26 files changed, 13830 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/gas/doc/Makefile.am b/gas/doc/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..eaf5a4ab145
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+## Process this file with automake to generate Makefile.in
+
+AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = cygnus
+
+# What version of the manual you want; "all" includes everything
+CONFIG=all
+
+man_MANS = as.1
+
+info_TEXINFOS = as.texinfo gasp.texi
+
+asconfig.texi: $(CONFIG).texi
+	rm -f asconfig.texi
+	ln -s $(srcdir)/$(CONFIG).texi ./asconfig.texi >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+	  || ln $(srcdir)/$(CONFIG).texi ./asconfig.texi >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+	  || cp $(srcdir)/$(CONFIG).texi ./asconfig.texi
+
+CPU_DOCS = \
+	c-a29k.texi \
+	c-arm.texi \
+	c-d10v.texi \
+	c-h8300.texi \
+	c-h8500.texi \
+	c-hppa.texi \
+	c-i386.texi \
+	c-i960.texi \
+	c-m68k.texi \
+	c-mips.texi \
+	c-ns32k.texi \
+	c-sh.texi \
+	c-sparc.texi \
+	c-vax.texi \
+	c-v850.texi \
+	c-z8k.texi
+
+gasver.texi: Makefile
+	rm -f $@
+	echo '@set VERSION $(VERSION)' > $@
+
+as.info: $(srcdir)/as.texinfo asconfig.texi gasver.texi $(CPU_DOCS)
+as.dvi: $(srcdir)/as.texinfo asconfig.texi gasver.texi $(CPU_DOCS)
+
+# This one isn't ready for prime time yet.  Not even a little bit.
+
+noinst_TEXINFOS = internals.texi
+
+DISTCLEANFILES = asconfig.texi
+
+MAINTAINERCLEANFILES = gasver.texi
diff --git a/gas/doc/Makefile.in b/gas/doc/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5f4d1a52693
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,438 @@
+# Makefile.in generated automatically by automake 1.4 from Makefile.am
+
+# Copyright (C) 1994, 1995-8, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This Makefile.in is free software; the Free Software Foundation
+# gives unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it,
+# with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
+
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law; without
+# even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
+# PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+
+SHELL = @SHELL@
+
+srcdir = @srcdir@
+top_srcdir = @top_srcdir@
+VPATH = @srcdir@
+prefix = @prefix@
+exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@
+
+bindir = @bindir@
+sbindir = @sbindir@
+libexecdir = @libexecdir@
+datadir = @datadir@
+sysconfdir = @sysconfdir@
+sharedstatedir = @sharedstatedir@
+localstatedir = @localstatedir@
+libdir = @libdir@
+infodir = @infodir@
+mandir = @mandir@
+includedir = @includedir@
+oldincludedir = /usr/include
+
+DESTDIR =
+
+pkgdatadir = $(datadir)/@PACKAGE@
+pkglibdir = $(libdir)/@PACKAGE@
+pkgincludedir = $(includedir)/@PACKAGE@
+
+top_builddir = ..
+
+ACLOCAL = @ACLOCAL@
+AUTOCONF = @AUTOCONF@
+AUTOMAKE = @AUTOMAKE@
+AUTOHEADER = @AUTOHEADER@
+
+INSTALL = @INSTALL@
+INSTALL_PROGRAM = @INSTALL_PROGRAM@ $(AM_INSTALL_PROGRAM_FLAGS)
+INSTALL_DATA = @INSTALL_DATA@
+INSTALL_SCRIPT = @INSTALL_SCRIPT@
+transform = @program_transform_name@
+
+NORMAL_INSTALL = :
+PRE_INSTALL = :
+POST_INSTALL = :
+NORMAL_UNINSTALL = :
+PRE_UNINSTALL = :
+POST_UNINSTALL = :
+build_alias = @build_alias@
+build_triplet = @build@
+host_alias = @host_alias@
+host_triplet = @host@
+target_alias = @target_alias@
+target_triplet = @target@
+ALL_OBJ_DEPS = @ALL_OBJ_DEPS@
+AS = @AS@
+BFDLIB = @BFDLIB@
+CATALOGS = @CATALOGS@
+CATOBJEXT = @CATOBJEXT@
+CC = @CC@
+DATADIRNAME = @DATADIRNAME@
+DLLTOOL = @DLLTOOL@
+EXEEXT = @EXEEXT@
+GMOFILES = @GMOFILES@
+GMSGFMT = @GMSGFMT@
+GT_NO = @GT_NO@
+GT_YES = @GT_YES@
+INCLUDE_LOCALE_H = @INCLUDE_LOCALE_H@
+INSTOBJEXT = @INSTOBJEXT@
+INTLDEPS = @INTLDEPS@
+INTLLIBS = @INTLLIBS@
+INTLOBJS = @INTLOBJS@
+LD = @LD@
+LEX = @LEX@
+LIBTOOL = @LIBTOOL@
+LN_S = @LN_S@
+MAINT = @MAINT@
+MAKEINFO = @MAKEINFO@
+MKINSTALLDIRS = @MKINSTALLDIRS@
+MSGFMT = @MSGFMT@
+NM = @NM@
+OPCODES_LIB = @OPCODES_LIB@
+PACKAGE = @PACKAGE@
+POFILES = @POFILES@
+POSUB = @POSUB@
+RANLIB = @RANLIB@
+USE_INCLUDED_LIBINTL = @USE_INCLUDED_LIBINTL@
+USE_NLS = @USE_NLS@
+USE_SYMBOL_UNDERSCORE = @USE_SYMBOL_UNDERSCORE@
+VERSION = @VERSION@
+YACC = @YACC@
+atof = @atof@
+cgen_cpu_prefix = @cgen_cpu_prefix@
+extra_objects = @extra_objects@
+install_tooldir = @install_tooldir@
+l = @l@
+obj_format = @obj_format@
+target_cpu_type = @target_cpu_type@
+te_file = @te_file@
+
+AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = cygnus
+
+# What version of the manual you want; "all" includes everything
+CONFIG = all
+
+man_MANS = as.1
+
+info_TEXINFOS = as.texinfo gasp.texi
+
+CPU_DOCS = \
+	c-a29k.texi \
+	c-arm.texi \
+	c-d10v.texi \
+	c-h8300.texi \
+	c-h8500.texi \
+	c-hppa.texi \
+	c-i386.texi \
+	c-i960.texi \
+	c-m68k.texi \
+	c-mips.texi \
+	c-ns32k.texi \
+	c-sh.texi \
+	c-sparc.texi \
+	c-vax.texi \
+	c-v850.texi \
+	c-z8k.texi
+
+
+# This one isn't ready for prime time yet.  Not even a little bit.
+
+noinst_TEXINFOS = internals.texi
+
+DISTCLEANFILES = asconfig.texi
+
+MAINTAINERCLEANFILES = gasver.texi
+mkinstalldirs = $(SHELL) $(top_srcdir)/../mkinstalldirs
+CONFIG_HEADER = ../config.h
+CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES = 
+TEXI2DVI = `if test -f $(top_srcdir)/../texinfo/util/texi2dvi; then echo $(top_srcdir)/../texinfo/util/texi2dvi; else echo texi2dvi; fi`
+TEXINFO_TEX = $(top_srcdir)/../texinfo/texinfo.tex
+INFO_DEPS = as.info gasp.info
+DVIS = as.dvi gasp.dvi
+TEXINFOS = as.texinfo gasp.texi
+man1dir = $(mandir)/man1
+MANS = $(man_MANS)
+
+NROFF = nroff
+DIST_COMMON =  Makefile.am Makefile.in
+
+
+DISTFILES = $(DIST_COMMON) $(SOURCES) $(HEADERS) $(TEXINFOS) $(EXTRA_DIST)
+
+TAR = tar
+GZIP_ENV = --best
+all: all-redirect
+.SUFFIXES:
+.SUFFIXES: .dvi .info .ps .texi .texinfo .txi
+$(srcdir)/Makefile.in: @MAINTAINER_MODE_TRUE@ Makefile.am $(top_srcdir)/configure.in $(ACLOCAL_M4) 
+	cd $(top_srcdir) && $(AUTOMAKE) --cygnus doc/Makefile
+
+Makefile: $(srcdir)/Makefile.in  $(top_builddir)/config.status
+	cd $(top_builddir) \
+	  && CONFIG_FILES=$(subdir)/$@ CONFIG_HEADERS= $(SHELL) ./config.status
+
+
+as.info: as.texinfo
+as.dvi: as.texinfo
+
+
+gasp.info: gasp.texi
+gasp.dvi: gasp.texi
+
+
+DVIPS = dvips
+
+.texi.info:
+	@rm -f $@ $@-[0-9] $@-[0-9][0-9]
+	$(MAKEINFO) -I $(srcdir) $<
+
+.texi.dvi:
+	TEXINPUTS=$(top_srcdir)/../texinfo/texinfo.tex:$$TEXINPUTS \
+	  MAKEINFO='$(MAKEINFO) -I $(srcdir)' $(TEXI2DVI) $<
+
+.texi:
+	@rm -f $@ $@-[0-9] $@-[0-9][0-9]
+	$(MAKEINFO) -I $(srcdir) $<
+
+.texinfo.info:
+	@rm -f $@ $@-[0-9] $@-[0-9][0-9]
+	$(MAKEINFO) -I $(srcdir) $<
+
+.texinfo:
+	@rm -f $@ $@-[0-9] $@-[0-9][0-9]
+	$(MAKEINFO) -I $(srcdir) $<
+
+.texinfo.dvi:
+	TEXINPUTS=$(top_srcdir)/../texinfo/texinfo.tex:$$TEXINPUTS \
+	  MAKEINFO='$(MAKEINFO) -I $(srcdir)' $(TEXI2DVI) $<
+
+.txi.info:
+	@rm -f $@ $@-[0-9] $@-[0-9][0-9]
+	$(MAKEINFO) -I $(srcdir) $<
+
+.txi.dvi:
+	TEXINPUTS=$(top_srcdir)/../texinfo/texinfo.tex:$$TEXINPUTS \
+	  MAKEINFO='$(MAKEINFO) -I $(srcdir)' $(TEXI2DVI) $<
+
+.txi:
+	@rm -f $@ $@-[0-9] $@-[0-9][0-9]
+	$(MAKEINFO) -I $(srcdir) $<
+.dvi.ps:
+	$(DVIPS) $< -o $@
+
+install-info-am: $(INFO_DEPS)
+	@$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
+	$(mkinstalldirs) $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)
+	@list='$(INFO_DEPS)'; \
+	for file in $$list; do \
+	  if test -f $$file; then d=.; else d=$(srcdir); fi; \
+	  for ifile in `cd $$d && echo $$file $$file-[0-9] $$file-[0-9][0-9]`; do \
+	    if test -f $$d/$$ifile; then \
+	      echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) $$d/$$ifile $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/$$ifile"; \
+	      $(INSTALL_DATA) $$d/$$ifile $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/$$ifile; \
+	    else : ; fi; \
+	  done; \
+	done
+	@$(POST_INSTALL)
+	@if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version | sed 1q | fgrep -s -v -i debian' >/dev/null 2>&1; then \
+	  list='$(INFO_DEPS)'; \
+	  for file in $$list; do \
+	    echo " install-info --info-dir=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir) $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/$$file";\
+	    install-info --info-dir=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir) $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/$$file || :;\
+	  done; \
+	else : ; fi
+
+uninstall-info:
+	$(PRE_UNINSTALL)
+	@if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version | sed 1q | fgrep -s -v -i debian' >/dev/null 2>&1; then \
+	  ii=yes; \
+	else ii=; fi; \
+	list='$(INFO_DEPS)'; \
+	for file in $$list; do \
+	  test -z "$ii" \
+	    || install-info --info-dir=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir) --remove $$file; \
+	done
+	@$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL)
+	list='$(INFO_DEPS)'; \
+	for file in $$list; do \
+	  (cd $(DESTDIR)$(infodir) && rm -f $$file $$file-[0-9] $$file-[0-9][0-9]); \
+	done
+
+dist-info: $(INFO_DEPS)
+	list='$(INFO_DEPS)'; \
+	for base in $$list; do \
+	  if test -f $$base; then d=.; else d=$(srcdir); fi; \
+	  for file in `cd $$d && eval echo $$base*`; do \
+	    test -f $(distdir)/$$file \
+	    || ln $$d/$$file $(distdir)/$$file 2> /dev/null \
+	    || cp -p $$d/$$file $(distdir)/$$file; \
+	  done; \
+	done
+
+mostlyclean-aminfo:
+	-rm -f as.aux as.cp as.cps as.dvi as.fn as.fns as.ky as.kys as.ps \
+	  as.log as.pg as.toc as.tp as.tps as.vr as.vrs as.op as.tr \
+	  as.cv as.cn gasp.aux gasp.cp gasp.cps gasp.dvi gasp.fn \
+	  gasp.fns gasp.ky gasp.kys gasp.ps gasp.log gasp.pg gasp.toc \
+	  gasp.tp gasp.tps gasp.vr gasp.vrs gasp.op gasp.tr gasp.cv \
+	  gasp.cn
+
+clean-aminfo:
+
+distclean-aminfo:
+
+maintainer-clean-aminfo:
+	for i in $(INFO_DEPS); do \
+	  rm -f $$i; \
+	  if test "`echo $$i-[0-9]*`" != "$$i-[0-9]*"; then \
+	    rm -f $$i-[0-9]*; \
+	  fi; \
+	done
+clean-info: mostlyclean-aminfo
+
+install-man1:
+	$(mkinstalldirs) $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)
+	@list='$(man1_MANS)'; \
+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do \
+	  case "$$i" in \
+	    *.1*) list="$$list $$i" ;; \
+	  esac; \
+	done; \
+	for i in $$list; do \
+	  if test -f $(srcdir)/$$i; then file=$(srcdir)/$$i; \
+	  else file=$$i; fi; \
+	  ext=`echo $$i | sed -e 's/^.*\\.//'`; \
+	  inst=`echo $$i | sed -e 's/\\.[0-9a-z]*$$//'`; \
+	  inst=`echo $$inst | sed '$(transform)'`.$$ext; \
+	  echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) $$file $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/$$inst"; \
+	  $(INSTALL_DATA) $$file $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/$$inst; \
+	done
+
+uninstall-man1:
+	@list='$(man1_MANS)'; \
+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do \
+	  case "$$i" in \
+	    *.1*) list="$$list $$i" ;; \
+	  esac; \
+	done; \
+	for i in $$list; do \
+	  ext=`echo $$i | sed -e 's/^.*\\.//'`; \
+	  inst=`echo $$i | sed -e 's/\\.[0-9a-z]*$$//'`; \
+	  inst=`echo $$inst | sed '$(transform)'`.$$ext; \
+	  echo " rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/$$inst"; \
+	  rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/$$inst; \
+	done
+install-man: $(MANS)
+	@$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
+	$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) install-man1
+uninstall-man:
+	@$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL)
+	$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) uninstall-man1
+tags: TAGS
+TAGS:
+
+
+distdir = $(top_builddir)/$(PACKAGE)-$(VERSION)/$(subdir)
+
+subdir = doc
+
+distdir: $(DISTFILES)
+	@for file in $(DISTFILES); do \
+	  if test -f $$file; then d=.; else d=$(srcdir); fi; \
+	  if test -d $$d/$$file; then \
+	    cp -pr $$/$$file $(distdir)/$$file; \
+	  else \
+	    test -f $(distdir)/$$file \
+	    || ln $$d/$$file $(distdir)/$$file 2> /dev/null \
+	    || cp -p $$d/$$file $(distdir)/$$file || :; \
+	  fi; \
+	done
+	$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) top_distdir="$(top_distdir)" distdir="$(distdir)" dist-info
+info-am: $(INFO_DEPS)
+info: info-am
+dvi-am: $(DVIS)
+dvi: dvi-am
+check-am:
+check: check-am
+installcheck-am:
+installcheck: installcheck-am
+install-info-am: 
+install-info: install-info-am
+install-exec-am:
+install-exec: install-exec-am
+
+install-data-am: install-man
+install-data: install-data-am
+
+install-am: all-am
+	@$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) install-exec-am install-data-am
+install: install-am
+uninstall-am: uninstall-man
+uninstall: uninstall-am
+all-am: Makefile $(MANS)
+all-redirect: all-am
+install-strip:
+	$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) AM_INSTALL_PROGRAM_FLAGS=-s install
+installdirs:
+	$(mkinstalldirs)  $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)/man1
+
+
+mostlyclean-generic:
+
+clean-generic:
+
+distclean-generic:
+	-rm -f Makefile $(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)
+	-rm -f config.cache config.log stamp-h stamp-h[0-9]*
+	-test -z "$(DISTCLEANFILES)" || rm -f $(DISTCLEANFILES)
+
+maintainer-clean-generic:
+	-test -z "$(MAINTAINERCLEANFILES)" || rm -f $(MAINTAINERCLEANFILES)
+mostlyclean-am:  mostlyclean-aminfo mostlyclean-generic
+
+mostlyclean: mostlyclean-am
+
+clean-am:  clean-aminfo clean-generic mostlyclean-am
+
+clean: clean-am
+
+distclean-am:  distclean-aminfo distclean-generic clean-am
+	-rm -f libtool
+
+distclean: distclean-am
+
+maintainer-clean-am:  maintainer-clean-aminfo maintainer-clean-generic \
+		distclean-am
+	@echo "This command is intended for maintainers to use;"
+	@echo "it deletes files that may require special tools to rebuild."
+
+maintainer-clean: maintainer-clean-am
+
+.PHONY: install-info-am uninstall-info mostlyclean-aminfo \
+distclean-aminfo clean-aminfo maintainer-clean-aminfo install-man1 \
+uninstall-man1 install-man uninstall-man tags distdir info-am info \
+dvi-am dvi check check-am installcheck-am installcheck install-info-am \
+install-info install-exec-am install-exec install-data-am install-data \
+install-am install uninstall-am uninstall all-redirect all-am all \
+installdirs mostlyclean-generic distclean-generic clean-generic \
+maintainer-clean-generic clean mostlyclean distclean maintainer-clean
+
+
+asconfig.texi: $(CONFIG).texi
+	rm -f asconfig.texi
+	ln -s $(srcdir)/$(CONFIG).texi ./asconfig.texi >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+	  || ln $(srcdir)/$(CONFIG).texi ./asconfig.texi >/dev/null 2>&1 \
+	  || cp $(srcdir)/$(CONFIG).texi ./asconfig.texi
+
+gasver.texi: Makefile
+	rm -f $@
+	echo '@set VERSION $(VERSION)' > $@
+
+as.info: $(srcdir)/as.texinfo asconfig.texi gasver.texi $(CPU_DOCS)
+as.dvi: $(srcdir)/as.texinfo asconfig.texi gasver.texi $(CPU_DOCS)
+
+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
diff --git a/gas/doc/all.texi b/gas/doc/all.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9b90c5badaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/all.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+@c Copyright 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This file is part of the documentation for the GAS manual
+
+@c Configuration settings for all-inclusive version of manual
+
+@c switches:------------------------------------------------------------
+@c Properties of the manual
+@c ========================
+@c Discuss all architectures?
+@set ALL-ARCH
+@c A generic form of manual (not tailored to specific target)?
+@set GENERIC
+@c Include text on assembler internals?
+@clear INTERNALS
+@c Many object formats supported in this config?
+@set MULTI-OBJ
+
+@c Object formats of interest
+@c ==========================
+@set AOUT
+@set BOUT
+@set COFF
+@set ELF
+@set SOM
+
+@c CPUs of interest
+@c ================
+@set A29K
+@set ARC
+@set ARM
+@set D10V
+@set D30V
+@set H8/300
+@set H8/500
+@set SH
+@set I80386
+@set I960
+@set MCORE
+@set MIPS
+@set M32R
+@set M680X0
+@set Z8000
+@set SPARC
+@set VAX
+@set VXWORKS
+@set HPPA
+@set V850
+
+@c Does this version of the assembler use the difference-table kluge?
+@set DIFF-TBL-KLUGE
+
+@c Do all machines described use IEEE floating point?
+@clear IEEEFLOAT
+
+@c Is a word 32 bits, or 16?
+@clear W32
+@set W16
+
+@c Do symbols have different characters than usual?
+@clear SPECIAL-SYMS
+
+@c strings:------------------------------------------------------------
+@c Name of the assembler:
+@set AS as
+@c Name of C compiler:
+@set GCC gcc
+@c Name of linker:
+@set LD ld
+@c Text for target machine (best not used in generic case; but just in case...)
+@set TARGET machine specific
+@c Name of object format NOT SET in generic version
+@clear OBJ-NAME
diff --git a/gas/doc/as.1 b/gas/doc/as.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..adf28868eac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/as.1
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1996, 1997, 1998 Free Software Foundation
+.\" See section COPYING for conditions for redistribution
+.TH as 1 "29 March 1996" "cygnus support" "GNU Development Tools"
+
+.SH NAME
+GNU as \- the portable GNU assembler.
+
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.na
+.B as
+.RB "[\|" \-a "[\|" dhlns "\|]" \c
+\&\[\|\=\c
+.I file\c
+\&\|]\|]
+.RB "[\|" \-D "\|]"
+.RB "[\|" \-\-defsym\ SYM=VAL "\|]"
+.RB "[\|" \-f "\|]"
+.RB "[\|" \-\-gstabs "\|]"
+.RB "[\|" \-I
+.I path\c
+\&\|]
+.RB "[\|" \-K "\|]"
+.RB "[\|" \-L "\|]"
+.RB "[\|" \-M\ |\ \-\-mri "\|]"
+.RB "[\|" \-o 
+.I objfile\c
+\&\|]
+.RB "[\|" \-R "\|]"
+.RB "[\|" \-\-traditional\-format "\|]"
+.RB "[\|" \-v "\|]"
+.RB "[\|" \-w "\|]"
+.RB "[\|" \-\^\- "\ |\ " \c
+.I files\c
+\&\|.\|.\|.\|]
+
+.I i960-only options:
+.br
+.RB "[\|" \-ACA "\||\|" \-ACA_A "\||\|" \-ACB\c
+.RB "\||\|" \-ACC "\||\|" \-AKA "\||\|" \-AKB\c
+.RB "\||\|" \-AKC "\||\|" \-AMC "\|]"
+.RB "[\|" \-b "\|]"
+.RB "[\|" \-no-relax "\|]"
+
+.I m680x0-only options:
+.br
+.RB "[\|" \-l "\|]"
+.RB "[\|" \-mc68000 "\||\|" \-mc68010 "\||\|" \-mc68020 "\|]"
+.ad b
+
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+GNU \c
+.B as\c
+\& is really a family of assemblers.  
+If you use (or have used) the GNU assembler on one architecture, you
+should find a fairly similar environment when you use it on another
+architecture.  Each version has much in common with the others,
+including object file formats, most assembler directives (often called
+\c
+.I pseudo-ops)\c
+\& and assembler syntax.  
+
+For information on the syntax and pseudo-ops used by GNU \c
+.B as\c
+\&, see `\|\c
+.B as\c
+\|' entry in \c
+.B info \c
+(or the manual \c
+.I
+.I
+Using as: The GNU Assembler\c
+\&).
+
+\c
+.B as\c
+\& is primarily intended to assemble the output of the GNU C
+compiler \c
+.B gcc\c
+\& for use by the linker \c
+.B ld\c
+\&.  Nevertheless,
+we've tried to make \c
+.B as\c
+\& assemble correctly everything that the native
+assembler would.
+This doesn't mean \c
+.B as\c
+\& always uses the same syntax as another
+assembler for the same architecture; for example, we know of several
+incompatible versions of 680x0 assembly language syntax.
+
+Each time you run \c
+.B as\c
+\& it assembles exactly one source
+program.  The source program is made up of one or more files.
+(The standard input is also a file.)
+
+If \c
+.B as\c
+\& is given no file names it attempts to read one input file
+from the \c
+.B as\c
+\& standard input, which is normally your terminal.  You
+may have to type \c
+.B ctl-D\c
+\& to tell \c
+.B as\c
+\& there is no more program
+to assemble.  Use `\|\c
+.B \-\^\-\c
+\|' if you need to explicitly name the standard input file
+in your command line.
+
+.B as\c
+\& may write warnings and error messages to the standard error
+file (usually your terminal).  This should not happen when \c
+.B as\c
+\& is
+run automatically by a compiler.  Warnings report an assumption made so
+that \c
+.B as\c
+\& could keep assembling a flawed program; errors report a
+grave problem that stops the assembly.
+
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+.BR \-a
+Turn on assembly listings.  There are various suboptions.
+.B d
+omits debugging directives.
+.B h
+includes the high level source code; this is only available if the
+source file can be found, and the code was compiled with
+.B \-g.
+.B l
+includes an assembly listing.
+.B n
+omits forms processing.
+.B s
+includes a symbol listing.
+.B =
+.I file
+sets the listing file name; this must be the last suboption.
+The default suboptions are
+.B hls.
+.TP
+.B \-D
+This option is accepted only for script compatibility with calls to
+other assemblers; it has no effect on \c
+.B as\c
+\&.
+.TP
+.B \-\-defsym SYM=VALUE
+Define the symbol SYM to be VALUE before assembling the input file.
+VALUE must be an integer constant.  As in C, a leading 0x indicates a
+hexadecimal value, and a leading 0 indicates an octal value.
+.TP
+.B \-f
+``fast''--skip preprocessing (assume source is compiler output).
+.TP
+.BI "\-I\ " path
+Add 
+.I path
+to the search list for 
+.B .include
+directives.
+.TP
+.B \-\-gstabs
+Generate stabs debugging information for each assembler line.  This
+may help debugging assembler code, if the debugger can handle it.
+.TP
+.B \-K
+Issue warnings when difference tables altered for long displacements.
+.TP
+.B \-L
+Keep (in symbol table) local symbols, starting with `\|\c
+.B L\c
+\|'
+.TP
+.B \-M, \-\-mri
+Assemble in MRI compatibility mode.
+.TP
+.BI "\-o\ " objfile
+Name the object-file output from \c
+.B as
+.TP
+.B \-R
+Fold data section into text section
+.TP
+.B \-\-traditional\-format
+Use same format as native assembler, when possible.
+.TP
+.B \-v
+Announce \c
+.B as\c
+\& version
+.TP
+.B \-W
+Suppress warning messages
+.TP
+.IR "\-\^\-" "\ |\ " "files\|.\|.\|."
+Source files to assemble, or standard input (\c
+.BR "\-\^\-" ")"
+.TP
+.BI \-A var
+.I
+(When configured for Intel 960.)
+Specify which variant of the 960 architecture is the target.
+.TP
+.B \-b
+.I
+(When configured for Intel 960.)
+Add code to collect statistics about branches taken.
+.TP
+.B \-no-relax
+.I
+(When configured for Intel 960.)
+Do not alter compare-and-branch instructions for long displacements;
+error if necessary.
+.TP
+.B \-l
+.I
+(When configured for Motorola 68000).  
+.br
+Shorten references to undefined symbols, to one word instead of two.
+.TP
+.BR "\-mc68000" "\||\|" "\-mc68010" "\||\|" "\-mc68020"
+.I
+(When configured for Motorola 68000).  
+.br
+Specify what processor in the 68000 family is the target (default 68020)
+
+.PP
+Options may be in any order, and may be
+before, after, or between file names.  The order of file names is
+significant.
+
+`\|\c
+.B \-\^\-\c
+\|' (two hyphens) by itself names the standard input file
+explicitly, as one of the files for \c
+.B as\c
+\& to assemble.
+
+Except for `\|\c
+.B \-\^\-\c
+\|' any command line argument that begins with a
+hyphen (`\|\c
+.B \-\c
+\|') is an option.  Each option changes the behavior of
+\c
+.B as\c
+\&.  No option changes the way another option works.  An
+option is a `\|\c
+.B \-\c
+\|' followed by one or more letters; the case of
+the letter is important.   All options are optional.
+
+The `\|\c
+.B \-o\c
+\|' option expects exactly one file name to follow.  The file
+name may either immediately follow the option's letter (compatible
+with older assemblers) or it may be the next command argument (GNU
+standard).  
+
+These two command lines are equivalent:
+.br
+.B
+as\ \ \-o\ \ my\-object\-file.o\ \ mumble.s
+.br
+.B
+as\ \ \-omy\-object\-file.o\ \ mumble.s
+
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.RB "`\|" as "\|'"
+entry in 
+.B
+info\c
+\&; 
+.I
+Using as: The GNU Assembler\c
+\&;
+.BR gcc "(" 1 "),"
+.BR ld "(" 1 ")."
+
+.SH COPYING
+Copyright (c) 1991, 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.PP
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+.PP
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
+entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
+permission notice identical to this one.
+.PP
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
+manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
+versions, except that this permission notice may be included in
+translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in
+the original English.
diff --git a/gas/doc/as.texinfo b/gas/doc/as.texinfo
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..afe362a7fb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/as.texinfo
@@ -0,0 +1,5322 @@
+\input texinfo @c                               -*-Texinfo-*-
+@c  Copyright (c) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 1998
+@c  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c UPDATE!!  On future updates--
+@c   (1)   check for new machine-dep cmdline options in
+@c         md_parse_option definitions in config/tc-*.c
+@c   (2)   for platform-specific directives, examine md_pseudo_op
+@c         in config/tc-*.c
+@c   (3)   for object-format specific directives, examine obj_pseudo_op
+@c         in config/obj-*.c       
+@c   (4)   portable directives in potable[] in read.c
+@c %**start of header
+@setfilename as.info
+@c ---config---
+@c defaults, config file may override:
+@set have-stabs
+@c ---
+@include asconfig.texi
+@include gasver.texi
+@c ---
+@c common OR combinations of conditions
+@ifset AOUT
+@set aout-bout
+@end ifset
+@ifset ARM/Thumb
+@set ARM
+@end ifset
+@ifset BOUT
+@set aout-bout
+@end ifset
+@ifset H8/300
+@set H8
+@end ifset
+@ifset H8/500
+@set H8
+@end ifset
+@ifset SH
+@set H8
+@end ifset
+@ifset HPPA
+@set abnormal-separator
+@end ifset
+@c ------------
+@ifset GENERIC
+@settitle Using @value{AS}
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@settitle Using @value{AS} (@value{TARGET})
+@end ifclear
+@setchapternewpage odd
+@c %**end of header
+
+@c @smallbook
+@c @set SMALL
+@c WARE! Some of the machine-dependent sections contain tables of machine
+@c instructions.  Except in multi-column format, these tables look silly.
+@c Unfortunately, Texinfo doesn't have a general-purpose multi-col format, so
+@c the multi-col format is faked within @example sections.
+@c 
+@c Again unfortunately, the natural size that fits on a page, for these tables,
+@c is different depending on whether or not smallbook is turned on.
+@c This matters, because of order: text flow switches columns at each page
+@c break.
+@c 
+@c The format faked in this source works reasonably well for smallbook,
+@c not well for the default large-page format.  This manual expects that if you
+@c turn on @smallbook, you will also uncomment the "@set SMALL" to enable the
+@c tables in question.  You can turn on one without the other at your
+@c discretion, of course. 
+@ifinfo
+@set SMALL
+@c the insn tables look just as silly in info files regardless of smallbook,
+@c might as well show 'em anyways.
+@end ifinfo
+
+@ifinfo
+@format
+START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+* As: (as).                     The GNU assembler.
+END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+@end format
+@end ifinfo
+
+@finalout
+@syncodeindex ky cp
+
+@ifinfo
+This file documents the GNU Assembler "@value{AS}".
+
+Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+
+@ignore
+Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the
+results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
+notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
+(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
+
+@end ignore
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual
+under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting
+derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to
+this one.
+
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
+into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
+@end ifinfo
+
+@titlepage
+@title Using @value{AS}
+@subtitle The @sc{gnu} Assembler
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@subtitle for the @value{TARGET} family
+@end ifclear
+@sp 1
+@subtitle Version @value{VERSION}
+@sp 1
+@sp 13
+The Free Software Foundation Inc.  thanks The Nice Computer
+Company of Australia for loaning Dean Elsner to write the
+first (Vax) version of @code{as} for Project @sc{gnu}.
+The proprietors, management and staff of TNCCA thank FSF for
+distracting the boss while they got some work
+done.
+@sp 3
+@author Dean Elsner, Jay Fenlason & friends
+@page
+@tex
+{\parskip=0pt
+\hfill {\it Using {\tt @value{AS}}}\par
+\hfill Edited by Cygnus Support\par
+}
+%"boxit" macro for figures:
+%Modified from Knuth's ``boxit'' macro from TeXbook (answer to exercise 21.3)
+\gdef\boxit#1#2{\vbox{\hrule\hbox{\vrule\kern3pt
+     \vbox{\parindent=0pt\parskip=0pt\hsize=#1\kern3pt\strut\hfil
+#2\hfil\strut\kern3pt}\kern3pt\vrule}\hrule}}%box with visible outline
+\gdef\ibox#1#2{\hbox to #1{#2\hfil}\kern8pt}% invisible box
+@end tex
+
+@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
+Copyright @copyright{} 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual
+under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting
+derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to
+this one.
+
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
+into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
+@end titlepage
+
+@ifinfo
+@node Top
+@top Using @value{AS}
+
+This file is a user guide to the @sc{gnu} assembler @code{@value{AS}} version
+@value{VERSION}.
+@ifclear GENERIC
+This version of the file describes @code{@value{AS}} configured to generate
+code for @value{TARGET} architectures.
+@end ifclear
+@menu
+* Overview::                    Overview
+* Invoking::                    Command-Line Options
+* Syntax::                      Syntax
+* Sections::                    Sections and Relocation
+* Symbols::                     Symbols
+* Expressions::                 Expressions
+* Pseudo Ops::                  Assembler Directives
+* Machine Dependencies::        Machine Dependent Features
+* Reporting Bugs::              Reporting Bugs
+* Acknowledgements::            Who Did What
+* Index::                       Index
+@end menu
+@end ifinfo
+
+@node Overview
+@chapter Overview
+@iftex
+This manual is a user guide to the @sc{gnu} assembler @code{@value{AS}}.
+@ifclear GENERIC
+This version of the manual describes @code{@value{AS}} configured to generate
+code for @value{TARGET} architectures.
+@end ifclear
+@end iftex
+
+@cindex invocation summary
+@cindex option summary
+@cindex summary of options
+Here is a brief summary of how to invoke @code{@value{AS}}.  For details,
+@pxref{Invoking,,Comand-Line Options}.
+
+@c We don't use deffn and friends for the following because they seem
+@c to be limited to one line for the header.
+@smallexample
+@value{AS} [ -a[cdhlns][=file] ] [ -D ]  [ --defsym @var{sym}=@var{val} ]
+ [ -f ] [ --gstabs ] [ --help ] [ -I @var{dir} ] [ -J ] [ -K ] [ -L ]
+ [ --keep-locals ] [ -o @var{objfile} ] [ -R ] [ --statistics ] [ -v ]
+ [ -version ] [ --version ] [ -W ] [ -w ] [ -x ] [ -Z ]
+@ifset A29K
+@c am29k has no machine-dependent assembler options
+@end ifset
+@ifset ARC
+ [ -mbig-endian | -mlittle-endian ]
+@end ifset
+@ifset ARM
+ [ -m[arm]1 | -m[arm]2 | -m[arm]250 | -m[arm]3 | -m[arm]6 | -m[arm]7[t][[d]m[i]] ]
+ [ -m[arm]v2 | -m[arm]v2a | -m[arm]v3 | -m[arm]v3m | -m[arm]v4 | -m[arm]v4t ]
+ [ -mthumb | -mall ]
+ [ -mfpa10 | -mfpa11 | -mfpe-old | -mno-fpu ]
+ [ -EB | -EL ]
+ [ -mapcs-32 | -mapcs-26 ]
+@end ifset
+@ifset D10V
+ [ -O ]
+@end ifset
+@ifset D30V
+ [ -O | -n | -N ]
+@end ifset
+@ifset H8
+@c Hitachi family chips have no machine-dependent assembler options
+@end ifset
+@ifset HPPA
+@c HPPA has no machine-dependent assembler options (yet).
+@end ifset
+@ifset SPARC
+@c The order here is important.  See c-sparc.texi.
+ [ -Av6 | -Av7 | -Av8 | -Asparclet | -Asparclite
+   -Av8plus | -Av8plusa | -Av9 | -Av9a ]
+ [ -xarch=v8plus | -xarch=v8plusa ] [ -bump ] [ -32 | -64 ]
+@end ifset
+@ifset Z8000
+@c Z8000 has no machine-dependent assembler options
+@end ifset
+@ifset I960
+@c see md_parse_option in tc-i960.c
+ [ -ACA | -ACA_A | -ACB | -ACC | -AKA | -AKB | -AKC | -AMC ]
+ [ -b ] [ -no-relax ]
+@end ifset
+@ifset M680X0
+ [ -l ] [ -m68000 | -m68010 | -m68020 | ... ]
+@end ifset
+@ifset MCORE
+ [ -jsri2bsr ] [ -sifilter ] [ -relax ]
+@end ifset
+@ifset MIPS
+ [ -nocpp ] [ -EL ] [ -EB ] [ -G @var{num} ] [ -mcpu=@var{CPU} ]
+ [ -mips1 ] [ -mips2 ] [ -mips3 ] [ -m4650 ] [ -no-m4650 ]
+ [ --trap ] [ --break ]
+ [ --emulation=@var{name} ]
+@end ifset
+ [ -- | @var{files} @dots{} ]
+@end smallexample
+
+@table @code
+@item -a[cdhlmns]
+Turn on listings, in any of a variety of ways:
+
+@table @code
+@item -ac
+omit false conditionals
+
+@item -ad
+omit debugging directives
+
+@item -ah
+include high-level source
+
+@item -al
+include assembly
+
+@item -am
+include macro expansions
+
+@item -an
+omit forms processing
+
+@item -as
+include symbols
+
+@item =file
+set the name of the listing file
+@end table
+
+You may combine these options; for example, use @samp{-aln} for assembly
+listing without forms processing.  The @samp{=file} option, if used, must be
+the last one.  By itself, @samp{-a} defaults to @samp{-ahls}.
+
+@item -D
+Ignored.  This option is accepted for script compatibility with calls to
+other assemblers.
+
+@item --defsym @var{sym}=@var{value}
+Define the symbol @var{sym} to be @var{value} before assembling the input file.
+@var{value} must be an integer constant.  As in C, a leading @samp{0x}
+indicates a hexadecimal value, and a leading @samp{0} indicates an octal value.
+
+@item -f
+``fast''---skip whitespace and comment preprocessing (assume source is
+compiler output).
+
+@item --gstabs
+Generate stabs debugging information for each assembler line.  This
+may help debugging assembler code, if the debugger can handle it.
+
+@item --help
+Print a summary of the command line options and exit.
+
+@item -I @var{dir}
+Add directory @var{dir} to the search list for @code{.include} directives.
+
+@item -J
+Don't warn about signed overflow.
+
+@item -K
+@ifclear DIFF-TBL-KLUGE
+This option is accepted but has no effect on the @value{TARGET} family.
+@end ifclear
+@ifset DIFF-TBL-KLUGE
+Issue warnings when difference tables altered for long displacements.
+@end ifset
+
+@item -L
+@itemx --keep-locals
+Keep (in the symbol table) local symbols.  On traditional a.out systems
+these start with @samp{L}, but different systems have different local
+label prefixes.
+
+@item -o @var{objfile}
+Name the object-file output from @code{@value{AS}} @var{objfile}.
+
+@item -R
+Fold the data section into the text section.
+
+@item --statistics
+Print the maximum space (in bytes) and total time (in seconds) used by
+assembly.
+
+@item --strip-local-absolute
+Remove local absolute symbols from the outgoing symbol table.
+
+@item -v
+@itemx -version
+Print the @code{as} version.
+
+@item --version
+Print the @code{as} version and exit.
+
+@item -W
+Suppress warning messages.
+
+@item -w
+Ignored.
+
+@item -x
+Ignored.
+
+@item -Z
+Generate an object file even after errors.
+
+@item -- | @var{files} @dots{}
+Standard input, or source files to assemble.
+
+@end table
+
+@ifset ARC
+The following options are available when @value{AS} is configured for
+an ARC processor.
+
+@table @code
+
+@cindex ARC endianness
+@cindex endianness, ARC
+@cindex big endian output, ARC
+@item -mbig-endian
+Generate ``big endian'' format output.
+
+@cindex little endian output, ARC
+@item -mlittle-endian
+Generate ``little endian'' format output.
+
+@end table
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset ARM
+The following options are available when @value{AS} is configured for the ARM
+processor family.
+
+@table @code
+@item -m[arm]1 | -m[arm]2 | -m[arm]250 | -m[arm]3 | -m[arm]6 | -m[arm]7[t][[d]m] | -m[arm]v2 | -m[arm]v2a | -m[arm]v3 | -m[arm]v3m | -m[arm]v4 | -m[arm]v4t 
+Specify which variant of the ARM architecture is the target.
+@item -mthumb | -mall
+Enable or disable Thumb only instruction decoding.
+@item -mfpa10 | -mfpa11 | -mfpe-old | -mno-fpu
+Select which Floating Point architcture is the target.
+@item -mapcs-32 | -mapcs-26
+Select which procedure calling convention is in use.
+@item -EB | -EL
+Select either big-endian (-EB) or little-endian (-EL) output.
+@end table
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset D10V
+The following options are available when @value{AS} is configured for
+a D10V processor.
+@table @code
+@cindex D10V optimization
+@cindex optimization, D10V
+@item -O
+Optimize output by parallelizing instructions.
+@end table
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset D30V
+The following options are available when @value{AS} is configured for a D30V
+processor.
+@table @code
+@cindex D30V optimization
+@cindex optimization, D30V
+@item -O
+Optimize output by parallelizing instructions.
+
+@cindex D30V nops
+@item -n
+Warn when nops are generated.
+
+@cindex D30V nops after 32-bit multiply
+@item -N
+Warn when a nop after a 32-bit multiply instruction is generated.
+@end table
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset I960
+The following options are available when @value{AS} is configured for the
+Intel 80960 processor.
+
+@table @code
+@item -ACA | -ACA_A | -ACB | -ACC | -AKA | -AKB | -AKC | -AMC
+Specify which variant of the 960 architecture is the target.
+
+@item -b
+Add code to collect statistics about branches taken.
+
+@item -no-relax
+Do not alter compare-and-branch instructions for long displacements;
+error if necessary.
+
+@end table
+@end ifset
+
+
+@ifset M680X0
+The following options are available when @value{AS} is configured for the
+Motorola 68000 series.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item -l
+Shorten references to undefined symbols, to one word instead of two.
+
+@item -m68000 | -m68008 | -m68010 | -m68020 | -m68030 | -m68040 | -m68060
+@itemx | -m68302 | -m68331 | -m68332 | -m68333 | -m68340 | -mcpu32 | -m5200
+Specify what processor in the 68000 family is the target.  The default
+is normally the 68020, but this can be changed at configuration time.
+
+@item -m68881 | -m68882 | -mno-68881 | -mno-68882
+The target machine does (or does not) have a floating-point coprocessor.
+The default is to assume a coprocessor for 68020, 68030, and cpu32.  Although
+the basic 68000 is not compatible with the 68881, a combination of the
+two can be specified, since it's possible to do emulation of the
+coprocessor instructions with the main processor.
+
+@item -m68851 | -mno-68851
+The target machine does (or does not) have a memory-management
+unit coprocessor.  The default is to assume an MMU for 68020 and up.
+
+@end table
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset SPARC
+The following options are available when @code{@value{AS}} is configured
+for the SPARC architecture:
+
+@table @code
+@item -Av6 | -Av7 | -Av8 | -Asparclet | -Asparclite
+@itemx -Av8plus | -Av8plusa | -Av9 | -Av9a
+Explicitly select a variant of the SPARC architecture.
+
+@samp{-Av8plus} and @samp{-Av8plusa} select a 32 bit environment.
+@samp{-Av9} and @samp{-Av9a} select a 64 bit environment.
+
+@samp{-Av8plusa} and @samp{-Av9a} enable the SPARC V9 instruction set with
+UltraSPARC extensions.
+
+@item -xarch=v8plus | -xarch=v8plusa
+For compatibility with the Solaris v9 assembler.  These options are
+equivalent to -Av8plus and -Av8plusa, respectively.
+
+@item -bump
+Warn when the assembler switches to another architecture.
+@end table
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset MIPS
+The following options are available when @value{AS} is configured for
+a MIPS processor.
+
+@table @code
+@item -G @var{num}
+This option sets the largest size of an object that can be referenced
+implicitly with the @code{gp} register.  It is only accepted for targets that
+use ECOFF format, such as a DECstation running Ultrix.  The default value is 8.
+
+@cindex MIPS endianness
+@cindex endianness, MIPS
+@cindex big endian output, MIPS
+@item -EB
+Generate ``big endian'' format output.
+
+@cindex little endian output, MIPS
+@item -EL
+Generate ``little endian'' format output.
+
+@cindex MIPS ISA
+@item -mips1
+@itemx -mips2
+@itemx -mips3
+Generate code for a particular MIPS Instruction Set Architecture level.
+@samp{-mips1} corresponds to the @sc{r2000} and @sc{r3000} processors,
+@samp{-mips2} to the @sc{r6000} processor, and @samp{-mips3} to the @sc{r4000}
+processor.
+
+@item -m4650
+@itemx -no-m4650
+Generate code for the MIPS @sc{r4650} chip.  This tells the assembler to accept
+the @samp{mad} and @samp{madu} instruction, and to not schedule @samp{nop}
+instructions around accesses to the @samp{HI} and @samp{LO} registers.
+@samp{-no-m4650} turns off this option.
+
+@item -mcpu=@var{CPU}
+Generate code for a particular MIPS cpu.  This has little effect on the
+assembler, but it is passed by @code{@value{GCC}}.
+
+@cindex emulation
+@item --emulation=@var{name}
+This option causes @code{@value{AS}} to emulate @code{@value{AS}} configured
+for some other target, in all respects, including output format (choosing
+between ELF and ECOFF only), handling of pseudo-opcodes which may generate
+debugging information or store symbol table information, and default
+endianness.  The available configuration names are: @samp{mipsecoff},
+@samp{mipself}, @samp{mipslecoff}, @samp{mipsbecoff}, @samp{mipslelf},
+@samp{mipsbelf}.  The first two do not alter the default endianness from that
+of the primary target for which the assembler was configured; the others change
+the default to little- or big-endian as indicated by the @samp{b} or @samp{l}
+in the name.  Using @samp{-EB} or @samp{-EL} will override the endianness
+selection in any case.
+
+This option is currently supported only when the primary target
+@code{@value{AS}} is configured for is a MIPS ELF or ECOFF target.
+Furthermore, the primary target or others specified with
+@samp{--enable-targets=@dots{}} at configuration time must include support for
+the other format, if both are to be available.  For example, the Irix 5
+configuration includes support for both.
+
+Eventually, this option will support more configurations, with more
+fine-grained control over the assembler's behavior, and will be supported for
+more processors.
+
+@item -nocpp
+@code{@value{AS}} ignores this option.  It is accepted for compatibility with
+the native tools.
+
+@need 900
+@item --trap
+@itemx --no-trap
+@itemx --break
+@itemx --no-break
+Control how to deal with multiplication overflow and division by zero.
+@samp{--trap} or @samp{--no-break} (which are synonyms) take a trap exception
+(and only work for Instruction Set Architecture level 2 and higher);
+@samp{--break} or @samp{--no-trap} (also synonyms, and the default) take a
+break exception.
+@end table
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset MCORE
+The following options are available when @value{AS} is configured for
+an MCore processor.
+
+@table @code
+@item -jsri2bsr
+@itemx -nojsri2bsr
+Enable or disable the JSRI to BSR transformation.  By default this is enabled.
+The command line option @samp{-nojsri2bsr} can be used to disable it.
+
+@item -sifilter
+@itemx -nosifilter
+Enable or disable the silicon filter behaviour.  By default this is disabled.
+The default can be overidden by the @samp{-sifilter} command line option.
+
+@item -relax
+Alter jump instructions for long displacements.
+
+
+@end table
+@end ifset
+
+@menu
+* Manual::                      Structure of this Manual
+* GNU Assembler::               The GNU Assembler
+* Object Formats::              Object File Formats
+* Command Line::                Command Line
+* Input Files::                 Input Files
+* Object::                      Output (Object) File
+* Errors::                      Error and Warning Messages
+@end menu
+
+@node Manual
+@section Structure of this Manual
+
+@cindex manual, structure and purpose
+This manual is intended to describe what you need to know to use
+@sc{gnu} @code{@value{AS}}.  We cover the syntax expected in source files, including
+notation for symbols, constants, and expressions; the directives that
+@code{@value{AS}} understands; and of course how to invoke @code{@value{AS}}.
+
+@ifclear GENERIC
+We also cover special features in the @value{TARGET}
+configuration of @code{@value{AS}}, including assembler directives.
+@end ifclear
+@ifset GENERIC
+This manual also describes some of the machine-dependent features of
+various flavors of the assembler.
+@end ifset
+
+@cindex machine instructions (not covered)
+On the other hand, this manual is @emph{not} intended as an introduction
+to programming in assembly language---let alone programming in general!
+In a similar vein, we make no attempt to introduce the machine
+architecture; we do @emph{not} describe the instruction set, standard
+mnemonics, registers or addressing modes that are standard to a
+particular architecture.
+@ifset GENERIC
+You may want to consult the manufacturer's
+machine architecture manual for this information.
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifset H8/300
+For information on the H8/300 machine instruction set, see @cite{H8/300
+Series Programming Manual} (Hitachi ADE--602--025).  For the H8/300H,
+see @cite{H8/300H Series Programming Manual} (Hitachi).
+@end ifset
+@ifset H8/500
+For information on the H8/500 machine instruction set, see @cite{H8/500
+Series Programming Manual} (Hitachi M21T001).
+@end ifset
+@ifset SH
+For information on the Hitachi SH machine instruction set, see
+@cite{SH-Microcomputer User's Manual} (Hitachi Micro Systems, Inc.).
+@end ifset
+@ifset Z8000
+For information on the Z8000 machine instruction set, see @cite{Z8000 CPU Technical Manual}
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+
+@c I think this is premature---doc@cygnus.com, 17jan1991
+@ignore
+Throughout this manual, we assume that you are running @dfn{GNU},
+the portable operating system from the @dfn{Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.}.  This restricts our attention to certain kinds of
+computer (in particular, the kinds of computers that @sc{gnu} can run on);
+once this assumption is granted examples and definitions need less
+qualification.
+
+@code{@value{AS}} is part of a team of programs that turn a high-level
+human-readable series of instructions into a low-level
+computer-readable series of instructions.  Different versions of
+@code{@value{AS}} are used for different kinds of computer.
+@end ignore
+
+@c There used to be a section "Terminology" here, which defined
+@c "contents", "byte", "word", and "long".  Defining "word" to any
+@c particular size is confusing when the .word directive may generate 16
+@c bits on one machine and 32 bits on another; in general, for the user
+@c version of this manual, none of these terms seem essential to define.
+@c They were used very little even in the former draft of the manual;
+@c this draft makes an effort to avoid them (except in names of
+@c directives).
+
+@node GNU Assembler
+@section The GNU Assembler
+
+@sc{gnu} @code{as} is really a family of assemblers.
+@ifclear GENERIC
+This manual describes @code{@value{AS}}, a member of that family which is
+configured for the @value{TARGET} architectures.
+@end ifclear
+If you use (or have used) the @sc{gnu} assembler on one architecture, you
+should find a fairly similar environment when you use it on another
+architecture.  Each version has much in common with the others,
+including object file formats, most assembler directives (often called
+@dfn{pseudo-ops}) and assembler syntax.@refill
+
+@cindex purpose of @sc{gnu} assembler
+@code{@value{AS}} is primarily intended to assemble the output of the
+@sc{gnu} C compiler @code{@value{GCC}} for use by the linker
+@code{@value{LD}}.  Nevertheless, we've tried to make @code{@value{AS}}
+assemble correctly everything that other assemblers for the same
+machine would assemble.
+@ifset VAX
+Any exceptions are documented explicitly (@pxref{Machine Dependencies}).
+@end ifset
+@ifset M680X0
+@c This remark should appear in generic version of manual; assumption
+@c here is that generic version sets M680x0.
+This doesn't mean @code{@value{AS}} always uses the same syntax as another
+assembler for the same architecture; for example, we know of several
+incompatible versions of 680x0 assembly language syntax.
+@end ifset
+
+Unlike older assemblers, @code{@value{AS}} is designed to assemble a source
+program in one pass of the source file.  This has a subtle impact on the
+@kbd{.org} directive (@pxref{Org,,@code{.org}}).
+
+@node Object Formats
+@section Object File Formats
+
+@cindex object file format
+The @sc{gnu} assembler can be configured to produce several alternative
+object file formats.  For the most part, this does not affect how you
+write assembly language programs; but directives for debugging symbols
+are typically different in different file formats.  @xref{Symbol
+Attributes,,Symbol Attributes}.
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifclear MULTI-OBJ
+On the @value{TARGET}, @code{@value{AS}} is configured to produce
+@value{OBJ-NAME} format object files.
+@end ifclear
+@c The following should exhaust all configs that set MULTI-OBJ, ideally
+@ifset A29K
+On the @value{TARGET}, @code{@value{AS}} can be configured to produce either
+@code{a.out} or COFF format object files.
+@end ifset
+@ifset I960
+On the @value{TARGET}, @code{@value{AS}} can be configured to produce either
+@code{b.out} or COFF format object files.
+@end ifset
+@ifset HPPA
+On the @value{TARGET}, @code{@value{AS}} can be configured to produce either
+SOM or ELF format object files.
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+
+@node Command Line
+@section Command Line
+
+@cindex command line conventions
+After the program name @code{@value{AS}}, the command line may contain
+options and file names.  Options may appear in any order, and may be
+before, after, or between file names.  The order of file names is
+significant.
+
+@cindex standard input, as input file
+@kindex --
+@file{--} (two hyphens) by itself names the standard input file
+explicitly, as one of the files for @code{@value{AS}} to assemble.
+
+@cindex options, command line
+Except for @samp{--} any command line argument that begins with a
+hyphen (@samp{-}) is an option.  Each option changes the behavior of
+@code{@value{AS}}.  No option changes the way another option works.  An
+option is a @samp{-} followed by one or more letters; the case of
+the letter is important.   All options are optional.
+
+Some options expect exactly one file name to follow them.  The file
+name may either immediately follow the option's letter (compatible
+with older assemblers) or it may be the next command argument (@sc{gnu}
+standard).  These two command lines are equivalent:
+
+@smallexample
+@value{AS} -o my-object-file.o mumble.s
+@value{AS} -omy-object-file.o mumble.s
+@end smallexample
+
+@node Input Files
+@section Input Files
+
+@cindex input
+@cindex source program
+@cindex files, input
+We use the phrase @dfn{source program}, abbreviated @dfn{source}, to
+describe the program input to one run of @code{@value{AS}}.  The program may
+be in one or more files; how the source is partitioned into files
+doesn't change the meaning of the source.
+
+@c I added "con" prefix to "catenation" just to prove I can overcome my
+@c APL training...   doc@cygnus.com
+The source program is a concatenation of the text in all the files, in the
+order specified.
+
+Each time you run @code{@value{AS}} it assembles exactly one source
+program.  The source program is made up of one or more files.
+(The standard input is also a file.)
+
+You give @code{@value{AS}} a command line that has zero or more input file
+names.  The input files are read (from left file name to right).  A
+command line argument (in any position) that has no special meaning
+is taken to be an input file name.
+
+If you give @code{@value{AS}} no file names it attempts to read one input file
+from the @code{@value{AS}} standard input, which is normally your terminal.  You
+may have to type @key{ctl-D} to tell @code{@value{AS}} there is no more program
+to assemble.
+
+Use @samp{--} if you need to explicitly name the standard input file
+in your command line.
+
+If the source is empty, @code{@value{AS}} produces a small, empty object
+file.
+
+@subheading Filenames and Line-numbers
+
+@cindex input file linenumbers
+@cindex line numbers, in input files
+There are two ways of locating a line in the input file (or files) and
+either may be used in reporting error messages.  One way refers to a line
+number in a physical file; the other refers to a line number in a
+``logical'' file.  @xref{Errors, ,Error and Warning Messages}.
+
+@dfn{Physical files} are those files named in the command line given
+to @code{@value{AS}}.
+
+@dfn{Logical files} are simply names declared explicitly by assembler
+directives; they bear no relation to physical files.  Logical file names help
+error messages reflect the original source file, when @code{@value{AS}} source
+is itself synthesized from other files.  @code{@value{AS}} understands the
+@samp{#} directives emitted by the @code{@value{GCC}} preprocessor.  See also
+@ref{File,,@code{.file}}.
+
+@node Object
+@section Output (Object) File
+
+@cindex object file
+@cindex output file
+@kindex a.out
+@kindex .o
+Every time you run @code{@value{AS}} it produces an output file, which is
+your assembly language program translated into numbers.  This file
+is the object file.  Its default name is
+@ifclear BOUT
+@code{a.out}.
+@end ifclear
+@ifset BOUT
+@ifset GENERIC
+@code{a.out}, or 
+@end ifset
+@code{b.out} when @code{@value{AS}} is configured for the Intel 80960.
+@end ifset
+You can give it another name by using the @code{-o} option.  Conventionally,
+object file names end with @file{.o}.  The default name is used for historical
+reasons: older assemblers were capable of assembling self-contained programs
+directly into a runnable program.  (For some formats, this isn't currently
+possible, but it can be done for the @code{a.out} format.)
+
+@cindex linker
+@kindex ld
+The object file is meant for input to the linker @code{@value{LD}}.  It contains
+assembled program code, information to help @code{@value{LD}} integrate
+the assembled program into a runnable file, and (optionally) symbolic
+information for the debugger.
+
+@c link above to some info file(s) like the description of a.out.
+@c don't forget to describe @sc{gnu} info as well as Unix lossage.
