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diff --git a/Doc/reference/import.rst b/Doc/reference/import.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ef0235df12 --- /dev/null +++ b/Doc/reference/import.rst @@ -0,0 +1,703 @@ + +.. _importsystem: + +***************** +The import system +***************** + +.. index:: single: import machinery + +Python code in one :term:`module` gains access to the code in another module +by the process of :term:`importing` it. The :keyword:`import` statement is +the most common way of invoking the import machinery, but it is not the only +way. Functions such as :func:`importlib.import_module` and built-in +:func:`__import__` can also be used to invoke the import machinery. + +The :keyword:`import` statement combines two operations; it searches for the +named module, then it binds the results of that search to a name in the local +scope. The search operation of the :keyword:`import` statement is defined as +a call to the :func:`__import__` function, with the appropriate arguments. +The return value of :func:`__import__` is used to perform the name +binding operation of the :keyword:`import` statement. See the +:keyword:`import` statement for the exact details of that name binding +operation. + +A direct call to :func:`__import__` performs only the module search and, if +found, the module creation operation. While certain side-effects may occur, +such as the importing of parent packages, and the updating of various caches +(including :data:`sys.modules`), only the :keyword:`import` statement performs +a name binding operation. + +When calling :func:`__import__` as part of an import statement, the +import system first checks the module global namespace for a function by +that name. If it is not found, then the standard builtin :func:`__import__` +is called. Other mechanisms for invoking the import system (such as +:func:`importlib.import_module`) do not perform this check and will always +use the standard import system. + +When a module is first imported, Python searches for the module and if found, +it creates a module object [#fnmo]_, initializing it. If the named module +cannot be found, an :exc:`ImportError` is raised. Python implements various +strategies to search for the named module when the import machinery is +invoked. These strategies can be modified and extended by using various hooks +described in the sections below. + +.. versionchanged:: 3.3 + The import system has been updated to fully implement the second phase + of :pep:`302`. There is no longer any implicit import machinery - the full + import system is exposed through :data:`sys.meta_path`. In addition, + native namespace package support has been implemented (see :pep:`420`). + + +:mod:`importlib` +================ + +The :mod:`importlib` module provides a rich API for interacting with the +import system. For example :func:`importlib.import_module` provides a +recommended, simpler API than built-in :func:`__import__` for invoking the +import machinery. Refer to the :mod:`importlib` library documentation for +additional detail. + + + +Packages +======== + +.. index:: + single: package + +Python has only one type of module object, and all modules are of this type, +regardless of whether the module is implemented in Python, C, or something +else. To help organize modules and provide a naming hierarchy, Python has a +concept of :term:`packages <package>`. + +You can think of packages as the directories on a file system and modules as +files within directories, but don't take this analogy too literally since +packages and modules need not originate from the file system. For the +purposes of this documentation, we'll use this convenient analogy of +directories and files. Like file system directories, packages are organized +hierarchically, and packages may themselves contain subpackages, as well as +regular modules. + +It's important to keep in mind that all packages are modules, but not all +modules are packages. Or put another way, packages are just a special kind of +module. Specifically, any module that contains a ``__path__`` attribute is +considered a package. + +All modules have a name. Subpackage names are separated from their parent +package name by dots, akin to Python's standard attribute access syntax. Thus +you might have a module called :mod:`sys` and a package called :mod:`email`, +which in turn has a subpackage called :mod:`email.mime` and a module within +that subpackage called :mod:`email.mime.text`. + + +Regular packages +---------------- + +.. index:: + pair: package; regular + +Python defines two types of packages, :term:`regular packages <regular +package>` and :term:`namespace packages <namespace package>`. Regular +packages are traditional packages as they existed in Python 3.2 and earlier. +A regular package is typically implemented as a directory containing an +``__init__.py`` file. When a regular package is imported, this +``__init__.py`` file is implicitly executed, and the objects it defines are +bound to names in the package's namespace. The ``__init__.py`` file can +contain the same Python code that any other module can contain, and Python +will add some additional attributes to the module when it is imported. + +For example, the following file system layout defines a top level ``parent`` +package with three subpackages:: + + parent/ + __init__.py + one/ + __init__.py + two/ + __init__.py + three/ + __init__.py + +Importing ``parent.one`` will implicitly execute ``parent/__init__.py`` and +``parent/one/__init__.py``. Subsequent imports of ``parent.two`` or +``parent.three`` will execute ``parent/two/__init__.py`` and +``parent/three/__init__.py`` respectively. + + +Namespace packages +------------------ + +.. index:: + pair:: package; namespace + pair:: package; portion + +A namespace package is a composite of various :term:`portions <portion>`, +where each portion contributes a subpackage to the parent package. Portions +may reside in different locations on the file system. Portions may also be +found in zip files, on the network, or anywhere else that Python searches +during import. Namespace packages may or may not correspond directly to +objects on the file system; they may be virtual modules that have no concrete +representation. + +Namespace packages do not use an ordinary list for their ``__path__`` +attribute. They instead use a custom iterable type which will automatically +perform a new search for package portions on the next import attempt within +that package if the path of their parent package (or :data:`sys.path` for a +top level package) changes. + +With namespace packages, there is no ``parent/__init__.py`` file. In fact, +there may be multiple ``parent`` directories found during import search, where +each one is provided by a different portion. Thus ``parent/one`` may not be +physically located next to ``parent/two``. In this case, Python will create a +namespace package for the top-level ``parent`` package whenever it or one of +its subpackages is imported. + +See also :pep:`420` for the namespace package specification. + + +Searching +========= + +To begin the search, Python needs the :term:`fully qualified <qualified name>` +name of the module (or package, but for the purposes of this discussion, the +difference is immaterial) being imported. This name may come from various +arguments to the :keyword:`import` statement, or from the parameters to the +:func:`importlib.import_module` or :func:`__import__` functions. + +This name will be used in various phases of the import search, and it may be +the dotted path to a submodule, e.g. ``foo.bar.baz``. In this case, Python +first tries to import ``foo``, then ``foo.bar``, and finally ``foo.bar.baz``. +If any of the intermediate imports fail, an :exc:`ImportError` is raised. + + +The module cache +---------------- + +.. index:: + single: sys.modules + +The first place checked during import search is :data:`sys.modules`. This +mapping serves as a cache of all modules that have been previously imported, +including the intermediate paths. So if ``foo.bar.baz`` was previously +imported, :data:`sys.modules` will contain entries for ``foo``, ``foo.bar``, +and ``foo.bar.baz``. Each key will have as its value the corresponding module +object. + +During import, the module name is looked up in :data:`sys.modules` and if +present, the associated value is the module satisfying the import, and the +process completes. However, if the value is ``None``, then an +:exc:`ImportError` is raised. If the module name is missing, Python will +continue searching for the module. + +:data:`sys.modules` is writable. Deleting a key may not destroy the +associated module (as other modules may hold references to it), +but it will invalidate the cache entry for the named module, causing +Python to search anew for the named module upon its next +import. The key can also be assigned to ``None``, forcing the next import +of the module to result in an :exc:`ImportError`. + +Beware though, as if you keep a reference to the module object, +invalidate its cache entry in :data:`sys.modules`, and then re-import the +named module, the two module objects will *not* be the same. By contrast, +:func:`imp.reload` will reuse the *same* module object, and simply +reinitialise the module contents by rerunning the module's code. + + +Finders and loaders +------------------- + +.. index:: + single: finder + single: loader + +If the named module is not found in :data:`sys.modules`, then Python's import +protocol is invoked to find and load the module. This protocol consists of +two conceptual objects, :term:`finders <finder>` and :term:`loaders <loader>`. +A finder's job is to determine whether it can find the named module using +whatever strategy it knows about. Objects that implement both of these +interfaces are referred to as :term:`importers <importer>` - they return +themselves when they find that they can load the requested module. + +Python includes a number of default finders and importers. The first one +knows how to locate built-in modules, and the second knows how to locate +frozen modules. A third default finder searches an :term:`import path` +for modules. The :term:`import path` is a list of locations that may +name file system paths or zip files. It can also be extended to search +for any locatable resource, such as those identified by URLs. + +The import machinery is extensible, so new finders can be added to extend the +range and scope of module searching. + +Finders do not actually load modules. If they can find the named module, they +return a :term:`loader`, which the import machinery then invokes to load the +module and create the corresponding module object. + +The following sections describe the protocol for finders and loaders in more +detail, including how you can create and register new ones to extend the +import machinery. + + +Import hooks +------------ + +.. index:: + single: import hooks + single: meta hooks + single: path hooks + pair: hooks; import + pair: hooks; meta + pair: hooks; path + +The import machinery is designed to be extensible; the primary mechanism for +this are the *import hooks*. There are two types of import hooks: *meta +hooks* and *import path hooks*. + +Meta hooks are called at the start of import processing, before any other +import processing has occurred, other than :data:`sys.modules` cache look up. +This allows meta hooks to override :data:`sys.path` processing, frozen +modules, or even built-in modules. Meta hooks are registered by adding new +finder objects to :data:`sys.meta_path`, as described below. + +Import path hooks are called as part of :data:`sys.path` (or +``package.