Unsplit unittest.mock documentation

7 files changed, 1701 insertions, 1733 deletions

diff --git a/Doc/library/development.rst b/Doc/library/development.rst
index 79c5dd95c8..06e7048a04 100644
--- a/Doc/library/development.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/development.rst
@@ -20,10 +20,6 @@ The list of modules described in this chapter is:
    doctest.rst
    unittest.rst
    unittest.mock.rst
-   unittest.mock-patch.rst
-   unittest.mock-magicmethods.rst
-   unittest.mock-helpers.rst
-   unittest.mock-getting-started.rst
    unittest.mock-examples.rst
    2to3.rst
    test.rst
diff --git a/Doc/library/unittest.mock-examples.rst b/Doc/library/unittest.mock-examples.rst
index 4b6616c506..a561fdc760 100644
--- a/Doc/library/unittest.mock-examples.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/unittest.mock-examples.rst
@@ -1,18 +1,427 @@
-.. _further-examples:
-
-:mod:`unittest.mock` --- further examples
-=========================================
+:mod:`unittest.mock` --- getting started
+========================================
 
-.. module:: unittest.mock
-   :synopsis: Mock object library.
 .. moduleauthor:: Michael Foord <michael@python.org>
 .. currentmodule:: unittest.mock
 
 .. versionadded:: 3.3
 
 
-Here are some more examples for some slightly more advanced scenarios than in
-the :ref:`getting started <getting-started>` guide.
+.. _getting-started:
+
+Using Mock
+----------
+
+Mock Patching Methods
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Common uses for :class:`Mock` objects include:
+
+* Patching methods
+* Recording method calls on objects
+
+You might want to replace a method on an object to check that
+it is called with the correct arguments by another part of the system:
+
+    >>> real = SomeClass()
+    >>> real.method = MagicMock(name='method')
+    >>> real.method(3, 4, 5, key='value')
+    <MagicMock name='method()' id='...'>
+
+Once our mock has been used (`real.method` in this example) it has methods
+and attributes that allow you to make assertions about how it has been used.
+
+.. note::
+
+    In most of these examples the :class:`Mock` and :class:`MagicMock` classes
+    are interchangeable. As the `MagicMock` is the more capable class it makes
+    a sensible one to use by default.
+
+Once the mock has been called its :attr:`~Mock.called` attribute is set to
+`True`. More importantly we can use the :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` or
+:meth`~Mock.assert_called_once_with` method to check that it was called with
+the correct arguments.
+
+This example tests that calling `ProductionClass().method` results in a call to
+the `something` method:
+
+    >>> class ProductionClass(object):
+    ...     def method(self):
+    ...         self.something(1, 2, 3)
+    ...     def something(self, a, b, c):
+    ...         pass
+    ...
+    >>> real = ProductionClass()
+    >>> real.something = MagicMock()
+    >>> real.method()
+    >>> real.something.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+
+
+
+Mock for Method Calls on an Object
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+In the last example we patched a method directly on an object to check that it
+was called correctly. Another common use case is to pass an object into a
+method (or some part of the system under test) and then check that it is used
+in the correct way.
+
+The simple `ProductionClass` below has a `closer` method. If it is called with
+an object then it calls `close` on it.
+
+    >>> class ProductionClass(object):
+    ...     def closer(self, something):
+    ...         something.close()
+    ...
+
+So to test it we need to pass in an object with a `close` method and check
+that it was called correctly.
+
+    >>> real = ProductionClass()
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> real.closer(mock)
+    >>> mock.close.assert_called_with()
+
+We don't have to do any work to provide the 'close' method on our mock.
+Accessing close creates it. So, if 'close' hasn't already been called then
+accessing it in the test will create it, but :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with`
+will raise a failure exception.
+
+
+Mocking Classes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A common use case is to mock out classes instantiated by your code under test.
+When you patch a class, then that class is replaced with a mock. Instances
+are created by *calling the class*. This means you access the "mock instance"
+by looking at the return value of the mocked class.
+
+In the example below we have a function `some_function` that instantiates `Foo`
+and calls a method on it. The call to `patch` replaces the class `Foo` with a
+mock. The `Foo` instance is the result of calling the mock, so it is configured
+by modify the mock :attr:`~Mock.return_value`.
+
+    >>> def some_function():
+    ...     instance = module.Foo()
+    ...     return instance.method()
+    ...
+    >>> with patch('module.Foo') as mock:
+    ...     instance = mock.return_value
+    ...     instance.method.return_value = 'the result'
+    ...     result = some_function()
+    ...     assert result == 'the result'
+
+
+Naming your mocks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+It can be useful to give your mocks a name. The name is shown in the repr of
+the mock and can be helpful when the mock appears in test failure messages. The
+name is also propagated to attributes or methods of the mock:
+
+    >>> mock = MagicMock(name='foo')
+    >>> mock
+    <MagicMock name='foo' id='...'>
+    >>> mock.method
+    <MagicMock name='foo.method' id='...'>
+
+
+Tracking all Calls
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Often you want to track more than a single call to a method. The
+:attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` attribute records all calls
+to child attributes of the mock - and also to their children.
+
+    >>> mock = MagicMock()
+    >>> mock.method()
+    <MagicMock name='mock.method()' id='...'>
+    >>> mock.attribute.method(10, x=53)
+    <MagicMock name='mock.attribute.method()' id='...'>
+    >>> mock.mock_calls
+    [call.method(), call.attribute.method(10, x=53)]
+
+If you make an assertion about `mock_calls` and any unexpected methods
+have been called, then the assertion will fail. This is useful because as well
+as asserting that the calls you expected have been made, you are also checking
+that they were made in the right order and with no additional calls:
+
+You use the :data:`call` object to construct lists for comparing with
+`mock_calls`:
+
+    >>> expected = [call.method(), call.attribute.method(10, x=53)]
+    >>> mock.mock_calls == expected
+    True
+
+
+Setting Return Values and Attributes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Setting the return values on a mock object is trivially easy:
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> mock.return_value = 3
+    >>> mock()
+    3
+
+Of course you can do the same for methods on the mock:
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> mock.method.return_value = 3
+    >>> mock.method()
+    3
+
+The return value can also be set in the constructor:
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(return_value=3)
+    >>> mock()
+    3
+
+If you need an attribute setting on your mock, just do it:
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> mock.x = 3
+    >>> mock.x
+    3
+
+Sometimes you want to mock up a more complex situation, like for example
+`mock.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1")`. If we wanted this call to
+return a list, then we have to configure the result of the nested call.
+
+We can use :data:`call` to construct the set of calls in a "chained call" like
+this for easy assertion afterwards:
+
+    >>> mock = Mock()
+    >>> cursor = mock.connection.cursor.return_value
+    >>> cursor.execute.return_value = ['foo']
+    >>> mock.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1")
+    ['foo']
+    >>> expected = call.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1").call_list()
+    >>> mock.mock_calls
+    [call.connection.cursor(), call.connection.cursor().execute('SELECT 1')]
+    >>> mock.mock_calls == expected
+    True
+
+It is the call to `.call_list()` that turns our call object into a list of
+calls representing the chained calls.
+
+
+Raising exceptions with mocks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A useful attribute is :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`. If you set this to an
+exception class or instance then the exception will be raised when the mock
+is called.
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=Exception('Boom!'))
+    >>> mock()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    Exception: Boom!
+
+
+Side effect functions and iterables
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+`side_effect` can also be set to a function or an iterable. The use case for
+`side_effect` as an iterable is where your mock is going to be called several
+times, and you want each call to return a different value. When you set
+`side_effect` to an iterable every call to the mock returns the next value
+from the iterable:
+
+    >>> mock = MagicMock(side_effect=[4, 5, 6])
+    >>> mock()
+    4
+    >>> mock()
+    5
+    >>> mock()
+    6
+
+
+For more advanced use cases, like dynamically varying the return values
+depending on what the mock is called with, `side_effect` can be a function.
+The function will be called with the same arguments as the mock. Whatever the
+function returns is what the call returns:
+
+    >>> vals = {(1, 2): 1, (2, 3): 2}
+    >>> def side_effect(*args):
+    ...     return vals[args]
+    ...
+    >>> mock = MagicMock(side_effect=side_effect)
+    >>> mock(1, 2)
+    1
+    >>> mock(2, 3)
+    2
+
+
+Creating a Mock from an Existing Object
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+One problem with over use of mocking is that it couples your tests to the
+implementation of your mocks rather than your real code. Suppose you have a
+class that implements `some_method`. In a test for another class, you
+provide a mock of this object that *also* provides `some_method`. If later
+you refactor the first class, so that it no longer has `some_method` - then
+your tests will continue to pass even though your code is now broken!
+
+`Mock` allows you to provide an object as a specification for the mock,
+using the `spec` keyword argument. Accessing methods / attributes on the
+mock that don't exist on your specification object will immediately raise an
+attribute error. If you change the implementation of your specification, then
+tests that use that class will start failing immediately without you having to
+instantiate the class in those tests.
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(spec=SomeClass)
+    >>> mock.old_method()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+       ...
+    AttributeError: object has no attribute 'old_method'
+
+If you want a stronger form of specification that prevents the setting
+of arbitrary attributes as well as the getting of them then you can use
+`spec_set` instead of `spec`.
+
+
+
+Patch Decorators
+----------------
+
+.. note::
+
+   With `patch` it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they
+   are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide
+   read :ref:`where to patch <where-to-patch>`.
+
+
+A common need in tests is to patch a class attribute or a module attribute,
+for example patching a builtin or patching a class in a module to test that it
+is instantiated. Modules and classes are effectively global, so patching on
+them has to be undone after the test or the patch will persist into other
+tests and cause hard to diagnose problems.
+
+mock provides three convenient decorators for this: `patch`, `patch.object` and
+`patch.dict`. `patch` takes a single string, of the form
+`package.module.Class.attribute` to specify the attribute you are patching. It
+also optionally takes a value that you want the attribute (or class or
+whatever) to be replaced with. 'patch.object' takes an object and the name of
+the attribute you would like patched, plus optionally the value to patch it
+with.
+
+`patch.object`:
+
+    >>> original = SomeClass.attribute
+    >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'attribute', sentinel.attribute)
+    ... def test():
+    ...     assert SomeClass.attribute == sentinel.attribute
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+    >>> assert SomeClass.attribute == original
+
+    >>> @patch('package.module.attribute', sentinel.attribute)
+    ... def test():
+    ...     from package.module import attribute
+    ...     assert attribute is sentinel.attribute
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+If you are patching a module (including `__builtin__`) then use `patch`
+instead of `patch.object`:
+
+    >>> mock = MagicMock(return_value = sentinel.file_handle)
+    >>> with patch('__builtin__.open', mock):
+    ...     handle = open('filename', 'r')
+    ...
+    >>> mock.assert_called_with('filename', 'r')
+    >>> assert handle == sentinel.file_handle, "incorrect file handle returned"
+
+The module name can be 'dotted', in the form `package.module` if needed:
+
+    >>> @patch('package.module.ClassName.attribute', sentinel.attribute)
+    ... def test():
+    ...     from package.module import ClassName
+    ...     assert ClassName.attribute == sentinel.attribute
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+A nice pattern is to actually decorate test methods themselves:
+
+    >>> class MyTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+    ...     @patch.object(SomeClass, 'attribute', sentinel.attribute)
+    ...     def test_something(self):
+    ...         self.assertEqual(SomeClass.attribute, sentinel.attribute)
+    ...
+    >>> original = SomeClass.attribute
+    >>> MyTest('test_something').test_something()
+    >>> assert SomeClass.attribute == original
+
+If you want to patch with a Mock, you can use `patch` with only one argument
+(or `patch.object` with two arguments). The mock will be created for you and
+passed into the test function / method:
+
+    >>> class MyTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+    ...     @patch.object(SomeClass, 'static_method')
+    ...     def test_something(self, mock_method):
+    ...         SomeClass.static_method()
+    ...         mock_method.assert_called_with()
+    ...
+    >>> MyTest('test_something').test_something()
+
+You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern:
+
+    >>> class MyTest(unittest2.TestCase):
+    ...     @patch('package.module.ClassName1')
+    ...     @patch('package.module.ClassName2')
+    ...     def test_something(self, MockClass2, MockClass1):
+    ...         self.assertTrue(package.module.ClassName1 is MockClass1)
+    ...         self.assertTrue(package.module.ClassName2 is MockClass2)
+    ...
+    >>> MyTest('test_something').test_something()
+
+When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated
+function in the same order they applied (the normal *python* order that
+decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example
+above the mock for `test_module.ClassName2` is passed in first.
+
+There is also :func:`patch.dict` for setting values in a dictionary just
+during a scope and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the test
+ends:
+
+   >>> foo = {'key': 'value'}
+   >>> original = foo.copy()
+   >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}, clear=True):
+   ...     assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'}
+   ...
+   >>> assert foo == original
+
+`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict` can all be used as context managers.
+
+Where you use `patch` to create a mock for you, you can get a reference to the
+mock using the "as" form of the with statement:
+
+    >>> class ProductionClass(object):
+    ...     def method(self):
+    ...         pass
+    ...
+    >>> with patch.object(ProductionClass, 'method') as mock_method:
+    ...     mock_method.return_value = None
+    ...     real = ProductionClass()
+    ...     real.method(1, 2, 3)
+    ...
+    >>> mock_method.assert_called_with(1, 2, 3)
+
+
+As an alternative `patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict` can be used as
+class decorators. When used in this way it is the same as applying the
+decorator indvidually to every method whose name starts with "test".
+
+
+.. _further-examples:
+
+Further Examples
+================
+
+
+Here are some more examples for some slightly more advanced scenarios.
 
 
 Mocking chained calls
diff --git a/Doc/library/unittest.mock-getting-started.rst b/Doc/library/unittest.mock-getting-started.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 850a894865..0000000000
--- a/Doc/library/unittest.mock-getting-started.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,419 +0,0 @@
-:mod:`unittest.mock` --- getting started
-========================================
-
-.. module:: unittest.mock
-   :synopsis: Mock object library.
-.. moduleauthor:: Michael Foord <michael@python.org>
-.. currentmodule:: unittest.mock
-
-.. versionadded:: 3.3
-
-
-.. _getting-started:
-
-Using Mock
-----------
-
-Mock Patching Methods
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Common uses for :class:`Mock` objects include:
-
-* Patching methods
-* Recording method calls on objects
-
-You might want to replace a method on an object to check that
-it is called with the correct arguments by another part of the system:
-
-    >>> real = SomeClass()
-    >>> real.method = MagicMock(name='method')
-    >>> real.method(3, 4, 5, key='value')
-    <MagicMock name='method()' id='...'>
-
-Once our mock has been used (`real.method` in this example) it has methods
-and attributes that allow you to make assertions about how it has been used.