+
+@node Errors
+@section Error and Warning Messages
+
+@cindex error messsages
+@cindex warning messages
+@cindex messages from assembler
+@code{@value{AS}} may write warnings and error messages to the standard error
+file (usually your terminal).  This should not happen when  a compiler
+runs @code{@value{AS}} automatically.  Warnings report an assumption made so
+that @code{@value{AS}} could keep assembling a flawed program; errors report a
+grave problem that stops the assembly.
+
+@cindex format of warning messages
+Warning messages have the format
+
+@smallexample
+file_name:@b{NNN}:Warning Message Text
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+@cindex line numbers, in warnings/errors
+(where @b{NNN} is a line number).  If a logical file name has been given
+(@pxref{File,,@code{.file}}) it is used for the filename, otherwise the name of
+the current input file is used.  If a logical line number was given
+@ifset GENERIC
+(@pxref{Line,,@code{.line}})
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifclear A29K
+(@pxref{Line,,@code{.line}})
+@end ifclear
+@ifset A29K
+(@pxref{Ln,,@code{.ln}})
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+then it is used to calculate the number printed,
+otherwise the actual line in the current source file is printed.  The
+message text is intended to be self explanatory (in the grand Unix
+tradition).
+
+@cindex format of error messages
+Error messages have the format
+@smallexample
+file_name:@b{NNN}:FATAL:Error Message Text
+@end smallexample
+The file name and line number are derived as for warning
+messages.  The actual message text may be rather less explanatory
+because many of them aren't supposed to happen.
+
+@node Invoking
+@chapter Command-Line Options
+
+@cindex options, all versions of assembler
+This chapter describes command-line options available in @emph{all}
+versions of the @sc{gnu} assembler; @pxref{Machine Dependencies}, for options specific
+@ifclear GENERIC
+to the @value{TARGET}.
+@end ifclear
+@ifset GENERIC
+to particular machine architectures.
+@end ifset
+
+If you are invoking @code{@value{AS}} via the @sc{gnu} C compiler (version 2),
+you can use the @samp{-Wa} option to pass arguments through to the assembler.
+The assembler arguments must be separated from each other (and the @samp{-Wa})
+by commas.  For example:
+
+@smallexample
+gcc -c -g -O -Wa,-alh,-L file.c
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+This passes two options to the assembler: @samp{-alh} (emit a listing to
+standard output with with high-level and assembly source) and @samp{-L} (retain
+local symbols in the symbol table).
+
+Usually you do not need to use this @samp{-Wa} mechanism, since many compiler
+command-line options are automatically passed to the assembler by the compiler.
+(You can call the @sc{gnu} compiler driver with the @samp{-v} option to see
+precisely what options it passes to each compilation pass, including the
+assembler.)
+
+@menu
+* a::             -a[cdhlns] enable listings
+* D::             -D for compatibility
+* f::             -f to work faster
+* I::             -I for .include search path
+@ifclear DIFF-TBL-KLUGE
+* K::             -K for compatibility
+@end ifclear
+@ifset DIFF-TBL-KLUGE
+* K::             -K for difference tables
+@end ifset
+
+* L::             -L to retain local labels
+* M::		  -M or --mri to assemble in MRI compatibility mode
+* MD::            --MD for dependency tracking
+* o::             -o to name the object file
+* R::             -R to join data and text sections
+* statistics::    --statistics to see statistics about assembly
+* traditional-format:: --traditional-format for compatible output
+* v::             -v to announce version
+* W::             -W to suppress warnings
+* Z::             -Z to make object file even after errors
+@end menu
+
+@node a
+@section Enable Listings: @code{-a[cdhlns]}
+
+@kindex -a
+@kindex -ac
+@kindex -ad
+@kindex -ah
+@kindex -al
+@kindex -an
+@kindex -as
+@cindex listings, enabling
+@cindex assembly listings, enabling
+
+These options enable listing output from the assembler.  By itself,
+@samp{-a} requests high-level, assembly, and symbols listing.
+You can use other letters to select specific options for the list:
+@samp{-ah} requests a high-level language listing,
+@samp{-al} requests an output-program assembly listing, and
+@samp{-as} requests a symbol table listing.
+High-level listings require that a compiler debugging option like
+@samp{-g} be used, and that assembly listings (@samp{-al}) be requested
+also.
+
+Use the @samp{-ac} option to omit false conditionals from a listing.  Any lines
+which are not assembled because of a false @code{.if} (or @code{.ifdef}, or any
+other conditional), or a true @code{.if} followed by an @code{.else}, will be
+omitted from the listing.
+
+Use the @samp{-ad} option to omit debugging directives from the
+listing.
+
+Once you have specified one of these options, you can further control
+listing output and its appearance using the directives @code{.list},
+@code{.nolist}, @code{.psize}, @code{.eject}, @code{.title}, and
+@code{.sbttl}.
+The @samp{-an} option turns off all forms processing.
+If you do not request listing output with one of the @samp{-a} options, the
+listing-control directives have no effect.
+
+The letters after @samp{-a} may be combined into one option,
+@emph{e.g.}, @samp{-aln}.
+
+@node D
+@section @code{-D}
+
+@kindex -D
+This option has no effect whatsoever, but it is accepted to make it more
+likely that scripts written for other assemblers also work with
+@code{@value{AS}}.
+
+@node f
+@section Work Faster: @code{-f}
+
+@kindex -f
+@cindex trusted compiler
+@cindex faster processing (@code{-f})
+@samp{-f} should only be used when assembling programs written by a
+(trusted) compiler.  @samp{-f} stops the assembler from doing whitespace
+and comment preprocessing on
+the input file(s) before assembling them.  @xref{Preprocessing,
+,Preprocessing}.
+
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning:} if you use @samp{-f} when the files actually need to be
+preprocessed (if they contain comments, for example), @code{@value{AS}} does
+not work correctly.
+@end quotation
+
+@node I
+@section @code{.include} search path: @code{-I} @var{path}
+
+@kindex -I @var{path}
+@cindex paths for @code{.include}
+@cindex search path for @code{.include}
+@cindex @code{include} directive search path
+Use this option to add a @var{path} to the list of directories
+@code{@value{AS}} searches for files specified in @code{.include}
+directives (@pxref{Include,,@code{.include}}).  You may use @code{-I} as
+many times as necessary to include a variety of paths.  The current
+working directory is always searched first; after that, @code{@value{AS}}
+searches any @samp{-I} directories in the same order as they were
+specified (left to right) on the command line.
+
+@node K
+@section Difference Tables: @code{-K}
+
+@kindex -K
+@ifclear DIFF-TBL-KLUGE
+On the @value{TARGET} family, this option is allowed, but has no effect.  It is
+permitted for compatibility with the @sc{gnu} assembler on other platforms,
+where it can be used to warn when the assembler alters the machine code
+generated for @samp{.word} directives in difference tables.  The @value{TARGET}
+family does not have the addressing limitations that sometimes lead to this
+alteration on other platforms.
+@end ifclear
+
+@ifset DIFF-TBL-KLUGE
+@cindex difference tables, warning
+@cindex warning for altered difference tables
+@code{@value{AS}} sometimes alters the code emitted for directives of the form
+@samp{.word @var{sym1}-@var{sym2}}; @pxref{Word,,@code{.word}}.
+You can use the @samp{-K} option if you want a warning issued when this
+is done.
+@end ifset
+
+@node L
+@section Include Local Labels: @code{-L}
+
+@kindex -L
+@cindex local labels, retaining in output
+Labels beginning with @samp{L} (upper case only) are called @dfn{local
+labels}. @xref{Symbol Names}.  Normally you do not see such labels when
+debugging, because they are intended for the use of programs (like
+compilers) that compose assembler programs, not for your notice.
+Normally both @code{@value{AS}} and @code{@value{LD}} discard such labels, so you do not
+normally debug with them.
+
+This option tells @code{@value{AS}} to retain those @samp{L@dots{}} symbols
+in the object file.  Usually if you do this you also tell the linker
+@code{@value{LD}} to preserve symbols whose names begin with @samp{L}.
+
+By default, a local label is any label beginning with @samp{L}, but each
+target is allowed to redefine the local label prefix.
+@ifset HPPA
+On the HPPA local labels begin with @samp{L$}.
+@end ifset
+@ifset ARM
+@samp{;} for the ARM family;
+@end ifset
+
+@node M
+@section Assemble in MRI Compatibility Mode: @code{-M}
+
+@kindex -M
+@cindex MRI compatibility mode
+The @code{-M} or @code{--mri} option selects MRI compatibility mode.  This
+changes the syntax and pseudo-op handling of @code{@value{AS}} to make it
+compatible with the @code{ASM68K} or the @code{ASM960} (depending upon the
+configured target) assembler from Microtec Research.  The exact nature of the
+MRI syntax will not be documented here; see the MRI manuals for more
+information.  Note in particular that the handling of macros and macro
+arguments is somewhat different.  The purpose of this option is to permit
+assembling existing MRI assembler code using @code{@value{AS}}.
+
+The MRI compatibility is not complete.  Certain operations of the MRI assembler
+depend upon its object file format, and can not be supported using other object
+file formats.  Supporting these would require enhancing each object file format
+individually.  These are:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item global symbols in common section
+
+The m68k MRI assembler supports common sections which are merged by the linker.
+Other object file formats do not support this.  @code{@value{AS}} handles
+common sections by treating them as a single common symbol.  It permits local
+symbols to be defined within a common section, but it can not support global
+symbols, since it has no way to describe them.
+
+@item complex relocations
+
+The MRI assemblers support relocations against a negated section address, and
+relocations which combine the start addresses of two or more sections.  These
+are not support by other object file formats.
+
+@item @code{END} pseudo-op specifying start address
+
+The MRI @code{END} pseudo-op permits the specification of a start address.
+This is not supported by other object file formats.  The start address may
+instead be specified using the @code{-e} option to the linker, or in a linker
+script.
+
+@item @code{IDNT}, @code{.ident} and @code{NAME} pseudo-ops
+
+The MRI @code{IDNT}, @code{.ident} and @code{NAME} pseudo-ops assign a module
+name to the output file.  This is not supported by other object file formats.
+
+@item @code{ORG} pseudo-op
+
+The m68k MRI @code{ORG} pseudo-op begins an absolute section at a given
+address.  This differs from the usual @code{@value{AS}} @code{.org} pseudo-op,
+which changes the location within the current section.  Absolute sections are
+not supported by other object file formats.  The address of a section may be
+assigned within a linker script.
+@end itemize
+
+There are some other features of the MRI assembler which are not supported by
+@code{@value{AS}}, typically either because they are difficult or because they
+seem of little consequence.  Some of these may be supported in future releases.
+
+@itemize @bullet
+
+@item EBCDIC strings
+
+EBCDIC strings are not supported.
+
+@item packed binary coded decimal
+
+Packed binary coded decimal is not supported.  This means that the @code{DC.P}
+and @code{DCB.P} pseudo-ops are not supported.
+
+@item @code{FEQU} pseudo-op
+
+The m68k @code{FEQU} pseudo-op is not supported.
+
+@item @code{NOOBJ} pseudo-op
+
+The m68k @code{NOOBJ} pseudo-op is not supported.
+
+@item @code{OPT} branch control options
+
+The m68k @code{OPT} branch control options---@code{B}, @code{BRS}, @code{BRB},
+@code{BRL}, and @code{BRW}---are ignored.  @code{@value{AS}} automatically
+relaxes all branches, whether forward or backward, to an appropriate size, so
+these options serve no purpose.
+
+@item @code{OPT} list control options
+
+The following m68k @code{OPT} list control options are ignored: @code{C},
+@code{CEX}, @code{CL}, @code{CRE}, @code{E}, @code{G}, @code{I}, @code{M},
+@code{MEX}, @code{MC}, @code{MD}, @code{X}.
+
+@item other @code{OPT} options
+
+The following m68k @code{OPT} options are ignored: @code{NEST}, @code{O},
+@code{OLD}, @code{OP}, @code{P}, @code{PCO}, @code{PCR}, @code{PCS}, @code{R}.
+
+@item @code{OPT} @code{D} option is default
+
+The m68k @code{OPT} @code{D} option is the default, unlike the MRI assembler.
+@code{OPT NOD} may be used to turn it off.
+
+@item @code{XREF} pseudo-op.
+
+The m68k @code{XREF} pseudo-op is ignored.
+
+@item @code{.debug} pseudo-op
+
+The i960 @code{.debug} pseudo-op is not supported.
+
+@item @code{.extended} pseudo-op
+
+The i960 @code{.extended} pseudo-op is not supported.
+
+@item @code{.list} pseudo-op.
+
+The various options of the i960 @code{.list} pseudo-op are not supported.
+
+@item @code{.optimize} pseudo-op
+
+The i960 @code{.optimize} pseudo-op is not supported.
+
+@item @code{.output} pseudo-op
+
+The i960 @code{.output} pseudo-op is not supported.
+
+@item @code{.setreal} pseudo-op
+
+The i960 @code{.setreal} pseudo-op is not supported.
+
+@end itemize
+
+@node MD
+@section Dependency tracking: @code{--MD}
+
+@kindex --MD
+@cindex dependency tracking
+@cindex make rules
+
+@code{@value{AS}} can generate a dependency file for the file it creates.  This
+file consists of a single rule suitable for @code{make} describing the
+dependencies of the main source file.
+
+The rule is written to the file named in its argument.
+
+This feature is used in the automatic updating of makefiles.
+
+@node o
+@section Name the Object File: @code{-o}
+
+@kindex -o
+@cindex naming object file
+@cindex object file name
+There is always one object file output when you run @code{@value{AS}}.  By
+default it has the name
+@ifset GENERIC
+@ifset I960
+@file{a.out} (or @file{b.out}, for Intel 960 targets only).
+@end ifset
+@ifclear I960
+@file{a.out}.
+@end ifclear
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifset I960
+@file{b.out}.
+@end ifset
+@ifclear I960
+@file{a.out}.
+@end ifclear
+@end ifclear
+You use this option (which takes exactly one filename) to give the
+object file a different name.
+
+Whatever the object file is called, @code{@value{AS}} overwrites any
+existing file of the same name.
+
+@node R
+@section Join Data and Text Sections: @code{-R}
+
+@kindex -R
+@cindex data and text sections, joining
+@cindex text and data sections, joining
+@cindex joining text and data sections
+@cindex merging text and data sections
+@code{-R} tells @code{@value{AS}} to write the object file as if all
+data-section data lives in the text section.  This is only done at
+the very last moment:  your binary data are the same, but data
+section parts are relocated differently.  The data section part of
+your object file is zero bytes long because all its bytes are
+appended to the text section.  (@xref{Sections,,Sections and Relocation}.)
+
+When you specify @code{-R} it would be possible to generate shorter
+address displacements (because we do not have to cross between text and
+data section).  We refrain from doing this simply for compatibility with
+older versions of @code{@value{AS}}.  In future, @code{-R} may work this way.
+
+@ifset COFF
+When @code{@value{AS}} is configured for COFF output,
+this option is only useful if you use sections named @samp{.text} and
+@samp{.data}.
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset HPPA
+@code{-R} is not supported for any of the HPPA targets.  Using
+@code{-R} generates a warning from @code{@value{AS}}.
+@end ifset
+
+@node statistics
+@section Display Assembly Statistics: @code{--statistics}
+
+@kindex --statistics
+@cindex statistics, about assembly
+@cindex time, total for assembly
+@cindex space used, maximum for assembly
+Use @samp{--statistics} to display two statistics about the resources used by
+@code{@value{AS}}: the maximum amount of space allocated during the assembly
+(in bytes), and the total execution time taken for the assembly (in @sc{cpu}
+seconds).
+
+@node traditional-format
+@section Compatible output: @code{--traditional-format}
+
+@kindex --traditional-format
+For some targets, the output of @code{@value{AS}} is different in some ways
+from the output of some existing assembler.  This switch requests
+@code{@value{AS}} to use the traditional format instead.
+
+For example, it disables the exception frame optimizations which
+@code{@value{AS}} normally does by default on @code{@value{GCC}} output.
+
+@node v
+@section Announce Version: @code{-v}
+
+@kindex -v
+@kindex -version
+@cindex assembler version
+@cindex version of assembler
+You can find out what version of as is running by including the
+option @samp{-v} (which you can also spell as @samp{-version}) on the
+command line.
+
+@node W
+@section Suppress Warnings: @code{-W}
+
+@kindex -W
+@cindex suppressing warnings
+@cindex warnings, suppressing
+@code{@value{AS}} should never give a warning or error message when
+assembling compiler output.  But programs written by people often
+cause @code{@value{AS}} to give a warning that a particular assumption was
+made.  All such warnings are directed to the standard error file.
+If you use this option, no warnings are issued.  This option only
+affects the warning messages: it does not change any particular of how
+@code{@value{AS}} assembles your file.  Errors, which stop the assembly, are
+still reported.
+
+@node Z
+@section Generate Object File in Spite of Errors: @code{-Z}
+@cindex object file, after errors
+@cindex errors, continuing after
+After an error message, @code{@value{AS}} normally produces no output.  If for
+some reason you are interested in object file output even after
+@code{@value{AS}} gives an error message on your program, use the @samp{-Z}
+option.  If there are any errors, @code{@value{AS}} continues anyways, and
+writes an object file after a final warning message of the form @samp{@var{n}
+errors, @var{m} warnings, generating bad object file.}
+
+@node Syntax
+@chapter Syntax
+
+@cindex machine-independent syntax
+@cindex syntax, machine-independent
+This chapter describes the machine-independent syntax allowed in a
+source file.  @code{@value{AS}} syntax is similar to what many other
+assemblers use; it is inspired by the BSD 4.2
+@ifclear VAX
+assembler.
+@end ifclear
+@ifset VAX
+assembler, except that @code{@value{AS}} does not assemble Vax bit-fields.
+@end ifset
+
+@menu
+* Preprocessing::              Preprocessing
+* Whitespace::                  Whitespace
+* Comments::                    Comments
+* Symbol Intro::                Symbols
+* Statements::                  Statements
+* Constants::                   Constants
+@end menu
+
+@node Preprocessing
+@section Preprocessing
+
+@cindex preprocessing
+The @code{@value{AS}} internal preprocessor:
+@itemize @bullet
+@cindex whitespace, removed by preprocessor
+@item
+adjusts and removes extra whitespace.  It leaves one space or tab before
+the keywords on a line, and turns any other whitespace on the line into
+a single space.
+
+@cindex comments, removed by preprocessor
+@item
+removes all comments, replacing them with a single space, or an
+appropriate number of newlines.
+
+@cindex constants, converted by preprocessor
+@item
+converts character constants into the appropriate numeric values.
+@end itemize
+
+It does not do macro processing, include file handling, or
+anything else you may get from your C compiler's preprocessor.  You can
+do include file processing with the @code{.include} directive
+(@pxref{Include,,@code{.include}}).  You can use the @sc{gnu} C compiler driver
+to get other ``CPP'' style preprocessing, by giving the input file a
+@samp{.S} suffix.  @xref{Overall Options,, Options Controlling the Kind of
+Output, gcc.info, Using GNU CC}.
+
+Excess whitespace, comments, and character constants
+cannot be used in the portions of the input text that are not
+preprocessed.
+
+@cindex turning preprocessing on and off
+@cindex preprocessing, turning on and off
+@kindex #NO_APP
+@kindex #APP
+If the first line of an input file is @code{#NO_APP} or if you use the
+@samp{-f} option, whitespace and comments are not removed from the input file.
+Within an input file, you can ask for whitespace and comment removal in
+specific portions of the by putting a line that says @code{#APP} before the
+text that may contain whitespace or comments, and putting a line that says
+@code{#NO_APP} after this text.  This feature is mainly intend to support
+@code{asm} statements in compilers whose output is otherwise free of comments
+and whitespace.
+
+@node Whitespace
+@section Whitespace
+
+@cindex whitespace
+@dfn{Whitespace} is one or more blanks or tabs, in any order.
+Whitespace is used to separate symbols, and to make programs neater for
+people to read.  Unless within character constants
+(@pxref{Characters,,Character Constants}), any whitespace means the same
+as exactly one space.
+
+@node Comments
+@section Comments
+
+@cindex comments
+There are two ways of rendering comments to @code{@value{AS}}.  In both
+cases the comment is equivalent to one space.
+
+Anything from @samp{/*} through the next @samp{*/} is a comment.
+This means you may not nest these comments.
+
+@smallexample
+/*
+  The only way to include a newline ('\n') in a comment
+  is to use this sort of comment.
+*/
+
+/* This sort of comment does not nest. */
+@end smallexample
+
+@cindex line comment character
+Anything from the @dfn{line comment} character to the next newline
+is considered a comment and is ignored.  The line comment character is
+@ifset A29K
+@samp{;} for the AMD 29K family;
+@end ifset
+@ifset ARC
+@samp{;} on the ARC;
+@end ifset
+@ifset H8/300
+@samp{;} for the H8/300 family;
+@end ifset
+@ifset H8/500
+@samp{!} for the H8/500 family;
+@end ifset
+@ifset HPPA
+@samp{;} for the HPPA;
+@end ifset
+@ifset I960
+@samp{#} on the i960;
+@end ifset
+@ifset SH
+@samp{!} for the Hitachi SH;
+@end ifset
+@ifset SPARC
+@samp{!} on the SPARC;
+@end ifset
+@ifset M32R
+@samp{#} on the m32r;
+@end ifset
+@ifset M680X0
+@samp{|} on the 680x0;
+@end ifset
+@ifset VAX
+@samp{#} on the Vax;
+@end ifset
+@ifset Z8000
+@samp{!} for the Z8000;
+@end ifset
+@ifset V850
+@samp{#} on the V850;
+@end ifset
+see @ref{Machine Dependencies}.  @refill
+@c FIXME What about i386, m88k, i860?
+
+@ifset GENERIC
+On some machines there are two different line comment characters.  One
+character only begins a comment if it is the first non-whitespace character on
+a line, while the other always begins a comment.
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset V850
+The V850 assembler also supports a double dash as starting a comment that
+extends to the end of the line.
+
+@samp{--};
+@end ifset
+
+@kindex #
+@cindex lines starting with @code{#}
+@cindex logical line numbers
+To be compatible with past assemblers, lines that begin with @samp{#} have a
+special interpretation.  Following the @samp{#} should be an absolute
+expression (@pxref{Expressions}): the logical line number of the @emph{next}
+line.  Then a string (@pxref{Strings,, Strings}) is allowed: if present it is a
+new logical file name.  The rest of the line, if any, should be whitespace.
+
+If the first non-whitespace characters on the line are not numeric,
+the line is ignored.  (Just like a comment.)
+
+@smallexample
+                          # This is an ordinary comment.
+# 42-6 "new_file_name"    # New logical file name
+                          # This is logical line # 36.
+@end smallexample
+This feature is deprecated, and may disappear from future versions
+of @code{@value{AS}}.
+
+@node Symbol Intro
+@section Symbols
+
+@cindex characters used in symbols
+@ifclear SPECIAL-SYMS
+A @dfn{symbol} is one or more characters chosen from the set of all
+letters (both upper and lower case), digits and the three characters
+@samp{_.$}.
+@end ifclear
+@ifset SPECIAL-SYMS
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifset H8
+A @dfn{symbol} is one or more characters chosen from the set of all
+letters (both upper and lower case), digits and the three characters
+@samp{._$}.  (Save that, on the H8/300 only, you may not use @samp{$} in
+symbol names.)
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+@end ifset
+@ifset GENERIC
+On most machines, you can also use @code{$} in symbol names; exceptions
+are noted in @ref{Machine Dependencies}.
+@end ifset
+No symbol may begin with a digit.  Case is significant.
+There is no length limit: all characters are significant.  Symbols are
+delimited by characters not in that set, or by the beginning of a file
+(since the source program must end with a newline, the end of a file is
+not a possible symbol delimiter).  @xref{Symbols}.
+@cindex length of symbols
+
+@node Statements
+@section Statements
+
+@cindex statements, structure of
+@cindex line separator character
+@cindex statement separator character
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifclear abnormal-separator
+A @dfn{statement} ends at a newline character (@samp{\n}) or at a
+semicolon (@samp{;}).  The newline or semicolon is considered part of
+the preceding statement.  Newlines and semicolons within character
+constants are an exception: they do not end statements.
+@end ifclear
+@ifset abnormal-separator
+@ifset A29K
+A @dfn{statement} ends at a newline character (@samp{\n}) or an ``at''
+sign (@samp{@@}).  The newline or at sign is considered part of the
+preceding statement.  Newlines and at signs within character constants
+are an exception: they do not end statements.
+@end ifset
+@ifset HPPA
+A @dfn{statement} ends at a newline character (@samp{\n}) or an exclamation 
+point (@samp{!}).  The newline or exclamation point is considered part of the
+preceding statement.  Newlines and exclamation points within character
+constants are an exception: they do not end statements.
+@end ifset
+@ifset H8
+A @dfn{statement} ends at a newline character (@samp{\n}); or (for the
+H8/300) a dollar sign (@samp{$}); or (for the
+Hitachi-SH or the
+H8/500) a semicolon
+(@samp{;}).  The newline or separator character is considered part of
+the preceding statement.  Newlines and separators within character
+constants are an exception: they do not end statements.
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+@ifset GENERIC
+A @dfn{statement} ends at a newline character (@samp{\n}) or line
+separator character.  (The line separator is usually @samp{;}, unless
+this conflicts with the comment character; @pxref{Machine Dependencies}.)  The
+newline or separator character is considered part of the preceding
+statement.  Newlines and separators within character constants are an
+exception: they do not end statements.
+@end ifset
+
+@cindex newline, required at file end
+@cindex EOF, newline must precede
+It is an error to end any statement with end-of-file:  the last
+character of any input file should be a newline.@refill
+
+An empty statement is allowed, and may include whitespace.  It is ignored.
+
+@cindex instructions and directives
+@cindex directives and instructions
+@c "key symbol" is not used elsewhere in the document; seems pedantic to
+@c @defn{} it in that case, as was done previously...  doc@cygnus.com,
+@c 13feb91.
+A statement begins with zero or more labels, optionally followed by a
+key symbol which determines what kind of statement it is.  The key
+symbol determines the syntax of the rest of the statement.  If the
+symbol begins with a dot @samp{.} then the statement is an assembler
+directive: typically valid for any computer.  If the symbol begins with
+a letter the statement is an assembly language @dfn{instruction}: it
+assembles into a machine language instruction.
+@ifset GENERIC
+Different versions of @code{@value{AS}} for different computers
+recognize different instructions.  In fact, the same symbol may
+represent a different instruction in a different computer's assembly
+language.@refill
+@end ifset
+
+@cindex @code{:} (label)
+@cindex label (@code{:})
+A label is a symbol immediately followed by a colon (@code{:}).
+Whitespace before a label or after a colon is permitted, but you may not
+have whitespace between a label's symbol and its colon. @xref{Labels}.
+
+@ifset HPPA
+For HPPA targets, labels need not be immediately followed by a colon, but 
+the definition of a label must begin in column zero.  This also implies that
+only one label may be defined on each line.
+@end ifset
+
+@smallexample
+label:     .directive    followed by something
+another_label:           # This is an empty statement.
+           instruction   operand_1, operand_2, @dots{}
+@end smallexample
+
+@node Constants
+@section Constants
+
+@cindex constants
+A constant is a number, written so that its value is known by
+inspection, without knowing any context.  Like this:
+@smallexample
+@group
+.byte  74, 0112, 092, 0x4A, 0X4a, 'J, '\J # All the same value.
+.ascii "Ring the bell\7"                  # A string constant.
+.octa  0x123456789abcdef0123456789ABCDEF0 # A bignum.
+.float 0f-314159265358979323846264338327\
+95028841971.693993751E-40                 # - pi, a flonum.
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+
+@menu
+* Characters::                  Character Constants
+* Numbers::                     Number Constants
+@end menu
+
+@node Characters
+@subsection Character Constants
+
+@cindex character constants
+@cindex constants, character
+There are two kinds of character constants.  A @dfn{character} stands
+for one character in one byte and its value may be used in
+numeric expressions.  String constants (properly called string
+@emph{literals}) are potentially many bytes and their values may not be
+used in arithmetic expressions.
+
+@menu
+* Strings::                     Strings
+* Chars::                       Characters
+@end menu
+
+@node Strings
+@subsubsection Strings
+
+@cindex string constants
+@cindex constants, string
+A @dfn{string} is written between double-quotes.  It may contain
+double-quotes or null characters.  The way to get special characters
+into a string is to @dfn{escape} these characters: precede them with
+a backslash @samp{\} character.  For example @samp{\\} represents
+one backslash:  the first @code{\} is an escape which tells
+@code{@value{AS}} to interpret the second character literally as a backslash
+(which prevents @code{@value{AS}} from recognizing the second @code{\} as an
+escape character).  The complete list of escapes follows.
+
+@cindex escape codes, character
+@cindex character escape codes
+@table @kbd
+@c      @item \a
+@c      Mnemonic for ACKnowledge; for ASCII this is octal code 007.
+@c
+@cindex @code{\b} (backspace character)
+@cindex backspace (@code{\b})
+@item \b
+Mnemonic for backspace; for ASCII this is octal code 010.
+
+@c      @item \e
+@c      Mnemonic for EOText; for ASCII this is octal code 004.
+@c
+@cindex @code{\f} (formfeed character)
+@cindex formfeed (@code{\f})
+@item \f
+Mnemonic for FormFeed; for ASCII this is octal code 014.
+
+@cindex @code{\n} (newline character)
+@cindex newline (@code{\n})
+@item \n
+Mnemonic for newline; for ASCII this is octal code 012.
+
+@c      @item \p
+@c      Mnemonic for prefix; for ASCII this is octal code 033, usually known as @code{escape}.
+@c
+@cindex @code{\r} (carriage return character)
+@cindex carriage return (@code{\r})
+@item \r
+Mnemonic for carriage-Return; for ASCII this is octal code 015.
+
+@c      @item \s
+@c      Mnemonic for space; for ASCII this is octal code 040.  Included for compliance with
+@c      other assemblers.
+@c
+@cindex @code{\t} (tab)
+@cindex tab (@code{\t})
+@item \t
+Mnemonic for horizontal Tab; for ASCII this is octal code 011.
+
+@c      @item \v
+@c      Mnemonic for Vertical tab; for ASCII this is octal code 013.
+@c      @item \x @var{digit} @var{digit} @var{digit}
+@c      A hexadecimal character code.  The numeric code is 3 hexadecimal digits.
+@c
+@cindex @code{\@var{ddd}} (octal character code)
+@cindex octal character code (@code{\@var{ddd}})
+@item \ @var{digit} @var{digit} @var{digit}
+An octal character code.  The numeric code is 3 octal digits.
+For compatibility with other Unix systems, 8 and 9 are accepted as digits:
+for example, @code{\008} has the value 010, and @code{\009} the value 011.
+
+@cindex @code{\@var{xd...}} (hex character code)
+@cindex hex character code (@code{\@var{xd...}})
+@item \@code{x} @var{hex-digits...}
+A hex character code.  All trailing hex digits are combined.  Either upper or
+lower case @code{x} works.
+
+@cindex @code{\\} (@samp{\} character)
+@cindex backslash (@code{\\})
+@item \\
+Represents one @samp{\} character.
+
+@c      @item \'
+@c      Represents one @samp{'} (accent acute) character.
+@c      This is needed in single character literals
+@c      (@xref{Characters,,Character Constants}.) to represent
+@c      a @samp{'}.
+@c
+@cindex @code{\"} (doublequote character)
+@cindex doublequote (@code{\"})
+@item \"
+Represents one @samp{"} character.  Needed in strings to represent
+this character, because an unescaped @samp{"} would end the string.
+
+@item \ @var{anything-else}
+Any other character when escaped by @kbd{\} gives a warning, but
+assembles as if the @samp{\} was not present.  The idea is that if
+you used an escape sequence you clearly didn't want the literal
+interpretation of the following character.  However @code{@value{AS}} has no
+other interpretation, so @code{@value{AS}} knows it is giving you the wrong
+code and warns you of the fact.
+@end table
+
+Which characters are escapable, and what those escapes represent,
+varies widely among assemblers.  The current set is what we think
+the BSD 4.2 assembler recognizes, and is a subset of what most C
+compilers recognize.  If you are in doubt, do not use an escape
+sequence.
+
+@node Chars
+@subsubsection Characters
+
+@cindex single character constant
+@cindex character, single
+@cindex constant, single character
+A single character may be written as a single quote immediately
+followed by that character.  The same escapes apply to characters as
+to strings.  So if you want to write the character backslash, you
+must write @kbd{'\\} where the first @code{\} escapes the second
+@code{\}.  As you can see, the quote is an acute accent, not a
+grave accent.  A newline
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifclear abnormal-separator
+(or semicolon @samp{;})
+@end ifclear
+@ifset abnormal-separator
+@ifset A29K
+(or at sign @samp{@@})
+@end ifset
+@ifset H8
+(or dollar sign @samp{$}, for the H8/300; or semicolon @samp{;} for the
+Hitachi SH or
+H8/500)
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+immediately following an acute accent is taken as a literal character
+and does not count as the end of a statement.  The value of a character
+constant in a numeric expression is the machine's byte-wide code for
+that character.  @code{@value{AS}} assumes your character code is ASCII:
+@kbd{'A} means 65, @kbd{'B} means 66, and so on. @refill
+
+@node Numbers
+@subsection Number Constants
+
+@cindex constants, number
+@cindex number constants
+@code{@value{AS}} distinguishes three kinds of numbers according to how they
+are stored in the target machine.  @emph{Integers} are numbers that
+would fit into an @code{int} in the C language.  @emph{Bignums} are
+integers, but they are stored in more than 32 bits.  @emph{Flonums}
+are floating point numbers, described below.
+
+@menu
+* Integers::                    Integers
+* Bignums::                     Bignums
+* Flonums::                     Flonums
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifset I960
+* Bit Fields::                  Bit Fields
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+@end menu
+
+@node Integers
+@subsubsection Integers
+@cindex integers
+@cindex constants, integer
+
+@cindex binary integers
+@cindex integers, binary
+A binary integer is @samp{0b} or @samp{0B} followed by zero or more of
+the binary digits @samp{01}.
+
+@cindex octal integers
+@cindex integers, octal
+An octal integer is @samp{0} followed by zero or more of the octal
+digits (@samp{01234567}).
+
+@cindex decimal integers
+@cindex integers, decimal
+A decimal integer starts with a non-zero digit followed by zero or
+more digits (@samp{0123456789}).
+
+@cindex hexadecimal integers
+@cindex integers, hexadecimal
+A hexadecimal integer is @samp{0x} or @samp{0X} followed by one or
+more hexadecimal digits chosen from @samp{0123456789abcdefABCDEF}.
+
+Integers have the usual values.  To denote a negative integer, use
+the prefix operator @samp{-} discussed under expressions
+(@pxref{Prefix Ops,,Prefix Operators}).
+
+@node Bignums
+@subsubsection Bignums
+
+@cindex bignums
+@cindex constants, bignum
+A @dfn{bignum} has the same syntax and semantics as an integer
+except that the number (or its negative) takes more than 32 bits to
+represent in binary.  The distinction is made because in some places
+integers are permitted while bignums are not.
+
+@node Flonums
+@subsubsection Flonums
+@cindex flonums
+@cindex floating point numbers
+@cindex constants, floating point
+
+@cindex precision, floating point
+A @dfn{flonum} represents a floating point number.  The translation is
+indirect: a decimal floating point number from the text is converted by
+@code{@value{AS}} to a generic binary floating point number of more than
+sufficient precision.  This generic floating point number is converted
+to a particular computer's floating point format (or formats) by a
+portion of @code{@value{AS}} specialized to that computer.
+
+A flonum is written by writing (in order)
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+The digit @samp{0}.
+@ifset HPPA
+(@samp{0} is optional on the HPPA.)
+@end ifset
+
+@item
+A letter, to tell @code{@value{AS}} the rest of the number is a flonum.
+@ifset GENERIC
+@kbd{e} is recommended.  Case is not important.
+@ignore
+@c FIXME: verify if flonum syntax really this vague for most cases
+(Any otherwise illegal letter works here, but that might be changed.  Vax BSD
+4.2 assembler seems to allow any of @samp{defghDEFGH}.)
+@end ignore
+
+On the H8/300, H8/500,
+Hitachi SH,
+and AMD 29K architectures, the letter must be
+one of the letters @samp{DFPRSX} (in upper or lower case).
+
+On the ARC, the letter must be one of the letters @samp{DFRS}
+(in upper or lower case).
+
+On the Intel 960 architecture, the letter must be
+one of the letters @samp{DFT} (in upper or lower case).
+
+On the HPPA architecture, the letter must be @samp{E} (upper case only).
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifset A29K
+One of the letters @samp{DFPRSX} (in upper or lower case).
+@end ifset
+@ifset ARC
+One of the letters @samp{DFRS} (in upper or lower case).
+@end ifset
+@ifset H8
+One of the letters @samp{DFPRSX} (in upper or lower case).
+@end ifset
+@ifset HPPA
+The letter @samp{E} (upper case only).
+@end ifset
+@ifset I960
+One of the letters @samp{DFT} (in upper or lower case).
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+
+@item
+An optional sign: either @samp{+} or @samp{-}.
+
+@item
+An optional @dfn{integer part}: zero or more decimal digits.
+
+@item
+An optional @dfn{fractional part}: @samp{.} followed by zero
+or more decimal digits.
+
+@item
+An optional exponent, consisting of:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+An @samp{E} or @samp{e}.
+@c I can't find a config where "EXP_CHARS" is other than 'eE', but in
+@c principle this can perfectly well be different on different targets.
+@item
+Optional sign: either @samp{+} or @samp{-}.
+@item
+One or more decimal digits.
+@end itemize
+
+@end itemize
+
+At least one of the integer part or the fractional part must be
+present.  The floating point number has the usual base-10 value.
+
+@code{@value{AS}} does all processing using integers.  Flonums are computed
+independently of any floating point hardware in the computer running
+@code{@value{AS}}.
+
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifset I960
+@c Bit fields are written as a general facility but are also controlled
+@c by a conditional-compilation flag---which is as of now (21mar91)
+@c turned on only by the i960 config of GAS.
+@node Bit Fields
+@subsubsection Bit Fields
+
+@cindex bit fields
+@cindex constants, bit field
+You can also define numeric constants as @dfn{bit fields}.
+specify two numbers separated by a colon---
+@example
+@var{mask}:@var{value}
+@end example
+@noindent
+@code{@value{AS}} applies a bitwise @sc{and} between @var{mask} and
+@var{value}.
+
+The resulting number is then packed
+@ifset GENERIC
+@c this conditional paren in case bit fields turned on elsewhere than 960
+(in host-dependent byte order)
+@end ifset
+into a field whose width depends on which assembler directive has the
+bit-field as its argument.  Overflow (a result from the bitwise and
+requiring more binary digits to represent) is not an error; instead,
+more constants are generated, of the specified width, beginning with the
+least significant digits.@refill
+
+The directives @code{.byte}, @code{.hword}, @code{.int}, @code{.long},
+@code{.short}, and @code{.word} accept bit-field arguments.
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+
+@node Sections
+@chapter Sections and Relocation
+@cindex sections
+@cindex relocation
+
+@menu
+* Secs Background::             Background
+* Ld Sections::                 Linker Sections
+* As Sections::                 Assembler Internal Sections
+* Sub-Sections::                Sub-Sections
+* bss::                         bss Section
+@end menu
+
+@node Secs Background
+@section Background
+
+Roughly, a section is a range of addresses, with no gaps; all data
+``in'' those addresses is treated the same for some particular purpose.
+For example there may be a ``read only'' section.
+
+@cindex linker, and assembler
+@cindex assembler, and linker
+The linker @code{@value{LD}} reads many object files (partial programs) and
+combines their contents to form a runnable program.  When @code{@value{AS}}
+emits an object file, the partial program is assumed to start at address 0.
+@code{@value{LD}} assigns the final addresses for the partial program, so that
+different partial programs do not overlap.  This is actually an
+oversimplification, but it suffices to explain how @code{@value{AS}} uses
+sections.
+
+@code{@value{LD}} moves blocks of bytes of your program to their run-time
+addresses.  These blocks slide to their run-time addresses as rigid
+units; their length does not change and neither does the order of bytes
+within them.  Such a rigid unit is called a @emph{section}.  Assigning
+run-time addresses to sections is called @dfn{relocation}.  It includes
+the task of adjusting mentions of object-file addresses so they refer to
+the proper run-time addresses.
+@ifset H8
+For the H8/300 and H8/500,
+and for the Hitachi SH,
+@code{@value{AS}} pads sections if needed to
+ensure they end on a word (sixteen bit) boundary.
+@end ifset
+
+@cindex standard assembler sections
+An object file written by @code{@value{AS}} has at least three sections, any
+of which may be empty.  These are named @dfn{text}, @dfn{data} and
+@dfn{bss} sections.
+
+@ifset COFF
+@ifset GENERIC
+When it generates COFF output,
+@end ifset
+@code{@value{AS}} can also generate whatever other named sections you specify
+using the @samp{.section} directive (@pxref{Section,,@code{.section}}).
+If you do not use any directives that place output in the @samp{.text}
+or @samp{.data} sections, these sections still exist, but are empty.
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset HPPA
+@ifset GENERIC
+When @code{@value{AS}} generates SOM or ELF output for the HPPA,
+@end ifset
+@code{@value{AS}} can also generate whatever other named sections you
+specify using the @samp{.space} and @samp{.subspace} directives.  See
+@cite{HP9000 Series 800 Assembly Language Reference Manual}
+(HP 92432-90001) for details on the @samp{.space} and @samp{.subspace}
+assembler directives.
+
+@ifset SOM
+Additionally, @code{@value{AS}} uses different names for the standard
+text, data, and bss sections when generating SOM output.  Program text
+is placed into the @samp{$CODE$} section, data into @samp{$DATA$}, and
+BSS into @samp{$BSS$}.
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+
+Within the object file, the text section starts at address @code{0}, the
+data section follows, and the bss section follows the data section.
+
+@ifset HPPA
+When generating either SOM or ELF output files on the HPPA, the text
+section starts at address @code{0}, the data section at address
+@code{0x4000000}, and the bss section follows the data section.
+@end ifset
+
+To let @code{@value{LD}} know which data changes when the sections are
+relocated, and how to change that data, @code{@value{AS}} also writes to the
+object file details of the relocation needed.  To perform relocation
+@code{@value{LD}} must know, each time an address in the object
+file is mentioned:
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Where in the object file is the beginning of this reference to
+an address?
+@item
+How long (in bytes) is this reference?
+@item
+Which section does the address refer to?  What is the numeric value of
+@display
+(@var{address}) @minus{} (@var{start-address of section})?
+@end display
+@item
+Is the reference to an address ``Program-Counter relative''?
+@end itemize
+
+@cindex addresses, format of
+@cindex section-relative addressing
+In fact, every address @code{@value{AS}} ever uses is expressed as
+@display
+(@var{section}) + (@var{offset into section})
+@end display
+@noindent
+Further, most expressions @code{@value{AS}} computes have this section-relative
+nature.
+@ifset SOM
+(For some object formats, such as SOM for the HPPA, some expressions are
+symbol-relative instead.)
+@end ifset
+
+In this manual we use the notation @{@var{secname} @var{N}@} to mean ``offset
+@var{N} into section @var{secname}.''
+
+Apart from text, data and bss sections you need to know about the
+@dfn{absolute} section.  When @code{@value{LD}} mixes partial programs,
+addresses in the absolute section remain unchanged.  For example, address
+@code{@{absolute 0@}} is ``relocated'' to run-time address 0 by
+@code{@value{LD}}.  Although the linker never arranges two partial programs'
+data sections with overlapping addresses after linking, @emph{by definition}
+their absolute sections must overlap.  Address @code{@{absolute@ 239@}} in one
+part of a program is always the same address when the program is running as
+address @code{@{absolute@ 239@}} in any other part of the program.
+
+The idea of sections is extended to the @dfn{undefined} section.  Any
+address whose section is unknown at assembly time is by definition
+rendered @{undefined @var{U}@}---where @var{U} is filled in later.
+Since numbers are always defined, the only way to generate an undefined
+address is to mention an undefined symbol.  A reference to a named
+common block would be such a symbol: its value is unknown at assembly
+time so it has section @emph{undefined}.
+
+By analogy the word @emph{section} is used to describe groups of sections in
+the linked program.  @code{@value{LD}} puts all partial programs' text
+sections in contiguous addresses in the linked program.  It is
+customary to refer to the @emph{text section} of a program, meaning all
+the addresses of all partial programs' text sections.  Likewise for
+data and bss sections.
+
+Some sections are manipulated by @code{@value{LD}}; others are invented for
+use of @code{@value{AS}} and have no meaning except during assembly.
+
+@node Ld Sections
+@section Linker Sections
+@code{@value{LD}} deals with just four kinds of sections, summarized below.
+
+@table @strong
+
+@ifset COFF
+@cindex named sections
+@cindex sections, named
+@item named sections
+@end ifset
+@ifset aout-bout
+@cindex text section
+@cindex data section
+@itemx text section
+@itemx data section
+@end ifset
+These sections hold your program.  @code{@value{AS}} and @code{@value{LD}} treat them as
+separate but equal sections.  Anything you can say of one section is
+true another.
+@ifset aout-bout
+When the program is running, however, it is
+customary for the text section to be unalterable.  The
+text section is often shared among processes: it contains
+instructions, constants and the like.  The data section of a running
+program is usually alterable: for example, C variables would be stored
+in the data section.
+@end ifset
+
+@cindex bss section
+@item bss section
+This section contains zeroed bytes when your program begins running.  It
+is used to hold unitialized variables or common storage.  The length of
+each partial program's bss section is important, but because it starts
+out containing zeroed bytes there is no need to store explicit zero
+bytes in the object file.  The bss section was invented to eliminate
+those explicit zeros from object files.
+
+@cindex absolute section
+@item absolute section
+Address 0 of this section is always ``relocated'' to runtime address 0.
+This is useful if you want to refer to an address that @code{@value{LD}} must
+not change when relocating.  In this sense we speak of absolute
+addresses being ``unrelocatable'': they do not change during relocation.
+
+@cindex undefined section
+@item undefined section
+This ``section'' is a catch-all for address references to objects not in
+the preceding sections.
+@c FIXME: ref to some other doc on obj-file formats could go here.
+@end table
+
+@cindex relocation example
+An idealized example of three relocatable sections follows.
+@ifset COFF
+The example uses the traditional section names @samp{.text} and @samp{.data}.
+@end ifset
+Memory addresses are on the horizontal axis.
+
+@c TEXI2ROFF-KILL
+@ifinfo
+@c END TEXI2ROFF-KILL
+@smallexample
+                      +-----+----+--+
+partial program # 1:  |ttttt|dddd|00|
+                      +-----+----+--+
+
+                      text   data bss
+                      seg.   seg. seg.
+
+                      +---+---+---+
+partial program # 2:  |TTT|DDD|000|
+                      +---+---+---+
+
+                      +--+---+-----+--+----+---+-----+~~
+linked program:       |  |TTT|ttttt|  |dddd|DDD|00000|
+                      +--+---+-----+--+----+---+-----+~~
+
+    addresses:        0 @dots{}
+@end smallexample
+@c TEXI2ROFF-KILL
+@end ifinfo
+@need 5000
+@tex
+
+\line{\it Partial program \#1: \hfil}
+\line{\ibox{2.5cm}{\tt text}\ibox{2cm}{\tt data}\ibox{1cm}{\tt bss}\hfil}
+\line{\boxit{2.5cm}{\tt ttttt}\boxit{2cm}{\tt dddd}\boxit{1cm}{\tt 00}\hfil}
+
+\line{\it Partial program \#2: \hfil}
+\line{\ibox{1cm}{\tt text}\ibox{1.5cm}{\tt data}\ibox{1cm}{\tt bss}\hfil}
+\line{\boxit{1cm}{\tt TTT}\boxit{1.5cm}{\tt DDDD}\boxit{1cm}{\tt 000}\hfil}
+
+\line{\it linked program: \hfil}
+\line{\ibox{.5cm}{}\ibox{1cm}{\tt text}\ibox{2.5cm}{}\ibox{.75cm}{}\ibox{2cm}{\tt data}\ibox{1.5cm}{}\ibox{2cm}{\tt bss}\hfil}
+\line{\boxit{.5cm}{}\boxit{1cm}{\tt TTT}\boxit{2.5cm}{\tt
+ttttt}\boxit{.75cm}{}\boxit{2cm}{\tt dddd}\boxit{1.5cm}{\tt
+DDDD}\boxit{2cm}{\tt 00000}\ \dots\hfil}
+
+\line{\it addresses: \hfil}
+\line{0\dots\hfil}
+
+@end tex
+@c END TEXI2ROFF-KILL
+
+@node As Sections
+@section Assembler Internal Sections
+
+@cindex internal assembler sections
+@cindex sections in messages, internal
+These sections are meant only for the internal use of @code{@value{AS}}.  They
+have no meaning at run-time.  You do not really need to know about these
+sections for most purposes; but they can be mentioned in @code{@value{AS}}
+warning messages, so it might be helpful to have an idea of their
+meanings to @code{@value{AS}}.  These sections are used to permit the
+value of every expression in your assembly language program to be a
+section-relative address.
+
+@table @b
+@cindex assembler internal logic error
+@item ASSEMBLER-INTERNAL-LOGIC-ERROR!
+An internal assembler logic error has been found.  This means there is a
+bug in the assembler.
+
+@cindex expr (internal section)
+@item expr section
+The assembler stores complex expression internally as combinations of
+symbols.  When it needs to represent an expression as a symbol, it puts
+it in the expr section.
+@c FIXME item debug
+@c FIXME item transfer[t] vector preload
+@c FIXME item transfer[t] vector postload
+@c FIXME item register
+@end table
+
+@node Sub-Sections
+@section Sub-Sections
+
+@cindex numbered subsections
+@cindex grouping data
+@ifset aout-bout
+Assembled bytes
+@ifset COFF
+conventionally
+@end ifset
+fall into two sections: text and data.
+@end ifset
+You may have separate groups of
+@ifset GENERIC
+data in named sections
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifclear aout-bout
+data in named sections
+@end ifclear
+@ifset aout-bout
+text or data
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+that you want to end up near to each other in the object file, even though they
+are not contiguous in the assembler source.  @code{@value{AS}} allows you to
+use @dfn{subsections} for this purpose.  Within each section, there can be
+numbered subsections with values from 0 to 8192.  Objects assembled into the
+same subsection go into the object file together with other objects in the same
+subsection.  For example, a compiler might want to store constants in the text
+section, but might not want to have them interspersed with the program being
+assembled.  In this case, the compiler could issue a @samp{.text 0} before each
+section of code being output, and a @samp{.text 1} before each group of
+constants being output.
+
+Subsections are optional.  If you do not use subsections, everything
+goes in subsection number zero.
+
+@ifset GENERIC
+Each subsection is zero-padded up to a multiple of four bytes.
+(Subsections may be padded a different amount on different flavors
+of @code{@value{AS}}.)
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifset H8
+On the H8/300 and H8/500 platforms, each subsection is zero-padded to a word
+boundary (two bytes).
+The same is true on the Hitachi SH.
+@end ifset
+@ifset I960
+@c FIXME section padding (alignment)?
+@c Rich Pixley says padding here depends on target obj code format; that
+@c doesn't seem particularly useful to say without further elaboration,
+@c so for now I say nothing about it.  If this is a generic BFD issue,
+@c these paragraphs might need to vanish from this manual, and be
+@c discussed in BFD chapter of binutils (or some such).
+@end ifset
+@ifset A29K
+On the AMD 29K family, no particular padding is added to section or
+subsection sizes; @value{AS} forces no alignment on this platform.
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+
+Subsections appear in your object file in numeric order, lowest numbered
+to highest.  (All this to be compatible with other people's assemblers.)
+The object file contains no representation of subsections; @code{@value{LD}} and
+other programs that manipulate object files see no trace of them.
+They just see all your text subsections as a text section, and all your
+data subsections as a data section.
+
+To specify which subsection you want subsequent statements assembled
+into, use a numeric argument to specify it, in a @samp{.text
+@var{expression}} or a @samp{.data @var{expression}} statement.
+@ifset COFF
+@ifset GENERIC
+When generating COFF output, you
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+You
+@end ifclear
+can also use an extra subsection
+argument with arbitrary named sections: @samp{.section @var{name},
+@var{expression}}.
+@end ifset
+@var{Expression} should be an absolute expression.
+(@xref{Expressions}.)  If you just say @samp{.text} then @samp{.text 0}
+is assumed.  Likewise @samp{.data} means @samp{.data 0}.  Assembly
+begins in @code{text 0}.  For instance:
+@smallexample
+.text 0     # The default subsection is text 0 anyway.
+.ascii "This lives in the first text subsection. *"
+.text 1
+.ascii "But this lives in the second text subsection."
+.data 0
+.ascii "This lives in the data section,"
+.ascii "in the first data subsection."
+.text 0
+.ascii "This lives in the first text section,"
+.ascii "immediately following the asterisk (*)."
+@end smallexample
+
+Each section has a @dfn{location counter} incremented by one for every byte
+assembled into that section.  Because subsections are merely a convenience
+restricted to @code{@value{AS}} there is no concept of a subsection location
+counter.  There is no way to directly manipulate a location counter---but the
+@code{.align} directive changes it, and any label definition captures its
+current value.  The location counter of the section where statements are being
+assembled is said to be the @dfn{active} location counter.
+
+@node bss
+@section bss Section
+
+@cindex bss section
+@cindex common variable storage
+The bss section is used for local common variable storage.
+You may allocate address space in the bss section, but you may
+not dictate data to load into it before your program executes.  When
+your program starts running, all the contents of the bss
+section are zeroed bytes.
+
+The @code{.lcomm} pseudo-op defines a symbol in the bss section; see
+@ref{Lcomm,,@code{.lcomm}}.
+
+The @code{.comm} pseudo-op may be used to declare a common symbol, which is
+another form of uninitialized symbol; see @xref{Comm,,@code{.comm}}.
+
+@ifset GENERIC
+When assembling for a target which supports multiple sections, such as ELF or
+COFF, you may switch into the @code{.bss} section and define symbols as usual;
+see @ref{Section,,@code{.section}}.  You may only assemble zero values into the
+section.  Typically the section will only contain symbol definitions and
+@code{.skip} directives (@pxref{Skip,,@code{.skip}}).
+@end ifset
+
+@node Symbols
+@chapter Symbols
+
+@cindex symbols
+Symbols are a central concept: the programmer uses symbols to name
+things, the linker uses symbols to link, and the debugger uses symbols
+to debug.
+
+@quotation
+@cindex debuggers, and symbol order
+@emph{Warning:} @code{@value{AS}} does not place symbols in the object file in
+the same order they were declared.  This may break some debuggers.
+@end quotation
+
+@menu
+* Labels::                      Labels
+* Setting Symbols::             Giving Symbols Other Values
+* Symbol Names::                Symbol Names
+* Dot::                         The Special Dot Symbol
+* Symbol Attributes::           Symbol Attributes
+@end menu
+
+@node Labels
+@section Labels
+
+@cindex labels
+A @dfn{label} is written as a symbol immediately followed by a colon
+@samp{:}.  The symbol then represents the current value of the
+active location counter, and is, for example, a suitable instruction
+operand.  You are warned if you use the same symbol to represent two
+different locations: the first definition overrides any other
+definitions.
+
+@ifset HPPA
+On the HPPA, the usual form for a label need not be immediately followed by a
+colon, but instead must start in column zero.  Only one label may be defined on
+a single line.  To work around this, the HPPA version of @code{@value{AS}} also
+provides a special directive @code{.label} for defining labels more flexibly.
+@end ifset
+
+@node Setting Symbols
+@section Giving Symbols Other Values
+
+@cindex assigning values to symbols
+@cindex symbol values, assigning
+A symbol can be given an arbitrary value by writing a symbol, followed
+by an equals sign @samp{=}, followed by an expression
+(@pxref{Expressions}).  This is equivalent to using the @code{.set}
+directive.  @xref{Set,,@code{.set}}.
+
+@node Symbol Names
+@section Symbol Names
+
+@cindex symbol names
+@cindex names, symbol
+@ifclear SPECIAL-SYMS
+Symbol names begin with a letter or with one of @samp{._}.  On most
+machines, you can also use @code{$} in symbol names; exceptions are
+noted in @ref{Machine Dependencies}.  That character may be followed by any
+string of digits, letters, dollar signs (unless otherwise noted in
+@ref{Machine Dependencies}), and underscores.
+@end ifclear
+@ifset A29K
+For the AMD 29K family, @samp{?} is also allowed in the
+body of a symbol name, though not at its beginning.
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset SPECIAL-SYMS
+@ifset H8
+Symbol names begin with a letter or with one of @samp{._}.  On the
+Hitachi SH or the
+H8/500, you can also use @code{$} in symbol names.  That character may
+be followed by any string of digits, letters, dollar signs (save on the
+H8/300), and underscores.
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+
+Case of letters is significant: @code{foo} is a different symbol name
+than @code{Foo}.
+
+Each symbol has exactly one name.  Each name in an assembly language program
+refers to exactly one symbol.  You may use that symbol name any number of times
+in a program.
+
+@subheading Local Symbol Names
+
+@cindex local symbol names
+@cindex symbol names, local
+@cindex temporary symbol names
+@cindex symbol names, temporary
+Local symbols help compilers and programmers use names temporarily.
+There are ten local symbol names, which are re-used throughout the
+program.  You may refer to them using the names @samp{0} @samp{1}
+@dots{} @samp{9}.  To define a local symbol, write a label of the form
+@samp{@b{N}:} (where @b{N} represents any digit).  To refer to the most
+recent previous definition of that symbol write @samp{@b{N}b}, using the
+same digit as when you defined the label.  To refer to the next
+definition of a local label, write @samp{@b{N}f}---where @b{N} gives you
+a choice of 10 forward references.  The @samp{b} stands for
+``backwards'' and the @samp{f} stands for ``forwards''.
