Issue #23911: Move path-based bootstrap code to a separate frozen module.

18 files changed, 1572 insertions, 1390 deletions

diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_values.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_values.py
index 1c1fd7dbb6..9a40b71cb3 100644
--- a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_values.py
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_values.py
@@ -59,8 +59,13 @@ class Win_ValuesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         items = []
         # _frozen_importlib changes size whenever importlib._bootstrap
         # changes, so it gets a special case.  We should make sure it's
-        # found, but don't worry about its size too much.
-        _fzn_implib_seen = False
+        # found, but don't worry about its size too much.  The same
+        # applies to _frozen_importlib_external.
+        bootstrap_seen = []
+        bootstrap_expected = (
+                b'_frozen_importlib',
+                b'_frozen_importlib_external',
+                )
         for entry in ft:
             # This is dangerous. We *can* iterate over a pointer, but
             # the loop will not terminate (maybe with an access
@@ -68,10 +73,10 @@ class Win_ValuesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             if entry.name is None:
                 break
 
-            if entry.name == b'_frozen_importlib':
-                _fzn_implib_seen = True
+            if entry.name in bootstrap_expected:
+                bootstrap_seen.append(entry.name)
                 self.assertTrue(entry.size,
-                    "_frozen_importlib was reported as having no size")
+                    "{} was reported as having no size".format(entry.name))
                 continue
             items.append((entry.name, entry.size))
 
@@ -81,8 +86,8 @@ class Win_ValuesTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                     ]
         self.assertEqual(items, expected)
 
-        self.assertTrue(_fzn_implib_seen,
-            "_frozen_importlib wasn't found in PyImport_FrozenModules")
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(bootstrap_seen), bootstrap_expected,
+            "frozen bootstrap modules did not match PyImport_FrozenModules")
 
         from ctypes import _pointer_type_cache
         del _pointer_type_cache[struct_frozen]
diff --git a/Lib/imp.py b/Lib/imp.py
index f1810f5e74..3177b288f3 100644
--- a/Lib/imp.py
+++ b/Lib/imp.py
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ except ImportError:
     # Platform doesn't support dynamic loading.
     load_dynamic = None
 
-from importlib._bootstrap import SourcelessFileLoader, _ERR_MSG, _exec, _load
+from importlib._bootstrap import _ERR_MSG, _exec, _load
+from importlib._bootstrap_external import SourcelessFileLoader
 
 from importlib import machinery
 from importlib import util
diff --git a/Lib/importlib/__init__.py b/Lib/importlib/__init__.py
index e99f50e0f1..349b846824 100644
--- a/Lib/importlib/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/importlib/__init__.py
@@ -30,9 +30,25 @@ else:
         pass
     sys.modules['importlib._bootstrap'] = _bootstrap
 
+try:
+    import _frozen_importlib_external as _bootstrap_external
+except ImportError:
+    from . import _bootstrap_external
+    _bootstrap_external._setup(_bootstrap)
+else:
+    _bootstrap_external.__name__ = 'importlib._bootstrap_external'
+    _bootstrap_external.__package__ = 'importlib'
+    try:
+        _bootstrap_external.__file__ = __file__.replace('__init__.py', '_bootstrap_external.py')
+    except NameError:
+        # __file__ is not guaranteed to be defined, e.g. if this code gets
+        # frozen by a tool like cx_Freeze.
+        pass
+    sys.modules['importlib._bootstrap_external'] = _bootstrap_external
+
 # To simplify imports in test code
-_w_long = _bootstrap._w_long
-_r_long = _bootstrap._r_long
+_w_long = _bootstrap_external._w_long
+_r_long = _bootstrap_external._r_long
 
 # Fully bootstrapped at this point, import whatever you like, circular
 # dependencies and startup overhead minimisation permitting :)
diff --git a/Lib/importlib/_bootstrap.py b/Lib/importlib/_bootstrap.py
index c6019ad5f9..cfe6ff905a 100644
--- a/Lib/importlib/_bootstrap.py
+++ b/Lib/importlib/_bootstrap.py
@@ -22,102 +22,6 @@ work. One should use importlib as the public-facing version of this module.
 
 # Bootstrap-related code ######################################################
 
-_CASE_INSENSITIVE_PLATFORMS = 'win', 'cygwin', 'darwin'
-
-
-def _make_relax_case():
-    if sys.platform.startswith(_CASE_INSENSITIVE_PLATFORMS):
-        def _relax_case():
-            """True if filenames must be checked case-insensitively."""
-            return b'PYTHONCASEOK' in _os.environ
-    else:
-        def _relax_case():
-            """True if filenames must be checked case-insensitively."""
-            return False
-    return _relax_case
-
-
-def _w_long(x):
-    """Convert a 32-bit integer to little-endian."""
-    return (int(x) & 0xFFFFFFFF).to_bytes(4, 'little')
-
-
-def _r_long(int_bytes):
-    """Convert 4 bytes in little-endian to an integer."""
-    return int.from_bytes(int_bytes, 'little')
-
-
-def _path_join(*path_parts):
-    """Replacement for os.path.join()."""
-    return path_sep.join([part.rstrip(path_separators)
-                          for part in path_parts if part])
-
-
-def _path_split(path):
-    """Replacement for os.path.split()."""
-    if len(path_separators) == 1:
-        front, _, tail = path.rpartition(path_sep)
-        return front, tail
-    for x in reversed(path):
-        if x in path_separators:
-            front, tail = path.rsplit(x, maxsplit=1)
-            return front, tail
-    return '', path
-
-
-def _path_stat(path):
-    """Stat the path.
-
-    Made a separate function to make it easier to override in experiments
-    (e.g. cache stat results).
-
-    """
-    return _os.stat(path)
-
-
-def _path_is_mode_type(path, mode):
-    """Test whether the path is the specified mode type."""
-    try:
-        stat_info = _path_stat(path)
-    except OSError:
-        return False
-    return (stat_info.st_mode & 0o170000) == mode
-
-
-def _path_isfile(path):
-    """Replacement for os.path.isfile."""
-    return _path_is_mode_type(path, 0o100000)
-
-
-def _path_isdir(path):
-    """Replacement for os.path.isdir."""
-    if not path:
-        path = _os.getcwd()
-    return _path_is_mode_type(path, 0o040000)
-
-
-def _write_atomic(path, data, mode=0o666):
-    """Best-effort function to write data to a path atomically.
-    Be prepared to handle a FileExistsError if concurrent writing of the
-    temporary file is attempted."""
-    # id() is used to generate a pseudo-random filename.
-    path_tmp = '{}.{}'.format(path, id(path))
-    fd = _os.open(path_tmp,
-                  _os.O_EXCL | _os.O_CREAT | _os.O_WRONLY, mode & 0o666)
-    try:
-        # We first write data to a temporary file, and then use os.replace() to
-        # perform an atomic rename.
-        with _io.FileIO(fd, 'wb') as file:
-            file.write(data)
-        _os.replace(path_tmp, path)
-    except OSError:
-        try:
-            _os.unlink(path_tmp)
-        except OSError:
-            pass
-        raise
-
-
 def _wrap(new, old):
     """Simple substitute for functools.update_wrapper."""
     for replace in ['__module__', '__name__', '__qualname__', '__doc__']:
@@ -130,10 +34,6 @@ def _new_module(name):
     return type(sys)(name)
 
 
-_code_type = type(_wrap.__code__)
-
-
-
 class _ManageReload:
 
     """Manages the possible clean-up of sys.modules for load_module()."""
@@ -309,7 +209,6 @@ def _lock_unlock_module(name):
         lock.release()
 
 # Frame stripping magic ###############################################
-
 def _call_with_frames_removed(f, *args, **kwds):
     """remove_importlib_frames in import.c will always remove sequences
     of importlib frames that end with a call to this function
@@ -321,230 +220,6 @@ def _call_with_frames_removed(f, *args, **kwds):
     return f(*args, **kwds)
 
 
-# Finder/loader utility code ###############################################
-
-# Magic word to reject .pyc files generated by other Python versions.
-# It should change for each incompatible change to the bytecode.
-#
-# The value of CR and LF is incorporated so if you ever read or write
-# a .pyc file in text mode the magic number will be wrong; also, the
-# Apple MPW compiler swaps their values, botching string constants.
-#
-# The magic numbers must be spaced apart at least 2 values, as the
-# -U interpeter flag will cause MAGIC+1 being used. They have been
-# odd numbers for some time now.
-#
-# There were a variety of old schemes for setting the magic number.
-# The current working scheme is to increment the previous value by
-# 10.
-#
-# Starting with the adoption of PEP 3147 in Python 3.2, every bump in magic
-# number also includes a new "magic tag", i.e. a human readable string used
-# to represent the magic number in __pycache__ directories.  When you change
-# the magic number, you must also set a new unique magic tag.  Generally this
-# can be named after the Python major version of the magic number bump, but
-# it can really be anything, as long as it's different than anything else
-# that's come before.  The tags are included in the following table, starting
-# with Python 3.2a0.
-#
-# Known values:
-#  Python 1.5:   20121
-#  Python 1.5.1: 20121
-#     Python 1.5.2: 20121
-#     Python 1.6:   50428
-#     Python 2.0:   50823
-#     Python 2.0.1: 50823
-#     Python 2.1:   60202
-#     Python 2.1.1: 60202
-#     Python 2.1.2: 60202
-#     Python 2.2:   60717
-#     Python 2.3a0: 62011
-#     Python 2.3a0: 62021
-#     Python 2.3a0: 62011 (!)
-#     Python 2.4a0: 62041
-#     Python 2.4a3: 62051
-#     Python 2.4b1: 62061
-#     Python 2.5a0: 62071
-#     Python 2.5a0: 62081 (ast-branch)
-#     Python 2.5a0: 62091 (with)
-#     Python 2.5a0: 62092 (changed WITH_CLEANUP opcode)
-#     Python 2.5b3: 62101 (fix wrong code: for x, in ...)
-#     Python 2.5b3: 62111 (fix wrong code: x += yield)
-#     Python 2.5c1: 62121 (fix wrong lnotab with for loops and
-#                          storing constants that should have been removed)
-#     Python 2.5c2: 62131 (fix wrong code: for x, in ... in listcomp/genexp)
-#     Python 2.6a0: 62151 (peephole optimizations and STORE_MAP opcode)
-#     Python 2.6a1: 62161 (WITH_CLEANUP optimization)
-#     Python 2.7a0: 62171 (optimize list comprehensions/change LIST_APPEND)
-#     Python 2.7a0: 62181 (optimize conditional branches:
-#                          introduce POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE and POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE)
-#     Python 2.7a0  62191 (introduce SETUP_WITH)
-#     Python 2.7a0  62201 (introduce BUILD_SET)
-#     Python 2.7a0  62211 (introduce MAP_ADD and SET_ADD)
-#     Python 3000:   3000
-#                    3010 (removed UNARY_CONVERT)
-#                    3020 (added BUILD_SET)
-#                    3030 (added keyword-only parameters)
-#                    3040 (added signature annotations)
-#                    3050 (print becomes a function)
-#                    3060 (PEP 3115 metaclass syntax)
-#                    3061 (string literals become unicode)
-#                    3071 (PEP 3109 raise changes)
-#                    3081 (PEP 3137 make __file__ and __name__ unicode)
-#                    3091 (kill str8 interning)
-#                    3101 (merge from 2.6a0, see 62151)
-#                    3103 (__file__ points to source file)
-#     Python 3.0a4: 3111 (WITH_CLEANUP optimization).
-#     Python 3.0a5: 3131 (lexical exception stacking, including POP_EXCEPT)
-#     Python 3.1a0: 3141 (optimize list, set and dict comprehensions:
-#             change LIST_APPEND and SET_ADD, add MAP_ADD)
-#     Python 3.1a0: 3151 (optimize conditional branches:
-#             introduce POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE and POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE)
-#     Python 3.2a0: 3160 (add SETUP_WITH)
-#                   tag: cpython-32
-#     Python 3.2a1: 3170 (add DUP_TOP_TWO, remove DUP_TOPX and ROT_FOUR)
-#                   tag: cpython-32
-#     Python 3.2a2  3180 (add DELETE_DEREF)
-#     Python 3.3a0  3190 __class__ super closure changed
-#     Python 3.3a0  3200 (__qualname__ added)
-#                      3210 (added size modulo 2**32 to the pyc header)
-#     Python 3.3a1  3220 (changed PEP 380 implementation)
-#     Python 3.3a4  3230 (revert changes to implicit __class__ closure)
-#     Python 3.4a1  3250 (evaluate positional default arguments before
-#                        keyword-only defaults)
-#     Python 3.4a1  3260 (add LOAD_CLASSDEREF; allow locals of class to override
-#                        free vars)
-#     Python 3.4a1  3270 (various tweaks to the __class__ closure)
-#     Python 3.4a1  3280 (remove implicit class argument)
-#     Python 3.4a4  3290 (changes to __qualname__ computation)
-#     Python 3.4a4  3300 (more changes to __qualname__ computation)
-#     Python 3.4rc2 3310 (alter __qualname__ computation)
-#     Python 3.5a0  3320 (matrix multiplication operator)
-#
-# MAGIC must change whenever the bytecode emitted by the compiler may no
-# longer be understood by older implementations of the eval loop (usually
-# due to the addition of new opcodes).
-
-MAGIC_NUMBER = (3320).to_bytes(2, 'little') + b'\r\n'
-_RAW_MAGIC_NUMBER = int.from_bytes(MAGIC_NUMBER, 'little')  # For import.c
-
-_PYCACHE = '__pycache__'
-_OPT = 'opt-'
-
-SOURCE_SUFFIXES = ['.py']  # _setup() adds .pyw as needed.
-
-BYTECODE_SUFFIXES = ['.pyc']
-# Deprecated.
-DEBUG_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES = OPTIMIZED_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES = BYTECODE_SUFFIXES
-
-def cache_from_source(path, debug_override=None, *, optimization=None):
-    """Given the path to a .py file, return the path to its .pyc file.
-
-    The .py file does not need to exist; this simply returns the path to the
-    .pyc file calculated as if the .py file were imported.
-
-    The 'optimization' parameter controls the presumed optimization level of
-    the bytecode file. If 'optimization' is not None, the string representation
-    of the argument is taken and verified to be alphanumeric (else ValueError
-    is raised).
-
-    The debug_override parameter is deprecated. If debug_override is not None,
-    a True value is the same as setting 'optimization' to the empty string
-    while a False value is equivalent to setting 'optimization' to '1'.
-
-    If sys.implementation.cache_tag is None then NotImplementedError is raised.
-
-    """
-    if debug_override is not None:
-        _warnings.warn('the debug_override parameter is deprecated; use '
-                       "'optimization' instead", DeprecationWarning)
-        if optimization is not None:
-            message = 'debug_override or optimization must be set to None'
-            raise TypeError(message)
-        optimization = '' if debug_override else 1
-    head, tail = _path_split(path)
-    base, sep, rest = tail.rpartition('.')
-    tag = sys.implementation.cache_tag
-    if tag is None:
-        raise NotImplementedError('sys.implementation.cache_tag is None')
-    almost_filename = ''.join([(base if base else rest), sep, tag])
-    if optimization is None:
-        if sys.flags.optimize == 0:
-            optimization = ''
-        else:
-            optimization = sys.flags.optimize
-    optimization = str(optimization)
-    if optimization != '':
-        if not optimization.isalnum():
-            raise ValueError('{!r} is not alphanumeric'.format(optimization))
-        almost_filename = '{}.{}{}'.format(almost_filename, _OPT, optimization)
-    return _path_join(head, _PYCACHE, almost_filename + BYTECODE_SUFFIXES[0])
-
-
-def source_from_cache(path):
-    """Given the path to a .pyc. file, return the path to its .py file.
-
-    The .pyc file does not need to exist; this simply returns the path to
-    the .py file calculated to correspond to the .pyc file.  If path does
-    not conform to PEP 3147/488 format, ValueError will be raised. If
-    sys.implementation.cache_tag is None then NotImplementedError is raised.
-
-    """
-    if sys.implementation.cache_tag is None:
-        raise NotImplementedError('sys.implementation.cache_tag is None')
-    head, pycache_filename = _path_split(path)
-    head, pycache = _path_split(head)
-    if pycache != _PYCACHE:
-        raise ValueError('{} not bottom-level directory in '
-                         '{!r}'.format(_PYCACHE, path))
-    dot_count = pycache_filename.count('.')
-    if dot_count not in {2, 3}:
-        raise ValueError('expected only 2 or 3 dots in '
-                         '{!r}'.format(pycache_filename))
-    elif dot_count == 3:
-        optimization = pycache_filename.rsplit('.', 2)[-2]
-        if not optimization.startswith(_OPT):
-            raise ValueError("optimization portion of filename does not start "
-                             "with {!r}".format(_OPT))
-        opt_level = optimization[len(_OPT):]
-        if not opt_level.isalnum():
-            raise ValueError("optimization level {!r} is not an alphanumeric "
-                             "value".format(optimization))
-    base_filename = pycache_filename.partition('.')[0]
-    return _path_join(head, base_filename + SOURCE_SUFFIXES[0])
-
-
-def _get_sourcefile(bytecode_path):
-    """Convert a bytecode file path to a source path (if possible).
-
-    This function exists purely for backwards-compatibility for
-    PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithFilenames() in the C API.
-
-    """
-    if len(bytecode_path) == 0:
-        return None
-    rest, _, extension = bytecode_path.rpartition('.')
-    if not rest or extension.lower()[-3:-1] != 'py':
-        return bytecode_path
-    try:
-        source_path = source_from_cache(bytecode_path)
-    except (NotImplementedError, ValueError):
-        source_path = bytecode_path[:-1]
-    return source_path if _path_isfile(source_path) else bytecode_path
-
-
-def _calc_mode(path):
-    """Calculate the mode permissions for a bytecode file."""
-    try:
-        mode = _path_stat(path).st_mode
-    except OSError:
-        mode = 0o666
-    # We always ensure write access so we can update cached files
-    # later even when the source files are read-only on Windows (#6074)
-    mode |= 0o200
-    return mode
-
-
 def _verbose_message(message, *args, verbosity=1):
     """Print the message to stderr if -v/PYTHONVERBOSE is turned on."""
     if sys.flags.verbose >= verbosity:
@@ -553,24 +228,6 @@ def _verbose_message(message, *args, verbosity=1):
         print(message.format(*args), file=sys.stderr)
 