-
-.. note::
-
-    In most of these examples the :class:`Mock` and :class:`MagicMock` classes
-    are interchangeable. As the `MagicMock` is the more capable class it makes
-    a sensible one to use by default.
-
-Once the mock has been called its :attr:`~Mock.called` attribute is set to
-`True`. More importantly we can use the :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` or
-:meth`~Mock.assert_called_once_with` method to check that it was called with
-the correct arguments.
-
-This example tests that calling `ProductionClass().method` results in a call to
-the `something` method:
-
-    >>> class ProductionClass(object):
-    ...     def method(self):
-    ...         self.something(1, 2, 3)
-    ...     def something(self, a, b, c):
-    ...         pass
-    ...
-    >>> real = ProductionClass()
-    >>> real.something = MagicMock()
-    >>> real.method()
-    >>> real.something.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
-
-
-
-Mock for Method Calls on an Object
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-In the last example we patched a method directly on an object to check that it
-was called correctly. Another common use case is to pass an object into a
-method (or some part of the system under test) and then check that it is used
-in the correct way.
-
-The simple `ProductionClass` below has a `closer` method. If it is called with
-an object then it calls `close` on it.
-
-    >>> class ProductionClass(object):
-    ...     def closer(self, something):
-    ...         something.close()
-    ...
-
-So to test it we need to pass in an object with a `close` method and check
-that it was called correctly.
-
-    >>> real = ProductionClass()
-    >>> mock = Mock()
-    >>> real.closer(mock)
-    >>> mock.close.assert_called_with()
-
-We don't have to do any work to provide the 'close' method on our mock.
-Accessing close creates it. So, if 'close' hasn't already been called then
-accessing it in the test will create it, but :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with`
-will raise a failure exception.
-
-
-Mocking Classes
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-A common use case is to mock out classes instantiated by your code under test.
-When you patch a class, then that class is replaced with a mock. Instances
-are created by *calling the class*. This means you access the "mock instance"
-by looking at the return value of the mocked class.
-
-In the example below we have a function `some_function` that instantiates `Foo`
-and calls a method on it. The call to `patch` replaces the class `Foo` with a
-mock. The `Foo` instance is the result of calling the mock, so it is configured
-by modify the mock :attr:`~Mock.return_value`.
-
-    >>> def some_function():
-    ...     instance = module.Foo()
-    ...     return instance.method()
-    ...
-    >>> with patch('module.Foo') as mock:
-    ...     instance = mock.return_value
-    ...     instance.method.return_value = 'the result'
-    ...     result = some_function()
-    ...     assert result == 'the result'
-
-
-Naming your mocks
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-It can be useful to give your mocks a name. The name is shown in the repr of
-the mock and can be helpful when the mock appears in test failure messages. The
-name is also propagated to attributes or methods of the mock:
-
-    >>> mock = MagicMock(name='foo')
-    >>> mock
-    <MagicMock name='foo' id='...'>
-    >>> mock.method
-    <MagicMock name='foo.method' id='...'>
-
-
-Tracking all Calls
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Often you want to track more than a single call to a method. The
-:attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` attribute records all calls
-to child attributes of the mock - and also to their children.
-
-    >>> mock = MagicMock()
-    >>> mock.method()
-    <MagicMock name='mock.method()' id='...'>
-    >>> mock.attribute.method(10, x=53)
-    <MagicMock name='mock.attribute.method()' id='...'>
-    >>> mock.mock_calls
-    [call.method(), call.attribute.method(10, x=53)]
-
-If you make an assertion about `mock_calls` and any unexpected methods
-have been called, then the assertion will fail. This is useful because as well
-as asserting that the calls you expected have been made, you are also checking
-that they were made in the right order and with no additional calls:
-
-You use the :data:`call` object to construct lists for comparing with
-`mock_calls`:
-
-    >>> expected = [call.method(), call.attribute.method(10, x=53)]
-    >>> mock.mock_calls == expected
-    True
-
-
-Setting Return Values and Attributes
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-Setting the return values on a mock object is trivially easy:
-
-    >>> mock = Mock()
-    >>> mock.return_value = 3
-    >>> mock()
-    3
-
-Of course you can do the same for methods on the mock:
-
-    >>> mock = Mock()
-    >>> mock.method.return_value = 3
-    >>> mock.method()
-    3
-
-The return value can also be set in the constructor:
-
-    >>> mock = Mock(return_value=3)
-    >>> mock()
-    3
-
-If you need an attribute setting on your mock, just do it:
-
-    >>> mock = Mock()
-    >>> mock.x = 3
-    >>> mock.x
-    3
-
-Sometimes you want to mock up a more complex situation, like for example
-`mock.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1")`. If we wanted this call to
-return a list, then we have to configure the result of the nested call.
-
-We can use :data:`call` to construct the set of calls in a "chained call" like
-this for easy assertion afterwards:
-
-    >>> mock = Mock()
-    >>> cursor = mock.connection.cursor.return_value
-    >>> cursor.execute.return_value = ['foo']
-    >>> mock.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1")
-    ['foo']
-    >>> expected = call.connection.cursor().execute("SELECT 1").call_list()
-    >>> mock.mock_calls
-    [call.connection.cursor(), call.connection.cursor().execute('SELECT 1')]
-    >>> mock.mock_calls == expected
-    True
-
-It is the call to `.call_list()` that turns our call object into a list of
-calls representing the chained calls.
-
-
-Raising exceptions with mocks
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-A useful attribute is :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`. If you set this to an
-exception class or instance then the exception will be raised when the mock
-is called.
-
-    >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=Exception('Boom!'))
-    >>> mock()
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-      ...
-    Exception: Boom!
-
-
-Side effect functions and iterables
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-`side_effect` can also be set to a function or an iterable. The use case for
-`side_effect` as an iterable is where your mock is going to be called several
-times, and you want each call to return a different value. When you set
-`side_effect` to an iterable every call to the mock returns the next value
-from the iterable:
-
-    >>> mock = MagicMock(side_effect=[4, 5, 6])
-    >>> mock()
-    4
-    >>> mock()
-    5
-    >>> mock()
-    6
-
-
-For more advanced use cases, like dynamically varying the return values
-depending on what the mock is called with, `side_effect` can be a function.
-The function will be called with the same arguments as the mock. Whatever the
-function returns is what the call returns:
-
-    >>> vals = {(1, 2): 1, (2, 3): 2}
-    >>> def side_effect(*args):
-    ...     return vals[args]
-    ...
-    >>> mock = MagicMock(side_effect=side_effect)
-    >>> mock(1, 2)
-    1
-    >>> mock(2, 3)
-    2
-
-
-Creating a Mock from an Existing Object
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-One problem with over use of mocking is that it couples your tests to the
-implementation of your mocks rather than your real code. Suppose you have a
-class that implements `some_method`. In a test for another class, you
-provide a mock of this object that *also* provides `some_method`. If later
-you refactor the first class, so that it no longer has `some_method` - then
-your tests will continue to pass even though your code is now broken!
-
-`Mock` allows you to provide an object as a specification for the mock,
-using the `spec` keyword argument. Accessing methods / attributes on the
-mock that don't exist on your specification object will immediately raise an
-attribute error. If you change the implementation of your specification, then
-tests that use that class will start failing immediately without you having to
-instantiate the class in those tests.
-
-    >>> mock = Mock(spec=SomeClass)
-    >>> mock.old_method()
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-       ...
-    AttributeError: object has no attribute 'old_method'
-
-If you want a stronger form of specification that prevents the setting
-of arbitrary attributes as well as the getting of them then you can use
-`spec_set` instead of `spec`.
-
-
-
-Patch Decorators
-----------------
-
-.. note::
-
-   With `patch` it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they
-   are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide
-   read :ref:`where to patch <where-to-patch>`.
-
-
-A common need in tests is to patch a class attribute or a module attribute,
-for example patching a builtin or patching a class in a module to test that it
-is instantiated. Modules and classes are effectively global, so patching on
-them has to be undone after the test or the patch will persist into other
-tests and cause hard to diagnose problems.
-
-mock provides three convenient decorators for this: `patch`, `patch.object` and
-`patch.dict`. `patch` takes a single string, of the form
-`package.module.Class.attribute` to specify the attribute you are patching. It
-also optionally takes a value that you want the attribute (or class or
-whatever) to be replaced with. 'patch.object' takes an object and the name of
-the attribute you would like patched, plus optionally the value to patch it
-with.
-
-`patch.object`:
-
-    >>> original = SomeClass.attribute
-    >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'attribute', sentinel.attribute)
-    ... def test():
-    ...     assert SomeClass.attribute == sentinel.attribute
-    ...
-    >>> test()
-    >>> assert SomeClass.attribute == original
-
-    >>> @patch('package.module.attribute', sentinel.attribute)
-    ... def test():
-    ...     from package.module import attribute
-    ...     assert attribute is sentinel.attribute
-    ...
-    >>> test()
-
-If you are patching a module (including `__builtin__`) then use `patch`
-instead of `patch.object`:
-
-    >>> mock = MagicMock(return_value = sentinel.file_handle)
-    >>> with patch('__builtin__.open', mock):
-    ...     handle = open('filename', 'r')
-    ...
-    >>> mock.assert_called_with('filename', 'r')
-    >>> assert handle == sentinel.file_handle, "incorrect file handle returned"
-
-The module name can be 'dotted', in the form `package.module` if needed:
-
-    >>> @patch('package.module.ClassName.attribute', sentinel.attribute)
-    ... def test():
-    ...     from package.module import ClassName
-    ...     assert ClassName.attribute == sentinel.attribute
-    ...
-    >>> test()
-
-A nice pattern is to actually decorate test methods themselves:
-
-    >>> class MyTest(unittest2.TestCase):
-    ...     @patch.object(SomeClass, 'attribute', sentinel.attribute)
-    ...     def test_something(self):
-    ...         self.assertEqual(SomeClass.attribute, sentinel.attribute)
-    ...
-    >>> original = SomeClass.attribute
-    >>> MyTest('test_something').test_something()
-    >>> assert SomeClass.attribute == original
-
-If you want to patch with a Mock, you can use `patch` with only one argument
-(or `patch.object` with two arguments). The mock will be created for you and
-passed into the test function / method:
-
-    >>> class MyTest(unittest2.TestCase):
-    ...     @patch.object(SomeClass, 'static_method')
-    ...     def test_something(self, mock_method):
-    ...         SomeClass.static_method()
-    ...         mock_method.assert_called_with()
-    ...
-    >>> MyTest('test_something').test_something()
-
-You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern:
-
-    >>> class MyTest(unittest2.TestCase):
-    ...     @patch('package.module.ClassName1')
-    ...     @patch('package.module.ClassName2')
-    ...     def test_something(self, MockClass2, MockClass1):
-    ...         self.assertTrue(package.module.ClassName1 is MockClass1)
-    ...         self.assertTrue(package.module.ClassName2 is MockClass2)
-    ...
-    >>> MyTest('test_something').test_something()
-
-When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated
-function in the same order they applied (the normal *python* order that
-decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example
-above the mock for `test_module.ClassName2` is passed in first.
-
-There is also :func:`patch.dict` for setting values in a dictionary just
-during a scope and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the test
-ends:
-
-   >>> foo = {'key': 'value'}
-   >>> original = foo.copy()
-   >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}, clear=True):
-   ...     assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'}
-   ...
-   >>> assert foo == original
-
-`patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict` can all be used as context managers.
-
-Where you use `patch` to create a mock for you, you can get a reference to the
-mock using the "as" form of the with statement:
-
-    >>> class ProductionClass(object):
-    ...     def method(self):
-    ...         pass
-    ...
-    >>> with patch.object(ProductionClass, 'method') as mock_method:
-    ...     mock_method.return_value = None
-    ...     real = ProductionClass()
-    ...     real.method(1, 2, 3)
-    ...
-    >>> mock_method.assert_called_with(1, 2, 3)
-
-
-As an alternative `patch`, `patch.object` and `patch.dict` can be used as
-class decorators. When used in this way it is the same as applying the
-decorator indvidually to every method whose name starts with "test".
-
-For some more advanced examples, see the :ref:`further-examples` page.
diff --git a/Doc/library/unittest.mock-helpers.rst b/Doc/library/unittest.mock-helpers.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index 6c68a4844d..0000000000
--- a/Doc/library/unittest.mock-helpers.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,537 +0,0 @@
-:mod:`unittest.mock` --- helpers
-================================
-
-.. module:: unittest.mock
-   :synopsis: Mock object library.
-.. moduleauthor:: Michael Foord <michael@python.org>
-.. currentmodule:: unittest.mock
-
-.. versionadded:: 3.3
-
-
-sentinel
---------
-
-.. data:: sentinel
-
-    The ``sentinel`` object provides a convenient way of providing unique
-    objects for your tests.
-
-    Attributes are created on demand when you access them by name. Accessing
-    the same attribute will always return the same object. The objects
-    returned have a sensible repr so that test failure messages are readable.
-
-Sometimes when testing you need to test that a specific object is passed as an
-argument to another method, or returned. It can be common to create named
-sentinel objects to test this. `sentinel` provides a convenient way of
-creating and testing the identity of objects like this.
-
-In this example we monkey patch `method` to return `sentinel.some_object`:
-
-    >>> real = ProductionClass()
-    >>> real.method = Mock(name="method")
-    >>> real.method.return_value = sentinel.some_object
-    >>> result = real.method()
-    >>> assert result is sentinel.some_object
-    >>> sentinel.some_object
-    sentinel.some_object
-
-
-DEFAULT
--------
-
-
-.. data:: DEFAULT
-
-    The `DEFAULT` object is a pre-created sentinel (actually
-    `sentinel.DEFAULT`). It can be used by :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`
-    functions to indicate that the normal return value should be used.
-
-
-
-call
-----
-
-.. function:: call(*args, **kwargs)
-
-    `call` is a helper object for making simpler assertions, for comparing
-    with :attr:`~Mock.call_args`, :attr:`~Mock.call_args_list`,
-    :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` and:attr: `~Mock.method_calls`. `call` can also be
-    used with :meth:`~Mock.assert_has_calls`.
-
-        >>> m = MagicMock(return_value=None)
-        >>> m(1, 2, a='foo', b='bar')
-        >>> m()
-        >>> m.call_args_list == [call(1, 2, a='foo', b='bar'), call()]
-        True
-
-.. method:: call.call_list()
-
-    For a call object that represents multiple calls, `call_list`
-    returns a list of all the intermediate calls as well as the
-    final call.
-
-`call_list` is particularly useful for making assertions on "chained calls". A
-chained call is multiple calls on a single line of code. This results in
-multiple entries in :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` on a mock. Manually constructing
-the sequence of calls can be tedious.