+
+Local symbols are not emitted by the current @sc{gnu} C compiler.
+
+There is no restriction on how you can use these labels, but
+remember that at any point in the assembly you can refer to at most
+10 prior local labels and to at most 10 forward local labels.
+
+Local symbol names are only a notation device.  They are immediately
+transformed into more conventional symbol names before the assembler
+uses them.  The symbol names stored in the symbol table, appearing in
+error messages and optionally emitted to the object file have these
+parts:
+
+@table @code
+@item L
+All local labels begin with @samp{L}. Normally both @code{@value{AS}} and
+@code{@value{LD}} forget symbols that start with @samp{L}. These labels are
+used for symbols you are never intended to see.  If you use the
+@samp{-L} option then @code{@value{AS}} retains these symbols in the
+object file. If you also instruct @code{@value{LD}} to retain these symbols,
+you may use them in debugging.
+
+@item @var{digit}
+If the label is written @samp{0:} then the digit is @samp{0}.
+If the label is written @samp{1:} then the digit is @samp{1}.
+And so on up through @samp{9:}.
+
+@item @kbd{C-A}
+This unusual character is included so you do not accidentally invent
+a symbol of the same name.  The character has ASCII value
+@samp{\001}.
+
+@item @emph{ordinal number}
+This is a serial number to keep the labels distinct.  The first
+@samp{0:} gets the number @samp{1}; The 15th @samp{0:} gets the
+number @samp{15}; @emph{etc.}.  Likewise for the other labels @samp{1:}
+through @samp{9:}.
+@end table
+
+For instance, the first @code{1:} is named @code{L1@kbd{C-A}1}, the 44th
+@code{3:} is named @code{L3@kbd{C-A}44}.
+
+@node Dot
+@section The Special Dot Symbol
+
+@cindex dot (symbol)
+@cindex @code{.} (symbol)
+@cindex current address
+@cindex location counter
+The special symbol @samp{.} refers to the current address that
+@code{@value{AS}} is assembling into.  Thus, the expression @samp{melvin:
+.long .} defines @code{melvin} to contain its own address.
+Assigning a value to @code{.} is treated the same as a @code{.org}
+directive.  Thus, the expression @samp{.=.+4} is the same as saying
+@ifclear no-space-dir
+@samp{.space 4}.
+@end ifclear
+@ifset no-space-dir
+@ifset A29K
+@samp{.block 4}.
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+
+@node Symbol Attributes
+@section Symbol Attributes
+
+@cindex symbol attributes
+@cindex attributes, symbol
+Every symbol has, as well as its name, the attributes ``Value'' and
+``Type''.  Depending on output format, symbols can also have auxiliary
+attributes.
+@ifset INTERNALS
+The detailed definitions are in @file{a.out.h}.
+@end ifset
+
+If you use a symbol without defining it, @code{@value{AS}} assumes zero for
+all these attributes, and probably won't warn you.  This makes the
+symbol an externally defined symbol, which is generally what you
+would want.
+
+@menu
+* Symbol Value::                Value
+* Symbol Type::                 Type
+@ifset aout-bout
+@ifset GENERIC
+* a.out Symbols::               Symbol Attributes: @code{a.out}
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifclear BOUT
+* a.out Symbols::               Symbol Attributes: @code{a.out}
+@end ifclear
+@ifset BOUT
+* a.out Symbols::               Symbol Attributes: @code{a.out}, @code{b.out}
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+@end ifset
+@ifset COFF
+* COFF Symbols::                Symbol Attributes for COFF
+@end ifset
+@ifset SOM
+* SOM Symbols::                Symbol Attributes for SOM
+@end ifset
+@end menu
+
+@node Symbol Value
+@subsection Value
+
+@cindex value of a symbol
+@cindex symbol value
+The value of a symbol is (usually) 32 bits.  For a symbol which labels a
+location in the text, data, bss or absolute sections the value is the
+number of addresses from the start of that section to the label.
+Naturally for text, data and bss sections the value of a symbol changes
+as @code{@value{LD}} changes section base addresses during linking.  Absolute
+symbols' values do not change during linking: that is why they are
+called absolute.
+
+The value of an undefined symbol is treated in a special way.  If it is
+0 then the symbol is not defined in this assembler source file, and
+@code{@value{LD}} tries to determine its value from other files linked into the
+same program.  You make this kind of symbol simply by mentioning a symbol
+name without defining it.  A non-zero value represents a @code{.comm}
+common declaration.  The value is how much common storage to reserve, in
+bytes (addresses).  The symbol refers to the first address of the
+allocated storage.
+
+@node Symbol Type
+@subsection Type
+
+@cindex type of a symbol
+@cindex symbol type
+The type attribute of a symbol contains relocation (section)
+information, any flag settings indicating that a symbol is external, and
+(optionally), other information for linkers and debuggers.  The exact
+format depends on the object-code output format in use.
+
+@ifset aout-bout
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifset BOUT
+@c The following avoids a "widow" subsection title.  @group would be
+@c better if it were available outside examples.
+@need 1000
+@node a.out Symbols
+@subsection Symbol Attributes: @code{a.out}, @code{b.out}
+
+@cindex @code{b.out} symbol attributes
+@cindex symbol attributes, @code{b.out}
+These symbol attributes appear only when @code{@value{AS}} is configured for
+one of the Berkeley-descended object output formats---@code{a.out} or
+@code{b.out}.
+
+@end ifset
+@ifclear BOUT
+@node a.out Symbols
+@subsection Symbol Attributes: @code{a.out}
+
+@cindex @code{a.out} symbol attributes
+@cindex symbol attributes, @code{a.out}
+
+@end ifclear
+@end ifclear
+@ifset GENERIC
+@node a.out Symbols
+@subsection Symbol Attributes: @code{a.out}
+
+@cindex @code{a.out} symbol attributes
+@cindex symbol attributes, @code{a.out}
+
+@end ifset
+@menu
+* Symbol Desc::                 Descriptor
+* Symbol Other::                Other
+@end menu
+
+@node Symbol Desc
+@subsubsection Descriptor
+
+@cindex descriptor, of @code{a.out} symbol
+This is an arbitrary 16-bit value.  You may establish a symbol's
+descriptor value by using a @code{.desc} statement
+(@pxref{Desc,,@code{.desc}}).  A descriptor value means nothing to
+@code{@value{AS}}.
+
+@node Symbol Other
+@subsubsection Other
+
+@cindex other attribute, of @code{a.out} symbol
+This is an arbitrary 8-bit value.  It means nothing to @code{@value{AS}}.
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset COFF
+@node COFF Symbols
+@subsection Symbol Attributes for COFF
+
+@cindex COFF symbol attributes
+@cindex symbol attributes, COFF
+
+The COFF format supports a multitude of auxiliary symbol attributes;
+like the primary symbol attributes, they are set between @code{.def} and
+@code{.endef} directives.
+
+@subsubsection Primary Attributes
+
+@cindex primary attributes, COFF symbols
+The symbol name is set with @code{.def}; the value and type,
+respectively, with @code{.val} and @code{.type}.
+
+@subsubsection Auxiliary Attributes
+
+@cindex auxiliary attributes, COFF symbols
+The @code{@value{AS}} directives @code{.dim}, @code{.line}, @code{.scl},
+@code{.size}, and @code{.tag} can generate auxiliary symbol table
+information for COFF.
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset SOM
+@node SOM Symbols
+@subsection Symbol Attributes for SOM
+
+@cindex SOM symbol attributes
+@cindex symbol attributes, SOM
+
+The SOM format for the HPPA supports a multitude of symbol attributes set with
+the @code{.EXPORT} and @code{.IMPORT} directives.
+
+The attributes are described in @cite{HP9000 Series 800 Assembly 
+Language Reference Manual} (HP 92432-90001) under the @code{IMPORT} and
+@code{EXPORT} assembler directive documentation.
+@end ifset
+
+@node Expressions
+@chapter Expressions
+
+@cindex expressions
+@cindex addresses
+@cindex numeric values
+An @dfn{expression} specifies an address or numeric value.
+Whitespace may precede and/or follow an expression.
+
+The result of an expression must be an absolute number, or else an offset into
+a particular section.  If an expression is not absolute, and there is not
+enough information when @code{@value{AS}} sees the expression to know its
+section, a second pass over the source program might be necessary to interpret
+the expression---but the second pass is currently not implemented.
+@code{@value{AS}} aborts with an error message in this situation.
+
+@menu
+* Empty Exprs::                 Empty Expressions
+* Integer Exprs::               Integer Expressions
+@end menu
+
+@node Empty Exprs
+@section Empty Expressions
+
+@cindex empty expressions
+@cindex expressions, empty
+An empty expression has no value: it is just whitespace or null.
+Wherever an absolute expression is required, you may omit the
+expression, and @code{@value{AS}} assumes a value of (absolute) 0.  This
+is compatible with other assemblers.
+
+@node Integer Exprs
+@section Integer Expressions
+
+@cindex integer expressions
+@cindex expressions, integer
+An @dfn{integer expression} is one or more @emph{arguments} delimited
+by @emph{operators}.
+
+@menu
+* Arguments::                   Arguments
+* Operators::                   Operators
+* Prefix Ops::                  Prefix Operators
+* Infix Ops::                   Infix Operators
+@end menu
+
+@node Arguments
+@subsection Arguments
+
+@cindex expression arguments
+@cindex arguments in expressions
+@cindex operands in expressions
+@cindex arithmetic operands
+@dfn{Arguments} are symbols, numbers or subexpressions.  In other
+contexts arguments are sometimes called ``arithmetic operands''.  In
+this manual, to avoid confusing them with the ``instruction operands'' of
+the machine language, we use the term ``argument'' to refer to parts of
+expressions only, reserving the word ``operand'' to refer only to machine
+instruction operands.
+
+Symbols are evaluated to yield @{@var{section} @var{NNN}@} where
+@var{section} is one of text, data, bss, absolute,
+or undefined.  @var{NNN} is a signed, 2's complement 32 bit
+integer.
+
+Numbers are usually integers.
+
+A number can be a flonum or bignum.  In this case, you are warned
+that only the low order 32 bits are used, and @code{@value{AS}} pretends
+these 32 bits are an integer.  You may write integer-manipulating
+instructions that act on exotic constants, compatible with other
+assemblers.
+
+@cindex subexpressions
+Subexpressions are a left parenthesis @samp{(} followed by an integer
+expression, followed by a right parenthesis @samp{)}; or a prefix
+operator followed by an argument.
+
+@node Operators
+@subsection Operators
+
+@cindex operators, in expressions
+@cindex arithmetic functions
+@cindex functions, in expressions
+@dfn{Operators} are arithmetic functions, like @code{+} or @code{%}.  Prefix
+operators are followed by an argument.  Infix operators appear
+between their arguments.  Operators may be preceded and/or followed by
+whitespace.
+
+@node Prefix Ops
+@subsection Prefix Operator
+
+@cindex prefix operators
+@code{@value{AS}} has the following @dfn{prefix operators}.  They each take
+one argument, which must be absolute.
+
+@c the tex/end tex stuff surrounding this small table is meant to make
+@c it align, on the printed page, with the similar table in the next
+@c section (which is inside an enumerate).
+@tex
+\global\advance\leftskip by \itemindent
+@end tex
+
+@table @code
+@item -
+@dfn{Negation}.  Two's complement negation.
+@item ~
+@dfn{Complementation}.  Bitwise not.
+@end table
+
+@tex
+\global\advance\leftskip by -\itemindent
+@end tex
+
+@node Infix Ops
+@subsection Infix Operators
+
+@cindex infix operators
+@cindex operators, permitted arguments
+@dfn{Infix operators} take two arguments, one on either side.  Operators
+have precedence, but operations with equal precedence are performed left
+to right.  Apart from @code{+} or @code{-}, both arguments must be
+absolute, and the result is absolute.
+
+@enumerate
+@cindex operator precedence
+@cindex precedence of operators
+
+@item
+Highest Precedence
+
+@table @code
+@item *
+@dfn{Multiplication}.
+
+@item /
+@dfn{Division}.  Truncation is the same as the C operator @samp{/}
+
+@item %
+@dfn{Remainder}.
+
+@item <
+@itemx <<
+@dfn{Shift Left}.  Same as the C operator @samp{<<}.
+
+@item >
+@itemx >>
+@dfn{Shift Right}.  Same as the C operator @samp{>>}.
+@end table
+
+@item
+Intermediate precedence
+
+@table @code
+@item |
+
+@dfn{Bitwise Inclusive Or}.
+
+@item &
+@dfn{Bitwise And}.
+
+@item ^
+@dfn{Bitwise Exclusive Or}.
+
+@item !
+@dfn{Bitwise Or Not}.
+@end table
+
+@item
+Lowest Precedence
+
+@table @code
+@cindex addition, permitted arguments
+@cindex plus, permitted arguments
+@cindex arguments for addition
+@item +
+@dfn{Addition}.  If either argument is absolute, the result has the section of
+the other argument.  You may not add together arguments from different
+sections.
+
+@cindex subtraction, permitted arguments
+@cindex minus, permitted arguments
+@cindex arguments for subtraction
+@item -
+@dfn{Subtraction}.  If the right argument is absolute, the
+result has the section of the left argument.
+If both arguments are in the same section, the result is absolute.
+You may not subtract arguments from different sections.
+@c FIXME is there still something useful to say about undefined - undefined ?
+@end table
+@end enumerate
+
+In short, it's only meaningful to add or subtract the @emph{offsets} in an
+address; you can only have a defined section in one of the two arguments.
+
+@node Pseudo Ops
+@chapter Assembler Directives
+
+@cindex directives, machine independent
+@cindex pseudo-ops, machine independent
+@cindex machine independent directives
+All assembler directives have names that begin with a period (@samp{.}).
+The rest of the name is letters, usually in lower case.
+
+This chapter discusses directives that are available regardless of the
+target machine configuration for the @sc{gnu} assembler.
+@ifset GENERIC
+Some machine configurations provide additional directives.
+@xref{Machine Dependencies}.
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifset machine-directives
+@xref{Machine Dependencies} for additional directives.
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+
+@menu
+* Abort::                       @code{.abort}
+@ifset COFF
+* ABORT::                       @code{.ABORT}
+@end ifset
+
+* Align::                       @code{.align @var{abs-expr} , @var{abs-expr}}
+* Ascii::                       @code{.ascii "@var{string}"}@dots{}
+* Asciz::                       @code{.asciz "@var{string}"}@dots{}
+* Balign::                      @code{.balign @var{abs-expr} , @var{abs-expr}}
+* Byte::                        @code{.byte @var{expressions}}
+* Comm::                        @code{.comm @var{symbol} , @var{length} }
+* Data::                        @code{.data @var{subsection}}
+@ifset COFF
+* Def::                         @code{.def @var{name}}
+@end ifset
+@ifset aout-bout
+* Desc::                        @code{.desc @var{symbol}, @var{abs-expression}}
+@end ifset
+@ifset COFF
+* Dim::                         @code{.dim}
+@end ifset
+
+* Double::                      @code{.double @var{flonums}}
+* Eject::                       @code{.eject}
+* Else::                        @code{.else}
+* End::				@code{.end}
+@ifset COFF
+* Endef::                       @code{.endef}
+@end ifset
+
+* Endfunc::                     @code{.endfunc}
+* Endif::                       @code{.endif}
+* Equ::                         @code{.equ @var{symbol}, @var{expression}}
+* Equiv::                       @code{.equiv @var{symbol}, @var{expression}}
+* Err::				@code{.err}
+* Exitm::			@code{.exitm}
+* Extern::                      @code{.extern}
+* Fail::			@code{.fail}
+@ifclear no-file-dir
+* File::                        @code{.file @var{string}}
+@end ifclear
+
+* Fill::                        @code{.fill @var{repeat} , @var{size} , @var{value}}
+* Float::                       @code{.float @var{flonums}}
+* Func::                        @code{.func}  
+* Global::                      @code{.global @var{symbol}}, @code{.globl @var{symbol}}
+* hword::                       @code{.hword @var{expressions}}
+* Ident::                       @code{.ident}
+* If::                          @code{.if @var{absolute expression}}
+* Include::                     @code{.include "@var{file}"}
+* Int::                         @code{.int @var{expressions}}
+* Irp::				@code{.irp @var{symbol},@var{values}}@dots{}
+* Irpc::			@code{.irpc @var{symbol},@var{values}}@dots{}
+* Lcomm::                       @code{.lcomm @var{symbol} , @var{length}}
+* Lflags::                      @code{.lflags}
+@ifclear no-line-dir
+* Line::                        @code{.line @var{line-number}}
+@end ifclear
+
+* Ln::                          @code{.ln @var{line-number}}
+* Linkonce::			@code{.linkonce [@var{type}]}
+* List::                        @code{.list}
+* Long::                        @code{.long @var{expressions}}
+@ignore
+* Lsym::                        @code{.lsym @var{symbol}, @var{expression}}
+@end ignore
+
+* Macro::			@code{.macro @var{name} @var{args}}@dots{}
+* MRI::				@code{.mri @var{val}}
+
+* Nolist::                      @code{.nolist}
+* Octa::                        @code{.octa @var{bignums}}
+* Org::                         @code{.org @var{new-lc} , @var{fill}}
+* P2align::                     @code{.p2align @var{abs-expr} , @var{abs-expr}}
+* Print::			@code{.print @var{string}}
+* Psize::                       @code{.psize @var{lines}, @var{columns}}
+* Purgem::			@code{.purgem @var{name}}
+* Quad::                        @code{.quad @var{bignums}}
+* Rept::			@code{.rept @var{count}}
+* Sbttl::                       @code{.sbttl "@var{subheading}"}
+@ifset COFF
+* Scl::                         @code{.scl @var{class}}
+* Section::                     @code{.section @var{name}, @var{subsection}}
+@end ifset
+
+* Set::                         @code{.set @var{symbol}, @var{expression}}
+* Short::                       @code{.short @var{expressions}}
+* Single::                      @code{.single @var{flonums}}
+@ifset COFF
+* Size::                        @code{.size}
+@end ifset
+
+* Skip::                        @code{.skip @var{size} , @var{fill}}
+* Sleb128::			@code{.sleb128 @var{expressions}}
+* Space::                       @code{.space @var{size} , @var{fill}}
+@ifset have-stabs
+* Stab::                        @code{.stabd, .stabn, .stabs}
+@end ifset
+
+* String::                      @code{.string "@var{str}"}
+* Struct::			@code{.struct @var{expression}}
+@ifset ELF
+* Symver::                      @code{.symver @var{name},@var{name2@@nodename}}
+@end ifset
+@ifset COFF
+* Tag::                         @code{.tag @var{structname}}
+@end ifset
+
+* Text::                        @code{.text @var{subsection}}
+* Title::                       @code{.title "@var{heading}"}
+@ifset COFF
+* Type::                        @code{.type @var{int}}
+* Val::                         @code{.val @var{addr}}
+@end ifset
+
+* Uleb128::                     @code{.uleb128 @var{expressions}}
+* Word::                        @code{.word @var{expressions}}
+* Deprecated::                  Deprecated Directives
+@end menu
+
+@node Abort
+@section @code{.abort}
+
+@cindex @code{abort} directive
+@cindex stopping the assembly
+This directive stops the assembly immediately.  It is for
+compatibility with other assemblers.  The original idea was that the
+assembly language source would be piped into the assembler.  If the sender
+of the source quit, it could use this directive tells @code{@value{AS}} to
+quit also.  One day @code{.abort} will not be supported.
+
+@ifset COFF
+@node ABORT
+@section @code{.ABORT}
+
+@cindex @code{ABORT} directive
+When producing COFF output, @code{@value{AS}} accepts this directive as a
+synonym for @samp{.abort}.
+
+@ifset BOUT
+When producing @code{b.out} output, @code{@value{AS}} accepts this directive,
+but ignores it.
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+
+@node Align
+@section @code{.align @var{abs-expr}, @var{abs-expr}, @var{abs-expr}}
+
+@cindex padding the location counter
+@cindex @code{align} directive
+Pad the location counter (in the current subsection) to a particular storage
+boundary.  The first expression (which must be absolute) is the alignment
+required, as described below.
+
+The second expression (also absolute) gives the fill value to be stored in the
+padding bytes.  It (and the comma) may be omitted.  If it is omitted, the
+padding bytes are normally zero.  However, on some systems, if the section is
+marked as containing code and the fill value is omitted, the space is filled
+with no-op instructions.
+
+The third expression is also absolute, and is also optional.  If it is present,
+it is the maximum number of bytes that should be skipped by this alignment
+directive.  If doing the alignment would require skipping more bytes than the
+specified maximum, then the alignment is not done at all.  You can omit the
+fill value (the second argument) entirely by simply using two commas after the
+required alignment; this can be useful if you want the alignment to be filled
+with no-op instructions when appropriate.
+
+The way the required alignment is specified varies from system to system.
+For the a29k, hppa, m68k, m88k, w65, sparc, and Hitachi SH, and i386 using ELF
+format,
+the first expression is the
+alignment request in bytes.  For example @samp{.align 8} advances
+the location counter until it is a multiple of 8.  If the location counter
+is already a multiple of 8, no change is needed.
+
+For other systems, including the i386 using a.out format, it is the
+number of low-order zero bits the location counter must have after
+advancement.  For example @samp{.align 3} advances the location
+counter until it a multiple of 8.  If the location counter is already a
+multiple of 8, no change is needed.
+
+This inconsistency is due to the different behaviors of the various
+native assemblers for these systems which GAS must emulate.
+GAS also provides @code{.balign} and @code{.p2align} directives,
+described later, which have a consistent behavior across all
+architectures (but are specific to GAS).
+
+@node Ascii
+@section @code{.ascii "@var{string}"}@dots{}
+
+@cindex @code{ascii} directive
+@cindex string literals
+@code{.ascii} expects zero or more string literals (@pxref{Strings})
+separated by commas.  It assembles each string (with no automatic
+trailing zero byte) into consecutive addresses.
+
+@node Asciz
+@section @code{.asciz "@var{string}"}@dots{}
+
+@cindex @code{asciz} directive
+@cindex zero-terminated strings
+@cindex null-terminated strings
+@code{.asciz} is just like @code{.ascii}, but each string is followed by
+a zero byte.  The ``z'' in @samp{.asciz} stands for ``zero''.
+
+@node Balign
+@section @code{.balign[wl] @var{abs-expr}, @var{abs-expr}, @var{abs-expr}}
+
+@cindex padding the location counter given number of bytes
+@cindex @code{balign} directive
+Pad the location counter (in the current subsection) to a particular
+storage boundary.  The first expression (which must be absolute) is the
+alignment request in bytes.  For example @samp{.balign 8} advances
+the location counter until it is a multiple of 8.  If the location counter
+is already a multiple of 8, no change is needed.
+
+The second expression (also absolute) gives the fill value to be stored in the
+padding bytes.  It (and the comma) may be omitted.  If it is omitted, the
+padding bytes are normally zero.  However, on some systems, if the section is
+marked as containing code and the fill value is omitted, the space is filled
+with no-op instructions.
+
+The third expression is also absolute, and is also optional.  If it is present,
+it is the maximum number of bytes that should be skipped by this alignment
+directive.  If doing the alignment would require skipping more bytes than the
+specified maximum, then the alignment is not done at all.  You can omit the
+fill value (the second argument) entirely by simply using two commas after the
+required alignment; this can be useful if you want the alignment to be filled
+with no-op instructions when appropriate.
+
+@cindex @code{balignw} directive
+@cindex @code{balignl} directive
+The @code{.balignw} and @code{.balignl} directives are variants of the
+@code{.balign} directive.  The @code{.balignw} directive treats the fill
+pattern as a two byte word value.  The @code{.balignl} directives treats the
+fill pattern as a four byte longword value.  For example, @code{.balignw
+4,0x368d} will align to a multiple of 4.  If it skips two bytes, they will be
+filled in with the value 0x368d (the exact placement of the bytes depends upon
+the endianness of the processor).  If it skips 1 or 3 bytes, the fill value is
+undefined.
+
+@node Byte
+@section @code{.byte @var{expressions}}
+
+@cindex @code{byte} directive
+@cindex integers, one byte
+@code{.byte} expects zero or more expressions, separated by commas.
+Each expression is assembled into the next byte.
+
+@node Comm
+@section @code{.comm @var{symbol} , @var{length} }
+
+@cindex @code{comm} directive
+@cindex symbol, common
+@code{.comm} declares a common symbol named @var{symbol}.  When linking, a
+common symbol in one object file may be merged with a defined or common symbol
+of the same name in another object file.  If @code{@value{LD}} does not see a
+definition for the symbol--just one or more common symbols--then it will
+allocate @var{length} bytes of uninitialized memory.  @var{length} must be an
+absolute expression.  If @code{@value{LD}} sees multiple common symbols with
+the same name, and they do not all have the same size, it will allocate space
+using the largest size.
+
+@ifset ELF
+When using ELF, the @code{.comm} directive takes an optional third argument.
+This is the desired alignment of the symbol, specified as a byte boundary (for
+example, an alignment of 16 means that the least significant 4 bits of the
+address should be zero).  The alignment must be an absolute expression, and it
+must be a power of two.  If @code{@value{LD}} allocates uninitialized memory
+for the common symbol, it will use the alignment when placing the symbol.  If
+no alignment is specified, @code{@value{AS}} will set the alignment to the
+largest power of two less than or equal to the size of the symbol, up to a
+maximum of 16.
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset HPPA
+The syntax for @code{.comm} differs slightly on the HPPA.  The syntax is
+@samp{@var{symbol} .comm, @var{length}}; @var{symbol} is optional.
+@end ifset
+
+@node Data
+@section @code{.data @var{subsection}}
+
+@cindex @code{data} directive
+@code{.data} tells @code{@value{AS}} to assemble the following statements onto the
+end of the data subsection numbered @var{subsection} (which is an
+absolute expression).  If @var{subsection} is omitted, it defaults
+to zero.
+
+@ifset COFF
+@node Def
+@section @code{.def @var{name}}
+
+@cindex @code{def} directive
+@cindex COFF symbols, debugging
+@cindex debugging COFF symbols
+Begin defining debugging information for a symbol @var{name}; the
+definition extends until the @code{.endef} directive is encountered.
+@ifset BOUT
+
+This directive is only observed when @code{@value{AS}} is configured for COFF
+format output; when producing @code{b.out}, @samp{.def} is recognized,
+but ignored.
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset aout-bout
+@node Desc
+@section @code{.desc @var{symbol}, @var{abs-expression}}
+
+@cindex @code{desc} directive
+@cindex COFF symbol descriptor
+@cindex symbol descriptor, COFF
+This directive sets the descriptor of the symbol (@pxref{Symbol Attributes})
+to the low 16 bits of an absolute expression.
+
+@ifset COFF
+The @samp{.desc} directive is not available when @code{@value{AS}} is
+configured for COFF output; it is only for @code{a.out} or @code{b.out}
+object format.  For the sake of compatibility, @code{@value{AS}} accepts
+it, but produces no output, when configured for COFF.
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset COFF
+@node Dim
+@section @code{.dim}
+
+@cindex @code{dim} directive
+@cindex COFF auxiliary symbol information
+@cindex auxiliary symbol information, COFF
+This directive is generated by compilers to include auxiliary debugging
+information in the symbol table.  It is only permitted inside
+@code{.def}/@code{.endef} pairs.
+@ifset BOUT
+
+@samp{.dim} is only meaningful when generating COFF format output; when
+@code{@value{AS}} is generating @code{b.out}, it accepts this directive but
+ignores it.
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+
+@node Double
+@section @code{.double @var{flonums}}
+
+@cindex @code{double} directive
+@cindex floating point numbers (double)
+@code{.double} expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas.  It
+assembles floating point numbers.
+@ifset GENERIC
+The exact kind of floating point numbers emitted depends on how
+@code{@value{AS}} is configured.  @xref{Machine Dependencies}.
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifset IEEEFLOAT
+On the @value{TARGET} family @samp{.double} emits 64-bit floating-point numbers
+in @sc{ieee} format.
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+
+@node Eject
+@section @code{.eject}
+
+@cindex @code{eject} directive
+@cindex new page, in listings
+@cindex page, in listings
+@cindex listing control: new page
+Force a page break at this point, when generating assembly listings.
+
+@node Else
+@section @code{.else}
+
+@cindex @code{else} directive
+@code{.else} is part of the @code{@value{AS}} support for conditional
+assembly; @pxref{If,,@code{.if}}.  It marks the beginning of a section
+of code to be assembled if the condition for the preceding @code{.if}
+was false.
+
+@node End
+@section @code{.end}
+
+@cindex @code{end} directive
+@code{.end} marks the end of the assembly file.  @code{@value{AS}} does not
+process anything in the file past the @code{.end} directive.
+
+@ifset COFF
+@node Endef
+@section @code{.endef}
+
+@cindex @code{endef} directive
+This directive flags the end of a symbol definition begun with
+@code{.def}.
+@ifset BOUT
+
+@samp{.endef} is only meaningful when generating COFF format output; if
+@code{@value{AS}} is configured to generate @code{b.out}, it accepts this
+directive but ignores it.
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+
+@node Endfunc
+@section @code{.endfunc}
+@cindex @code{endfunc} directive
+@code{.endfunc} marks the end of a function specified with @code{.func}.
+
+@node Endif
+@section @code{.endif}
+
+@cindex @code{endif} directive
+@code{.endif} is part of the @code{@value{AS}} support for conditional assembly;
+it marks the end of a block of code that is only assembled
+conditionally.  @xref{If,,@code{.if}}.
+
+@node Equ
+@section @code{.equ @var{symbol}, @var{expression}}
+
+@cindex @code{equ} directive
+@cindex assigning values to symbols
+@cindex symbols, assigning values to
+This directive sets the value of @var{symbol} to @var{expression}.
+It is synonymous with @samp{.set}; @pxref{Set,,@code{.set}}.
+
+@ifset HPPA
+The syntax for @code{equ} on the HPPA is 
+@samp{@var{symbol} .equ @var{expression}}.
+@end ifset
+
+@node Equiv
+@section @code{.equiv @var{symbol}, @var{expression}}
+@cindex @code{equiv} directive
+The @code{.equiv} directive is like @code{.equ} and @code{.set}, except that
+the assembler will signal an error if @var{symbol} is already defined.
+
+Except for the contents of the error message, this is roughly equivalent to 
+@smallexample
+.ifdef SYM
+.err
+.endif
+.equ SYM,VAL
+@end smallexample
+
+@node Err
+@section @code{.err}
+@cindex @code{err} directive
+If @code{@value{AS}} assembles a @code{.err} directive, it will print an error
+message and, unless the @code{-Z} option was used, it will not generate an
+object file.  This can be used to signal error an conditionally compiled code.
+
+@node Exitm
+@section @code{.exitm}
+Exit early from the current macro definition.  @xref{Macro}.
+
+@node Extern
+@section @code{.extern}
+
+@cindex @code{extern} directive
+@code{.extern} is accepted in the source program---for compatibility
+with other assemblers---but it is ignored.  @code{@value{AS}} treats
+all undefined symbols as external.
+
+@node Fail
+@section @code{.fail @var{expression}}
+
+@cindex @code{fail} directive
+Generates an error or a warning.  If the value of the @var{expression} is 500
+or more, @code{@value{AS}} will print a warning message.  If the value is less
+than 500, @code{@value{AS}} will print an error message.  The message will
+include the value of @var{expression}.  This can occasionally be useful inside
+complex nested macros or conditional assembly.
+
+@ifclear no-file-dir
+@node File
+@section @code{.file @var{string}}
+
+@cindex @code{file} directive
+@cindex logical file name
+@cindex file name, logical
+@code{.file} tells @code{@value{AS}} that we are about to start a new logical
+file.  @var{string} is the new file name.  In general, the filename is
+recognized whether or not it is surrounded by quotes @samp{"}; but if you wish
+to specify an empty file name, you must give the quotes--@code{""}.  This
+statement may go away in future: it is only recognized to be compatible with
+old @code{@value{AS}} programs.
+@ifset A29K
+In some configurations of @code{@value{AS}}, @code{.file} has already been
+removed to avoid conflicts with other assemblers.  @xref{Machine Dependencies}.
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+
+@node Fill
+@section @code{.fill @var{repeat} , @var{size} , @var{value}}
+
+@cindex @code{fill} directive
+@cindex writing patterns in memory
+@cindex patterns, writing in memory
+@var{result}, @var{size} and @var{value} are absolute expressions.
+This emits @var{repeat} copies of @var{size} bytes.  @var{Repeat}
+may be zero or more.  @var{Size} may be zero or more, but if it is
+more than 8, then it is deemed to have the value 8, compatible with
+other people's assemblers.  The contents of each @var{repeat} bytes
+is taken from an 8-byte number.  The highest order 4 bytes are
+zero.  The lowest order 4 bytes are @var{value} rendered in the
+byte-order of an integer on the computer @code{@value{AS}} is assembling for.
+Each @var{size} bytes in a repetition is taken from the lowest order
+@var{size} bytes of this number.  Again, this bizarre behavior is
+compatible with other people's assemblers.
+
+@var{size} and @var{value} are optional.
+If the second comma and @var{value} are absent, @var{value} is
+assumed zero.  If the first comma and following tokens are absent,
+@var{size} is assumed to be 1.
+
+@node Float
+@section @code{.float @var{flonums}}
+
+@cindex floating point numbers (single)
+@cindex @code{float} directive
+This directive assembles zero or more flonums, separated by commas.  It
+has the same effect as @code{.single}.
+@ifset GENERIC
+The exact kind of floating point numbers emitted depends on how
+@code{@value{AS}} is configured.
+@xref{Machine Dependencies}.
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifset IEEEFLOAT
+On the @value{TARGET} family, @code{.float} emits 32-bit floating point numbers
+in @sc{ieee} format.
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+
+@node Func
+@section @code{.func @var{name}[,@var{label}]}
+@cindex @code{func} directive
+@code{.func} emits debugging information to denote function @var{name}, and
+is ignored unless the file is assembled with debugging enabled.
+Only @samp{--gstabs} is currently supported.
+@var{label} is the entry point of the function and if omitted @var{name}
+prepended with the @samp{leading char} is used.
+@samp{leading char} is usually @code{_} or nothing, depending on the target.
+All functions are currently defined to have @code{void} return type.
+The function must be terminated with @code{.endfunc}.
+
+@node Global
+@section @code{.global @var{symbol}}, @code{.globl @var{symbol}}
+
+@cindex @code{global} directive
+@cindex symbol, making visible to linker
+@code{.global} makes the symbol visible to @code{@value{LD}}.  If you define
+@var{symbol} in your partial program, its value is made available to
+other partial programs that are linked with it.  Otherwise,
+@var{symbol} takes its attributes from a symbol of the same name
+from another file linked into the same program.
+
+Both spellings (@samp{.globl} and @samp{.global}) are accepted, for
+compatibility with other assemblers.
+
+@ifset HPPA
+On the HPPA, @code{.global} is not always enough to make it accessible to other
+partial programs.  You may need the HPPA-only @code{.EXPORT} directive as well.
+@xref{HPPA Directives,, HPPA Assembler Directives}.
+@end ifset
+
+@node hword
+@section @code{.hword @var{expressions}}
+
+@cindex @code{hword} directive
+@cindex integers, 16-bit
+@cindex numbers, 16-bit
+@cindex sixteen bit integers
+This expects zero or more @var{expressions}, and emits
+a 16 bit number for each.
+
+@ifset GENERIC
+This directive is a synonym for @samp{.short}; depending on the target
+architecture, it may also be a synonym for @samp{.word}.
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifset W32
+This directive is a synonym for @samp{.short}.
+@end ifset
+@ifset W16
+This directive is a synonym for both @samp{.short} and @samp{.word}.
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+
+@node Ident
+@section @code{.ident}
+
+@cindex @code{ident} directive
+This directive is used by some assemblers to place tags in object files.
+@code{@value{AS}} simply accepts the directive for source-file
+compatibility with such assemblers, but does not actually emit anything
+for it.
+
+@node If
+@section @code{.if @var{absolute expression}}
+
+@cindex conditional assembly
+@cindex @code{if} directive
+@code{.if} marks the beginning of a section of code which is only
+considered part of the source program being assembled if the argument
+(which must be an @var{absolute expression}) is non-zero.  The end of
+the conditional section of code must be marked by @code{.endif}
+(@pxref{Endif,,@code{.endif}}); optionally, you may include code for the
+alternative condition, flagged by @code{.else} (@pxref{Else,,@code{.else}}).
+
+The following variants of @code{.if} are also supported:
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{ifdef} directive
+@item .ifdef @var{symbol}
+Assembles the following section of code if the specified @var{symbol}
+has been defined.
+
+@cindex @code{ifc} directive
+@item .ifc @var{string1},@var{string2}
+Assembles the following section of code if the two strings are the same.  The
+strings may be optionally quoted with single quotes.  If they are not quoted,
+the first string stops at the first comma, and the second string stops at the
+end of the line.  Strings which contain whitespace should be quoted.  The
+string comparison is case sensitive.
+
+@cindex @code{ifeq} directive
+@item .ifeq @var{absolute expression}
+Assembles the following section of code if the argument is zero.
+
+@cindex @code{ifeqs} directive
+@item .ifeqs @var{string1},@var{string2}
+Another form of @code{.ifc}.  The strings must be quoted using double quotes.
+
+@cindex @code{ifge} directive
+@item .ifge @var{absolute expression}
+Assembles the following section of code if the argument is greater than or
+equal to zero.
+
+@cindex @code{ifgt} directive
+@item .ifgt @var{absolute expression}
+Assembles the following section of code if the argument is greater than zero.
+
+@cindex @code{ifle} directive
+@item .ifle @var{absolute expression}
+Assembles the following section of code if the argument is less than or equal
+to zero.
+
+@cindex @code{iflt} directive
+@item .iflt @var{absolute expression}
+Assembles the following section of code if the argument is less than zero.
+
+@cindex @code{ifnc} directive
+@item .ifnc @var{string1},@var{string2}.
+Like @code{.ifc}, but the sense of the test is reversed: this assembles the
+following section of code if the two strings are not the same.
+
+@cindex @code{ifndef} directive
+@cindex @code{ifnotdef} directive
+@item .ifndef @var{symbol}
+@itemx .ifnotdef @var{symbol}
+Assembles the following section of code if the specified @var{symbol}
+has not been defined.  Both spelling variants are equivalent.
+
+@cindex @code{ifne} directive
+@item .ifne @var{absolute expression}
+Assembles the following section of code if the argument is not equal to zero
+(in other words, this is equivalent to @code{.if}).
+
+@cindex @code{ifnes} directive
+@item .ifnes @var{string1},@var{string2}
+Like @code{.ifeqs}, but the sense of the test is reversed: this assembles the
+following section of code if the two strings are not the same.
+@end table
+
+@node Include
+@section @code{.include "@var{file}"}
+
+@cindex @code{include} directive
+@cindex supporting files, including
+@cindex files, including
+This directive provides a way to include supporting files at specified
+points in your source program.  The code from @var{file} is assembled as
+if it followed the point of the @code{.include}; when the end of the
+included file is reached, assembly of the original file continues.  You
+can control the search paths used with the @samp{-I} command-line option
+(@pxref{Invoking,,Command-Line Options}).  Quotation marks are required
+around @var{file}.
+
+@node Int
+@section @code{.int @var{expressions}}
+
+@cindex @code{int} directive
+@cindex integers, 32-bit
+Expect zero or more @var{expressions}, of any section, separated by commas.
+For each expression, emit a number that, at run time, is the value of that
+expression.  The byte order and bit size of the number depends on what kind
+of target the assembly is for.
+
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifset H8
+On the H8/500 and most forms of the H8/300, @code{.int} emits 16-bit
+integers.  On the H8/300H and the Hitachi SH, however, @code{.int} emits
+32-bit integers.
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+
+@node Irp
+@section @code{.irp @var{symbol},@var{values}}@dots{}
+
+@cindex @code{irp} directive
+Evaluate a sequence of statements assigning different values to @var{symbol}.
+The sequence of statements starts at the @code{.irp} directive, and is
+terminated by an @code{.endr} directive.  For each @var{value}, @var{symbol} is
+set to @var{value}, and the sequence of statements is assembled.  If no
+@var{value} is listed, the sequence of statements is assembled once, with
+@var{symbol} set to the null string.  To refer to @var{symbol} within the
+sequence of statements, use @var{\symbol}.
+
+For example, assembling
+
+@example
+        .irp    param,1,2,3
+        move    d\param,sp@@-
+        .endr
+@end example
+
+is equivalent to assembling
+
+@example
+        move    d1,sp@@-
+        move    d2,sp@@-
+        move    d3,sp@@-
+@end example
+
+@node Irpc
+@section @code{.irpc @var{symbol},@var{values}}@dots{}
+
+@cindex @code{irpc} directive
+Evaluate a sequence of statements assigning different values to @var{symbol}.
+The sequence of statements starts at the @code{.irpc} directive, and is
+terminated by an @code{.endr} directive.  For each character in @var{value},
+@var{symbol} is set to the character, and the sequence of statements is
+assembled.  If no @var{value} is listed, the sequence of statements is
+assembled once, with @var{symbol} set to the null string.  To refer to
+@var{symbol} within the sequence of statements, use @var{\symbol}.
+
+For example, assembling
+
+@example
+        .irpc    param,123
+        move    d\param,sp@@-
+        .endr
+@end example
+
+is equivalent to assembling
+
+@example
+        move    d1,sp@@-
+        move    d2,sp@@-
+        move    d3,sp@@-
+@end example
+
+@node Lcomm
+@section @code{.lcomm @var{symbol} , @var{length}}
+
+@cindex @code{lcomm} directive
+@cindex local common symbols
+@cindex symbols, local common
+Reserve @var{length} (an absolute expression) bytes for a local common
+denoted by @var{symbol}.  The section and value of @var{symbol} are
+those of the new local common.  The addresses are allocated in the bss
+section, so that at run-time the bytes start off zeroed.  @var{Symbol}
+is not declared global (@pxref{Global,,@code{.global}}), so is normally
+not visible to @code{@value{LD}}.
+
+@ifset GENERIC
+Some targets permit a third argument to be used with @code{.lcomm}.  This
+argument specifies the desired alignment of the symbol in the bss section.
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset HPPA
+The syntax for @code{.lcomm} differs slightly on the HPPA.  The syntax is
+@samp{@var{symbol} .lcomm, @var{length}}; @var{symbol} is optional.
+@end ifset
+
+@node Lflags
+@section @code{.lflags}
+
+@cindex @code{lflags} directive (ignored)
+@code{@value{AS}} accepts this directive, for compatibility with other
+assemblers, but ignores it.
+
+@ifclear no-line-dir
+@node Line
+@section @code{.line @var{line-number}}
+
+@cindex @code{line} directive
+@end ifclear
+@ifset no-line-dir
+@node Ln
+@section @code{.ln @var{line-number}}
+
+@cindex @code{ln} directive
+@end ifset
+@cindex logical line number
+@ifset aout-bout
+Change the logical line number.  @var{line-number} must be an absolute
+expression.  The next line has that logical line number.  Therefore any other
+statements on the current line (after a statement separator character) are
+reported as on logical line number @var{line-number} @minus{} 1.  One day
+@code{@value{AS}} will no longer support this directive: it is recognized only
+for compatibility with existing assembler programs.
+
+@ifset GENERIC
+@ifset A29K
+@emph{Warning:} In the AMD29K configuration of @value{AS}, this command is
+not available; use the synonym @code{.ln} in that context.
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+
+@ifclear no-line-dir
+Even though this is a directive associated with the @code{a.out} or
+@code{b.out} object-code formats, @code{@value{AS}} still recognizes it
+when producing COFF output, and treats @samp{.line} as though it
+were the COFF @samp{.ln} @emph{if} it is found outside a
+@code{.def}/@code{.endef} pair.
+
+Inside a @code{.def}, @samp{.line} is, instead, one of the directives
+used by compilers to generate auxiliary symbol information for
+debugging.
+@end ifclear
+
+@node Linkonce
+@section @code{.linkonce [@var{type}]}
+@cindex COMDAT
+@cindex @code{linkonce} directive
+@cindex common sections
+Mark the current section so that the linker only includes a single copy of it.
+This may be used to include the same section in several different object files,
+but ensure that the linker will only include it once in the final output file.
+The @code{.linkonce} pseudo-op must be used for each instance of the section.
+Duplicate sections are detected based on the section name, so it should be
+unique.
+
+This directive is only supported by a few object file formats; as of this
+writing, the only object file format which supports it is the Portable
+Executable format used on Windows NT.
+
+The @var{type} argument is optional.  If specified, it must be one of the
+following strings.  For example:
+@smallexample
+.linkonce same_size
+@end smallexample
+Not all types may be supported on all object file formats.
+
+@table @code
+@item discard
+Silently discard duplicate sections.  This is the default.
+
+@item one_only
+Warn if there are duplicate sections, but still keep only one copy.
+
+@item same_size
+Warn if any of the duplicates have different sizes.
+
+@item same_contents
+Warn if any of the duplicates do not have exactly the same contents.
+@end table
+
+@node Ln
+@section @code{.ln @var{line-number}}
+
+@cindex @code{ln} directive
+@ifclear no-line-dir
+@samp{.ln} is a synonym for @samp{.line}.
+@end ifclear
+@ifset no-line-dir
+Tell @code{@value{AS}} to change the logical line number.  @var{line-number}
+must be an absolute expression.  The next line has that logical
+line number, so any other statements on the current line (after a
+statement separator character @code{;}) are reported as on logical
+line number @var{line-number} @minus{} 1.
+@ifset BOUT
+
+This directive is accepted, but ignored, when @code{@value{AS}} is
+configured for @code{b.out}; its effect is only associated with COFF
+output format.
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+
+@node MRI
+@section @code{.mri @var{val}}
+
+@cindex @code{mri} directive
+@cindex MRI mode, temporarily
+If @var{val} is non-zero, this tells @code{@value{AS}} to enter MRI mode.  If
+@var{val} is zero, this tells @code{@value{AS}} to exit MRI mode.  This change
+affects code assembled until the next @code{.mri} directive, or until the end
+of the file.  @xref{M, MRI mode, MRI mode}.
+
+@node List
+@section @code{.list}
+
+@cindex @code{list} directive
+@cindex listing control, turning on
+Control (in conjunction with the @code{.nolist} directive) whether or
+not assembly listings are generated.  These two directives maintain an
+internal counter (which is zero initially).   @code{.list} increments the
+counter, and @code{.nolist} decrements it.  Assembly listings are
+generated whenever the counter is greater than zero.
+
+By default, listings are disabled.  When you enable them (with the
+@samp{-a} command line option; @pxref{Invoking,,Command-Line Options}),
+the initial value of the listing counter is one.
+
+@node Long
+@section @code{.long @var{expressions}}
+
+@cindex @code{long} directive
+@code{.long} is the same as @samp{.int}, @pxref{Int,,@code{.int}}.
+
+@ignore
+@c no one seems to know what this is for or whether this description is
+@c what it really ought to do
+@node Lsym
+@section @code{.lsym @var{symbol}, @var{expression}}
+
+@cindex @code{lsym} directive
+@cindex symbol, not referenced in assembly
+@code{.lsym} creates a new symbol named @var{symbol}, but does not put it in
+the hash table, ensuring it cannot be referenced by name during the
+rest of the assembly.  This sets the attributes of the symbol to be
+the same as the expression value:
+@smallexample
+@var{other} = @var{descriptor} = 0
+@var{type} = @r{(section of @var{expression})}
+@var{value} = @var{expression}
+@end smallexample
+@noindent
+The new symbol is not flagged as external.
+@end ignore
+
+@node Macro
+@section @code{.macro}
+
+@cindex macros
+The commands @code{.macro} and @code{.endm} allow you to define macros that
+generate assembly output.  For example, this definition specifies a macro
+@code{sum} that puts a sequence of numbers into memory:
+
+@example
+        .macro  sum from=0, to=5
+        .long   \from
+        .if     \to-\from
+        sum     "(\from+1)",\to
+        .endif
+        .endm
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+With that definition, @samp{SUM 0,5} is equivalent to this assembly input:
+
+@example
+        .long   0
+        .long   1
+        .long   2
+        .long   3
+        .long   4
+        .long   5
+@end example
+
+@ftable @code
+@item .macro @var{macname}
+@itemx .macro @var{macname} @var{macargs} @dots{}
+@cindex @code{macro} directive
+Begin the definition of a macro called @var{macname}.  If your macro
+definition requires arguments, specify their names after the macro name,
+separated by commas or spaces.  You can supply a default value for any
+macro argument by following the name with @samp{=@var{deflt}}.  For
+example, these are all valid @code{.macro} statements:
+
+@table @code
+@item .macro comm
+Begin the definition of a macro called @code{comm}, which takes no
+arguments.
+
+@item .macro plus1 p, p1
+@itemx .macro plus1 p p1
+Either statement begins the definition of a macro called @code{plus1},
+which takes two arguments; within the macro definition, write
+@samp{\p} or @samp{\p1} to evaluate the arguments.
+
+@item .macro reserve_str p1=0 p2
+Begin the definition of a macro called @code{reserve_str}, with two
+arguments.  The first argument has a default value, but not the second.
+After the definition is complete, you can call the macro either as
+@samp{reserve_str @var{a},@var{b}} (with @samp{\p1} evaluating to
+@var{a} and @samp{\p2} evaluating to @var{b}), or as @samp{reserve_str
+,@var{b}} (with @samp{\p1} evaluating as the default, in this case
+@samp{0}, and @samp{\p2} evaluating to @var{b}).
+@end table
+
+When you call a macro, you can specify the argument values either by
+position, or by keyword.  For example, @samp{sum 9,17} is equivalent to
+@samp{sum to=17, from=9}.
+
+@item .endm
+@cindex @code{endm} directive
+Mark the end of a macro definition.
+
+@item .exitm
+@cindex @code{exitm} directive
+Exit early from the current macro definition.
+
+@cindex number of macros executed
+@cindex macros, count executed
+@item \@@
+@code{@value{AS}} maintains a counter of how many macros it has
+executed in this pseudo-variable; you can copy that number to your
+output with @samp{\@@}, but @emph{only within a macro definition}.
+
+@ignore
+@item LOCAL @var{name} [ , @dots{} ]
+@emph{Warning: @code{LOCAL} is only available if you select ``alternate
+macro syntax'' with @samp{-a} or @samp{--alternate}.}  @xref{Alternate,,
+Alternate macro syntax}.
+
+Generate a string replacement for each of the @var{name} arguments, and
+replace any instances of @var{name} in each macro expansion.  The
+replacement string is unique in the assembly, and different for each
+separate macro expansion.  @code{LOCAL} allows you to write macros that
+define symbols, without fear of conflict between separate macro expansions.
+@end ignore
+@end ftable
+
+@node Nolist
+@section @code{.nolist}
+
+@cindex @code{nolist} directive
+@cindex listing control, turning off
+Control (in conjunction with the @code{.list} directive) whether or
+not assembly listings are generated.  These two directives maintain an
+internal counter (which is zero initially).   @code{.list} increments the
+counter, and @code{.nolist} decrements it.  Assembly listings are
+generated whenever the counter is greater than zero.
+
+@node Octa
+@section @code{.octa @var{bignums}}
+
+@c FIXME: double size emitted for "octa" on i960, others?  Or warn?
+@cindex @code{octa} directive
+@cindex integer, 16-byte
+@cindex sixteen byte integer
+This directive expects zero or more bignums, separated by commas.  For each
+bignum, it emits a 16-byte integer.
+
+The term ``octa'' comes from contexts in which a ``word'' is two bytes;
+hence @emph{octa}-word for 16 bytes.
+
+@node Org
+@section @code{.org @var{new-lc} , @var{fill}}
+
+@cindex @code{org} directive
+@cindex location counter, advancing
+@cindex advancing location counter
+@cindex current address, advancing
+Advance the location counter of the current section to
+@var{new-lc}.  @var{new-lc} is either an absolute expression or an
+expression with the same section as the current subsection.  That is,
+you can't use @code{.org} to cross sections: if @var{new-lc} has the
+wrong section, the @code{.org} directive is ignored.  To be compatible
+with former assemblers, if the section of @var{new-lc} is absolute,
+@code{@value{AS}} issues a warning, then pretends the section of @var{new-lc}
+is the same as the current subsection.
+
+@code{.org} may only increase the location counter, or leave it
+unchanged; you cannot use @code{.org} to move the location counter
+backwards.
+
+@c double negative used below "not undefined" because this is a specific
+@c reference to "undefined" (as SEG_UNKNOWN is called in this manual)
+@c section. doc@cygnus.com 18feb91
+Because @code{@value{AS}} tries to assemble programs in one pass, @var{new-lc}
+may not be undefined.  If you really detest this restriction we eagerly await
+a chance to share your improved assembler.
+
+Beware that the origin is relative to the start of the section, not
+to the start of the subsection.  This is compatible with other
+people's assemblers.
+
+When the location counter (of the current subsection) is advanced, the
+intervening bytes are filled with @var{fill} which should be an
+absolute expression.  If the comma and @var{fill} are omitted,
+@var{fill} defaults to zero.
+
+@node P2align
+@section @code{.p2align[wl] @var{abs-expr}, @var{abs-expr}, @var{abs-expr}}
+
+@cindex padding the location counter given a power of two
+@cindex @code{p2align} directive
+Pad the location counter (in the current subsection) to a particular
+storage boundary.  The first expression (which must be absolute) is the
+number of low-order zero bits the location counter must have after
+advancement.  For example @samp{.p2align 3} advances the location
+counter until it a multiple of 8.  If the location counter is already a
+multiple of 8, no change is needed.
+
+The second expression (also absolute) gives the fill value to be stored in the
+padding bytes.  It (and the comma) may be omitted.  If it is omitted, the
+padding bytes are normally zero.  However, on some systems, if the section is
+marked as containing code and the fill value is omitted, the space is filled
+with no-op instructions.
+
+The third expression is also absolute, and is also optional.  If it is present,
+it is the maximum number of bytes that should be skipped by this alignment
+directive.  If doing the alignment would require skipping more bytes than the
+specified maximum, then the alignment is not done at all.  You can omit the
+fill value (the second argument) entirely by simply using two commas after the
+required alignment; this can be useful if you want the alignment to be filled
+with no-op instructions when appropriate.
+
+@cindex @code{p2alignw} directive
+@cindex @code{p2alignl} directive
+The @code{.p2alignw} and @code{.p2alignl} directives are variants of the
+@code{.p2align} directive.  The @code{.p2alignw} directive treats the fill
+pattern as a two byte word value.  The @code{.p2alignl} directives treats the
+fill pattern as a four byte longword value.  For example, @code{.p2alignw
+2,0x368d} will align to a multiple of 4.  If it skips two bytes, they will be
+filled in with the value 0x368d (the exact placement of the bytes depends upon
+the endianness of the processor).  If it skips 1 or 3 bytes, the fill value is
+undefined.
+
+@node Print
+@section @code{.print @var{string}}
+
+@cindex @code{print} directive
+@code{@value{AS}} will print @var{string} on the standard output during
+assembly.  You must put @var{string} in double quotes.
+
+@node Psize
+@section @code{.psize @var{lines} , @var{columns}}
+
+@cindex @code{psize} directive
+@cindex listing control: paper size
+@cindex paper size, for listings
+Use this directive to declare the number of lines---and, optionally, the
+number of columns---to use for each page, when generating listings.
+
+If you do not use @code{.psize}, listings use a default line-count
+of 60.  You may omit the comma and @var{columns} specification; the
+default width is 200 columns.
+
+@code{@value{AS}} generates formfeeds whenever the specified number of
+lines is exceeded (or whenever you explicitly request one, using
+@code{.eject}).
+
+If you specify @var{lines} as @code{0}, no formfeeds are generated save
+those explicitly specified with @code{.eject}.
+
+@node Purgem
+@section @code{.purgem @var{name}}
+
+@cindex @code{purgem} directive
+Undefine the macro @var{name}, so that later uses of the string will not be
+expanded.  @xref{Macro}.
+
+@node Quad
+@section @code{.quad @var{bignums}}
+
+@cindex @code{quad} directive
+@code{.quad} expects zero or more bignums, separated by commas.  For
+each bignum, it emits
+@ifclear bignum-16
+an 8-byte integer.  If the bignum won't fit in 8 bytes, it prints a
+warning message; and just takes the lowest order 8 bytes of the bignum.
+@cindex eight-byte integer
+@cindex integer, 8-byte
+
+The term ``quad'' comes from contexts in which a ``word'' is two bytes;
+hence @emph{quad}-word for 8 bytes.
+@end ifclear
+@ifset bignum-16
+a 16-byte integer.  If the bignum won't fit in 16 bytes, it prints a
+warning message; and just takes the lowest order 16 bytes of the bignum.
+@cindex sixteen-byte integer
+@cindex integer, 16-byte
+@end ifset
+
+@node Rept
+@section @code{.rept @var{count}}
+
+@cindex @code{rept} directive
+Repeat the sequence of lines between the @code{.rept} directive and the next
+@code{.endr} directive @var{count} times.
+
+For example, assembling
+
+@example
+        .rept   3
+        .long   0
+        .endr
+@end example
+
+is equivalent to assembling
+
+@example
+        .long   0
+        .long   0
+        .long   0
+@end example
+
+@node Sbttl
+@section @code{.sbttl "@var{subheading}"}
+
+@cindex @code{sbttl} directive
+@cindex subtitles for listings
+@cindex listing control: subtitle
+Use @var{subheading} as the title (third line, immediately after the
+title line) when generating assembly listings.
+
+This directive affects subsequent pages, as well as the current page if
+it appears within ten lines of the top of a page.
+
+@ifset COFF
+@node Scl
+@section @code{.scl @var{class}}
+
+@cindex @code{scl} directive
+@cindex symbol storage class (COFF)
+@cindex COFF symbol storage class
+Set the storage-class value for a symbol.  This directive may only be
+used inside a @code{.def}/@code{.endef} pair.  Storage class may flag
+whether a symbol is static or external, or it may record further
+symbolic debugging information.