 
-def _check_name(method):
-    """Decorator to verify that the module being requested matches the one the
-    loader can handle.
-
-    The first argument (self) must define _name which the second argument is
-    compared against. If the comparison fails then ImportError is raised.
-
-    """
-    def _check_name_wrapper(self, name=None, *args, **kwargs):
-        if name is None:
-            name = self.name
-        elif self.name != name:
-            raise ImportError('loader cannot handle %s' % name, name=name)
-        return method(self, name, *args, **kwargs)
-    _wrap(_check_name_wrapper, method)
-    return _check_name_wrapper
-
-
 def _requires_builtin(fxn):
     """Decorator to verify the named module is built-in."""
     def _requires_builtin_wrapper(self, fullname):
@@ -593,23 +250,6 @@ def _requires_frozen(fxn):
     return _requires_frozen_wrapper
 
 
-def _find_module_shim(self, fullname):
-    """Try to find a loader for the specified module by delegating to
-    self.find_loader().
-
-    This method is deprecated in favor of finder.find_spec().
-
-    """
-    # Call find_loader(). If it returns a string (indicating this
-    # is a namespace package portion), generate a warning and
-    # return None.
-    loader, portions = self.find_loader(fullname)
-    if loader is None and len(portions):
-        msg = 'Not importing directory {}: missing __init__'
-        _warnings.warn(msg.format(portions[0]), ImportWarning)
-    return loader
-
-
 # Typically used by loader classes as a method replacement.
 def _load_module_shim(self, fullname):
     """Load the specified module into sys.modules and return it.
@@ -625,96 +265,6 @@ def _load_module_shim(self, fullname):
     else:
         return _load(spec)
 
-
-def _validate_bytecode_header(data, source_stats=None, name=None, path=None):
-    """Validate the header of the passed-in bytecode against source_stats (if
-    given) and returning the bytecode that can be compiled by compile().
-
-    All other arguments are used to enhance error reporting.
-
-    ImportError is raised when the magic number is incorrect or the bytecode is
-    found to be stale. EOFError is raised when the data is found to be
-    truncated.
-
-    """
-    exc_details = {}
-    if name is not None:
-        exc_details['name'] = name
-    else:
-        # To prevent having to make all messages have a conditional name.
-        name = '<bytecode>'
-    if path is not None:
-        exc_details['path'] = path
-    magic = data[:4]
-    raw_timestamp = data[4:8]
-    raw_size = data[8:12]
-    if magic != MAGIC_NUMBER:
-        message = 'bad magic number in {!r}: {!r}'.format(name, magic)
-        _verbose_message(message)
-        raise ImportError(message, **exc_details)
-    elif len(raw_timestamp) != 4:
-        message = 'reached EOF while reading timestamp in {!r}'.format(name)
-        _verbose_message(message)
-        raise EOFError(message)
-    elif len(raw_size) != 4:
-        message = 'reached EOF while reading size of source in {!r}'.format(name)
-        _verbose_message(message)
-        raise EOFError(message)
-    if source_stats is not None:
-        try:
-            source_mtime = int(source_stats['mtime'])
-        except KeyError:
-            pass
-        else:
-            if _r_long(raw_timestamp) != source_mtime:
-                message = 'bytecode is stale for {!r}'.format(name)
-                _verbose_message(message)
-                raise ImportError(message, **exc_details)
-        try:
-            source_size = source_stats['size'] & 0xFFFFFFFF
-        except KeyError:
-            pass
-        else:
-            if _r_long(raw_size) != source_size:
-                raise ImportError('bytecode is stale for {!r}'.format(name),
-                                  **exc_details)
-    return data[12:]
-
-
-def _compile_bytecode(data, name=None, bytecode_path=None, source_path=None):
-    """Compile bytecode as returned by _validate_bytecode_header()."""
-    code = marshal.loads(data)
-    if isinstance(code, _code_type):
-        _verbose_message('code object from {!r}', bytecode_path)
-        if source_path is not None:
-            _imp._fix_co_filename(code, source_path)
-        return code
-    else:
-        raise ImportError('Non-code object in {!r}'.format(bytecode_path),
-                          name=name, path=bytecode_path)
-
-def _code_to_bytecode(code, mtime=0, source_size=0):
-    """Compile a code object into bytecode for writing out to a byte-compiled
-    file."""
-    data = bytearray(MAGIC_NUMBER)
-    data.extend(_w_long(mtime))
-    data.extend(_w_long(source_size))
-    data.extend(marshal.dumps(code))
-    return data
-
-
-def decode_source(source_bytes):
-    """Decode bytes representing source code and return the string.
-
-    Universal newline support is used in the decoding.
-    """
-    import tokenize  # To avoid bootstrap issues.
-    source_bytes_readline = _io.BytesIO(source_bytes).readline
-    encoding = tokenize.detect_encoding(source_bytes_readline)
-    newline_decoder = _io.IncrementalNewlineDecoder(None, True)
-    return newline_decoder.decode(source_bytes.decode(encoding[0]))
-
-
 # Module specifications #######################################################
 
 def _module_repr(module):
@@ -855,14 +405,8 @@ class ModuleSpec:
     def cached(self):
         if self._cached is None:
             if self.origin is not None and self._set_fileattr:
-                filename = self.origin
-                if filename.endswith(tuple(SOURCE_SUFFIXES)):
-                    try:
-                        self._cached = cache_from_source(filename)
-                    except NotImplementedError:
-                        pass
-                elif filename.endswith(tuple(BYTECODE_SUFFIXES)):
-                    self._cached = filename
+                import _frozen_importlib_external as _bootstrap_external  # XXX yuck
+                self._cached = _bootstrap_external._get_cached(self.origin)
         return self._cached
 
     @cached.setter
@@ -889,6 +433,7 @@ class ModuleSpec:
 def spec_from_loader(name, loader, *, origin=None, is_package=None):
     """Return a module spec based on various loader methods."""
     if hasattr(loader, 'get_filename'):
+        from ._bootstrap_external import spec_from_file_location  # XXX yuck
         if is_package is None:
             return spec_from_file_location(name, loader=loader)
         search = [] if is_package else None
@@ -911,70 +456,6 @@ def spec_from_loader(name, loader, *, origin=None, is_package=None):
 _POPULATE = object()
 
 
-def spec_from_file_location(name, location=None, *, loader=None,
-                            submodule_search_locations=_POPULATE):
-    """Return a module spec based on a file location.
-
-    To indicate that the module is a package, set
-    submodule_search_locations to a list of directory paths.  An
-    empty list is sufficient, though its not otherwise useful to the
-    import system.
-
-    The loader must take a spec as its only __init__() arg.
-
-    """
-    if location is None:
-        # The caller may simply want a partially populated location-
-        # oriented spec.  So we set the location to a bogus value and
-        # fill in as much as we can.
-        location = '<unknown>'
-        if hasattr(loader, 'get_filename'):
-            # ExecutionLoader
-            try:
-                location = loader.get_filename(name)
-            except ImportError:
-                pass
-
-    # If the location is on the filesystem, but doesn't actually exist,
-    # we could return None here, indicating that the location is not
-    # valid.  However, we don't have a good way of testing since an
-    # indirect location (e.g. a zip file or URL) will look like a
-    # non-existent file relative to the filesystem.
-
-    spec = ModuleSpec(name, loader, origin=location)
-    spec._set_fileattr = True
-
-    # Pick a loader if one wasn't provided.
-    if loader is None:
-        for loader_class, suffixes in _get_supported_file_loaders():
-            if location.endswith(tuple(suffixes)):
-                loader = loader_class(name, location)
-                spec.loader = loader
-                break
-        else:
-            return None
-
-    # Set submodule_search_paths appropriately.
-    if submodule_search_locations is _POPULATE:
-        # Check the loader.
-        if hasattr(loader, 'is_package'):
-            try:
-                is_package = loader.is_package(name)
-            except ImportError:
-                pass
-            else:
-                if is_package:
-                    spec.submodule_search_locations = []
-    else:
-        spec.submodule_search_locations = submodule_search_locations
-    if spec.submodule_search_locations == []:
-        if location:
-            dirname = _path_split(location)[0]
-            spec.submodule_search_locations.append(dirname)
-
-    return spec
-
-
 def _spec_from_module(module, loader=None, origin=None):
     # This function is meant for use in _setup().
     try:
@@ -1035,6 +516,7 @@ def _init_module_attrs(spec, module, *, override=False):
         if loader is None:
             # A backward compatibility hack.
             if spec.submodule_search_locations is not None:
+                from ._bootstrap_external import _NamespaceLoader  # XXX yuck
                 loader = _NamespaceLoader.__new__(_NamespaceLoader)
                 loader._path = spec.submodule_search_locations
         try:
@@ -1202,29 +684,6 @@ def _load(spec):
         return _load_unlocked(spec)
 
 
-def _fix_up_module(ns, name, pathname, cpathname=None):
-    # This function is used by PyImport_ExecCodeModuleObject().
-    loader = ns.get('__loader__')
-    spec = ns.get('__spec__')
-    if not loader:
-        if spec:
-            loader = spec.loader
-        elif pathname == cpathname:
-            loader = SourcelessFileLoader(name, pathname)
-        else:
-            loader = SourceFileLoader(name, pathname)
-    if not spec:
-        spec = spec_from_file_location(name, pathname, loader=loader)
-    try:
-        ns['__spec__'] = spec
-        ns['__loader__'] = loader
-        ns['__file__'] = pathname
-        ns['__cached__'] = cpathname
-    except Exception:
-        # Not important enough to report.
-        pass
-
-
 # Loaders #####################################################################
 
 class BuiltinImporter:
@@ -1351,6 +810,7 @@ class FrozenImporter:
         This method is deprecated.  Use exec_module() instead.
 
         """
+        from ._bootstrap_external import _load_module_shim  # XXX yuck
         return _load_module_shim(cls, fullname)
 
     @classmethod
@@ -1372,742 +832,6 @@ class FrozenImporter:
         return _imp.is_frozen_package(fullname)
 