-
-:meth:`~call.call_list` can construct the sequence of calls from the same
-chained call:
-
-    >>> m = MagicMock()
-    >>> m(1).method(arg='foo').other('bar')(2.0)
-    <MagicMock name='mock().method().other()()' id='...'>
-    >>> kall = call(1).method(arg='foo').other('bar')(2.0)
-    >>> kall.call_list()
-    [call(1),
-     call().method(arg='foo'),
-     call().method().other('bar'),
-     call().method().other()(2.0)]
-    >>> m.mock_calls == kall.call_list()
-    True
-
-.. _calls-as-tuples:
-
-A `call` object is either a tuple of (positional args, keyword args) or
-(name, positional args, keyword args) depending on how it was constructed. When
-you construct them yourself this isn't particularly interesting, but the `call`
-objects that are in the :attr:`Mock.call_args`, :attr:`Mock.call_args_list` and
-:attr:`Mock.mock_calls` attributes can be introspected to get at the individual
-arguments they contain.
-
-The `call` objects in :attr:`Mock.call_args` and :attr:`Mock.call_args_list`
-are two-tuples of (positional args, keyword args) whereas the `call` objects
-in :attr:`Mock.mock_calls`, along with ones you construct yourself, are
-three-tuples of (name, positional args, keyword args).
-
-You can use their "tupleness" to pull out the individual arguments for more
-complex introspection and assertions. The positional arguments are a tuple
-(an empty tuple if there are no positional arguments) and the keyword
-arguments are a dictionary:
-
-    >>> m = MagicMock(return_value=None)
-    >>> m(1, 2, 3, arg='one', arg2='two')
-    >>> kall = m.call_args
-    >>> args, kwargs = kall
-    >>> args
-    (1, 2, 3)
-    >>> kwargs
-    {'arg2': 'two', 'arg': 'one'}
-    >>> args is kall[0]
-    True
-    >>> kwargs is kall[1]
-    True
-
-    >>> m = MagicMock()
-    >>> m.foo(4, 5, 6, arg='two', arg2='three')
-    <MagicMock name='mock.foo()' id='...'>
-    >>> kall = m.mock_calls[0]
-    >>> name, args, kwargs = kall
-    >>> name
-    'foo'
-    >>> args
-    (4, 5, 6)
-    >>> kwargs
-    {'arg2': 'three', 'arg': 'two'}
-    >>> name is m.mock_calls[0][0]
-    True
-
-
-create_autospec
----------------
-
-.. function:: create_autospec(spec, spec_set=False, instance=False, **kwargs)
-
-    Create a mock object using another object as a spec. Attributes on the
-    mock will use the corresponding attribute on the `spec` object as their
-    spec.
-
-    Functions or methods being mocked will have their arguments checked to
-    ensure that they are called with the correct signature.
-
-    If `spec_set` is `True` then attempting to set attributes that don't exist
-    on the spec object will raise an `AttributeError`.
-
-    If a class is used as a spec then the return value of the mock (the
-    instance of the class) will have the same spec. You can use a class as the
-    spec for an instance object by passing `instance=True`. The returned mock
-    will only be callable if instances of the mock are callable.
-
-    `create_autospec` also takes arbitrary keyword arguments that are passed to
-    the constructor of the created mock.
-
-See :ref:`auto-speccing` for examples of how to use auto-speccing with
-`create_autospec` and the `autospec` argument to :func:`patch`.
-
-
-ANY
----
-
-.. data:: ANY
-
-Sometimes you may need to make assertions about *some* of the arguments in a
-call to mock, but either not care about some of the arguments or want to pull
-them individually out of :attr:`~Mock.call_args` and make more complex
-assertions on them.
-
-To ignore certain arguments you can pass in objects that compare equal to
-*everything*. Calls to :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` and
-:meth:`~Mock.assert_called_once_with` will then succeed no matter what was
-passed in.
-
-    >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
-    >>> mock('foo', bar=object())
-    >>> mock.assert_called_once_with('foo', bar=ANY)
-
-`ANY` can also be used in comparisons with call lists like
-:attr:`~Mock.mock_calls`:
-
-    >>> m = MagicMock(return_value=None)
-    >>> m(1)
-    >>> m(1, 2)
-    >>> m(object())
-    >>> m.mock_calls == [call(1), call(1, 2), ANY]
-    True
-
-
-
-FILTER_DIR
-----------
-
-.. data:: FILTER_DIR
-
-`FILTER_DIR` is a module level variable that controls the way mock objects
-respond to `dir` (only for Python 2.6 or more recent). The default is `True`,
-which uses the filtering described below, to only show useful members. If you
-dislike this filtering, or need to switch it off for diagnostic purposes, then
-set `mock.FILTER_DIR = False`.
-
-With filtering on, `dir(some_mock)` shows only useful attributes and will
-include any dynamically created attributes that wouldn't normally be shown.
-If the mock was created with a `spec` (or `autospec` of course) then all the
-attributes from the original are shown, even if they haven't been accessed
-yet:
-
-    >>> dir(Mock())
-    ['assert_any_call',
-     'assert_called_once_with',
-     'assert_called_with',
-     'assert_has_calls',
-     'attach_mock',
-     ...
-    >>> from urllib import request
-    >>> dir(Mock(spec=request))
-    ['AbstractBasicAuthHandler',
-     'AbstractDigestAuthHandler',
-     'AbstractHTTPHandler',
-     'BaseHandler',
-     ...
-
-Many of the not-very-useful (private to `Mock` rather than the thing being
-mocked) underscore and double underscore prefixed attributes have been
-filtered from the result of calling `dir` on a `Mock`. If you dislike this
-behaviour you can switch it off by setting the module level switch
-`FILTER_DIR`:
-
-    >>> from unittest import mock
-    >>> mock.FILTER_DIR = False
-    >>> dir(mock.Mock())
-    ['_NonCallableMock__get_return_value',
-     '_NonCallableMock__get_side_effect',
-     '_NonCallableMock__return_value_doc',
-     '_NonCallableMock__set_return_value',
-     '_NonCallableMock__set_side_effect',
-     '__call__',
-     '__class__',
-     ...
-
-Alternatively you can just use `vars(my_mock)` (instance members) and
-`dir(type(my_mock))` (type members) to bypass the filtering irrespective of
-`mock.FILTER_DIR`.
-
-
-mock_open
----------
-
-.. function:: mock_open(mock=None, read_data=None)
-
-    A helper function to create a mock to replace the use of `open`. It works
-    for `open` called directly or used as a context manager.
-
-    The `mock` argument is the mock object to configure. If `None` (the
-    default) then a `MagicMock` will be created for you, with the API limited
-    to methods or attributes available on standard file handles.
-
-    `read_data` is a string for the `read` method of the file handle to return.
-    This is an empty string by default.
-
-Using `open` as a context manager is a great way to ensure your file handles
-are closed properly and is becoming common::
-
-    with open('/some/path', 'w') as f:
-        f.write('something')
-
-The issue is that even if you mock out the call to `open` it is the
-*returned object* that is used as a context manager (and has `__enter__` and
-`__exit__` called).
-
-Mocking context managers with a :class:`MagicMock` is common enough and fiddly
-enough that a helper function is useful.
-
-    >>> m = mock_open()
-    >>> with patch('__main__.open', m, create=True):
-    ...     with open('foo', 'w') as h:
-    ...         h.write('some stuff')
-    ...
-    >>> m.mock_calls
-    [call('foo', 'w'),
-     call().__enter__(),
-     call().write('some stuff'),
-     call().__exit__(None, None, None)]
-    >>> m.assert_called_once_with('foo', 'w')
-    >>> handle = m()
-    >>> handle.write.assert_called_once_with('some stuff')
-
-And for reading files:
-
-    >>> with patch('__main__.open', mock_open(read_data='bibble'), create=True) as m:
-    ...     with open('foo') as h:
-    ...         result = h.read()
-    ...
-    >>> m.assert_called_once_with('foo')
-    >>> assert result == 'bibble'
-
-
-.. _auto-speccing:
-
-Autospeccing
-------------
-
-Autospeccing is based on the existing `spec` feature of mock. It limits the
-api of mocks to the api of an original object (the spec), but it is recursive
-(implemented lazily) so that attributes of mocks only have the same api as
-the attributes of the spec. In addition mocked functions / methods have the
-same call signature as the original so they raise a `TypeError` if they are
-called incorrectly.
-
-Before I explain how auto-speccing works, here's why it is needed.
-
-`Mock` is a very powerful and flexible object, but it suffers from two flaws
-when used to mock out objects from a system under test. One of these flaws is
-specific to the `Mock` api and the other is a more general problem with using
-mock objects.
-
-First the problem specific to `Mock`. `Mock` has two assert methods that are
-extremely handy: :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` and
-:meth:`~Mock.assert_called_once_with`.
-
-    >>> mock = Mock(name='Thing', return_value=None)
-    >>> mock(1, 2, 3)
-    >>> mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
-    >>> mock(1, 2, 3)
-    >>> mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-     ...
-    AssertionError: Expected to be called once. Called 2 times.
-
-Because mocks auto-create attributes on demand, and allow you to call them
-with arbitrary arguments, if you misspell one of these assert methods then
-your assertion is gone:
-
-.. code-block:: pycon
-
-    >>> mock = Mock(name='Thing', return_value=None)
-    >>> mock(1, 2, 3)
-    >>> mock.assret_called_once_with(4, 5, 6)
-
-Your tests can pass silently and incorrectly because of the typo.
-
-The second issue is more general to mocking. If you refactor some of your
-code, rename members and so on, any tests for code that is still using the
-*old api* but uses mocks instead of the real objects will still pass. This
-means your tests can all pass even though your code is broken.
-
-Note that this is another reason why you need integration tests as well as
-unit tests. Testing everything in isolation is all fine and dandy, but if you
-don't test how your units are "wired together" there is still lots of room
-for bugs that tests might have caught.
-
-`mock` already provides a feature to help with this, called speccing. If you
-use a class or instance as the `spec` for a mock then you can only access
-attributes on the mock that exist on the real class:
-
-    >>> from urllib import request
-    >>> mock = Mock(spec=request.Request)
-    >>> mock.assret_called_with
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-     ...
-    AttributeError: Mock object has no attribute 'assret_called_with'
-
-The spec only applies to the mock itself, so we still have the same issue
-with any methods on the mock:
-
-.. code-block:: pycon
-
-    >>> mock.has_data()
-    <mock.Mock object at 0x...>
-    >>> mock.has_data.assret_called_with()
-
-Auto-speccing solves this problem. You can either pass `autospec=True` to
-`patch` / `patch.object` or use the `create_autospec` function to create a
-mock with a spec. If you use the `autospec=True` argument to `patch` then the
-object that is being replaced will be used as the spec object. Because the
-speccing is done "lazily" (the spec is created as attributes on the mock are
-accessed) you can use it with very complex or deeply nested objects (like
-modules that import modules that import modules) without a big performance
-hit.
-
-Here's an example of it in use:
-
-    >>> from urllib import request
-    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.request', autospec=True)
-    >>> mock_request = patcher.start()
-    >>> request is mock_request
-    True
-    >>> mock_request.Request
-    <MagicMock name='request.Request' spec='Request' id='...'>
-
-You can see that `request.Request` has a spec. `request.Request` takes two
-arguments in the constructor (one of which is `self`). Here's what happens if
-we try to call it incorrectly:
-
-    >>> req = request.Request()
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-     ...
-    TypeError: <lambda>() takes at least 2 arguments (1 given)
-
-The spec also applies to instantiated classes (i.e. the return value of
-specced mocks):
-
-    >>> req = request.Request('foo')
-    >>> req
-    <NonCallableMagicMock name='request.Request()' spec='Request' id='...'>
-
-`Request` objects are not callable, so the return value of instantiating our
-mocked out `request.Request` is a non-callable mock. With the spec in place
-any typos in our asserts will raise the correct error:
-
-    >>> req.add_header('spam', 'eggs')
-    <MagicMock name='request.Request().add_header()' id='...'>
-    >>> req.add_header.assret_called_with
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-     ...
-    AttributeError: Mock object has no attribute 'assret_called_with'
-    >>> req.add_header.assert_called_with('spam', 'eggs')
-
-In many cases you will just be able to add `autospec=True` to your existing
-`patch` calls and then be protected against bugs due to typos and api
-changes.
-
-As well as using `autospec` through `patch` there is a
-:func:`create_autospec` for creating autospecced mocks directly:
-
-    >>> from urllib import request
-    >>> mock_request = create_autospec(request)
-    >>> mock_request.Request('foo', 'bar')
-    <NonCallableMagicMock name='mock.Request()' spec='Request' id='...'>
-
-This isn't without caveats and limitations however, which is why it is not
-the default behaviour. In order to know what attributes are available on the
-spec object, autospec has to introspect (access attributes) the spec. As you
-traverse attributes on the mock a corresponding traversal of the original
-object is happening under the hood. If any of your specced objects have
-properties or descriptors that can trigger code execution then you may not be
-able to use autospec. On the other hand it is much better to design your
-objects so that introspection is safe [#]_.
-
-A more serious problem is that it is common for instance attributes to be
-created in the `__init__` method and not to exist on the class at all.
-`autospec` can't know about any dynamically created attributes and restricts
-the api to visible attributes.
-
-    >>> class Something(object):
-    ...   def __init__(self):
-    ...     self.a = 33
-    ...
-    >>> with patch('__main__.Something', autospec=True):
-    ...   thing = Something()
-    ...   thing.a
-    ...
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-      ...
-    AttributeError: Mock object has no attribute 'a'
-
-There are a few different ways of resolving this problem. The easiest, but
-not necessarily the least annoying, way is to simply set the required
-attributes on the mock after creation. Just because `autospec` doesn't allow
-you to fetch attributes that don't exist on the spec it doesn't prevent you
-setting them:
-
-    >>> with patch('__main__.Something', autospec=True):
-    ...   thing = Something()
-    ...   thing.a = 33
-    ...
-
-There is a more aggressive version of both `spec` and `autospec` that *does*
-prevent you setting non-existent attributes. This is useful if you want to
-ensure your code only *sets* valid attributes too, but obviously it prevents
-this particular scenario:
-
-    >>> with patch('__main__.Something', autospec=True, spec_set=True):
-    ...   thing = Something()
-    ...   thing.a = 33
-    ...
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-     ...
-    AttributeError: Mock object has no attribute 'a'
-
-Probably the best way of solving the problem is to add class attributes as
-default values for instance members initialised in `__init__`. Note that if
-you are only setting default attributes in `__init__` then providing them via
-class attributes (shared between instances of course) is faster too. e.g.