+@ifset BOUT
+
+The @samp{.scl} directive is primarily associated with COFF output; when
+configured to generate @code{b.out} output format, @code{@value{AS}}
+accepts this directive but ignores it.
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+
+@node Section
+@section @code{.section @var{name}}
+
+@cindex @code{section} directive
+@cindex named section
+Use the @code{.section} directive to assemble the following code into a section
+named @var{name}.
+
+This directive is only supported for targets that actually support arbitrarily
+named sections; on @code{a.out} targets, for example, it is not accepted, even
+with a standard @code{a.out} section name.
+
+@ifset COFF
+For COFF targets, the @code{.section} directive is used in one of the following
+ways:
+@smallexample
+.section @var{name}[, "@var{flags}"]
+.section @var{name}[, @var{subsegment}]
+@end smallexample
+
+If the optional argument is quoted, it is taken as flags to use for the
+section.  Each flag is a single character.  The following flags are recognized:
+@table @code
+@item b
+bss section (uninitialized data)
+@item n
+section is not loaded
+@item w
+writable section
+@item d
+data section
+@item r
+read-only section
+@item x
+executable section
+@end table
+
+If no flags are specified, the default flags depend upon the section name.  If
+the section name is not recognized, the default will be for the section to be
+loaded and writable.
+
+If the optional argument to the @code{.section} directive is not quoted, it is
+taken as a subsegment number (@pxref{Sub-Sections}).
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset ELF
+For ELF targets, the @code{.section} directive is used like this:
+@smallexample
+.section @var{name}[, "@var{flags}"[, @@@var{type}]]
+@end smallexample
+The optional @var{flags} argument is a quoted string which may contain any
+combintion of the following characters:
+@table @code
+@item a
+section is allocatable
+@item w
+section is writable
+@item x
+section is executable
+@end table
+
+The optional @var{type} argument may contain one of the following constants:
+@table @code
+@item @@progbits
+section contains data
+@item @@nobits
+section does not contain data (i.e., section only occupies space)
+@end table
+
+If no flags are specified, the default flags depend upon the section name.  If
+the section name is not recognized, the default will be for the section to have
+none of the above flags: it will not be allocated in memory, nor writable, nor
+executable.  The section will contain data.
+
+For ELF targets, the assembler supports another type of @code{.section}
+directive for compatibility with the Solaris assembler:
+@smallexample
+.section "@var{name}"[, @var{flags}...]
+@end smallexample
+Note that the section name is quoted.  There may be a sequence of comma
+separated flags:
+@table @code
+@item #alloc
+section is allocatable
+@item #write
+section is writable
+@item #execinstr
+section is executable
+@end table
+@end ifset
+
+@node Set
+@section @code{.set @var{symbol}, @var{expression}}
+
+@cindex @code{set} directive
+@cindex symbol value, setting
+Set the value of @var{symbol} to @var{expression}.  This
+changes @var{symbol}'s value and type to conform to
+@var{expression}.  If @var{symbol} was flagged as external, it remains
+flagged (@pxref{Symbol Attributes}).
+
+You may @code{.set} a symbol many times in the same assembly.
+
+If you @code{.set} a global symbol, the value stored in the object
+file is the last value stored into it.
+
+@ifset HPPA
+The syntax for @code{set} on the HPPA is
+@samp{@var{symbol} .set @var{expression}}.
+@end ifset
+
+@node Short
+@section @code{.short @var{expressions}}
+
+@cindex @code{short} directive
+@ifset GENERIC
+@code{.short} is normally the same as @samp{.word}.
+@xref{Word,,@code{.word}}.
+
+In some configurations, however, @code{.short} and @code{.word} generate
+numbers of different lengths; @pxref{Machine Dependencies}.
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifset W16
+@code{.short} is the same as @samp{.word}.  @xref{Word,,@code{.word}}.
+@end ifset
+@ifset W32
+This expects zero or more @var{expressions}, and emits
+a 16 bit number for each.
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+
+@node Single
+@section @code{.single @var{flonums}}
+
+@cindex @code{single} directive
+@cindex floating point numbers (single)
+This directive assembles zero or more flonums, separated by commas.  It
+has the same effect as @code{.float}.
+@ifset GENERIC
+The exact kind of floating point numbers emitted depends on how
+@code{@value{AS}} is configured.  @xref{Machine Dependencies}.
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifset IEEEFLOAT
+On the @value{TARGET} family, @code{.single} emits 32-bit floating point
+numbers in @sc{ieee} format.
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+
+@ifset COFF
+@node Size
+@section @code{.size}
+
+@cindex @code{size} directive
+This directive is generated by compilers to include auxiliary debugging
+information in the symbol table.  It is only permitted inside
+@code{.def}/@code{.endef} pairs.
+@ifset BOUT
+
+@samp{.size} is only meaningful when generating COFF format output; when
+@code{@value{AS}} is generating @code{b.out}, it accepts this directive but
+ignores it.
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+
+@node Sleb128
+@section @code{.sleb128 @var{expressions}}
+
+@cindex @code{sleb128} directive
+@var{sleb128} stands for ``signed little endian base 128.''  This is a 
+compact, variable length representation of numbers used by the DWARF
+symbolic debugging format.  @xref{Uleb128,@code{.uleb128}}.
+
+@ifclear no-space-dir
+@node Skip
+@section @code{.skip @var{size} , @var{fill}}
+
+@cindex @code{skip} directive
+@cindex filling memory
+This directive emits @var{size} bytes, each of value @var{fill}.  Both
+@var{size} and @var{fill} are absolute expressions.  If the comma and
+@var{fill} are omitted, @var{fill} is assumed to be zero.  This is the same as
+@samp{.space}.
+
+@node Space
+@section @code{.space @var{size} , @var{fill}}
+
+@cindex @code{space} directive
+@cindex filling memory
+This directive emits @var{size} bytes, each of value @var{fill}.  Both
+@var{size} and @var{fill} are absolute expressions.  If the comma
+and @var{fill} are omitted, @var{fill} is assumed to be zero.  This is the same
+as @samp{.skip}.
+
+@ifset HPPA
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning:} @code{.space} has a completely different meaning for HPPA
+targets; use @code{.block} as a substitute.  See @cite{HP9000 Series 800
+Assembly Language Reference Manual} (HP 92432-90001) for the meaning of the
+@code{.space} directive.  @xref{HPPA Directives,,HPPA Assembler Directives},
+for a summary.
+@end quotation
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+
+@ifset A29K
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@node Space
+@section @code{.space}
+@cindex @code{space} directive
+@end ifclear
+On the AMD 29K, this directive is ignored; it is accepted for
+compatibility with other AMD 29K assemblers.
+
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning:} In most versions of the @sc{gnu} assembler, the directive
+@code{.space} has the effect of @code{.block}  @xref{Machine Dependencies}.
+@end quotation
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset have-stabs
+@node Stab
+@section @code{.stabd, .stabn, .stabs}
+
+@cindex symbolic debuggers, information for
+@cindex @code{stab@var{x}} directives
+There are three directives that begin @samp{.stab}.
+All emit symbols (@pxref{Symbols}), for use by symbolic debuggers.
+The symbols are not entered in the @code{@value{AS}} hash table: they
+cannot be referenced elsewhere in the source file.
+Up to five fields are required:
+
+@table @var
+@item string
+This is the symbol's name.  It may contain any character except
+@samp{\000}, so is more general than ordinary symbol names.  Some
+debuggers used to code arbitrarily complex structures into symbol names
+using this field.
+
+@item type
+An absolute expression.  The symbol's type is set to the low 8 bits of
+this expression.  Any bit pattern is permitted, but @code{@value{LD}}
+and debuggers choke on silly bit patterns.
+
+@item other
+An absolute expression.  The symbol's ``other'' attribute is set to the
+low 8 bits of this expression.
+
+@item desc
+An absolute expression.  The symbol's descriptor is set to the low 16
+bits of this expression.
+
+@item value
+An absolute expression which becomes the symbol's value.
+@end table
+
+If a warning is detected while reading a @code{.stabd}, @code{.stabn},
+or @code{.stabs} statement, the symbol has probably already been created;
+you get a half-formed symbol in your object file.  This is
+compatible with earlier assemblers!
+
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{stabd} directive
+@item .stabd @var{type} , @var{other} , @var{desc}
+
+The ``name'' of the symbol generated is not even an empty string.
+It is a null pointer, for compatibility.  Older assemblers used a
+null pointer so they didn't waste space in object files with empty
+strings.
+
+The symbol's value is set to the location counter,
+relocatably.  When your program is linked, the value of this symbol
+is the address of the location counter when the @code{.stabd} was
+assembled.
+
+@cindex @code{stabn} directive
+@item .stabn @var{type} , @var{other} , @var{desc} , @var{value}
+The name of the symbol is set to the empty string @code{""}.
+
+@cindex @code{stabs} directive
+@item .stabs @var{string} ,  @var{type} , @var{other} , @var{desc} , @var{value}
+All five fields are specified.
+@end table
+@end ifset
+@c end     have-stabs
+
+@node String
+@section @code{.string} "@var{str}"
+
+@cindex string, copying to object file
+@cindex @code{string} directive
+
+Copy the characters in @var{str} to the object file.  You may specify more than
+one string to copy, separated by commas.  Unless otherwise specified for a
+particular machine, the assembler marks the end of each string with a 0 byte.
+You can use any of the escape sequences described in @ref{Strings,,Strings}.
+
+@node Struct
+@section @code{.struct @var{expression}}
+
+@cindex @code{struct} directive
+Switch to the absolute section, and set the section offset to @var{expression},
+which must be an absolute expression.  You might use this as follows:
+@smallexample
+        .struct 0
+field1:
+        .struct field1 + 4
+field2:
+        .struct field2 + 4
+field3:
+@end smallexample
+This would define the symbol @code{field1} to have the value 0, the symbol
+@code{field2} to have the value 4, and the symbol @code{field3} to have the
+value 8.  Assembly would be left in the absolute section, and you would need to
+use a @code{.section} directive of some sort to change to some other section
+before further assembly.
+
+@ifset ELF
+@node Symver
+@section @code{.symver}
+@cindex @code{symver} directive
+@cindex symbol versioning
+@cindex versions of symbols
+Use the @code{.symver} directive to bind symbols to specific version nodes
+within a source file.  This is only supported on ELF platforms, and is
+typically used when assembling files to be linked into a shared library.
+There are cases where it may make sense to use this in objects to be bound
+into an application itself so as to override a versioned symbol from a
+shared library.
+
+For ELF targets, the @code{.symver} directive is used like this:
+@smallexample
+.symver @var{name}, @var{name2@@nodename}
+@end smallexample
+In this case, the symbol @var{name} must exist and be defined within the file
+being assembled.  The @code{.versym} directive effectively creates a symbol
+alias with the name @var{name2@@nodename}, and in fact the main reason that we
+just don't try and create a regular alias is that the @var{@@} character isn't
+permitted in symbol names.  The @var{name2} part of the name is the actual name
+of the symbol by which it will be externally referenced.  The name @var{name}
+itself is merely a name of convenience that is used so that it is possible to
+have definitions for multiple versions of a function within a single source
+file, and so that the compiler can unambiguously know which version of a
+function is being mentioned.  The @var{nodename} portion of the alias should be
+the name of a node specified in the version script supplied to the linker when
+building a shared library.  If you are attempting to override a versioned
+symbol from a shared library, then @var{nodename} should correspond to the
+nodename of the symbol you are trying to override.
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset COFF
+@node Tag
+@section @code{.tag @var{structname}}
+
+@cindex COFF structure debugging
+@cindex structure debugging, COFF
+@cindex @code{tag} directive
+This directive is generated by compilers to include auxiliary debugging
+information in the symbol table.  It is only permitted inside
+@code{.def}/@code{.endef} pairs.  Tags are used to link structure
+definitions in the symbol table with instances of those structures.
+@ifset BOUT
+
+@samp{.tag} is only used when generating COFF format output; when
+@code{@value{AS}} is generating @code{b.out}, it accepts this directive but
+ignores it.
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+
+@node Text
+@section @code{.text @var{subsection}}
+
+@cindex @code{text} directive
+Tells @code{@value{AS}} to assemble the following statements onto the end of
+the text subsection numbered @var{subsection}, which is an absolute
+expression.  If @var{subsection} is omitted, subsection number zero
+is used.
+
+@node Title
+@section @code{.title "@var{heading}"}
+
+@cindex @code{title} directive
+@cindex listing control: title line
+Use @var{heading} as the title (second line, immediately after the
+source file name and pagenumber) when generating assembly listings.
+
+This directive affects subsequent pages, as well as the current page if
+it appears within ten lines of the top of a page.
+
+@ifset COFF
+@node Type
+@section @code{.type @var{int}}
+
+@cindex COFF symbol type
+@cindex symbol type, COFF
+@cindex @code{type} directive
+This directive, permitted only within @code{.def}/@code{.endef} pairs,
+records the integer @var{int} as the type attribute of a symbol table entry.
+@ifset BOUT
+
+@samp{.type} is associated only with COFF format output; when
+@code{@value{AS}} is configured for @code{b.out} output, it accepts this
+directive but ignores it.
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset COFF
+@node Val
+@section @code{.val @var{addr}}
+
+@cindex @code{val} directive
+@cindex COFF value attribute
+@cindex value attribute, COFF
+This directive, permitted only within @code{.def}/@code{.endef} pairs,
+records the address @var{addr} as the value attribute of a symbol table
+entry.
+@ifset BOUT
+
+@samp{.val} is used only for COFF output; when @code{@value{AS}} is
+configured for @code{b.out}, it accepts this directive but ignores it.
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+
+@node Uleb128
+@section @code{.uleb128 @var{expressions}}
+
+@cindex @code{uleb128} directive
+@var{uleb128} stands for ``unsigned little endian base 128.''  This is a 
+compact, variable length representation of numbers used by the DWARF
+symbolic debugging format.  @xref{Sleb128,@code{.sleb128}}.
+
+@node Word
+@section @code{.word @var{expressions}}
+
+@cindex @code{word} directive
+This directive expects zero or more @var{expressions}, of any section,
+separated by commas.
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@ifset W32
+For each expression, @code{@value{AS}} emits a 32-bit number.
+@end ifset
+@ifset W16
+For each expression, @code{@value{AS}} emits a 16-bit number.
+@end ifset
+@end ifclear
+@ifset GENERIC
+
+The size of the number emitted, and its byte order,
+depend on what target computer the assembly is for.
+@end ifset
+
+@c on amd29k, i960, sparc the "special treatment to support compilers" doesn't
+@c happen---32-bit addressability, period; no long/short jumps.
+@ifset DIFF-TBL-KLUGE
+@cindex difference tables altered
+@cindex altered difference tables
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning: Special Treatment to support Compilers}
+@end quotation
+
+@ifset GENERIC
+Machines with a 32-bit address space, but that do less than 32-bit
+addressing, require the following special treatment.  If the machine of
+interest to you does 32-bit addressing (or doesn't require it;
+@pxref{Machine Dependencies}), you can ignore this issue.
+
+@end ifset
+In order to assemble compiler output into something that works,
+@code{@value{AS}} occasionlly does strange things to @samp{.word} directives.
+Directives of the form @samp{.word sym1-sym2} are often emitted by
+compilers as part of jump tables.  Therefore, when @code{@value{AS}} assembles a
+directive of the form @samp{.word sym1-sym2}, and the difference between
+@code{sym1} and @code{sym2} does not fit in 16 bits, @code{@value{AS}}
+creates a @dfn{secondary jump table}, immediately before the next label.
+This secondary jump table is preceded by a short-jump to the
+first byte after the secondary table.  This short-jump prevents the flow
+of control from accidentally falling into the new table.  Inside the
+table is a long-jump to @code{sym2}.  The original @samp{.word}
+contains @code{sym1} minus the address of the long-jump to
+@code{sym2}.
+
+If there were several occurrences of @samp{.word sym1-sym2} before the
+secondary jump table, all of them are adjusted.  If there was a
+@samp{.word sym3-sym4}, that also did not fit in sixteen bits, a
+long-jump to @code{sym4} is included in the secondary jump table,
+and the @code{.word} directives are adjusted to contain @code{sym3}
+minus the address of the long-jump to @code{sym4}; and so on, for as many
+entries in the original jump table as necessary.
+
+@ifset INTERNALS
+@emph{This feature may be disabled by compiling @code{@value{AS}} with the
+@samp{-DWORKING_DOT_WORD} option.} This feature is likely to confuse
+assembly language programmers.
+@end ifset
+@end ifset
+@c end     DIFF-TBL-KLUGE
+
+@node Deprecated
+@section Deprecated Directives
+
+@cindex deprecated directives
+@cindex obsolescent directives
+One day these directives won't work.
+They are included for compatibility with older assemblers.
+@table @t
+@item .abort
+@item .line
+@end table
+
+@ifset GENERIC
+@node Machine Dependencies
+@chapter Machine Dependent Features
+
+@cindex machine dependencies
+The machine instruction sets are (almost by definition) different on
+each machine where @code{@value{AS}} runs.  Floating point representations
+vary as well, and @code{@value{AS}} often supports a few additional
+directives or command-line options for compatibility with other
+assemblers on a particular platform.  Finally, some versions of
+@code{@value{AS}} support special pseudo-instructions for branch
+optimization.
+
+This chapter discusses most of these differences, though it does not
+include details on any machine's instruction set.  For details on that
+subject, see the hardware manufacturer's manual.
+
+@menu
+@ifset A29K
+* AMD29K-Dependent::            AMD 29K Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifset ARC
+* ARC-Dependent::               ARC Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifset ARM
+* ARM-Dependent::               ARM Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifset D10V
+* D10V-Dependent::              D10V Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifset D30V
+* D30V-Dependent::              D30V Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifset H8/300
+* H8/300-Dependent::            Hitachi H8/300 Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifset H8/500
+* H8/500-Dependent::            Hitachi H8/500 Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifset HPPA
+* HPPA-Dependent::              HPPA Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifset I80386
+* i386-Dependent::              Intel 80386 Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifset I960
+* i960-Dependent::              Intel 80960 Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifset M680X0
+* M68K-Dependent::              M680x0 Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifset MIPS
+* MIPS-Dependent::              MIPS Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifset SH
+* SH-Dependent::                Hitachi SH Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifset SPARC
+* Sparc-Dependent::             SPARC Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifset V850
+* V850-Dependent::              V850 Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifset Z8000
+* Z8000-Dependent::             Z8000 Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifset VAX
+* Vax-Dependent::               VAX Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@end menu
+
+@lowersections
+@end ifset
+
+@c The following major nodes are *sections* in the GENERIC version, *chapters*
+@c in single-cpu versions.  This is mainly achieved by @lowersections.  There is a
+@c peculiarity: to preserve cross-references, there must be a node called
+@c "Machine Dependencies".  Hence the conditional nodenames in each
+@c major node below.  Node defaulting in makeinfo requires adjacency of
+@c node and sectioning commands; hence the repetition of @chapter BLAH
+@c in both conditional blocks.
+
+@ifset ARC
+@ifset GENERIC
+@page
+@node ARC-Dependent
+@chapter ARC Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@node Machine Dependencies
+@chapter ARC Dependent Features
+@end ifclear
+
+@cindex ARC support
+@menu
+* ARC-Opts::                    Options
+* ARC-Float::                   Floating Point
+* ARC-Directives::              Sparc Machine Directives
+@end menu
+
+@node ARC-Opts
+@section Options
+
+@cindex options for ARC
+@cindex ARC options
+@cindex architectures, ARC
+@cindex ARC architectures
+The ARC chip family includes several successive levels (or other
+variants) of chip, using the same core instruction set, but including
+a few additional instructions at each level.
+
+By default, @code{@value{AS}} assumes the core instruction set (ARC
+base).  The @code{.cpu} pseudo-op is intended to be used to select
+the variant.
+
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{-mbig-endian} option (ARC)
+@cindex @code{-mlittle-endian} option (ARC)
+@cindex ARC big-endian output
+@cindex ARC little-endian output
+@cindex big-endian output, ARC
+@cindex little-endian output, ARC
+@item -mbig-endian
+@itemx -mlittle-endian
+Any @sc{arc} configuration of @code{@value{AS}} can select big-endian or
+little-endian output at run time (unlike most other @sc{gnu} development
+tools, which must be configured for one or the other).  Use
+@samp{-mbig-endian} to select big-endian output, and @samp{-mlittle-endian}
+for little-endian.
+@end table
+
+@node ARC-Float
+@section Floating Point
+
+@cindex floating point, ARC (@sc{ieee})
+@cindex ARC floating point (@sc{ieee})
+The ARC cpu family currently does not have hardware floating point
+support.  Software floating point support is provided by @code{GCC}
+and uses @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers.
+
+@node ARC-Directives
+@section ARC Machine Directives
+
+@cindex ARC machine directives
+@cindex machine directives, ARC
+The ARC version of @code{@value{AS}} supports the following additional
+machine directives:
+
+@table @code
+@item .cpu
+@cindex @code{cpu} directive, SPARC
+This must be followed by the desired cpu.
+The ARC is intended to be customizable, @code{.cpu} is used to
+select the desired variant [though currently there are none].
+
+@end table
+
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset A29K
+@include c-a29k.texi
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset ARM
+@include c-arm.texi
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset Hitachi-all
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@node Machine Dependencies
+@chapter Machine Dependent Features
+
+The machine instruction sets are different on each Hitachi chip family,
+and there are also some syntax differences among the families.  This
+chapter describes the specific @code{@value{AS}} features for each
+family.
+
+@menu
+* H8/300-Dependent::            Hitachi H8/300 Dependent Features
+* H8/500-Dependent::            Hitachi H8/500 Dependent Features
+* SH-Dependent::                Hitachi SH Dependent Features
+@end menu
+@lowersections
+@end ifclear
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset D10V
+@include c-d10v.texi
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset D30V
+@include c-d30v.texi
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset H8/300
+@include c-h8300.texi
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset H8/500
+@include c-h8500.texi
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset HPPA
+@include c-hppa.texi
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset I80386
+@include c-i386.texi
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset I960
+@include c-i960.texi
+@end ifset
+
+
+@ifset M680X0
+@include c-m68k.texi
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset MIPS
+@include c-mips.texi
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset NS32K
+@include c-ns32k.texi
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset SH
+@include c-sh.texi
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset SPARC
+@include c-sparc.texi
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset Z8000
+@include c-z8k.texi
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset VAX
+@include c-vax.texi
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset V850
+@include c-v850.texi
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset GENERIC
+@c reverse effect of @down at top of generic Machine-Dep chapter
+@raisesections
+@end ifset
+
+@node Reporting Bugs
+@chapter Reporting Bugs
+@cindex bugs in assembler
+@cindex reporting bugs in assembler
+
+Your bug reports play an essential role in making @code{@value{AS}} reliable.
+
+Reporting a bug may help you by bringing a solution to your problem, or it may
+not.  But in any case the principal function of a bug report is to help the
+entire community by making the next version of @code{@value{AS}} work better.
+Bug reports are your contribution to the maintenance of @code{@value{AS}}.
+
+In order for a bug report to serve its purpose, you must include the
+information that enables us to fix the bug.
+
+@menu
+* Bug Criteria::                Have you found a bug?
+* Bug Reporting::               How to report bugs
+@end menu
+
+@node Bug Criteria
+@section Have you found a bug?
+@cindex bug criteria
+
+If you are not sure whether you have found a bug, here are some guidelines:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@cindex fatal signal
+@cindex assembler crash
+@cindex crash of assembler
+@item
+If the assembler gets a fatal signal, for any input whatever, that is a
+@code{@value{AS}} bug.  Reliable assemblers never crash.
+
+@cindex error on valid input
+@item
+If @code{@value{AS}} produces an error message for valid input, that is a bug.
+
+@cindex invalid input
+@item
+If @code{@value{AS}} does not produce an error message for invalid input, that
+is a bug.  However, you should note that your idea of ``invalid input'' might
+be our idea of ``an extension'' or ``support for traditional practice''.
+
+@item
+If you are an experienced user of assemblers, your suggestions for improvement
+of @code{@value{AS}} are welcome in any case.
+@end itemize
+
+@node Bug Reporting
+@section How to report bugs
+@cindex bug reports
+@cindex assembler bugs, reporting
+
+A number of companies and individuals offer support for @sc{gnu} products.  If
+you obtained @code{@value{AS}} from a support organization, we recommend you
+contact that organization first.
+
+You can find contact information for many support companies and
+individuals in the file @file{etc/SERVICE} in the @sc{gnu} Emacs
+distribution.
+
+In any event, we also recommend that you send bug reports for @code{@value{AS}}
+to @samp{bug-gnu-utils@@gnu.org}.
+
+The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this:
+@strong{report all the facts}.  If you are not sure whether to state a
+fact or leave it out, state it!
+
+Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the problem
+and assume that some details do not matter.  Thus, you might assume that the
+name of a symbol you use in an example does not matter.  Well, probably it does
+not, but one cannot be sure.  Perhaps the bug is a stray memory reference which
+happens to fetch from the location where that name is stored in memory;
+perhaps, if the name were different, the contents of that location would fool
+the assembler into doing the right thing despite the bug.  Play it safe and
+give a specific, complete example.  That is the easiest thing for you to do,
+and the most helpful.
+
+Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix the bug if
+it is new to us.  Therefore, always write your bug reports on the assumption
+that the bug has not been reported previously.
+
+Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, ``Does this ring a
+bell?''  Those bug reports are useless, and we urge everyone to
+@emph{refuse to respond to them} except to chide the sender to report
+bugs properly.
+
+To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+The version of @code{@value{AS}}.  @code{@value{AS}} announces it if you start
+it with the @samp{--version} argument.
+
+Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in looking for
+the bug in the current version of @code{@value{AS}}.
+
+@item
+Any patches you may have applied to the @code{@value{AS}} source.
+
+@item
+The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name and
+version number.
+
+@item
+What compiler (and its version) was used to compile @code{@value{AS}}---e.g.
+``@code{gcc-2.7}''.
+
+@item
+The command arguments you gave the assembler to assemble your example and
+observe the bug.  To guarantee you will not omit something important, list them
+all.  A copy of the Makefile (or the output from make) is sufficient.
+
+If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess wrong
+and then we might not encounter the bug.
+
+@item
+A complete input file that will reproduce the bug.  If the bug is observed when
+the assembler is invoked via a compiler, send the assembler source, not the
+high level language source.  Most compilers will produce the assembler source
+when run with the @samp{-S} option.  If you are using @code{@value{GCC}}, use
+the options @samp{-v --save-temps}; this will save the assembler source in a
+file with an extension of @file{.s}, and also show you exactly how
+@code{@value{AS}} is being run.
+
+@item
+A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is
+incorrect.  For example, ``It gets a fatal signal.''
+
+Of course, if the bug is that @code{@value{AS}} gets a fatal signal, then we
+will certainly notice it.  But if the bug is incorrect output, we might not
+notice unless it is glaringly wrong.  You might as well not give us a chance to
+make a mistake.
+
+Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should still say so
+explicitly.  Suppose something strange is going on, such as, your copy of
+@code{@value{AS}} is out of synch, or you have encountered a bug in the C
+library on your system.  (This has happened!)  Your copy might crash and ours
+would not.  If you told us to expect a crash, then when ours fails to crash, we
+would know that the bug was not happening for us.  If you had not told us to
+expect a crash, then we would not be able to draw any conclusion from our
+observations.
+
+@item
+If you wish to suggest changes to the @code{@value{AS}} source, send us context
+diffs, as generated by @code{diff} with the @samp{-u}, @samp{-c}, or @samp{-p}
+option.  Always send diffs from the old file to the new file.  If you even
+discuss something in the @code{@value{AS}} source, refer to it by context, not
+by line number.
+
+The line numbers in our development sources will not match those in your
+sources.  Your line numbers would convey no useful information to us.
+@end itemize
+
+Here are some things that are not necessary:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+A description of the envelope of the bug.
+
+Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating
+which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which
+changes will not affect it.
+
+This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way we
+will find the bug is by running a single example under the debugger
+with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of examples.
+We recommend that you save your time for something else.
+
+Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report @emph{instead}
+of the original one, that is a convenience for us.  Errors in the
+output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take
+less time, and so on.
+
+However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do this,
+report the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you used.
+
+@item
+A patch for the bug.
+
+A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one.  But do not omit
+the necessary information, such as the test case, on the assumption that
+a patch is all we need.  We might see problems with your patch and decide
+to fix the problem another way, or we might not understand it at all.
+
+Sometimes with a program as complicated as @code{@value{AS}} it is very hard to
+construct an example that will make the program follow a certain path through
+the code.  If you do not send us the example, we will not be able to construct
+one, so we will not be able to verify that the bug is fixed.
+
+And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why your
+patch should be an improvement, we will not install it.  A test case will
+help us to understand.
+
+@item
+A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on.
+
+Such guesses are usually wrong.  Even we cannot guess right about such
+things without first using the debugger to find the facts.
+@end itemize
+
+@node Acknowledgements
+@chapter Acknowledgements
+
+If you have contributed to @code{@value{AS}} and your name isn't listed here,
+it is not meant as a slight.  We just don't know about it.  Send mail to the
+maintainer, and we'll correct the situation.  Currently 
+@c (January 1994), 
+the maintainer is Ken Raeburn (email address @code{raeburn@@cygnus.com}).
+
+Dean Elsner wrote the original @sc{gnu} assembler for the VAX.@footnote{Any
+more details?}
+
+Jay Fenlason maintained GAS for a while, adding support for GDB-specific debug
+information and the 68k series machines, most of the preprocessing pass, and
+extensive changes in @file{messages.c}, @file{input-file.c}, @file{write.c}.
+
+K. Richard Pixley maintained GAS for a while, adding various enhancements and
+many bug fixes, including merging support for several processors, breaking GAS
+up to handle multiple object file format back ends (including heavy rewrite,
+testing, an integration of the coff and b.out back ends), adding configuration
+including heavy testing and verification of cross assemblers and file splits
+and renaming, converted GAS to strictly ANSI C including full prototypes, added
+support for m680[34]0 and cpu32, did considerable work on i960 including a COFF
+port (including considerable amounts of reverse engineering), a SPARC opcode
+file rewrite, DECstation, rs6000, and hp300hpux host ports, updated ``know''
+assertions and made them work, much other reorganization, cleanup, and lint.
+
+Ken Raeburn wrote the high-level BFD interface code to replace most of the code
+in format-specific I/O modules.
+
+The original VMS support was contributed by David L. Kashtan.  Eric Youngdale
+has done much work with it since.
+
+The Intel 80386 machine description was written by Eliot Dresselhaus.
+
+Minh Tran-Le at IntelliCorp contributed some AIX 386 support.
+
+The Motorola 88k machine description was contributed by Devon Bowen of Buffalo
+University and Torbjorn Granlund of the Swedish Institute of Computer Science.
+
+Keith Knowles at the Open Software Foundation wrote the original MIPS back end
+(@file{tc-mips.c}, @file{tc-mips.h}), and contributed Rose format support
+(which hasn't been merged in yet).  Ralph Campbell worked with the MIPS code to
+support a.out format.
+
+Support for the Zilog Z8k and Hitachi H8/300 and H8/500 processors (tc-z8k,
+tc-h8300, tc-h8500), and IEEE 695 object file format (obj-ieee), was written by
+Steve Chamberlain of Cygnus Support.  Steve also modified the COFF back end to
+use BFD for some low-level operations, for use with the H8/300 and AMD 29k
+targets.
+
+John Gilmore built the AMD 29000 support, added @code{.include} support, and
+simplified the configuration of which versions accept which directives.  He
+updated the 68k machine description so that Motorola's opcodes always produced
+fixed-size instructions (e.g. @code{jsr}), while synthetic instructions
+remained shrinkable (@code{jbsr}).  John fixed many bugs, including true tested
+cross-compilation support, and one bug in relaxation that took a week and
+required the proverbial one-bit fix.
+
+Ian Lance Taylor of Cygnus Support merged the Motorola and MIT syntax for the
+68k, completed support for some COFF targets (68k, i386 SVR3, and SCO Unix),
+added support for MIPS ECOFF and ELF targets, wrote the initial RS/6000 and
+PowerPC assembler, and made a few other minor patches.
+
+Steve Chamberlain made @code{@value{AS}} able to generate listings.
+
+Hewlett-Packard contributed support for the HP9000/300.
+
+Jeff Law wrote GAS and BFD support for the native HPPA object format (SOM)
+along with a fairly extensive HPPA testsuite (for both SOM and ELF object
+formats).  This work was supported by both the Center for Software Science at
+the University of Utah and Cygnus Support.
+
+Support for ELF format files has been worked on by Mark Eichin of Cygnus
+Support (original, incomplete implementation for SPARC), Pete Hoogenboom and
+Jeff Law at the University of Utah (HPPA mainly), Michael Meissner of the Open
+Software Foundation (i386 mainly), and Ken Raeburn of Cygnus Support (sparc,
+and some initial 64-bit support).
+
+Richard Henderson rewrote the Alpha assembler. Klaus Kaempf wrote GAS and BFD
+support for openVMS/Alpha.
+
+Several engineers at Cygnus Support have also provided many small bug fixes and
+configuration enhancements.
+
+Many others have contributed large or small bugfixes and enhancements.  If
+you have contributed significant work and are not mentioned on this list, and
+want to be, let us know.  Some of the history has been lost; we are not
+intentionally leaving anyone out.
+
+@node Index
+@unnumbered Index
+
+@printindex cp
+
+@contents
+@bye
+@c Local Variables:
+@c fill-column: 79
+@c End:
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-a29k.texi b/gas/doc/c-a29k.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4d115d807f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/c-a29k.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+@c Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This is part of the GAS manual.
+@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+@ifset GENERIC
+@page
+@node AMD29K-Dependent
+@chapter AMD 29K Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@node Machine Dependencies
+@chapter AMD 29K Dependent Features
+@end ifclear
+
+@cindex AMD 29K support
+@cindex 29K support
+@menu
+* AMD29K Options::              Options
+* AMD29K Syntax::               Syntax
+* AMD29K Floating Point::       Floating Point
+* AMD29K Directives::           AMD 29K Machine Directives
+* AMD29K Opcodes::              Opcodes
+@end menu
+
+@node AMD29K Options
+@section Options
+@cindex AMD 29K options (none)
+@cindex options for AMD29K (none)
+@code{@value{AS}} has no additional command-line options for the AMD
+29K family.
+
+@node AMD29K Syntax
+@section Syntax
+@menu
+* AMD29K-Macros::		Macros
+* AMD29K-Chars::                Special Characters
+* AMD29K-Regs::                 Register Names
+@end menu
+
+@node AMD29K-Macros
+@subsection Macros
+
+@cindex Macros, AMD 29K
+@cindex AMD 29K macros
+The macro syntax used on the AMD 29K is like that described in the AMD
+29K Family Macro Assembler Specification.  Normal @code{@value{AS}}
+macros should still work.
+
+@node AMD29K-Chars
+@subsection Special Characters
+
+@cindex line comment character, AMD 29K
+@cindex AMD 29K line comment character
+@samp{;} is the line comment character.
+
+@cindex identifiers, AMD 29K
+@cindex AMD 29K identifiers
+The character @samp{?} is permitted in identifiers (but may not begin
+an identifier).
+
+@node AMD29K-Regs
+@subsection Register Names
+
+@cindex AMD 29K register names
+@cindex register names, AMD 29K
+General-purpose registers are represented by predefined symbols of the
+form @samp{GR@var{nnn}} (for global registers) or @samp{LR@var{nnn}}
+(for local registers), where @var{nnn} represents a number between
+@code{0} and @code{127}, written with no leading zeros.  The leading
+letters may be in either upper or lower case; for example, @samp{gr13}
+and @samp{LR7} are both valid register names.
+
+You may also refer to general-purpose registers by specifying the
+register number as the result of an expression (prefixed with @samp{%%}
+to flag the expression as a register number):
+@smallexample
+%%@var{expression}
+@end smallexample
+@noindent
+---where @var{expression} must be an absolute expression evaluating to a
+number between @code{0} and @code{255}.  The range [0, 127] refers to
+global registers, and the range [128, 255] to local registers.
+
+@cindex special purpose registers, AMD 29K
+@cindex AMD 29K special purpose registers
+@cindex protected registers, AMD 29K
+@cindex AMD 29K protected registers
+In addition, @code{@value{AS}} understands the following protected
+special-purpose register names for the AMD 29K family:
+
+@smallexample
+  vab    chd    pc0
+  ops    chc    pc1
+  cps    rbp    pc2
+  cfg    tmc    mmu
+  cha    tmr    lru
+@end smallexample
+
+These unprotected special-purpose register names are also recognized:
+@smallexample
+  ipc    alu    fpe
+  ipa    bp     inte
+  ipb    fc     fps
+  q      cr     exop
+@end smallexample
+
+@node AMD29K Floating Point
+@section Floating Point
+
+@cindex floating point, AMD 29K (@sc{ieee})
+@cindex AMD 29K floating point (@sc{ieee})
+The AMD 29K family uses @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers.
+
+@node AMD29K Directives
+@section AMD 29K Machine Directives
+
+@cindex machine directives, AMD 29K
+@cindex AMD 29K machine directives
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{block} directive, AMD 29K
+@item .block @var{size} , @var{fill}
+This directive emits @var{size} bytes, each of value @var{fill}.  Both
+@var{size} and @var{fill} are absolute expressions.  If the comma
+and @var{fill} are omitted, @var{fill} is assumed to be zero.
+
+In other versions of the @sc{gnu} assembler, this directive is called
+@samp{.space}.
+@end table
+
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{cputype} directive, AMD 29K
+@item .cputype
+This directive is ignored; it is accepted for compatibility with other
+AMD 29K assemblers.
+
+@cindex @code{file} directive, AMD 29K
+@item .file
+This directive is ignored; it is accepted for compatibility with other
+AMD 29K assemblers.
+
+@quotation
+@emph{Warning:} in other versions of the @sc{gnu} assembler, @code{.file} is
+used for the directive called @code{.app-file} in the AMD 29K support.
+@end quotation
+
+@cindex @code{line} directive, AMD 29K
+@item .line
+This directive is ignored; it is accepted for compatibility with other
+AMD 29K assemblers.
+
+@ignore
+@c since we're ignoring .lsym...
+@cindex @code{reg} directive, AMD 29K
+@item .reg @var{symbol}, @var{expression}
+@code{.reg} has the same effect as @code{.lsym}; @pxref{Lsym,,@code{.lsym}}.
+@end ignore
+
+@cindex @code{sect} directive, AMD 29K
+@item .sect
+This directive is ignored; it is accepted for compatibility with other
+AMD 29K assemblers.
+
+@cindex @code{use} directive, AMD 29K
+@item .use @var{section name}
+Establishes the section and subsection for the following code;
+@var{section name} may be one of @code{.text}, @code{.data},
+@code{.data1}, or @code{.lit}.  With one of the first three @var{section
+name} options, @samp{.use} is equivalent to the machine directive
+@var{section name}; the remaining case, @samp{.use .lit}, is the same as
+@samp{.data 200}.
+@end table
+
+@node AMD29K Opcodes
+@section Opcodes
+
+@cindex AMD 29K opcodes
+@cindex opcodes for AMD 29K
+@code{@value{AS}} implements all the standard AMD 29K opcodes.  No
+additional pseudo-instructions are needed on this family.
+
+For information on the 29K machine instruction set, see @cite{Am29000
+User's Manual}, Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
+
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-arm.texi b/gas/doc/c-arm.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b94fb2a12f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/c-arm.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+@c Copyright (C) 1996, 1998, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This is part of the GAS manual.
+@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+
+@ifset GENERIC
+@page
+@node ARM-Dependent
+@chapter ARM Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@node Machine Dependencies
+@chapter ARM Dependent Features
+@end ifclear
+
+@cindex ARM support
+@cindex Thumb support
+@menu
+* ARM Options::              Options
+* ARM Syntax::               Syntax
+* ARM Floating Point::       Floating Point
+* ARM Directives::           ARM Machine Directives
+* ARM Opcodes::              Opcodes
+@end menu
+
+@node ARM Options
+@section Options
+@cindex ARM options (none)
+@cindex options for ARM (none)
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{-marm} command line option, ARM
+@item -marm @var{[2|250|3|6|60|600|610|620|7|7m|7d|7dm|7di|7dmi|70|700|700i|710|710c|7100|7500|7500fe|7tdmi|8|810|9|9tdmistrongarm|strongarm110|strongarm1100]}
+This option specifies the target processor.  The assembler will issue an
+error message if an attempt is made to assemble an instruction which
+will not execute on the target processor.
+@cindex @code{-marmv} command line option, ARM
+@item -marmv @var{[2|2a|3|3m|4|4t]}
+This option specifies the target architecture.  The assembler will issue
+an error message if an attempt is made to assemble an instruction which
+will not execute on the target architecture.
+@cindex @code{-mthumb} command line option, ARM
+@item -mthumb
+This option specifies that only Thumb instructions should be assembled.
+@cindex @code{-mall} command line option, ARM
+@item -mall
+This option specifies that any Arm or Thumb instruction should be assembled.
+@cindex @code{-mfpa} command line option, ARM
+@item -mfpa @var{[10|11]}
+This option specifies the floating point architecture in use on the
+target processor. 
+@cindex @code{-mfpe-old} command line option, ARM
+@item -mfpe-old
+Do not allow the assemble of floating point multiple instructions.
+@cindex @code{-mno-fpu} command line option, ARM
+@item -mno-fpu
+Do not allow the assembly of any floating point instructions.
+@cindex @code{-mthumb-interwork} command line option, ARM
+@item -mthumb-interwork
+This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
+be marked as supporting interworking.
+@cindex @code{-mapcs} command line option, ARM
+@item -mapcs @var{[26|32]}
+This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
+be marked as supporting the indicated version of the Arm Procedure.
+Calling Standard.
+@item -mapcs-float
+This indicates the the floating point variant of the APCS should be
+used.  In this variant floating point arguments are passed in FP
+registers ratehr than integer registers.
+@item -mapcs-reentrant
+This indicates that the reentrant variant of the APCS should be used.
+This variant supports position independent code.
+@cindex @code{-EB} command line option, ARM
+@item -EB
+This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
+be marked as being encoded for a big-endian processor.
+@cindex @code{-EL} command line option, ARM
+@item -EL
+This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
+be marked as being encoded for a little-endian processor.
+@cindex @code{-k} command line option, ARM
+@cindex PIC code generation for ARM
+@item -k
+This option enables the generation of PIC (position independent code).
+@item -moabi
+This indicates that the code should be assembled using the old ARM ELF
+conventions, based on a beta release release of the ARM-ELF
+specifications, rather than the default conventions which are based on
+the final release of the ARM-ELF specifications.
+@end table
+
+
+@node ARM Syntax
+@section Syntax
+@menu
+* ARM-Chars::                Special Characters
+* ARM-Regs::                 Register Names
+@end menu
+
+@node ARM-Chars
+@subsection Special Characters
+
+@cindex line comment character, ARM
+@cindex ARM line comment character
+The presence of a @samp{#} and @samp{@@} on a line indicates the start of
+a comment that extends to the end of the current line.
+
+@cindex identifiers, ARM
+@cindex ARM identifiers
+*TODO* Explain about /data modifier on symbols.
+
+@node ARM-Regs
+@subsection Register Names
+
+@cindex ARM register names
+@cindex register names, ARM
+*TODO* Explain about ARM register naming, and the predefined names.
+
+@node ARM Floating Point
+@section Floating Point
+
+@cindex floating point, ARM (@sc{ieee})
+@cindex ARM floating point (@sc{ieee})
+The ARM family uses @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers.
+
+
+
+@node ARM Directives
+@section ARM Machine Directives
+
+@cindex machine directives, ARM
+@cindex ARM machine directives
+@table @code
+
+@cindex @code{req} directive, ARM
+@item @var{name} .req @var{register name}
+This creates an alias for @var{register name} called @var{name}.  For
+example:
+
+@smallexample
+        foo .req r0
+@end smallexample
+
+@cindex @code{code} directive, ARM
+@item .code @var{[16|32]}
+This directive selects the instruction set being generated. The value 16
+selects Thumb, with the value 32 selecting ARM.
+
+@cindex @code{thumb} directive, ARM
+@item .thumb
+This performs the same action as @var{.code 16}.
+
+@cindex @code{arm} directive, ARM
+@item .arm
+This performs the same action as @var{.code 32}.
+
+@cindex @code{force_thumb} directive, ARM
+@item .force_thumb
+This directive forces the selection of Thumb instructions, even if the
+target processor does not support those instructions
+
+@cindex @code{thumb_func} directive, ARM
+@item .thumb_func
+This directive specifies that the following symbol is the name of a
+Thumb encoded function.  This information is necessary in order to allow
+the assembler and linker to generate correct code for interworking
+between Arm and Thumb instructions and should be used even if
+interworking is not going to be performed.
+
+@cindex @code{.ltorg} directive, ARM
+@item .ltorg
+This directive causes the current contents of the literal pool to be
+dumped into the current section (which is assumed to be the .text
+section) at the current location (aligned to a word boundary).
+
+@cindex @code{.pool} directive, ARM
+@item .pool
+This is a synonym for .ltorg.
+
+@end table
+
+@node ARM Opcodes
+@section Opcodes
+
+@cindex ARM opcodes
+@cindex opcodes for ARM
+@code{@value{AS}} implements all the standard ARM opcodes.
+
+*TODO* Document the pseudo-ops (adr, nop)
+
+GAS for the ARM supports a synthetic register load instruction whoes
+syntax is: 
+
+@smallexample
+  ldr <register> , = <expression>
+@end smallexample
+
+If expression evaluates to a numeric constant then a MOV or MVN
+instruction will be used in place of the LDR instruction, if the
+constant can be generated by either of these instructions.  Otherwise
+the constant will be placed into the nearest literal pool (if it not
+already there) and a PC relative LDR instruction will be generated.
+
+For information on the ARM or Thumb instruction sets, see @cite{ARM
+Software Development Toolkit Reference Manual}, Advanced RISC Machines
+Ltd.
+
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-d10v.texi b/gas/doc/c-d10v.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..8d7bf88c99d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/c-d10v.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+@c Copyright (C) 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This is part of the GAS manual.
+@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+@ifset GENERIC
+@page
+@node D10V-Dependent
+@chapter D10V Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@node Machine Dependencies
+@chapter D10V Dependent Features
+@end ifclear
+
+@cindex D10V support
+@menu
+* D10V-Opts::                   D10V Options
+* D10V-Syntax::                 Syntax
+* D10V-Float::                  Floating Point
+* D10V-Opcodes::                Opcodes
+@end menu
+
+@node D10V-Opts
+@section D10V Options
+@cindex options, D10V
+@cindex D10V options
+The Mitsubishi D10V version of @code{@value{AS}} has a few machine
+dependent options.
+
+@table @samp
+@item -O
+The D10V can often execute two sub-instructions in parallel. When this option
+is used, @code{@value{AS}} will attempt to optimize its output by detecting when
+instructions can be executed in parallel.
+@item --nowarnswap
+To optimize execution performance, @code{@value{AS}} will sometimes swap the
+order of instructions. Normally this generates a warning. When this option 
+is used, no warning will be generated when instructions are swapped.
+@end table
+
+@node D10V-Syntax
+@section Syntax
+@cindex D10V syntax
+@cindex syntax, D10V
+
+The D10V syntax is based on the syntax in Mitsubishi's D10V architecture manual.
+The differences are detailed below.
+
+@menu
+* D10V-Size::                 Size Modifiers
+* D10V-Subs::                 Sub-Instructions
+* D10V-Chars::                Special Characters
+* D10V-Regs::                 Register Names
+* D10V-Addressing::           Addressing Modes
+* D10V-Word::                 @@WORD Modifier
+@end menu
+
+
+@node D10V-Size
+@subsection Size Modifiers
+@cindex D10V size modifiers
+@cindex size modifiers, D10V
+The D10V version of @code{@value{AS}} uses the instruction names in the D10V
+Architecture Manual.  However, the names in the manual are sometimes ambiguous.
+There are instruction names that can assemble to a short or long form opcode.
+How does the assembler pick the correct form?  @code{@value{AS}} will always pick the
+smallest form if it can.  When dealing with a symbol that is not defined yet when a
+line is being assembled, it will always use the long form.  If you need to force the 
+assembler to use either the short or long form of the instruction, you can append
+either @samp{.s} (short) or @samp{.l} (long) to it.  For example, if you are writing 
+an assembly program and you want to do a branch to a symbol that is defined later
+in your program, you can write @samp{bra.s   foo}.  
+Objdump and GDB will always append @samp{.s} or @samp{.l} to instructions which
+have both short and long forms.
+
+@node D10V-Subs
+@subsection Sub-Instructions
+@cindex D10V sub-instructions
+@cindex sub-instructions, D10V
+The D10V assembler takes as input a series of instructions, either one-per-line,
+or in the special two-per-line format described in the next section.  Some of these
+instructions will be short-form or sub-instructions.  These sub-instructions can be packed
+into a single instruction.  The assembler will do this automatically.  It will also detect
+when it should not pack instructions.  For example, when a label is defined, the next
+instruction will never be packaged with the previous one.  Whenever a branch and link
+instruction is called, it will not be packaged with the next instruction so the return
+address will be valid.  Nops are automatically inserted when necessary.
+
+If you do not want the assembler automatically making these decisions, you can control
+the packaging and execution type (parallel or sequential) with the special execution 
+symbols described in the next section.  
+
+@node D10V-Chars
+@subsection Special Characters
+@cindex line comment character, D10V
+@cindex D10V line comment character
+@samp{;} and @samp{#} are the line comment characters.
+@cindex sub-instruction ordering, D10V
+@cindex D10V sub-instruction ordering
+Sub-instructions may be executed in order, in reverse-order, or in parallel.
+Instructions listed in the standard one-per-line format will be executed sequentially.
+To specify the executing order, use the following symbols: 
+@table @samp
+@item ->
+Sequential with instruction on the left first.
+@item <-
+Sequential with instruction on the right first.
+@item ||
+Parallel
+@end table
+The D10V syntax allows either one instruction per line, one instruction per line with
+the execution symbol, or two instructions per line.  For example
+@table @code
+@item abs       a1      ->      abs     r0
+Execute these sequentially.  The instruction on the right is in the right
+container and is executed second.
+@item abs       r0      <-      abs     a1
+Execute these reverse-sequentially.  The instruction on the right is in the right
+container, and is executed first.
+@item ld2w    r2,@@r8+         ||      mac     a0,r0,r7
+Execute these in parallel.
+@item ld2w    r2,@@r8+         ||      
+@itemx mac     a0,r0,r7
+Two-line format. Execute these in parallel.
+@item ld2w    r2,@@r8+         
+@itemx mac     a0,r0,r7
+Two-line format. Execute these sequentially.  Assembler will
+put them in the proper containers.
+@item ld2w    r2,@@r8+         ->
+@itemx mac     a0,r0,r7
+Two-line format. Execute these sequentially.  Same as above but
+second instruction will always go into right container.  
+@end table
+@cindex symbol names, @samp{$} in
+@cindex @code{$} in symbol names
+Since @samp{$} has no special meaning, you may use it in symbol names.
+
+@node D10V-Regs
+@subsection Register Names
+@cindex D10V registers
+@cindex registers, D10V
+You can use the predefined symbols @samp{r0} through @samp{r15} to refer to the D10V 
+registers.  You can also use @samp{sp} as an alias for @samp{r15}.  The accumulators
+are @samp{a0} and @samp{a1}.  There are special register-pair names that may 
+optionally be used in opcodes that require even-numbered registers. Register names are 
+not case sensitive.  
+
+Register Pairs
+@table @code
+@item r0-r1
+@item r2-r3
+@item r4-r5
+@item r6-r7
+@item r8-r9
+@item r10-r11
+@item r12-r13
+@item r14-r15
+@end table
+
+The D10V also has predefined symbols for these control registers and status bits:
+@table @code
+@item psw
+Processor Status Word
+@item bpsw
+Backup Processor Status Word
+@item pc
+Program Counter
+@item bpc
+Backup Program Counter
+@item rpt_c
+Repeat Count
+@item rpt_s
+Repeat Start address
+@item rpt_e
+Repeat End address
+@item mod_s
+Modulo Start address
+@item mod_e
+Modulo End address
+@item iba
+Instruction Break Address
+@item f0
+Flag 0
+@item f1
+Flag 1
+@item c
+Carry flag
+@end table
+        
+@node D10V-Addressing
+@subsection Addressing Modes
+@cindex addressing modes, D10V
+@cindex D10V addressing modes
+@code{@value{AS}} understands the following addressing modes for the D10V.
+@code{R@var{n}} in the following refers to any of the numbered
+registers, but @emph{not} the control registers.
+@table @code
+@item R@var{n}
+Register direct
+@item @@R@var{n}
+Register indirect
+@item @@R@var{n}+
+Register indirect with post-increment
+@item @@R@var{n}-
+Register indirect with post-decrement
+@item @@-SP
+Register indirect with pre-decrement
+@item @@(@var{disp}, R@var{n})
+Register indirect with displacement
+@item @var{addr}
+PC relative address (for branch or rep). 
+@item #@var{imm}
+Immediate data (the @samp{#} is optional and ignored)
+@end table
+
+@node D10V-Word
+@subsection @@WORD Modifier
+@cindex D10V @@word modifier
+@cindex @@word modifier, D10V
+Any symbol followed by @code{@@word} will be replaced by the symbol's value
+shifted right by 2.  This is used in situations such as loading a register
+with the address of a function (or any other code fragment).  For example, if
+you want to load a register with the location of the function @code{main} then
+jump to that function, you could do it as follws:
+@smallexample
+@group
+ldi     r2, main@@word
+jmp     r2
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+
+@node D10V-Float
+@section Floating Point
+@cindex floating point, D10V
+@cindex D10V floating point
+The D10V has no hardware floating point, but the @code{.float} and @code{.double}
+directives generates @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers for compatibility
+with other development tools. 
+
+@node D10V-Opcodes
+@section Opcodes
+@cindex D10V opcode summary
+@cindex opcode summary, D10V
+@cindex mnemonics, D10V
+@cindex instruction summary, D10V
+For detailed information on the D10V machine instruction set, see
+@cite{D10V Architecture: A VLIW Microprocessor for Multimedia Applications} 
+(Mitsubishi Electric Corp.).
+@code{@value{AS}} implements all the standard D10V opcodes.  The only changes are those
+described in the section on size modifiers
+
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-d30v.texi b/gas/doc/c-d30v.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..731b3441e0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/c-d30v.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+@c Copyright (C) 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This is part of the GAS manual.
+@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+@ifset GENERIC
+@page
+@node D30V-Dependent
+@chapter D30V Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@node Machine Dependencies
+@chapter D30V Dependent Features
+@end ifclear
+
+@cindex D30V support
+@menu
+* D30V-Opts::                   D30V Options
+* D30V-Syntax::                 Syntax
+* D30V-Float::                  Floating Point
+* D30V-Opcodes::                Opcodes
+@end menu
+
+@node D30V-Opts
+@section D30V Options
+@cindex options, D30V
+@cindex D30V options
+The Mitsubishi D30V version of @code{@value{AS}} has a few machine
+dependent options.
+
+@table @samp
+@item -O
+The D30V can often execute two sub-instructions in parallel. When this option
+is used, @code{@value{AS}} will attempt to optimize its output by detecting when
+instructions can be executed in parallel.
+
+@item -n
+When this option is used, @code{@value{AS}} will issue a warning every
+time it adds a nop instruction.
+
+@item -N
+When this option is used, @code{@value{AS}} will issue a warning if it
+needs to insert a nop after a 32-bit multiply before a load or 16-bit
+multiply instruction.
+@end table
+
+@node D30V-Syntax
+@section Syntax
+@cindex D30V syntax
+@cindex syntax, D30V
+
+The D30V syntax is based on the syntax in Mitsubishi's D30V architecture manual.
+The differences are detailed below.
+
+@menu
+* D30V-Size::                 Size Modifiers
+* D30V-Subs::                 Sub-Instructions
+* D30V-Chars::                Special Characters
+* D30V-Guarded::              Guarded Execution
+* D30V-Regs::                 Register Names
+* D30V-Addressing::           Addressing Modes
+@end menu
+
+
+@node D30V-Size
+@subsection Size Modifiers
+@cindex D30V size modifiers
+@cindex size modifiers, D30V
+The D30V version of @code{@value{AS}} uses the instruction names in the D30V
+Architecture Manual.  However, the names in the manual are sometimes ambiguous.
+There are instruction names that can assemble to a short or long form opcode.
+How does the assembler pick the correct form?  @code{@value{AS}} will always pick the
+smallest form if it can.  When dealing with a symbol that is not defined yet when a
+line is being assembled, it will always use the long form.  If you need to force the 
+assembler to use either the short or long form of the instruction, you can append
+either @samp{.s} (short) or @samp{.l} (long) to it.  For example, if you are writing 
+an assembly program and you want to do a branch to a symbol that is defined later
+in your program, you can write @samp{bra.s foo}. 
+Objdump and GDB will always append @samp{.s} or @samp{.l} to instructions which
+have both short and long forms.
+
+@node D30V-Subs
+@subsection Sub-Instructions
+@cindex D30V sub-instructions
+@cindex sub-instructions, D30V
+The D30V assembler takes as input a series of instructions, either one-per-line,
+or in the special two-per-line format described in the next section.  Some of these
+instructions will be short-form or sub-instructions.  These sub-instructions can be packed
+into a single instruction.  The assembler will do this automatically.  It will also detect
+when it should not pack instructions.  For example, when a label is defined, the next
+instruction will never be packaged with the previous one.  Whenever a branch and link
+instruction is called, it will not be packaged with the next instruction so the return
+address will be valid.  Nops are automatically inserted when necessary.
+
+If you do not want the assembler automatically making these decisions, you can control
+the packaging and execution type (parallel or sequential) with the special execution 
+symbols described in the next section.  