 
-class WindowsRegistryFinder:
-
-    """Meta path finder for modules declared in the Windows registry."""
-
-    REGISTRY_KEY = (
-        'Software\\Python\\PythonCore\\{sys_version}'
-        '\\Modules\\{fullname}')
-    REGISTRY_KEY_DEBUG = (
-        'Software\\Python\\PythonCore\\{sys_version}'
-        '\\Modules\\{fullname}\\Debug')
-    DEBUG_BUILD = False  # Changed in _setup()
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _open_registry(cls, key):
-        try:
-            return _winreg.OpenKey(_winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER, key)
-        except OSError:
-            return _winreg.OpenKey(_winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, key)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _search_registry(cls, fullname):
-        if cls.DEBUG_BUILD:
-            registry_key = cls.REGISTRY_KEY_DEBUG
-        else:
-            registry_key = cls.REGISTRY_KEY
-        key = registry_key.format(fullname=fullname,
-                                  sys_version=sys.version[:3])
-        try:
-            with cls._open_registry(key) as hkey:
-                filepath = _winreg.QueryValue(hkey, '')
-        except OSError:
-            return None
-        return filepath
-
-    @classmethod
-    def find_spec(cls, fullname, path=None, target=None):
-        filepath = cls._search_registry(fullname)
-        if filepath is None:
-            return None
-        try:
-            _path_stat(filepath)
-        except OSError:
-            return None
-        for loader, suffixes in _get_supported_file_loaders():
-            if filepath.endswith(tuple(suffixes)):
-                spec = spec_from_loader(fullname, loader(fullname, filepath),
-                                        origin=filepath)
-                return spec
-
-    @classmethod
-    def find_module(cls, fullname, path=None):
-        """Find module named in the registry.
-
-        This method is deprecated.  Use exec_module() instead.
-
-        """
-        spec = cls.find_spec(fullname, path)
-        if spec is not None:
-            return spec.loader
-        else:
-            return None
-
-
-class _LoaderBasics:
-
-    """Base class of common code needed by both SourceLoader and
-    SourcelessFileLoader."""
-
-    def is_package(self, fullname):
-        """Concrete implementation of InspectLoader.is_package by checking if
-        the path returned by get_filename has a filename of '__init__.py'."""
-        filename = _path_split(self.get_filename(fullname))[1]
-        filename_base = filename.rsplit('.', 1)[0]
-        tail_name = fullname.rpartition('.')[2]
-        return filename_base == '__init__' and tail_name != '__init__'
-
-    def create_module(self, spec):
-        """Use default semantics for module creation."""
-
-    def exec_module(self, module):
-        """Execute the module."""
-        code = self.get_code(module.__name__)
-        if code is None:
-            raise ImportError('cannot load module {!r} when get_code() '
-                              'returns None'.format(module.__name__))
-        _call_with_frames_removed(exec, code, module.__dict__)
-
-    load_module = _load_module_shim
-
-
-class SourceLoader(_LoaderBasics):
-
-    def path_mtime(self, path):
-        """Optional method that returns the modification time (an int) for the
-        specified path, where path is a str.
-
-        Raises IOError when the path cannot be handled.
-        """
-        raise IOError
-
-    def path_stats(self, path):
-        """Optional method returning a metadata dict for the specified path
-        to by the path (str).
-        Possible keys:
-        - 'mtime' (mandatory) is the numeric timestamp of last source
-          code modification;
-        - 'size' (optional) is the size in bytes of the source code.
-
-        Implementing this method allows the loader to read bytecode files.
-        Raises IOError when the path cannot be handled.
-        """
-        return {'mtime': self.path_mtime(path)}
-
-    def _cache_bytecode(self, source_path, cache_path, data):
-        """Optional method which writes data (bytes) to a file path (a str).
-
-        Implementing this method allows for the writing of bytecode files.
-
-        The source path is needed in order to correctly transfer permissions
-        """
-        # For backwards compatibility, we delegate to set_data()
-        return self.set_data(cache_path, data)
-
-    def set_data(self, path, data):
-        """Optional method which writes data (bytes) to a file path (a str).
-
-        Implementing this method allows for the writing of bytecode files.
-        """
-
-
-    def get_source(self, fullname):
-        """Concrete implementation of InspectLoader.get_source."""
-        path = self.get_filename(fullname)
-        try:
-            source_bytes = self.get_data(path)
-        except OSError as exc:
-            raise ImportError('source not available through get_data()',
-                              name=fullname) from exc
-        return decode_source(source_bytes)
-
-    def source_to_code(self, data, path, *, _optimize=-1):
-        """Return the code object compiled from source.
-
-        The 'data' argument can be any object type that compile() supports.
-        """
-        return _call_with_frames_removed(compile, data, path, 'exec',
-                                        dont_inherit=True, optimize=_optimize)
-
-    def get_code(self, fullname):
-        """Concrete implementation of InspectLoader.get_code.
-
-        Reading of bytecode requires path_stats to be implemented. To write
-        bytecode, set_data must also be implemented.
-
-        """
-        source_path = self.get_filename(fullname)
-        source_mtime = None
-        try:
-            bytecode_path = cache_from_source(source_path)
-        except NotImplementedError:
-            bytecode_path = None
-        else:
-            try:
-                st = self.path_stats(source_path)
-            except IOError:
-                pass
-            else:
-                source_mtime = int(st['mtime'])
-                try:
-                    data = self.get_data(bytecode_path)
-                except OSError:
-                    pass
-                else:
-                    try:
-                        bytes_data = _validate_bytecode_header(data,
-                                source_stats=st, name=fullname,
-                                path=bytecode_path)
-                    except (ImportError, EOFError):
-                        pass
-                    else:
-                        _verbose_message('{} matches {}', bytecode_path,
-                                        source_path)
-                        return _compile_bytecode(bytes_data, name=fullname,
-                                                 bytecode_path=bytecode_path,
-                                                 source_path=source_path)
-        source_bytes = self.get_data(source_path)
-        code_object = self.source_to_code(source_bytes, source_path)
-        _verbose_message('code object from {}', source_path)
-        if (not sys.dont_write_bytecode and bytecode_path is not None and
-                source_mtime is not None):
-            data = _code_to_bytecode(code_object, source_mtime,
-                    len(source_bytes))
-            try:
-                self._cache_bytecode(source_path, bytecode_path, data)
-                _verbose_message('wrote {!r}', bytecode_path)
-            except NotImplementedError:
-                pass
-        return code_object
-
-
-class FileLoader:
-
-    """Base file loader class which implements the loader protocol methods that
-    require file system usage."""
-
-    def __init__(self, fullname, path):
-        """Cache the module name and the path to the file found by the
-        finder."""
-        self.name = fullname
-        self.path = path
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        return (self.__class__ == other.__class__ and
-                self.__dict__ == other.__dict__)
-
-    def __hash__(self):
-        return hash(self.name) ^ hash(self.path)
-
-    @_check_name
-    def load_module(self, fullname):
-        """Load a module from a file.
-
-        This method is deprecated.  Use exec_module() instead.
-
-        """
-        # The only reason for this method is for the name check.
-        # Issue #14857: Avoid the zero-argument form of super so the implementation
-        # of that form can be updated without breaking the frozen module
-        return super(FileLoader, self).load_module(fullname)
-
-    @_check_name
-    def get_filename(self, fullname):
-        """Return the path to the source file as found by the finder."""
-        return self.path
-
-    def get_data(self, path):
-        """Return the data from path as raw bytes."""
-        with _io.FileIO(path, 'r') as file:
-            return file.read()
-
-
-class SourceFileLoader(FileLoader, SourceLoader):
-
-    """Concrete implementation of SourceLoader using the file system."""
-
-    def path_stats(self, path):
-        """Return the metadata for the path."""
-        st = _path_stat(path)
-        return {'mtime': st.st_mtime, 'size': st.st_size}
-
-    def _cache_bytecode(self, source_path, bytecode_path, data):
-        # Adapt between the two APIs
-        mode = _calc_mode(source_path)
-        return self.set_data(bytecode_path, data, _mode=mode)
-
-    def set_data(self, path, data, *, _mode=0o666):
-        """Write bytes data to a file."""
-        parent, filename = _path_split(path)
-        path_parts = []
-        # Figure out what directories are missing.
-        while parent and not _path_isdir(parent):
-            parent, part = _path_split(parent)
-            path_parts.append(part)
-        # Create needed directories.
-        for part in reversed(path_parts):
-            parent = _path_join(parent, part)
-            try:
-                _os.mkdir(parent)
-            except FileExistsError:
-                # Probably another Python process already created the dir.
-                continue
-            except OSError as exc:
-                # Could be a permission error, read-only filesystem: just forget
-                # about writing the data.
-                _verbose_message('could not create {!r}: {!r}', parent, exc)
-                return
-        try:
-            _write_atomic(path, data, _mode)
-            _verbose_message('created {!r}', path)
-        except OSError as exc:
-            # Same as above: just don't write the bytecode.
-            _verbose_message('could not create {!r}: {!r}', path, exc)
-
-
-class SourcelessFileLoader(FileLoader, _LoaderBasics):
-
-    """Loader which handles sourceless file imports."""
-
-    def get_code(self, fullname):
-        path = self.get_filename(fullname)
-        data = self.get_data(path)
-        bytes_data = _validate_bytecode_header(data, name=fullname, path=path)
-        return _compile_bytecode(bytes_data, name=fullname, bytecode_path=path)
-
-    def get_source(self, fullname):
-        """Return None as there is no source code."""
-        return None
-
-
-# Filled in by _setup().
-EXTENSION_SUFFIXES = []
-
-
-class ExtensionFileLoader:
-
-    """Loader for extension modules.
-
-    The constructor is designed to work with FileFinder.
-
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, name, path):
-        self.name = name
-        self.path = path
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        return (self.__class__ == other.__class__ and
-                self.__dict__ == other.__dict__)
-
-    def __hash__(self):
-        return hash(self.name) ^ hash(self.path)
-
-    @_check_name
-    def load_module(self, fullname):
-        """Load an extension module."""
-        # Once an exec_module() implementation is added we can also
-        # add a deprecation warning here.
-        with _ManageReload(fullname):
-            module = _call_with_frames_removed(_imp.load_dynamic,
-                                               fullname, self.path)
-        _verbose_message('extension module loaded from {!r}', self.path)
-        is_package = self.is_package(fullname)
-        if is_package and not hasattr(module, '__path__'):
-            module.__path__ = [_path_split(self.path)[0]]
-        module.__loader__ = self
-        module.__package__ = module.__name__
-        if not is_package:
-            module.__package__ = module.__package__.rpartition('.')[0]
-        return module
-
-    def is_package(self, fullname):
-        """Return True if the extension module is a package."""
-        file_name = _path_split(self.path)[1]
-        return any(file_name == '__init__' + suffix
-                   for suffix in EXTENSION_SUFFIXES)
-
-    def get_code(self, fullname):
-        """Return None as an extension module cannot create a code object."""
-        return None
-
-    def get_source(self, fullname):
-        """Return None as extension modules have no source code."""
-        return None
-
-    @_check_name
-    def get_filename(self, fullname):
-        """Return the path to the source file as found by the finder."""
-        return self.path
-
-
-class _NamespacePath:
-    """Represents a namespace package's path.  It uses the module name
-    to find its parent module, and from there it looks up the parent's
-    __path__.  When this changes, the module's own path is recomputed,
-    using path_finder.  For top-level modules, the parent module's path
-    is sys.path."""
-
-    def __init__(self, name, path, path_finder):
-        self._name = name
-        self._path = path
-        self._last_parent_path = tuple(self._get_parent_path())
-        self._path_finder = path_finder
-
-    def _find_parent_path_names(self):
-        """Returns a tuple of (parent-module-name, parent-path-attr-name)"""
-        parent, dot, me = self._name.rpartition('.')
-        if dot == '':
-            # This is a top-level module. sys.path contains the parent path.
-            return 'sys', 'path'
-        # Not a top-level module. parent-module.__path__ contains the
-        #  parent path.
-        return parent, '__path__'
-
-    def _get_parent_path(self):
-        parent_module_name, path_attr_name = self._find_parent_path_names()
-        return getattr(sys.modules[parent_module_name], path_attr_name)
-
-    def _recalculate(self):
-        # If the parent's path has changed, recalculate _path
-        parent_path = tuple(self._get_parent_path()) # Make a copy
-        if parent_path != self._last_parent_path:
-            spec = self._path_finder(self._name, parent_path)
-            # Note that no changes are made if a loader is returned, but we
-            #  do remember the new parent path
-            if spec is not None and spec.loader is None:
-                if spec.submodule_search_locations:
-                    self._path = spec.submodule_search_locations
-            self._last_parent_path = parent_path     # Save the copy
-        return self._path
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return iter(self._recalculate())
-
-    def __len__(self):
-        return len(self._recalculate())
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return '_NamespacePath({!r})'.format(self._path)
-
-    def __contains__(self, item):
-        return item in self._recalculate()
-
-    def append(self, item):
-        self._path.append(item)
-
-
-# We use this exclusively in module_from_spec() for backward-compatibility.
-class _NamespaceLoader:
-    def __init__(self, name, path, path_finder):
-        self._path = _NamespacePath(name, path, path_finder)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def module_repr(cls, module):
-        """Return repr for the module.
-
-        The method is deprecated.  The import machinery does the job itself.
-
-        """
-        return '<module {!r} (namespace)>'.format(module.__name__)
-
-    def is_package(self, fullname):
-        return True
-
-    def get_source(self, fullname):
-        return ''
-
-    def get_code(self, fullname):
-        return compile('', '<string>', 'exec', dont_inherit=True)
-
-    def create_module(self, spec):
-        """Use default semantics for module creation."""
-
-    def exec_module(self, module):
-        pass
-
-    def load_module(self, fullname):
-        """Load a namespace module.
-
-        This method is deprecated.  Use exec_module() instead.
-
-        """
-        # The import system never calls this method.
-        _verbose_message('namespace module loaded with path {!r}', self._path)
-        return _load_module_shim(self, fullname)
-
-
-# Finders #####################################################################
-
-class PathFinder:
-
-    """Meta path finder for sys.path and package __path__ attributes."""
-
-    @classmethod
-    def invalidate_caches(cls):
-        """Call the invalidate_caches() method on all path entry finders
-        stored in sys.path_importer_caches (where implemented)."""
-        for finder in sys.path_importer_cache.values():
-            if hasattr(finder, 'invalidate_caches'):
-                finder.invalidate_caches()
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _path_hooks(cls, path):
-        """Search sequence of hooks for a finder for 'path'.
-
-        If 'hooks' is false then use sys.path_hooks.
-
-        """
-        if sys.path_hooks is not None and not sys.path_hooks:
-            _warnings.warn('sys.path_hooks is empty', ImportWarning)
-        for hook in sys.path_hooks:
-            try:
-                return hook(path)
-            except ImportError:
-                continue
-        else:
-            return None
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _path_importer_cache(cls, path):
-        """Get the finder for the path entry from sys.path_importer_cache.
-
-        If the path entry is not in the cache, find the appropriate finder
-        and cache it. If no finder is available, store None.
-
-        """
-        if path == '':
-            try:
-                path = _os.getcwd()
-            except FileNotFoundError:
-                # Don't cache the failure as the cwd can easily change to
-                # a valid directory later on.
-                return None
-        try:
-            finder = sys.path_importer_cache[path]
-        except KeyError:
-            finder = cls._path_hooks(path)
-            sys.path_importer_cache[path] = finder
-        return finder
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _legacy_get_spec(cls, fullname, finder):
-        # This would be a good place for a DeprecationWarning if
-        # we ended up going that route.
-        if hasattr(finder, 'find_loader'):
-            loader, portions = finder.find_loader(fullname)
-        else:
-            loader = finder.find_module(fullname)
-            portions = []
-        if loader is not None:
-            return spec_from_loader(fullname, loader)
-        spec = ModuleSpec(fullname, None)
-        spec.submodule_search_locations = portions
-        return spec
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _get_spec(cls, fullname, path, target=None):
-        """Find the loader or namespace_path for this module/package name."""
-        # If this ends up being a namespace package, namespace_path is
-        #  the list of paths that will become its __path__
-        namespace_path = []
-        for entry in path:
-            if not isinstance(entry, (str, bytes)):
-                continue
-            finder = cls._path_importer_cache(entry)
-            if finder is not None:
-                if hasattr(finder, 'find_spec'):
-                    spec = finder.find_spec(fullname, target)
-                else:
-                    spec = cls._legacy_get_spec(fullname, finder)
-                if spec is None:
-                    continue
-                if spec.loader is not None:
-                    return spec
-                portions = spec.submodule_search_locations
-                if portions is None:
-                    raise ImportError('spec missing loader')
-                # This is possibly part of a namespace package.
-                #  Remember these path entries (if any) for when we
-                #  create a namespace package, and continue iterating
-                #  on path.
-                namespace_path.extend(portions)
-        else:
-            spec = ModuleSpec(fullname, None)
-            spec.submodule_search_locations = namespace_path
-            return spec
-
-    @classmethod
-    def find_spec(cls, fullname, path=None, target=None):
-        """find the module on sys.path or 'path' based on sys.path_hooks and
-        sys.path_importer_cache."""
-        if path is None:
-            path = sys.path
-        spec = cls._get_spec(fullname, path, target)
-        if spec is None:
-            return None
-        elif spec.loader is None:
-            namespace_path = spec.submodule_search_locations
-            if namespace_path:
-                # We found at least one namespace path.  Return a
-                #  spec which can create the namespace package.
-                spec.origin = 'namespace'
-                spec.submodule_search_locations = _NamespacePath(fullname, namespace_path, cls._get_spec)
-                return spec
-            else:
-                return None
-        else:
-            return spec
-
-    @classmethod
-    def find_module(cls, fullname, path=None):
-        """find the module on sys.path or 'path' based on sys.path_hooks and
-        sys.path_importer_cache.
-
-        This method is deprecated.  Use find_spec() instead.
-
-        """
-        spec = cls.find_spec(fullname, path)
-        if spec is None:
-            return None
-        return spec.loader
-
-
-class FileFinder:
-
-    """File-based finder.
-
-    Interactions with the file system are cached for performance, being
-    refreshed when the directory the finder is handling has been modified.
-
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, path, *loader_details):
-        """Initialize with the path to search on and a variable number of
-        2-tuples containing the loader and the file suffixes the loader
-        recognizes."""
-        loaders = []
-        for loader, suffixes in loader_details:
-            loaders.extend((suffix, loader) for suffix in suffixes)
-        self._loaders = loaders
-        # Base (directory) path
-        self.path = path or '.'
-        self._path_mtime = -1
-        self._path_cache = set()
-        self._relaxed_path_cache = set()
-
-    def invalidate_caches(self):
-        """Invalidate the directory mtime."""
-        self._path_mtime = -1
-
-    find_module = _find_module_shim
-
-    def find_loader(self, fullname):
-        """Try to find a loader for the specified module, or the namespace
-        package portions. Returns (loader, list-of-portions).
-
-        This method is deprecated.  Use find_spec() instead.
-
-        """
-        spec = self.find_spec(fullname)
-        if spec is None:
-            return None, []
-        return spec.loader, spec.submodule_search_locations or []
-
-    def _get_spec(self, loader_class, fullname, path, smsl, target):
-        loader = loader_class(fullname, path)
-        return spec_from_file_location(fullname, path, loader=loader,
-                                       submodule_search_locations=smsl)
-
-    def find_spec(self, fullname, target=None):
-        """Try to find a loader for the specified module, or the namespace
-        package portions. Returns (loader, list-of-portions)."""
-        is_namespace = False
-        tail_module = fullname.rpartition('.')[2]
-        try:
-            mtime = _path_stat(self.path or _os.getcwd()).st_mtime
-        except OSError:
-            mtime = -1
-        if mtime != self._path_mtime:
-            self._fill_cache()
-            self._path_mtime = mtime
-        # tail_module keeps the original casing, for __file__ and friends
-        if _relax_case():
-            cache = self._relaxed_path_cache
-            cache_module = tail_module.lower()
-        else:
-            cache = self._path_cache
-            cache_module = tail_module
-        # Check if the module is the name of a directory (and thus a package).
-        if cache_module in cache:
-            base_path = _path_join(self.path, tail_module)
-            for suffix, loader_class in self._loaders:
-                init_filename = '__init__' + suffix
-                full_path = _path_join(base_path, init_filename)
-                if _path_isfile(full_path):
-                    return self._get_spec(loader_class, fullname, full_path, [base_path], target)
-            else:
-                # If a namespace package, return the path if we don't
-                #  find a module in the next section.
-                is_namespace = _path_isdir(base_path)
-        # Check for a file w/ a proper suffix exists.
-        for suffix, loader_class in self._loaders:
-            full_path = _path_join(self.path, tail_module + suffix)
-            _verbose_message('trying {}'.format(full_path), verbosity=2)
-            if cache_module + suffix in cache:
-                if _path_isfile(full_path):
-                    return self._get_spec(loader_class, fullname, full_path, None, target)
-        if is_namespace:
-            _verbose_message('possible namespace for {}'.format(base_path))
-            spec = ModuleSpec(fullname, None)
-            spec.submodule_search_locations = [base_path]
-            return spec
-        return None
-
-    def _fill_cache(self):
-        """Fill the cache of potential modules and packages for this directory."""
-        path = self.path
-        try:
-            contents = _os.listdir(path or _os.getcwd())
-        except (FileNotFoundError, PermissionError, NotADirectoryError):
-            # Directory has either been removed, turned into a file, or made
-            # unreadable.
-            contents = []
-        # We store two cached versions, to handle runtime changes of the
-        # PYTHONCASEOK environment variable.
-        if not sys.platform.startswith('win'):
-            self._path_cache = set(contents)
-        else:
-            # Windows users can import modules with case-insensitive file
-            # suffixes (for legacy reasons). Make the suffix lowercase here
-            # so it's done once instead of for every import. This is safe as
-            # the specified suffixes to check against are always specified in a
-            # case-sensitive manner.
-            lower_suffix_contents = set()
-            for item in contents:
-                name, dot, suffix = item.partition('.')
-                if dot:
-                    new_name = '{}.{}'.format(name, suffix.lower())
-                else:
-                    new_name = name
-                lower_suffix_contents.add(new_name)
-            self._path_cache = lower_suffix_contents
-        if sys.platform.startswith(_CASE_INSENSITIVE_PLATFORMS):
-            self._relaxed_path_cache = {fn.lower() for fn in contents}
-
-    @classmethod
-    def path_hook(cls, *loader_details):
-        """A class method which returns a closure to use on sys.path_hook
-        which will return an instance using the specified loaders and the path
-        called on the closure.
-
-        If the path called on the closure is not a directory, ImportError is
-        raised.
-
-        """
-        def path_hook_for_FileFinder(path):
-            """Path hook for importlib.machinery.FileFinder."""
-            if not _path_isdir(path):
-                raise ImportError('only directories are supported', path=path)
-            return cls(path, *loader_details)
-
-        return path_hook_for_FileFinder
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return 'FileFinder({!r})'.format(self.path)
-
-
 # Import itself ###############################################################
 