-
-.. code-block:: python
-
-    class Something(object):
-        a = 33
-
-This brings up another issue. It is relatively common to provide a default
-value of `None` for members that will later be an object of a different type.
-`None` would be useless as a spec because it wouldn't let you access *any*
-attributes or methods on it. As `None` is *never* going to be useful as a
-spec, and probably indicates a member that will normally of some other type,
-`autospec` doesn't use a spec for members that are set to `None`. These will
-just be ordinary mocks (well - `MagicMocks`):
-
-    >>> class Something(object):
-    ...     member = None
-    ...
-    >>> mock = create_autospec(Something)
-    >>> mock.member.foo.bar.baz()
-    <MagicMock name='mock.member.foo.bar.baz()' id='...'>
-
-If modifying your production classes to add defaults isn't to your liking
-then there are more options. One of these is simply to use an instance as the
-spec rather than the class. The other is to create a subclass of the
-production class and add the defaults to the subclass without affecting the
-production class. Both of these require you to use an alternative object as
-the spec. Thankfully `patch` supports this - you can simply pass the
-alternative object as the `autospec` argument:
-
-    >>> class Something(object):
-    ...   def __init__(self):
-    ...     self.a = 33
-    ...
-    >>> class SomethingForTest(Something):
-    ...   a = 33
-    ...
-    >>> p = patch('__main__.Something', autospec=SomethingForTest)
-    >>> mock = p.start()
-    >>> mock.a
-    <NonCallableMagicMock name='Something.a' spec='int' id='...'>
-
-
-.. [#] This only applies to classes or already instantiated objects. Calling
-   a mocked class to create a mock instance *does not* create a real instance.
-   It is only attribute lookups - along with calls to `dir` - that are done.
diff --git a/Doc/library/unittest.mock-magicmethods.rst b/Doc/library/unittest.mock-magicmethods.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index f5209abc81..0000000000
--- a/Doc/library/unittest.mock-magicmethods.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,226 +0,0 @@
-:mod:`unittest.mock` --- MagicMock and magic method support
-===========================================================
-
-.. module:: unittest.mock
-   :synopsis: Mock object library.
-.. moduleauthor:: Michael Foord <michael@python.org>
-.. currentmodule:: unittest.mock
-
-.. versionadded:: 3.3
-
-
-.. _magic-methods:
-
-Mocking Magic Methods
----------------------
-
-:class:`Mock` supports mocking the Python protocol methods, also known as
-"magic methods". This allows mock objects to replace containers or other
-objects that implement Python protocols.
-
-Because magic methods are looked up differently from normal methods [#]_, this
-support has been specially implemented. This means that only specific magic
-methods are supported. The supported list includes *almost* all of them. If
-there are any missing that you need please let us know.
-
-You mock magic methods by setting the method you are interested in to a function
-or a mock instance. If you are using a function then it *must* take ``self`` as
-the first argument [#]_.
-
-   >>> def __str__(self):
-   ...     return 'fooble'
-   ...
-   >>> mock = Mock()
-   >>> mock.__str__ = __str__
-   >>> str(mock)
-   'fooble'
-
-   >>> mock = Mock()
-   >>> mock.__str__ = Mock()
-   >>> mock.__str__.return_value = 'fooble'
-   >>> str(mock)
-   'fooble'
-
-   >>> mock = Mock()
-   >>> mock.__iter__ = Mock(return_value=iter([]))
-   >>> list(mock)
-   []
-
-One use case for this is for mocking objects used as context managers in a
-`with` statement:
-
-   >>> mock = Mock()
-   >>> mock.__enter__ = Mock(return_value='foo')
-   >>> mock.__exit__ = Mock(return_value=False)
-   >>> with mock as m:
-   ...     assert m == 'foo'
-   ...
-   >>> mock.__enter__.assert_called_with()
-   >>> mock.__exit__.assert_called_with(None, None, None)
-
-Calls to magic methods do not appear in :attr:`~Mock.method_calls`, but they
-are recorded in :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls`.
-
-.. note::
-
-   If you use the `spec` keyword argument to create a mock then attempting to
-   set a magic method that isn't in the spec will raise an `AttributeError`.
-
-The full list of supported magic methods is:
-
-* ``__hash__``, ``__sizeof__``, ``__repr__`` and ``__str__``
-* ``__dir__``, ``__format__`` and ``__subclasses__``
-* ``__floor__``, ``__trunc__`` and ``__ceil__``
-* Comparisons: ``__cmp__``, ``__lt__``, ``__gt__``, ``__le__``, ``__ge__``,
-  ``__eq__`` and ``__ne__``
-* Container methods: ``__getitem__``, ``__setitem__``, ``__delitem__``,
-  ``__contains__``, ``__len__``, ``__iter__``, ``__getslice__``,
-  ``__setslice__``, ``__reversed__`` and ``__missing__``
-* Context manager: ``__enter__`` and ``__exit__``
-* Unary numeric methods: ``__neg__``, ``__pos__`` and ``__invert__``
-* The numeric methods (including right hand and in-place variants):
-  ``__add__``, ``__sub__``, ``__mul__``, ``__div__``,
-  ``__floordiv__``, ``__mod__``, ``__divmod__``, ``__lshift__``,
-  ``__rshift__``, ``__and__``, ``__xor__``, ``__or__``, and ``__pow__``
-* Numeric conversion methods: ``__complex__``, ``__int__``, ``__float__``,
-  ``__index__`` and ``__coerce__``
-* Descriptor methods: ``__get__``, ``__set__`` and ``__delete__``
-* Pickling: ``__reduce__``, ``__reduce_ex__``, ``__getinitargs__``,
-  ``__getnewargs__``, ``__getstate__`` and ``__setstate__``
-
-
-The following methods exist but are *not* supported as they are either in use
-by mock, can't be set dynamically, or can cause problems:
-
-* ``__getattr__``, ``__setattr__``, ``__init__`` and ``__new__``
-* ``__prepare__``, ``__instancecheck__``, ``__subclasscheck__``, ``__del__``
-
-
-
-Magic Mock
-----------
-
-There are two `MagicMock` variants: `MagicMock` and `NonCallableMagicMock`.
-
-
-.. class:: MagicMock(*args, **kw)
-
-   ``MagicMock`` is a subclass of :class:`Mock` with default implementations
-   of most of the magic methods. You can use ``MagicMock`` without having to
-   configure the magic methods yourself.
-
-   The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for :class:`Mock`.
-
-   If you use the `spec` or `spec_set` arguments then *only* magic methods
-   that exist in the spec will be created.
-
-
-.. class:: NonCallableMagicMock(*args, **kw)
-
-    A non-callable version of `MagicMock`.
-
-    The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for
-    :class:`MagicMock`, with the exception of `return_value` and
-    `side_effect` which have no meaning on a non-callable mock.
-
-The magic methods are setup with `MagicMock` objects, so you can configure them
-and use them in the usual way:
-
-   >>> mock = MagicMock()
-   >>> mock[3] = 'fish'
-   >>> mock.__setitem__.assert_called_with(3, 'fish')
-   >>> mock.__getitem__.return_value = 'result'
-   >>> mock[2]
-   'result'
-
-By default many of the protocol methods are required to return objects of a
-specific type. These methods are preconfigured with a default return value, so
-that they can be used without you having to do anything if you aren't interested
-in the return value. You can still *set* the return value manually if you want
-to change the default.
-
-Methods and their defaults:
-
-* ``__lt__``: NotImplemented
-* ``__gt__``: NotImplemented
-* ``__le__``: NotImplemented
-* ``__ge__``: NotImplemented
-* ``__int__`` : 1
-* ``__contains__`` : False
-* ``__len__`` : 1
-* ``__iter__`` : iter([])
-* ``__exit__`` : False
-* ``__complex__`` : 1j
-* ``__float__`` : 1.0
-* ``__bool__`` : True
-* ``__index__`` : 1
-* ``__hash__`` : default hash for the mock
-* ``__str__`` : default str for the mock
-* ``__sizeof__``: default sizeof for the mock
-
-For example:
-
-   >>> mock = MagicMock()
-   >>> int(mock)
-   1
-   >>> len(mock)
-   0
-   >>> list(mock)
-   []
-   >>> object() in mock
-   False
-
-The two equality method, `__eq__` and `__ne__`, are special.
-They do the default equality comparison on identity, using a side
-effect, unless you change their return value to return something else:
-
-   >>> MagicMock() == 3
-   False
-   >>> MagicMock() != 3
-   True
-   >>> mock = MagicMock()
-   >>> mock.__eq__.return_value = True
-   >>> mock == 3
-   True
-
-The return value of `MagicMock.__iter__` can be any iterable object and isn't
-required to be an iterator:
-
-   >>> mock = MagicMock()
-   >>> mock.__iter__.return_value = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-   >>> list(mock)
-   ['a', 'b', 'c']
-   >>> list(mock)
-   ['a', 'b', 'c']
-
-If the return value *is* an iterator, then iterating over it once will consume
-it and subsequent iterations will result in an empty list:
-
-   >>> mock.__iter__.return_value = iter(['a', 'b', 'c'])
-   >>> list(mock)
-   ['a', 'b', 'c']
-   >>> list(mock)
-   []
-
-``MagicMock`` has all of the supported magic methods configured except for some
-of the obscure and obsolete ones. You can still set these up if you want.
-
-Magic methods that are supported but not setup by default in ``MagicMock`` are:
-
-* ``__subclasses__``
-* ``__dir__``
-* ``__format__``
-* ``__get__``, ``__set__`` and ``__delete__``
-* ``__reversed__`` and ``__missing__``
-* ``__reduce__``, ``__reduce_ex__``, ``__getinitargs__``, ``__getnewargs__``,
-  ``__getstate__`` and ``__setstate__``
-* ``__getformat__`` and ``__setformat__``
-
-
-
-.. [#] Magic methods *should* be looked up on the class rather than the
-   instance. Different versions of Python are inconsistent about applying this
-   rule. The supported protocol methods should work with all supported versions
-   of Python.
-.. [#] The function is basically hooked up to the class, but each ``Mock``
-   instance is kept isolated from the others.
diff --git a/Doc/library/unittest.mock-patch.rst b/Doc/library/unittest.mock-patch.rst
deleted file mode 100644
index e3e3525beb..0000000000
--- a/Doc/library/unittest.mock-patch.rst
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,538 +0,0 @@
-:mod:`unittest.mock` --- the patchers
-=====================================
-
-.. module:: unittest.mock
-   :synopsis: Mock object library.
-.. moduleauthor:: Michael Foord <michael@python.org>
-.. currentmodule:: unittest.mock
-
-.. versionadded:: 3.3
-
-The patch decorators are used for patching objects only within the scope of
-the function they decorate. They automatically handle the unpatching for you,
-even if exceptions are raised. All of these functions can also be used in with
-statements or as class decorators.
-
-
-patch
------
-
-.. note::
-
-    `patch` is straightforward to use. The key is to do the patching in the
-    right namespace. See the section `where to patch`_.
-
-.. function:: patch(target, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)
-
-    `patch` acts as a function decorator, class decorator or a context
-    manager. Inside the body of the function or with statement, the `target`
-    (specified in the form `'package.module.ClassName'`) is patched
-    with a `new` object. When the function/with statement exits the patch is
-    undone.
-
-    The `target` is imported and the specified attribute patched with the new
-    object, so it must be importable from the environment you are calling the
-    decorator from. The target is imported when the decorated function is
-    executed, not at decoration time.
-
-    If `new` is omitted, then a new `MagicMock` is created and passed in as an
-    extra argument to the decorated function.
-
-    The `spec` and `spec_set` keyword arguments are passed to the `MagicMock`
-    if patch is creating one for you.
-
-    In addition you can pass `spec=True` or `spec_set=True`, which causes
-    patch to pass in the object being mocked as the spec/spec_set object.
-
-    `new_callable` allows you to specify a different class, or callable object,
-    that will be called to create the `new` object. By default `MagicMock` is
-    used.
-
-    A more powerful form of `spec` is `autospec`. If you set `autospec=True`
-    then the mock with be created with a spec from the object being replaced.
-    All attributes of the mock will also have the spec of the corresponding
-    attribute of the object being replaced. Methods and functions being mocked
-    will have their arguments checked and will raise a `TypeError` if they are
-    called with the wrong signature. For mocks
-    replacing a class, their return value (the 'instance') will have the same
-    spec as the class. See the :func:`create_autospec` function and
-    :ref:`auto-speccing`.
-
-    Instead of `autospec=True` you can pass `autospec=some_object` to use an
-    arbitrary object as the spec instead of the one being replaced.
-
-    By default `patch` will fail to replace attributes that don't exist. If
-    you pass in `create=True`, and the attribute doesn't exist, patch will
-    create the attribute for you when the patched function is called, and
-    delete it again afterwards. This is useful for writing tests against
-    attributes that your production code creates at runtime. It is off by by
-    default because it can be dangerous. With it switched on you can write
-    passing tests against APIs that don't actually exist!
-
-    Patch can be used as a `TestCase` class decorator. It works by
-    decorating each test method in the class. This reduces the boilerplate
-    code when your test methods share a common patchings set. `patch` finds
-    tests by looking for method names that start with `patch.TEST_PREFIX`.
-    By default this is `test`, which matches the way `unittest` finds tests.
-    You can specify an alternative prefix by setting `patch.TEST_PREFIX`.
-
-    Patch can be used as a context manager, with the with statement. Here the
-    patching applies to the indented block after the with statement. If you
-    use "as" then the patched object will be bound to the name after the
-    "as"; very useful if `patch` is creating a mock object for you.
-
-    `patch` takes arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be passed to
-    the `Mock` (or `new_callable`) on construction.
-
-    `patch.dict(...)`, `patch.multiple(...)` and `patch.object(...)` are
-    available for alternate use-cases.
-
-
-Patching a class replaces the class with a `MagicMock` *instance*. If the
-class is instantiated in the code under test then it will be the
-:attr:`~Mock.return_value` of the mock that will be used.
-
-If the class is instantiated multiple times you could use
-:attr:`~Mock.side_effect` to return a new mock each time. Alternatively you
-can set the `return_value` to be anything you want.
-
-To configure return values on methods of *instances* on the patched class
-you must do this on the `return_value`. For example:
-
-    >>> class Class(object):
-    ...     def method(self):
-    ...         pass
-    ...
-    >>> with patch('__main__.Class') as MockClass:
-    ...     instance = MockClass.return_value
-    ...     instance.method.return_value = 'foo'
-    ...     assert Class() is instance
-    ...     assert Class().method() == 'foo'
-    ...
-
-If you use `spec` or `spec_set` and `patch` is replacing a *class*, then the
-return value of the created mock will have the same spec.
