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+#ifndef CRYPTOPP_MODARITH_H
+#define CRYPTOPP_MODARITH_H
+
+// implementations are in integer.cpp
+
+#include "cryptlib.h"
+#include "misc.h"
+#include "integer.h"
+#include "algebra.h"
+
+NAMESPACE_BEGIN(CryptoPP)
+
+//! .
+class ModularArithmetic : public AbstractRing<Integer>
+{
+public:
+
+	typedef int RandomizationParameter;
+	typedef Integer Element;
+
+	ModularArithmetic(const Integer &modulus = Integer::One())
+		: modulus(modulus), result((word)0, modulus.reg.size()) {}
+
+	ModularArithmetic(const ModularArithmetic &ma)
+		: modulus(ma.modulus), result((word)0, modulus.reg.size()) {}
+
+	ModularArithmetic(BufferedTransformation &bt);	// construct from BER encoded parameters
+
+	virtual ModularArithmetic * Clone() const {return new ModularArithmetic(*this);}
+
+	void DEREncode(BufferedTransformation &bt) const;
+
+	void DEREncodeElement(BufferedTransformation &out, const Element &a) const;
+	void BERDecodeElement(BufferedTransformation &in, Element &a) const;
+
+	const Integer& GetModulus() const {return modulus;}
+	void SetModulus(const Integer &newModulus) {modulus = newModulus; result.reg.resize(modulus.reg.size());}
+
+	virtual bool IsMontgomeryRepresentation() const {return false;}
+
+	virtual Integer ConvertIn(const Integer &a) const
+		{return a%modulus;}
+
+	virtual Integer ConvertOut(const Integer &a) const
+		{return a;}
+
+	const Integer& Half(const Integer &a) const;
+
+	bool Equal(const Integer &a, const Integer &b) const
+		{return a==b;}
+
+	const Integer& Identity() const
+		{return Integer::Zero();}
+
+	const Integer& Add(const Integer &a, const Integer &b) const;
+
+	Integer& Accumulate(Integer &a, const Integer &b) const;
+
+	const Integer& Inverse(const Integer &a) const;
+
+	const Integer& Subtract(const Integer &a, const Integer &b) const;
+
+	Integer& Reduce(Integer &a, const Integer &b) const;
+
+	const Integer& Double(const Integer &a) const
+		{return Add(a, a);}
+
+	const Integer& MultiplicativeIdentity() const
+		{return Integer::One();}
+
+	const Integer& Multiply(const Integer &a, const Integer &b) const
+		{return result1 = a*b%modulus;}
+
+	const Integer& Square(const Integer &a) const
+		{return result1 = a.Squared()%modulus;}
+
+	bool IsUnit(const Integer &a) const
+		{return Integer::Gcd(a, modulus).IsUnit();}
+
+	const Integer& MultiplicativeInverse(const Integer &a) const
+		{return result1 = a.InverseMod(modulus);}
+
+	const Integer& Divide(const Integer &a, const Integer &b) const
+		{return Multiply(a, MultiplicativeInverse(b));}
+
+	Integer CascadeExponentiate(const Integer &x, const Integer &e1, const Integer &y, const Integer &e2) const;
+
+	void SimultaneousExponentiate(Element *results, const Element &base, const Integer *exponents, unsigned int exponentsCount) const;
+
+	unsigned int MaxElementBitLength() const
+		{return (modulus-1).BitCount();}
+
+	unsigned int MaxElementByteLength() const
+		{return (modulus-1).ByteCount();}
+
+	Element RandomElement( RandomNumberGenerator &rng , const RandomizationParameter &ignore_for_now = 0 ) const
+		// left RandomizationParameter arg as ref in case RandomizationParameter becomes a more complicated struct
+	{ 
+		return Element( rng , Integer( (long) 0) , modulus - Integer( (long) 1 )   ) ; 
+	}   
+
+	static const RandomizationParameter DefaultRandomizationParameter ;
+
+protected:
+	Integer modulus;
+	mutable Integer result, result1;
+
+};
+
+// const ModularArithmetic::RandomizationParameter ModularArithmetic::DefaultRandomizationParameter = 0 ;
+
+//! do modular arithmetics in Montgomery representation for increased speed
+class MontgomeryRepresentation : public ModularArithmetic
+{
+public:
+	MontgomeryRepresentation(const Integer &modulus);	// modulus must be odd
+
+	virtual ModularArithmetic * Clone() const {return new MontgomeryRepresentation(*this);}
+
+	bool IsMontgomeryRepresentation() const {return true;}
+
+	Integer ConvertIn(const Integer &a) const
+		{return (a<<(WORD_BITS*modulus.reg.size()))%modulus;}
+
+	Integer ConvertOut(const Integer &a) const;
+
+	const Integer& MultiplicativeIdentity() const
+		{return result1 = Integer::Power2(WORD_BITS*modulus.reg.size())%modulus;}
+
+	const Integer& Multiply(const Integer &a, const Integer &b) const;
+
+	const Integer& Square(const Integer &a) const;
+
+	const Integer& MultiplicativeInverse(const Integer &a) const;
+
+	Integer CascadeExponentiate(const Integer &x, const Integer &e1, const Integer &y, const Integer &e2) const
+		{return AbstractRing<Integer>::CascadeExponentiate(x, e1, y, e2);}
+
+	void SimultaneousExponentiate(Element *results, const Element &base, const Integer *exponents, unsigned int exponentsCount) const
+		{AbstractRing<Integer>::SimultaneousExponentiate(results, base, exponents, exponentsCount);}
+
+private:
+	Integer u;
+	mutable SecAlignedWordBlock workspace;
+};
+
+NAMESPACE_END
+
+#endif