 class _ImportLockContext:
@@ -2305,17 +1029,6 @@ def _calc___package__(globals):
     return package
 
 
-def _get_supported_file_loaders():
-    """Returns a list of file-based module loaders.
-
-    Each item is a tuple (loader, suffixes).
-    """
-    extensions = ExtensionFileLoader, _imp.extension_suffixes()
-    source = SourceFileLoader, SOURCE_SUFFIXES
-    bytecode = SourcelessFileLoader, BYTECODE_SUFFIXES
-    return [extensions, source, bytecode]
-
-
 def __import__(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=(), level=0):
     """Import a module.
 
@@ -2385,34 +1098,13 @@ def _setup(sys_module, _imp_module):
 
     # Directly load built-in modules needed during bootstrap.
     self_module = sys.modules[__name__]
-    for builtin_name in ('_io', '_warnings', 'builtins', 'marshal'):
+    for builtin_name in ('_warnings',):
         if builtin_name not in sys.modules:
             builtin_module = _builtin_from_name(builtin_name)
         else:
             builtin_module = sys.modules[builtin_name]
         setattr(self_module, builtin_name, builtin_module)
 
-    # Directly load the os module (needed during bootstrap).
-    os_details = ('posix', ['/']), ('nt', ['\\', '/'])
-    for builtin_os, path_separators in os_details:
-        # Assumption made in _path_join()
-        assert all(len(sep) == 1 for sep in path_separators)
-        path_sep = path_separators[0]
-        if builtin_os in sys.modules:
-            os_module = sys.modules[builtin_os]
-            break
-        else:
-            try:
-                os_module = _builtin_from_name(builtin_os)
-                break
-            except ImportError:
-                continue
-    else:
-        raise ImportError('importlib requires posix or nt')
-    setattr(self_module, '_os', os_module)
-    setattr(self_module, 'path_sep', path_sep)
-    setattr(self_module, 'path_separators', ''.join(path_separators))
-
     # Directly load the _thread module (needed during bootstrap).
     try:
         thread_module = _builtin_from_name('_thread')
@@ -2425,27 +1117,14 @@ def _setup(sys_module, _imp_module):
     weakref_module = _builtin_from_name('_weakref')
     setattr(self_module, '_weakref', weakref_module)
 
-    # Directly load the winreg module (needed during bootstrap).
-    if builtin_os == 'nt':
-        winreg_module = _builtin_from_name('winreg')
-        setattr(self_module, '_winreg', winreg_module)
-
-    # Constants
-    setattr(self_module, '_relax_case', _make_relax_case())
-    EXTENSION_SUFFIXES.extend(_imp.extension_suffixes())
-    if builtin_os == 'nt':
-        SOURCE_SUFFIXES.append('.pyw')
-        if '_d.pyd' in EXTENSION_SUFFIXES:
-            WindowsRegistryFinder.DEBUG_BUILD = True
-
 