-
-    >>> Original = Class
-    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.Class', spec=True)
-    >>> MockClass = patcher.start()
-    >>> instance = MockClass()
-    >>> assert isinstance(instance, Original)
-    >>> patcher.stop()
-
-The `new_callable` argument is useful where you want to use an alternative
-class to the default :class:`MagicMock` for the created mock. For example, if
-you wanted a :class:`NonCallableMock` to be used:
-
-    >>> thing = object()
-    >>> with patch('__main__.thing', new_callable=NonCallableMock) as mock_thing:
-    ...     assert thing is mock_thing
-    ...     thing()
-    ...
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-      ...
-    TypeError: 'NonCallableMock' object is not callable
-
-Another use case might be to replace an object with a `StringIO` instance:
-
-    >>> from StringIO import StringIO
-    >>> def foo():
-    ...     print 'Something'
-    ...
-    >>> @patch('sys.stdout', new_callable=StringIO)
-    ... def test(mock_stdout):
-    ...     foo()
-    ...     assert mock_stdout.getvalue() == 'Something\n'
-    ...
-    >>> test()
-
-When `patch` is creating a mock for you, it is common that the first thing
-you need to do is to configure the mock. Some of that configuration can be done
-in the call to patch. Any arbitrary keywords you pass into the call will be
-used to set attributes on the created mock:
-
-    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.thing', first='one', second='two')
-    >>> mock_thing = patcher.start()
-    >>> mock_thing.first
-    'one'
-    >>> mock_thing.second
-    'two'
-
-As well as attributes on the created mock attributes, like the
-:attr:`~Mock.return_value` and :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`, of child mocks can
-also be configured. These aren't syntactically valid to pass in directly as
-keyword arguments, but a dictionary with these as keys can still be expanded
-into a `patch` call using `**`:
-
-    >>> config = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
-    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.thing', **config)
-    >>> mock_thing = patcher.start()
-    >>> mock_thing.method()
-    3
-    >>> mock_thing.other()
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-      ...
-    KeyError
-
-
-patch.object
-------------
-
-.. function:: patch.object(target, attribute, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)
-
-    patch the named member (`attribute`) on an object (`target`) with a mock
-    object.
-
-    `patch.object` can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context
-    manager. Arguments `new`, `spec`, `create`, `spec_set`, `autospec` and
-    `new_callable` have the same meaning as for `patch`. Like `patch`,
-    `patch.object` takes arbitrary keyword arguments for configuring the mock
-    object it creates.
-
-    When used as a class decorator `patch.object` honours `patch.TEST_PREFIX`
-    for choosing which methods to wrap.
-
-You can either call `patch.object` with three arguments or two arguments. The
-three argument form takes the object to be patched, the attribute name and the
-object to replace the attribute with.
-
-When calling with the two argument form you omit the replacement object, and a
-mock is created for you and passed in as an extra argument to the decorated
-function:
-
-    >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'class_method')
-    ... def test(mock_method):
-    ...     SomeClass.class_method(3)
-    ...     mock_method.assert_called_with(3)
-    ...
-    >>> test()
-
-`spec`, `create` and the other arguments to `patch.object` have the same
-meaning as they do for `patch`.
-
-
-patch.dict
-----------
-
-.. function:: patch.dict(in_dict, values=(), clear=False, **kwargs)
-
-    Patch a dictionary, or dictionary like object, and restore the dictionary
-    to its original state after the test.
-
-    `in_dict` can be a dictionary or a mapping like container. If it is a
-    mapping then it must at least support getting, setting and deleting items
-    plus iterating over keys.
-
-    `in_dict` can also be a string specifying the name of the dictionary, which
-    will then be fetched by importing it.
-
-    `values` can be a dictionary of values to set in the dictionary. `values`
-    can also be an iterable of `(key, value)` pairs.
-
-    If `clear` is True then the dictionary will be cleared before the new
-    values are set.
-
-    `patch.dict` can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments to set
-    values in the dictionary.
-
-    `patch.dict` can be used as a context manager, decorator or class
-    decorator. When used as a class decorator `patch.dict` honours
-    `patch.TEST_PREFIX` for choosing which methods to wrap.
-
-`patch.dict` can be used to add members to a dictionary, or simply let a test
-change a dictionary, and ensure the dictionary is restored when the test
-ends.
-
-    >>> foo = {}
-    >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}):
-    ...     assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'}
-    ...
-    >>> assert foo == {}
-
-    >>> import os
-    >>> with patch.dict('os.environ', {'newkey': 'newvalue'}):
-    ...     print os.environ['newkey']
-    ...
-    newvalue
-    >>> assert 'newkey' not in os.environ
-
-Keywords can be used in the `patch.dict` call to set values in the dictionary:
-
-    >>> mymodule = MagicMock()
-    >>> mymodule.function.return_value = 'fish'
-    >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', mymodule=mymodule):
-    ...     import mymodule
-    ...     mymodule.function('some', 'args')
-    ...
-    'fish'
-
-`patch.dict` can be used with dictionary like objects that aren't actually
-dictionaries. At the very minimum they must support item getting, setting,
-deleting and either iteration or membership test. This corresponds to the
-magic methods `__getitem__`, `__setitem__`, `__delitem__` and either
-`__iter__` or `__contains__`.
-
-    >>> class Container(object):
-    ...     def __init__(self):
-    ...         self.values = {}
-    ...     def __getitem__(self, name):
-    ...         return self.values[name]
-    ...     def __setitem__(self, name, value):
-    ...         self.values[name] = value
-    ...     def __delitem__(self, name):
-    ...         del self.values[name]
-    ...     def __iter__(self):
-    ...         return iter(self.values)
-    ...
-    >>> thing = Container()
-    >>> thing['one'] = 1
-    >>> with patch.dict(thing, one=2, two=3):
-    ...     assert thing['one'] == 2
-    ...     assert thing['two'] == 3
-    ...
-    >>> assert thing['one'] == 1
-    >>> assert list(thing) == ['one']
-
-
-patch.multiple
---------------
-
-.. function:: patch.multiple(target, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)
-
-    Perform multiple patches in a single call. It takes the object to be
-    patched (either as an object or a string to fetch the object by importing)
-    and keyword arguments for the patches::
-
-        with patch.multiple(settings, FIRST_PATCH='one', SECOND_PATCH='two'):
-            ...
-
-    Use :data:`DEFAULT` as the value if you want `patch.multiple` to create
-    mocks for you. In this case the created mocks are passed into a decorated
-    function by keyword, and a dictionary is returned when `patch.multiple` is
-    used as a context manager.
-
-    `patch.multiple` can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context
-    manager. The arguments `spec`, `spec_set`, `create`, `autospec` and
-    `new_callable` have the same meaning as for `patch`. These arguments will
-    be applied to *all* patches done by `patch.multiple`.
-
-    When used as a class decorator `patch.multiple` honours `patch.TEST_PREFIX`
-    for choosing which methods to wrap.
-
-If you want `patch.multiple` to create mocks for you, then you can use
-:data:`DEFAULT` as the value. If you use `patch.multiple` as a decorator
-then the created mocks are passed into the decorated function by keyword.
-
-    >>> thing = object()
-    >>> other = object()
-
-    >>> @patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT)
-    ... def test_function(thing, other):
-    ...     assert isinstance(thing, MagicMock)
-    ...     assert isinstance(other, MagicMock)
-    ...
-    >>> test_function()
-
-`patch.multiple` can be nested with other `patch` decorators, but put arguments
-passed by keyword *after* any of the standard arguments created by `patch`:
-
-    >>> @patch('sys.exit')
-    ... @patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT)
-    ... def test_function(mock_exit, other, thing):
-    ...     assert 'other' in repr(other)
-    ...     assert 'thing' in repr(thing)
-    ...     assert 'exit' in repr(mock_exit)
-    ...
-    >>> test_function()
-
-If `patch.multiple` is used as a context manager, the value returned by the
-context manger is a dictionary where created mocks are keyed by name:
-
-    >>> with patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT) as values:
-    ...     assert 'other' in repr(values['other'])
-    ...     assert 'thing' in repr(values['thing'])
-    ...     assert values['thing'] is thing
-    ...     assert values['other'] is other
-    ...
-
-
-.. _start-and-stop:
-
-patch methods: start and stop
------------------------------
-
-All the patchers have `start` and `stop` methods. These make it simpler to do
-patching in `setUp` methods or where you want to do multiple patches without
-nesting decorators or with statements.
-
-To use them call `patch`, `patch.object` or `patch.dict` as normal and keep a
-reference to the returned `patcher` object. You can then call `start` to put
-the patch in place and `stop` to undo it.
-
-If you are using `patch` to create a mock for you then it will be returned by
-the call to `patcher.start`.
-
-    >>> patcher = patch('package.module.ClassName')
-    >>> from package import module
-    >>> original = module.ClassName
-    >>> new_mock = patcher.start()
-    >>> assert module.ClassName is not original
-    >>> assert module.ClassName is new_mock
-    >>> patcher.stop()
-    >>> assert module.ClassName is original
-    >>> assert module.ClassName is not new_mock
-
-
-A typical use case for this might be for doing multiple patches in the `setUp`
-method of a `TestCase`:
-
-    >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
-    ...     def setUp(self):
-    ...         self.patcher1 = patch('package.module.Class1')
-    ...         self.patcher2 = patch('package.module.Class2')
-    ...         self.MockClass1 = self.patcher1.start()
-    ...         self.MockClass2 = self.patcher2.start()
-    ...
-    ...     def tearDown(self):
-    ...         self.patcher1.stop()
-    ...         self.patcher2.stop()
-    ...
-    ...     def test_something(self):
-    ...         assert package.module.Class1 is self.MockClass1
-    ...         assert package.module.Class2 is self.MockClass2
-    ...
-    >>> MyTest('test_something').run()
-
-.. caution::
-
-    If you use this technique you must ensure that the patching is "undone" by
-    calling `stop`. This can be fiddlier than you might think, because if an
-    exception is raised in the ``setUp`` then ``tearDown`` is not called.
-    :meth:`unittest.TestCase.addCleanup` makes this easier:
-
-        >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
-        ...     def setUp(self):
-        ...         patcher = patch('package.module.Class')
-        ...         self.MockClass = patcher.start()
-        ...         self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
-        ...
-        ...     def test_something(self):
-        ...         assert package.module.Class is self.MockClass
-        ...
-
-    As an added bonus you no longer need to keep a reference to the `patcher`
-    object.
-
-In fact `start` and `stop` are just aliases for the context manager
-`__enter__` and `__exit__` methods.
-
-
-TEST_PREFIX
------------
-
-All of the patchers can be used as class decorators. When used in this way
-they wrap every test method on the class. The patchers recognise methods that
-start with `test` as being test methods. This is the same way that the
-:class:`unittest.TestLoader` finds test methods by default.
-
-It is possible that you want to use a different prefix for your tests. You can
-inform the patchers of the different prefix by setting `patch.TEST_PREFIX`:
-
-    >>> patch.TEST_PREFIX = 'foo'
-    >>> value = 3
-    >>>
-    >>> @patch('__main__.value', 'not three')
-    ... class Thing(object):
-    ...     def foo_one(self):
-    ...         print value
-    ...     def foo_two(self):
-    ...         print value
-    ...
-    >>>
-    >>> Thing().foo_one()
-    not three
-    >>> Thing().foo_two()
-    not three
-    >>> value
-    3
-
-
-Nesting Patch Decorators
-------------------------
-
-If you want to perform multiple patches then you can simply stack up the
-decorators.
-
-You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern:
-
-    >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'class_method')
-    ... @patch.object(SomeClass, 'static_method')
-    ... def test(mock1, mock2):
-    ...     assert SomeClass.static_method is mock1
-    ...     assert SomeClass.class_method is mock2
-    ...     SomeClass.static_method('foo')
-    ...     SomeClass.class_method('bar')
-    ...     return mock1, mock2
-    ...
-    >>> mock1, mock2 = test()
-    >>> mock1.assert_called_once_with('foo')
-    >>> mock2.assert_called_once_with('bar')
-
-
-Note that the decorators are applied from the bottom upwards. This is the
-standard way that Python applies decorators. The order of the created mocks
-passed into your test function matches this order.
-
-
-.. _where-to-patch:
-
-Where to patch
---------------
-
-`patch` works by (temporarily) changing the object that a *name* points to with
-another one. There can be many names pointing to any individual object, so
-for patching to work you must ensure that you patch the name used by the system
-under test.
-
-The basic principle is that you patch where an object is *looked up*, which
-is not necessarily the same place as where it is defined. A couple of
-examples will help to clarify this.
-
-Imagine we have a project that we want to test with the following structure::
-
-    a.py
-        -> Defines SomeClass
-
-    b.py
-        -> from a import SomeClass
-        -> some_function instantiates SomeClass
-
-Now we want to test `some_function` but we want to mock out `SomeClass` using
-`patch`. The problem is that when we import module b, which we will have to
-do then it imports `SomeClass` from module a. If we use `patch` to mock out
-`a.SomeClass` then it will have no effect on our test; module b already has a
-reference to the *real* `SomeClass` and it looks like our patching had no
-effect.
-
-The key is to patch out `SomeClass` where it is used (or where it is looked up
-). In this case `some_function` will actually look up `SomeClass` in module b,
-where we have imported it. The patching should look like::
-
-    @patch('b.SomeClass')
-
-However, consider the alternative scenario where instead of `from a import
-SomeClass` module b does `import a` and `some_function` uses `a.SomeClass`. Both
-of these import forms are common. In this case the class we want to patch is
-being looked up on the a module and so we have to patch `a.SomeClass` instead::
-
-    @patch('a.SomeClass')
-
-
-Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects
---------------------------------------
-
-Both patch_ and patch.object_ correctly patch and restore descriptors: class
-methods, static methods and properties. You should patch these on the *class*
-rather than an instance. They also work with *some* objects
-that proxy attribute access, like the `django setttings object
-<http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/weblog/arch_d7_2010_12_04.shtml#e1198>`_.
diff --git a/Doc/library/unittest.mock.rst b/Doc/library/unittest.mock.rst
index 71b73860ad..3e5f9fa9be 100644
--- a/Doc/library/unittest.mock.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/unittest.mock.rst
@@ -84,7 +84,6 @@ mock (or other object) during the test and restored when the test ends:
     ... def test(MockClass1, MockClass2):
     ...     module.ClassName1()
     ...     module.ClassName2()
-
     ...     assert MockClass1 is module.ClassName1
     ...     assert MockClass2 is module.ClassName2
     ...     assert MockClass1.called
@@ -898,3 +897,1287 @@ method:
        will often implicitly request these methods, and gets *very* confused to
        get a new Mock object when it expects a magic method. If you need magic
        method support see :ref:`magic methods <magic-methods>`.