__path__``) processing, at the point where their associated path +item is encountered. Import path hooks are registered by adding new callables +to :data:`sys.path_hooks` as described below. + + +The meta path +------------- + +.. index:: + single: sys.meta_path + pair: finder; find_module + pair: finder; find_loader + +When the named module is not found in :data:`sys.modules`, Python next +searches :data:`sys.meta_path`, which contains a list of meta path finder +objects. These finders are queried in order to see if they know how to handle +the named module. Meta path finders must implement a method called +:meth:`find_module()` which takes two arguments, a name and an import path. +The meta path finder can use any strategy it wants to determine whether it can +handle the named module or not. + +If the meta path finder knows how to handle the named module, it returns a +loader object. If it cannot handle the named module, it returns ``None``. If +:data:`sys.meta_path` processing reaches the end of its list without returning +a loader, then an :exc:`ImportError` is raised. Any other exceptions raised +are simply propagated up, aborting the import process. + +The :meth:`find_module()` method of meta path finders is called with two +arguments. The first is the fully qualified name of the module being +imported, for example ``foo.bar.baz``. The second argument is the path +entries to use for the module search. For top-level modules, the second +argument is ``None``, but for submodules or subpackages, the second +argument is the value of the parent package's ``__path__`` attribute. If +the appropriate ``__path__`` attribute cannot be accessed, an +:exc:`ImportError` is raised. + +The meta path may be traversed multiple times for a single import request. +For example, assuming none of the modules involved has already been cached, +importing ``foo.bar.baz`` will first perform a top level import, calling +``mpf.find_module("foo", None)`` on each meta path finder (``mpf``). After +``foo`` has been imported, ``foo.bar`` will be imported by traversing the +meta path a second time, calling +``mpf.find_module("foo.bar", foo.__path__)``. Once ``foo.bar`` has been +imported, the final traversal will call +``mpf.find_module("foo.bar.baz", foo.bar.__path__)``. + +Some meta path finders only support top level imports. These importers will +always return ``None`` when anything other than ``None`` is passed as the +second argument. + +Python's default :data:`sys.meta_path` has three meta path finders, one that +knows how to import built-in modules, one that knows how to import frozen +modules, and one that knows how to import modules from an :term:`import path` +(i.e. the :term:`path based finder`). + + +Loaders +======= + +If and when a module loader is found its +:meth:`~importlib.abc.Loader.load_module` method is called, with a single +argument, the fully qualified name of the module being imported. This method +has several responsibilities, and should return the module object it has +loaded [#fnlo]_. If it cannot load the module, it should raise an +:exc:`ImportError`, although any other exception raised during +:meth:`load_module()` will be propagated. + +In many cases, the finder and loader can be the same object; in such cases the +:meth:`finder.find_module()` would just return ``self``. + +Loaders must satisfy the following requirements: + + * If there is an existing module object with the given name in + :data:`sys.modules`, the loader must use that existing module. (Otherwise, + :func:`imp.reload` will not work correctly.) If the named module does + not exist in :data:`sys.modules`, the loader must create a new module + object and add it to :data:`sys.modules`. + + Note that the module *must* exist in :data:`sys.modules` before the loader + executes the module code. This is crucial because the module code may + (directly or indirectly) import itself; adding it to :data:`sys.modules` + beforehand prevents unbounded recursion in the worst case and multiple + loading in the best. + + If loading fails, the loader must remove any modules it has inserted into + :data:`sys.modules`, but it must remove **only** the failing module, and + only if the loader itself has loaded it explicitly. Any module already in + the :data:`sys.modules` cache, and any module that was successfully loaded + as a side-effect, must remain in the cache. + + * The loader may set the ``__file__`` attribute of the module. If set, this + attribute's value must be a string. The loader may opt to leave + ``__file__`` unset if it has no semantic meaning (e.g. a module loaded from + a database). + + * The loader may set the ``__name__`` attribute of the module. While not + required, setting this attribute is highly recommended so that the + :meth:`repr()` of the module is more informative. + + * If the module is a package (either regular