 def _install(sys_module, _imp_module):
     """Install importlib as the implementation of import."""
     _setup(sys_module, _imp_module)
-    supported_loaders = _get_supported_file_loaders()
-    sys.path_hooks.extend([FileFinder.path_hook(*supported_loaders)])
+
     sys.meta_path.append(BuiltinImporter)
     sys.meta_path.append(FrozenImporter)
-    if _os.__name__ == 'nt':
-        sys.meta_path.append(WindowsRegistryFinder)
-    sys.meta_path.append(PathFinder)
+
+    import _frozen_importlib_external
+    _frozen_importlib_external._install(sys.modules[__name__])
+    sys.modules[__name__]._bootstrap_external = _frozen_importlib_external
diff --git a/Lib/importlib/_bootstrap_external.py b/Lib/importlib/_bootstrap_external.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9385d112d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/importlib/_bootstrap_external.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1462 @@
+"""Core implementation of path-based import.
+
+This module is NOT meant to be directly imported! It has been designed such
+that it can be bootstrapped into Python as the implementation of import. As
+such it requires the injection of specific modules and attributes in order to
+work. One should use importlib as the public-facing version of this module.
+
+"""
+#
+# IMPORTANT: Whenever making changes to this module, be sure to run
+# a top-level make in order to get the frozen version of the module
+# updated. Not doing so will result in the Makefile to fail for
+# all others who don't have a ./python around to freeze the module
+# in the early stages of compilation.
+#
+
+# See importlib._setup() for what is injected into the global namespace.
+
+# When editing this code be aware that code executed at import time CANNOT
+# reference any injected objects! This includes not only global code but also
+# anything specified at the class level.
+
+# Bootstrap-related code ######################################################
+
+_CASE_INSENSITIVE_PLATFORMS = 'win', 'cygwin', 'darwin'
+
+
+def _make_relax_case():
+    if sys.platform.startswith(_CASE_INSENSITIVE_PLATFORMS):
+        def _relax_case():
+            """True if filenames must be checked case-insensitively."""
+            return b'PYTHONCASEOK' in _os.environ
+    else:
+        def _relax_case():
+            """True if filenames must be checked case-insensitively."""
+            return False
+    return _relax_case
+
+
+def _w_long(x):
+    """Convert a 32-bit integer to little-endian."""
+    return (int(x) & 0xFFFFFFFF).to_bytes(4, 'little')
+
+
+def _r_long(int_bytes):
+    """Convert 4 bytes in little-endian to an integer."""
+    return int.from_bytes(int_bytes, 'little')
+
+
+def _path_join(*path_parts):
+    """Replacement for os.path.join()."""
+    return path_sep.join([part.rstrip(path_separators)
+                          for part in path_parts if part])
+
+
+def _path_split(path):
+    """Replacement for os.path.split()."""
+    if len(path_separators) == 1:
+        front, _, tail = path.rpartition(path_sep)
+        return front, tail
+    for x in reversed(path):
+        if x in path_separators:
+            front, tail = path.rsplit(x, maxsplit=1)
+            return front, tail
+    return '', path
+
+
+def _path_stat(path):
+    """Stat the path.
+
+    Made a separate function to make it easier to override in experiments
+    (e.g. cache stat results).
+
+    """
+    return _os.stat(path)
+
+
+def _path_is_mode_type(path, mode):
+    """Test whether the path is the specified mode type."""
+    try:
+        stat_info = _path_stat(path)
+    except OSError:
+        return False
+    return (stat_info.st_mode & 0o170000) == mode
+
+
+def _path_isfile(path):
+    """Replacement for os.path.isfile."""
+    return _path_is_mode_type(path, 0o100000)
+
+
+def _path_isdir(path):
+    """Replacement for os.path.isdir."""
+    if not path:
+        path = _os.getcwd()
+    return _path_is_mode_type(path, 0o040000)
+
+
+def _write_atomic(path, data, mode=0o666):
+    """Best-effort function to write data to a path atomically.
+    Be prepared to handle a FileExistsError if concurrent writing of the
+    temporary file is attempted."""
+    # id() is used to generate a pseudo-random filename.
+    path_tmp = '{}.{}'.format(path, id(path))
+    fd = _os.open(path_tmp,
+                  _os.O_EXCL | _os.O_CREAT | _os.O_WRONLY, mode & 0o666)
+    try:
+        # We first write data to a temporary file, and then use os.replace() to
+        # perform an atomic rename.
+        with _io.FileIO(fd, 'wb') as file:
+            file.write(data)
+        _os.replace(path_tmp, path)
+    except OSError:
+        try:
+            _os.unlink(path_tmp)
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+        raise
+
+
+_code_type = type(_write_atomic.__code__)
+
+
+# Finder/loader utility code ###############################################
+
+# Magic word to reject .pyc files generated by other Python versions.
+# It should change for each incompatible change to the bytecode.
+#
+# The value of CR and LF is incorporated so if you ever read or write
+# a .pyc file in text mode the magic number will be wrong; also, the
+# Apple MPW compiler swaps their values, botching string constants.
+#
+# The magic numbers must be spaced apart at least 2 values, as the
+# -U interpeter flag will cause MAGIC+1 being used. They have been
+# odd numbers for some time now.
+#
+# There were a variety of old schemes for setting the magic number.
+# The current working scheme is to increment the previous value by
+# 10.
+#
+# Starting with the adoption of PEP 3147 in Python 3.2, every bump in magic
+# number also includes a new "magic tag", i.e. a human readable string used
+# to represent the magic number in __pycache__ directories.  When you change
+# the magic number, you must also set a new unique magic tag.  Generally this
+# can be named after the Python major version of the magic number bump, but
+# it can really be anything, as long as it's different than anything else
+# that's come before.  The tags are included in the following table, starting
+# with Python 3.2a0.
+#
+# Known values:
+#  Python 1.5:   20121
+#  Python 1.5.1: 20121
+#     Python 1.5.2: 20121
+#     Python 1.6:   50428
+#     Python 2.0:   50823
+#     Python 2.0.1: 50823
+#     Python 2.1:   60202
+#     Python 2.1.1: 60202
+#     Python 2.1.2: 60202
+#     Python 2.2:   60717
+#     Python 2.3a0: 62011
+#     Python 2.3a0: 62021
+#     Python 2.3a0: 62011 (!)
+#     Python 2.4a0: 62041
+#     Python 2.4a3: 62051
+#     Python 2.4b1: 62061
+#     Python 2.5a0: 62071
+#     Python 2.5a0: 62081 (ast-branch)
+#     Python 2.5a0: 62091 (with)
+#     Python 2.5a0: 62092 (changed WITH_CLEANUP opcode)
+#     Python 2.5b3: 62101 (fix wrong code: for x, in ...)
+#     Python 2.5b3: 62111 (fix wrong code: x += yield)
+#     Python 2.5c1: 62121 (fix wrong lnotab with for loops and
+#                          storing constants that should have been removed)
+#     Python 2.5c2: 62131 (fix wrong code: for x, in ... in listcomp/genexp)
+#     Python 2.6a0: 62151 (peephole optimizations and STORE_MAP opcode)
+#     Python 2.6a1: 62161 (WITH_CLEANUP optimization)
+#     Python 2.7a0: 62171 (optimize list comprehensions/change LIST_APPEND)
+#     Python 2.7a0: 62181 (optimize conditional branches:
+#                          introduce POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE and POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE)
+#     Python 2.7a0  62191 (introduce SETUP_WITH)
+#     Python 2.7a0  62201 (introduce BUILD_SET)
+#     Python 2.7a0  62211 (introduce MAP_ADD and SET_ADD)
+#     Python 3000:   3000
+#                    3010 (removed UNARY_CONVERT)
+#                    3020 (added BUILD_SET)
+#                    3030 (added keyword-only parameters)
+#                    3040 (added signature annotations)
+#                    3050 (print becomes a function)
+#                    3060 (PEP 3115 metaclass syntax)
+#                    3061 (string literals become unicode)
+#                    3071 (PEP 3109 raise changes)
+#                    3081 (PEP 3137 make __file__ and __name__ unicode)
+#                    3091 (kill str8 interning)
+#                    3101 (merge from 2.6a0, see 62151)
+#                    3103 (__file__ points to source file)
+#     Python 3.0a4: 3111 (WITH_CLEANUP optimization).
+#     Python 3.0a5: 3131 (lexical exception stacking, including POP_EXCEPT)
+#     Python 3.1a0: 3141 (optimize list, set and dict comprehensions:
+#             change LIST_APPEND and SET_ADD, add MAP_ADD)
+#     Python 3.1a0: 3151 (optimize conditional branches:
+#             introduce POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE and POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE)
+#     Python 3.2a0: 3160 (add SETUP_WITH)
+#                   tag: cpython-32
+#     Python 3.2a1: 3170 (add DUP_TOP_TWO, remove DUP_TOPX and ROT_FOUR)
+#                   tag: cpython-32
+#     Python 3.2a2  3180 (add DELETE_DEREF)
+#     Python 3.3a0  3190 __class__ super closure changed
+#     Python 3.3a0  3200 (__qualname__ added)
+#                      3210 (added size modulo 2**32 to the pyc header)
+#     Python 3.3a1  3220 (changed PEP 380 implementation)
+#     Python 3.3a4  3230 (revert changes to implicit __class__ closure)
+#     Python 3.4a1  3250 (evaluate positional default arguments before
+#                        keyword-only defaults)
+#     Python 3.4a1  3260 (add LOAD_CLASSDEREF; allow locals of class to override
+#                        free vars)
+#     Python 3.4a1  3270 (various tweaks to the __class__ closure)
+#     Python 3.4a1  3280 (remove implicit class argument)
+#     Python 3.4a4  3290 (changes to __qualname__ computation)
+#     Python 3.4a4  3300 (more changes to __qualname__ computation)
+#     Python 3.4rc2 3310 (alter __qualname__ computation)
+#     Python 3.5a0  3320 (matrix multiplication operator)
+#
+# MAGIC must change whenever the bytecode emitted by the compiler may no
+# longer be understood by older implementations of the eval loop (usually
+# due to the addition of new opcodes).
+
+MAGIC_NUMBER = (3320).to_bytes(2, 'little') + b'\r\n'
+_RAW_MAGIC_NUMBER = int.from_bytes(MAGIC_NUMBER, 'little')  # For import.c
+
+_PYCACHE = '__pycache__'
+_OPT = 'opt-'
+
+SOURCE_SUFFIXES = ['.py']  # _setup() adds .pyw as needed.
+
+BYTECODE_SUFFIXES = ['.pyc']
+# Deprecated.
+DEBUG_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES = OPTIMIZED_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES = BYTECODE_SUFFIXES
+
+def cache_from_source(path, debug_override=None, *, optimization=None):
+    """Given the path to a .py file, return the path to its .pyc file.
+
+    The .py file does not need to exist; this simply returns the path to the
+    .pyc file calculated as if the .py file were imported.
+
+    The 'optimization' parameter controls the presumed optimization level of
+    the bytecode file. If 'optimization' is not None, the string representation
+    of the argument is taken and verified to be alphanumeric (else ValueError
+    is raised).
+
+    The debug_override parameter is deprecated. If debug_override is not None,
+    a True value is the same as setting 'optimization' to the empty string
+    while a False value is equivalent to setting 'optimization' to '1'.
+
+    If sys.implementation.cache_tag is None then NotImplementedError is raised.
+
+    """
+    if debug_override is not None:
+        _warnings.warn('the debug_override parameter is deprecated; use '
+                       "'optimization' instead", DeprecationWarning)
+        if optimization is not None:
+            message = 'debug_override or optimization must be set to None'
+            raise TypeError(message)
+        optimization = '' if debug_override else 1
+    head, tail = _path_split(path)
+    base, sep, rest = tail.rpartition('.')
+    tag = sys.implementation.cache_tag
+    if tag is None:
+        raise NotImplementedError('sys.implementation.cache_tag is None')
+    almost_filename = ''.join([(base if base else rest), sep, tag])
+    if optimization is None:
+        if sys.flags.optimize == 0:
+            optimization = ''
+        else:
+            optimization = sys.flags.optimize
+    optimization = str(optimization)
+    if optimization != '':
+        if not optimization.isalnum():
+            raise ValueError('{!r} is not alphanumeric'.format(optimization))
+        almost_filename = '{}.{}{}'.format(almost_filename, _OPT, optimization)
+    return _path_join(head, _PYCACHE, almost_filename + BYTECODE_SUFFIXES[0])
+
+
+def source_from_cache(path):
+    """Given the path to a .pyc. file, return the path to its .py file.
+
+    The .pyc file does not need to exist; this simply returns the path to
+    the .py file calculated to correspond to the .pyc file.  If path does
+    not conform to PEP 3147/488 format, ValueError will be raised. If
+    sys.implementation.cache_tag is None then NotImplementedError is raised.
+
+    """
+    if sys.implementation.cache_tag is None:
+        raise NotImplementedError('sys.implementation.cache_tag is None')
+    head, pycache_filename = _path_split(path)
+    head, pycache = _path_split(head)
+    if pycache != _PYCACHE:
+        raise ValueError('{} not bottom-level directory in '
+                         '{!r}'.format(_PYCACHE, path))
+    dot_count = pycache_filename.count('.')
+    if dot_count not in {2, 3}:
+        raise ValueError('expected only 2 or 3 dots in '
+                         '{!r}'.format(pycache_filename))
+    elif dot_count == 3:
+        optimization = pycache_filename.rsplit('.', 2)[-2]
+        if not optimization.startswith(_OPT):
+            raise ValueError("optimization portion of filename does not start "
+                             "with {!r}".format(_OPT))
+        opt_level = optimization[len(_OPT):]
+        if not opt_level.isalnum():
+            raise ValueError("optimization level {!r} is not an alphanumeric "
+                             "value".format(optimization))
+    base_filename = pycache_filename.partition('.')[0]
+    return _path_join(head, base_filename + SOURCE_SUFFIXES[0])
+
+
+def _get_sourcefile(bytecode_path):
+    """Convert a bytecode file path to a source path (if possible).
+
+    This function exists purely for backwards-compatibility for
+    PyImport_ExecCodeModuleWithFilenames() in the C API.
+
+    """
+    if len(bytecode_path) == 0:
+        return None
+    rest, _, extension = bytecode_path.rpartition('.')
+    if not rest or extension.lower()[-3:-1] != 'py':
+        return bytecode_path
+    try:
+        source_path = source_from_cache(bytecode_path)
+    except (NotImplementedError, ValueError):
+        source_path = bytecode_path[:-1]
+    return source_path if _path_isfile(source_path) else bytecode_path
+
+
+def _get_cached(filename):
+    if filename.endswith(tuple(SOURCE_SUFFIXES)):
+        try:
+            return cache_from_source(filename)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            pass
+    elif filename.endswith(tuple(BYTECODE_SUFFIXES)):
+        return filename
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def _calc_mode(path):
+    """Calculate the mode permissions for a bytecode file."""
+    try:
+        mode = _path_stat(path).st_mode
+    except OSError:
+        mode = 0o666
+    # We always ensure write access so we can update cached files
+    # later even when the source files are read-only on Windows (#6074)
+    mode |= 0o200
+    return mode
+
+
+def _verbose_message(message, *args, verbosity=1):
+    """Print the message to stderr if -v/PYTHONVERBOSE is turned on."""
+    if sys.flags.verbose >= verbosity:
+        if not message.startswith(('#', 'import ')):
+            message = '# ' + message
+        print(message.format(*args), file=sys.stderr)
+
+
+def _check_name(method):
+    """Decorator to verify that the module being requested matches the one the
+    loader can handle.
+
+    The first argument (self) must define _name which the second argument is
+    compared against. If the comparison fails then ImportError is raised.
+
+    """
+    def _check_name_wrapper(self, name=None, *args, **kwargs):
+        if name is None:
+            name = self.name
+        elif self.name != name:
+            raise ImportError('loader cannot handle %s' % name, name=name)
+        return method(self, name, *args, **kwargs)
+    try:
+        _wrap = _bootstrap._wrap
+    except NameError:
+        # XXX yuck
+        def _wrap(new, old):
+            for replace in ['__module__', '__name__', '__qualname__', '__doc__']:
+                if hasattr(old, replace):
+                    setattr(new, replace, getattr(old, replace))
+            new.__dict__.update(old.__dict__)
+    _wrap(_check_name_wrapper, method)
+    return _check_name_wrapper
+
+
+def _find_module_shim(self, fullname):
+    """Try to find a loader for the specified module by delegating to
+    self.find_loader().
+
+    This method is deprecated in favor of finder.find_spec().
+
+    """
+    # Call find_loader(). If it returns a string (indicating this
+    # is a namespace package portion), generate a warning and
+    # return None.
+    loader, portions = self.find_loader(fullname)
+    if loader is None and len(portions):
+        msg = 'Not importing directory {}: missing __init__'
+        _warnings.warn(msg.format(portions[0]), ImportWarning)
+    return loader
+
+
+# Typically used by loader classes as a method replacement.
+def _load_module_shim(self, fullname):
+    """Load the specified module into sys.modules and return it.
+
+    This method is deprecated.  Use loader.exec_module instead.
+
+    """
+    spec = spec_from_loader(fullname, self)
+    if fullname in sys.modules:
+        module = sys.modules[fullname]
+        _bootstrap._exec(spec, module)
+        return sys.modules[fullname]
+    else:
+        return _bootstrap._load(spec)
+
+
+def _validate_bytecode_header(data, source_stats=None, name=None, path=None):
+    """Validate the header of the passed-in bytecode against source_stats (if
+    given) and returning the bytecode that can be compiled by compile().
+
+    All other arguments are used to enhance error reporting.
+
+    ImportError is raised when the magic number is incorrect or the bytecode is
+    found to be stale. EOFError is raised when the data is found to be
+    truncated.
+
+    """
+    exc_details = {}
+    if name is not None:
+        exc_details['name'] = name
+    else:
+        # To prevent having to make all messages have a conditional name.
+        name = '<bytecode>'
+    if path is not None:
+        exc_details['path'] = path
+    magic = data[:4]
+    raw_timestamp = data[4:8]
+    raw_size = data[8:12]
+    if magic != MAGIC_NUMBER:
+        message = 'bad magic number in {!r}: {!r}'.format(name, magic)
+        _verbose_message(message)
+        raise ImportError(message, **exc_details)
+    elif len(raw_timestamp) != 4:
+        message = 'reached EOF while reading timestamp in {!r}'.format(name)
+        _verbose_message(message)
+        raise EOFError(message)
+    elif len(raw_size) != 4:
+        message = 'reached EOF while reading size of source in {!r}'.format(name)
+        _verbose_message(message)