+
+
+The patchers
+============
+
+The patch decorators are used for patching objects only within the scope of
+the function they decorate. They automatically handle the unpatching for you,
+even if exceptions are raised. All of these functions can also be used in with
+statements or as class decorators.
+
+
+patch
+-----
+
+.. note::
+
+    `patch` is straightforward to use. The key is to do the patching in the
+    right namespace. See the section `where to patch`_.
+
+.. function:: patch(target, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)
+
+    `patch` acts as a function decorator, class decorator or a context
+    manager. Inside the body of the function or with statement, the `target`
+    (specified in the form `'package.module.ClassName'`) is patched
+    with a `new` object. When the function/with statement exits the patch is
+    undone.
+
+    The `target` is imported and the specified attribute patched with the new
+    object, so it must be importable from the environment you are calling the
+    decorator from. The target is imported when the decorated function is
+    executed, not at decoration time.
+
+    If `new` is omitted, then a new `MagicMock` is created and passed in as an
+    extra argument to the decorated function.
+
+    The `spec` and `spec_set` keyword arguments are passed to the `MagicMock`
+    if patch is creating one for you.
+
+    In addition you can pass `spec=True` or `spec_set=True`, which causes
+    patch to pass in the object being mocked as the spec/spec_set object.
+
+    `new_callable` allows you to specify a different class, or callable object,
+    that will be called to create the `new` object. By default `MagicMock` is
+    used.
+
+    A more powerful form of `spec` is `autospec`. If you set `autospec=True`
+    then the mock with be created with a spec from the object being replaced.
+    All attributes of the mock will also have the spec of the corresponding
+    attribute of the object being replaced. Methods and functions being mocked
+    will have their arguments checked and will raise a `TypeError` if they are
+    called with the wrong signature. For mocks
+    replacing a class, their return value (the 'instance') will have the same
+    spec as the class. See the :func:`create_autospec` function and
+    :ref:`auto-speccing`.
+
+    Instead of `autospec=True` you can pass `autospec=some_object` to use an
+    arbitrary object as the spec instead of the one being replaced.
+
+    By default `patch` will fail to replace attributes that don't exist. If
+    you pass in `create=True`, and the attribute doesn't exist, patch will
+    create the attribute for you when the patched function is called, and
+    delete it again afterwards. This is useful for writing tests against
+    attributes that your production code creates at runtime. It is off by by
+    default because it can be dangerous. With it switched on you can write
+    passing tests against APIs that don't actually exist!
+
+    Patch can be used as a `TestCase` class decorator. It works by
+    decorating each test method in the class. This reduces the boilerplate
+    code when your test methods share a common patchings set. `patch` finds
+    tests by looking for method names that start with `patch.TEST_PREFIX`.
+    By default this is `test`, which matches the way `unittest` finds tests.
+    You can specify an alternative prefix by setting `patch.TEST_PREFIX`.
+
+    Patch can be used as a context manager, with the with statement. Here the
+    patching applies to the indented block after the with statement. If you
+    use "as" then the patched object will be bound to the name after the
+    "as"; very useful if `patch` is creating a mock object for you.
+
+    `patch` takes arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be passed to
+    the `Mock` (or `new_callable`) on construction.
+
+    `patch.dict(...)`, `patch.multiple(...)` and `patch.object(...)` are
+    available for alternate use-cases.
+
+
+Patching a class replaces the class with a `MagicMock` *instance*. If the
+class is instantiated in the code under test then it will be the
+:attr:`~Mock.return_value` of the mock that will be used.
+
+If the class is instantiated multiple times you could use
+:attr:`~Mock.side_effect` to return a new mock each time. Alternatively you
+can set the `return_value` to be anything you want.
+
+To configure return values on methods of *instances* on the patched class
+you must do this on the `return_value`. For example:
+
+    >>> class Class(object):
+    ...     def method(self):
+    ...         pass
+    ...
+    >>> with patch('__main__.Class') as MockClass:
+    ...     instance = MockClass.return_value
+    ...     instance.method.return_value = 'foo'
+    ...     assert Class() is instance
+    ...     assert Class().method() == 'foo'
+    ...
+
+If you use `spec` or `spec_set` and `patch` is replacing a *class*, then the
+return value of the created mock will have the same spec.
+
+    >>> Original = Class
+    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.Class', spec=True)
+    >>> MockClass = patcher.start()
+    >>> instance = MockClass()
+    >>> assert isinstance(instance, Original)
+    >>> patcher.stop()
+
+The `new_callable` argument is useful where you want to use an alternative
+class to the default :class:`MagicMock` for the created mock. For example, if
+you wanted a :class:`NonCallableMock` to be used:
+
+    >>> thing = object()
+    >>> with patch('__main__.thing', new_callable=NonCallableMock) as mock_thing:
+    ...     assert thing is mock_thing
+    ...     thing()
+    ...
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    TypeError: 'NonCallableMock' object is not callable
+
+Another use case might be to replace an object with a `StringIO` instance:
+
+    >>> from StringIO import StringIO
+    >>> def foo():
+    ...     print 'Something'
+    ...
+    >>> @patch('sys.stdout', new_callable=StringIO)
+    ... def test(mock_stdout):
+    ...     foo()
+    ...     assert mock_stdout.getvalue() == 'Something\n'
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+When `patch` is creating a mock for you, it is common that the first thing
+you need to do is to configure the mock. Some of that configuration can be done
+in the call to patch. Any arbitrary keywords you pass into the call will be
+used to set attributes on the created mock:
+
+    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.thing', first='one', second='two')
+    >>> mock_thing = patcher.start()
+    >>> mock_thing.first
+    'one'
+    >>> mock_thing.second
+    'two'
+
+As well as attributes on the created mock attributes, like the
+:attr:`~Mock.return_value` and :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`, of child mocks can
+also be configured. These aren't syntactically valid to pass in directly as
+keyword arguments, but a dictionary with these as keys can still be expanded
+into a `patch` call using `**`:
+
+    >>> config = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
+    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.thing', **config)
+    >>> mock_thing = patcher.start()
+    >>> mock_thing.method()
+    3
+    >>> mock_thing.other()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    KeyError
+
+
+patch.object
+------------
+
+.. function:: patch.object(target, attribute, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)
+
+    patch the named member (`attribute`) on an object (`target`) with a mock
+    object.
+
+    `patch.object` can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context
+    manager. Arguments `new`, `spec`, `create`, `spec_set`, `autospec` and
+    `new_callable` have the same meaning as for `patch`. Like `patch`,
+    `patch.object` takes arbitrary keyword arguments for configuring the mock
+    object it creates.
+
+    When used as a class decorator `patch.object` honours `patch.TEST_PREFIX`
+    for choosing which methods to wrap.
+
+You can either call `patch.object` with three arguments or two arguments. The
+three argument form takes the object to be patched, the attribute name and the
+object to replace the attribute with.
+
+When calling with the two argument form you omit the replacement object, and a
+mock is created for you and passed in as an extra argument to the decorated
+function:
+
+    >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'class_method')
+    ... def test(mock_method):
+    ...     SomeClass.class_method(3)
+    ...     mock_method.assert_called_with(3)
+    ...
+    >>> test()
+
+`spec`, `create` and the other arguments to `patch.object` have the same
+meaning as they do for `patch`.
+
+
+patch.dict
+----------
+
+.. function:: patch.dict(in_dict, values=(), clear=False, **kwargs)
+
+    Patch a dictionary, or dictionary like object, and restore the dictionary
+    to its original state after the test.
+
+    `in_dict` can be a dictionary or a mapping like container. If it is a
+    mapping then it must at least support getting, setting and deleting items
+    plus iterating over keys.
+
+    `in_dict` can also be a string specifying the name of the dictionary, which
+    will then be fetched by importing it.
+
+    `values` can be a dictionary of values to set in the dictionary. `values`
+    can also be an iterable of `(key, value)` pairs.
+
+    If `clear` is True then the dictionary will be cleared before the new
+    values are set.
+
+    `patch.dict` can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments to set
+    values in the dictionary.
+
+    `patch.dict` can be used as a context manager, decorator or class
+    decorator. When used as a class decorator `patch.dict` honours
+    `patch.TEST_PREFIX` for choosing which methods to wrap.
+
+`patch.dict` can be used to add members to a dictionary, or simply let a test
+change a dictionary, and ensure the dictionary is restored when the test
+ends.
+
+    >>> foo = {}
+    >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}):
+    ...     assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'}
+    ...
+    >>> assert foo == {}
+
+    >>> import os
+    >>> with patch.dict('os.environ', {'newkey': 'newvalue'}):
+    ...     print os.environ['newkey']
+    ...
+    newvalue
+    >>> assert 'newkey' not in os.environ
+
+Keywords can be used in the `patch.dict` call to set values in the dictionary:
+
+    >>> mymodule = MagicMock()
+    >>> mymodule.function.return_value = 'fish'
+    >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', mymodule=mymodule):
+    ...     import mymodule
+    ...     mymodule.function('some', 'args')
+    ...
+    'fish'
+
+`patch.dict` can be used with dictionary like objects that aren't actually
+dictionaries. At the very minimum they must support item getting, setting,
+deleting and either iteration or membership test. This corresponds to the
+magic methods `__getitem__`, `__setitem__`, `__delitem__` and either
+`__iter__` or `__contains__`.
+
+    >>> class Container(object):
+    ...     def __init__(self):
+    ...         self.values = {}
+    ...     def __getitem__(self, name):
+    ...         return self.values[name]
+    ...     def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+    ...         self.values[name] = value
+    ...     def __delitem__(self, name):
+    ...         del self.values[name]
+    ...     def __iter__(self):
+    ...         return iter(self.values)
+    ...
+    >>> thing = Container()
+    >>> thing['one'] = 1
+    >>> with patch.dict(thing, one=2, two=3):
+    ...     assert thing['one'] == 2
+    ...     assert thing['two'] == 3
+    ...
+    >>> assert thing['one'] == 1
+    >>> assert list(thing) == ['one']
+
+
+patch.multiple
+--------------
+
+.. function:: patch.multiple(target, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)
+
+    Perform multiple patches in a single call. It takes the object to be
+    patched (either as an object or a string to fetch the object by importing)
+    and keyword arguments for the patches::
+
+        with patch.multiple(settings, FIRST_PATCH='one', SECOND_PATCH='two'):
+            ...
+
+    Use :data:`DEFAULT` as the value if you want `patch.multiple` to create
+    mocks for you. In this case the created mocks are passed into a decorated
+    function by keyword, and a dictionary is returned when `patch.multiple` is
+    used as a context manager.
+
+    `patch.multiple` can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context
+    manager. The arguments `spec`, `spec_set`, `create`, `autospec` and
+    `new_callable` have the same meaning as for `patch`. These arguments will
+    be applied to *all* patches done by `patch.multiple`.
+
+    When used as a class decorator `patch.multiple` honours `patch.TEST_PREFIX`
+    for choosing which methods to wrap.
+
+If you want `patch.multiple` to create mocks for you, then you can use
+:data:`DEFAULT` as the value. If you use `patch.multiple` as a decorator
+then the created mocks are passed into the decorated function by keyword.
+
+    >>> thing = object()
+    >>> other = object()
+
+    >>> @patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT)
+    ... def test_function(thing, other):
+    ...     assert isinstance(thing, MagicMock)
+    ...     assert isinstance(other, MagicMock)
+    ...
+    >>> test_function()
+
+`patch.multiple` can be nested with other `patch` decorators, but put arguments
+passed by keyword *after* any of the standard arguments created by `patch`:
+
+    >>> @patch('sys.exit')
+    ... @patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT)
+    ... def test_function(mock_exit, other, thing):
+    ...     assert 'other' in repr(other)
+    ...     assert 'thing' in repr(thing)
+    ...     assert 'exit' in repr(mock_exit)
+    ...
+    >>> test_function()
+
+If `patch.multiple` is used as a context manager, the value returned by the
+context manger is a dictionary where created mocks are keyed by name:
+
+    >>> with patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT) as values:
+    ...     assert 'other' in repr(values['other'])
+    ...     assert 'thing' in repr(values['thing'])
+    ...     assert values['thing'] is thing
+    ...     assert values['other'] is other
+    ...
+
+
+.. _start-and-stop:
+
+patch methods: start and stop
+-----------------------------
+
+All the patchers have `start` and `stop` methods. These make it simpler to do
+patching in `setUp` methods or where you want to do multiple patches without
+nesting decorators or with statements.
+
+To use them call `patch`, `patch.object` or `patch.dict` as normal and keep a
+reference to the returned `patcher` object. You can then call `start` to put
+the patch in place and `stop` to undo it.
+
+If you are using `patch` to create a mock for you then it will be returned by
+the call to `patcher.start`.
+
+    >>> patcher = patch('package.module.ClassName')
+    >>> from package import module
+    >>> original = module.ClassName
+    >>> new_mock = patcher.start()
+    >>> assert module.ClassName is not original
+    >>> assert module.ClassName is new_mock
+    >>> patcher.stop()
+    >>> assert module.ClassName is original
+    >>> assert module.ClassName is not new_mock
+
+
+A typical use case for this might be for doing multiple patches in the `setUp`
+method of a `TestCase`:
+
+    >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+    ...     def setUp(self):
+    ...         self.patcher1 = patch('package.module.Class1')
+    ...         self.patcher2 = patch('package.module.Class2')
+    ...         self.MockClass1 = self.patcher1.start()
+    ...         self.MockClass2 = self.patcher2.start()
+    ...
+    ...     def tearDown(self):
+    ...         self.patcher1.stop()
+    ...         self.patcher2.stop()
+    ...
+    ...     def test_something(self):
+    ...         assert package.module.Class1 is self.MockClass1
+    ...         assert package.module.Class2 is self.MockClass2
+    ...
+    >>> MyTest('test_something').run()
+
+.. caution::
+
+    If you use this technique you must ensure that the patching is "undone" by
+    calling `stop`. This can be fiddlier than you might think, because if an
+    exception is raised in the ``setUp`` then ``tearDown`` is not called.
+    :meth:`unittest.TestCase.addCleanup` makes this easier:
+
+        >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
+        ...     def setUp(self):
+        ...         patcher = patch('package.module.Class')
+        ...         self.MockClass = patcher.start()
+        ...         self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
+        ...
+        ...     def test_something(self):
+        ...         assert package.module.Class is self.MockClass
+        ...
+
+    As an added bonus you no longer need to keep a reference to the `patcher`
+    object.
+
+In fact `start` and `stop` are just aliases for the context manager
+`__enter__` and `__exit__` methods.
+
+
+TEST_PREFIX
+-----------
+
+All of the patchers can be used as class decorators. When used in this way
+they wrap every test method on the class. The patchers recognise methods that
+start with `test` as being test methods. This is the same way that the
+:class:`unittest.TestLoader` finds test methods by default.