or namespace), the loader must + set the module object's ``__path__`` attribute. The value must be + iterable, but may be empty if ``__path__`` has no further significance + to the loader. If ``__path__`` is not empty, it must produce strings + when iterated over. More details on the semantics of ``__path__`` are + given :ref:`below <package-path-rules>`. + + * The ``__loader__`` attribute must be set to the loader object that loaded + the module. This is mostly for introspection and reloading, but can be + used for additional loader-specific functionality, for example getting + data associated with a loader. + + * The module's ``__package__`` attribute should be set. Its value must be a + string, but it can be the same value as its ``__name__``. If the attribute + is set to ``None`` or is missing, the import system will fill it in with a + more appropriate value. When the module is a package, its ``__package__`` + value should be set to its ``__name__``. When the module is not a package, + ``__package__`` should be set to the empty string for top-level modules, or + for submodules, to the parent package's name. See :pep:`366` for further + details. + + This attribute is used instead of ``__name__`` to calculate explicit + relative imports for main modules, as defined in :pep:`366`. + + * If the module is a Python module (as opposed to a built-in module or a + dynamically loaded extension), the loader should execute the module's code + in the module's global name space (``module.__dict__``). + + +Module reprs +------------ + +By default, all modules have a usable repr, however depending on the +attributes set above, and hooks in the loader, you can more explicitly control +the repr of module objects. + +Loaders may implement a :meth:`module_repr()` method which takes a single +argument, the module object. When ``repr(module)`` is called for a module +with a loader supporting this protocol, whatever is returned from +``module.__loader__.module_repr(module)`` is returned as the module's repr +without further processing. This return value must be a string. + +If the module has no ``__loader__`` attribute, or the loader has no +:meth:`module_repr()` method, then the module object implementation itself +will craft a default repr using whatever information is available. It will +try to use the ``module.__name__``, ``module.__file__``, and +``module.__loader__`` as input into the repr, with defaults for whatever +information is missing. + +Here are the exact rules used: + + * If the module has a ``__loader__`` and that loader has a + :meth:`module_repr()` method, call it with a single argument, which is the + module object. The value returned is used as the module's repr. + + * If an exception occurs in :meth:`module_repr()`, the exception is caught + and discarded, and the calculation of the module's repr continues as if + :meth:`module_repr()` did not exist. + + * If the module has a ``__file__`` attribute, this is used as part of the + module's repr. + + * If the module has no ``__file__`` but does have a ``__loader__``, then the + loader's repr is used as part of the module's repr. + + * Otherwise, just use the module's ``__name__`` in the repr. + +This example, from :pep:`420` shows how a loader can craft its own module +repr:: + + class NamespaceLoader: + @classmethod + def module_repr(cls, module): + return "<module '{}' (namespace)>".format(module.__name__) + + +.. _package-path-rules: + +module.__path__ +--------------- + +By definition, if a module has an ``__path__`` attribute, it is a package, +regardless of its value. + +A package's ``__path__`` attribute is used during imports of its subpackages. +Within the import machinery, it functions much the same as :data:`sys.path`, +i.e. providing a list of locations to search for modules during import. +However, ``__path__`` is typically much more constrained than +:data:`sys.path`. + +``__path__`` must be an iterable of strings, but it may be empty. +The same rules used for :data:`sys.path` also apply to a package's +``__path__``, and :data:`sys.path_hooks` (described below) are +consulted when traversing a package's ``__path__``. + +A package's ``__init__.py`` file may set or alter the package's ``__path__`` +attribute, and this was typically the way namespace packages were implemented +prior to :pep:`420`. With the adoption of :pep:`420`, namespace packages no +longer need to supply ``__init__.py`` files containing only ``__path__`` +manipulation code; the namespace loader automatically sets ``__path__`` +correctly for the namespace package. + + +The Path Based Finder +===================== + +.. index:: + single: path based finder + +As mentioned previously, Python comes with several default meta path finders. +One of these, called the :term:`path based finder`, searches an :term:`import +path`, which contains a list of :term:`path entries <path entry>`. Each path +entry names a location to search for modules. + +The path based finder itself doesn't know how to import anything. Instead, it +traverses the individual path entries, associating each of them with a +path entry finder that knows how to handle that particular kind of path. + +The default set of path entry finders implement all the semantics for finding +modules on the file system, handling special file types such as Python source +code (``.py`` files), Python byte code (``.pyc`` and ``.pyo`` files) and +shared libraries (e.g. ``.so`` files). When supported by the :mod:`zipimport` +module in the standard library, the