+        raise EOFError(message)
+    if source_stats is not None:
+        try:
+            source_mtime = int(source_stats['mtime'])
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if _r_long(raw_timestamp) != source_mtime:
+                message = 'bytecode is stale for {!r}'.format(name)
+                _verbose_message(message)
+                raise ImportError(message, **exc_details)
+        try:
+            source_size = source_stats['size'] & 0xFFFFFFFF
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if _r_long(raw_size) != source_size:
+                raise ImportError('bytecode is stale for {!r}'.format(name),
+                                  **exc_details)
+    return data[12:]
+
+
+def _compile_bytecode(data, name=None, bytecode_path=None, source_path=None):
+    """Compile bytecode as returned by _validate_bytecode_header()."""
+    code = marshal.loads(data)
+    if isinstance(code, _code_type):
+        _verbose_message('code object from {!r}', bytecode_path)
+        if source_path is not None:
+            _imp._fix_co_filename(code, source_path)
+        return code
+    else:
+        raise ImportError('Non-code object in {!r}'.format(bytecode_path),
+                          name=name, path=bytecode_path)
+
+def _code_to_bytecode(code, mtime=0, source_size=0):
+    """Compile a code object into bytecode for writing out to a byte-compiled
+    file."""
+    data = bytearray(MAGIC_NUMBER)
+    data.extend(_w_long(mtime))
+    data.extend(_w_long(source_size))
+    data.extend(marshal.dumps(code))
+    return data
+
+
+def decode_source(source_bytes):
+    """Decode bytes representing source code and return the string.
+
+    Universal newline support is used in the decoding.
+    """
+    import tokenize  # To avoid bootstrap issues.
+    source_bytes_readline = _io.BytesIO(source_bytes).readline
+    encoding = tokenize.detect_encoding(source_bytes_readline)
+    newline_decoder = _io.IncrementalNewlineDecoder(None, True)
+    return newline_decoder.decode(source_bytes.decode(encoding[0]))
+
+
+# Module specifications #######################################################
+
+def spec_from_loader(name, loader, *, origin=None, is_package=None):
+    """Return a module spec based on various loader methods."""
+    if hasattr(loader, 'get_filename'):
+        if is_package is None:
+            return spec_from_file_location(name, loader=loader)
+        search = [] if is_package else None
+        return spec_from_file_location(name, loader=loader,
+                                       submodule_search_locations=search)
+
+    if is_package is None:
+        if hasattr(loader, 'is_package'):
+            try:
+                is_package = loader.is_package(name)
+            except ImportError:
+                is_package = None  # aka, undefined
+        else:
+            # the default
+            is_package = False
+
+    return _bootstrap.ModuleSpec(name, loader, origin=origin, is_package=is_package)
+
+
+_POPULATE = object()
+
+
+def spec_from_file_location(name, location=None, *, loader=None,
+                            submodule_search_locations=_POPULATE):
+    """Return a module spec based on a file location.
+
+    To indicate that the module is a package, set
+    submodule_search_locations to a list of directory paths.  An
+    empty list is sufficient, though its not otherwise useful to the
+    import system.
+
+    The loader must take a spec as its only __init__() arg.
+
+    """
+    if location is None:
+        # The caller may simply want a partially populated location-
+        # oriented spec.  So we set the location to a bogus value and
+        # fill in as much as we can.
+        location = '<unknown>'
+        if hasattr(loader, 'get_filename'):
+            # ExecutionLoader
+            try:
+                location = loader.get_filename(name)
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+
+    # If the location is on the filesystem, but doesn't actually exist,
+    # we could return None here, indicating that the location is not
+    # valid.  However, we don't have a good way of testing since an
+    # indirect location (e.g. a zip file or URL) will look like a
+    # non-existent file relative to the filesystem.
+
+    spec = _bootstrap.ModuleSpec(name, loader, origin=location)
+    spec._set_fileattr = True
+
+    # Pick a loader if one wasn't provided.
+    if loader is None:
+        for loader_class, suffixes in _get_supported_file_loaders():
+            if location.endswith(tuple(suffixes)):
+                loader = loader_class(name, location)
+                spec.loader = loader
+                break
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    # Set submodule_search_paths appropriately.
+    if submodule_search_locations is _POPULATE:
+        # Check the loader.
+        if hasattr(loader, 'is_package'):
+            try:
+                is_package = loader.is_package(name)
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if is_package:
+                    spec.submodule_search_locations = []
+    else:
+        spec.submodule_search_locations = submodule_search_locations
+    if spec.submodule_search_locations == []:
+        if location:
+            dirname = _path_split(location)[0]
+            spec.submodule_search_locations.append(dirname)
+
+    return spec
+
+
+# Loaders #####################################################################
+
+class WindowsRegistryFinder:
+
+    """Meta path finder for modules declared in the Windows registry."""
+
+    REGISTRY_KEY = (
+        'Software\\Python\\PythonCore\\{sys_version}'
+        '\\Modules\\{fullname}')
+    REGISTRY_KEY_DEBUG = (
+        'Software\\Python\\PythonCore\\{sys_version}'
+        '\\Modules\\{fullname}\\Debug')
+    DEBUG_BUILD = False  # Changed in _setup()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _open_registry(cls, key):
+        try:
+            return _winreg.OpenKey(_winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER, key)
+        except OSError:
+            return _winreg.OpenKey(_winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, key)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _search_registry(cls, fullname):
+        if cls.DEBUG_BUILD:
+            registry_key = cls.REGISTRY_KEY_DEBUG
+        else:
+            registry_key = cls.REGISTRY_KEY
+        key = registry_key.format(fullname=fullname,
+                                  sys_version=sys.version[:3])
+        try:
+            with cls._open_registry(key) as hkey:
+                filepath = _winreg.QueryValue(hkey, '')
+        except OSError:
+            return None
+        return filepath
+
+    @classmethod
+    def find_spec(cls, fullname, path=None, target=None):
+        filepath = cls._search_registry(fullname)
+        if filepath is None:
+            return None
+        try:
+            _path_stat(filepath)
+        except OSError:
+            return None
+        for loader, suffixes in _get_supported_file_loaders():
+            if filepath.endswith(tuple(suffixes)):
+                spec = spec_from_loader(fullname, loader(fullname, filepath),
+                                        origin=filepath)
+                return spec
+
+    @classmethod
+    def find_module(cls, fullname, path=None):
+        """Find module named in the registry.
+
+        This method is deprecated.  Use exec_module() instead.
+
+        """
+        spec = cls.find_spec(fullname, path)
+        if spec is not None:
+            return spec.loader
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class _LoaderBasics:
+
+    """Base class of common code needed by both SourceLoader and
+    SourcelessFileLoader."""
+
+    def is_package(self, fullname):
+        """Concrete implementation of InspectLoader.is_package by checking if
+        the path returned by get_filename has a filename of '__init__.py'."""
+        filename = _path_split(self.get_filename(fullname))[1]
+        filename_base = filename.rsplit('.', 1)[0]
+        tail_name = fullname.rpartition('.')[2]
+        return filename_base == '__init__' and tail_name != '__init__'
+
+    def create_module(self, spec):
+        """Use default semantics for module creation."""
+
+    def exec_module(self, module):
+        """Execute the module."""
+        code = self.get_code(module.__name__)
+        if code is None:
+            raise ImportError('cannot load module {!r} when get_code() '
+                              'returns None'.format(module.__name__))
+        _bootstrap._call_with_frames_removed(exec, code, module.__dict__)
+
+    load_module = _load_module_shim
+
+
+class SourceLoader(_LoaderBasics):
+
+    def path_mtime(self, path):
+        """Optional method that returns the modification time (an int) for the
+        specified path, where path is a str.
+
+        Raises IOError when the path cannot be handled.
+        """
+        raise IOError
+
+    def path_stats(self, path):
+        """Optional method returning a metadata dict for the specified path
+        to by the path (str).
+        Possible keys:
+        - 'mtime' (mandatory) is the numeric timestamp of last source
+          code modification;
+        - 'size' (optional) is the size in bytes of the source code.
+
+        Implementing this method allows the loader to read bytecode files.
+        Raises IOError when the path cannot be handled.
+        """
+        return {'mtime': self.path_mtime(path)}
+
+    def _cache_bytecode(self, source_path, cache_path, data):
+        """Optional method which writes data (bytes) to a file path (a str).
+
+        Implementing this method allows for the writing of bytecode files.
+
+        The source path is needed in order to correctly transfer permissions
+        """
+        # For backwards compatibility, we delegate to set_data()
+        return self.set_data(cache_path, data)
+
+    def set_data(self, path, data):
+        """Optional method which writes data (bytes) to a file path (a str).
+
+        Implementing this method allows for the writing of bytecode files.
+        """
+
+
+    def get_source(self, fullname):
+        """Concrete implementation of InspectLoader.get_source."""
+        path = self.get_filename(fullname)
+        try:
+            source_bytes = self.get_data(path)
+        except OSError as exc:
+            raise ImportError('source not available through get_data()',
+                              name=fullname) from exc
+        return decode_source(source_bytes)
+
+    def source_to_code(self, data, path, *, _optimize=-1):
+        """Return the code object compiled from source.
+
+        The 'data' argument can be any object type that compile() supports.
+        """
+        return _bootstrap._call_with_frames_removed(compile, data, path, 'exec',
+                                        dont_inherit=True, optimize=_optimize)
+
+    def get_code(self, fullname):
+        """Concrete implementation of InspectLoader.get_code.
+
+        Reading of bytecode requires path_stats to be implemented. To write
+        bytecode, set_data must also be implemented.
+
+        """
+        source_path = self.get_filename(fullname)
+        source_mtime = None
+        try:
+            bytecode_path = cache_from_source(source_path)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            bytecode_path = None
+        else:
+            try:
+                st = self.path_stats(source_path)
+            except IOError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                source_mtime = int(st['mtime'])
+                try:
+                    data = self.get_data(bytecode_path)
+                except OSError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        bytes_data = _validate_bytecode_header(data,
+                                source_stats=st, name=fullname,
+                                path=bytecode_path)
+                    except (ImportError, EOFError):
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        _verbose_message('{} matches {}', bytecode_path,
+                                        source_path)
+                        return _compile_bytecode(bytes_data, name=fullname,
+                                                 bytecode_path=bytecode_path,
+                                                 source_path=source_path)
+        source_bytes = self.get_data(source_path)
+        code_object = self.source_to_code(source_bytes, source_path)
+        _verbose_message('code object from {}', source_path)
+        if (not sys.dont_write_bytecode and bytecode_path is not None and
+                source_mtime is not None):
+            data = _code_to_bytecode(code_object, source_mtime,
+                    len(source_bytes))
+            try:
+                self._cache_bytecode(source_path, bytecode_path, data)
+                _verbose_message('wrote {!r}', bytecode_path)
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                pass
+        return code_object
+
+
+class FileLoader:
+
+    """Base file loader class which implements the loader protocol methods that
+    require file system usage."""
+
+    def __init__(self, fullname, path):
+        """Cache the module name and the path to the file found by the
+        finder."""
+        self.name = fullname
+        self.path = path
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (self.__class__ == other.__class__ and
+                self.__dict__ == other.__dict__)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.name) ^ hash(self.path)
+
+    @_check_name
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        """Load a module from a file.
+
+        This method is deprecated.  Use exec_module() instead.
+
+        """
+        # The only reason for this method is for the name check.
+        # Issue #14857: Avoid the zero-argument form of super so the implementation
+        # of that form can be updated without breaking the frozen module
+        return super(FileLoader, self).load_module(fullname)
+
+    @_check_name
+    def get_filename(self, fullname):
+        """Return the path to the source file as found by the finder."""
+        return self.path
+
+    def get_data(self, path):
+        """Return the data from path as raw bytes."""
+        with _io.FileIO(path, 'r') as file:
+            return file.read()
+
+
+class SourceFileLoader(FileLoader, SourceLoader):
+
+    """Concrete implementation of SourceLoader using the file system."""
+
+    def path_stats(self, path):
+        """Return the metadata for the path."""
+        st = _path_stat(path)
+        return {'mtime': st.st_mtime, 'size': st.st_size}
+
+    def _cache_bytecode(self, source_path, bytecode_path, data):
+        # Adapt between the two APIs
+        mode = _calc_mode(source_path)
+        return self.set_data(bytecode_path, data, _mode=mode)
+
+    def set_data(self, path, data, *, _mode=0o666):
+        """Write bytes data to a file."""
+        parent, filename = _path_split(path)
+        path_parts = []
+        # Figure out what directories are missing.
+        while parent and not _path_isdir(parent):
+            parent, part = _path_split(parent)
+            path_parts.append(part)
+        # Create needed directories.
+        for part in reversed(path_parts):
+            parent = _path_join(parent, part)
+            try:
+                _os.mkdir(parent)
+            except FileExistsError:
+                # Probably another Python process already created the dir.
+                continue
+            except OSError as exc:
+                # Could be a permission error, read-only filesystem: just forget
+                # about writing the data.
+                _verbose_message('could not create {!r}: {!r}', parent, exc)
+                return
+        try:
+            _write_atomic(path, data, _mode)
+            _verbose_message('created {!r}', path)
+        except OSError as exc:
+            # Same as above: just don't write the bytecode.
+            _verbose_message('could not create {!r}: {!r}', path, exc)
+
+
+class SourcelessFileLoader(FileLoader, _LoaderBasics):
+
+    """Loader which handles sourceless file imports."""
+
+    def get_code(self, fullname):
+        path = self.get_filename(fullname)
+        data = self.get_data(path)
+        bytes_data = _validate_bytecode_header(data, name=fullname, path=path)
+        return _compile_bytecode(bytes_data, name=fullname, bytecode_path=path)
+
+    def get_source(self, fullname):
+        """Return None as there is no source code."""
+        return None
+
+
+# Filled in by _setup().
+EXTENSION_SUFFIXES = []
+
+
+class ExtensionFileLoader:
+
+    """Loader for extension modules.
+
+    The constructor is designed to work with FileFinder.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name, path):
+        self.name = name
+        self.path = path
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (self.__class__ == other.__class__ and
+                self.__dict__ == other.__dict__)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.name) ^ hash(self.path)
+
+    @_check_name
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        """Load an extension module."""
+        # Once an exec_module() implementation is added we can also
+        # add a deprecation warning here.
+        with _bootstrap._ManageReload(fullname):
+            module = _bootstrap._call_with_frames_removed(_imp.load_dynamic,
+                                                          fullname, self.path)
+        _verbose_message('extension module loaded from {!r}', self.path)
+        is_package = self.is_package(fullname)
+        if is_package and not hasattr(module, '__path__'):
+            module.__path__ = [_path_split(self.path)[0]]
+        module.__loader__ = self
+        module.__package__ = module.__name__
+        if not is_package:
+            module.__package__ = module.__package__.rpartition('.')[0]
+        return module
+
+    def is_package(self, fullname):
+        """Return True if the extension module is a package."""
+        file_name = _path_split(self.path)[1]
+        return any(file_name == '__init__' + suffix
+                   for suffix in EXTENSION_SUFFIXES)
+
+    def get_code(self, fullname):
+        """Return None as an extension module cannot create a code object."""
+        return None
+
+    def get_source(self, fullname):
+        """Return None as extension modules have no source code."""
+        return None
+
+    @_check_name
+    def get_filename(self, fullname):
+        """Return the path to the source file as found by the finder."""
+        return self.path
+
+
+class _NamespacePath:
+    """Represents a namespace package's path.  It uses the module name
+    to find its parent module, and from there it looks up the parent's
+    __path__.  When this changes, the module's own path is recomputed,
+    using path_finder.  For top-level modules, the parent module's path
+    is sys.path."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, path, path_finder):
+        self._name = name
+        self._path = path
+        self._last_parent_path = tuple(self._get_parent_path())
+        self._path_finder = path_finder
+
+    def _find_parent_path_names(self):