+
+It is possible that you want to use a different prefix for your tests. You can
+inform the patchers of the different prefix by setting `patch.TEST_PREFIX`:
+
+    >>> patch.TEST_PREFIX = 'foo'
+    >>> value = 3
+    >>>
+    >>> @patch('__main__.value', 'not three')
+    ... class Thing(object):
+    ...     def foo_one(self):
+    ...         print value
+    ...     def foo_two(self):
+    ...         print value
+    ...
+    >>>
+    >>> Thing().foo_one()
+    not three
+    >>> Thing().foo_two()
+    not three
+    >>> value
+    3
+
+
+Nesting Patch Decorators
+------------------------
+
+If you want to perform multiple patches then you can simply stack up the
+decorators.
+
+You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern:
+
+    >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'class_method')
+    ... @patch.object(SomeClass, 'static_method')
+    ... def test(mock1, mock2):
+    ...     assert SomeClass.static_method is mock1
+    ...     assert SomeClass.class_method is mock2
+    ...     SomeClass.static_method('foo')
+    ...     SomeClass.class_method('bar')
+    ...     return mock1, mock2
+    ...
+    >>> mock1, mock2 = test()
+    >>> mock1.assert_called_once_with('foo')
+    >>> mock2.assert_called_once_with('bar')
+
+
+Note that the decorators are applied from the bottom upwards. This is the
+standard way that Python applies decorators. The order of the created mocks
+passed into your test function matches this order.
+
+
+.. _where-to-patch:
+
+Where to patch
+--------------
+
+`patch` works by (temporarily) changing the object that a *name* points to with
+another one. There can be many names pointing to any individual object, so
+for patching to work you must ensure that you patch the name used by the system
+under test.
+
+The basic principle is that you patch where an object is *looked up*, which
+is not necessarily the same place as where it is defined. A couple of
+examples will help to clarify this.
+
+Imagine we have a project that we want to test with the following structure::
+
+    a.py
+        -> Defines SomeClass
+
+    b.py
+        -> from a import SomeClass
+        -> some_function instantiates SomeClass
+
+Now we want to test `some_function` but we want to mock out `SomeClass` using
+`patch`. The problem is that when we import module b, which we will have to
+do then it imports `SomeClass` from module a. If we use `patch` to mock out
+`a.SomeClass` then it will have no effect on our test; module b already has a
+reference to the *real* `SomeClass` and it looks like our patching had no
+effect.
+
+The key is to patch out `SomeClass` where it is used (or where it is looked up
+). In this case `some_function` will actually look up `SomeClass` in module b,
+where we have imported it. The patching should look like::
+
+    @patch('b.SomeClass')
+
+However, consider the alternative scenario where instead of `from a import
+SomeClass` module b does `import a` and `some_function` uses `a.SomeClass`. Both
+of these import forms are common. In this case the class we want to patch is
+being looked up on the a module and so we have to patch `a.SomeClass` instead::
+
+    @patch('a.SomeClass')
+
+
+Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects
+--------------------------------------
+
+Both patch_ and patch.object_ correctly patch and restore descriptors: class
+methods, static methods and properties. You should patch these on the *class*
+rather than an instance. They also work with *some* objects
+that proxy attribute access, like the `django setttings object
+<http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/weblog/arch_d7_2010_12_04.shtml#e1198>`_.
+
+
+Helpers
+=======
+
+sentinel
+--------
+
+.. data:: sentinel
+
+    The ``sentinel`` object provides a convenient way of providing unique
+    objects for your tests.
+
+    Attributes are created on demand when you access them by name. Accessing
+    the same attribute will always return the same object. The objects
+    returned have a sensible repr so that test failure messages are readable.
+
+Sometimes when testing you need to test that a specific object is passed as an
+argument to another method, or returned. It can be common to create named
+sentinel objects to test this. `sentinel` provides a convenient way of
+creating and testing the identity of objects like this.
+
+In this example we monkey patch `method` to return `sentinel.some_object`:
+
+    >>> real = ProductionClass()
+    >>> real.method = Mock(name="method")
+    >>> real.method.return_value = sentinel.some_object
+    >>> result = real.method()
+    >>> assert result is sentinel.some_object
+    >>> sentinel.some_object
+    sentinel.some_object
+
+
+DEFAULT
+-------
+
+
+.. data:: DEFAULT
+
+    The `DEFAULT` object is a pre-created sentinel (actually
+    `sentinel.DEFAULT`). It can be used by :attr:`~Mock.side_effect`
+    functions to indicate that the normal return value should be used.
+
+
+
+call
+----
+
+.. function:: call(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    `call` is a helper object for making simpler assertions, for comparing
+    with :attr:`~Mock.call_args`, :attr:`~Mock.call_args_list`,
+    :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` and:attr: `~Mock.method_calls`. `call` can also be
+    used with :meth:`~Mock.assert_has_calls`.
+
+        >>> m = MagicMock(return_value=None)
+        >>> m(1, 2, a='foo', b='bar')
+        >>> m()
+        >>> m.call_args_list == [call(1, 2, a='foo', b='bar'), call()]
+        True
+
+.. method:: call.call_list()
+
+    For a call object that represents multiple calls, `call_list`
+    returns a list of all the intermediate calls as well as the
+    final call.
+
+`call_list` is particularly useful for making assertions on "chained calls". A
+chained call is multiple calls on a single line of code. This results in
+multiple entries in :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls` on a mock. Manually constructing
+the sequence of calls can be tedious.
+
+:meth:`~call.call_list` can construct the sequence of calls from the same
+chained call:
+
+    >>> m = MagicMock()
+    >>> m(1).method(arg='foo').other('bar')(2.0)
+    <MagicMock name='mock().method().other()()' id='...'>
+    >>> kall = call(1).method(arg='foo').other('bar')(2.0)
+    >>> kall.call_list()
+    [call(1),
+     call().method(arg='foo'),
+     call().method().other('bar'),
+     call().method().other()(2.0)]
+    >>> m.mock_calls == kall.call_list()
+    True
+
+.. _calls-as-tuples:
+
+A `call` object is either a tuple of (positional args, keyword args) or
+(name, positional args, keyword args) depending on how it was constructed. When
+you construct them yourself this isn't particularly interesting, but the `call`
+objects that are in the :attr:`Mock.call_args`, :attr:`Mock.call_args_list` and
+:attr:`Mock.mock_calls` attributes can be introspected to get at the individual
+arguments they contain.
+
+The `call` objects in :attr:`Mock.call_args` and :attr:`Mock.call_args_list`
+are two-tuples of (positional args, keyword args) whereas the `call` objects
+in :attr:`Mock.mock_calls`, along with ones you construct yourself, are
+three-tuples of (name, positional args, keyword args).
+
+You can use their "tupleness" to pull out the individual arguments for more
+complex introspection and assertions. The positional arguments are a tuple
+(an empty tuple if there are no positional arguments) and the keyword
+arguments are a dictionary:
+
+    >>> m = MagicMock(return_value=None)
+    >>> m(1, 2, 3, arg='one', arg2='two')
+    >>> kall = m.call_args
+    >>> args, kwargs = kall
+    >>> args
+    (1, 2, 3)
+    >>> kwargs
+    {'arg2': 'two', 'arg': 'one'}
+    >>> args is kall[0]
+    True
+    >>> kwargs is kall[1]
+    True
+
+    >>> m = MagicMock()
+    >>> m.foo(4, 5, 6, arg='two', arg2='three')
+    <MagicMock name='mock.foo()' id='...'>
+    >>> kall = m.mock_calls[0]
+    >>> name, args, kwargs = kall
+    >>> name
+    'foo'
+    >>> args
+    (4, 5, 6)
+    >>> kwargs
+    {'arg2': 'three', 'arg': 'two'}
+    >>> name is m.mock_calls[0][0]
+    True
+
+
+create_autospec
+---------------
+
+.. function:: create_autospec(spec, spec_set=False, instance=False, **kwargs)
+
+    Create a mock object using another object as a spec. Attributes on the
+    mock will use the corresponding attribute on the `spec` object as their
+    spec.
+
+    Functions or methods being mocked will have their arguments checked to
+    ensure that they are called with the correct signature.
+
+    If `spec_set` is `True` then attempting to set attributes that don't exist
+    on the spec object will raise an `AttributeError`.
+
+    If a class is used as a spec then the return value of the mock (the
+    instance of the class) will have the same spec. You can use a class as the
+    spec for an instance object by passing `instance=True`. The returned mock
+    will only be callable if instances of the mock are callable.
+
+    `create_autospec` also takes arbitrary keyword arguments that are passed to
+    the constructor of the created mock.
+
+See :ref:`auto-speccing` for examples of how to use auto-speccing with
+`create_autospec` and the `autospec` argument to :func:`patch`.
+
+
+ANY
+---
+
+.. data:: ANY
+
+Sometimes you may need to make assertions about *some* of the arguments in a
+call to mock, but either not care about some of the arguments or want to pull
+them individually out of :attr:`~Mock.call_args` and make more complex
+assertions on them.
+
+To ignore certain arguments you can pass in objects that compare equal to
+*everything*. Calls to :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` and
+:meth:`~Mock.assert_called_once_with` will then succeed no matter what was
+passed in.
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
+    >>> mock('foo', bar=object())
+    >>> mock.assert_called_once_with('foo', bar=ANY)
+
+`ANY` can also be used in comparisons with call lists like
+:attr:`~Mock.mock_calls`:
+
+    >>> m = MagicMock(return_value=None)
+    >>> m(1)
+    >>> m(1, 2)
+    >>> m(object())
+    >>> m.mock_calls == [call(1), call(1, 2), ANY]
+    True
+
+
+
+FILTER_DIR
+----------
+
+.. data:: FILTER_DIR
+
+`FILTER_DIR` is a module level variable that controls the way mock objects
+respond to `dir` (only for Python 2.6 or more recent). The default is `True`,
+which uses the filtering described below, to only show useful members. If you
+dislike this filtering, or need to switch it off for diagnostic purposes, then
+set `mock.FILTER_DIR = False`.
+
+With filtering on, `dir(some_mock)` shows only useful attributes and will
+include any dynamically created attributes that wouldn't normally be shown.
+If the mock was created with a `spec` (or `autospec` of course) then all the
+attributes from the original are shown, even if they haven't been accessed
+yet:
+
+    >>> dir(Mock())
+    ['assert_any_call',
+     'assert_called_once_with',
+     'assert_called_with',
+     'assert_has_calls',
+     'attach_mock',
+     ...
+    >>> from urllib import request
+    >>> dir(Mock(spec=request))
+    ['AbstractBasicAuthHandler',
+     'AbstractDigestAuthHandler',
+     'AbstractHTTPHandler',
+     'BaseHandler',
+     ...
+
+Many of the not-very-useful (private to `Mock` rather than the thing being
+mocked) underscore and double underscore prefixed attributes have been
+filtered from the result of calling `dir` on a `Mock`. If you dislike this
+behaviour you can switch it off by setting the module level switch
+`FILTER_DIR`:
+
+    >>> from unittest import mock
+    >>> mock.FILTER_DIR = False
+    >>> dir(mock.Mock())
+    ['_NonCallableMock__get_return_value',
+     '_NonCallableMock__get_side_effect',
+     '_NonCallableMock__return_value_doc',
+     '_NonCallableMock__set_return_value',
+     '_NonCallableMock__set_side_effect',
+     '__call__',
+     '__class__',
+     ...
+
+Alternatively you can just use `vars(my_mock)` (instance members) and
+`dir(type(my_mock))` (type members) to bypass the filtering irrespective of
+`mock.FILTER_DIR`.
+
+
+mock_open
+---------
+
+.. function:: mock_open(mock=None, read_data=None)
+
+    A helper function to create a mock to replace the use of `open`. It works
+    for `open` called directly or used as a context manager.
+
+    The `mock` argument is the mock object to configure. If `None` (the
+    default) then a `MagicMock` will be created for you, with the API limited
+    to methods or attributes available on standard file handles.
+
+    `read_data` is a string for the `read` method of the file handle to return.
+    This is an empty string by default.
+
+Using `open` as a context manager is a great way to ensure your file handles
+are closed properly and is becoming common::
+
+    with open('/some/path', 'w') as f:
+        f.write('something')
+
+The issue is that even if you mock out the call to `open` it is the
+*returned object* that is used as a context manager (and has `__enter__` and
+`__exit__` called).
+
+Mocking context managers with a :class:`MagicMock` is common enough and fiddly
+enough that a helper function is useful.
+
+    >>> m = mock_open()
+    >>> with patch('__main__.open', m, create=True):
+    ...     with open('foo', 'w') as h:
+    ...         h.write('some stuff')
+    ...
+    >>> m.mock_calls
+    [call('foo', 'w'),
+     call().__enter__(),
+     call().write('some stuff'),
+     call().__exit__(None, None, None)]
+    >>> m.assert_called_once_with('foo', 'w')
+    >>> handle = m()
+    >>> handle.write.assert_called_once_with('some stuff')
+
+And for reading files:
+
+    >>> with patch('__main__.open', mock_open(read_data='bibble'), create=True) as m:
+    ...     with open('foo') as h:
+    ...         result = h.read()
+    ...
+    >>> m.assert_called_once_with('foo')
+    >>> assert result == 'bibble'
+
+
+.. _auto-speccing:
+
+Autospeccing
+------------
+
+Autospeccing is based on the existing `spec` feature of mock. It limits the
+api of mocks to the api of an original object (the spec), but it is recursive
+(implemented lazily) so that attributes of mocks only have the same api as
+the attributes of the spec. In addition mocked functions / methods have the
+same call signature as the original so they raise a `TypeError` if they are
+called incorrectly.
+
+Before I explain how auto-speccing works, here's why it is needed.
+
+`Mock` is a very powerful and flexible object, but it suffers from two flaws
+when used to mock out objects from a system under test. One of these flaws is
+specific to the `Mock` api and the other is a more general problem with using
+mock objects.
+
+First the problem specific to `Mock`. `Mock` has two assert methods that are
+extremely handy: :meth:`~Mock.assert_called_with` and
+:meth:`~Mock.assert_called_once_with`.
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(name='Thing', return_value=None)
+    >>> mock(1, 2, 3)
+    >>> mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+    >>> mock(1, 2, 3)
+    >>> mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+     ...
+    AssertionError: Expected to be called once. Called 2 times.
+
+Because mocks auto-create attributes on demand, and allow you to call them
+with arbitrary arguments, if you misspell one of these assert methods then
+your assertion is gone:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> mock = Mock(name='Thing', return_value=None)
+    >>> mock(1, 2, 3)
+    >>> mock.assret_called_once_with(4, 5, 6)
+
+Your tests can pass silently and incorrectly because of the typo.