+
+@node D30V-Chars
+@subsection Special Characters
+@cindex line comment character, D30V
+@cindex D30V line comment character
+@samp{;} and @samp{#} are the line comment characters.
+@cindex sub-instruction ordering, D30V
+@cindex D30V sub-instruction ordering
+Sub-instructions may be executed in order, in reverse-order, or in parallel.
+Instructions listed in the standard one-per-line format will be executed
+sequentially unless you use the @samp{-O} option.
+
+To specify the executing order, use the following symbols: 
+@table @samp
+@item ->
+Sequential with instruction on the left first.
+
+@item <-
+Sequential with instruction on the right first.
+
+@item ||
+Parallel
+@end table
+
+The D30V syntax allows either one instruction per line, one instruction per line with
+the execution symbol, or two instructions per line.  For example
+@table @code
+@item abs r2,r3 -> abs r4,r5
+Execute these sequentially.  The instruction on the right is in the right
+container and is executed second.
+
+@item abs r2,r3 <- abs r4,r5
+Execute these reverse-sequentially.  The instruction on the right is in the right
+container, and is executed first.
+
+@item abs r2,r3 || abs r4,r5
+Execute these in parallel.
+
+@item ldw r2,@@(r3,r4) ||
+@itemx mulx r6,r8,r9
+Two-line format. Execute these in parallel.
+
+@item mulx a0,r8,r9
+@itemx stw r2,@@(r3,r4)
+Two-line format. Execute these sequentially unless @samp{-O} option is
+used.  If the @samp{-O} option is used, the assembler will determine if
+the instructions could be done in parallel (the above two instructions
+can be done in parallel), and if so, emit them as parallel instructions.
+The assembler will put them in the proper containers.  In the above
+example, the assembler will put the @samp{stw} instruction in left
+container and the @samp{mulx} instruction in the right container.
+
+@item stw r2,@@(r3,r4) ->
+@itemx mulx a0,r8,r9
+Two-line format.  Execute the @samp{stw} instruction followed by the
+@samp{mulx} instruction sequentially.  The first instruction goes in the
+left container and the second instruction goes into right container.
+The assembler will give an error if the machine ordering constraints are
+violated.
+
+@item stw r2,@@(r3,r4) <-
+@itemx mulx a0,r8,r9
+Same as previous example, except that the @samp{mulx} instruction is
+executed before the @samp{stw} instruction.
+@end table
+
+@cindex symbol names, @samp{$} in
+@cindex @code{$} in symbol names
+Since @samp{$} has no special meaning, you may use it in symbol names.
+
+@node D30V-Guarded
+@subsection Guarded Execution
+@cindex D30V Guarded Execution
+@code{@value{AS}} supports the full range of guarded execution
+directives for each instruction.  Just append the directive after the
+instruction proper.  The directives are:
+
+@table @samp
+@item /tx
+Execute the instruction if flag f0 is true.
+@item /fx
+Execute the instruction if flag f0 is false.
+@item /xt
+Execute the instruction if flag f1 is true.
+@item /xf
+Execute the instruction if flag f1 is false.
+@item /tt
+Execute the instruction if both flags f0 and f1 are true.
+@item /tf
+Execute the instruction if flag f0 is true and flag f1 is false.
+@end table
+
+@node D30V-Regs
+@subsection Register Names
+@cindex D30V registers
+@cindex registers, D30V
+You can use the predefined symbols @samp{r0} through @samp{r63} to refer
+to the D30V registers.  You can also use @samp{sp} as an alias for
+@samp{r63} and @samp{link} as an alias for @samp{r62}.  The accumulators
+are @samp{a0} and @samp{a1}.
+
+The D30V also has predefined symbols for these control registers and status bits:
+@table @code
+@item psw
+Processor Status Word
+@item bpsw
+Backup Processor Status Word
+@item pc
+Program Counter
+@item bpc
+Backup Program Counter
+@item rpt_c
+Repeat Count
+@item rpt_s
+Repeat Start address
+@item rpt_e
+Repeat End address
+@item mod_s
+Modulo Start address
+@item mod_e
+Modulo End address
+@item iba
+Instruction Break Address
+@item f0
+Flag 0
+@item f1
+Flag 1
+@item f2
+Flag 2
+@item f3
+Flag 3
+@item f4
+Flag 4
+@item f5
+Flag 5
+@item f6
+Flag 6
+@item f7
+Flag 7
+@item s
+Same as flag 4 (saturation flag)
+@item v
+Same as flag 5 (overflow flag)
+@item va
+Same as flag 6 (sticky overflow flag)
+@item c
+Same as flag 7 (carry/borrow flag)
+@item b
+Same as flag 7 (carry/borrow flag)
+@end table
+        
+@node D30V-Addressing
+@subsection Addressing Modes
+@cindex addressing modes, D30V
+@cindex D30V addressing modes
+@code{@value{AS}} understands the following addressing modes for the D30V.
+@code{R@var{n}} in the following refers to any of the numbered
+registers, but @emph{not} the control registers.
+@table @code
+@item R@var{n}
+Register direct
+@item @@R@var{n}
+Register indirect
+@item @@R@var{n}+
+Register indirect with post-increment
+@item @@R@var{n}-
+Register indirect with post-decrement
+@item @@-SP
+Register indirect with pre-decrement
+@item @@(@var{disp}, R@var{n})
+Register indirect with displacement
+@item @var{addr}
+PC relative address (for branch or rep). 
+@item #@var{imm}
+Immediate data (the @samp{#} is optional and ignored)
+@end table
+
+@node D30V-Float
+@section Floating Point
+@cindex floating point, D30V
+@cindex D30V floating point
+The D30V has no hardware floating point, but the @code{.float} and @code{.double}
+directives generates @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers for compatibility
+with other development tools. 
+
+@node D30V-Opcodes
+@section Opcodes
+@cindex D30V opcode summary
+@cindex opcode summary, D30V
+@cindex mnemonics, D30V
+@cindex instruction summary, D30V
+For detailed information on the D30V machine instruction set, see
+@cite{D30V Architecture: A VLIW Microprocessor for Multimedia Applications} 
+(Mitsubishi Electric Corp.).
+@code{@value{AS}} implements all the standard D30V opcodes.  The only changes are those
+described in the section on size modifiers
+
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-h8300.texi b/gas/doc/c-h8300.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..a270918f92a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/c-h8300.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+@c Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This is part of the GAS manual.
+@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+@ifset GENERIC
+@page
+@end ifset
+@node H8/300-Dependent
+@chapter H8/300 Dependent Features
+
+@cindex H8/300 support
+@menu
+* H8/300 Options::              Options
+* H8/300 Syntax::               Syntax
+* H8/300 Floating Point::       Floating Point
+* H8/300 Directives::           H8/300 Machine Directives
+* H8/300 Opcodes::              Opcodes
+@end menu
+
+@node H8/300 Options
+@section Options
+
+@cindex H8/300 options (none)
+@cindex options, H8/300 (none)
+@code{@value{AS}} has no additional command-line options for the Hitachi
+H8/300 family.
+
+@node H8/300 Syntax
+@section Syntax
+@menu
+* H8/300-Chars::                Special Characters
+* H8/300-Regs::                 Register Names
+* H8/300-Addressing::           Addressing Modes
+@end menu
+
+@node H8/300-Chars
+@subsection Special Characters
+
+@cindex line comment character, H8/300
+@cindex H8/300 line comment character
+@samp{;} is the line comment character.
+
+@cindex line separator, H8/300
+@cindex statement separator, H8/300
+@cindex H8/300 line separator
+@samp{$} can be used instead of a newline to separate statements.
+Therefore @emph{you may not use @samp{$} in symbol names} on the H8/300.
+
+@node H8/300-Regs
+@subsection Register Names
+
+@cindex H8/300 registers
+@cindex register names, H8/300
+You can use predefined symbols of the form @samp{r@var{n}h} and
+@samp{r@var{n}l} to refer to the H8/300 registers as sixteen 8-bit
+general-purpose registers.  @var{n} is a digit from @samp{0} to
+@samp{7}); for instance, both @samp{r0h} and @samp{r7l} are valid
+register names.
+
+You can also use the eight predefined symbols @samp{r@var{n}} to refer
+to the H8/300 registers as 16-bit registers (you must use this form for
+addressing).
+
+On the H8/300H, you can also use the eight predefined symbols
+@samp{er@var{n}} (@samp{er0} @dots{} @samp{er7}) to refer to the 32-bit
+general purpose registers.
+
+The two control registers are called @code{pc} (program counter; a
+16-bit register, except on the H8/300H where it is 24 bits) and
+@code{ccr} (condition code register; an 8-bit register).  @code{r7} is
+used as the stack pointer, and can also be called @code{sp}.
+
+@node H8/300-Addressing
+@subsection Addressing Modes
+
+@cindex addressing modes, H8/300
+@cindex H8/300 addressing modes
+@value{AS} understands the following addressing modes for the H8/300:
+@table @code
+@item r@var{n}
+Register direct
+
+@item @@r@var{n}
+Register indirect
+
+@need 1200
+@item @@(@var{d}, r@var{n})
+@itemx @@(@var{d}:16, r@var{n})
+@itemx @@(@var{d}:24, r@var{n})
+Register indirect: 16-bit or 24-bit displacement @var{d} from register
+@var{n}.  (24-bit displacements are only meaningful on the H8/300H.)
+
+@item @@r@var{n}+
+Register indirect with post-increment
+
+@item @@-r@var{n}
+Register indirect with pre-decrement
+
+@item @code{@@}@var{aa}
+@itemx @code{@@}@var{aa}:8
+@itemx @code{@@}@var{aa}:16
+@itemx @code{@@}@var{aa}:24
+Absolute address @code{aa}.  (The address size @samp{:24} only makes
+sense on the H8/300H.)
+
+@item #@var{xx}
+@itemx #@var{xx}:8
+@itemx #@var{xx}:16
+@itemx #@var{xx}:32
+Immediate data @var{xx}.  You may specify the @samp{:8}, @samp{:16}, or
+@samp{:32} for clarity, if you wish; but @code{@value{AS}} neither
+requires this nor uses it---the data size required is taken from
+context.
+
+@item @code{@@}@code{@@}@var{aa}
+@itemx @code{@@}@code{@@}@var{aa}:8
+Memory indirect.  You may specify the @samp{:8} for clarity, if you
+wish; but @code{@value{AS}} neither requires this nor uses it.
+@end table
+
+@node H8/300 Floating Point
+@section Floating Point
+
+@cindex floating point, H8/300 (@sc{ieee})
+@cindex H8/300 floating point (@sc{ieee})
+The H8/300 family has no hardware floating point, but the @code{.float}
+directive generates @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers for compatibility
+with other development tools.
+
+@page
+@node H8/300 Directives
+@section H8/300 Machine Directives
+
+@cindex H8/300 machine directives (none)
+@cindex machine directives, H8/300 (none)
+@cindex @code{word} directive, H8/300
+@cindex @code{int} directive, H8/300
+@code{@value{AS}} has only one machine-dependent directive for the
+H8/300:
+
+@table @code
+@cindex H8/300H, assembling for
+@item .h8300h
+Recognize and emit additional instructions for the H8/300H variant, and
+also make @code{.int} emit 32-bit numbers rather than the usual (16-bit)
+for the H8/300 family.
+@end table
+
+On the H8/300 family (including the H8/300H) @samp{.word} directives
+generate 16-bit numbers.
+
+@node H8/300 Opcodes
+@section Opcodes
+
+@cindex H8/300 opcode summary
+@cindex opcode summary, H8/300
+@cindex mnemonics, H8/300
+@cindex instruction summary, H8/300
+For detailed information on the H8/300 machine instruction set, see
+@cite{H8/300 Series Programming Manual} (Hitachi ADE--602--025).  For
+information specific to the H8/300H, see @cite{H8/300H Series
+Programming Manual} (Hitachi).
+
+@code{@value{AS}} implements all the standard H8/300 opcodes.  No additional
+pseudo-instructions are needed on this family.
+
+@ifset SMALL
+@c this table, due to the multi-col faking and hardcoded order, looks silly
+@c except in smallbook.  See comments below "@set SMALL" near top of this file.
+
+The following table summarizes the H8/300 opcodes, and their arguments.
+Entries marked @samp{*} are opcodes used only on the H8/300H.
+
+@smallexample
+@c Using @group seems to use the normal baselineskip, not the smallexample
+@c baselineskip; looks approx doublespaced.
+         @i{Legend:}
+            Rs   @r{source register}
+            Rd   @r{destination register}
+            abs  @r{absolute address}
+            imm  @r{immediate data}
+         disp:N  @r{N-bit displacement from a register}
+        pcrel:N  @r{N-bit displacement relative to program counter}
+
+   add.b #imm,rd              *  andc #imm,ccr
+   add.b rs,rd                   band #imm,rd
+   add.w rs,rd                   band #imm,@@rd
+*  add.w #imm,rd                 band #imm,@@abs:8
+*  add.l rs,rd                   bra  pcrel:8
+*  add.l #imm,rd              *  bra  pcrel:16
+   adds #imm,rd                  bt   pcrel:8
+   addx #imm,rd               *  bt   pcrel:16
+   addx rs,rd                    brn  pcrel:8
+   and.b #imm,rd              *  brn  pcrel:16
+   and.b rs,rd                   bf   pcrel:8
+*  and.w rs,rd                *  bf   pcrel:16
+*  and.w #imm,rd                 bhi  pcrel:8
+*  and.l #imm,rd              *  bhi  pcrel:16
+*  and.l rs,rd                   bls  pcrel:8
+@page
+*  bls  pcrel:16                 bld  #imm,rd
+   bcc  pcrel:8                  bld  #imm,@@rd
+*  bcc  pcrel:16                 bld  #imm,@@abs:8
+   bhs  pcrel:8                  bnot #imm,rd
+*  bhs  pcrel:16                 bnot #imm,@@rd
+   bcs  pcrel:8                  bnot #imm,@@abs:8
+*  bcs  pcrel:16                 bnot rs,rd
+   blo  pcrel:8                  bnot rs,@@rd
+*  blo  pcrel:16                 bnot rs,@@abs:8
+   bne  pcrel:8                  bor  #imm,rd
+*  bne  pcrel:16                 bor  #imm,@@rd
+   beq  pcrel:8                  bor  #imm,@@abs:8
+*  beq  pcrel:16                 bset #imm,rd
+   bvc  pcrel:8                  bset #imm,@@rd
+*  bvc  pcrel:16                 bset #imm,@@abs:8
+   bvs  pcrel:8                  bset rs,rd
+*  bvs  pcrel:16                 bset rs,@@rd
+   bpl  pcrel:8                  bset rs,@@abs:8
+*  bpl  pcrel:16                 bsr  pcrel:8
+   bmi  pcrel:8                  bsr  pcrel:16
+*  bmi  pcrel:16                 bst  #imm,rd
+   bge  pcrel:8                  bst  #imm,@@rd
+*  bge  pcrel:16                 bst  #imm,@@abs:8
+   blt  pcrel:8                  btst #imm,rd
+*  blt  pcrel:16                 btst #imm,@@rd
+   bgt  pcrel:8                  btst #imm,@@abs:8
+*  bgt  pcrel:16                 btst rs,rd
+   ble  pcrel:8                  btst rs,@@rd
+*  ble  pcrel:16                 btst rs,@@abs:8
+   bclr #imm,rd                  bxor #imm,rd
+   bclr #imm,@@rd                 bxor #imm,@@rd
+   bclr #imm,@@abs:8              bxor #imm,@@abs:8
+   bclr rs,rd                    cmp.b #imm,rd
+   bclr rs,@@rd                   cmp.b rs,rd
+   bclr rs,@@abs:8                cmp.w rs,rd
+   biand #imm,rd                 cmp.w rs,rd
+   biand #imm,@@rd             *  cmp.w #imm,rd
+   biand #imm,@@abs:8          *  cmp.l #imm,rd
+   bild #imm,rd               *  cmp.l rs,rd
+   bild #imm,@@rd                 daa  rs
+   bild #imm,@@abs:8              das  rs
+   bior #imm,rd                  dec.b rs
+   bior #imm,@@rd              *  dec.w #imm,rd
+   bior #imm,@@abs:8           *  dec.l #imm,rd
+   bist #imm,rd                  divxu.b rs,rd
+   bist #imm,@@rd              *  divxu.w rs,rd
+   bist #imm,@@abs:8           *  divxs.b rs,rd
+   bixor #imm,rd              *  divxs.w rs,rd
+   bixor #imm,@@rd                eepmov
+   bixor #imm,@@abs:8          *  eepmovw
+@page
+*  exts.w rd                     mov.w rs,@@abs:16
+*  exts.l rd                  *  mov.l #imm,rd
+*  extu.w rd                  *  mov.l rs,rd
+*  extu.l rd                  *  mov.l @@rs,rd
+   inc  rs                    *  mov.l @@(disp:16,rs),rd
+*  inc.w #imm,rd              *  mov.l @@(disp:24,rs),rd
+*  inc.l #imm,rd              *  mov.l @@rs+,rd
+   jmp  @@rs                   *  mov.l @@abs:16,rd
+   jmp  abs                   *  mov.l @@abs:24,rd
+   jmp  @@@@abs:8               *  mov.l rs,@@rd
+   jsr  @@rs                   *  mov.l rs,@@(disp:16,rd)
+   jsr  abs                   *  mov.l rs,@@(disp:24,rd)
+   jsr  @@@@abs:8               *  mov.l rs,@@-rd
+   ldc  #imm,ccr              *  mov.l rs,@@abs:16
+   ldc  rs,ccr                *  mov.l rs,@@abs:24
+*  ldc  @@abs:16,ccr              movfpe @@abs:16,rd
+*  ldc  @@abs:24,ccr              movtpe rs,@@abs:16
+*  ldc  @@(disp:16,rs),ccr        mulxu.b rs,rd
+*  ldc  @@(disp:24,rs),ccr     *  mulxu.w rs,rd
+*  ldc  @@rs+,ccr              *  mulxs.b rs,rd
+*  ldc  @@rs,ccr               *  mulxs.w rs,rd
+*  mov.b @@(disp:24,rs),rd        neg.b rs
+*  mov.b rs,@@(disp:24,rd)     *  neg.w rs
+   mov.b @@abs:16,rd           *  neg.l rs
+   mov.b rs,rd                   nop
+   mov.b @@abs:8,rd               not.b rs
+   mov.b rs,@@abs:8            *  not.w rs
+   mov.b rs,rd                *  not.l rs
+   mov.b #imm,rd                 or.b #imm,rd
+   mov.b @@rs,rd                  or.b rs,rd
+   mov.b @@(disp:16,rs),rd     *  or.w #imm,rd
+   mov.b @@rs+,rd              *  or.w rs,rd
+   mov.b @@abs:8,rd            *  or.l #imm,rd
+   mov.b rs,@@rd               *  or.l rs,rd
+   mov.b rs,@@(disp:16,rd)        orc  #imm,ccr
+   mov.b rs,@@-rd                 pop.w rs
+   mov.b rs,@@abs:8            *  pop.l rs
+   mov.w rs,@@rd                  push.w rs
+*  mov.w @@(disp:24,rs),rd     *  push.l rs
+*  mov.w rs,@@(disp:24,rd)        rotl.b rs
+*  mov.w @@abs:24,rd           *  rotl.w rs
+*  mov.w rs,@@abs:24           *  rotl.l rs
+   mov.w rs,rd                   rotr.b rs
+   mov.w #imm,rd              *  rotr.w rs
+   mov.w @@rs,rd               *  rotr.l rs
+   mov.w @@(disp:16,rs),rd        rotxl.b rs
+   mov.w @@rs+,rd              *  rotxl.w rs
+   mov.w @@abs:16,rd           *  rotxl.l rs
+   mov.w rs,@@(disp:16,rd)        rotxr.b rs
+   mov.w rs,@@-rd              *  rotxr.w rs
+@page
+*  rotxr.l rs                 *  stc  ccr,@@(disp:24,rd)
+   bpt                        *  stc  ccr,@@-rd
+   rte                        *  stc  ccr,@@abs:16
+   rts                        *  stc  ccr,@@abs:24
+   shal.b rs                     sub.b rs,rd
+*  shal.w rs                     sub.w rs,rd
+*  shal.l rs                  *  sub.w #imm,rd
+   shar.b rs                  *  sub.l rs,rd
+*  shar.w rs                  *  sub.l #imm,rd
+*  shar.l rs                     subs #imm,rd
+   shll.b rs                     subx #imm,rd
+*  shll.w rs                     subx rs,rd
+*  shll.l rs                  *  trapa #imm
+   shlr.b rs                     xor  #imm,rd
+*  shlr.w rs                     xor  rs,rd
+*  shlr.l rs                  *  xor.w #imm,rd
+   sleep                      *  xor.w rs,rd
+   stc  ccr,rd                *  xor.l #imm,rd
+*  stc  ccr,@@rs               *  xor.l rs,rd
+*  stc  ccr,@@(disp:16,rd)        xorc #imm,ccr
+@end smallexample
+@end ifset
+
+@cindex size suffixes, H8/300
+@cindex H8/300 size suffixes
+Four H8/300 instructions (@code{add}, @code{cmp}, @code{mov},
+@code{sub}) are defined with variants using the suffixes @samp{.b},
+@samp{.w}, and @samp{.l} to specify the size of a memory operand.
+@code{@value{AS}} supports these suffixes, but does not require them;
+since one of the operands is always a register, @code{@value{AS}} can
+deduce the correct size.
+
+For example, since @code{r0} refers to a 16-bit register,
+@example
+mov    r0,@@foo
+@exdent is equivalent to
+mov.w  r0,@@foo
+@end example
+
+If you use the size suffixes, @code{@value{AS}} issues a warning when
+the suffix and the register size do not match.
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-h8500.texi b/gas/doc/c-h8500.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..10f0e641538
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/c-h8500.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+@c Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This is part of the GAS manual.
+@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+@page
+@node H8/500-Dependent
+@chapter H8/500 Dependent Features
+
+@cindex H8/500 support
+@menu
+* H8/500 Options::              Options
+* H8/500 Syntax::               Syntax
+* H8/500 Floating Point::       Floating Point
+* H8/500 Directives::           H8/500 Machine Directives
+* H8/500 Opcodes::              Opcodes
+@end menu
+
+@node H8/500 Options
+@section Options
+
+@cindex H8/500 options (none)
+@cindex options, H8/500 (none)
+@code{@value{AS}} has no additional command-line options for the Hitachi
+H8/500 family.
+
+@node H8/500 Syntax
+@section Syntax
+
+@menu
+* H8/500-Chars::                Special Characters
+* H8/500-Regs::                 Register Names
+* H8/500-Addressing::           Addressing Modes
+@end menu
+
+@node H8/500-Chars
+@subsection Special Characters
+
+@cindex line comment character, H8/500
+@cindex H8/500 line comment character
+@samp{!} is the line comment character.
+
+@cindex line separator, H8/500
+@cindex statement separator, H8/500
+@cindex H8/500 line separator
+@samp{;} can be used instead of a newline to separate statements.
+
+@cindex symbol names, @samp{$} in
+@cindex @code{$} in symbol names
+Since @samp{$} has no special meaning, you may use it in symbol names.
+
+@node H8/500-Regs
+@subsection Register Names
+
+@cindex H8/500 registers
+@cindex registers, H8/500
+You can use the predefined symbols @samp{r0}, @samp{r1}, @samp{r2},
+@samp{r3}, @samp{r4}, @samp{r5}, @samp{r6}, and @samp{r7} to refer to
+the H8/500 registers.
+
+The H8/500 also has these control registers:
+
+@table @code
+@item cp
+code pointer
+
+@item dp
+data pointer
+
+@item bp
+base pointer
+
+@item tp
+stack top pointer
+
+@item ep
+extra pointer
+
+@item sr
+status register
+
+@item ccr
+condition code register
+@end table
+
+All registers are 16 bits long.  To represent 32 bit numbers, use two
+adjacent registers; for distant memory addresses, use one of the segment
+pointers (@code{cp} for the program counter; @code{dp} for
+@code{r0}--@code{r3}; @code{ep} for @code{r4} and @code{r5}; and
+@code{tp} for @code{r6} and @code{r7}.
+
+@node H8/500-Addressing
+@subsection Addressing Modes
+
+@cindex addressing modes, H8/500
+@cindex H8/500 addressing modes
+@value{AS} understands the following addressing modes for the H8/500:
+@table @code
+@item R@var{n}
+Register direct
+
+@item @@R@var{n}
+Register indirect
+
+@item @@(d:8, R@var{n})
+Register indirect with 8 bit signed displacement
+
+@item @@(d:16, R@var{n})
+Register indirect with 16 bit signed displacement
+
+@item @@-R@var{n}
+Register indirect with pre-decrement
+
+@item @@R@var{n}+
+Register indirect with post-increment
+
+@item @@@var{aa}:8
+8 bit absolute address
+
+@item @@@var{aa}:16
+16 bit absolute address
+
+@item #@var{xx}:8
+8 bit immediate
+
+@item #@var{xx}:16
+16 bit immediate
+@end table
+
+@node H8/500 Floating Point
+@section Floating Point
+
+@cindex floating point, H8/500 (@sc{ieee})
+@cindex H8/500 floating point (@sc{ieee})
+The H8/500 family has no hardware floating point, but the @code{.float}
+directive generates @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers for compatibility
+with other development tools.
+
+@node H8/500 Directives
+@section H8/500 Machine Directives
+
+@cindex H8/500 machine directives (none)
+@cindex machine directives, H8/500 (none)
+@cindex @code{word} directive, H8/500
+@cindex @code{int} directive, H8/500
+@code{@value{AS}} has no machine-dependent directives for the H8/500.
+However, on this platform the @samp{.int} and @samp{.word} directives
+generate 16-bit numbers.
+
+@node H8/500 Opcodes
+@section Opcodes
+
+@cindex H8/500 opcode summary
+@cindex opcode summary, H8/500
+@cindex mnemonics, H8/500
+@cindex instruction summary, H8/500
+For detailed information on the H8/500 machine instruction set, see
+@cite{H8/500 Series Programming Manual} (Hitachi M21T001).
+
+@code{@value{AS}} implements all the standard H8/500 opcodes.  No additional
+pseudo-instructions are needed on this family.
+
+@ifset SMALL
+@c this table, due to the multi-col faking and hardcoded order, looks silly
+@c except in smallbook.  See comments below "@set SMALL" near top of this file.
+
+The following table summarizes H8/500 opcodes and their operands:
+
+@c Use @group if it ever works, instead of @page
+@page
+@smallexample
+@i{Legend:}
+abs8      @r{8-bit absolute address}
+abs16     @r{16-bit absolute address}
+abs24     @r{24-bit absolute address}
+crb       @r{@code{ccr}, @code{br}, @code{ep}, @code{dp}, @code{tp}, @code{dp}}
+disp8     @r{8-bit displacement}
+ea        @r{@code{rn}, @code{@@rn}, @code{@@(d:8, rn)}, @code{@@(d:16, rn)},}
+          @r{@code{@@-rn}, @code{@@rn+}, @code{@@aa:8}, @code{@@aa:16},}
+          @r{@code{#xx:8}, @code{#xx:16}}
+ea_mem    @r{@code{@@rn}, @code{@@(d:8, rn)}, @code{@@(d:16, rn)},}
+          @r{@code{@@-rn}, @code{@@rn+}, @code{@@aa:8}, @code{@@aa:16}}
+ea_noimm  @r{@code{rn}, @code{@@rn}, @code{@@(d:8, rn)}, @code{@@(d:16, rn)},}
+          @r{@code{@@-rn}, @code{@@rn+}, @code{@@aa:8}, @code{@@aa:16}}
+fp        r6
+imm4      @r{4-bit immediate data}
+imm8      @r{8-bit immediate data}
+imm16     @r{16-bit immediate data}
+pcrel8    @r{8-bit offset from program counter}
+pcrel16   @r{16-bit offset from program counter}
+qim       @r{@code{-2}, @code{-1}, @code{1}, @code{2}}
+rd        @r{any register}
+rs        @r{a register distinct from rd}
+rlist     @r{comma-separated list of registers in parentheses;}
+          @r{register ranges @code{rd-rs} are allowed}
+sp        @r{stack pointer (@code{r7})}
+sr        @r{status register}
+sz        @r{size; @samp{.b} or @samp{.w}.  If omitted, default @samp{.w}}
+
+ldc[.b] ea,crb                 bcc[.w] pcrel16
+ldc[.w] ea,sr                  bcc[.b] pcrel8 
+add[:q] sz qim,ea_noimm        bhs[.w] pcrel16
+add[:g] sz ea,rd               bhs[.b] pcrel8 
+adds sz ea,rd                  bcs[.w] pcrel16
+addx sz ea,rd                  bcs[.b] pcrel8 
+and sz ea,rd                   blo[.w] pcrel16
+andc[.b] imm8,crb              blo[.b] pcrel8 
+andc[.w] imm16,sr              bne[.w] pcrel16
+bpt                            bne[.b] pcrel8 
+bra[.w] pcrel16                beq[.w] pcrel16
+bra[.b] pcrel8                 beq[.b] pcrel8 
+bt[.w] pcrel16                 bvc[.w] pcrel16
+bt[.b] pcrel8                  bvc[.b] pcrel8 
+brn[.w] pcrel16                bvs[.w] pcrel16
+brn[.b] pcrel8                 bvs[.b] pcrel8 
+bf[.w] pcrel16                 bpl[.w] pcrel16
+bf[.b] pcrel8                  bpl[.b] pcrel8 
+bhi[.w] pcrel16                bmi[.w] pcrel16
+bhi[.b] pcrel8                 bmi[.b] pcrel8 
+bls[.w] pcrel16                bge[.w] pcrel16
+bls[.b] pcrel8                 bge[.b] pcrel8 
+@page
+blt[.w] pcrel16                mov[:g][.b] imm8,ea_mem       
+blt[.b] pcrel8                 mov[:g][.w] imm16,ea_mem      
+bgt[.w] pcrel16                movfpe[.b] ea,rd              
+bgt[.b] pcrel8                 movtpe[.b] rs,ea_noimm        
+ble[.w] pcrel16                mulxu sz ea,rd                
+ble[.b] pcrel8                 neg sz ea                     
+bclr sz imm4,ea_noimm          nop                           
+bclr sz rs,ea_noimm            not sz ea                     
+bnot sz imm4,ea_noimm          or sz ea,rd                   
+bnot sz rs,ea_noimm            orc[.b] imm8,crb              
+bset sz imm4,ea_noimm          orc[.w] imm16,sr              
+bset sz rs,ea_noimm            pjmp abs24                    
+bsr[.b] pcrel8                 pjmp @@rd                     
+bsr[.w] pcrel16                pjsr abs24                    
+btst sz imm4,ea_noimm          pjsr @@rd                     
+btst sz rs,ea_noimm            prtd imm8                     
+clr sz ea                      prtd imm16                    
+cmp[:e][.b] imm8,rd            prts                          
+cmp[:i][.w] imm16,rd           rotl sz ea                    
+cmp[:g].b imm8,ea_noimm        rotr sz ea                    
+cmp[:g][.w] imm16,ea_noimm     rotxl sz ea                   
+Cmp[:g] sz ea,rd               rotxr sz ea                   
+dadd rs,rd                     rtd imm8                     
+divxu sz ea,rd                 rtd imm16                    
+dsub rs,rd                     rts                          
+exts[.b] rd                    scb/f rs,pcrel8               
+extu[.b] rd                    scb/ne rs,pcrel8             
+jmp @@rd                        scb/eq rs,pcrel8             
+jmp @@(imm8,rd)                 shal sz ea                   
+jmp @@(imm16,rd)                shar sz ea                    
+jmp abs16                      shll sz ea            
+jsr @@rd                        shlr sz ea            
+jsr @@(imm8,rd)                 sleep                 
+jsr @@(imm16,rd)                stc[.b] crb,ea_noimm  
+jsr abs16                      stc[.w] sr,ea_noimm   
+ldm @@sp+,(rlist)               stm (rlist),@@-sp     
+link fp,imm8                   sub sz ea,rd          
+link fp,imm16                  subs sz ea,rd         
+mov[:e][.b] imm8,rd            subx sz ea,rd         
+mov[:i][.w] imm16,rd           swap[.b] rd           
+mov[:l][.w] abs8,rd            tas[.b] ea     
+mov[:l].b abs8,rd              trapa imm4     
+mov[:s][.w] rs,abs8            trap/vs        
+mov[:s].b rs,abs8              tst sz ea      
+mov[:f][.w] @@(disp8,fp),rd     unlk fp        
+mov[:f][.w] rs,@@(disp8,fp)     xch[.w] rs,rd 
+mov[:f].b @@(disp8,fp),rd       xor sz ea,rd   
+mov[:f].b rs,@@(disp8,fp)       xorc.b imm8,crb
+mov[:g] sz rs,ea_mem           xorc.w imm16,sr
+mov[:g] sz ea,rd              
+@end smallexample
+@end ifset
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-hppa.texi b/gas/doc/c-hppa.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5fa535fd783
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/c-hppa.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+@c Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This is part of the GAS manual.
+@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+@page
+@node HPPA-Dependent
+@chapter HPPA Dependent Features
+
+@cindex  support
+@menu
+* HPPA Notes::                Notes
+* HPPA Options::              Options
+* HPPA Syntax::               Syntax
+* HPPA Floating Point::       Floating Point
+* HPPA Directives::           HPPA Machine Directives
+* HPPA Opcodes::              Opcodes
+@end menu
+
+@node HPPA Notes
+@section Notes
+As a back end for @sc{gnu} @sc{cc} @code{@value{AS}} has been throughly tested and should
+work extremely well.  We have tested it only minimally on hand written assembly
+code and no one has tested it much on the assembly output from the HP
+compilers.
+
+The format of the debugging sections has changed since the original
+@code{@value{AS}} port (version 1.3X) was released; therefore,
+you must rebuild all HPPA objects and libraries with the new 
+assembler so that you can debug the final executable.
+
+The HPPA @code{@value{AS}} port generates a small subset of the relocations
+available in the SOM and ELF object file formats.  Additional relocation
+support will be added as it becomes necessary.  
+
+@node HPPA Options
+@section Options
+@code{@value{AS}} has no machine-dependent command-line options for the HPPA.
+
+@cindex HPPA Syntax
+@node HPPA Syntax
+@section Syntax
+The assembler syntax closely follows the HPPA instruction set
+reference manual; assembler directives and general syntax closely follow the
+HPPA assembly language reference manual, with a few noteworthy differences.
+
+First, a colon may immediately follow a label definition.  This is
+simply for compatibility with how most assembly language programmers
+write code.
+
+Some obscure expression parsing problems may affect hand written code which
+uses the @code{spop} instructions, or code which makes significant
+use of the @code{!} line separator.
+
+@code{@value{AS}} is much less forgiving about missing arguments and other
+similar oversights than the HP assembler.  @code{@value{AS}} notifies you
+of missing arguments as syntax errors; this is regarded as a feature, not a
+bug.
+
+Finally, @code{@value{AS}} allows you to use an external symbol without
+explicitly importing the symbol.  @emph{Warning:} in the future this will be
+an error for HPPA targets.
+
+Special characters for HPPA targets include:
+
+@samp{;} is the line comment character.
+
+@samp{!} can be used instead of a newline to separate statements.
+
+Since @samp{$} has no special meaning, you may use it in symbol names.
+
+@node HPPA Floating Point
+@section Floating Point
+@cindex floating point, HPPA (@sc{ieee})
+@cindex HPPA floating point (@sc{ieee})
+The HPPA family uses @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers.
+
+@node HPPA Directives
+@section HPPA Assembler Directives
+
+@code{@value{AS}} for the HPPA supports many additional directives for
+compatibility with the native assembler.  This section describes them only
+briefly.  For detailed information on HPPA-specific assembler directives, see
+@cite{HP9000 Series 800 Assembly Language Reference Manual} (HP 92432-90001).
+
+@cindex HPPA directives not supported
+@code{@value{AS}} does @emph{not} support the following assembler directives
+described in the HP manual:
+
+@example
+.endm           .liston
+.enter          .locct
+.leave          .macro  
+.listoff
+@end example
+
+@cindex @code{.param} on HPPA
+Beyond those implemented for compatibility, @code{@value{AS}} supports one
+additional assembler directive for the HPPA: @code{.param}.  It conveys
+register argument locations for static functions.  Its syntax closely follows
+the @code{.export} directive.
+
+@cindex HPPA-only directives
+These are the additional directives in @code{@value{AS}} for the HPPA:
+
+@table @code
+@item .block @var{n}
+@itemx .blockz @var{n}
+Reserve @var{n} bytes of storage, and initialize them to zero.
+
+@item .call 
+Mark the beginning of a procedure call.  Only the special case with @emph{no
+arguments} is allowed.
+
+@item .callinfo [ @var{param}=@var{value}, @dots{} ]  [ @var{flag}, @dots{} ]
+Specify a number of parameters and flags that define the environment for a
+procedure.
+
+@var{param} may be any of @samp{frame} (frame size), @samp{entry_gr} (end of
+general register range), @samp{entry_fr} (end of float register range),
+@samp{entry_sr} (end of space register range).
+
+The values for @var{flag} are @samp{calls} or @samp{caller} (proc has
+subroutines), @samp{no_calls} (proc does not call subroutines), @samp{save_rp}
+(preserve return pointer), @samp{save_sp} (proc preserves stack pointer),
+@samp{no_unwind} (do not unwind this proc), @samp{hpux_int} (proc is interrupt
+routine).
+
+@item .code
+Assemble into the standard section called @samp{$TEXT$}, subsection
+@samp{$CODE$}.
+
+@ifset SOM
+@item .copyright "@var{string}"
+In the SOM object format, insert @var{string} into the object code, marked as a
+copyright string.
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset ELF
+@item .copyright "@var{string}"
+In the ELF object format, insert @var{string} into the object code, marked as a
+version string.
+@end ifset
+
+@item .enter
+Not yet supported; the assembler rejects programs containing this directive.
+
+@item .entry
+Mark the beginning of a procedure.
+
+@item .exit
+Mark the end of a procedure.
+
+@item .export @var{name} [ ,@var{typ} ]  [ ,@var{param}=@var{r} ]
+Make a procedure @var{name} available to callers.  @var{typ}, if present, must
+be one of @samp{absolute}, @samp{code} (ELF only, not SOM), @samp{data},
+@samp{entry}, @samp{data}, @samp{entry}, @samp{millicode}, @samp{plabel},
+@samp{pri_prog}, or @samp{sec_prog}.
+
+@var{param}, if present, provides either relocation information for the
+procedure arguments and result, or a privilege level.  @var{param} may be
+@samp{argw@var{n}} (where @var{n} ranges from @code{0} to @code{3}, and
+indicates one of four one-word arguments); @samp{rtnval} (the procedure's
+result); or @samp{priv_lev} (privilege level).  For arguments or the result,
+@var{r} specifies how to relocate, and must be one of @samp{no} (not
+relocatable), @samp{gr} (argument is in general register), @samp{fr} (in
+floating point register), or @samp{fu} (upper half of float register).
+For @samp{priv_lev}, @var{r} is an integer.
+
+@item .half @var{n}
+Define a two-byte integer constant @var{n}; synonym for the portable
+@code{@value{AS}} directive @code{.short}.
+
+@item .import @var{name} [ ,@var{typ} ]
+Converse of @code{.export}; make a procedure available to call.  The arguments
+use the same conventions as the first two arguments for @code{.export}.
+
+@item .label @var{name}
+Define @var{name} as a label for the current assembly location.
+
+@item .leave
+Not yet supported; the assembler rejects programs containing this directive.
+
+@item .origin @var{lc}
+Advance location counter to @var{lc}. Synonym for the @code{@value{as}}
+portable directive @code{.org}.
+
+@item .param @var{name} [ ,@var{typ} ]  [ ,@var{param}=@var{r} ]
+@c Not in HP manual; @sc{gnu} HPPA extension
+Similar to @code{.export}, but used for static procedures.
+
+@item .proc
+Use preceding the first statement of a procedure.
+
+@item .procend
+Use following the last statement of a procedure.
+
+@item @var{label} .reg @var{expr}
+@c ?? Not in HP manual (Jan 1988 vn)
+Synonym for @code{.equ}; define @var{label} with the absolute expression
+@var{expr} as its value.
+
+@item .space @var{secname} [ ,@var{params} ]
+Switch to section @var{secname}, creating a new section by that name if
+necessary.  You may only use @var{params} when creating a new section, not
+when switching to an existing one.  @var{secname} may identify a section by
+number rather than by name.
+
+If specified, the list @var{params} declares attributes of the section,
+identified by keywords.  The keywords recognized are @samp{spnum=@var{exp}}
+(identify this section by the number @var{exp}, an absolute expression),
+@samp{sort=@var{exp}} (order sections according to this sort key when linking;
+@var{exp} is an absolute expression), @samp{unloadable} (section contains no
+loadable data), @samp{notdefined} (this section defined elsewhere), and
+@samp{private} (data in this section not available to other programs).
+
+@item .spnum @var{secnam}
+@c ?? Not in HP manual (Jan 1988)
+Allocate four bytes of storage, and initialize them with the section number of
+the section named @var{secnam}.  (You can define the section number with the
+HPPA @code{.space} directive.)
+
+@cindex @code{string} directive on HPPA
+@item .string "@var{str}"
+Copy the characters in the string @var{str} to the object file.
+@xref{Strings,,Strings}, for information on escape sequences you can use in
+@code{@value{AS}} strings.
+
+@emph{Warning!} The HPPA version of @code{.string} differs from the
+usual @code{@value{AS}} definition: it does @emph{not} write a zero byte
+after copying @var{str}.
+
+@item .stringz "@var{str}"
+Like @code{.string}, but appends a zero byte after copying @var{str} to object
+file.
+
+@item .subspa @var{name} [ ,@var{params} ]
+@itemx .nsubspa @var{name} [ ,@var{params} ]
+Similar to @code{.space}, but selects a subsection @var{name} within the
+current section.  You may only specify @var{params} when you create a
+subsection (in the first instance of @code{.subspa} for this @var{name}).
+
+If specified, the list @var{params} declares attributes of the subsection,
+identified by keywords.  The keywords recognized are @samp{quad=@var{expr}}
+(``quadrant'' for this subsection), @samp{align=@var{expr}} (alignment for
+beginning of this subsection; a power of two), @samp{access=@var{expr}} (value
+for ``access rights'' field), @samp{sort=@var{expr}} (sorting order for this
+subspace in link), @samp{code_only} (subsection contains only code),
+@samp{unloadable} (subsection cannot be loaded into memory), @samp{common}
+(subsection is common block), @samp{dup_comm} (initialized data may have
+duplicate names), or @samp{zero} (subsection is all zeros, do not write in
+object file).
+
+@code{.nsubspa} always creates a new subspace with the given name, even
+if one with the same name already exists.
+
+@item .version "@var{str}"
+Write @var{str} as version identifier in object code.
+@end table
+
+@node HPPA Opcodes
+@section Opcodes
+For detailed information on the HPPA machine instruction set, see
+@cite{PA-RISC Architecture and Instruction Set Reference Manual} 
+(HP 09740-90039).
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-i386.texi b/gas/doc/c-i386.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e27893b892e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/c-i386.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,518 @@
+@c Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This is part of the GAS manual.
+@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+@ifset GENERIC
+@page
+@node i386-Dependent
+@chapter 80386 Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@node Machine Dependencies
+@chapter 80386 Dependent Features
+@end ifclear
+
+@cindex i386 support
+@cindex i80306 support
+@menu
+* i386-Options::                Options
+* i386-Syntax::                 AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax
+* i386-Mnemonics::              Instruction Naming
+* i386-Regs::                   Register Naming
+* i386-Prefixes::               Instruction Prefixes
+* i386-Memory::                 Memory References
+* i386-jumps::                  Handling of Jump Instructions
+* i386-Float::                  Floating Point
+* i386-SIMD::                   Intel's MMX and AMD's 3DNow! SIMD Operations
+* i386-16bit::                  Writing 16-bit Code
+* i386-Bugs::                   AT&T Syntax bugs
+* i386-Notes::                  Notes
+@end menu
+
+@node i386-Options
+@section Options
+
+@cindex options for i386 (none)
+@cindex i386 options (none)
+The 80386 has no machine dependent options.
+
+@node i386-Syntax
+@section AT&T Syntax versus Intel Syntax
+
+@cindex i386 syntax compatibility
+@cindex syntax compatibility, i386
+In order to maintain compatibility with the output of @code{@value{GCC}},
+@code{@value{AS}} supports AT&T System V/386 assembler syntax.  This is quite
+different from Intel syntax.  We mention these differences because
+almost all 80386 documents use Intel syntax.  Notable differences
+between the two syntaxes are:
+
+@cindex immediate operands, i386
+@cindex i386 immediate operands
+@cindex register operands, i386
+@cindex i386 register operands
+@cindex jump/call operands, i386
+@cindex i386 jump/call operands
+@cindex operand delimiters, i386
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+AT&T immediate operands are preceded by @samp{$}; Intel immediate
+operands are undelimited (Intel @samp{push 4} is AT&T @samp{pushl $4}).
+AT&T register operands are preceded by @samp{%}; Intel register operands
+are undelimited.  AT&T absolute (as opposed to PC relative) jump/call
+operands are prefixed by @samp{*}; they are undelimited in Intel syntax.
+
+@cindex i386 source, destination operands
+@cindex source, destination operands; i386
+@item
+AT&T and Intel syntax use the opposite order for source and destination
+operands.  Intel @samp{add eax, 4} is @samp{addl $4, %eax}.  The
+@samp{source, dest} convention is maintained for compatibility with
+previous Unix assemblers.  Note that instructions with more than one
+source operand, such as the @samp{enter} instruction, do @emph{not} have
+reversed order.  @ref{i386-Bugs}.
+
+@cindex mnemonic suffixes, i386
+@cindex sizes operands, i386
+@cindex i386 size suffixes
+@item
+In AT&T syntax the size of memory operands is determined from the last
+character of the instruction mnemonic.  Mnemonic suffixes of @samp{b},
+@samp{w}, and @samp{l} specify byte (8-bit), word (16-bit), and long
+(32-bit) memory references.  Intel syntax accomplishes this by prefixing
+memory operands (@emph{not} the instruction mnemonics) with @samp{byte
+ptr}, @samp{word ptr}, and @samp{dword ptr}.  Thus, Intel @samp{mov al,
+byte ptr @var{foo}} is @samp{movb @var{foo}, %al} in AT&T syntax.
+
+@cindex return instructions, i386
+@cindex i386 jump, call, return
+@item
+Immediate form long jumps and calls are
+@samp{lcall/ljmp $@var{section}, $@var{offset}} in AT&T syntax; the
+Intel syntax is
+@samp{call/jmp far @var{section}:@var{offset}}.  Also, the far return
+instruction
+is @samp{lret $@var{stack-adjust}} in AT&T syntax; Intel syntax is
+@samp{ret far @var{stack-adjust}}.
+
+@cindex sections, i386
+@cindex i386 sections
+@item
+The AT&T assembler does not provide support for multiple section
+programs.  Unix style systems expect all programs to be single sections.
+@end itemize
+
+@node i386-Mnemonics
+@section Instruction Naming
+
+@cindex i386 instruction naming
+@cindex instruction naming, i386
+Instruction mnemonics are suffixed with one character modifiers which
+specify the size of operands.  The letters @samp{b}, @samp{w}, and
+@samp{l} specify byte, word, and long operands.  If no suffix is
+specified by an instruction then @code{@value{AS}} tries to fill in the
+missing suffix based on the destination register operand (the last one
+by convention).  Thus, @samp{mov %ax, %bx} is equivalent to @samp{movw
+%ax, %bx}; also, @samp{mov $1, %bx} is equivalent to @samp{movw $1,
+%bx}.  Note that this is incompatible with the AT&T Unix assembler which
+assumes that a missing mnemonic suffix implies long operand size.  (This
+incompatibility does not affect compiler output since compilers always
+explicitly specify the mnemonic suffix.)
+
+Almost all instructions have the same names in AT&T and Intel format.
+There are a few exceptions.  The sign extend and zero extend
+instructions need two sizes to specify them.  They need a size to
+sign/zero extend @emph{from} and a size to zero extend @emph{to}.  This
+is accomplished by using two instruction mnemonic suffixes in AT&T
+syntax.  Base names for sign extend and zero extend are
+@samp{movs@dots{}} and @samp{movz@dots{}} in AT&T syntax (@samp{movsx}
+and @samp{movzx} in Intel syntax).  The instruction mnemonic suffixes
+are tacked on to this base name, the @emph{from} suffix before the
+@emph{to} suffix.  Thus, @samp{movsbl %al, %edx} is AT&T syntax for
+``move sign extend @emph{from} %al @emph{to} %edx.''  Possible suffixes,
+thus, are @samp{bl} (from byte to long), @samp{bw} (from byte to word),
+and @samp{wl} (from word to long).
+
+@cindex conversion instructions, i386
+@cindex i386 conversion instructions
+The Intel-syntax conversion instructions
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+@samp{cbw} --- sign-extend byte in @samp{%al} to word in @samp{%ax},
+
+@item
+@samp{cwde} --- sign-extend word in @samp{%ax} to long in @samp{%eax},
+
+@item
+@samp{cwd} --- sign-extend word in @samp{%ax} to long in @samp{%dx:%ax},
+
+@item
+@samp{cdq} --- sign-extend dword in @samp{%eax} to quad in @samp{%edx:%eax},
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+are called @samp{cbtw}, @samp{cwtl}, @samp{cwtd}, and @samp{cltd} in
+AT&T naming.  @code{@value{AS}} accepts either naming for these instructions.
+
+@cindex jump instructions, i386
+@cindex call instructions, i386
+Far call/jump instructions are @samp{lcall} and @samp{ljmp} in
+AT&T syntax, but are @samp{call far} and @samp{jump far} in Intel
+convention.
+
+@node i386-Regs
+@section Register Naming
+
+@cindex i386 registers
+@cindex registers, i386
+Register operands are always prefixed with @samp{%}.  The 80386 registers
+consist of
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+the 8 32-bit registers @samp{%eax} (the accumulator), @samp{%ebx},
+@samp{%ecx}, @samp{%edx}, @samp{%edi}, @samp{%esi}, @samp{%ebp} (the
+frame pointer), and @samp{%esp} (the stack pointer).
+
+@item
+the 8 16-bit low-ends of these: @samp{%ax}, @samp{%bx}, @samp{%cx},
+@samp{%dx}, @samp{%di}, @samp{%si}, @samp{%bp}, and @samp{%sp}.
+
+@item
+the 8 8-bit registers: @samp{%ah}, @samp{%al}, @samp{%bh},
+@samp{%bl}, @samp{%ch}, @samp{%cl}, @samp{%dh}, and @samp{%dl} (These
+are the high-bytes and low-bytes of @samp{%ax}, @samp{%bx},
+@samp{%cx}, and @samp{%dx})
+
+@item
+the 6 section registers @samp{%cs} (code section), @samp{%ds}
+(data section), @samp{%ss} (stack section), @samp{%es}, @samp{%fs},
+and @samp{%gs}.
+
+@item
+the 3 processor control registers @samp{%cr0}, @samp{%cr2}, and
+@samp{%cr3}.
+
+@item
+the 6 debug registers @samp{%db0}, @samp{%db1}, @samp{%db2},
+@samp{%db3}, @samp{%db6}, and @samp{%db7}.
+
+@item
+the 2 test registers @samp{%tr6} and @samp{%tr7}.
+
+@item
+the 8 floating point register stack @samp{%st} or equivalently
+@samp{%st(0)}, @samp{%st(1)}, @samp{%st(2)}, @samp{%st(3)},
+@samp{%st(4)}, @samp{%st(5)}, @samp{%st(6)}, and @samp{%st(7)}.
+@end itemize
+
+@node i386-Prefixes
+@section Instruction Prefixes
+
+@cindex i386 instruction prefixes
+@cindex instruction prefixes, i386
+@cindex prefixes, i386
+Instruction prefixes are used to modify the following instruction.  They
+are used to repeat string instructions, to provide section overrides, to
+perform bus lock operations, and to change operand and address sizes.
+(Most instructions that normally operate on 32-bit operands will use
+16-bit operands if the instruction has an ``operand size'' prefix.)
+Instruction prefixes are best written on the same line as the instruction
+they act upon. For example, the @samp{scas} (scan string) instruction is
+repeated with:
+
+@smallexample
+        repne scas %es:(%edi),%al
+@end smallexample
+
+You may also place prefixes on the lines immediately preceding the
+instruction, but this circumvents checks that @code{@value{AS}} does
+with prefixes, and will not work with all prefixes.
+
+Here is a list of instruction prefixes:
+
+@cindex section override prefixes, i386
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Section override prefixes @samp{cs}, @samp{ds}, @samp{ss}, @samp{es},
+@samp{fs}, @samp{gs}.  These are automatically added by specifying
+using the @var{section}:@var{memory-operand} form for memory references.
+
+@cindex size prefixes, i386
+@item
+Operand/Address size prefixes @samp{data16} and @samp{addr16}
+change 32-bit operands/addresses into 16-bit operands/addresses,
+while @samp{data32} and @samp{addr32} change 16-bit ones (in a
+@code{.code16} section) into 32-bit operands/addresses.  These prefixes
+@emph{must} appear on the same line of code as the instruction they
+modify. For example, in a 16-bit @code{.code16} section, you might
+write:
+
+@smallexample
+        addr32 jmpl *(%ebx)
+@end smallexample
+
+@cindex bus lock prefixes, i386
+@cindex inhibiting interrupts, i386
+@item
+The bus lock prefix @samp{lock} inhibits interrupts during execution of
+the instruction it precedes.  (This is only valid with certain
+instructions; see a 80386 manual for details).
+
+@cindex coprocessor wait, i386
+@item
+The wait for coprocessor prefix @samp{wait} waits for the coprocessor to
+complete the current instruction.  This should never be needed for the
+80386/80387 combination.
+
+@cindex repeat prefixes, i386
+@item
+The @samp{rep}, @samp{repe}, and @samp{repne} prefixes are added
+to string instructions to make them repeat @samp{%ecx} times (@samp{%cx}
+times if the current address size is 16-bits).
+@end itemize
+
+@node i386-Memory
+@section Memory References
+
+@cindex i386 memory references
+@cindex memory references, i386
+An Intel syntax indirect memory reference of the form
+
+@smallexample
+@var{section}:[@var{base} + @var{index}*@var{scale} + @var{disp}]
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+is translated into the AT&T syntax
+
+@smallexample
+@var{section}:@var{disp}(@var{base}, @var{index}, @var{scale})
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+where @var{base} and @var{index} are the optional 32-bit base and
+index registers, @var{disp} is the optional displacement, and
+@var{scale}, taking the values 1, 2, 4, and 8, multiplies @var{index}
+to calculate the address of the operand.  If no @var{scale} is
+specified, @var{scale} is taken to be 1.  @var{section} specifies the
+optional section register for the memory operand, and may override the
+default section register (see a 80386 manual for section register
+defaults). Note that section overrides in AT&T syntax @emph{must}
+be preceded by a @samp{%}.  If you specify a section override which
+coincides with the default section register, @code{@value{AS}} does @emph{not}
+output any section register override prefixes to assemble the given
+instruction.  Thus, section overrides can be specified to emphasize which
+section register is used for a given memory operand.
+
+Here are some examples of Intel and AT&T style memory references:
+
+@table @asis
+@item AT&T: @samp{-4(%ebp)}, Intel:  @samp{[ebp - 4]}
+@var{base} is @samp{%ebp}; @var{disp} is @samp{-4}. @var{section} is
+missing, and the default section is used (@samp{%ss} for addressing with
+@samp{%ebp} as the base register).  @var{index}, @var{scale} are both missing.
+
+@item AT&T: @samp{foo(,%eax,4)}, Intel: @samp{[foo + eax*4]}
+@var{index} is @samp{%eax} (scaled by a @var{scale} 4); @var{disp} is
+@samp{foo}.  All other fields are missing.  The section register here
+defaults to @samp{%ds}.
+
+@item AT&T: @samp{foo(,1)}; Intel @samp{[foo]}
+This uses the value pointed to by @samp{foo} as a memory operand.
+Note that @var{base} and @var{index} are both missing, but there is only
+@emph{one} @samp{,}.  This is a syntactic exception.
+
+@item AT&T: @samp{%gs:foo}; Intel @samp{gs:foo}
+This selects the contents of the variable @samp{foo} with section
+register @var{section} being @samp{%gs}.
+@end table
+
+Absolute (as opposed to PC relative) call and jump operands must be
+prefixed with @samp{*}.  If no @samp{*} is specified, @code{@value{AS}}
+always chooses PC relative addressing for jump/call labels.
+
+Any instruction that has a memory operand, but no register operand,
+@emph{must} specify its size (byte, word, or long) with an instruction
+mnemonic suffix (@samp{b}, @samp{w}, or @samp{l}, respectively).
+
+@node i386-jumps
+@section Handling of Jump Instructions
+
+@cindex jump optimization, i386
+@cindex i386 jump optimization
+Jump instructions are always optimized to use the smallest possible
+displacements.  This is accomplished by using byte (8-bit) displacement
+jumps whenever the target is sufficiently close.  If a byte displacement
+is insufficient a long (32-bit) displacement is used.  We do not support
+word (16-bit) displacement jumps in 32-bit mode (i.e. prefixing the jump
+instruction with the @samp{data16} instruction prefix), since the 80386
+insists upon masking @samp{%eip} to 16 bits after the word displacement
+is added.
+
+Note that the @samp{jcxz}, @samp{jecxz}, @samp{loop}, @samp{loopz},
+@samp{loope}, @samp{loopnz} and @samp{loopne} instructions only come in byte
+displacements, so that if you use these instructions (@code{@value{GCC}} does
+not use them) you may get an error message (and incorrect code).  The AT&T
+80386 assembler tries to get around this problem by expanding @samp{jcxz foo}
+to
+
+@smallexample
+         jcxz cx_zero
+         jmp cx_nonzero
+cx_zero: jmp foo
+cx_nonzero:
+@end smallexample
+
+@node i386-Float
+@section Floating Point
+
+@cindex i386 floating point
+@cindex floating point, i386
+All 80387 floating point types except packed BCD are supported.