+        """Returns a tuple of (parent-module-name, parent-path-attr-name)"""
+        parent, dot, me = self._name.rpartition('.')
+        if dot == '':
+            # This is a top-level module. sys.path contains the parent path.
+            return 'sys', 'path'
+        # Not a top-level module. parent-module.__path__ contains the
+        #  parent path.
+        return parent, '__path__'
+
+    def _get_parent_path(self):
+        parent_module_name, path_attr_name = self._find_parent_path_names()
+        return getattr(sys.modules[parent_module_name], path_attr_name)
+
+    def _recalculate(self):
+        # If the parent's path has changed, recalculate _path
+        parent_path = tuple(self._get_parent_path()) # Make a copy
+        if parent_path != self._last_parent_path:
+            spec = self._path_finder(self._name, parent_path)
+            # Note that no changes are made if a loader is returned, but we
+            #  do remember the new parent path
+            if spec is not None and spec.loader is None:
+                if spec.submodule_search_locations:
+                    self._path = spec.submodule_search_locations
+            self._last_parent_path = parent_path     # Save the copy
+        return self._path
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._recalculate())
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._recalculate())
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '_NamespacePath({!r})'.format(self._path)
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return item in self._recalculate()
+
+    def append(self, item):
+        self._path.append(item)
+
+
+# We use this exclusively in module_from_spec() for backward-compatibility.
+class _NamespaceLoader:
+    def __init__(self, name, path, path_finder):
+        self._path = _NamespacePath(name, path, path_finder)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def module_repr(cls, module):
+        """Return repr for the module.
+
+        The method is deprecated.  The import machinery does the job itself.
+
+        """
+        return '<module {!r} (namespace)>'.format(module.__name__)
+
+    def is_package(self, fullname):
+        return True
+
+    def get_source(self, fullname):
+        return ''
+
+    def get_code(self, fullname):
+        return compile('', '<string>', 'exec', dont_inherit=True)
+
+    def create_module(self, spec):
+        """Use default semantics for module creation."""
+
+    def exec_module(self, module):
+        pass
+
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        """Load a namespace module.
+
+        This method is deprecated.  Use exec_module() instead.
+
+        """
+        # The import system never calls this method.
+        _verbose_message('namespace module loaded with path {!r}', self._path)
+        return _load_module_shim(self, fullname)
+
+
+# Finders #####################################################################
+
+class PathFinder:
+
+    """Meta path finder for sys.path and package __path__ attributes."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def invalidate_caches(cls):
+        """Call the invalidate_caches() method on all path entry finders
+        stored in sys.path_importer_caches (where implemented)."""
+        for finder in sys.path_importer_cache.values():
+            if hasattr(finder, 'invalidate_caches'):
+                finder.invalidate_caches()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _path_hooks(cls, path):
+        """Search sequence of hooks for a finder for 'path'.
+
+        If 'hooks' is false then use sys.path_hooks.
+
+        """
+        if sys.path_hooks is not None and not sys.path_hooks:
+            _warnings.warn('sys.path_hooks is empty', ImportWarning)
+        for hook in sys.path_hooks:
+            try:
+                return hook(path)
+            except ImportError:
+                continue
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _path_importer_cache(cls, path):
+        """Get the finder for the path entry from sys.path_importer_cache.
+
+        If the path entry is not in the cache, find the appropriate finder
+        and cache it. If no finder is available, store None.
+
+        """
+        if path == '':
+            try:
+                path = _os.getcwd()
+            except FileNotFoundError:
+                # Don't cache the failure as the cwd can easily change to
+                # a valid directory later on.
+                return None
+        try:
+            finder = sys.path_importer_cache[path]
+        except KeyError:
+            finder = cls._path_hooks(path)
+            sys.path_importer_cache[path] = finder
+        return finder
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _legacy_get_spec(cls, fullname, finder):
+        # This would be a good place for a DeprecationWarning if
+        # we ended up going that route.
+        if hasattr(finder, 'find_loader'):
+            loader, portions = finder.find_loader(fullname)
+        else:
+            loader = finder.find_module(fullname)
+            portions = []
+        if loader is not None:
+            return spec_from_loader(fullname, loader)
+        spec = _bootstrap.ModuleSpec(fullname, None)
+        spec.submodule_search_locations = portions
+        return spec
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_spec(cls, fullname, path, target=None):
+        """Find the loader or namespace_path for this module/package name."""
+        # If this ends up being a namespace package, namespace_path is
+        #  the list of paths that will become its __path__
+        namespace_path = []
+        for entry in path:
+            if not isinstance(entry, (str, bytes)):
+                continue
+            finder = cls._path_importer_cache(entry)
+            if finder is not None:
+                if hasattr(finder, 'find_spec'):
+                    spec = finder.find_spec(fullname, target)
+                else:
+                    spec = cls._legacy_get_spec(fullname, finder)
+                if spec is None:
+                    continue
+                if spec.loader is not None:
+                    return spec
+                portions = spec.submodule_search_locations
+                if portions is None:
+                    raise ImportError('spec missing loader')
+                # This is possibly part of a namespace package.
+                #  Remember these path entries (if any) for when we
+                #  create a namespace package, and continue iterating
+                #  on path.
+                namespace_path.extend(portions)
+        else:
+            spec = _bootstrap.ModuleSpec(fullname, None)
+            spec.submodule_search_locations = namespace_path
+            return spec
+
+    @classmethod
+    def find_spec(cls, fullname, path=None, target=None):
+        """find the module on sys.path or 'path' based on sys.path_hooks and
+        sys.path_importer_cache."""
+        if path is None:
+            path = sys.path
+        spec = cls._get_spec(fullname, path, target)
+        if spec is None:
+            return None
+        elif spec.loader is None:
+            namespace_path = spec.submodule_search_locations
+            if namespace_path:
+                # We found at least one namespace path.  Return a
+                #  spec which can create the namespace package.
+                spec.origin = 'namespace'
+                spec.submodule_search_locations = _NamespacePath(fullname, namespace_path, cls._get_spec)
+                return spec
+            else:
+                return None
+        else:
+            return spec
+
+    @classmethod
+    def find_module(cls, fullname, path=None):
+        """find the module on sys.path or 'path' based on sys.path_hooks and
+        sys.path_importer_cache.
+
+        This method is deprecated.  Use find_spec() instead.
+
+        """
+        spec = cls.find_spec(fullname, path)
+        if spec is None:
+            return None
+        return spec.loader
+
+
+class FileFinder:
+
+    """File-based finder.
+
+    Interactions with the file system are cached for performance, being
+    refreshed when the directory the finder is handling has been modified.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path, *loader_details):
+        """Initialize with the path to search on and a variable number of
+        2-tuples containing the loader and the file suffixes the loader
+        recognizes."""
+        loaders = []
+        for loader, suffixes in loader_details:
+            loaders.extend((suffix, loader) for suffix in suffixes)
+        self._loaders = loaders
+        # Base (directory) path
+        self.path = path or '.'
+        self._path_mtime = -1
+        self._path_cache = set()
+        self._relaxed_path_cache = set()
+
+    def invalidate_caches(self):
+        """Invalidate the directory mtime."""
+        self._path_mtime = -1
+
+    find_module = _find_module_shim
+
+    def find_loader(self, fullname):
+        """Try to find a loader for the specified module, or the namespace
+        package portions. Returns (loader, list-of-portions).
+
+        This method is deprecated.  Use find_spec() instead.
+
+        """
+        spec = self.find_spec(fullname)
+        if spec is None:
+            return None, []
+        return spec.loader, spec.submodule_search_locations or []
+
+    def _get_spec(self, loader_class, fullname, path, smsl, target):
+        loader = loader_class(fullname, path)
+        return spec_from_file_location(fullname, path, loader=loader,
+                                       submodule_search_locations=smsl)
+
+    def find_spec(self, fullname, target=None):
+        """Try to find a loader for the specified module, or the namespace
+        package portions. Returns (loader, list-of-portions)."""
+        is_namespace = False
+        tail_module = fullname.rpartition('.')[2]
+        try:
+            mtime = _path_stat(self.path or _os.getcwd()).st_mtime
+        except OSError:
+            mtime = -1
+        if mtime != self._path_mtime:
+            self._fill_cache()
+            self._path_mtime = mtime
+        # tail_module keeps the original casing, for __file__ and friends
+        if _relax_case():
+            cache = self._relaxed_path_cache
+            cache_module = tail_module.lower()
+        else:
+            cache = self._path_cache
+            cache_module = tail_module
+        # Check if the module is the name of a directory (and thus a package).
+        if cache_module in cache:
+            base_path = _path_join(self.path, tail_module)
+            for suffix, loader_class in self._loaders:
+                init_filename = '__init__' + suffix
+                full_path = _path_join(base_path, init_filename)
+                if _path_isfile(full_path):
+                    return self._get_spec(loader_class, fullname, full_path, [base_path], target)
+            else:
+                # If a namespace package, return the path if we don't
+                #  find a module in the next section.
+                is_namespace = _path_isdir(base_path)
+        # Check for a file w/ a proper suffix exists.
+        for suffix, loader_class in self._loaders:
+            full_path = _path_join(self.path, tail_module + suffix)
+            _verbose_message('trying {}'.format(full_path), verbosity=2)
+            if cache_module + suffix in cache:
+                if _path_isfile(full_path):
+                    return self._get_spec(loader_class, fullname, full_path, None, target)
+        if is_namespace:
+            _verbose_message('possible namespace for {}'.format(base_path))
+            spec = _bootstrap.ModuleSpec(fullname, None)
+            spec.submodule_search_locations = [base_path]
+            return spec
+        return None
+
+    def _fill_cache(self):
+        """Fill the cache of potential modules and packages for this directory."""
+        path = self.path
+        try:
+            contents = _os.listdir(path or _os.getcwd())
+        except (FileNotFoundError, PermissionError, NotADirectoryError):
+            # Directory has either been removed, turned into a file, or made
+            # unreadable.
+            contents = []
+        # We store two cached versions, to handle runtime changes of the
+        # PYTHONCASEOK environment variable.
+        if not sys.platform.startswith('win'):
+            self._path_cache = set(contents)
+        else:
+            # Windows users can import modules with case-insensitive file
+            # suffixes (for legacy reasons). Make the suffix lowercase here
+            # so it's done once instead of for every import. This is safe as
+            # the specified suffixes to check against are always specified in a
+            # case-sensitive manner.
+            lower_suffix_contents = set()
+            for item in contents:
+                name, dot, suffix = item.partition('.')
+                if dot:
+                    new_name = '{}.{}'.format(name, suffix.lower())
+                else:
+                    new_name = name
+                lower_suffix_contents.add(new_name)
+            self._path_cache = lower_suffix_contents
+        if sys.platform.startswith(_CASE_INSENSITIVE_PLATFORMS):
+            self._relaxed_path_cache = {fn.lower() for fn in contents}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def path_hook(cls, *loader_details):
+        """A class method which returns a closure to use on sys.path_hook
+        which will return an instance using the specified loaders and the path
+        called on the closure.
+
+        If the path called on the closure is not a directory, ImportError is
+        raised.
+
+        """
+        def path_hook_for_FileFinder(path):
+            """Path hook for importlib.machinery.FileFinder."""
+            if not _path_isdir(path):
+                raise ImportError('only directories are supported', path=path)
+            return cls(path, *loader_details)
+
+        return path_hook_for_FileFinder
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'FileFinder({!r})'.format(self.path)
+
+
+# Import setup ###############################################################
+
+def _fix_up_module(ns, name, pathname, cpathname=None):
+    # This function is used by PyImport_ExecCodeModuleObject().
+    loader = ns.get('__loader__')
+    spec = ns.get('__spec__')
+    if not loader:
+        if spec:
+            loader = spec.loader
+        elif pathname == cpathname:
+            loader = SourcelessFileLoader(name, pathname)
+        else:
+            loader = SourceFileLoader(name, pathname)
+    if not spec:
+        spec = spec_from_file_location(name, pathname, loader=loader)
+    try:
+        ns['__spec__'] = spec
+        ns['__loader__'] = loader
+        ns['__file__'] = pathname
+        ns['__cached__'] = cpathname
+    except Exception:
+        # Not important enough to report.
+        pass
+
+
+def _get_supported_file_loaders():
+    """Returns a list of file-based module loaders.
+
+    Each item is a tuple (loader, suffixes).
+    """
+    extensions = ExtensionFileLoader, _imp.extension_suffixes()
+    source = SourceFileLoader, SOURCE_SUFFIXES
+    bytecode = SourcelessFileLoader, BYTECODE_SUFFIXES
+    return [extensions, source, bytecode]
+
+
+def _setup(_bootstrap_module):
+    """Setup the path-based importers for importlib by importing needed
+    built-in modules and injecting them into the global namespace.
+
+    Other components are extracted from the core bootstrap module.
+
+    """
+    global sys, _imp, _bootstrap
+    _bootstrap = _bootstrap_module
+    sys = _bootstrap.sys
+    _imp = _bootstrap._imp
+
+    # Directly load built-in modules needed during bootstrap.
+    self_module = sys.modules[__name__]
+    for builtin_name in ('_io', '_warnings', 'builtins', 'marshal'):
+        if builtin_name not in sys.modules:
+            builtin_module = _bootstrap._builtin_from_name(builtin_name)
+        else:
+            builtin_module = sys.modules[builtin_name]
+        setattr(self_module, builtin_name, builtin_module)
+
+    # Directly load the os module (needed during bootstrap).
+    os_details = ('posix', ['/']), ('nt', ['\\', '/'])
+    for builtin_os, path_separators in os_details:
+        # Assumption made in _path_join()
+        assert all(len(sep) == 1 for sep in path_separators)
+        path_sep = path_separators[0]
+        if builtin_os in sys.modules:
+            os_module = sys.modules[builtin_os]
+            break
+        else:
+            try:
+                os_module = _bootstrap._builtin_from_name(builtin_os)
+                break
+            except ImportError:
+                continue
+    else:
+        raise ImportError('importlib requires posix or nt')
+    setattr(self_module, '_os', os_module)
+    setattr(self_module, 'path_sep', path_sep)
+    setattr(self_module, 'path_separators', ''.join(path_separators))
+
+    # Directly load the _thread module (needed during bootstrap).
+    try:
+        thread_module = _bootstrap._builtin_from_name('_thread')
+    except ImportError:
+        # Python was built without threads
+        thread_module = None
+    setattr(self_module, '_thread', thread_module)
+
+    # Directly load the _weakref module (needed during bootstrap).
+    weakref_module = _bootstrap._builtin_from_name('_weakref')
+    setattr(self_module, '_weakref', weakref_module)
+
+    # Directly load the winreg module (needed during bootstrap).
+    if builtin_os == 'nt':
+        winreg_module = _bootstrap._builtin_from_name('winreg')
+        setattr(self_module, '_winreg', winreg_module)
+
+    # Constants
+    setattr(self_module, '_relax_case', _make_relax_case())
+    EXTENSION_SUFFIXES.extend(_imp.extension_suffixes())
+    if builtin_os == 'nt':
+        SOURCE_SUFFIXES.append('.pyw')
+        if '_d.pyd' in EXTENSION_SUFFIXES:
+            WindowsRegistryFinder.DEBUG_BUILD = True
+
+
+def _install(_bootstrap_module):
+    """Install the path-based import components."""
+    _setup(_bootstrap_module)
+    supported_loaders = _get_supported_file_loaders()
+    sys.path_hooks.extend([FileFinder.path_hook(*supported_loaders)])
+    if _os.__name__ == 'nt':
+        sys.meta_path.append(WindowsRegistryFinder)
+    sys.meta_path.append(PathFinder)
+
+    # XXX We expose a couple of classes in _bootstrap for the sake of
+    # a setuptools bug (https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issue/378).
+    _bootstrap_module.FileFinder = FileFinder
+    _bootstrap_module.SourceFileLoader = SourceFileLoader
diff --git a/Lib/importlib/abc.py b/Lib/importlib/abc.py
index 287848847b..d1f03648e7 100644
--- a/Lib/importlib/abc.py
+++ b/Lib/importlib/abc.py
@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 """Abstract base classes related to import."""
-from . import _bootstrap
+from . import _bootstrap_external
 from . import machinery
 try:
     import _frozen_importlib
+#    import _frozen_importlib_external
 except ImportError as exc:
     if exc.name != '_frozen_importlib':
         raise
     _frozen_importlib = None
+try:
+    import _frozen_importlib_external
+except ImportError as exc:
+    _frozen_importlib_external = _bootstrap_external
 import abc
 
