HR><P> -Go to the <A HREF="gperf_1.html">first</A>, <A HREF="gperf_8.html">previous</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">next</A>, <A HREF="gperf_10.html">last</A> section, <A HREF="gperf_toc.html">table of contents</A>. -</BODY> -</HTML> diff --git a/doc/gperf_toc.html b/doc/gperf_toc.html deleted file mode 100644 index 3f09a68..0000000 --- a/doc/gperf_toc.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ -<HTML> -<HEAD> -<!-- This HTML file has been created by texi2html 1.52b - from gperf.texi on 20 December 2009 --> - -<META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> -<TITLE>Perfect Hash Function Generator - Table of Contents</TITLE> -</HEAD> -<BODY> -<H1>User's Guide to <CODE>gperf</CODE> 3.1</H1> -<H2>The GNU Perfect Hash Function Generator</H2> -<H2>Edition 3.1, 20 December 2009</H2> -<ADDRESS>Douglas C. Schmidt</ADDRESS> -<ADDRESS>Bruno Haible</ADDRESS> -<P> -<P><HR><P> -<UL> -<LI><A NAME="TOC1" HREF="gperf_1.html#SEC1">GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC2" HREF="gperf_2.html#SEC2">Contributors to GNU <CODE>gperf</CODE> Utility</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC3" HREF="gperf_3.html#SEC3">2 Introduction</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC4" HREF="gperf_4.html#SEC4">3 Static search structures and GNU <CODE>gperf</CODE></A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC5" HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC5">4 High-Level Description of GNU <CODE>gperf</CODE></A> -<UL> -<LI><A NAME="TOC6" HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC6">4.1 Input Format to <CODE>gperf</CODE></A> -<UL> -<LI><A NAME="TOC7" HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC7">4.1.1 Declarations</A> -<UL> -<LI><A NAME="TOC8" HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC8">4.1.1.1 User-supplied <CODE>struct</CODE></A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC9" HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC9">4.1.1.2 Gperf Declarations</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC10" HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC10">4.1.1.3 C Code Inclusion</A> -</UL> -<LI><A NAME="TOC11" HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC11">4.1.2 Format for Keyword Entries</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC12" HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC12">4.1.3 Including Additional C Functions</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC13" HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC13">4.1.4 Where to place directives for GNU <CODE>indent</CODE>.</A> -</UL> -<LI><A NAME="TOC14" HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC14">4.2 Output Format for Generated C Code with <CODE>gperf</CODE></A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC15" HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC15">4.3 Use of NUL bytes</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC16" HREF="gperf_5.html#SEC16">4.4 The Copyright of the Output</A> -</UL> -<LI><A NAME="TOC17" HREF="gperf_6.html#SEC17">5 Invoking <CODE>gperf</CODE></A> -<UL> -<LI><A NAME="TOC18" HREF="gperf_6.html#SEC18">5.1 Specifying the Location of the Output File</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC19" HREF="gperf_6.html#SEC19">5.2 Options that affect Interpretation of the Input File</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC20" HREF="gperf_6.html#SEC20">5.3 Options to specify the Language for the Output Code</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC21" HREF="gperf_6.html#SEC21">5.4 Options for fine tuning Details in the Output Code</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC22" HREF="gperf_6.html#SEC22">5.5 Options for changing the Algorithms employed by <CODE>gperf</CODE></A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC23" HREF="gperf_6.html#SEC23">5.6 Informative Output</A> -</UL> -<LI><A NAME="TOC24" HREF="gperf_7.html#SEC24">6 Known Bugs and Limitations with <CODE>gperf</CODE></A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC25" HREF="gperf_8.html#SEC25">7 Things Still Left to Do</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC26" HREF="gperf_9.html#SEC26">8 Bibliography</A> -<LI><A NAME="TOC27" HREF="gperf_10.html#SEC27">Concept Index</A> -</UL> -<P><HR><P> -This document was generated on 20 December 2009 using the -<A HREF="http://wwwinfo.cern.ch/dis/texi2html/">texi2html</A> -translator version 1.52b.</P> -</BODY> -</HTML> |