+(BCD support may be added without much difficulty).  These data
+types are 16-, 32-, and 64- bit integers, and single (32-bit),
+double (64-bit), and extended (80-bit) precision floating point.
+Each supported type has an instruction mnemonic suffix and a constructor
+associated with it.  Instruction mnemonic suffixes specify the operand's
+data type.  Constructors build these data types into memory.
+
+@cindex @code{float} directive, i386
+@cindex @code{single} directive, i386
+@cindex @code{double} directive, i386
+@cindex @code{tfloat} directive, i386
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Floating point constructors are @samp{.float} or @samp{.single},
+@samp{.double}, and @samp{.tfloat} for 32-, 64-, and 80-bit formats.
+These correspond to instruction mnemonic suffixes @samp{s}, @samp{l},
+and @samp{t}. @samp{t} stands for 80-bit (ten byte) real.  The 80387
+only supports this format via the @samp{fldt} (load 80-bit real to stack
+top) and @samp{fstpt} (store 80-bit real and pop stack) instructions.
+
+@cindex @code{word} directive, i386
+@cindex @code{long} directive, i386
+@cindex @code{int} directive, i386
+@cindex @code{quad} directive, i386
+@item
+Integer constructors are @samp{.word}, @samp{.long} or @samp{.int}, and
+@samp{.quad} for the 16-, 32-, and 64-bit integer formats.  The
+corresponding instruction mnemonic suffixes are @samp{s} (single),
+@samp{l} (long), and @samp{q} (quad).  As with the 80-bit real format,
+the 64-bit @samp{q} format is only present in the @samp{fildq} (load
+quad integer to stack top) and @samp{fistpq} (store quad integer and pop
+stack) instructions.
+@end itemize
+
+Register to register operations should not use instruction mnemonic suffixes.
+@samp{fstl %st, %st(1)} will give a warning, and be assembled as if you
+wrote @samp{fst %st, %st(1)}, since all register to register operations
+use 80-bit floating point operands. (Contrast this with @samp{fstl %st, mem},
+which converts @samp{%st} from 80-bit to 64-bit floating point format,
+then stores the result in the 4 byte location @samp{mem})
+
+@node i386-SIMD
+@section Intel's MMX and AMD's 3DNow! SIMD Operations
+
+@cindex MMX, i386
+@cindex 3DNow!, i386
+@cindex SIMD, i386
+
+@code{@value{AS}} supports Intel's MMX instruction set (SIMD
+instructions for integer data), available on Intel's Pentium MMX
+processors and Pentium II processors, AMD's K6 and K6-2 processors,
+Cyrix' M2 processor, and probably others.  It also supports AMD's 3DNow!
+instruction set (SIMD instructions for 32-bit floating point data)
+available on AMD's K6-2 processor and possibly others in the future.
+
+Currently, @code{@value{AS}} does not support Intel's floating point
+SIMD, Katmai (KNI).
+
+The eight 64-bit MMX operands, also used by 3DNow!, are called @samp{%mm0},
+@samp{%mm1}, ... @samp{%mm7}.  They contain eight 8-bit integers, four
+16-bit integers, two 32-bit integers, one 64-bit integer, or two 32-bit
+floating point values.  The MMX registers cannot be used at the same time
+as the floating point stack.
+
+See Intel and AMD documentation, keeping in mind that the operand order in
+instructions is reversed from the Intel syntax.
+
+@node i386-16bit
+@section Writing 16-bit Code
+
+@cindex i386 16-bit code
+@cindex 16-bit code, i386
+@cindex real-mode code, i386
+@cindex @code{code16} directive, i386
+@cindex @code{code32} directive, i386
+While @code{@value{AS}} normally writes only ``pure'' 32-bit i386 code,
+it also supports writing code to run in real mode or in 16-bit protected
+mode code segments.  To do this, put a @samp{.code16} directive before
+the assembly language instructions to be run in 16-bit mode.  You can
+switch @code{@value{AS}} back to writing normal 32-bit code with the
+@samp{.code32} directive.
+
+The code which @code{@value{AS}} generates in 16-bit mode will not
+necessarily run on a 16-bit pre-80386 processor.  To write code that
+runs on such a processor, you must refrain from using @emph{any} 32-bit
+constructs which require @code{@value{AS}} to output address or operand
+size prefixes.
+
+Note that writing 16-bit code instructions by explicitly specifying a
+prefix or an instruction mnemonic suffix within a 32-bit code section
+generates different machine instructions than those generated for a
+16-bit code segment.  In a 32-bit code section, the following code
+generates the machine opcode bytes @samp{66 6a 04}, which pushes the
+value @samp{4} onto the stack, decrementing @samp{%esp} by 2.
+
+@smallexample
+        pushw $4
+@end smallexample
+
+The same code in a 16-bit code section would generate the machine
+opcode bytes @samp{6a 04} (ie. without the operand size prefix), which
+is correct since the processor default operand size is assumed to be 16
+bits in a 16-bit code section.
+
+@node i386-Bugs
+@section AT&T Syntax bugs
+
+The UnixWare assembler, and probably other AT&T derived ix86 Unix
+assemblers, generate floating point instructions with reversed source
+and destination registers in certain cases.  Unfortunately, gcc and
+possibly many other programs use this reversed syntax, so we're stuck
+with it.
+
+For example
+
+@smallexample
+        fsub %st,%st(3)
+@end smallexample
+@noindent
+results in @samp{%st(3)} being updated to @samp{%st - %st(3)} rather
+than the expected @samp{%st(3) - %st}.  This happens with all the
+non-commutative arithmetic floating point operations with two register
+operands where the source register is @samp{%st} and the destination
+register is @samp{%st(i)}.
+
+@node i386-Notes
+@section Notes
+
+@cindex i386 @code{mul}, @code{imul} instructions
+@cindex @code{mul} instruction, i386
+@cindex @code{imul} instruction, i386
+There is some trickery concerning the @samp{mul} and @samp{imul}
+instructions that deserves mention.  The 16-, 32-, and 64-bit expanding
+multiplies (base opcode @samp{0xf6}; extension 4 for @samp{mul} and 5
+for @samp{imul}) can be output only in the one operand form.  Thus,
+@samp{imul %ebx, %eax} does @emph{not} select the expanding multiply;
+the expanding multiply would clobber the @samp{%edx} register, and this
+would confuse @code{@value{GCC}} output.  Use @samp{imul %ebx} to get the
+64-bit product in @samp{%edx:%eax}.
+
+We have added a two operand form of @samp{imul} when the first operand
+is an immediate mode expression and the second operand is a register.
+This is just a shorthand, so that, multiplying @samp{%eax} by 69, for
+example, can be done with @samp{imul $69, %eax} rather than @samp{imul
+$69, %eax, %eax}.
+
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-i960.texi b/gas/doc/c-i960.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..177030ab0be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/c-i960.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,298 @@
+@c Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This is part of the GAS manual.
+@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+@ifset GENERIC
+@page
+@node i960-Dependent
+@chapter Intel 80960 Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@node Machine Dependencies
+@chapter Intel 80960 Dependent Features
+@end ifclear
+
+@cindex i960 support
+@menu
+* Options-i960::                i960 Command-line Options
+* Floating Point-i960::         Floating Point
+* Directives-i960::             i960 Machine Directives
+* Opcodes for i960::            i960 Opcodes
+@end menu
+
+@c FIXME! Add Syntax sec with discussion of bitfields here, at least so
+@c long as they're not turned on for other machines than 960.
+
+@node Options-i960
+
+@section i960 Command-line Options
+
+@cindex i960 options
+@cindex options, i960
+@table @code
+
+@cindex i960 architecture options
+@cindex architecture options, i960
+@cindex @code{-A} options, i960
+@item -ACA | -ACA_A | -ACB | -ACC | -AKA | -AKB | -AKC | -AMC
+Select the 80960 architecture.  Instructions or features not supported
+by the selected architecture cause fatal errors.
+
+@samp{-ACA} is equivalent to @samp{-ACA_A}; @samp{-AKC} is equivalent to
+@samp{-AMC}.  Synonyms are provided for compatibility with other tools.
+
+If you do not specify any of these options, @code{@value{AS}} generates code
+for any instruction or feature that is supported by @emph{some} version of the
+960 (even if this means mixing architectures!).  In principle,
+@code{@value{AS}} attempts to deduce the minimal sufficient processor type if
+none is specified; depending on the object code format, the processor type may
+be recorded in the object file.  If it is critical that the @code{@value{AS}}
+output match a specific architecture, specify that architecture explicitly.
+
+@cindex @code{-b} option, i960
+@cindex branch recording, i960
+@cindex i960 branch recording
+@item -b
+Add code to collect information about conditional branches taken, for
+later optimization using branch prediction bits.  (The conditional branch
+instructions have branch prediction bits in the CA, CB, and CC
+architectures.)  If @var{BR} represents a conditional branch instruction,
+the following represents the code generated by the assembler when
+@samp{-b} is specified:
+
+@smallexample
+        call    @var{increment routine}
+        .word   0       # pre-counter
+Label:  @var{BR}
+        call    @var{increment routine}
+        .word   0       # post-counter
+@end smallexample
+
+The counter following a branch records the number of times that branch
+was @emph{not} taken; the differenc between the two counters is the
+number of times the branch @emph{was} taken.
+
+@cindex @code{gbr960}, i960 postprocessor
+@cindex branch statistics table, i960
+A table of every such @code{Label} is also generated, so that the
+external postprocessor @code{gbr960} (supplied by Intel) can locate all
+the counters.  This table is always labelled @samp{__BRANCH_TABLE__};
+this is a local symbol to permit collecting statistics for many separate
+object files.  The table is word aligned, and begins with a two-word
+header.  The first word, initialized to 0, is used in maintaining linked
+lists of branch tables.  The second word is a count of the number of
+entries in the table, which follow immediately: each is a word, pointing
+to one of the labels illustrated above.
+
+@c TEXI2ROFF-KILL
+@ifinfo
+@c END TEXI2ROFF-KILL
+@example
+ +------------+------------+------------+ ... +------------+
+ |            |            |            |     |            |
+ |  *NEXT     |  COUNT: N  | *BRLAB 1   |     | *BRLAB N   |
+ |            |            |            |     |            |
+ +------------+------------+------------+ ... +------------+
+
+               __BRANCH_TABLE__ layout
+@end example
+@c TEXI2ROFF-KILL
+@end ifinfo
+@need 2000
+@tex
+\vskip 1pc
+\line{\leftskip=0pt\hskip\tableindent
+\boxit{2cm}{\tt *NEXT}\boxit{2cm}{\tt COUNT: \it N}\boxit{2cm}{\tt
+*BRLAB 1}\ibox{1cm}{\quad\dots}\boxit{2cm}{\tt *BRLAB \it N}\hfil}
+\centerline{\it {\tt \_\_BRANCH\_TABLE\_\_} layout}
+@end tex
+@c END TEXI2ROFF-KILL
+
+The first word of the header is used to locate multiple branch tables,
+since each object file may contain one. Normally the links are
+maintained with a call to an initialization routine, placed at the
+beginning of each function in the file.  The @sc{gnu} C compiler
+generates these calls automatically when you give it a @samp{-b} option.
+For further details, see the documentation of @samp{gbr960}.
+
+@cindex @code{-no-relax} option, i960
+@item -no-relax
+Normally, Compare-and-Branch instructions with targets that require
+displacements greater than 13 bits (or that have external targets) are
+replaced with the corresponding compare (or @samp{chkbit}) and branch
+instructions.  You can use the @samp{-no-relax} option to specify that
+@code{@value{AS}} should generate errors instead, if the target displacement
+is larger than 13 bits.
+
+This option does not affect the Compare-and-Jump instructions; the code
+emitted for them is @emph{always} adjusted when necessary (depending on
+displacement size), regardless of whether you use @samp{-no-relax}.
+@end table
+
+@node Floating Point-i960
+@section Floating Point
+
+@cindex floating point, i960 (@sc{ieee})
+@cindex i960 floating point (@sc{ieee})
+@code{@value{AS}} generates @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers for the directives
+@samp{.float}, @samp{.double}, @samp{.extended}, and @samp{.single}.
+
+@node Directives-i960
+@section i960 Machine Directives
+
+@cindex machine directives, i960
+@cindex i960 machine directives
+
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{bss} directive, i960
+@item .bss @var{symbol}, @var{length}, @var{align}
+Reserve @var{length} bytes in the bss section for a local @var{symbol},
+aligned to the power of two specified by @var{align}.  @var{length} and
+@var{align} must be positive absolute expressions.  This directive
+differs from @samp{.lcomm} only in that it permits you to specify
+an alignment.  @xref{Lcomm,,@code{.lcomm}}.
+@end table
+
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{extended} directive, i960
+@item .extended @var{flonums}
+@code{.extended} expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas; for
+each flonum, @samp{.extended} emits an @sc{ieee} extended-format (80-bit)
+floating-point number.
+
+@cindex @code{leafproc} directive, i960
+@item .leafproc @var{call-lab}, @var{bal-lab}
+You can use the @samp{.leafproc} directive in conjunction with the
+optimized @code{callj} instruction to enable faster calls of leaf
+procedures.  If a procedure is known to call no other procedures, you
+may define an entry point that skips procedure prolog code (and that does
+not depend on system-supplied saved context), and declare it as the
+@var{bal-lab} using @samp{.leafproc}.  If the procedure also has an
+entry point that goes through the normal prolog, you can specify that
+entry point as @var{call-lab}.
+
+A @samp{.leafproc} declaration is meant for use in conjunction with the
+optimized call instruction @samp{callj}; the directive records the data
+needed later to choose between converting the @samp{callj} into a
+@code{bal} or a @code{call}.
+
+@var{call-lab} is optional; if only one argument is present, or if the
+two arguments are identical, the single argument is assumed to be the
+@code{bal} entry point.
+
+@cindex @code{sysproc} directive, i960
+@item .sysproc @var{name}, @var{index}
+The @samp{.sysproc} directive defines a name for a system procedure.
+After you define it using @samp{.sysproc}, you can use @var{name} to
+refer to the system procedure identified by @var{index} when calling
+procedures with the optimized call instruction @samp{callj}.
+
+Both arguments are required; @var{index} must be between 0 and 31
+(inclusive).
+@end table
+
+@node Opcodes for i960
+@section i960 Opcodes
+
+@cindex opcodes, i960
+@cindex i960 opcodes
+All Intel 960 machine instructions are supported;
+@pxref{Options-i960,,i960 Command-line Options} for a discussion of
+selecting the instruction subset for a particular 960
+architecture.@refill
+
+Some opcodes are processed beyond simply emitting a single corresponding
+instruction: @samp{callj}, and Compare-and-Branch or Compare-and-Jump
+instructions with target displacements larger than 13 bits.
+
+@menu
+* callj-i960::                  @code{callj}
+* Compare-and-branch-i960::     Compare-and-Branch
+@end menu
+
+@node callj-i960
+@subsection @code{callj}
+
+@cindex @code{callj}, i960 pseudo-opcode
+@cindex i960 @code{callj} pseudo-opcode
+You can write @code{callj} to have the assembler or the linker determine
+the most appropriate form of subroutine call: @samp{call},
+@samp{bal}, or @samp{calls}.  If the assembly source contains
+enough information---a @samp{.leafproc} or @samp{.sysproc} directive
+defining the operand---then @code{@value{AS}} translates the
+@code{callj}; if not, it simply emits the @code{callj}, leaving it
+for the linker to resolve.
+
+@node Compare-and-branch-i960
+@subsection Compare-and-Branch
+
+@cindex i960 compare/branch instructions
+@cindex compare/branch instructions, i960
+The 960 architectures provide combined Compare-and-Branch instructions
+that permit you to store the branch target in the lower 13 bits of the
+instruction word itself.  However, if you specify a branch target far
+enough away that its address won't fit in 13 bits, the assembler can
+either issue an error, or convert your Compare-and-Branch instruction
+into separate instructions to do the compare and the branch.
+
+@cindex compare and jump expansions, i960
+@cindex i960 compare and jump expansions
+Whether @code{@value{AS}} gives an error or expands the instruction depends
+on two choices you can make: whether you use the @samp{-no-relax} option,
+and whether you use a ``Compare and Branch'' instruction or a ``Compare
+and Jump'' instruction.  The ``Jump'' instructions are @emph{always}
+expanded if necessary; the ``Branch'' instructions are expanded when
+necessary @emph{unless} you specify @code{-no-relax}---in which case
+@code{@value{AS}} gives an error instead.
+
+These are the Compare-and-Branch instructions, their ``Jump'' variants,
+and the instruction pairs they may expand into:
+
+@c TEXI2ROFF-KILL
+@ifinfo
+@c END TEXI2ROFF-KILL
+@example
+        Compare and
+     Branch      Jump       Expanded to
+     ------    ------       ------------
+        bbc                 chkbit; bno
+        bbs                 chkbit; bo
+     cmpibe    cmpije       cmpi; be
+     cmpibg    cmpijg       cmpi; bg
+    cmpibge   cmpijge       cmpi; bge
+     cmpibl    cmpijl       cmpi; bl
+    cmpible   cmpijle       cmpi; ble
+    cmpibno   cmpijno       cmpi; bno
+    cmpibne   cmpijne       cmpi; bne
+     cmpibo    cmpijo       cmpi; bo
+     cmpobe    cmpoje       cmpo; be
+     cmpobg    cmpojg       cmpo; bg
+    cmpobge   cmpojge       cmpo; bge
+     cmpobl    cmpojl       cmpo; bl
+    cmpoble   cmpojle       cmpo; ble
+    cmpobne   cmpojne       cmpo; bne
+@end example
+@c TEXI2ROFF-KILL
+@end ifinfo
+@tex
+\hskip\tableindent
+\halign{\hfil {\tt #}\quad&\hfil {\tt #}\qquad&{\tt #}\hfil\cr
+\omit{\hfil\it Compare and\hfil}\span\omit&\cr
+{\it Branch}&{\it Jump}&{\it Expanded to}\cr
+        bbc&                 & chkbit; bno\cr
+        bbs&                 & chkbit; bo\cr
+     cmpibe&    cmpije&       cmpi; be\cr
+     cmpibg&    cmpijg&       cmpi; bg\cr
+    cmpibge&   cmpijge&       cmpi; bge\cr
+     cmpibl&    cmpijl&       cmpi; bl\cr
+    cmpible&   cmpijle&       cmpi; ble\cr
+    cmpibno&   cmpijno&       cmpi; bno\cr
+    cmpibne&   cmpijne&       cmpi; bne\cr
+     cmpibo&    cmpijo&       cmpi; bo\cr
+     cmpobe&    cmpoje&       cmpo; be\cr
+     cmpobg&    cmpojg&       cmpo; bg\cr
+    cmpobge&   cmpojge&       cmpo; bge\cr
+     cmpobl&    cmpojl&       cmpo; bl\cr
+    cmpoble&   cmpojle&       cmpo; ble\cr
+    cmpobne&   cmpojne&       cmpo; bne\cr}
+@end tex
+@c END TEXI2ROFF-KILL
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-m32r.texi b/gas/doc/c-m32r.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f121ede4814
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/c-m32r.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+@c Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This is part of the GAS manual.
+@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+@ifset GENERIC
+@page
+@node M32R-Dependent
+@chapter M32R Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@node Machine Dependencies
+@chapter M32R Dependent Features
+@end ifclear
+
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-m68k.texi b/gas/doc/c-m68k.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..16f857f3a7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/c-m68k.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,503 @@
+@c Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This is part of the GAS manual.
+@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+@ifset GENERIC
+@page
+@node M68K-Dependent
+@chapter M680x0 Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@node Machine Dependencies
+@chapter M680x0 Dependent Features
+@end ifclear
+
+@cindex M680x0 support
+@menu
+* M68K-Opts::                   M680x0 Options
+* M68K-Syntax::                 Syntax
+* M68K-Moto-Syntax::            Motorola Syntax
+* M68K-Float::                  Floating Point
+* M68K-Directives::             680x0 Machine Directives
+* M68K-opcodes::                Opcodes
+@end menu
+
+@node M68K-Opts
+@section M680x0 Options
+
+@cindex options, M680x0
+@cindex M680x0 options
+The Motorola 680x0 version of @code{@value{AS}} has a few machine
+dependent options.
+
+@cindex @samp{-l} option, M680x0
+You can use the @samp{-l} option to shorten the size of references to undefined
+symbols.  If you do not use the @samp{-l} option, references to undefined
+symbols are wide enough for a full @code{long} (32 bits).  (Since
+@code{@value{AS}} cannot know where these symbols end up, @code{@value{AS}} can
+only allocate space for the linker to fill in later.  Since @code{@value{AS}}
+does not know how far away these symbols are, it allocates as much space as it
+can.)  If you use this option, the references are only one word wide (16 bits).
+This may be useful if you want the object file to be as small as possible, and
+you know that the relevant symbols are always less than 17 bits away.
+
+@cindex @samp{--register-prefix-optional} option, M680x0
+For some configurations, especially those where the compiler normally
+does not prepend an underscore to the names of user variables, the
+assembler requires a @samp{%} before any use of a register name.  This
+is intended to let the assembler distinguish between C variables and
+functions named @samp{a0} through @samp{a7}, and so on.  The @samp{%} is
+always accepted, but is not required for certain configurations, notably
+@samp{sun3}.  The @samp{--register-prefix-optional} option may be used
+to permit omitting the @samp{%} even for configurations for which it is
+normally required.  If this is done, it will generally be impossible to
+refer to C variables and functions with the same names as register
+names.
+
+@cindex @samp{--bitwise-or} option, M680x0
+Normally the character @samp{|} is treated as a comment character, which
+means that it can not be used in expressions.  The @samp{--bitwise-or}
+option turns @samp{|} into a normal character.  In this mode, you must
+either use C style comments, or start comments with a @samp{#} character
+at the beginning of a line.
+
+@cindex @samp{--base-size-default-16}
+@cindex @samp{--base-size-default-32}
+If you use an addressing mode with a base register without specifying
+the size, @code{@value{AS}} will normally use the full 32 bit value.
+For example, the addressing mode @samp{%a0@@(%d0)} is equivalent to
+@samp{%a0@@(%d0:l)}.  You may use the @samp{--base-size-default-16}
+option to tell @code{@value{AS}} to default to using the 16 bit value.
+In this case, @samp{%a0@@(%d0)} is equivalent to @samp{%a0@@(%d0:w)}.
+You may use the @samp{--base-size-default-32} option to restore the
+default behaviour.
+
+@cindex @samp{--disp-size-default-16}
+@cindex @samp{--disp-size-default-32}
+If you use an addressing mode with a displacement, and the value of the
+displacement is not known, @code{@value{AS}} will normally assume that
+the value is 32 bits.  For example, if the symbol @samp{disp} has not
+been defined, @code{@value{AS}} will assemble the addressing mode
+@samp{%a0@@(disp,%d0)} as though @samp{disp} is a 32 bit value.  You may
+use the @samp{--disp-size-default-16} option to tell @code{@value{AS}}
+to instead assume that the displacement is 16 bits.  In this case,
+@code{@value{AS}} will assemble @samp{%a0@@(disp,%d0)} as though
+@samp{disp} is a 16 bit value.  You may use the
+@samp{--disp-size-default-32} option to restore the default behaviour.
+
+@cindex @samp{-m68000} and related options
+@cindex architecture options, M680x0
+@cindex M680x0 architecture options
+@code{@value{AS}} can assemble code for several different members of the
+Motorola 680x0 family.  The default depends upon how @code{@value{AS}}
+was configured when it was built; normally, the default is to assemble
+code for the 68020 microprocessor.  The following options may be used to
+change the default.  These options control which instructions and
+addressing modes are permitted.  The members of the 680x0 family are
+very similar.  For detailed information about the differences, see the
+Motorola manuals.
+
+@table @samp
+@item -m68000
+@itemx -m68ec000
+@itemx -m68hc000
+@itemx -m68hc001
+@itemx -m68008
+@itemx -m68302
+@itemx -m68306
+@itemx -m68307
+@itemx -m68322
+@itemx -m68356
+Assemble for the 68000. @samp{-m68008}, @samp{-m68302}, and so on are synonyms
+for @samp{-m68000}, since the chips are the same from the point of view
+of the assembler.
+
+@item -m68010
+Assemble for the 68010.
+
+@item -m68020
+@itemx -m68ec020
+Assemble for the 68020.  This is normally the default.
+
+@item -m68030
+@itemx -m68ec030
+Assemble for the 68030.
+
+@item -m68040
+@itemx -m68ec040
+Assemble for the 68040.
+
+@item -m68060
+@itemx -m68ec060
+Assemble for the 68060.
+
+@item -mcpu32
+@itemx -m68330
+@itemx -m68331
+@itemx -m68332
+@itemx -m68333
+@itemx -m68334
+@itemx -m68336
+@itemx -m68340
+@itemx -m68341
+@itemx -m68349
+@itemx -m68360
+Assemble for the CPU32 family of chips.
+
+@item -m5200
+Assemble for the ColdFire family of chips.
+
+@item -m68881
+@itemx -m68882
+Assemble 68881 floating point instructions.  This is the default for the
+68020, 68030, and the CPU32.  The 68040 and 68060 always support
+floating point instructions.
+
+@item -mno-68881
+Do not assemble 68881 floating point instructions.  This is the default
+for 68000 and the 68010.  The 68040 and 68060 always support floating
+point instructions, even if this option is used.
+
+@item -m68851
+Assemble 68851 MMU instructions.  This is the default for the 68020,
+68030, and 68060.  The 68040 accepts a somewhat different set of MMU
+instructions; @samp{-m68851} and @samp{-m68040} should not be used
+together.
+
+@item -mno-68851
+Do not assemble 68851 MMU instructions.  This is the default for the
+68000, 68010, and the CPU32.  The 68040 accepts a somewhat different set
+of MMU instructions.
+@end table
+
+@node M68K-Syntax
+@section Syntax
+
+@cindex @sc{mit}
+This syntax for the Motorola 680x0 was developed at @sc{mit}.
+
+@cindex M680x0 syntax
+@cindex syntax, M680x0
+@cindex M680x0 size modifiers
+@cindex size modifiers, M680x0
+The 680x0 version of @code{@value{AS}} uses instructions names and
+syntax compatible with the Sun assembler.  Intervening periods are
+ignored; for example, @samp{movl} is equivalent to @samp{mov.l}.
+
+In the following table @var{apc} stands for any of the address registers
+(@samp{%a0} through @samp{%a7}), the program counter (@samp{%pc}), the
+zero-address relative to the program counter (@samp{%zpc}), a suppressed
+address register (@samp{%za0} through @samp{%za7}), or it may be omitted
+entirely.  The use of @var{size} means one of @samp{w} or @samp{l}, and
+it may be omitted, along with the leading colon, unless a scale is also
+specified.  The use of @var{scale} means one of @samp{1}, @samp{2},
+@samp{4}, or @samp{8}, and it may always be omitted along with the
+leading colon.
+
+@cindex M680x0 addressing modes
+@cindex addressing modes, M680x0
+The following addressing modes are understood:
+@table @dfn
+@item Immediate
+@samp{#@var{number}}
+
+@item Data Register
+@samp{%d0} through @samp{%d7}
+
+@item Address Register
+@samp{%a0} through @samp{%a7}@*
+@samp{%a7} is also known as @samp{%sp}, i.e. the Stack Pointer.  @code{%a6}
+is also known as @samp{%fp}, the Frame Pointer.
+
+@item Address Register Indirect
+@samp{%a0@@} through @samp{%a7@@}
+
+@item Address Register Postincrement
+@samp{%a0@@+} through @samp{%a7@@+}
+
+@item Address Register Predecrement
+@samp{%a0@@-} through @samp{%a7@@-}
+
+@item Indirect Plus Offset
+@samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{number})}
+
+@item Index
+@samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{number},@var{register}:@var{size}:@var{scale})}
+
+The @var{number} may be omitted.
+
+@item Postindex
+@samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{number})@@(@var{onumber},@var{register}:@var{size}:@var{scale})}
+
+The @var{onumber} or the @var{register}, but not both, may be omitted.
+
+@item Preindex
+@samp{@var{apc}@@(@var{number},@var{register}:@var{size}:@var{scale})@@(@var{onumber})}
+
+The @var{number} may be omitted.  Omitting the @var{register} produces
+the Postindex addressing mode.
+
+@item Absolute
+@samp{@var{symbol}}, or @samp{@var{digits}}, optionally followed by
+@samp{:b}, @samp{:w}, or @samp{:l}.
+@end table
+
+@node M68K-Moto-Syntax
+@section Motorola Syntax
+
+@cindex Motorola syntax for the 680x0
+@cindex alternate syntax for the 680x0
+
+The standard Motorola syntax for this chip differs from the syntax
+already discussed (@pxref{M68K-Syntax,,Syntax}).  @code{@value{AS}} can
+accept Motorola syntax for operands, even if @sc{mit} syntax is used for
+other operands in the same instruction.  The two kinds of syntax are
+fully compatible.
+
+In the following table @var{apc} stands for any of the address registers
+(@samp{%a0} through @samp{%a7}), the program counter (@samp{%pc}), the
+zero-address relative to the program counter (@samp{%zpc}), or a
+suppressed address register (@samp{%za0} through @samp{%za7}).  The use
+of @var{size} means one of @samp{w} or @samp{l}, and it may always be
+omitted along with the leading dot.  The use of @var{scale} means one of
+@samp{1}, @samp{2}, @samp{4}, or @samp{8}, and it may always be omitted
+along with the leading asterisk.
+
+The following additional addressing modes are understood:
+
+@table @dfn
+@item Address Register Indirect
+@samp{(%a0)} through @samp{(%a7)}@* 
+@samp{%a7} is also known as @samp{%sp}, i.e. the Stack Pointer.  @code{%a6}
+is also known as @samp{%fp}, the Frame Pointer.
+
+@item Address Register Postincrement
+@samp{(%a0)+} through @samp{(%a7)+}
+
+@item Address Register Predecrement
+@samp{-(%a0)} through @samp{-(%a7)}
+
+@item Indirect Plus Offset
+@samp{@var{number}(@var{%a0})} through @samp{@var{number}(@var{%a7})},
+or @samp{@var{number}(@var{%pc})}.
+
+The @var{number} may also appear within the parentheses, as in
+@samp{(@var{number},@var{%a0})}.  When used with the @var{pc}, the
+@var{number} may be omitted (with an address register, omitting the
+@var{number} produces Address Register Indirect mode).
+
+@item Index
+@samp{@var{number}(@var{apc},@var{register}.@var{size}*@var{scale})}
+
+The @var{number} may be omitted, or it may appear within the
+parentheses.  The @var{apc} may be omitted.  The @var{register} and the
+@var{apc} may appear in either order.  If both @var{apc} and
+@var{register} are address registers, and the @var{size} and @var{scale}
+are omitted, then the first register is taken as the base register, and
+the second as the index register.
+
+@item Postindex
+@samp{([@var{number},@var{apc}],@var{register}.@var{size}*@var{scale},@var{onumber})}
+
+The @var{onumber}, or the @var{register}, or both, may be omitted.
+Either the @var{number} or the @var{apc} may be omitted, but not both.
+
+@item Preindex
+@samp{([@var{number},@var{apc},@var{register}.@var{size}*@var{scale}],@var{onumber})}
+
+The @var{number}, or the @var{apc}, or the @var{register}, or any two of
+them, may be omitted.  The @var{onumber} may be omitted.  The
+@var{register} and the @var{apc} may appear in either order.  If both
+@var{apc} and @var{register} are address registers, and the @var{size}
+and @var{scale} are omitted, then the first register is taken as the
+base register, and the second as the index register.
+@end table
+
+@node M68K-Float
+@section Floating Point
+
+@cindex floating point, M680x0
+@cindex M680x0 floating point
+Packed decimal (P) format floating literals are not supported.
+Feel free to add the code!
+
+The floating point formats generated by directives are these.
+
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{float} directive, M680x0
+@item .float
+@code{Single} precision floating point constants.
+
+@cindex @code{double} directive, M680x0
+@item .double
+@code{Double} precision floating point constants.
+
+@cindex @code{extend} directive M680x0
+@cindex @code{ldouble} directive M680x0
+@item .extend
+@itemx .ldouble
+@code{Extended} precision (@code{long double}) floating point constants.
+@end table
+
+@node M68K-Directives
+@section 680x0 Machine Directives
+
+@cindex M680x0 directives
+@cindex directives, M680x0
+In order to be compatible with the Sun assembler the 680x0 assembler
+understands the following directives.
+
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{data1} directive, M680x0
+@item .data1
+This directive is identical to a @code{.data 1} directive.
+
+@cindex @code{data2} directive, M680x0
+@item .data2
+This directive is identical to a @code{.data 2} directive.
+
+@cindex @code{even} directive, M680x0
+@item .even
+This directive is a special case of the @code{.align} directive; it
+aligns the output to an even byte boundary.
+
+@cindex @code{skip} directive, M680x0
+@item .skip
+This directive is identical to a @code{.space} directive.
+@end table
+
+@need 2000
+@node M68K-opcodes
+@section Opcodes
+
+@cindex M680x0 opcodes
+@cindex opcodes, M680x0
+@cindex instruction set, M680x0
+@c doc@cygnus.com: I don't see any point in the following
+@c                   paragraph.  Bugs are bugs; how does saying this
+@c                   help anyone?
+@ignore
+Danger:  Several bugs have been found in the opcode table (and
+fixed).  More bugs may exist.  Be careful when using obscure
+instructions.
+@end ignore
+
+@menu
+* M68K-Branch::                 Branch Improvement
+* M68K-Chars::                  Special Characters
+@end menu
+
+@node M68K-Branch
+@subsection Branch Improvement
+
+@cindex pseudo-opcodes, M680x0
+@cindex M680x0 pseudo-opcodes
+@cindex branch improvement, M680x0
+@cindex M680x0 branch improvement
+Certain pseudo opcodes are permitted for branch instructions.
+They expand to the shortest branch instruction that reach the
+target.  Generally these mnemonics are made by substituting @samp{j} for
+@samp{b} at the start of a Motorola mnemonic.
+
+The following table summarizes the pseudo-operations.  A @code{*} flags
+cases that are more fully described after the table:
+
+@smallexample
+          Displacement
+          +-------------------------------------------------
+          |                68020   68000/10
+Pseudo-Op |BYTE    WORD    LONG    LONG      non-PC relative
+          +-------------------------------------------------
+     jbsr |bsrs    bsr     bsrl    jsr       jsr
+      jra |bras    bra     bral    jmp       jmp
+*     jXX |bXXs    bXX     bXXl    bNXs;jmpl bNXs;jmp
+*    dbXX |dbXX    dbXX        dbXX; bra; jmpl
+*    fjXX |fbXXw   fbXXw   fbXXl             fbNXw;jmp
+
+XX: condition
+NX: negative of condition XX
+
+@end smallexample
+@center @code{*}---see full description below
+
+@table @code
+@item jbsr
+@itemx jra
+These are the simplest jump pseudo-operations; they always map to one
+particular machine instruction, depending on the displacement to the
+branch target.
+
+@item j@var{XX}
+Here, @samp{j@var{XX}} stands for an entire family of pseudo-operations,
+where @var{XX} is a conditional branch or condition-code test.  The full
+list of pseudo-ops in this family is:
+@smallexample
+ jhi   jls   jcc   jcs   jne   jeq   jvc
+ jvs   jpl   jmi   jge   jlt   jgt   jle
+@end smallexample
+
+For the cases of non-PC relative displacements and long displacements on
+the 68000 or 68010, @code{@value{AS}} issues a longer code fragment in terms of
+@var{NX}, the opposite condition to @var{XX}.  For example, for the
+non-PC relative case:
+@smallexample
+    j@var{XX} foo
+@end smallexample
+gives
+@smallexample
+     b@var{NX}s oof
+     jmp foo
+ oof:
+@end smallexample
+
+@item db@var{XX}
+The full family of pseudo-operations covered here is
+@smallexample
+ dbhi   dbls   dbcc   dbcs   dbne   dbeq   dbvc
+ dbvs   dbpl   dbmi   dbge   dblt   dbgt   dble
+ dbf    dbra   dbt
+@end smallexample
+
+Other than for word and byte displacements, when the source reads
+@samp{db@var{XX} foo}, @code{@value{AS}} emits
+@smallexample
+     db@var{XX} oo1
+     bra oo2
+ oo1:jmpl foo
+ oo2:
+@end smallexample
+
+@item fj@var{XX}
+This family includes
+@smallexample
+ fjne   fjeq   fjge   fjlt   fjgt   fjle   fjf
+ fjt    fjgl   fjgle  fjnge  fjngl  fjngle fjngt
+ fjnle  fjnlt  fjoge  fjogl  fjogt  fjole  fjolt
+ fjor   fjseq  fjsf   fjsne  fjst   fjueq  fjuge
+ fjugt  fjule  fjult  fjun
+@end smallexample
+
+For branch targets that are not PC relative, @code{@value{AS}} emits
+@smallexample
+     fb@var{NX} oof
+     jmp foo
+ oof:
+@end smallexample
+when it encounters @samp{fj@var{XX} foo}.
+
+@end table
+
+@node M68K-Chars
+@subsection Special Characters
+
+@cindex special characters, M680x0
+@cindex M680x0 immediate character
+@cindex immediate character, M680x0
+@cindex M680x0 line comment character
+@cindex line comment character, M680x0
+@cindex comments, M680x0
+The immediate character is @samp{#} for Sun compatibility.  The
+line-comment character is @samp{|} (unless the @samp{--bitwise-or}
+option is used).  If a @samp{#} appears at the beginning of a line, it
+is treated as a comment unless it looks like @samp{# line file}, in
+which case it is treated normally.
+
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-mips.texi b/gas/doc/c-mips.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..523dda3799f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/c-mips.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+@c Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This is part of the GAS manual.
+@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+@ifset GENERIC
+@page
+@node MIPS-Dependent
+@chapter MIPS Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@node Machine Dependencies
+@chapter MIPS Dependent Features
+@end ifclear
+
+@cindex MIPS processor
+@sc{gnu} @code{@value{AS}} for @sc{mips} architectures supports several
+different @sc{mips} processors, and MIPS ISA levels I through IV.  For
+information about the @sc{mips} instruction set, see @cite{MIPS RISC
+Architecture}, by Kane and Heindrich (Prentice-Hall).  For an overview
+of @sc{mips} assembly conventions, see ``Appendix D: Assembly Language
+Programming'' in the same work.
+
+@menu
+* MIPS Opts::   	Assembler options
+* MIPS Object:: 	ECOFF object code
+* MIPS Stabs::  	Directives for debugging information
+* MIPS ISA::    	Directives to override the ISA level
+* MIPS autoextend::	Directives for extending MIPS 16 bit instructions
+* MIPS insn::		Directive to mark data as an instruction
+* MIPS option stack::	Directives to save and restore options
+@end menu
+
+@node MIPS Opts
+@section Assembler options
+
+The @sc{mips} configurations of @sc{gnu} @code{@value{AS}} support these
+special options:
+
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{-G} option (MIPS)
+@item -G @var{num}
+This option sets the largest size of an object that can be referenced
+implicitly with the @code{gp} register.  It is only accepted for targets
+that use @sc{ecoff} format.  The default value is 8.
+
+@cindex @code{-EB} option (MIPS)
+@cindex @code{-EL} option (MIPS)
+@cindex MIPS big-endian output
+@cindex MIPS little-endian output
+@cindex big-endian output, MIPS
+@cindex little-endian output, MIPS
+@item -EB
+@itemx -EL
+Any @sc{mips} configuration of @code{@value{AS}} can select big-endian or
+little-endian output at run time (unlike the other @sc{gnu} development
+tools, which must be configured for one or the other).  Use @samp{-EB}
+to select big-endian output, and @samp{-EL} for little-endian.
+
+@cindex MIPS architecture options
+@item -mips1
+@itemx -mips2
+@itemx -mips3
+@itemx -mips4
+Generate code for a particular MIPS Instruction Set Architecture level.
+@samp{-mips1} corresponds to the @sc{r2000} and @sc{r3000} processors,
+@samp{-mips2} to the @sc{r6000} processor, @samp{-mips3} to the
+@sc{r4000} processor, and @samp{-mips4} to the @sc{r8000} and
+@sc{r10000} processors.  You can also switch instruction sets during the
+assembly; see @ref{MIPS ISA,, Directives to override the ISA level}.
+
+@item -mips16
+@itemx -no-mips16
+Generate code for the MIPS 16 processor.  This is equivalent to putting
+@samp{.set mips16} at the start of the assembly file.  @samp{-no-mips16}
+turns off this option.
+
+@item -m4010
+@itemx -no-m4010
+Generate code for the LSI @sc{r4010} chip.  This tells the assembler to
+accept the @sc{r4010} specific instructions (@samp{addciu}, @samp{ffc},
+etc.), and to not schedule @samp{nop} instructions around accesses to
+the @samp{HI} and @samp{LO} registers.  @samp{-no-m4010} turns off this
+option.
+
+@item -m4650
+@itemx -no-m4650
+Generate code for the MIPS @sc{r4650} chip.  This tells the assembler to accept
+the @samp{mad} and @samp{madu} instruction, and to not schedule @samp{nop}
+instructions around accesses to the @samp{HI} and @samp{LO} registers.
+@samp{-no-m4650} turns off this option.
+
+@itemx -m3900
+@itemx -no-m3900
+@itemx -m4100
+@itemx -no-m4100
+For each option @samp{-m@var{nnnn}}, generate code for the MIPS
+@sc{r@var{nnnn}} chip.  This tells the assembler to accept instructions
+specific to that chip, and to schedule for that chip's hazards.
+
+@item -mcpu=@var{cpu}
+Generate code for a particular MIPS cpu.  It is exactly equivalent to
+@samp{-m@var{cpu}}, except that there are more value of @var{cpu}
+understood.  Valid @var{cpu} value are:
+
+@quotation
+2000,
+3000,
+3900,
+4000,
+4010,
+4100,
+4111,
+4300,
+4400,
+4600,
+4650,
+5000,
+6000,
+8000,
+10000
+@end quotation
+
+
+@cindex @code{-nocpp} ignored (MIPS)
+@item -nocpp
+This option is ignored.  It is accepted for command-line compatibility with
+other assemblers, which use it to turn off C style preprocessing.  With
+@sc{gnu} @code{@value{AS}}, there is no need for @samp{-nocpp}, because the
+@sc{gnu} assembler itself never runs the C preprocessor.
+
+@item --trap
+@itemx --no-break
+@c FIXME!  (1) reflect these options (next item too) in option summaries;
+@c         (2) stop teasing, say _which_ instructions expanded _how_.
+@code{@value{AS}} automatically macro expands certain division and
+multiplication instructions to check for overflow and division by zero.  This
+option causes @code{@value{AS}} to generate code to take a trap exception
+rather than a break exception when an error is detected.  The trap instructions
+are only supported at Instruction Set Architecture level 2 and higher.
+
+@item --break
+@itemx --no-trap
+Generate code to take a break exception rather than a trap exception when an
+error is detected.  This is the default.
+@end table
+
+@node MIPS Object
+@section MIPS ECOFF object code
+
+@cindex ECOFF sections
+@cindex MIPS ECOFF sections
+Assembling for a @sc{mips} @sc{ecoff} target supports some additional sections
+besides the usual @code{.text}, @code{.data} and @code{.bss}.  The
+additional sections are @code{.rdata}, used for read-only data,
+@code{.sdata}, used for small data, and @code{.sbss}, used for small
+common objects.
+
+@cindex small objects, MIPS ECOFF
+@cindex @code{gp} register, MIPS
+When assembling for @sc{ecoff}, the assembler uses the @code{$gp} (@code{$28})
+register to form the address of a ``small object''.  Any object in the
+@code{.sdata} or @code{.sbss} sections is considered ``small'' in this sense.
+For external objects, or for objects in the @code{.bss} section, you can use
+the @code{@value{GCC}} @samp{-G} option to control the size of objects addressed via
+@code{$gp}; the default value is 8, meaning that a reference to any object
+eight bytes or smaller uses @code{$gp}.  Passing @samp{-G 0} to
+@code{@value{AS}} prevents it from using the @code{$gp} register on the basis
+of object size (but the assembler uses @code{$gp} for objects in @code{.sdata}
+or @code{sbss} in any case).  The size of an object in the @code{.bss} section
+is set by the @code{.comm} or @code{.lcomm} directive that defines it.  The
+size of an external object may be set with the @code{.extern} directive.  For
+example, @samp{.extern sym,4} declares that the object at @code{sym} is 4 bytes
+in length, whie leaving @code{sym} otherwise undefined.
+
+Using small @sc{ecoff} objects requires linker support, and assumes that the
+@code{$gp} register is correctly initialized (normally done automatically by
+the startup code).  @sc{mips} @sc{ecoff} assembly code must not modify the
+@code{$gp} register.
+
+@node MIPS Stabs
+@section Directives for debugging information
+
+@cindex MIPS debugging directives
+@sc{mips} @sc{ecoff} @code{@value{AS}} supports several directives used for
+generating debugging information which are not support by traditional @sc{mips}
+assemblers.  These are @code{.def}, @code{.endef}, @code{.dim}, @code{.file},
+@code{.scl}, @code{.size}, @code{.tag}, @code{.type}, @code{.val},
+@code{.stabd}, @code{.stabn}, and @code{.stabs}.  The debugging information
+generated by the three @code{.stab} directives can only be read by @sc{gdb},
+not by traditional @sc{mips} debuggers (this enhancement is required to fully
+support C++ debugging).  These directives are primarily used by compilers, not
+assembly language programmers!
+
+@node MIPS ISA
+@section Directives to override the ISA level
+
+@cindex MIPS ISA override
+@kindex @code{.set mips@var{n}}
+@sc{gnu} @code{@value{AS}} supports an additional directive to change
+the @sc{mips} Instruction Set Architecture level on the fly: @code{.set
+mips@var{n}}.  @var{n} should be a number from 0 to 4.  A value from 1
+to 4 makes the assembler accept instructions for the corresponding
+@sc{isa} level, from that point on in the assembly.  @code{.set
+mips@var{n}} affects not only which instructions are permitted, but also
+how certain macros are expanded.  @code{.set mips0} restores the
+@sc{isa} level to its original level: either the level you selected with
+command line options, or the default for your configuration.  You can
+use this feature to permit specific @sc{r4000} instructions while
+assembling in 32 bit mode.  Use this directive with care!
+
+The directive @samp{.set mips16} puts the assembler into MIPS 16 mode,
+in which it will assemble instructions for the MIPS 16 processor.  Use
+@samp{.set nomips16} to return to normal 32 bit mode.
+
+Traditional @sc{mips} assemblers do not support this directive.  
+
+@node MIPS autoextend
+@section Directives for extending MIPS 16 bit instructions
+
+@kindex @code{.set autoextend}
+@kindex @code{.set noautoextend}
+By default, MIPS 16 instructions are automatically extended to 32 bits
+when necessary.  The directive @samp{.set noautoextend} will turn this
+off.  When @samp{.set noautoextend} is in effect, any 32 bit instruction
+must be explicitly extended with the @samp{.e} modifier (e.g.,
+@samp{li.e $4,1000}).  The directive @samp{.set autoextend} may be used
+to once again automatically extend instructions when necessary.
+
+This directive is only meaningful when in MIPS 16 mode.  Traditional
+@sc{mips} assemblers do not support this directive.
+
+@node MIPS insn
+@section Directive to mark data as an instruction
+
+@kindex @code{.insn}
+The @code{.insn} directive tells @code{@value{AS}} that the following
+data is actually instructions.  This makes a difference in MIPS 16 mode:
+when loading the address of a label which precedes instructions,
+@code{@value{AS}} automatically adds 1 to the value, so that jumping to
+the loaded address will do the right thing.
+
+@node MIPS option stack
+@section Directives to save and restore options
+
+@cindex MIPS option stack
+@kindex @code{.set push}
+@kindex @code{.set pop}
+The directives @code{.set push} and @code{.set pop} may be used to save
+and restore the current settings for all the options which are
+controlled by @code{.set}.  The @code{.set push} directive saves the
+current settings on a stack.  The @code{.set pop} directive pops the
+stack and restores the settings.
+
+These directives can be useful inside an macro which must change an
+option such as the ISA level or instruction reordering but does not want
+to change the state of the code which invoked the macro.
+
+Traditional @sc{mips} assemblers do not support these directives.
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-ns32k.texi b/gas/doc/c-ns32k.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..29c61d94785
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/c-ns32k.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+@c  Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This is part of the GAS manual.
+@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+
+@ignore
+@c FIXME!  Stop ignoring when filled in.
+@node 32x32
+@chapter 32x32
+
+@section Options
+The 32x32 version of @code{@value{AS}} accepts a @samp{-m32032} option to
+specify thiat it is compiling for a 32032 processor, or a
+@samp{-m32532} to specify that it is compiling for a 32532 option.
+The default (if neither is specified) is chosen when the assembler
+is compiled.
+
+@section Syntax
+I don't know anything about the 32x32 syntax assembled by
+@code{@value{AS}}.  Someone who undersands the processor (I've never seen
+one) and the possible syntaxes should write this section.
+
+@section Floating Point
+The 32x32 uses @sc{ieee} floating point numbers, but @code{@value{AS}}
+only creates single or double precision values.  I don't know if the
+32x32 understands extended precision numbers.
+
+@section 32x32 Machine Directives
+The 32x32 has no machine dependent directives.
+
+@end ignore
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-sh.texi b/gas/doc/c-sh.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e20f5543788
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/c-sh.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+@c Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This is part of the GAS manual.
+@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+@page
+@node SH-Dependent
+@chapter Hitachi SH Dependent Features
+
+@cindex SH support
+@menu
+* SH Options::              Options
+* SH Syntax::               Syntax
+* SH Floating Point::       Floating Point
+* SH Directives::           SH Machine Directives
+* SH Opcodes::              Opcodes
+@end menu
+
+@node SH Options
+@section Options
+
+@cindex SH options (none)
+@cindex options, SH (none)
+@code{@value{AS}} has no additional command-line options for the Hitachi
+SH family.
+
+@node SH Syntax
+@section Syntax
+
+@menu
+* SH-Chars::                Special Characters
+* SH-Regs::                 Register Names
+* SH-Addressing::           Addressing Modes
+@end menu
+
+@node SH-Chars
+@subsection Special Characters
+
+@cindex line comment character, SH
+@cindex SH line comment character
+@samp{!} is the line comment character.
+
+@cindex line separator, SH
+@cindex statement separator, SH
+@cindex SH line separator
+You can use @samp{;} instead of a newline to separate statements.
+
+@cindex symbol names, @samp{$} in
+@cindex @code{$} in symbol names
+Since @samp{$} has no special meaning, you may use it in symbol names.
+
+@node SH-Regs
+@subsection Register Names
+
+@cindex SH registers
+@cindex registers, SH
+You can use the predefined symbols @samp{r0}, @samp{r1}, @samp{r2},
+@samp{r3}, @samp{r4}, @samp{r5}, @samp{r6}, @samp{r7}, @samp{r8},
+@samp{r9}, @samp{r10}, @samp{r11}, @samp{r12}, @samp{r13}, @samp{r14},
+and @samp{r15} to refer to the SH registers.
+
+The SH also has these control registers:
+
+@table @code
+@item pr
+procedure register (holds return address)
+
+@item pc
+program counter
+
+@item mach
+@itemx macl
+high and low multiply accumulator registers
+
+@item sr
+status register
+
+@item gbr
+global base register
+
+@item vbr
+vector base register (for interrupt vectors)
+@end table
+
+@node SH-Addressing
+@subsection Addressing Modes
+
+@cindex addressing modes, SH
+@cindex SH addressing modes
+@code{@value{AS}} understands the following addressing modes for the SH.
+@code{R@var{n}} in the following refers to any of the numbered
+registers, but @emph{not} the control registers.
+
+@table @code
+@item R@var{n}
+Register direct
+
+@item @@R@var{n}
+Register indirect
+
+@item @@-R@var{n}
+Register indirect with pre-decrement
+
+@item @@R@var{n}+
+Register indirect with post-increment
+
+@item @@(@var{disp}, R@var{n})
+Register indirect with displacement
+
+@item @@(R0, R@var{n})
+Register indexed
+
+@item @@(@var{disp}, GBR)
+@code{GBR} offset
+
+@item @@(R0, GBR)
+GBR indexed
+
+@item @var{addr}
+@itemx @@(@var{disp}, PC)
+PC relative address (for branch or for addressing memory).  The
+@code{@value{AS}} implementation allows you to use the simpler form
+@var{addr} anywhere a PC relative address is called for; the alternate
+form is supported for compatibility with other assemblers.
+
+@item #@var{imm}
+Immediate data
+@end table
+
+@node SH Floating Point
+@section Floating Point
+
+@cindex floating point, SH (@sc{ieee})
+@cindex SH floating point (@sc{ieee})
+The SH family has no hardware floating point, but the @code{.float}
+directive generates @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers for compatibility
+with other development tools.
+
+@node SH Directives
+@section SH Machine Directives
+
+@cindex SH machine directives
+@cindex machine directives, SH
+@cindex @code{uaword} directive, SH
+@cindex @code{ualong} directive, SH
+
+@table @code
+@item uaword
+@itemx ualong
+@code{@value{AS}} will issue a warning when a misaligned @code{.word} or
+@code{.long} directive is used.  You may use @code{.uaword} or
+@code{.ualong} to indicate that the value is intentionally misaligned.
+@end table
+
+@node SH Opcodes
+@section Opcodes
+
+@cindex SH opcode summary
+@cindex opcode summary, SH
+@cindex mnemonics, SH
+@cindex instruction summary, SH
+For detailed information on the SH machine instruction set, see
+@cite{SH-Microcomputer User's Manual} (Hitachi Micro Systems, Inc.).
+
+@code{@value{AS}} implements all the standard SH opcodes.  No additional
+pseudo-instructions are needed on this family.  Note, however, that
+because @code{@value{AS}} supports a simpler form of PC-relative
+addressing, you may simply write (for example)
+
+@example
+mov.l  bar,r0
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+where other assemblers might require an explicit displacement to
+@code{bar} from the program counter:
+
+@example
+mov.l  @@(@var{disp}, PC)
+@end example
+
+@ifset SMALL
+@c this table, due to the multi-col faking and hardcoded order, looks silly
+@c except in smallbook.  See comments below "@set SMALL" near top of this file.
+
+Here is a summary of SH opcodes:
+
+@page
+@smallexample
+@i{Legend:}
+Rn        @r{a numbered register}
+Rm        @r{another numbered register}
+#imm      @r{immediate data}
+disp      @r{displacement}
+disp8     @r{8-bit displacement}
+disp12    @r{12-bit displacement}
+
+add #imm,Rn                    lds.l @@Rn+,PR              
+add Rm,Rn                      mac.w @@Rm+,@@Rn+           
+addc Rm,Rn                     mov #imm,Rn                 
+addv Rm,Rn                     mov Rm,Rn                   
+and #imm,R0                    mov.b Rm,@@(R0,Rn)          
+and Rm,Rn                      mov.b Rm,@@-Rn              
+and.b #imm,@@(R0,GBR)           mov.b Rm,@@Rn               
+bf disp8                       mov.b @@(disp,Rm),R0        
+bra disp12                     mov.b @@(disp,GBR),R0       
+bsr disp12                     mov.b @@(R0,Rm),Rn          
+bt disp8                       mov.b @@Rm+,Rn              
+clrmac                         mov.b @@Rm,Rn               
+clrt                           mov.b R0,@@(disp,Rm)        
+cmp/eq #imm,R0                 mov.b R0,@@(disp,GBR)       
+cmp/eq Rm,Rn                   mov.l Rm,@@(disp,Rn)        
+cmp/ge Rm,Rn                   mov.l Rm,@@(R0,Rn)          
+cmp/gt Rm,Rn                   mov.l Rm,@@-Rn              
+cmp/hi Rm,Rn                   mov.l Rm,@@Rn               
+cmp/hs Rm,Rn                   mov.l @@(disp,Rn),Rm        
+cmp/pl Rn                      mov.l @@(disp,GBR),R0       
+cmp/pz Rn                      mov.l @@(disp,PC),Rn        
+cmp/str Rm,Rn                  mov.l @@(R0,Rm),Rn          
+div0s Rm,Rn                    mov.l @@Rm+,Rn              
+div0u                          mov.l @@Rm,Rn               
+div1 Rm,Rn                     mov.l R0,@@(disp,GBR)       
+exts.b Rm,Rn                   mov.w Rm,@@(R0,Rn)          
+exts.w Rm,Rn                   mov.w Rm,@@-Rn              
+extu.b Rm,Rn                   mov.w Rm,@@Rn               
+extu.w Rm,Rn                   mov.w @@(disp,Rm),R0        
+jmp @@Rn                        mov.w @@(disp,GBR),R0       
+jsr @@Rn                        mov.w @@(disp,PC),Rn        
+ldc Rn,GBR                     mov.w @@(R0,Rm),Rn          
+ldc Rn,SR                      mov.w @@Rm+,Rn              
+ldc Rn,VBR                     mov.w @@Rm,Rn               
+ldc.l @@Rn+,GBR                 mov.w R0,@@(disp,Rm)        
+ldc.l @@Rn+,SR                  mov.w R0,@@(disp,GBR)       
+ldc.l @@Rn+,VBR                 mova @@(disp,PC),R0         
+lds Rn,MACH                    movt Rn                     
+lds Rn,MACL                    muls Rm,Rn                  
+lds Rn,PR                      mulu Rm,Rn                  
+lds.l @@Rn+,MACH                neg Rm,Rn                   
+lds.l @@Rn+,MACL                negc Rm,Rn                  
+@page
+nop                            stc VBR,Rn                
+not Rm,Rn                      stc.l GBR,@@-Rn           
+or #imm,R0                     stc.l SR,@@-Rn            
+or Rm,Rn                       stc.l VBR,@@-Rn           
+or.b #imm,@@(R0,GBR)            sts MACH,Rn               
+rotcl Rn                       sts MACL,Rn               
+rotcr Rn                       sts PR,Rn                 
+rotl Rn                        sts.l MACH,@@-Rn          
+rotr Rn                        sts.l MACL,@@-Rn          
+rte                            sts.l PR,@@-Rn            
+rts                            sub Rm,Rn                 
+sett                           subc Rm,Rn                
+shal Rn                        subv Rm,Rn                
+shar Rn                        swap.b Rm,Rn              
+shll Rn                        swap.w Rm,Rn              
+shll16 Rn                      tas.b @@Rn                
+shll2 Rn                       trapa #imm                
+shll8 Rn                       tst #imm,R0               
+shlr Rn                        tst Rm,Rn                 
+shlr16 Rn                      tst.b #imm,@@(R0,GBR)     
+shlr2 Rn                       xor #imm,R0               
+shlr8 Rn                       xor Rm,Rn                 
+sleep                          xor.b #imm,@@(R0,GBR)     
+stc GBR,Rn                     xtrct Rm,Rn               
+stc SR,Rn
+@end smallexample
+@end ifset
+
+@ifset Hitachi-all
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@raisesections
+@end ifclear
+@end ifset
+
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-sparc.texi b/gas/doc/c-sparc.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..f871c82b05e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/c-sparc.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+@c Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This is part of the GAS manual.