 
@@ -14,7 +19,10 @@ def _register(abstract_cls, *classes):
     for cls in classes:
         abstract_cls.register(cls)
         if _frozen_importlib is not None:
-            frozen_cls = getattr(_frozen_importlib, cls.__name__)
+            try:
+                frozen_cls = getattr(_frozen_importlib, cls.__name__)
+            except AttributeError:
+                frozen_cls = getattr(_frozen_importlib_external, cls.__name__)
             abstract_cls.register(frozen_cls)
 
 
@@ -102,7 +110,7 @@ class PathEntryFinder(Finder):
         else:
             return None, []
 
-    find_module = _bootstrap._find_module_shim
+    find_module = _bootstrap_external._find_module_shim
 
     def invalidate_caches(self):
         """An optional method for clearing the finder's cache, if any.
@@ -144,7 +152,7 @@ class Loader(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         """
         if not hasattr(self, 'exec_module'):
             raise ImportError
-        return _bootstrap._load_module_shim(self, fullname)
+        return _bootstrap_external._load_module_shim(self, fullname)
 
     def module_repr(self, module):
         """Return a module's repr.
@@ -222,8 +230,8 @@ class InspectLoader(Loader):
         argument should be where the data was retrieved (when applicable)."""
         return compile(data, path, 'exec', dont_inherit=True)
 
-    exec_module = _bootstrap._LoaderBasics.exec_module
-    load_module = _bootstrap._LoaderBasics.load_module
+    exec_module = _bootstrap_external._LoaderBasics.exec_module
+    load_module = _bootstrap_external._LoaderBasics.load_module
 
 _register(InspectLoader, machinery.BuiltinImporter, machinery.FrozenImporter)
 
@@ -265,7 +273,7 @@ class ExecutionLoader(InspectLoader):
 _register(ExecutionLoader, machinery.ExtensionFileLoader)
 
 
-class FileLoader(_bootstrap.FileLoader, ResourceLoader, ExecutionLoader):
+class FileLoader(_bootstrap_external.FileLoader, ResourceLoader, ExecutionLoader):
 
     """Abstract base class partially implementing the ResourceLoader and
     ExecutionLoader ABCs."""
@@ -274,7 +282,7 @@ _register(FileLoader, machinery.SourceFileLoader,
             machinery.SourcelessFileLoader)
 
 
-class SourceLoader(_bootstrap.SourceLoader, ResourceLoader, ExecutionLoader):
+class SourceLoader(_bootstrap_external.SourceLoader, ResourceLoader, ExecutionLoader):
 
     """Abstract base class for loading source code (and optionally any
     corresponding bytecode).
diff --git a/Lib/importlib/machinery.py b/Lib/importlib/machinery.py
index 2e1b2d73e7..1b2b5c9b4f 100644
--- a/Lib/importlib/machinery.py
+++ b/Lib/importlib/machinery.py
@@ -2,18 +2,18 @@
 
 import _imp
 
-from ._bootstrap import (SOURCE_SUFFIXES, DEBUG_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES,
-                         OPTIMIZED_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES, BYTECODE_SUFFIXES,
-                         EXTENSION_SUFFIXES)
 from ._bootstrap import ModuleSpec
 from ._bootstrap import BuiltinImporter
 from ._bootstrap import FrozenImporter
-from ._bootstrap import WindowsRegistryFinder
-from ._bootstrap import PathFinder
-from ._bootstrap import FileFinder
-from ._bootstrap import SourceFileLoader
-from ._bootstrap import SourcelessFileLoader
-from ._bootstrap import ExtensionFileLoader
+from ._bootstrap_external import (SOURCE_SUFFIXES, DEBUG_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES,
+                     OPTIMIZED_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES, BYTECODE_SUFFIXES,
+                     EXTENSION_SUFFIXES)
+from ._bootstrap_external import WindowsRegistryFinder
+from ._bootstrap_external import PathFinder
+from ._bootstrap_external import FileFinder
+from ._bootstrap_external import SourceFileLoader
+from ._bootstrap_external import SourcelessFileLoader
+from ._bootstrap_external import ExtensionFileLoader
 
 
 def all_suffixes():
diff --git a/Lib/importlib/util.py b/Lib/importlib/util.py
index c42ef14c5d..1dbff2605e 100644
--- a/Lib/importlib/util.py
+++ b/Lib/importlib/util.py
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 """Utility code for constructing importers, etc."""
 from . import abc
-from ._bootstrap import MAGIC_NUMBER
-from ._bootstrap import cache_from_source
-from ._bootstrap import decode_source
 from ._bootstrap import module_from_spec
-from ._bootstrap import source_from_cache
-from ._bootstrap import spec_from_loader
-from ._bootstrap import spec_from_file_location
 from ._bootstrap import _resolve_name
+from ._bootstrap import spec_from_loader
 from ._bootstrap import _find_spec
+from ._bootstrap_external import MAGIC_NUMBER
+from ._bootstrap_external import cache_from_source
+from ._bootstrap_external import decode_source
+from ._bootstrap_external import source_from_cache
+from ._bootstrap_external import spec_from_file_location
 
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 import functools
diff --git a/Lib/modulefinder.py b/Lib/modulefinder.py
index 5d2c06d319..50f2462da0 100644
--- a/Lib/modulefinder.py
+++ b/Lib/modulefinder.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 """Find modules used by a script, using introspection."""
 
 import dis
-import importlib._bootstrap
+import importlib._bootstrap_external
 import importlib.machinery
 import marshal
 import os
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ class ModuleFinder:
             co = compile(fp.read()+'\n', pathname, 'exec')
         elif type == imp.PY_COMPILED:
             try:
-                marshal_data = importlib._bootstrap._validate_bytecode_header(fp.read())
+                marshal_data = importlib._bootstrap_external._validate_bytecode_header(fp.read())
             except ImportError as exc:
                 self.msgout(2, "raise ImportError: " + str(exc), pathname)
                 raise
diff --git a/Lib/py_compile.py b/Lib/py_compile.py
index 10c1ef56c9..11c5b505cc 100644
--- a/Lib/py_compile.py
+++ b/Lib/py_compile.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 This module has intimate knowledge of the format of .pyc files.
 """
 
-import importlib._bootstrap
+import importlib._bootstrap_external
 import importlib.machinery
 import importlib.util
 import os
@@ -137,10 +137,10 @@ def compile(file, cfile=None, dfile=None, doraise=False, optimize=-1):
     except FileExistsError:
         pass
     source_stats = loader.path_stats(file)
-    bytecode = importlib._bootstrap._code_to_bytecode(
+    bytecode = importlib._bootstrap_external._code_to_bytecode(
             code, source_stats['mtime'], source_stats['size'])
-    mode = importlib._bootstrap._calc_mode(file)
-    importlib._bootstrap._write_atomic(cfile, bytecode, mode)
+    mode = importlib._bootstrap_external._calc_mode(file)
+    importlib._bootstrap_external._write_atomic(cfile, bytecode, mode)
     return cfile
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/pydoc.py b/Lib/pydoc.py
index 306dcafae0..ee558bfea3 100755
--- a/Lib/pydoc.py
+++ b/Lib/pydoc.py
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ Richard Chamberlain, for the first implementation of textdoc.
 
 import builtins
 import importlib._bootstrap
+import importlib._bootstrap_external
 import importlib.machinery
 import importlib.util
 import inspect
@@ -292,9 +293,9 @@ def importfile(path):
     filename = os.path.basename(path)
     name, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
     if is_bytecode:
-        loader = importlib._bootstrap.SourcelessFileLoader(name, path)
+        loader = importlib._bootstrap_external.SourcelessFileLoader(name, path)
     else:
-        loader = importlib._bootstrap.SourceFileLoader(name, path)
+        loader = importlib._bootstrap_external.SourceFileLoader(name, path)
     # XXX We probably don't need to pass in the loader here.
     spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(name, path, loader=loader)
     try:
diff --git a/Lib/runpy.py b/Lib/runpy.py
index d9c643d657..1c5729da35 100644
--- a/Lib/runpy.py
+++ b/Lib/runpy.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class _ModifiedArgv0(object):
         self.value = self._sentinel
         sys.argv[0] = self._saved_value
 
-# TODO: Replace these helpers with importlib._bootstrap functions
+# TODO: Replace these helpers with importlib._bootstrap_external functions.
 def _run_code(code, run_globals, init_globals=None,
               mod_name=None, mod_spec=None,
               pkg_name=None, script_name=None):
diff --git a/Lib/site.py b/Lib/site.py
index 4959cfcf9c..b7d0331fa7 100644
--- a/Lib/site.py
+++ b/Lib/site.py
@@ -98,8 +98,8 @@ def makepath(*paths):
 def abs_paths():
     """Set all module __file__ and __cached__ attributes to an absolute path"""
     for m in set(sys.modules.values()):
-        if (getattr(getattr(m, '__loader__', None), '__module__', None) !=
-                '_frozen_importlib'):
+        if (getattr(getattr(m, '__loader__', None), '__module__', None) not in
+                ('_frozen_importlib', '_frozen_importlib_external')):
             continue   # don't mess with a PEP 302-supplied __file__
         try:
             m.__file__ = os.path.abspath(m.__file__)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_import/__init__.py b/Lib/test/test_import/__init__.py
index ac228ff96f..9b4cac94e3 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_import/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_import/__init__.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # We import importlib *ASAP* in order to test #15386
 import importlib
 import importlib.util
-from importlib._bootstrap import _get_sourcefile
+from importlib._bootstrap_external import _get_sourcefile
 import builtins
 import marshal
 import os
@@ -845,19 +845,27 @@ class ImportlibBootstrapTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(mod.__package__, 'importlib')
         self.assertTrue(mod.__file__.endswith('_bootstrap.py'), mod.__file__)
 
+    def test_frozen_importlib_external_is_bootstrap_external(self):
+        from importlib import _bootstrap_external
+        mod = sys.modules['_frozen_importlib_external']
+        self.assertIs(mod, _bootstrap_external)
+        self.assertEqual(mod.__name__, 'importlib._bootstrap_external')
+        self.assertEqual(mod.__package__, 'importlib')
+        self.assertTrue(mod.__file__.endswith('_bootstrap_external.py'), mod.__file__)
+
     def test_there_can_be_only_one(self):
         # Issue #15386 revealed a tricky loophole in the bootstrapping
         # This test is technically redundant, since the bug caused importing
         # this test module to crash completely, but it helps prove the point
         from importlib import machinery
         mod = sys.modules['_frozen_importlib']
-        self.assertIs(machinery.FileFinder, mod.FileFinder)
+        self.assertIs(machinery.ModuleSpec, mod.ModuleSpec)
 
 
 @cpython_only
 class GetSourcefileTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
-    """Test importlib._bootstrap._get_sourcefile() as used by the C API.
+    """Test importlib._bootstrap_external._get_sourcefile() as used by the C API.
 
     Because of the peculiarities of the need of this function, the tests are
     knowingly whitebox tests.
@@ -867,7 +875,7 @@ class GetSourcefileTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_get_sourcefile(self):
         # Given a valid bytecode path, return the path to the corresponding
         # source file if it exists.
-        with mock.patch('importlib._bootstrap._path_isfile') as _path_isfile:
+        with mock.patch('importlib._bootstrap_external._path_isfile') as _path_isfile:
             _path_isfile.return_value = True;
             path = TESTFN + '.pyc'
             expect = TESTFN + '.py'
@@ -876,7 +884,7 @@ class GetSourcefileTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_get_sourcefile_no_source(self):
         # Given a valid bytecode path without a corresponding source path,
         # return the original bytecode path.
-        with mock.patch('importlib._bootstrap._path_isfile') as _path_isfile:
+        with mock.patch('importlib._bootstrap_external._path_isfile') as _path_isfile:
             _path_isfile.return_value = False;
             path = TESTFN + '.pyc'
             self.assertEqual(_get_sourcefile(path), path)
@@ -1031,7 +1039,7 @@ class ImportTracebackTests(unittest.TestCase):
         # We simulate a bug in importlib and check that it's not stripped
         # away from the traceback.
         self.create_module("foo", "")
-        importlib = sys.modules['_frozen_importlib']
+        importlib = sys.modules['_frozen_importlib_external']
         if 'load_module' in vars(importlib.SourceLoader):
             old_exec_module = importlib.SourceLoader.exec_module
         else:
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_importlib/extension/test_case_sensitivity.py b/Lib/test/test_importlib/extension/test_case_sensitivity.py
index c7d6ca61f8..706c3e4b87 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_importlib/extension/test_case_sensitivity.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_importlib/extension/test_case_sensitivity.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from importlib import _bootstrap
+from importlib import _bootstrap_external
 import sys
 from test import support
 import unittest
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class ExtensionModuleCaseSensitivityTest:
     def test_case_sensitive(self):
         with support.EnvironmentVarGuard() as env:
             env.unset('PYTHONCASEOK')
-            if b'PYTHONCASEOK' in _bootstrap._os.environ:
+            if b'PYTHONCASEOK' in _bootstrap_external._os.environ:
                 self.skipTest('os.environ changes not reflected in '
                               '_os.environ')
             loader = self.find_module()
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class ExtensionModuleCaseSensitivityTest:
     def test_case_insensitivity(self):
         with support.EnvironmentVarGuard() as env:
             env.set('PYTHONCASEOK', '1')
-            if b'PYTHONCASEOK' not in _bootstrap._os.environ:
+            if b'PYTHONCASEOK' not in _bootstrap_external._os.environ:
                 self.skipTest('os.environ changes not reflected in '
                               '_os.environ')
             loader = self.find_module()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_importlib/import_/test_path.py b/Lib/test/test_importlib/import_/test_path.py
index c246d6973f..4359dd9e08 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_importlib/import_/test_path.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_importlib/import_/test_path.py
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class FinderTests:
         new_path_importer_cache.pop(None, None)
         new_path_hooks = [zipimport.zipimporter,
                           self.machinery.FileFinder.path_hook(
-                              *self.importlib._bootstrap._get_supported_file_loaders())]
+                              *self.importlib._bootstrap_external._get_supported_file_loaders())]
         missing = object()
         email = sys.modules.pop('email', missing)
         try:
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_importlib/source/test_case_sensitivity.py b/Lib/test/test_importlib/source/test_case_sensitivity.py
index 29e95b2bbc..c274b3823f 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_importlib/source/test_case_sensitivity.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_importlib/source/test_case_sensitivity.py
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class CaseSensitivityTest:
     def test_sensitive(self):
         with test_support.EnvironmentVarGuard() as env:
             env.unset('PYTHONCASEOK')
-            if b'PYTHONCASEOK' in self.importlib._bootstrap._os.environ:
+            if b'PYTHONCASEOK' in self.importlib._bootstrap_external._os.environ:
                 self.skipTest('os.environ changes not reflected in '
                               '_os.environ')
             sensitive, insensitive = self.sensitivity_test()
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class CaseSensitivityTest:
     def test_insensitive(self):
         with test_support.EnvironmentVarGuard() as env:
             env.set('PYTHONCASEOK', '1')
-            if b'PYTHONCASEOK' not in self.importlib._bootstrap._os.environ:
+            if b'PYTHONCASEOK' not in self.importlib._bootstrap_external._os.environ:
                 self.skipTest('os.environ changes not reflected in '
                               '_os.environ')
             sensitive, insensitive = self.sensitivity_test()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_site.py b/Lib/test/test_site.py
index e234164b37..9a99dfaf3d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_site.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_site.py
@@ -355,8 +355,10 @@ class ImportSideEffectTests(unittest.TestCase):
         stdout, stderr = proc.communicate()
         self.assertEqual(proc.returncode, 0)
         os__file__, os__cached__ = stdout.splitlines()[:2]
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.isabs(os__file__))
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.isabs(os__cached__))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isabs(os__file__),
+                        "expected absolute path, got {}".format(os__file__))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isabs(os__cached__),
+                        "expected absolute path, got {}".format(os__cached__))
 
     def test_no_duplicate_paths(self):
         # No duplicate paths should exist in sys.path