+
+The second issue is more general to mocking. If you refactor some of your
+code, rename members and so on, any tests for code that is still using the
+*old api* but uses mocks instead of the real objects will still pass. This
+means your tests can all pass even though your code is broken.
+
+Note that this is another reason why you need integration tests as well as
+unit tests. Testing everything in isolation is all fine and dandy, but if you
+don't test how your units are "wired together" there is still lots of room
+for bugs that tests might have caught.
+
+`mock` already provides a feature to help with this, called speccing. If you
+use a class or instance as the `spec` for a mock then you can only access
+attributes on the mock that exist on the real class:
+
+    >>> from urllib import request
+    >>> mock = Mock(spec=request.Request)
+    >>> mock.assret_called_with
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+     ...
+    AttributeError: Mock object has no attribute 'assret_called_with'
+
+The spec only applies to the mock itself, so we still have the same issue
+with any methods on the mock:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> mock.has_data()
+    <mock.Mock object at 0x...>
+    >>> mock.has_data.assret_called_with()
+
+Auto-speccing solves this problem. You can either pass `autospec=True` to
+`patch` / `patch.object` or use the `create_autospec` function to create a
+mock with a spec. If you use the `autospec=True` argument to `patch` then the
+object that is being replaced will be used as the spec object. Because the
+speccing is done "lazily" (the spec is created as attributes on the mock are
+accessed) you can use it with very complex or deeply nested objects (like
+modules that import modules that import modules) without a big performance
+hit.
+
+Here's an example of it in use:
+
+    >>> from urllib import request
+    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.request', autospec=True)
+    >>> mock_request = patcher.start()
+    >>> request is mock_request
+    True
+    >>> mock_request.Request
+    <MagicMock name='request.Request' spec='Request' id='...'>
+
+You can see that `request.Request` has a spec. `request.Request` takes two
+arguments in the constructor (one of which is `self`). Here's what happens if
+we try to call it incorrectly:
+
+    >>> req = request.Request()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+     ...
+    TypeError: <lambda>() takes at least 2 arguments (1 given)
+
+The spec also applies to instantiated classes (i.e. the return value of
+specced mocks):
+
+    >>> req = request.Request('foo')
+    >>> req
+    <NonCallableMagicMock name='request.Request()' spec='Request' id='...'>
+
+`Request` objects are not callable, so the return value of instantiating our
+mocked out `request.Request` is a non-callable mock. With the spec in place
+any typos in our asserts will raise the correct error:
+
+    >>> req.add_header('spam', 'eggs')
+    <MagicMock name='request.Request().add_header()' id='...'>
+    >>> req.add_header.assret_called_with
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+     ...
+    AttributeError: Mock object has no attribute 'assret_called_with'
+    >>> req.add_header.assert_called_with('spam', 'eggs')
+
+In many cases you will just be able to add `autospec=True` to your existing
+`patch` calls and then be protected against bugs due to typos and api
+changes.
+
+As well as using `autospec` through `patch` there is a
+:func:`create_autospec` for creating autospecced mocks directly:
+
+    >>> from urllib import request
+    >>> mock_request = create_autospec(request)
+    >>> mock_request.Request('foo', 'bar')
+    <NonCallableMagicMock name='mock.Request()' spec='Request' id='...'>
+
+This isn't without caveats and limitations however, which is why it is not
+the default behaviour. In order to know what attributes are available on the
+spec object, autospec has to introspect (access attributes) the spec. As you
+traverse attributes on the mock a corresponding traversal of the original
+object is happening under the hood. If any of your specced objects have
+properties or descriptors that can trigger code execution then you may not be
+able to use autospec. On the other hand it is much better to design your
+objects so that introspection is safe [#]_.
+
+A more serious problem is that it is common for instance attributes to be
+created in the `__init__` method and not to exist on the class at all.
+`autospec` can't know about any dynamically created attributes and restricts
+the api to visible attributes.
+
+    >>> class Something(object):
+    ...   def __init__(self):
+    ...     self.a = 33
+    ...
+    >>> with patch('__main__.Something', autospec=True):
+    ...   thing = Something()
+    ...   thing.a
+    ...
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    AttributeError: Mock object has no attribute 'a'
+
+There are a few different ways of resolving this problem. The easiest, but
+not necessarily the least annoying, way is to simply set the required
+attributes on the mock after creation. Just because `autospec` doesn't allow
+you to fetch attributes that don't exist on the spec it doesn't prevent you
+setting them:
+
+    >>> with patch('__main__.Something', autospec=True):
+    ...   thing = Something()
+    ...   thing.a = 33
+    ...
+
+There is a more aggressive version of both `spec` and `autospec` that *does*
+prevent you setting non-existent attributes. This is useful if you want to
+ensure your code only *sets* valid attributes too, but obviously it prevents
+this particular scenario:
+
+    >>> with patch('__main__.Something', autospec=True, spec_set=True):
+    ...   thing = Something()
+    ...   thing.a = 33
+    ...
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+     ...
+    AttributeError: Mock object has no attribute 'a'
+
+Probably the best way of solving the problem is to add class attributes as
+default values for instance members initialised in `__init__`. Note that if
+you are only setting default attributes in `__init__` then providing them via
+class attributes (shared between instances of course) is faster too. e.g.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    class Something(object):
+        a = 33
+
+This brings up another issue. It is relatively common to provide a default
+value of `None` for members that will later be an object of a different type.
+`None` would be useless as a spec because it wouldn't let you access *any*
+attributes or methods on it. As `None` is *never* going to be useful as a
+spec, and probably indicates a member that will normally of some other type,
+`autospec` doesn't use a spec for members that are set to `None`. These will
+just be ordinary mocks (well - `MagicMocks`):
+
+    >>> class Something(object):
+    ...     member = None
+    ...
+    >>> mock = create_autospec(Something)
+    >>> mock.member.foo.bar.baz()
+    <MagicMock name='mock.member.foo.bar.baz()' id='...'>
+
+If modifying your production classes to add defaults isn't to your liking
+then there are more options. One of these is simply to use an instance as the
+spec rather than the class. The other is to create a subclass of the
+production class and add the defaults to the subclass without affecting the
+production class. Both of these require you to use an alternative object as
+the spec. Thankfully `patch` supports this - you can simply pass the
+alternative object as the `autospec` argument:
+
+    >>> class Something(object):
+    ...   def __init__(self):
+    ...     self.a = 33
+    ...
+    >>> class SomethingForTest(Something):
+    ...   a = 33
+    ...
+    >>> p = patch('__main__.Something', autospec=SomethingForTest)
+    >>> mock = p.start()
+    >>> mock.a
+    <NonCallableMagicMock name='Something.a' spec='int' id='...'>
+
+
+.. [#] This only applies to classes or already instantiated objects. Calling
+   a mocked class to create a mock instance *does not* create a real instance.
+   It is only attribute lookups - along with calls to `dir` - that are done.
+
+
+MagicMock and magic method support
+==================================
+
+.. _magic-methods:
+
+Mocking Magic Methods
+---------------------
+
+:class:`Mock` supports mocking the Python protocol methods, also known as
+"magic methods". This allows mock objects to replace containers or other
+objects that implement Python protocols.
+
+Because magic methods are looked up differently from normal methods [#]_, this
+support has been specially implemented. This means that only specific magic
+methods are supported. The supported list includes *almost* all of them. If
+there are any missing that you need please let us know.
+
+You mock magic methods by setting the method you are interested in to a function
+or a mock instance. If you are using a function then it *must* take ``self`` as
+the first argument [#]_.
+
+   >>> def __str__(self):
+   ...     return 'fooble'
+   ...
+   >>> mock = Mock()
+   >>> mock.__str__ = __str__
+   >>> str(mock)
+   'fooble'
+
+   >>> mock = Mock()
+   >>> mock.__str__ = Mock()
+   >>> mock.__str__.return_value = 'fooble'
+   >>> str(mock)
+   'fooble'
+
+   >>> mock = Mock()
+   >>> mock.__iter__ = Mock(return_value=iter([]))
+   >>> list(mock)
+   []
+
+One use case for this is for mocking objects used as context managers in a
+`with` statement:
+
+   >>> mock = Mock()
+   >>> mock.__enter__ = Mock(return_value='foo')
+   >>> mock.__exit__ = Mock(return_value=False)
+   >>> with mock as m:
+   ...     assert m == 'foo'
+   ...
+   >>> mock.__enter__.assert_called_with()
+   >>> mock.__exit__.assert_called_with(None, None, None)
+
+Calls to magic methods do not appear in :attr:`~Mock.method_calls`, but they
+are recorded in :attr:`~Mock.mock_calls`.
+
+.. note::
+
+   If you use the `spec` keyword argument to create a mock then attempting to
+   set a magic method that isn't in the spec will raise an `AttributeError`.
+
+The full list of supported magic methods is:
+
+* ``__hash__``, ``__sizeof__``, ``__repr__`` and ``__str__``
+* ``__dir__``, ``__format__`` and ``__subclasses__``
+* ``__floor__``, ``__trunc__`` and ``__ceil__``
+* Comparisons: ``__cmp__``, ``__lt__``, ``__gt__``, ``__le__``, ``__ge__``,
+  ``__eq__`` and ``__ne__``
+* Container methods: ``__getitem__``, ``__setitem__``, ``__delitem__``,
+  ``__contains__``, ``__len__``, ``__iter__``, ``__getslice__``,
+  ``__setslice__``, ``__reversed__`` and ``__missing__``
+* Context manager: ``__enter__`` and ``__exit__``
+* Unary numeric methods: ``__neg__``, ``__pos__`` and ``__invert__``
+* The numeric methods (including right hand and in-place variants):
+  ``__add__``, ``__sub__``, ``__mul__``, ``__div__``,
+  ``__floordiv__``, ``__mod__``, ``__divmod__``, ``__lshift__``,
+  ``__rshift__``, ``__and__``, ``__xor__``, ``__or__``, and ``__pow__``
+* Numeric conversion methods: ``__complex__``, ``__int__``, ``__float__``,
+  ``__index__`` and ``__coerce__``
+* Descriptor methods: ``__get__``, ``__set__`` and ``__delete__``
+* Pickling: ``__reduce__``, ``__reduce_ex__``, ``__getinitargs__``,
+  ``__getnewargs__``, ``__getstate__`` and ``__setstate__``
+
+
+The following methods exist but are *not* supported as they are either in use
+by mock, can't be set dynamically, or can cause problems:
+
+* ``__getattr__``, ``__setattr__``, ``__init__`` and ``__new__``
+* ``__prepare__``, ``__instancecheck__``, ``__subclasscheck__``, ``__del__``
+
+
+
+Magic Mock
+----------
+
+There are two `MagicMock` variants: `MagicMock` and `NonCallableMagicMock`.
+
+
+.. class:: MagicMock(*args, **kw)
+
+   ``MagicMock`` is a subclass of :class:`Mock` with default implementations
+   of most of the magic methods. You can use ``MagicMock`` without having to
+   configure the magic methods yourself.
+
+   The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for :class:`Mock`.
+
+   If you use the `spec` or `spec_set` arguments then *only* magic methods
+   that exist in the spec will be created.
+
+
+.. class:: NonCallableMagicMock(*args, **kw)
+
+    A non-callable version of `MagicMock`.
+
+    The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for
+    :class:`MagicMock`, with the exception of `return_value` and
+    `side_effect` which have no meaning on a non-callable mock.
+
+The magic methods are setup with `MagicMock` objects, so you can configure them
+and use them in the usual way:
+
+   >>> mock = MagicMock()
+   >>> mock[3] = 'fish'
+   >>> mock.__setitem__.assert_called_with(3, 'fish')
+   >>> mock.__getitem__.return_value = 'result'
+   >>> mock[2]
+   'result'
+
+By default many of the protocol methods are required to return objects of a
+specific type. These methods are preconfigured with a default return value, so
+that they can be used without you having to do anything if you aren't interested
+in the return value. You can still *set* the return value manually if you want
+to change the default.
+
+Methods and their defaults:
+
+* ``__lt__``: NotImplemented
+* ``__gt__``: NotImplemented
+* ``__le__``: NotImplemented
+* ``__ge__``: NotImplemented
+* ``__int__`` : 1
+* ``__contains__`` : False
+* ``__len__`` : 1
+* ``__iter__`` : iter([])
+* ``__exit__`` : False
+* ``__complex__`` : 1j
+* ``__float__`` : 1.0
+* ``__bool__`` : True
+* ``__index__`` : 1
+* ``__hash__`` : default hash for the mock
+* ``__str__`` : default str for the mock
+* ``__sizeof__``: default sizeof for the mock
+
+For example:
+
+   >>> mock = MagicMock()
+   >>> int(mock)
+   1
+   >>> len(mock)
+   0
+   >>> list(mock)
+   []
+   >>> object() in mock
+   False
+
+The two equality method, `__eq__` and `__ne__`, are special.
+They do the default equality comparison on identity, using a side
+effect, unless you change their return value to return something else:
+
+   >>> MagicMock() == 3
+   False
+   >>> MagicMock() != 3
+   True
+   >>> mock = MagicMock()
+   >>> mock.__eq__.return_value = True
+   >>> mock == 3
+   True
+
+The return value of `MagicMock.__iter__` can be any iterable object and isn't
+required to be an iterator:
+
+   >>> mock = MagicMock()
+   >>> mock.__iter__.return_value = ['a', 'b', 'c']
+   >>> list(mock)
+   ['a', 'b', 'c']
+   >>> list(mock)
+   ['a', 'b', 'c']
+
+If the return value *is* an iterator, then iterating over it once will consume
+it and subsequent iterations will result in an empty list:
+
+   >>> mock.__iter__.return_value = iter(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+   >>> list(mock)
+   ['a', 'b', 'c']
+   >>> list(mock)
+   []
+
+``MagicMock`` has all of the supported magic methods configured except for some
+of the obscure and obsolete ones. You can still set these up if you want.
+
+Magic methods that are supported but not setup by default in ``MagicMock`` are:
+
+* ``__subclasses__``
+* ``__dir__``
+* ``__format__``
+* ``__get__``, ``__set__`` and ``__delete__``
+* ``__reversed__`` and ``__missing__``
+* ``__reduce__``, ``__reduce_ex__``, ``__getinitargs__``, ``__getnewargs__``,
+  ``__getstate__`` and ``__setstate__``
+* ``__getformat__`` and ``__setformat__``
+
+
+
+.. [#] Magic methods *should* be looked up on the class rather than the
+   instance. Different versions of Python are inconsistent about applying this
+   rule. The supported protocol methods should work with all supported versions
+   of Python.
+.. [#] The function is basically hooked up to the class, but each ``Mock``
+   instance is kept isolated from the others.