+@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+@ifset GENERIC
+@page
+@node Sparc-Dependent
+@chapter SPARC Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@node Machine Dependencies
+@chapter SPARC Dependent Features
+@end ifclear
+
+@cindex SPARC support
+@menu
+* Sparc-Opts::                  Options
+* Sparc-Aligned-Data::		Option to enforce aligned data
+* Sparc-Float::                 Floating Point
+* Sparc-Directives::            Sparc Machine Directives
+@end menu
+
+@node Sparc-Opts
+@section Options
+
+@cindex options for SPARC
+@cindex SPARC options
+@cindex architectures, SPARC
+@cindex SPARC architectures
+The SPARC chip family includes several successive levels, using the same
+core instruction set, but including a few additional instructions at
+each level.  There are exceptions to this however.  For details on what
+instructions each variant supports, please see the chip's architecture
+reference manual.
+
+By default, @code{@value{AS}} assumes the core instruction set (SPARC
+v6), but ``bumps'' the architecture level as needed: it switches to
+successively higher architectures as it encounters instructions that
+only exist in the higher levels.
+
+If not configured for SPARC v9 (@code{sparc64-*-*}) GAS will not bump
+passed sparclite by default, an option must be passed to enable the
+v9 instructions.
+
+GAS treats sparclite as being compatible with v8, unless an architecture
+is explicitly requested.  SPARC v9 is always incompatible with sparclite.
+
+@c The order here is the same as the order of enum sparc_opcode_arch_val
+@c to give the user a sense of the order of the "bumping".
+
+@table @code
+@kindex -Av6
+@kindex Av7
+@kindex -Av8
+@kindex -Asparclet
+@kindex -Asparclite
+@kindex -Av9
+@kindex -Av9a
+@item -Av6 | -Av7 | -Av8 | -Asparclet | -Asparclite
+@itemx -Av8plus | -Av8plusa | -Av9 | -Av9a
+Use one of the @samp{-A} options to select one of the SPARC
+architectures explicitly.  If you select an architecture explicitly,
+@code{@value{AS}} reports a fatal error if it encounters an instruction
+or feature requiring an incompatible or higher level.
+
+@samp{-Av8plus} and @samp{-Av8plusa} select a 32 bit environment.
+
+@samp{-Av9} and @samp{-Av9a} select a 64 bit environment and are not
+available unless GAS is explicitly configured with 64 bit environment
+support.
+
+@samp{-Av8plusa} and @samp{-Av9a} enable the SPARC V9 instruction set with
+UltraSPARC extensions.
+
+@item -xarch=v8plus | -xarch=v8plusa
+For compatibility with the Solaris v9 assembler.  These options are
+equivalent to -Av8plus and -Av8plusa, respectively.
+
+@item -bump
+Warn whenever it is necessary to switch to another level.
+If an architecture level is explicitly requested, GAS will not issue
+warnings until that level is reached, and will then bump the level
+as required (except between incompatible levels).
+
+@item -32 | -64
+Select the word size, either 32 bits or 64 bits.
+These options are only available with the ELF object file format,
+and require that the necessary BFD support has been included.
+@end table
+
+@node Sparc-Aligned-Data
+@section Enforcing aligned data
+
+@cindex data alignment on SPARC
+@cindex SPARC data alignment
+SPARC GAS normally permits data to be misaligned.  For example, it
+permits the @code{.long} pseudo-op to be used on a byte boundary.
+However, the native SunOS and Solaris assemblers issue an error when
+they see misaligned data.
+
+@kindex --enforce-aligned-data
+You can use the @code{--enforce-aligned-data} option to make SPARC GAS
+also issue an error about misaligned data, just as the SunOS and Solaris
+assemblers do.
+
+The @code{--enforce-aligned-data} option is not the default because gcc
+issues misaligned data pseudo-ops when it initializes certain packed
+data structures (structures defined using the @code{packed} attribute).
+You may have to assemble with GAS in order to initialize packed data
+structures in your own code.
+
+@ignore
+@c FIXME: (sparc) Fill in "syntax" section!
+@c subsection syntax
+I don't know anything about Sparc syntax.  Someone who does
+will have to write this section.
+@end ignore
+
+@node Sparc-Float
+@section Floating Point
+
+@cindex floating point, SPARC (@sc{ieee})
+@cindex SPARC floating point (@sc{ieee})
+The Sparc uses @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers.
+
+@node Sparc-Directives
+@section Sparc Machine Directives
+
+@cindex SPARC machine directives
+@cindex machine directives, SPARC
+The Sparc version of @code{@value{AS}} supports the following additional
+machine directives:
+
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{align} directive, SPARC
+@item .align
+This must be followed by the desired alignment in bytes.
+
+@cindex @code{common} directive, SPARC
+@item .common
+This must be followed by a symbol name, a positive number, and
+@code{"bss"}.  This behaves somewhat like @code{.comm}, but the
+syntax is different.
+
+@cindex @code{half} directive, SPARC
+@item .half
+This is functionally identical to @code{.short}.
+
+@cindex @code{proc} directive, SPARC
+@item .proc
+This directive is ignored.  Any text following it on the same
+line is also ignored.
+
+@cindex @code{reserve} directive, SPARC
+@item .reserve
+This must be followed by a symbol name, a positive number, and
+@code{"bss"}.  This behaves somewhat like @code{.lcomm}, but the
+syntax is different.
+
+@cindex @code{seg} directive, SPARC
+@item .seg
+This must be followed by @code{"text"}, @code{"data"}, or
+@code{"data1"}.  It behaves like @code{.text}, @code{.data}, or
+@code{.data 1}.
+
+@cindex @code{skip} directive, SPARC
+@item .skip
+This is functionally identical to the @code{.space} directive.
+
+@cindex @code{word} directive, SPARC
+@item .word
+On the Sparc, the @code{.word} directive produces 32 bit values,
+instead of the 16 bit values it produces on many other machines.
+
+@cindex @code{xword} directive, SPARC
+@item .xword
+On the Sparc V9 processor, the @code{.xword} directive produces
+64 bit values.
+@end table
+
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-v850.texi b/gas/doc/c-v850.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5416e0f1b8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/c-v850.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+@c Copyright (C) 1997, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This is part of the GAS manual.
+@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+
+@node V850-Dependent
+@chapter v850 Dependent Features
+
+@cindex V850 support
+@menu
+* V850 Options::              Options
+* V850 Syntax::               Syntax
+* V850 Floating Point::       Floating Point
+* V850 Directives::           V850 Machine Directives
+* V850 Opcodes::              Opcodes
+@end menu
+
+@node V850 Options
+@section Options
+@cindex V850 options (none)
+@cindex options for V850 (none)
+@code{@value{AS}} supports the following additional command-line options
+for the V850 processor family:
+
+@cindex command line options, V850
+@cindex V850 command line options
+@table @code
+
+@cindex @code{-wsigned_overflow} command line option, V850
+@item -wsigned_overflow
+Causes warnings to be produced when signed immediate values overflow the
+space available for then within their opcodes.  By default this option
+is disabled as it is possible to receive spurious warnings due to using
+exact bit patterns as immediate constants.
+
+@cindex @code{-wunsigned_overflow} command line option, V850
+@item -wunsigned_overflow
+Causes warnings to be produced when unsigned immediate values overflow
+the space available for then within their opcodes.  By default this
+option is disabled as it is possible to receive spurious warnings due to
+using exact bit patterns as immediate constants.
+
+@cindex @code{-mv850} command line option, V850
+@item -mv850
+Specifies that the assembled code should be marked as being targeted at
+the V850 processor.  This allows the linker to detect attempts to link
+such code with code assembled for other processors.
+
+@cindex @code{-mv850e} command line option, V850
+@item -mv850e
+Specifies that the assembled code should be marked as being targeted at
+the V850E processor.  This allows the linker to detect attempts to link
+such code with code assembled for other processors.
+
+@cindex @code{-mv850any} command line option, V850
+@item -mv850any
+Specifies that the assembled code should be marked as being targeted at
+the V850 processor but support instructions that are specific to the
+extended variants of the process.  This allows the production of
+binaries that contain target specific code, but which are also intended
+to be used in a generic fashion.  For example libgcc.a contains generic
+routines used by the code produced by GCC for all versions of the v850
+architecture, together with support routines only used by the V850E
+architecture.
+
+@end table
+
+
+@node V850 Syntax
+@section Syntax
+@menu
+* V850-Chars::                Special Characters
+* V850-Regs::                 Register Names
+@end menu
+
+@node V850-Chars
+@subsection Special Characters
+
+@cindex line comment character, V850
+@cindex V850 line comment character
+@samp{#} is the line comment character.
+@node V850-Regs
+@subsection Register Names
+
+@cindex V850 register names
+@cindex register names, V850
+@code{@value{AS}} supports the following names for registers:
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{zero} register, V850
+@item general register 0
+r0, zero
+@item general register 1
+r1
+@item general register 2
+r2, hp
+@cindex @code{sp} register, V850
+@item general register 3
+r3, sp
+@cindex @code{gp} register, V850
+@item general register 4
+r4, gp
+@cindex @code{tp} register, V850
+@item general register 5
+r5, tp
+@item general register 6
+r6
+@item general register 7
+r7
+@item general register 8
+r8
+@item general register 9
+r9
+@item general register 10
+r10
+@item general register 11
+r11
+@item general register 12
+r12
+@item general register 13
+r13
+@item general register 14
+r14
+@item general register 15
+r15
+@item general register 16
+r16
+@item general register 17
+r17
+@item general register 18
+r18
+@item general register 19
+r19
+@item general register 20
+r20
+@item general register 21
+r21
+@item general register 22
+r22
+@item general register 23
+r23
+@item general register 24
+r24
+@item general register 25
+r25
+@item general register 26
+r26
+@item general register 27
+r27
+@item general register 28
+r28
+@item general register 29
+r29
+@cindex @code{ep} register, V850
+@item general register 30
+r30, ep
+@cindex @code{lp} register, V850
+@item general register 31
+r31, lp
+@cindex @code{eipc} register, V850
+@item system register 0
+eipc
+@cindex @code{eipsw} register, V850
+@item system register 1
+eipsw
+@cindex @code{fepc} register, V850
+@item system register 2
+fepc
+@cindex @code{fepsw} register, V850
+@item system register 3
+fepsw
+@cindex @code{ecr} register, V850
+@item system register 4
+ecr
+@cindex @code{psw} register, V850
+@item system register 5
+psw
+@cindex @code{ctpc} register, V850
+@item system register 16
+ctpc
+@cindex @code{ctpsw} register, V850
+@item system register 17
+ctpsw
+@cindex @code{dbpc} register, V850
+@item system register 18
+dbpc
+@cindex @code{dbpsw} register, V850
+@item system register 19
+dbpsw
+@cindex @code{ctbp} register, V850
+@item system register 20
+ctbp
+@end table
+
+@node V850 Floating Point
+@section Floating Point
+
+@cindex floating point, V850 (@sc{ieee})
+@cindex V850 floating point (@sc{ieee})
+The V850 family uses @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers.
+
+@node V850 Directives
+@section V850 Machine Directives
+
+@cindex machine directives, V850
+@cindex V850 machine directives
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{offset} directive, V850
+@item .offset @var{<expression>}
+Moves the offset into the current section to the specified amount. 
+
+@cindex @code{section} directive, V850
+@item .section "name", <type>
+This is an extension to the standard .section directive.  It sets the
+current section to be <type> and creates an alias for this section
+called "name". 
+
+@cindex @code{.v850} directive, V850
+@item .v850
+Specifies that the assembled code should be marked as being targeted at
+the V850 processor.  This allows the linker to detect attempts to link
+such code with code assembled for other processors.
+
+@cindex @code{.v850e} directive, V850
+@item .v850e
+Specifies that the assembled code should be marked as being targeted at
+the V850E processor.  This allows the linker to detect attempts to link
+such code with code assembled for other processors.
+
+@end table
+
+@node V850 Opcodes
+@section Opcodes
+
+@cindex V850 opcodes
+@cindex opcodes for V850
+@code{@value{AS}} implements all the standard V850 opcodes.
+
+@code{@value{AS}} also implements the following pseudo ops:
+
+@table @code
+
+@cindex @code{hi0} pseudo-op, V850
+@item hi0()
+Computes the higher 16 bits of the given expression and stores it into
+the immediate operand field of the given instruction.  For example:
+
+    @samp{mulhi hi0(here - there), r5, r6}
+
+computes the difference between the address of labels 'here' and
+'there', takes the upper 16 bits of this difference, shifts it down 16
+bits and then mutliplies it by the lower 16 bits in register 5, putting
+the result into register 6. 
+
+@cindex @code{lo} pseudo-op, V850
+@item lo()
+Computes the lower 16 bits of the given expression and stores it into
+the immediate operand field of the given instruction.  For example:
+
+    @samp{addi lo(here - there), r5, r6}
+
+computes the difference between the address of labels 'here' and
+'there', takes the lower 16 bits of this difference and adds it to
+register 5, putting the result into register 6.
+
+@cindex @code{hi} pseudo-op, V850
+@item hi()
+Computes the higher 16 bits of the given expression and then adds the
+value of the most significant bit of the lower 16 bits of the expression
+and stores the result into the immediate operand field of the given
+instruction.  For example the following code can be used to compute the
+address of the label 'here' and store it into register 6:
+
+    @samp{movhi hi(here), r0, r6}
+    @samp{movea lo(here), r6, r6}
+
+The reason for this special behaviour is that movea performs a sign
+extention on its immediate operand.  So for example if the address of
+'here' was 0xFFFFFFFF then without the special behaviour of the hi()
+pseudo-op the movhi instruction would put 0xFFFF0000 into r6, then the
+movea instruction would takes its immediate operand, 0xFFFF, sign extend
+it to 32 bits, 0xFFFFFFFF, and then add it into r6 giving 0xFFFEFFFF
+which is wrong (the fifth nibble is E).  With the hi() pseudo op adding
+in the top bit of the lo() pseudo op, the movhi instruction actually
+stores 0 into r6 (0xFFFF + 1 = 0x0000), so that the movea instruction
+stores 0xFFFFFFFF into r6 - the right value.
+
+@cindex @code{hilo} pseudo-op, V850
+@item hilo()
+Computes the 32 bit value of the given expression and stores it into
+the immediate operand field of the given instruction (which must be a
+mov instruction).  For example:
+
+    @samp{mov hilo(here), r6}
+
+computes the absolute address of label 'here' and puts the result into
+register 6.  
+
+@cindex @code{sdaoff} pseudo-op, V850
+@item sdaoff()
+Computes the offset of the named variable from the start of the Small
+Data Area (whoes address is held in register 4, the GP register) and
+stores the result as a 16 bit signed value in the immediate operand
+field of the given instruction.  For example: 
+
+      @samp{ld.w sdaoff(_a_variable)[gp],r6}
+
+loads the contents of the location pointed to by the label '_a_variable'
+into register 6, provided that the label is located somewhere within +/-
+32K of the address held in the GP register.  [Note the linker assumes
+that the GP register contains a fixed address set to the address of the
+label called '__gp'.  This can either be set up automatically by the
+linker, or specifically set by using the @samp{--defsym __gp=<value>}
+command line option].
+
+@cindex @code{tdaoff} pseudo-op, V850
+@item tdaoff()
+Computes the offset of the named variable from the start of the Tiny
+Data Area (whoes address is held in register 30, the EP register) and
+stores the result as a 4,5, 7 or 8 bit unsigned value in the immediate
+operand field of the given instruction.  For example:
+
+      @samp{sld.w tdaoff(_a_variable)[ep],r6}
+
+loads the contents of the location pointed to by the label '_a_variable'
+into register 6, provided that the label is located somewhere within +256
+bytes of the address held in the EP register.  [Note the linker assumes
+that the EP register contains a fixed address set to the address of the
+label called '__ep'.  This can either be set up automatically by the
+linker, or specifically set by using the @samp{--defsym __ep=<value>}
+command line option].
+
+@cindex @code{zdaoff} pseudo-op, V850
+@item zdaoff()
+Computes the offset of the named variable from address 0 and stores the
+result as a 16 bit signed value in the immediate operand field of the
+given instruction.  For example:
+
+      @samp{movea zdaoff(_a_variable),zero,r6}
+
+puts the address of the label '_a_variable' into register 6, assuming
+that the label is somewhere within the first 32K of memory.  (Strictly
+speaking it also possible to access the last 32K of memory as well, as
+the offsets are signed).
+
+@cindex @code{ctoff} pseudo-op, V850
+@item ctoff()
+Computes the offset of the named variable from the start of the Call
+Table Area (whoes address is helg in system register 20, the CTBP
+register) and stores the result a 6 or 16 bit unsigned value in the
+immediate field of then given instruction or piece of data.  For
+example:
+
+     @samp{callt ctoff(table_func1)}
+
+will put the call the function whoes address is held in the call table
+at the location labeled 'table_func1'.
+
+@end table
+
+
+For information on the V850 instruction set, see @cite{V850
+Family 32-/16-Bit single-Chip Microcontroller Architecture Manual} from NEC.
+Ltd.
+
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-vax.texi b/gas/doc/c-vax.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b13d7e5a493
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/c-vax.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,357 @@
+@c Copyright (C) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This is part of the GAS manual.
+@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+@c VAX/VMS description exhanced and corrected by Klaus K"aempf, kkaempf@progis.de
+@ifset GENERIC
+@node Vax-Dependent
+@chapter VAX Dependent Features
+@cindex VAX support
+
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@node Machine Dependencies
+@chapter VAX Dependent Features
+@cindex VAX support
+
+@end ifclear
+
+@menu
+* VAX-Opts::                    VAX Command-Line Options
+* VAX-float::                   VAX Floating Point
+* VAX-directives::              Vax Machine Directives
+* VAX-opcodes::                 VAX Opcodes
+* VAX-branch::                  VAX Branch Improvement
+* VAX-operands::                VAX Operands
+* VAX-no::                      Not Supported on VAX
+@end menu
+
+
+@node VAX-Opts
+@section VAX Command-Line Options
+
+@cindex command-line options ignored, VAX
+@cindex VAX command-line options ignored
+The Vax version of @code{@value{AS}} accepts any of the following options,
+gives a warning message that the option was ignored and proceeds.
+These options are for compatibility with scripts designed for other
+people's assemblers.
+
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{-D}, ignored on VAX
+@cindex @code{-S}, ignored on VAX
+@cindex @code{-T}, ignored on VAX
+@item @code{-D} (Debug)
+@itemx @code{-S} (Symbol Table)
+@itemx @code{-T} (Token Trace)
+These are obsolete options used to debug old assemblers.
+
+@cindex @code{-d}, VAX option
+@item @code{-d} (Displacement size for JUMPs)
+This option expects a number following the @samp{-d}.  Like options
+that expect filenames, the number may immediately follow the
+@samp{-d} (old standard) or constitute the whole of the command line
+argument that follows @samp{-d} (@sc{gnu} standard).
+
+@cindex @code{-V}, redundant on VAX
+@item @code{-V} (Virtualize Interpass Temporary File)
+Some other assemblers use a temporary file.  This option
+commanded them to keep the information in active memory rather
+than in a disk file.  @code{@value{AS}} always does this, so this
+option is redundant.
+
+@cindex @code{-J}, ignored on VAX
+@item @code{-J} (JUMPify Longer Branches)
+Many 32-bit computers permit a variety of branch instructions
+to do the same job.  Some of these instructions are short (and
+fast) but have a limited range; others are long (and slow) but
+can branch anywhere in virtual memory.  Often there are 3
+flavors of branch: short, medium and long.  Some other
+assemblers would emit short and medium branches, unless told by
+this option to emit short and long branches.
+
+@cindex @code{-t}, ignored on VAX
+@item @code{-t} (Temporary File Directory)
+Some other assemblers may use a temporary file, and this option
+takes a filename being the directory to site the temporary
+file.  Since @code{@value{AS}} does not use a temporary disk file, this
+option makes no difference.  @samp{-t} needs exactly one
+filename.
+@end table
+
+@cindex VMS (VAX) options
+@cindex options for VAX/VMS
+@cindex VAX/VMS options
+@cindex Vax-11 C compatibility
+@cindex symbols with uppercase, VAX/VMS
+The Vax version of the assembler accepts additional options when
+compiled for VMS:
+
+@table @samp
+@cindex @samp{-h} option, VAX/VMS
+@item -h @var{n}
+External symbol or section (used for global variables) names are not
+case sensitive on VAX/VMS and always mapped to upper case.  This is
+contrary to the C language definition which explicitly distinguishes
+upper and lower case.  To implement a standard conforming C compiler,
+names must be changed (mapped) to preserve the case information.  The
+default mapping is to convert all lower case characters to uppercase and
+adding an underscore followed by a 6 digit hex value, representing a 24
+digit binary value.  The one digits in the binary value represent which
+characters are uppercase in the original symbol name.
+
+The @samp{-h @var{n}} option determines how we map names.  This takes
+several values.  No @samp{-h} switch at all allows case hacking as
+described above.  A value of zero (@samp{-h0}) implies names should be
+upper case, and inhibits the case hack.  A value of 2 (@samp{-h2})
+implies names should be all lower case, with no case hack.  A value of 3
+(@samp{-h3}) implies that case should be preserved.  The value 1 is
+unused.  The @code{-H} option directs @code{@value{AS}} to display
+every mapped symbol during assembly.
+
+Symbols whose names include a dollar sign @samp{$} are exceptions to the
+general name mapping.  These symbols are normally only used to reference
+VMS library names.  Such symbols are always mapped to upper case.
+
+@cindex @samp{-+} option, VAX/VMS
+@item -+
+The @samp{-+} option causes @code{@value{AS}} to truncate any symbol
+name larger than 31 characters.  The @samp{-+} option also prevents some
+code following the @samp{_main} symbol normally added to make the object
+file compatible with Vax-11 "C".
+
+@cindex @samp{-1} option, VAX/VMS
+@item -1
+This option is ignored for backward compatibility with @code{@value{AS}}
+version 1.x.
+
+@cindex @samp{-H} option, VAX/VMS
+@item -H
+The @samp{-H} option causes @code{@value{AS}} to print every symbol
+which was changed by case mapping.
+@end table
+
+@node VAX-float
+@section VAX Floating Point
+
+@cindex VAX floating point
+@cindex floating point, VAX
+Conversion of flonums to floating point is correct, and
+compatible with previous assemblers.  Rounding is
+towards zero if the remainder is exactly half the least significant bit.
+
+@code{D}, @code{F}, @code{G} and @code{H} floating point formats
+are understood.
+
+Immediate floating literals (@emph{e.g.} @samp{S`$6.9})
+are rendered correctly.  Again, rounding is towards zero in the
+boundary case.
+
+@cindex @code{float} directive, VAX
+@cindex @code{double} directive, VAX
+The @code{.float} directive produces @code{f} format numbers.
+The @code{.double} directive produces @code{d} format numbers.
+
+@node VAX-directives
+@section Vax Machine Directives
+
+@cindex machine directives, VAX
+@cindex VAX machine directives
+The Vax version of the assembler supports four directives for
+generating Vax floating point constants.  They are described in the
+table below.
+
+@cindex wide floating point directives, VAX
+@table @code
+@cindex @code{dfloat} directive, VAX
+@item .dfloat
+This expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas, and
+assembles Vax @code{d} format 64-bit floating point constants.
+
+@cindex @code{ffloat} directive, VAX
+@item .ffloat
+This expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas, and
+assembles Vax @code{f} format 32-bit floating point constants.
+
+@cindex @code{gfloat} directive, VAX
+@item .gfloat
+This expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas, and
+assembles Vax @code{g} format 64-bit floating point constants.
+
+@cindex @code{hfloat} directive, VAX
+@item .hfloat
+This expects zero or more flonums, separated by commas, and
+assembles Vax @code{h} format 128-bit floating point constants.
+
+@end table
+
+@node VAX-opcodes
+@section VAX Opcodes
+
+@cindex VAX opcode mnemonics
+@cindex opcode mnemonics, VAX
+@cindex mnemonics for opcodes, VAX
+All DEC mnemonics are supported.  Beware that @code{case@dots{}}
+instructions have exactly 3 operands.  The dispatch table that
+follows the @code{case@dots{}} instruction should be made with
+@code{.word} statements.  This is compatible with all unix
+assemblers we know of.
+
+@node VAX-branch
+@section VAX Branch Improvement
+
+@cindex VAX branch improvement
+@cindex branch improvement, VAX
+@cindex pseudo-ops for branch, VAX
+Certain pseudo opcodes are permitted.  They are for branch
+instructions.  They expand to the shortest branch instruction that
+reaches the target.  Generally these mnemonics are made by
+substituting @samp{j} for @samp{b} at the start of a DEC mnemonic.
+This feature is included both for compatibility and to help
+compilers.  If you do not need this feature, avoid these
+opcodes.  Here are the mnemonics, and the code they can expand into.
+
+@table @code
+@item jbsb
+@samp{Jsb} is already an instruction mnemonic, so we chose @samp{jbsb}.
+@table @asis
+@item (byte displacement)
+@kbd{bsbb @dots{}}
+@item (word displacement)
+@kbd{bsbw @dots{}}
+@item (long displacement)
+@kbd{jsb @dots{}}
+@end table
+@item jbr
+@itemx jr
+Unconditional branch.
+@table @asis
+@item (byte displacement)
+@kbd{brb @dots{}}
+@item (word displacement)
+@kbd{brw @dots{}}
+@item (long displacement)
+@kbd{jmp @dots{}}
+@end table
+@item j@var{COND}
+@var{COND} may be any one of the conditional branches
+@code{neq}, @code{nequ}, @code{eql}, @code{eqlu}, @code{gtr},
+@code{geq}, @code{lss}, @code{gtru}, @code{lequ}, @code{vc}, @code{vs},
+@code{gequ}, @code{cc}, @code{lssu}, @code{cs}.
+@var{COND} may also be one of the bit tests
+@code{bs}, @code{bc}, @code{bss}, @code{bcs}, @code{bsc}, @code{bcc},
+@code{bssi}, @code{bcci}, @code{lbs}, @code{lbc}.
+@var{NOTCOND} is the opposite condition to @var{COND}.
+@table @asis
+@item (byte displacement)
+@kbd{b@var{COND} @dots{}}
+@item (word displacement)
+@kbd{b@var{NOTCOND} foo ; brw @dots{} ; foo:}
+@item (long displacement)
+@kbd{b@var{NOTCOND} foo ; jmp @dots{} ; foo:}
+@end table
+@item jacb@var{X}
+@var{X} may be one of @code{b d f g h l w}.
+@table @asis
+@item (word displacement)
+@kbd{@var{OPCODE} @dots{}}
+@item (long displacement)
+@example
+@var{OPCODE} @dots{}, foo ;
+brb bar ;
+foo: jmp @dots{} ;
+bar:
+@end example
+@end table
+@item jaob@var{YYY}
+@var{YYY} may be one of @code{lss leq}.
+@item jsob@var{ZZZ}
+@var{ZZZ} may be one of @code{geq gtr}.
+@table @asis
+@item (byte displacement)
+@kbd{@var{OPCODE} @dots{}}
+@item (word displacement)
+@example
+@var{OPCODE} @dots{}, foo ;
+brb bar ;
+foo: brw @var{destination} ;
+bar:
+@end example
+@item (long displacement)
+@example
+@var{OPCODE} @dots{}, foo ;
+brb bar ;
+foo: jmp @var{destination} ;
+bar:
+@end example
+@end table
+@item aobleq
+@itemx aoblss
+@itemx sobgeq
+@itemx sobgtr
+@table @asis
+@item (byte displacement)
+@kbd{@var{OPCODE} @dots{}}
+@item (word displacement)
+@example
+@var{OPCODE} @dots{}, foo ;
+brb bar ;
+foo: brw @var{destination} ;
+bar:
+@end example
+@item (long displacement)
+@example
+@var{OPCODE} @dots{}, foo ;
+brb bar ;
+foo: jmp @var{destination} ;
+bar:
+@end example
+@end table
+@end table
+
+@node VAX-operands
+@section VAX Operands
+
+@cindex VAX operand notation
+@cindex operand notation, VAX
+@cindex immediate character, VAX
+@cindex VAX immediate character
+The immediate character is @samp{$} for Unix compatibility, not
+@samp{#} as DEC writes it.
+
+@cindex indirect character, VAX
+@cindex VAX indirect character
+The indirect character is @samp{*} for Unix compatibility, not
+@samp{@@} as DEC writes it.
+
+@cindex displacement sizing character, VAX
+@cindex VAX displacement sizing character
+The displacement sizing character is @samp{`} (an accent grave) for
+Unix compatibility, not @samp{^} as DEC writes it.  The letter
+preceding @samp{`} may have either case.  @samp{G} is not
+understood, but all other letters (@code{b i l s w}) are understood.
+
+@cindex register names, VAX
+@cindex VAX register names
+Register names understood are @code{r0 r1 r2 @dots{} r15 ap fp sp
+pc}.  Upper and lower case letters are equivalent.
+
+For instance
+@smallexample
+tstb *w`$4(r5)
+@end smallexample
+
+Any expression is permitted in an operand.  Operands are comma
+separated.
+
+@c There is some bug to do with recognizing expressions
+@c in operands, but I forget what it is.  It is
+@c a syntax clash because () is used as an address mode
+@c and to encapsulate sub-expressions.
+
+@node VAX-no
+@section Not Supported on VAX
+
+@cindex VAX bitfields not supported
+@cindex bitfields, not supported on VAX
+Vax bit fields can not be assembled with @code{@value{AS}}.  Someone
+can add the required code if they really need it.
diff --git a/gas/doc/c-z8k.texi b/gas/doc/c-z8k.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1fb10e3b2ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/c-z8k.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+@c Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c This is part of the GAS manual.
+@c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
+@ifset GENERIC
+@page
+@node Z8000-Dependent
+@chapter Z8000 Dependent Features
+@end ifset
+@ifclear GENERIC
+@node Machine Dependencies
+@chapter Z8000 Dependent Features
+@end ifclear
+
+@cindex Z8000 support
+The Z8000 @value{AS} supports both members of the Z8000 family: the
+unsegmented Z8002, with 16 bit addresses, and the segmented Z8001 with
+24 bit addresses.
+
+When the assembler is in unsegmented mode (specified with the
+@code{unsegm} directive), an address takes up one word (16 bit)
+sized register.  When the assembler is in segmented mode (specified with
+the @code{segm} directive), a 24-bit address takes up a long (32 bit)
+register.  @xref{Z8000 Directives,,Assembler Directives for the Z8000},
+for a list of other Z8000 specific assembler directives.
+
+@menu
+* Z8000 Options::               No special command-line options for Z8000
+* Z8000 Syntax::                Assembler syntax for the Z8000
+* Z8000 Directives::            Special directives for the Z8000
+* Z8000 Opcodes::               Opcodes
+@end menu
+
+@node Z8000 Options
+@section Options
+
+@cindex Z8000 options
+@cindex options, Z8000
+@code{@value{AS}} has no additional command-line options for the Zilog
+Z8000 family.
+
+@node Z8000 Syntax
+@section Syntax
+@menu
+* Z8000-Chars::                Special Characters
+* Z8000-Regs::                 Register Names
+* Z8000-Addressing::           Addressing Modes
+@end menu
+
+@node Z8000-Chars
+@subsection Special Characters
+
+@cindex line comment character, Z8000
+@cindex Z8000 line comment character
+@samp{!} is the line comment character.
+
+@cindex line separator, Z8000
+@cindex statement separator, Z8000
+@cindex Z8000 line separator
+You can use @samp{;} instead of a newline to separate statements.
+
+@node Z8000-Regs
+@subsection Register Names
+
+@cindex Z8000 registers
+@cindex registers, Z8000
+The Z8000 has sixteen 16 bit registers, numbered 0 to 15.  You can refer
+to different sized groups of registers by register number, with the
+prefix @samp{r} for 16 bit registers, @samp{rr} for 32 bit registers and
+@samp{rq} for 64 bit registers.  You can also refer to the contents of
+the first eight (of the sixteen 16 bit registers) by bytes.  They are
+named @samp{r@var{n}h} and @samp{r@var{n}l}.
+
+@smallexample
+@exdent @emph{byte registers}
+r0l r0h r1h r1l r2h r2l r3h r3l
+r4h r4l r5h r5l r6h r6l r7h r7l
+
+@exdent @emph{word registers}
+r0 r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10 r11 r12 r13 r14 r15
+
+@exdent @emph{long word registers}
+rr0 rr2 rr4 rr6 rr8 rr10 rr12 rr14
+
+@exdent @emph{quad word registers}
+rq0 rq4 rq8 rq12
+@end smallexample
+
+@node Z8000-Addressing
+@subsection Addressing Modes
+
+@cindex addressing modes, Z8000
+@cindex Z800 addressing modes
+@value{AS} understands the following addressing modes for the Z8000:
+
+@table @code
+@item r@var{n}
+Register direct
+
+@item @@r@var{n}
+Indirect register
+
+@item @var{addr}
+Direct: the 16 bit or 24 bit address (depending on whether the assembler
+is in segmented or unsegmented mode) of the operand is in the instruction.
+
+@item address(r@var{n})
+Indexed: the 16 or 24 bit address is added to the 16 bit register to produce
+the final address in memory of the operand.
+
+@item r@var{n}(#@var{imm})
+Base Address: the 16 or 24 bit register is added to the 16 bit sign
+extended immediate displacement to produce the final address in memory
+of the operand.
+
+@item r@var{n}(r@var{m})
+Base Index: the 16 or 24 bit register r@var{n} is added to the sign
+extended 16 bit index register r@var{m} to produce the final address in
+memory of the operand.
+
+@item #@var{xx}
+Immediate data @var{xx}.
+@end table
+
+@node Z8000 Directives
+@section Assembler Directives for the Z8000
+
+@cindex Z8000 directives
+@cindex directives, Z8000
+The Z8000 port of @value{AS} includes these additional assembler directives,
+for compatibility with other Z8000 assemblers.  As shown, these do not
+begin with @samp{.} (unlike the ordinary @value{AS} directives).
+
+@table @code
+@kindex segm
+@item segm
+Generates code for the segmented Z8001.
+
+@kindex unsegm
+@item unsegm
+Generates code for the unsegmented Z8002.
+
+@kindex name
+@item name
+Synonym for @code{.file}
+
+@kindex global
+@item global
+Synonym for @code{.global}
+
+@kindex wval
+@item wval
+Synonym for @code{.word}
+
+@kindex lval
+@item lval
+Synonym for @code{.long}
+
+@kindex bval
+@item bval
+Synonym for @code{.byte}
+
+@kindex sval
+@item sval
+Assemble a string.  @code{sval} expects one string literal, delimited by
+single quotes.  It assembles each byte of the string into consecutive
+addresses.  You can use the escape sequence @samp{%@var{xx}} (where
+@var{xx} represents a two-digit hexadecimal number) to represent the
+character whose @sc{ascii} value is @var{xx}.  Use this feature to
+describe single quote and other characters that may not appear in string
+literals as themselves.  For example, the C statement @w{@samp{char *a =
+"he said \"it's 50% off\"";}} is represented in Z8000 assembly language
+(shown with the assembler output in hex at the left) as
+
+@iftex
+@begingroup
+@let@nonarrowing=@comment
+@end iftex
+@smallexample
+68652073    sval    'he said %22it%27s 50%25 off%22%00'
+61696420
+22697427
+73203530
+25206F66
+662200
+@end smallexample
+@iftex
+@endgroup
+@end iftex
+
+@kindex rsect
+@item rsect
+synonym for @code{.section}
+
+@kindex block
+@item block
+synonym for @code{.space}
+
+@kindex even
+@item even
+special case of @code{.align}; aligns output to even byte boundary.
+@end table
+
+@node Z8000 Opcodes
+@section Opcodes
+
+@cindex Z8000 opcode summary
+@cindex opcode summary, Z8000
+@cindex mnemonics, Z8000
+@cindex instruction summary, Z8000
+For detailed information on the Z8000 machine instruction set, see
+@cite{Z8000 Technical Manual}.
+
+@ifset SMALL
+@c this table, due to the multi-col faking and hardcoded order, looks silly
+@c except in smallbook.  See comments below "@set SMALL" near top of this file.
+
+The following table summarizes the opcodes and their arguments:
+@iftex
+@begingroup
+@let@nonarrowing=@comment
+@end iftex
+@smallexample
+
+            rs   @r{16 bit source register}
+            rd   @r{16 bit destination register}
+            rbs   @r{8 bit source register}
+            rbd   @r{8 bit destination register}
+            rrs   @r{32 bit source register}
+            rrd   @r{32 bit destination register}
+            rqs   @r{64 bit source register}
+            rqd   @r{64 bit destination register}
+            addr @r{16/24 bit address}
+            imm  @r{immediate data}
+
+adc rd,rs               clrb addr               cpsir @@rd,@@rs,rr,cc
+adcb rbd,rbs            clrb addr(rd)           cpsirb @@rd,@@rs,rr,cc
+add rd,@@rs              clrb rbd                dab rbd
+add rd,addr             com @@rd                 dbjnz rbd,disp7
+add rd,addr(rs)         com addr                dec @@rd,imm4m1
+add rd,imm16            com addr(rd)            dec addr(rd),imm4m1
+add rd,rs               com rd                  dec addr,imm4m1
+addb rbd,@@rs            comb @@rd                dec rd,imm4m1
+addb rbd,addr           comb addr               decb @@rd,imm4m1
+addb rbd,addr(rs)       comb addr(rd)           decb addr(rd),imm4m1
+addb rbd,imm8           comb rbd                decb addr,imm4m1
+addb rbd,rbs            comflg flags            decb rbd,imm4m1
+addl rrd,@@rs            cp @@rd,imm16            di i2
+addl rrd,addr           cp addr(rd),imm16       div rrd,@@rs
+addl rrd,addr(rs)       cp addr,imm16           div rrd,addr
+addl rrd,imm32          cp rd,@@rs               div rrd,addr(rs)
+addl rrd,rrs            cp rd,addr              div rrd,imm16
+and rd,@@rs              cp rd,addr(rs)          div rrd,rs
+and rd,addr             cp rd,imm16             divl rqd,@@rs
+and rd,addr(rs)         cp rd,rs                divl rqd,addr
+and rd,imm16            cpb @@rd,imm8            divl rqd,addr(rs)
+and rd,rs               cpb addr(rd),imm8       divl rqd,imm32
+andb rbd,@@rs            cpb addr,imm8           divl rqd,rrs
+andb rbd,addr           cpb rbd,@@rs             djnz rd,disp7
+andb rbd,addr(rs)       cpb rbd,addr            ei i2
+andb rbd,imm8           cpb rbd,addr(rs)        ex rd,@@rs
+andb rbd,rbs            cpb rbd,imm8            ex rd,addr
+bit @@rd,imm4            cpb rbd,rbs             ex rd,addr(rs)
+bit addr(rd),imm4       cpd rd,@@rs,rr,cc        ex rd,rs
+bit addr,imm4           cpdb rbd,@@rs,rr,cc      exb rbd,@@rs
+bit rd,imm4             cpdr rd,@@rs,rr,cc       exb rbd,addr
+bit rd,rs               cpdrb rbd,@@rs,rr,cc     exb rbd,addr(rs)
+bitb @@rd,imm4           cpi rd,@@rs,rr,cc        exb rbd,rbs
+bitb addr(rd),imm4      cpib rbd,@@rs,rr,cc      ext0e imm8
+bitb addr,imm4          cpir rd,@@rs,rr,cc       ext0f imm8
+bitb rbd,imm4           cpirb rbd,@@rs,rr,cc     ext8e imm8
+bitb rbd,rs             cpl rrd,@@rs             ext8f imm8
+bpt                     cpl rrd,addr            exts rrd
+call @@rd                cpl rrd,addr(rs)        extsb rd
+call addr               cpl rrd,imm32           extsl rqd
+call addr(rd)           cpl rrd,rrs             halt
+calr disp12             cpsd @@rd,@@rs,rr,cc      in rd,@@rs
+clr @@rd                 cpsdb @@rd,@@rs,rr,cc     in rd,imm16
+clr addr                cpsdr @@rd,@@rs,rr,cc     inb rbd,@@rs
+clr addr(rd)            cpsdrb @@rd,@@rs,rr,cc    inb rbd,imm16
+clr rd                  cpsi @@rd,@@rs,rr,cc      inc @@rd,imm4m1
+clrb @@rd                cpsib @@rd,@@rs,rr,cc     inc addr(rd),imm4m1
+inc addr,imm4m1         ldb rbd,rs(rx)          mult rrd,addr(rs)
+inc rd,imm4m1           ldb rd(imm16),rbs       mult rrd,imm16
+incb @@rd,imm4m1         ldb rd(rx),rbs          mult rrd,rs
+incb addr(rd),imm4m1    ldctl ctrl,rs           multl rqd,@@rs
+incb addr,imm4m1        ldctl rd,ctrl           multl rqd,addr
+incb rbd,imm4m1         ldd @@rs,@@rd,rr          multl rqd,addr(rs)
+ind @@rd,@@rs,ra          lddb @@rs,@@rd,rr         multl rqd,imm32
+indb @@rd,@@rs,rba        lddr @@rs,@@rd,rr         multl rqd,rrs
+inib @@rd,@@rs,ra         lddrb @@rs,@@rd,rr        neg @@rd
+inibr @@rd,@@rs,ra        ldi @@rd,@@rs,rr          neg addr
+iret                    ldib @@rd,@@rs,rr         neg addr(rd)
+jp cc,@@rd               ldir @@rd,@@rs,rr         neg rd
+jp cc,addr              ldirb @@rd,@@rs,rr        negb @@rd
+jp cc,addr(rd)          ldk rd,imm4             negb addr
+jr cc,disp8             ldl @@rd,rrs             negb addr(rd)
+ld @@rd,imm16            ldl addr(rd),rrs        negb rbd
+ld @@rd,rs               ldl addr,rrs            nop
+ld addr(rd),imm16       ldl rd(imm16),rrs       or rd,@@rs
+ld addr(rd),rs          ldl rd(rx),rrs          or rd,addr
+ld addr,imm16           ldl rrd,@@rs             or rd,addr(rs)
+ld addr,rs              ldl rrd,addr            or rd,imm16
+ld rd(imm16),rs         ldl rrd,addr(rs)        or rd,rs
+ld rd(rx),rs            ldl rrd,imm32           orb rbd,@@rs
+ld rd,@@rs               ldl rrd,rrs             orb rbd,addr
+ld rd,addr              ldl rrd,rs(imm16)       orb rbd,addr(rs)
+ld rd,addr(rs)          ldl rrd,rs(rx)          orb rbd,imm8
+ld rd,imm16             ldm @@rd,rs,n            orb rbd,rbs
+ld rd,rs                ldm addr(rd),rs,n       out @@rd,rs
+ld rd,rs(imm16)         ldm addr,rs,n           out imm16,rs
+ld rd,rs(rx)            ldm rd,@@rs,n            outb @@rd,rbs
+lda rd,addr             ldm rd,addr(rs),n       outb imm16,rbs
+lda rd,addr(rs)         ldm rd,addr,n           outd @@rd,@@rs,ra
+lda rd,rs(imm16)        ldps @@rs                outdb @@rd,@@rs,rba
+lda rd,rs(rx)           ldps addr               outib @@rd,@@rs,ra
+ldar rd,disp16          ldps addr(rs)           outibr @@rd,@@rs,ra
+ldb @@rd,imm8            ldr disp16,rs           pop @@rd,@@rs
+ldb @@rd,rbs             ldr rd,disp16           pop addr(rd),@@rs
+ldb addr(rd),imm8       ldrb disp16,rbs         pop addr,@@rs
+ldb addr(rd),rbs        ldrb rbd,disp16         pop rd,@@rs
+ldb addr,imm8           ldrl disp16,rrs         popl @@rd,@@rs
+ldb addr,rbs            ldrl rrd,disp16         popl addr(rd),@@rs
+ldb rbd,@@rs             mbit                    popl addr,@@rs
+ldb rbd,addr            mreq rd                 popl rrd,@@rs
+ldb rbd,addr(rs)        mres                    push @@rd,@@rs
+ldb rbd,imm8            mset                    push @@rd,addr
+ldb rbd,rbs             mult rrd,@@rs            push @@rd,addr(rs)
+ldb rbd,rs(imm16)       mult rrd,addr           push @@rd,imm16
+push @@rd,rs             set addr,imm4           subl rrd,imm32
+pushl @@rd,@@rs           set rd,imm4             subl rrd,rrs
+pushl @@rd,addr          set rd,rs               tcc cc,rd
+pushl @@rd,addr(rs)      setb @@rd,imm4           tccb cc,rbd
+pushl @@rd,rrs           setb addr(rd),imm4      test @@rd
+res @@rd,imm4            setb addr,imm4          test addr
+res addr(rd),imm4       setb rbd,imm4           test addr(rd)
+res addr,imm4           setb rbd,rs             test rd
+res rd,imm4             setflg imm4             testb @@rd
+res rd,rs               sinb rbd,imm16          testb addr
+resb @@rd,imm4           sinb rd,imm16           testb addr(rd)
+resb addr(rd),imm4      sind @@rd,@@rs,ra         testb rbd
+resb addr,imm4          sindb @@rd,@@rs,rba       testl @@rd
+resb rbd,imm4           sinib @@rd,@@rs,ra        testl addr
+resb rbd,rs             sinibr @@rd,@@rs,ra       testl addr(rd)
+resflg imm4             sla rd,imm8             testl rrd
+ret cc                  slab rbd,imm8           trdb @@rd,@@rs,rba
+rl rd,imm1or2           slal rrd,imm8           trdrb @@rd,@@rs,rba
+rlb rbd,imm1or2         sll rd,imm8             trib @@rd,@@rs,rbr
+rlc rd,imm1or2          sllb rbd,imm8           trirb @@rd,@@rs,rbr
+rlcb rbd,imm1or2        slll rrd,imm8           trtdrb @@ra,@@rb,rbr
+rldb rbb,rba            sout imm16,rs           trtib @@ra,@@rb,rr
+rr rd,imm1or2           soutb imm16,rbs         trtirb @@ra,@@rb,rbr
+rrb rbd,imm1or2         soutd @@rd,@@rs,ra        trtrb @@ra,@@rb,rbr
+rrc rd,imm1or2          soutdb @@rd,@@rs,rba      tset @@rd
+rrcb rbd,imm1or2        soutib @@rd,@@rs,ra       tset addr
+rrdb rbb,rba            soutibr @@rd,@@rs,ra      tset addr(rd)
+rsvd36                  sra rd,imm8             tset rd
+rsvd38                  srab rbd,imm8           tsetb @@rd
+rsvd78                  sral rrd,imm8           tsetb addr
+rsvd7e                  srl rd,imm8             tsetb addr(rd)
+rsvd9d                  srlb rbd,imm8           tsetb rbd
+rsvd9f                  srll rrd,imm8           xor rd,@@rs
+rsvdb9                  sub rd,@@rs              xor rd,addr
+rsvdbf                  sub rd,addr             xor rd,addr(rs)
+sbc rd,rs               sub rd,addr(rs)         xor rd,imm16
+sbcb rbd,rbs            sub rd,imm16            xor rd,rs
+sc imm8                 sub rd,rs               xorb rbd,@@rs
+sda rd,rs               subb rbd,@@rs            xorb rbd,addr
+sdab rbd,rs             subb rbd,addr           xorb rbd,addr(rs)
+sdal rrd,rs             subb rbd,addr(rs)       xorb rbd,imm8
+sdl rd,rs               subb rbd,imm8           xorb rbd,rbs
+sdlb rbd,rs             subb rbd,rbs            xorb rbd,rbs
+sdll rrd,rs             subl rrd,@@rs
+set @@rd,imm4            subl rrd,addr
+set addr(rd),imm4       subl rrd,addr(rs)
+@end smallexample
+@iftex
+@endgroup
+@end iftex
+@end ifset
+
diff --git a/gas/doc/gasp.texi b/gas/doc/gasp.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..64cd6f44b17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/gasp.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,1086 @@
+\input texinfo               @c             -*- Texinfo -*-
+@setfilename gasp.info
+@c
+@c This file documents the assembly preprocessor "GASP"
+@c
+@c Copyright (c) 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c
+@c This text may be freely distributed under the terms of the GNU
+@c General Public License.
+
+@ifinfo
+@format
+START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+* gasp: (gasp).                     The GNU Assembler Preprocessor
+END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
+@end format
+@end ifinfo
+
+@syncodeindex ky cp
+@syncodeindex fn cp
+
+@finalout
+@setchapternewpage odd
+@settitle GASP
+@titlepage
+@c FIXME boring title
+@title GASP, an assembly preprocessor
+@subtitle for GASP version 1
+@sp 1
+@subtitle March 1994
+@author Roland Pesch
+@page
+
+@tex
+{\parskip=0pt \hfill Cygnus Support\par
+}
+@end tex
+
+@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
+Copyright @copyright{} 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that
+the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
+permission notice identical to this one.
+
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
+into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
+@end titlepage
+
+@ifinfo
+Copyright @copyright{} 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+
+@ignore
+Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
+results, provided the printed document carries a copying permission
+notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
+(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
+@end ignore
+
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that
+the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
+permission notice identical to this one.
+
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
+into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.
+
+@node Top
+@top GASP
+
+GASP is a preprocessor for assembly programs.
+
+This file describes version 1 of GASP.
+
+Steve Chamberlain wrote GASP; Roland Pesch wrote this manual.
+
+@menu
+* Overview::                    What is GASP?
+* Invoking GASP::               Command line options.
+* Commands::                    Preprocessor commands.
+* Index::                       Index.
+@end menu
+@end ifinfo
+
+@node Overview
+@chapter What is GASP?
+
+The primary purpose of the @sc{gnu} assembler is to assemble the output of
+other programs---notably compilers.  When you have to hand-code
+specialized routines in assembly, that means the @sc{gnu} assembler is
+an unfriendly processor: it has no directives for macros, conditionals,
+or many other conveniences that you might expect.
+
+In some cases you can simply use the C preprocessor, or a generalized
+preprocessor like @sc{m4}; but this can be awkward, since none of these
+things are designed with assembly in mind.
+
+@sc{gasp} fills this need.  It is expressly designed to provide the
+facilities you need with hand-coded assembly code.  Implementing it as a
+preprocessor, rather than part of the assembler, allows the maximum
+flexibility: you can use it with hand-coded assembly, without paying a
+penalty of added complexity in the assembler you use for compiler
+output.
+
+Here is a small example to give the flavor of @sc{gasp}.  This input to
+@sc{gasp}
+
+@cartouche
+@example
+        .MACRO  saveregs from=8 to=14
+count   .ASSIGNA \from
+        ! save r\from..r\to
+        .AWHILE  \&count LE \to
+        mov     r\&count,@@-sp
+count   .ASSIGNA  \&count + 1
+        .AENDW
+        .ENDM
+
+        saveregs from=12
+
+bar:    mov     #H'dead+10,r0
+foo     .SDATAC "hello"<10>
+        .END
+@end example
+@end cartouche
+
+@noindent
+generates this assembly program:
+
+@cartouche
+@example
+        ! save r12..r14
+        mov     r12,@@-sp
+        mov     r13,@@-sp
+        mov     r14,@@-sp
+
+bar:    mov     #57005+10,r0
+foo:    .byte   6,104,101,108,108,111,10
+@end example
+@end cartouche
+
+@node Invoking GASP
+@chapter Command Line Options
+
+@c FIXME!  Or is there a simpler way, calling from GAS option?
+The simplest way to use @sc{gasp} is to run it as a filter and assemble
+its output.  In Unix and its ilk, you can do this, for example:
+
+@c FIXME! GASP filename suffix convention?
+@example
+$ gasp prog.asm | as -o prog.o
+@end example
+
+Naturally, there are also a few command-line options to allow you to
+request variations on this basic theme.  Here is the full set of
+possibilities for the @sc{gasp} command line.
+
+@example
+gasp  [ -a | --alternate ]
+      [ -c @var{char} | --commentchar @var{char} ]
+      [ -d | --debug ]  [ -h | --help ] [ -M | --mri ]
+      [ -o @var{outfile} | --output @var{outfile} ]
+      [ -p | --print ]  [ -s | --copysource ]
+      [ -u | --unreasonable ]  [ -v | --version ]
+      @var{infile} @dots{}
+@end example
+
+@ftable @code
+@item @var{infile} @dots{}
+@c FIXME! Why not stdin as default infile?
+The input file names.  You must specify at least one input file; if you
+specify more, @sc{gasp} preprocesses them all, concatenating the output
+in the order you list the @var{infile} arguments.
+
+Mark the end of each input file with the preprocessor command
+@code{.END}.  @xref{Other Commands,, Miscellaneous commands}.
+
+@item -a
+@itemx --alternate
+Use alternative macro syntax.  @xref{Alternate,, Alternate macro
+syntax}, for a discussion of how this syntax differs from the default
+@sc{gasp} syntax.
+
+@cindex comment character, changing
+@cindex semicolon, as comment
+@cindex exclamation mark, as comment
+@cindex shriek, as comment
+@cindex bang, as comment
+@cindex @code{!} default comment char
+@cindex @code{;} as comment char
+@item -c '@var{char}'
+@itemx --commentchar '@var{char}'
+Use @var{char} as the comment character.  The default comment character
+is @samp{!}.  For example, to use a semicolon as the comment character,
+specify @w{@samp{-c ';'}} on the @sc{gasp} command line.  Since
+assembler command characters often have special significance to command
+shells, it is a good idea to quote or escape @var{char} when you specify
+a comment character.
+
+For the sake of simplicity, all examples in this manual use the default
+comment character @samp{!}.
+
+@item -d
+@itemx --debug
+Show debugging statistics.  In this version of @sc{gasp}, this option
+produces statistics about the string buffers that @sc{gasp} allocates
+internally.  For each defined buffersize @var{s}, @sc{gasp} shows the
+number of strings @var{n} that it allocated, with a line like this:
+
+@example
+strings size @var{s} : @var{n}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+@sc{gasp} displays these statistics on the standard error stream, when
+done preprocessing.
+
+@item -h
+@itemx --help
+Display a summary of the @sc{gasp} command line options.
+
+@item -M
+@itemx --mri
+Use MRI compatibility mode.  Using this option causes @sc{gasp} to
+accept the syntax and pseudo-ops used by the Microtec Research
+@code{ASM68K} assembler.
+
+@item -o @var{outfile}
+@itemx --output @var{outfile}
+Write the output in a file called @var{outfile}.  If you do not use the
+@samp{-o} option, @sc{gasp} writes its output on the standard output
+stream.
+
+@item -p
+@itemx --print
+Print line numbers.  @sc{gasp} obeys this option @emph{only} if you also
+specify @samp{-s} to copy source lines to its output.  With @samp{-s
+-p}, @sc{gasp} displays the line number of each source line copied
+(immediately after the comment character at the beginning of the line).
+
+@item -s
+@itemx --copysource
+Copy the source lines to the output file.  Use this option
+to see the effect of each preprocessor line on the @sc{gasp} output.
+@sc{gasp} places a comment character (@samp{!} by default) at
+the beginning of each source line it copies, so that you can use this
+option and still assemble the result.
+
+@item -u
+@itemx --unreasonable
+Bypass ``unreasonable expansion'' limit.  Since you can define @sc{gasp}
+macros inside other macro definitions, the preprocessor normally
+includes a sanity check.  If your program requires more than 1,000
+nested expansions, @sc{gasp} normally exits with an error message.  Use
+this option to turn off this check, allowing unlimited nested
+expansions.
+
+@item -v
+@itemx --version
+Display the @sc{gasp} version number.
+@end ftable
+
+@node Commands
+@chapter Preprocessor Commands
+
+@sc{gasp} commands have a straightforward syntax that fits in well with
+assembly conventions.  In general, a command extends for a line, and may
+have up to three fields: an optional label, the command itself, and
+optional arguments to the command.  You can write commands in upper or
+lower case, though this manual shows them in upper case.  @xref{Syntax
+Details,, Details of the GASP syntax}, for more information.
+
+@menu
+* Conditionals::
+* Loops::
+* Variables::
+* Macros::
+* Data::
+* Listings::
+* Other Commands::
+* Syntax Details::
+* Alternate::
+@end menu
+
+@node Conditionals
+@section Conditional assembly
+
+The conditional-assembly directives allow you to include or exclude
+portions of an assembly depending on how a pair of expressions, or a
+pair of strings, compare.