default path entry finders also handle +loading all of these file types (other than shared libraries) from zipfiles. + +Path entries need not be limited to file system locations. They can refer to +URLs, database queries, or any other location that can be specified as a +string. + +The path based finder provides additional hooks and protocols so that you +can extend and customize the types of searchable path entries. For example, +if you wanted to support path entries as network URLs, you could write a hook +that implements HTTP semantics to find modules on the web. This hook (a +callable) would return a :term:`path entry finder` supporting the protocol +described below, which was then used to get a loader for the module from the +web. + +A word of warning: this section and the previous both use the term *finder*, +distinguishing between them by using the terms :term:`meta path finder` and +:term:`path entry finder`. These two types of finders are very similar, +support similar protocols, and function in similar ways during the import +process, but it's important to keep in mind that they are subtly different. +In particular, meta path finders operate at the beginning of the import +process, as keyed off the :data:`sys.meta_path` traversal. + +By contrast, path entry finders are in a sense an implementation detail +of the path based finder, and in fact, if the path based finder were to be +removed from :data:`sys.meta_path`, none of the path entry finder semantics +would be invoked. + + +Path entry finders +------------------ + +.. index:: + single: sys.path + single: sys.path_hooks + single: sys.path_importer_cache + single: PYTHONPATH + +The :term:`path based finder` is responsible for finding and loading Python +modules and packages whose location is specified with a string :term:`path +entry`. Most path entries name locations in the file system, but they need +not be limited to this. + +As a meta path finder, the :term:`path based finder` implements the +:meth:`find_module()` protocol previously described, however it exposes +additional hooks that can be used to customize how modules are found and +loaded from the :term:`import path`. + +Three variables are used by the :term:`path based finder`, :data:`sys.path`, +:data:`sys.path_hooks` and :data:`sys.path_importer_cache`. The ``__path__`` +attributes on package objects are also used. These provide additional ways +that the import machinery can be customized. + +:data:`sys.path` contains a list of strings providing search locations for +modules and packages. It is initialized from the :data:`PYTHONPATH` +environment variable and various other installation- and +implementation-specific defaults. Entries in :data:`sys.path` can name +directories on the file system, zip files, and potentially other "locations" +(see the :mod:`site` module) that should be searched for modules, such as +URLs, or database queries. Only strings and bytes should be present on +:data:`sys.path`; all other data types are ignored. The encoding of bytes +entries is determined by the individual :term:`path entry finders <path entry +finder>`. + +The :term:`path based finder` is a :term:`meta path finder`, so the import +machinery begins the :term:`import path` search by calling the path +based finder's :meth:`find_module()` method as described previously. When +the ``path`` argument to :meth:`find_module()` is given, it will be a +list of string paths to traverse - typically a package's ``__path__`` +attribute for an import within that package. If the ``path`` argument +is ``None``, this indicates a top level import and :data:`sys.path` is used. + +The path based finder iterates over every entry in the search path, and +for each of these, looks for an appropriate :term:`path entry finder` for the +path entry. Because this can be an expensive operation (e.g. there may be +`stat()` call overheads for this search), the path based finder maintains +a cache mapping path entries to path entry finders. This cache is maintained +in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` (despite the name, this cache actually +stores finder objects rather than being limited to :term:`importer` objects). +In this way, the expensive search for a particular :term:`path entry` +location's :term:`path entry finder` need only be done once. User code is +free to remove cache entries from :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` forcing +the path based finder to perform the path entry search again [#fnpic]_. + +If the path entry is not present in the cache, the path based finder iterates +over every callable in :data:`sys.path_hooks`. Each of the :term:`path entry +hooks <path entry hook>` in this list is called with a single argument, the +path entry to be searched. This callable may either return a :term:`path +entry finder` that can handle the path entry, or it may raise +:exc:`ImportError`. An :exc:`ImportError` is used by the path based finder to +signal that the hook cannot find a :term:`path entry finder` for that +:term:`path entry`. The exception is ignored and :term:`import path` +iteration continues. The hook should expect either a string or bytes object; +the encoding of bytes objects is up to the hook (e.g. it may be a file system +encoding, UTF-8, or something else), and if the hook cannot decode the +argument, it should raise :exc:`ImportError`. + +If :data:`sys.path_hooks` iteration ends with no :term:`path entry finder` +being returned, then the path based finder's :meth:`find_module()` method +will store ``None`` in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` (to indicate that +there is no finder for this path entry) and return ``None``, indicating that +this :term:`meta path finder` could not find the module. + +If a :term:`path entry finder` *is* returned by one of the :term:`path entry +hook` callables on :data:`sys.path_hooks`, then the following protocol is used +to ask the finder for a module loader, which is then used to load the module. + + +Path entry finder protocol +-------------------------- + +In order to support imports of modules and initialized packages and also to +contribute portions to namespace packages, path entry finders must implement +the :meth:`find_loader()` method. + +:meth:`find_loader()` takes one argument, the fully qualified name of the +module being imported. :meth:`find_loader()` returns a 2-tuple where the +first item is the loader and the second item is a namespace :term:`portion`. +When the first item (i.e. the loader) is ``None``, this means that while the +path entry finder does not have a loader for the named module, it knows that the +path entry contributes to a namespace portion for the named module. This will +almost always be the case where Python is asked to import a namespace package +that has no physical presence on the file system. When a path entry finder +returns ``None`` for the loader, the second item of the 2-tuple return value +must be a sequence, although it can be empty. + +If :meth:`find_loader()` returns a non-``None`` loader value, the portion is +ignored and the loader is returned from the path based finder, terminating +the search through the path entries. + +For backwards compatibility with other implementations of the import +protocol, many path entry finders also support the same, +traditional :meth:`find_module()` method that meta path finders support. +However path entry finder :meth:`find_module()` methods are never called +with a ``path`` argument (they are expected to record the appropriate +path information from the initial call to the path hook). + +The :meth:`find_module()` method on path entry finders is deprecated, +as it does not allow the path entry finder to contribute portions to +namespace packages. Instead path entry finders should implement the +:meth:`find_loader()` method as described above. If it exists on the path +entry finder, the import system will always call :meth:`find_loader()` +in preference to :meth:`find_module()`. + + +Replacing the standard import system +==================================== + +The most reliable mechanism for replacing the entire import system is to +delete the default contents of :data:`sys.meta_path`, replacing them +entirely with a custom meta path hook. + +If it is acceptable to only alter the behaviour of import statements +without affecting other APIs that access the import system, then replacing +the builtin :func:`__import__` function may be sufficient. This technique +may also be employed at the module level to only alter the behaviour of +import statements within that module. + +To selectively prevent import of some modules from a hook early on the +meta path (rather than disabling the standard import system entirely), +it is sufficient to raise :exc:`ImportError` directly from +:meth:`find_module` instead of returning ``None``. The latter indicates +that the meta path search should continue. while raising an exception +terminates it immediately. + + +Open issues +=========== + +XXX It would be really nice to have a diagram. + +XXX * (import_machinery.rst) how about a section devoted just to the +attributes of modules and packages, perhaps expanding upon or supplanting the +related entries in the data model reference page? + +XXX runpy, pkgutil, et al in the library manual should all get "See Also" +links at the top pointing to the new import system section. + + +References +========== + +The import machinery has evolved considerably since Python's early days. The +original `specification for packages +<http://www.python.org/doc/essays/packages.html>`_ is still available to read, +although some details have changed since the writing of that document. + +The original specification for :data:`sys.meta_path` was :pep:`302`, with +subsequent extension in :pep:`420`. + +:pep:`420` introduced :term:`namespace packages <namespace package>` for +Python 3.3. :pep:`420` also introduced the :meth:`find_loader` protocol as an +alternative to :meth:`find_module`. + +:pep:`366` describes the addition of the ``__package__`` attribute for +explicit relative imports in main modules. + +:pep:`328` introduced absolute and explicit relative imports and initially +proposed ``__name__`` for semantics :pep:`366` would eventually specify for +``__package__``. + +:pep:`338` defines executing modules as scripts. + + +Footnotes +========= + +.. [#fnmo] See :class:`types.ModuleType`. + +.. [#fnlo] The importlib implementation avoids using the return value + directly. Instead, it gets the module object by looking the module name up + in :data:`sys.modules`. The indirect effect of this is that an imported + module may replace itself in :data:`sys.modules`. This is + implementation-specific behavior that is not guaranteed to work in other + Python implementations. + +.. [#fnpic] In legacy code, it is possible to find instances of + :class:`imp.NullImporter` in the :data:`sys.path_importer_cache`. It + is recommended that code be changed to use ``None`` instead. See + :ref:`portingpythoncode` for more details. |