+
+The overall structure of conditionals is familiar from many other
+contexts.  @code{.AIF} marks the start of a conditional, and precedes
+assembly for the case when the condition is true.   An optional
+@code{.AELSE} precedes assembly for the converse case, and an
+@code{.AENDI} marks the end of the condition.
+
+@c FIXME! Why doesn't -u turn off this check?
+You may nest conditionals up to a depth of 100; @sc{gasp} rejects
+nesting beyond that, because it may indicate a bug in your macro
+structure.
+
+@c FIXME! Why isn't there something like cpp's -D option?  Conditionals
+@c        would be much more useful if there were.
+Conditionals are primarily useful inside macro definitions, where you
+often need different effects depending on argument values.
+@xref{Macros,, Defining your own directives}, for details about defining
+macros.
+
+@ftable @code
+@item .AIF @var{expra} @var{cmp} @var{exprb}
+@itemx .AIF "@var{stra}" @var{cmp} "@var{strb}"
+
+The governing condition goes on the same line as the @code{.AIF}
+preprocessor command.  You may compare either two strings, or two
+expressions.
+
+When you compare strings, only two conditional @var{cmp} comparison
+operators are available: @samp{EQ} (true if @var{stra} and @var{strb}
+are identical), and @samp{NE} (the opposite).
+
+When you compare two expressions, @emph{both expressions must be
+absolute} (@pxref{Expressions,, Arithmetic expressions in GASP}).  You
+can use these @var{cmp} comparison operators with expressions:
+
+@ftable @code
+@item EQ
+Are @var{expra} and @var{exprb} equal?  (For strings, are @var{stra} and
+@var{strb} identical?)
+
+@item NE
+Are @var{expra} and @var{exprb} different?  (For strings, are @var{stra}
+and @var{strb} different?
+
+@item LT
+Is @var{expra} less than @var{exprb}?  (Not allowed for strings.)
+
+@item LE
+Is @var{expra} less than or equal to @var{exprb}?  (Not allowed for strings.)
+
+@item GT
+Is @var{expra} greater than @var{exprb}?  (Not allowed for strings.)
+
+@item GE
+Is @var{expra} greater than or equal to @var{exprb}?  (Not allowed for
+strings.)
+@end ftable
+
+@item .AELSE
+Marks the start of assembly code to be included if the condition fails.
+Optional, and only allowed within a conditional (between @code{.AIF} and
+@code{.AENDI}).
+
+@item .AENDI
+Marks the end of a conditional assembly.
+@end ftable
+
+@node Loops
+@section Repetitive sections of assembly
+
+Two preprocessor directives allow you to repeatedly issue copies of the
+same block of assembly code.
+
+@ftable @code
+@item .AREPEAT @var{aexp}
+@itemx .AENDR
+If you simply need to repeat the same block of assembly over and over a
+fixed number of times, sandwich one instance of the repeated block
+between @code{.AREPEAT} and @code{.AENDR}.  Specify the number of
+copies as @var{aexp} (which must be an absolute expression).  For
+example, this repeats two assembly statements three times in succession:
+
+@cartouche
+@example
+        .AREPEAT        3
+        rotcl   r2
+        div1    r0,r1
+        .AENDR
+@end example
+@end cartouche
+
+@item .AWHILE @var{expra} @var{cmp} @var{exprb}
+@itemx .AENDW
+@itemx .AWHILE @var{stra} @var{cmp} @var{strb}
+@itemx .AENDW
+To repeat a block of assembly depending on a conditional test, rather
+than repeating it for a specific number of times, use @code{.AWHILE}.
+@code{.AENDW} marks the end of the repeated block.  The conditional
+comparison works exactly the same way as for @code{.AIF}, with the same
+comparison operators (@pxref{Conditionals,, Conditional assembly}).
+
+Since the terms of the comparison must be absolute expression,
+@code{.AWHILE} is primarily useful within macros.  @xref{Macros,,
+Defining your own directives}.
+@end ftable
+
+@cindex loops, breaking out of
+@cindex breaking out of loops
+You can use the @code{.EXITM} preprocessor directive to break out of
+loops early (as well as to break out of macros).  @xref{Macros,,
+Defining your own directives}.
+
+@node Variables
+@section Preprocessor variables
+
+You can use variables in @sc{gasp} to represent strings, registers, or
+the results of expressions.
+
+You must distinguish two kinds of variables: 
+@enumerate
+@item
+Variables defined with @code{.EQU} or @code{.ASSIGN}.  To evaluate this
+kind of variable in your assembly output, simply mention its name.  For
+example, these two lines define and use a variable @samp{eg}:
+
+@cartouche
+@example
+eg     .EQU   FLIP-64
+       @dots{}
+       mov.l  eg,r0
+@end example
+@end cartouche
+
+@emph{Do not use} this kind of variable in conditional expressions or
+while loops; @sc{gasp} only evaluates these variables when writing
+assembly output.
+
+@item
+Variables for use during preprocessing.  You can define these
+with @code{.ASSIGNC} or @code{.ASSIGNA}.  To evaluate this
+kind of variable, write @samp{\&} before the variable name; for example,
+
+@cartouche
+@example
+opcit  .ASSIGNA  47
+       @dots{}
+       .AWHILE  \&opcit GT 0
+       @dots{}
+       .AENDW
+@end example
+@end cartouche
+
+@sc{gasp} treats macro arguments almost the same way, but to evaluate
+them you use the prefix @samp{\} rather than @samp{\&}.
+@xref{Macros,, Defining your own directives}.
+@end enumerate
+
+@ftable @code
+@item @var{pvar} .EQU @var{expr}
+@c FIXME!  Anything to beware of re GAS directive of same name?
+Assign preprocessor variable @var{pvar} the value of the expression
+@var{expr}.  There are no restrictions on redefinition; use @samp{.EQU}
+with the same @var{pvar} as often as you find it convenient.
+
+@item @var{pvar} .ASSIGN @var{expr}
+Almost the same as @code{.EQU}, save that you may not redefine
+@var{pvar} using @code{.ASSIGN} once it has a value.
+@c FIXME!!  Supposed to work this way, apparently, but on 9feb94 works
+@c          just like .EQU
+
+@item @var{pvar} .ASSIGNA @var{aexpr}
+Define a variable with a numeric value, for use during preprocessing.
+@var{aexpr} must be an absolute expression.  You can redefine variables
+with @code{.ASSIGNA} at any time.
+
+@item @var{pvar} .ASSIGNC "@var{str}"
+Define a variable with a string value, for use during preprocessing.
+You can redefine variables with @code{.ASSIGNC} at any time.
+
+@item @var{pvar} .REG (@var{register})
+Use @code{.REG} to define a variable that represents a register.  In
+particular, @var{register} is @emph{not evaluated} as an expression.
+You may use @code{.REG} at will to redefine register variables.
+@end ftable
+
+All these directives accept the variable name in the ``label'' position,
+that is at the left margin.  You may specify a colon after the variable
+name if you wish; the first example above could have started @samp{eg:}
+with the same effect.
+
+@c pagebreak makes for better aesthetics---ensures macro and expansion together
+@page
+@node Macros
+@section Defining your own directives
+
+The commands @code{.MACRO} and @code{.ENDM} allow you to define macros
+that generate assembly output.  You can use these macros with a syntax
+similar to built-in @sc{gasp} or assembler directives.  For example,
+this definition specifies a macro @code{SUM} that adds together a range of
+consecutive registers:
+
+@cartouche
+@example
+        .MACRO  SUM FROM=0, TO=9
+        ! \FROM \TO
+        mov     r\FROM,r10
+COUNT   .ASSIGNA        \FROM+1
+        .AWHILE \&COUNT LE \TO
+        add     r\&COUNT,r10
+COUNT   .ASSIGNA        \&COUNT+1
+        .AENDW
+        .ENDM
+@end example
+@end cartouche
+
+@noindent
+With that definition, @samp{SUM 0,5} generates this assembly output:
+
+@cartouche
+@example
+        ! 0 5
+        mov     r0,r10
+        add     r1,r10
+        add     r2,r10
+        add     r3,r10
+        add     r4,r10
+        add     r5,r10
+@end example
+@end cartouche
+
+@ftable @code
+@item .MACRO @var{macname}
+@itemx .MACRO @var{macname} @var{macargs} @dots{}
+Begin the definition of a macro called @var{macname}.  If your macro
+definition requires arguments, specify their names after the macro name,
+separated by commas or spaces.  You can supply a default value for any
+macro argument by following the name with @samp{=@var{deflt}}.  For
+example, these are all valid @code{.MACRO} statements:
+
+@table @code
+@item .MACRO COMM
+Begin the definition of a macro called @code{COMM}, which takes no
+arguments.
+
+@item .MACRO PLUS1 P, P1
+@itemx .MACRO PLUS1 P P1
+Either statement begins the definition of a macro called @code{PLUS1},
+which takes two arguments; within the macro definition, write
+@samp{\P} or @samp{\P1} to evaluate the arguments.
+
+@item .MACRO RESERVE_STR P1=0 P2
+Begin the definition of a macro called @code{RESERVE_STR}, with two
+arguments.  The first argument has a default value, but not the second.
+After the definition is complete, you can call the macro either as
+@samp{RESERVE_STR @var{a},@var{b}} (with @samp{\P1} evaluating to
+@var{a} and @samp{\P2} evaluating to @var{b}), or as @samp{RESERVE_STR
+,@var{b}} (with @samp{\P1} evaluating as the default, in this case
+@samp{0}, and @samp{\P2} evaluating to @var{b}).
+@end table
+
+When you call a macro, you can specify the argument values either by
+position, or by keyword.  For example, @samp{SUM 9,17} is equivalent to
+@samp{SUM TO=17, FROM=9}.  Macro arguments are preprocessor variables
+similar to the variables you define with @samp{.ASSIGNA} or
+@samp{.ASSIGNC}; in particular, you can use them in conditionals or for
+loop control.  (The only difference is the prefix you write to evaluate
+the variable: for a macro argument, write @samp{\@var{argname}}, but for
+a preprocessor variable, write @samp{\&@var{varname}}.)
+
+@item @var{name} .MACRO
+@itemx @var{name} .MACRO ( @var{macargs} @dots{} )
+@c FIXME check: I think no error _and_ no args recognized if I use form
+@c       NAME  .MACRO   ARG ARG
+An alternative form of introducing a macro definition: specify the macro
+name in the label position, and the arguments (if any) between
+parentheses after the name.  Defaulting rules and usage work the same
+way as for the other macro definition syntax.
+
+@item .ENDM
+Mark the end of a macro definition.
+
+@item .EXITM
+Exit early from the current macro definition, @code{.AREPEAT} loop, or
+@code{.AWHILE} loop.
+
+@cindex number of macros executed
+@cindex macros, count executed
+@item \@@
+@sc{gasp} maintains a counter of how many macros it has
+executed in this pseudo-variable; you can copy that number to your
+output with @samp{\@@}, but @emph{only within a macro definition}.
+
+@item LOCAL @var{name} [ , @dots{} ]
+@emph{Warning: @code{LOCAL} is only available if you select ``alternate
+macro syntax'' with @samp{-a} or @samp{--alternate}.}  @xref{Alternate,,
+Alternate macro syntax}.
+
+Generate a string replacement for each of the @var{name} arguments, and
+replace any instances of @var{name} in each macro expansion.  The
+replacement string is unique in the assembly, and different for each
+separate macro expansion.  @code{LOCAL} allows you to write macros that
+define symbols, without fear of conflict between separate macro expansions.
+@end ftable
+
+@node Data
+@section Data output
+
+In assembly code, you often need to specify working areas of memory;
+depending on the application, you may want to initialize such memory or
+not.  @sc{gasp} provides preprocessor directives to help you avoid
+repetitive coding for both purposes.
+
+You can use labels as usual to mark the data areas.
+
+@menu
+* Initialized::
+* Uninitialized::
+@end menu
+
+@node Initialized
+@subsection Initialized data
+
+These are the @sc{gasp} directives for initialized data, and the standard
+@sc{gnu} assembler directives they expand to:
+
+@ftable @code
+@item .DATA @var{expr}, @var{expr}, @dots{}
+@itemx .DATA.B @var{expr}, @var{expr}, @dots{}
+@itemx .DATA.W @var{expr}, @var{expr}, @dots{}
+@itemx .DATA.L @var{expr}, @var{expr}, @dots{}
+Evaluate arithmetic expressions @var{expr}, and emit the corresponding
+@code{as} directive (labelled with @var{lab}).  The unqualified
+@code{.DATA} emits @samp{.long}; @code{.DATA.B} emits @samp{.byte};
+@code{.DATA.W} emits @samp{.short}; and @code{.DATA.L} emits
+@samp{.long}.
+
+For example, @samp{foo .DATA 1,2,3} emits @samp{foo: .long 1,2,3}.
+
+@item .DATAB @var{repeat}, @var{expr}
+@itemx .DATAB.B @var{repeat}, @var{expr}
+@itemx .DATAB.W @var{repeat}, @var{expr}
+@itemx .DATAB.L @var{repeat}, @var{expr}
+@c FIXME! Looks like gasp accepts and ignores args after 2nd.
+Make @code{as} emit @var{repeat} copies of the value of the expression
+@var{expr} (using the @code{as} directive @code{.fill}).
+@samp{.DATAB.B} repeats one-byte values; @samp{.DATAB.W} repeats
+two-byte values; and @samp{.DATAB.L} repeats four-byte values.
+@samp{.DATAB} without a suffix repeats four-byte values, just like
+@samp{.DATAB.L}.
+
+@c FIXME! Allowing zero might be useful for edge conditions in macros.
+@var{repeat} must be an absolute expression with a positive value.
+
+@item .SDATA "@var{str}" @dots{}
+String data.  Emits a concatenation of bytes, precisely as you specify
+them (in particular, @emph{nothing is added to mark the end} of the
+string).  @xref{Constants,, String and numeric constants}, for details
+about how to write strings.  @code{.SDATA} concatenates multiple
+arguments, making it easy to switch between string representations.  You
+can use commas to separate the individual arguments for clarity, if you
+choose.
+
+@item .SDATAB @var{repeat}, "@var{str}" @dots{}
+Repeated string data.  The first argument specifies how many copies of
+the string to emit; the remaining arguments specify the string, in the
+same way as the arguments to @code{.SDATA}.
+
+@item .SDATAZ "@var{str}" @dots{}
+Zero-terminated string data.  Just like @code{.SDATA}, except that
+@code{.SDATAZ} writes a zero byte at the end of the string.
+
+@item .SDATAC "@var{str}" @dots{}
+Count-prefixed string data.  Just like @code{.SDATA}, except that
+@sc{gasp} precedes the string with a leading one-byte count.  For
+example, @samp{.SDATAC "HI"} generates @samp{.byte 2,72,73}.  Since the
+count field is only one byte, you can only use @code{.SDATAC} for
+strings less than 256 bytes in length.
+@end ftable
+
+@node Uninitialized
+@subsection Uninitialized data
+
+@c FIXME!  .space different on some platforms, notably HPPA.  Config?
+Use the @code{.RES}, @code{.SRES}, @code{.SRESC}, and @code{.SRESZ}
+directives to reserve memory and leave it uninitialized.  @sc{gasp}
+resolves these directives to appropriate calls of the @sc{gnu}
+@code{as} @code{.space} directive.
+
+@ftable @code
+@item .RES @var{count}
+@itemx .RES.B @var{count}
+@itemx .RES.W @var{count}
+@itemx .RES.L @var{count}
+Reserve room for @var{count} uninitialized elements of data.  The
+suffix specifies the size of each element: @code{.RES.B} reserves
+@var{count} bytes, @code{.RES.W} reserves @var{count} pairs of bytes,
+and @code{.RES.L} reserves @var{count} quartets.  @code{.RES} without a
+suffix is equivalent to @code{.RES.L}.
+
+@item .SRES @var{count}
+@itemx .SRES.B @var{count}
+@itemx .SRES.W @var{count}
+@itemx .SRES.L @var{count}
+@c FIXME!  This is boring.  Shouldn't it at least have a different
+@c         default size?  (e.g. the "S" suggests "string", for which .B
+@c         would be more appropriate)
+@code{.SRES} is a synonym for @samp{.RES}.
+
+@item .SRESC @var{count}
+@itemx .SRESC.B @var{count}
+@itemx .SRESC.W @var{count}
+@itemx .SRESC.L @var{count}
+Like @code{.SRES}, but reserves space for @code{@var{count}+1} elements.
+
+@item .SRESZ @var{count}
+@itemx .SRESZ.B @var{count}
+@itemx .SRESZ.W @var{count}
+@itemx .SRESZ.L @var{count}
+Like @code{.SRES}, but reserves space for @code{@var{count}+1} elements.
+@end ftable
+
+@node Listings
+@section Assembly listing control
+
+The @sc{gasp} listing-control directives correspond to
+related @sc{gnu} @code{as} directives.
+
+@ftable @code
+@item .PRINT LIST
+@itemx .PRINT NOLIST
+Print control.  This directive emits the @sc{gnu} @code{as} directive
+@code{.list} or @code{.nolist}, according to its argument.  @xref{List,,
+@code{.list}, as.info, Using as}, for details on how these directives
+interact.
+
+@item .FORM LIN=@var{ln}
+@itemx .FORM COL=@var{cols}
+@itemx .FORM LIN=@var{ln} COL=@var{cols}
+Specify the page size for assembly listings: @var{ln} represents the
+number of lines, and @var{cols} the number of columns.  You may specify
+either page dimension independently, or both together.  If you do not
+specify the number of lines, @sc{gasp} assumes 60 lines; if you do not
+specify the number of columns, @sc{gasp} assumes 132 columns.
+(Any values you may have specified in previous instances of @code{.FORM}
+do @emph{not} carry over as defaults.)  Emits the @code{.psize}
+assembler directive.
+
+@item .HEADING @var{string}
+Specify @var{string} as the title of your assembly listings.  Emits
+@samp{.title "@var{string}"}.
+
+@item .PAGE
+Force a new page in assembly listings.  Emits @samp{.eject}.
+@end ftable
+
+@node Other Commands
+@section Miscellaneous commands
+
+@ftable @code
+@item .ALTERNATE
+Use the alternate macro syntax henceforth in the assembly.
+@xref{Alternate,, Alternate macro syntax}.
+
+@item .ORG
+@c FIXME!  This is very strange, since _GAS_ understands .org
+This command is recognized, but not yet implemented.  @sc{gasp}
+generates an error message for programs that use @code{.ORG}.
+
+@item .RADIX @var{s}
+@c FIXME no test cases in testsuite/gasp
+@sc{gasp} understands numbers in any of base two, eight, ten, or
+sixteen.  You can encode the base explicitly in any numeric constant
+(@pxref{Constants,, String and numeric constants}).  If you write
+numbers without an explicit indication of the base, the most recent
+@samp{.RADIX @var{s}} command determines how they are interpreted.
+@var{s} is a single letter, one of the following:
+
+@table @code
+@item .RADIX B
+Base 2.
+
+@item .RADIX Q
+Base 8.
+
+@item .RADIX D
+Base 10.  This is the original default radix.
+
+@item .RADIX H
+Base 16.
+@end table
+
+You may specify the argument @var{s} in lower case (any of @samp{bqdh})
+with the same effects.
+
+@item .EXPORT @var{name}
+@itemx .GLOBAL @var{name}
+@c FIXME! No test cases in testsuite/gasp
+Declare @var{name} global (emits @samp{.global @var{name}}).  The two
+directives are synonymous.
+
+@item .PROGRAM
+No effect: @sc{gasp} accepts this directive, and silently ignores it.
+
+@item .END
+Mark end of each preprocessor file.  @sc{gasp} issues a warning if it
+reaches end of file without seeing this command.
+
+@item .INCLUDE "@var{str}"
+Preprocess the file named by @var{str}, as if its contents appeared
+where the @code{.INCLUDE} directive does.  @sc{gasp} imposes a maximum
+limit of 30 stacked include files, as a sanity check.
+@c FIXME!  Why is include depth not affected by -u?
+
+@item .ALIGN @var{size}
+@c FIXME! Why is this not utterly pointless?
+Evaluate the absolute expression @var{size}, and emit the assembly
+instruction @samp{.align @var{size}} using the result.
+@end ftable
+
+@node Syntax Details
+@section Details of the GASP syntax
+
+Since @sc{gasp} is meant to work with assembly code, its statement
+syntax has no surprises for the assembly programmer.
+
+@cindex whitespace
+@emph{Whitespace} (blanks or tabs; @emph{not} newline) is partially
+significant, in that it delimits up to three fields in a line.  The
+amount of whitespace does not matter; you may line up fields in separate
+lines if you wish, but @sc{gasp} does not require that.
+
+@cindex fields of @sc{gasp} source line
+@cindex label field
+The @emph{first field}, an optional @dfn{label}, must be flush left in a
+line (with no leading whitespace) if it appears at all.  You may use a
+colon after the label if you wish; @sc{gasp} neither requires the colon
+nor objects to it (but will not include it as part of the label name).
+
+@cindex directive field
+The @emph{second field}, which must appear after some whitespace,
+contains a @sc{gasp} or assembly @dfn{directive}.
+
+@cindex argument fields
+Any @emph{further fields} on a line are @dfn{arguments} to the
+directive; you can separate them from one another using either commas or
+whitespace.
+
+@menu
+* Markers::
+* Constants::
+* Symbols::
+* Expressions::
+* String Builtins::
+@end menu
+
+@node Markers
+@subsection Special syntactic markers
+
+@sc{gasp} recognizes a few special markers: to delimit comments, to
+continue a statement on the next line, to separate symbols from other
+characters, and to copy text to the output literally.  (One other
+special marker, @samp{\@@}, works only within macro definitions;
+@pxref{Macros,, Defining your own directives}.)
+
+@cindex comments
+The trailing part of any @sc{gasp} source line may be a @dfn{comment}.
+A comment begins with the first unquoted comment character (@samp{!} by
+default), or an escaped or doubled comment character (@samp{\!} or
+@samp{!!} by default), and extends to the end of a line.  You can
+specify what comment character to use with the @samp{-c} option
+(@pxref{Invoking GASP,, Command Line Options}).  The two kinds of
+comment markers lead to slightly different treatment:
+
+@table @code
+@item !
+A single, un-escaped comment character generates an assembly comment in
+the @sc{gasp} output.  @sc{gasp} evaluates any preprocessor variables
+(macro arguments, or variables defined with @code{.ASSIGNA} or
+@code{.ASSIGNC}) present.  For example, a macro that begins like this
+
+@example
+        .MACRO  SUM FROM=0, TO=9
+        ! \FROM \TO
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+issues as the first line of output a comment that records the
+values you used to call the macro.
+
+@c comments, preprocessor-only
+@c preprocessor-only comments
+@c GASP-only comments
+@item \!
+@itemx !!
+Either an escaped comment character, or a double comment character,
+marks a @sc{gasp} source comment.  @sc{gasp} does not copy such comments
+to the assembly output.
+@end table
+
+@cindex continuation character
+@kindex +
+To @emph{continue a statement} on the next line of the file, begin the
+second line with the character @samp{+}.
+
+@cindex literal copy to output
+@cindex copying literally to output
+@cindex preprocessing, avoiding
+@cindex avoiding preprocessing
+Occasionally you may want to prevent @sc{gasp} from preprocessing some
+particular bit of text.  To @emph{copy literally} from the @sc{gasp}
+source to its output, place @samp{\(} before the string to copy, and
+@samp{)} at the end.  For example, write @samp{\(\!)} if you need the
+characters @samp{\!} in your assembly output.
+
+@cindex symbol separator
+@cindex text, separating from symbols
+@cindex symbols, separating from text
+To @emph{separate a preprocessor variable} from text to appear
+immediately after its value, write a single quote (@code{'}).  For
+example, @samp{.SDATA "\P'1"} writes a string built by concatenating the
+value of @code{P} and the digit @samp{1}.  (You cannot achieve this by
+writing just @samp{\P1}, since @samp{P1} is itself a valid name for a
+preprocessor variable.)
+
+@node Constants
+@subsection String and numeric constants
+
+There are two ways of writing @dfn{string constants} in @sc{gasp}: as
+literal text, and by numeric byte value.  Specify a string literal
+between double quotes (@code{"@var{str}"}).  Specify an individual
+numeric byte value as an absolute expression between angle brackets
+(@code{<@var{expr}>}.  Directives that output strings allow you to
+specify any number of either kind of value, in whatever order is
+convenient, and concatenate the result.  (Alternate syntax mode
+introduces a number of alternative string notations; @pxref{Alternate,,
+Alternate macro syntax}.)
+
+@c Details of numeric notation, e.g. base prefixes
+You can write @dfn{numeric constants} either in a specific base, or in
+whatever base is currently selected (either 10, or selected by the most
+recent @code{.RADIX}).
+
+To write a number in a @emph{specific base}, use the pattern
+@code{@var{s}'@var{ddd}}: a base specifier character @var{s}, followed
+by a single quote followed by digits @var{ddd}.  The base specifier
+character matches those you can specify with @code{.RADIX}: @samp{B} for
+base 2, @samp{Q} for base 8, @samp{D} for base 10, and @samp{H} for base
+16.  (You can write this character in lower case if you prefer.)
+
+@c FIXME! What are rules for recognizing number in deflt base?  Whatever
+@c        is left over after parsing other things??
+
+@node Symbols
+@subsection Symbols
+
+@sc{gasp} recognizes symbol names that start with any alphabetic character,
+@samp{_}, or @samp{$}, and continue with any of the same characters or
+with digits.  Label names follow the same rules.
+
+@node Expressions
+@subsection Arithmetic expressions in GASP
+
+@cindex absolute expressions
+@cindex relocatable expressions
+There are two kinds of expressions, depending on their result:
+@dfn{absolute} expressions, which resolve to a constant (that is, they
+do not involve any values unknown to @sc{gasp}), and @dfn{relocatable}
+expressions, which must reduce to the form
+
+@example
+@var{addsym}+@var{const}-@var{subsym}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+where @var{addsym} and @var{subsym} are assembly symbols of unknown
+value, and @var{const} is a constant.
+
+Arithmetic for @sc{gasp} expressions follows very similar rules to C.
+You can use parentheses to change precedence; otherwise, arithmetic
+primitives have decreasing precedence in the order of the following
+list.
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+Single-argument @code{+} (identity), @code{-} (arithmetic opposite), or
+@code{~} (bitwise negation).  @emph{The argument must be an absolute
+expression.}
+
+@item
+@code{*} (multiplication) and @code{/} (division).  @emph{Both arguments
+must be absolute expressions.}
+
+@item
+@code{+} (addition) and @code{-} (subtraction).  @emph{At least one argument
+must be absolute.}
+@c FIXME!  Actually, subtraction doesn't check for this.
+
+@item
+@code{&} (bitwise and).  @emph{Both arguments must be absolute.}
+
+@item
+@c FIXME!  I agree ~ is a better notation than ^ for xor, but is the
+@c         improvement worth differing from C?
+@code{|} (bitwise or) and @code{~} (bitwise exclusive or; @code{^} in
+C).  @emph{Both arguments must be absolute.}
+@end enumerate
+
+@node String Builtins
+@subsection String primitives
+
+You can use these primitives to manipulate strings (in the argument
+field of @sc{gasp} statements):
+
+@ftable @code
+@item .LEN("@var{str}")
+Calculate the length of string @code{"@var{str}"}, as an absolute
+expression.  For example, @samp{.RES.B .LEN("sample")} reserves six
+bytes of memory.
+
+@item .INSTR("@var{string}", "@var{seg}", @var{ix})
+Search for the first occurrence of @var{seg} after position @var{ix} of
+@var{string}.  For example, @samp{.INSTR("ABCDEFG", "CDE", 0)} evaluates
+to the absolute result @code{2}.
+
+The result is @code{-1} if @var{seg} does not occur in @var{string}
+after position @var{ix}.
+
+@item .SUBSTR("@var{string}",@var{start},@var{len})
+The substring of @var{string} beginning at byte number @var{start} and
+extending for @var{len} bytes.
+@end ftable
+
+@node Alternate
+@section Alternate macro syntax
+
+If you specify @samp{-a} or @samp{--alternate} on the @sc{gasp} command
+line, the preprocessor uses somewhat different syntax.  This syntax is
+reminiscent of the syntax of Phar Lap macro assembler, but it
+is @emph{not} meant to be a full emulation of Phar Lap or similar
+assemblers.  In particular, @sc{gasp} does not support directives such
+as @code{DB} and @code{IRP}, even in alternate syntax mode.
+
+In particular, @samp{-a} (or @samp{--alternate}) elicits these
+differences:
+
+@table @emph
+@item Preprocessor directives
+You can use @sc{gasp} preprocessor directives without a leading @samp{.}
+dot.  For example, you can write @samp{SDATA} with the same effect as
+@samp{.SDATA}.
+
+@item LOCAL
+One additional directive, @code{LOCAL}, is available.  @xref{Macros,,
+Defining your own directives}, for an explanation of how to use
+@code{LOCAL}.
+
+@need 2000
+@item String delimiters
+You can write strings delimited in these other ways besides
+@code{"@var{string}"}:
+
+@table @code
+@item '@var{string}'
+You can delimit strings with single-quote charaters.
+
+@item <@var{string}>
+You can delimit strings with matching angle brackets.
+@end table
+
+@item single-character string escape
+To include any single character literally in a string (even if the
+character would otherwise have some special meaning), you can prefix the
+character with @samp{!} (an exclamation mark).  For example, you can
+write @samp{<4.3 !> 5.4!!>} to get the literal text @samp{4.3 > 5.4!}.
+
+@item Expression results as strings
+You can write @samp{%@var{expr}} to evaluate the expression @var{expr}
+and use the result as a string.  
+@end table
+
+@node Index
+@unnumbered Index
+
+@printindex cp
+
+@contents
+@bye
diff --git a/gas/doc/h8.texi b/gas/doc/h8.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..0df17144bfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/h8.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+@clear ALL-ARCH
+@clear GENERIC
+@clear INTERNALS
+@clear MULTI-OBJ
+@clear AOUT
+@clear BOUT
+@set COFF
+@clear ELF
+@set Hitachi-all
+@set H8/300
+@set H8/500
+@set SH
+@clear DIFF-TBL-KLUGE
+@set IEEEFLOAT
+@clear W32
+@set W16
+@set SPECIAL-SYMS
+@set AS as
+@set GCC gcc
+@set LD ld
+@set TARGET H8/300 and H8/500
+@set TARGET H8/300, H8/500, and Hitachi SH
+@set OBJ-NAME COFF
+@c
+@clear have-stabs
+@set abnormal-separator
diff --git a/gas/doc/internals.texi b/gas/doc/internals.texi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..dd3b4ab15eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gas/doc/internals.texi
@@ -0,0 +1,1557 @@
+\input texinfo
+@setfilename internals.info
+@node Top
+@top Assembler Internals
+@raisesections
+@cindex internals
+
+This chapter describes the internals of the assembler.  It is incomplete, but
+it may help a bit.
+
+This chapter was last modified on $Date$.  It is not updated regularly, and it
+may be out of date.
+
+@menu
+* GAS versions::        GAS versions
+* Data types::		Data types
+* GAS processing::      What GAS does when it runs
+* Porting GAS::         Porting GAS
+* Relaxation::          Relaxation
+* Broken words::        Broken words
+* Internal functions::  Internal functions
+* Test suite::          Test suite
+@end menu
+
+@node GAS versions
+@section GAS versions
+
+GAS has acquired layers of code over time.  The original GAS only supported the
+a.out object file format, with three sections.  Support for multiple sections
+has been added in two different ways.
+
+The preferred approach is to use the version of GAS created when the symbol
+@code{BFD_ASSEMBLER} is defined.  The other versions of GAS are documented for
+historical purposes, and to help anybody who has to debug code written for
+them.
+
+The type @code{segT} is used to represent a section in code which must work
+with all versions of GAS.
+
+@menu
+* Original GAS::        Original GAS version
+* MANY_SEGMENTS::       MANY_SEGMENTS gas version
+* BFD_ASSEMBLER::       BFD_ASSEMBLER gas version
+@end menu
+
+@node Original GAS
+@subsection Original GAS
+
+The original GAS only supported the a.out object file format with three
+sections: @samp{.text}, @samp{.data}, and @samp{.bss}.  This is the version of
+GAS that is compiled if neither @code{BFD_ASSEMBLER} nor @code{MANY_SEGMENTS}
+is defined.  This version of GAS is still used for the m68k-aout target, and
+perhaps others.
+
+This version of GAS should not be used for any new development.
+
+There is still code that is specific to this version of GAS, notably in
+@file{write.c}.  There is no way for this code to loop through all the
+sections; it simply looks at global variables like @code{text_frag_root} and
+@code{data_frag_root}.
+
+The type @code{segT} is an enum.
+
+@node MANY_SEGMENTS
+@subsection MANY_SEGMENTS gas version
+@cindex MANY_SEGMENTS
+
+The @code{MANY_SEGMENTS} version of gas is only used for COFF.  It uses the BFD
+library, but it writes out all the data itself using @code{bfd_write}.  This
+version of gas supports up to 40 normal sections.  The section names are stored
+in the @code{seg_name} array.  Other information is stored in the
+@code{segment_info} array.
+
+The type @code{segT} is an enum.  Code that wants to examine all the sections
+can use a @code{segT} variable as loop index from @code{SEG_E0} up to but not
+including @code{SEG_UNKNOWN}.
+
+Most of the code specific to this version of GAS is in the file
+@file{config/obj-coff.c}, in the portion of that file that is compiled when
+@code{BFD_ASSEMBLER} is not defined.
+
+This version of GAS is still used for several COFF targets.
+
+@node BFD_ASSEMBLER
+@subsection BFD_ASSEMBLER gas version
+@cindex BFD_ASSEMBLER
+
+The preferred version of GAS is the @code{BFD_ASSEMBLER} version.  In this
+version of GAS, the output file is a normal BFD, and the BFD routines are used
+to generate the output.
+
+@code{BFD_ASSEMBLER} will automatically be used for certain targets, including
+those that use the ELF, ECOFF, and SOM object file formats, and also all Alpha,
+MIPS, PowerPC, and SPARC targets.  You can force the use of
+@code{BFD_ASSEMBLER} for other targets with the configure option
+@samp{--enable-bfd-assembler}; however, it has not been tested for many
+targets, and can not be assumed to work.
+
+@node Data types
+@section Data types
+@cindex internals, data types
+
+This section describes some fundamental GAS data types.
+
+@menu
+* Symbols::             The symbolS structure
+* Expressions::         The expressionS structure
+* Fixups::		The fixS structure
+* Frags::               The fragS structure
+@end menu
+
+@node Symbols
+@subsection Symbols
+@cindex internals, symbols
+@cindex symbols, internal
+@cindex symbolS structure
+
+The definition for @code{struct symbol}, also known as @code{symbolS}, is
+located in @file{struc-symbol.h}.  Symbol structures contain the following
+fields:
+
+@table @code
+@item sy_value
+This is an @code{expressionS} that describes the value of the symbol.  It might
+refer to one or more other symbols; if so, its true value may not be known
+until @code{resolve_symbol_value} is called in @code{write_object_file}.
+
+The expression is often simply a constant.  Before @code{resolve_symbol_value}
+is called, the value is the offset from the frag (@pxref{Frags}).  Afterward,
+the frag address has been added in.
+
+@item sy_resolved
+This field is non-zero if the symbol's value has been completely resolved.  It
+is used during the final pass over the symbol table.
+
+@item sy_resolving
+This field is used to detect loops while resolving the symbol's value.
+
+@item sy_used_in_reloc
+This field is non-zero if the symbol is used by a relocation entry.  If a local
+symbol is used in a relocation entry, it must be possible to redirect those
+relocations to other symbols, or this symbol cannot be removed from the final
+symbol list.
+
+@item sy_next
+@itemx sy_previous
+These pointers to other @code{symbolS} structures describe a singly or doubly
+linked list.  (If @code{SYMBOLS_NEED_BACKPOINTERS} is not defined, the
+@code{sy_previous} field will be omitted; @code{SYMBOLS_NEED_BACKPOINTERS} is
+always defined if @code{BFD_ASSEMBLER}.)  These fields should be accessed with
+the @code{symbol_next} and @code{symbol_previous} macros.
+
+@item sy_frag
+This points to the frag (@pxref{Frags}) that this symbol is attached to.
+
+@item sy_used
+Whether the symbol is used as an operand or in an expression.  Note: Not all of
+the backends keep this information accurate; backends which use this bit are
+responsible for setting it when a symbol is used in backend routines.
+
+@item sy_mri_common
+Whether the symbol is an MRI common symbol created by the @code{COMMON}
+pseudo-op when assembling in MRI mode.
+
+@item bsym
+If @code{BFD_ASSEMBLER} is defined, this points to the BFD @code{asymbol} that
+will be used in writing the object file.
+
+@item sy_name_offset
+(Only used if @code{BFD_ASSEMBLER} is not defined.)  This is the position of
+the symbol's name in the string table of the object file.  On some formats,
+this will start at position 4, with position 0 reserved for unnamed symbols.
+This field is not used until @code{write_object_file} is called.
+
+@item sy_symbol
+(Only used if @code{BFD_ASSEMBLER} is not defined.)  This is the
+format-specific symbol structure, as it would be written into the object file.
+
+@item sy_number
+(Only used if @code{BFD_ASSEMBLER} is not defined.)  This is a 24-bit symbol
+number, for use in constructing relocation table entries.
+
+@item sy_obj
+This format-specific data is of type @code{OBJ_SYMFIELD_TYPE}.  If no macro by
+that name is defined in @file{obj-format.h}, this field is not defined.
+
+@item sy_tc
+This processor-specific data is of type @code{TC_SYMFIELD_TYPE}.  If no macro
+by that name is defined in @file{targ-cpu.h}, this field is not defined.
+
+@item TARGET_SYMBOL_FIELDS
+If this macro is defined, it defines additional fields in the symbol structure.
+This macro is obsolete, and should be replaced when possible by uses of
+@code{OBJ_SYMFIELD_TYPE} and @code{TC_SYMFIELD_TYPE}.
+@end table
+
+There are a number of access routines used to extract the fields of a
+@code{symbolS} structure.  When possible, these routines should be used rather
+than referring to the fields directly.  These routines will work for any GAS
+version.
+
+@table @code
+@item S_SET_VALUE
+@cindex S_SET_VALUE
+Set the symbol's value.
+
+@item S_GET_VALUE
+@cindex S_GET_VALUE
+Get the symbol's value.  This will cause @code{resolve_symbol_value} to be
+called if necessary, so @code{S_GET_VALUE} should only be called when it is
+safe to resolve symbols (i.e., after the entire input file has been read and
+all symbols have been defined).
+
+@item S_SET_SEGMENT
+@cindex S_SET_SEGMENT
+Set the section of the symbol.
+
+@item S_GET_SEGMENT
+@cindex S_GET_SEGMENT
+Get the symbol's section.
+
+@item S_GET_NAME
+@cindex S_GET_NAME
+Get the name of the symbol.
+
+@item S_SET_NAME
+@cindex S_SET_NAME
+Set the name of the symbol.
+
+@item S_IS_EXTERNAL
+@cindex S_IS_EXTERNAL
+Return non-zero if the symbol is externally visible.
+
+@item S_IS_EXTERN
+@cindex S_IS_EXTERN
+A synonym for @code{S_IS_EXTERNAL}.  Don't use it.
+
+@item S_IS_WEAK
+@cindex S_IS_WEAK
+Return non-zero if the symbol is weak.
+
+@item S_IS_COMMON
+@cindex S_IS_COMMON
+Return non-zero if this is a common symbol.  Common symbols are sometimes
+represented as undefined symbols with a value, in which case this function will
+not be reliable.
+
+@item S_IS_DEFINED
+@cindex S_IS_DEFINED
+Return non-zero if this symbol is defined.  This function is not reliable when
+called on a common symbol.
+
+@item S_IS_DEBUG
+@cindex S_IS_DEBUG
+Return non-zero if this is a debugging symbol.
+
+@item S_IS_LOCAL
+@cindex S_IS_LOCAL
+Return non-zero if this is a local assembler symbol which should not be
+included in the final symbol table.  Note that this is not the opposite of
+@code{S_IS_EXTERNAL}.  The @samp{-L} assembler option affects the return value
+of this function.
+
+@item S_SET_EXTERNAL
+@cindex S_SET_EXTERNAL
+Mark the symbol as externally visible.
+
+@item S_CLEAR_EXTERNAL
+@cindex S_CLEAR_EXTERNAL
+Mark the symbol as not externally visible.
+
+@item S_SET_WEAK
+@cindex S_SET_WEAK
+Mark the symbol as weak.
+
+@item S_GET_TYPE
+@item S_GET_DESC
+@item S_GET_OTHER
+@cindex S_GET_TYPE
+@cindex S_GET_DESC
+@cindex S_GET_OTHER
+Get the @code{type}, @code{desc}, and @code{other} fields of the symbol.  These
+are only defined for object file formats for which they make sense (primarily
+a.out).
+
+@item S_SET_TYPE
+@item S_SET_DESC
+@item S_SET_OTHER
+@cindex S_SET_TYPE
+@cindex S_SET_DESC
+@cindex S_SET_OTHER
+Set the @code{type}, @code{desc}, and @code{other} fields of the symbol.  These
+are only defined for object file formats for which they make sense (primarily
+a.out).
+
+@item S_GET_SIZE
+@cindex S_GET_SIZE
+Get the size of a symbol.  This is only defined for object file formats for
+which it makes sense (primarily ELF).
+
+@item S_SET_SIZE
+@cindex S_SET_SIZE
+Set the size of a symbol.  This is only defined for object file formats for
+which it makes sense (primarily ELF).
+@end table
+
+@node Expressions
+@subsection Expressions
+@cindex internals, expressions
+@cindex expressions, internal
+@cindex expressionS structure
+
+Expressions are stored in an @code{expressionS} structure.  The structure is
+defined in @file{expr.h}.
+
+@cindex expression
+The macro @code{expression} will create an @code{expressionS} structure based
+on the text found at the global variable @code{input_line_pointer}.
+
+@cindex make_expr_symbol
+@cindex expr_symbol_where
+A single @code{expressionS} structure can represent a single operation.
+Complex expressions are formed by creating @dfn{expression symbols} and
+combining them in @code{expressionS} structures.  An expression symbol is
+created by calling @code{make_expr_symbol}.  An expression symbol should
+naturally never appear in a symbol table, and the implementation of
+@code{S_IS_LOCAL} (@pxref{Symbols}) reflects that.  The function
+@code{expr_symbol_where} returns non-zero if a symbol is an expression symbol,
+and also returns the file and line for the expression which caused it to be
+created.
+
+The @code{expressionS} structure has two symbol fields, a number field, an
+operator field, and a field indicating whether the number is unsigned.
+
+The operator field is of type @code{operatorT}, and describes how to interpret
+the other fields; see the definition in @file{expr.h} for the possibilities.
+
+An @code{operatorT} value of @code{O_big} indicates either a floating point
+number, stored in the global variable @code{generic_floating_point_number}, or
+an integer to large to store in an @code{offsetT} type, stored in the global
+array @code{generic_bignum}.  This rather inflexible approach makes it
+impossible to use floating point numbers or large expressions in complex
+expressions.
+
+@node Fixups
+@subsection Fixups
+@cindex internals, fixups
+@cindex fixups
+@cindex fixS structure
+
+A @dfn{fixup} is basically anything which can not be resolved in the first
+pass.  Sometimes a fixup can be resolved by the end of the assembly; if not,
+the fixup becomes a relocation entry in the object file.
+
+@cindex fix_new
+@cindex fix_new_exp
+A fixup is created by a call to @code{fix_new} or @code{fix_new_exp}.  Both
+take a frag (@pxref{Frags}), a position within the frag, a size, an indication
+of whether the fixup is PC relative, and a type.  In a @code{BFD_ASSEMBLER}
+GAS, the type is nominally a @code{bfd_reloc_code_real_type}, but several
+targets use other type codes to represent fixups that can not be described as
+relocations.
+
+The @code{fixS} structure has a number of fields, several of which are obsolete
+or are only used by a particular target.  The important fields are:
+
+@table @code
+@item fx_frag
+The frag (@pxref{Frags}) this fixup is in.
+
+@item fx_where
+The location within the frag where the fixup occurs.
+
+@item fx_addsy
+The symbol this fixup is against.  Typically, the value of this symbol is added
+into the object contents.  This may be NULL.
+
+@item fx_subsy
+The value of this symbol is subtracted from the object contents.  This is
+normally NULL.
+
+@item fx_offset
+A number which is added into the fixup.
+
+@item fx_addnumber
+Some CPU backends use this field to convey information between
+@code{md_apply_fix} and @code{tc_gen_reloc}.  The machine independent code does
+not use it.
+
+@item fx_next
+The next fixup in the section.
+
+@item fx_r_type
+The type of the fixup.  This field is only defined if @code{BFD_ASSEMBLER}, or
+if the target defines @code{NEED_FX_R_TYPE}.
+
+@item fx_size
+The size of the fixup.  This is mostly used for error checking.
+
+@item fx_pcrel
+Whether the fixup is PC relative.
+
+@item fx_done
+Non-zero if the fixup has been applied, and no relocation entry needs to be
+generated.
+
+@item fx_file
+@itemx fx_line
+The file and line where the fixup was created.
+
+@item tc_fix_data
+This has the type @code{TC_FIX_TYPE}, and is only defined if the target defines
+that macro.
+@end table
+
+@node Frags
+@subsection Frags
+@cindex internals, frags
+@cindex frags
+@cindex fragS structure.
+
+The @code{fragS} structure is defined in @file{as.h}.  Each frag represents a
+portion of the final object file.  As GAS reads the source file, it creates
+frags to hold the data that it reads.  At the end of the assembly the frags and
+fixups are processed to produce the final contents.
+
+@table @code
+@item fr_address
+The address of the frag.  This is not set until the assembler rescans the list
+of all frags after the entire input file is parsed.  The function
+@code{relax_segment} fills in this field.
+
+@item fr_next
+Pointer to the next frag in this (sub)section.
+
+@item fr_fix
+Fixed number of characters we know we're going to emit to the output file.  May
+be zero.
+
+@item fr_var
+Variable number of characters we may output, after the initial @code{fr_fix}
+characters.  May be zero.
+
+@item fr_offset
+The interpretation of this field is controlled by @code{fr_type}.  Generally,
+if @code{fr_var} is non-zero, this is a repeat count: the @code{fr_var}
+characters are output @code{fr_offset} times.
+
+@item line
+Holds line number info when an assembler listing was requested.
+
+@item fr_type
+Relaxation state.  This field indicates the interpretation of @code{fr_offset},
+@code{fr_symbol} and the variable-length tail of the frag, as well as the
+treatment it gets in various phases of processing.  It does not affect the
+initial @code{fr_fix} characters; they are always supposed to be output
+verbatim (fixups aside).  See below for specific values this field can have.
+
+@item fr_subtype
+Relaxation substate.  If the macro @code{md_relax_frag} isn't defined, this is
+assumed to be an index into @code{TC_GENERIC_RELAX_TABLE} for the generic
+relaxation code to process (@pxref{Relaxation}).  If @code{md_relax_frag} is
+defined, this field is available for any use by the CPU-specific code.
+
+@item fr_symbol
+This normally indicates the symbol to use when relaxing the frag according to
+@code{fr_type}.
+
+@item fr_opcode
+Points to the lowest-addressed byte of the opcode, for use in relaxation.
+
+@item tc_frag_data
+Target specific fragment data of type TC_FRAG_TYPE.
+Only present if @code{TC_FRAG_TYPE} is defined.
+
+@item fr_file
+@itemx fr_line
+The file and line where this frag was last modified.
+
+@item fr_literal
+Declared as a one-character array, this last field grows arbitrarily large to
+hold the actual contents of the frag.
+@end table
+
+These are the possible relaxation states, provided in the enumeration type
+@code{relax_stateT}, and the interpretations they represent for the other
+fields:
+
+@table @code
+@item rs_align
+@itemx rs_align_code
+The start of the following frag should be aligned on some boundary.  In this
+frag, @code{fr_offset} is the logarithm (base 2) of the alignment in bytes.
+(For example, if alignment on an 8-byte boundary were desired, @code{fr_offset}
+would have a value of 3.)  The variable characters indicate the fill pattern to
+be used.  The @code{fr_subtype} field holds the maximum number of bytes to skip
+when doing this alignment.  If more bytes are needed, the alignment is not
+done.  An @code{fr_subtype} value of 0 means no maximum, which is the normal
+case.  Target backends can use @code{rs_align_code} to handle certain types of
+alignment differently.
+
+@item rs_broken_word
+This indicates that ``broken word'' processing should be done (@pxref{Broken
+words}).  If broken word processing is not necessary on the target machine,
+this enumerator value will not be defined.
+
+@item rs_cfa
+This state is used to implement exception frame optimizations.  The
+@code{fr_symbol} is an expression symbol for the subtraction which may be
+relaxed.  The @code{fr_opcode} field holds the frag for the preceding command
+byte.  The @code{fr_offset} field holds the offset within that frag.  The
+@code{fr_subtype} field is used during relaxation to hold the current size of
+the frag.
+
+@item rs_fill
+The variable characters are to be repeated @code{fr_offset} times.  If
+@code{fr_offset} is 0, this frag has a length of @code{fr_fix}.  Most frags
+have this type.
+
+@item rs_leb128
+This state is used to implement the DWARF ``little endian base 128'' 
+variable length number format.  The @code{fr_symbol} is always an expression
+symbol, as constant expressions are emitted directly.  The @code{fr_offset}
+field is used during relaxation to hold the previous size of the number so
+that we can determine if the fragment changed size.
+
+@item rs_machine_dependent
+Displacement relaxation is to be done on this frag.  The target is indicated by
+@code{fr_symbol} and @code{fr_offset}, and @code{fr_subtype} indicates the
+particular machine-specific addressing mode desired.  @xref{Relaxation}.
+
+@item rs_org
+The start of the following frag should be pushed back to some specific offset
+within the section.  (Some assemblers use the value as an absolute address; GAS
+does not handle final absolute addresses, but rather requires that the linker
+set them.)  The offset is given by @code{fr_symbol} and @code{fr_offset}; one
+character from the variable-length tail is used as the fill character.
+@end table
+
+@cindex frchainS structure
+A chain of frags is built up for each subsection.  The data structure
+describing a chain is called a @code{frchainS}, and contains the following
+fields:
+
+@table @code
+@item frch_root
+Points to the first frag in the chain.  May be NULL if there are no frags in
+this chain.
+@item frch_last
+Points to the last frag in the chain, or NULL if there are none.
+@item frch_next
+Next in the list of @code{frchainS} structures.
+@item frch_seg
+Indicates the section this frag chain belongs to.
+@item frch_subseg
+Subsection (subsegment) number of this frag chain.
+@item fix_root, fix_tail
+(Defined only if @code{BFD_ASSEMBLER} is defined).  Point to first and last
+@code{fixS} structures associated with this subsection.
+@item frch_obstack
+Not currently used.  Intended to be used for frag allocation for this
+subsection.  This should reduce frag generation caused by switching sections.
+@item frch_frag_now
+The current frag for this subsegment.
+@end table
+
+A @code{frchainS} corresponds to a subsection; each section has a list of
+@code{frchainS} records associated with it.  In most cases, only one subsection
+of each section is used, so the list will only be one element long, but any
+processing of frag chains should be prepared to deal with multiple chains per
+section.
+
+After the input files have been completely processed, and no more frags are to
+be generated, the frag chains are joined into one per section for further
+processing.  After this point, it is safe to operate on one chain per section.
+
+The assembler always has a current frag, named @code{frag_now}.  More space is
+allocated for the current frag using the @code{frag_more} function; this
+returns a pointer to the amount of requested space.  Relaxing is done using
+variant frags allocated by @code{frag_var} or @code{frag_variant}
+(@pxref{Relaxation}).
+
+@node GAS processing
+@section What GAS does when it runs
+@cindex internals, overview
+
+This is a quick look at what an assembler run looks like.
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+The assembler initializes itself by calling various init routines.
+
+@item
+For each source file, the @code{read_a_source_file} function reads in the file
+and parses it.  The global variable @code{input_line_pointer} points to the
+current text; it is guaranteed to be correct up to the end of the line, but not
+farther.
+
+@item
+For each line, the assembler passes labels to the @code{colon} function, and
+isolates the first word.  If it looks like a pseudo-op, the word is looked up
+in the pseudo-op hash table @code{po_hash} and dispatched to a pseudo-op
+routine.  Otherwise, the target dependent @code{md_assemble} routine is called
+to parse the instruction.
+
+@item
+When pseudo-ops or instructions output data, they add it to a frag, calling
+@code{frag_more} to get space to store it in.
+
+@item
+Pseudo-ops and instructions can also output fixups created by @code{fix_new} or
+@code{fix_new_exp}.
+
+@item
+For certain targets, instructions can create variant frags which are used to
+store relaxation information (@pxref{Relaxation}).
+
+@item
+When the input file is finished, the @code{write_object_file} routine is
+called.  It assigns addresses to all the frags (@code{relax_segment}), resolves
+all the fixups (@code{fixup_segment}), resolves all the symbol values (using
+@code{resolve_symbol_value}), and finally writes out the file (in the
+@code{BFD_ASSEMBLER} case, this is done by simply calling @code{bfd_close}).
+@end itemize
+
+@node Porting GAS
+@section Porting GAS
+@cindex porting
+
+Each GAS target specifies two main things: the CPU file and the object format
+file.  Two main switches in the @file{configure.in} file handle this.  The
+first switches on CPU type to set the shell variable @code{cpu_type}.  The
+second switches on the entire target to set the shell variable @code{fmt}.
+
+The configure script uses the value of @code{cpu_type} to select two files in
+the @file{config} directory: @file{tc-@var{CPU}.c} and @file{tc-@var{CPU}.h}.
+The configuration process will create a file named @file{targ-cpu.h} in the
+build directory which includes @file{tc-@var{CPU}.h}.
+
+The configure script also uses the value of @code{fmt} to select two files:
+@file{obj-@var{fmt}.c} and @file{obj-@var{fmt}.h}.  The configuration process
+will create a file named @file{obj-format.h} in the build directory which
+includes @file{obj-@var{fmt}.h}.
+
+You can also set the emulation in the configure script by setting the @code{em}
+variable.  Normally the default value of @samp{generic} is fine.  The
+configuration process will create a file named @file{targ-env.h} in the build
+directory which includes @file{te-@var{em}.h}.
+
+Porting GAS to a new CPU requires writing the @file{tc-@var{CPU}} files.
+Porting GAS to a new object file format requires writing the
+@file{obj-@var{fmt}} files.  There is sometimes some interaction between these
+two files, but it is normally minimal.
+
+The best approach is, of course, to copy existing files.  The documentation
+below assumes that you are looking at existing files to see usage details.
+
+These interfaces have grown over time, and have never been carefully thought
+out or designed.  Nothing about the interfaces described here is cast in stone.
+It is possible that they will change from one version of the assembler to the
+next.  Also, new macros are added all the time as they are needed.
+
+@menu
+* CPU backend::                 Writing a CPU backend
+* Object format backend::       Writing an object format backend
+* Emulations::                  Writing emulation files
+@end menu
+
+@node CPU backend
+@subsection Writing a CPU backend
+@cindex CPU backend
+@cindex @file{tc-@var{CPU}}
+
+The CPU backend files are the heart of the assembler.  They are the only parts
+of the assembler which actually know anything about the instruction set of the
+processor.
+
+You must define a reasonably small list of macros and functions in the CPU
+backend files.  You may define a large number of additional macros in the CPU
+backend files, not all of which are documented here.  You must, of course,
+define macros in the @file{.h} file, which is included by every assembler
+source file.  You may define the functions as macros in the @file{.h} file, or
+as functions in the @file{.c} file.
+
+@table @code
+@item TC_@var{CPU}
+@cindex TC_@var{CPU}
+By convention, you should define this macro in the @file{.h} file.  For
+example, @file{tc-m68k.h} defines @code{TC_M68K}.  You might have to use this
+if it is necessary to add CPU specific code to the object format file.
+
+@item TARGET_FORMAT
+This macro is the BFD target name to use when creating the output file.  This
+will normally depend upon the @code{OBJ_@var{FMT}} macro.
+
+@item TARGET_ARCH
+This macro is the BFD architecture to pass to @code{bfd_set_arch_mach}.
+
+@item TARGET_MACH
+This macro is the BFD machine number to pass to @code{bfd_set_arch_mach}.  If
+it is not defined, GAS will use 0.
+
+@item TARGET_BYTES_BIG_ENDIAN
+You should define this macro to be non-zero if the target is big endian, and
+zero if the target is little endian.
+
+@item md_shortopts
+@itemx md_longopts
+@itemx md_longopts_size
+@itemx md_parse_option
+@itemx md_show_usage
+@cindex md_shortopts
+@cindex md_longopts
+@cindex md_longopts_size
+@cindex md_parse_option
+@cindex md_show_usage
+GAS uses these variables and functions during option processing.
+@code{md_shortopts} is a @code{const char *} which GAS adds to the machine
+independent string passed to @code{getopt}.  @code{md_longopts} is a
+@code{struct option []} which GAS adds to the machine independent long options
+passed to @code{getopt}; you may use @code{OPTION_MD_BASE}, defined in
+@file{as.h}, as the start of a set of long option indices, if necessary.
+@code{md_longopts_size} is a @code{size_t} holding the size @code{md_longopts}.
+GAS will call @code{md_parse_option} whenever @code{getopt} returns an
+unrecognized code, presumably indicating a special code value which appears in
+@code{md_longopts}.  GAS will call @code{md_show_usage} when a usage message is
+printed; it should print a description of the machine specific options.
+
+@item md_begin
+@cindex md_begin
+GAS will call this function at the start of the assembly, after the command
+line arguments have been parsed and all the machine independent initializations
+have been completed.
+
+@item md_cleanup
+@cindex md_cleanup
+If you define this macro, GAS will call it at the end of each input file.
+
+@item md_assemble
+@cindex md_assemble
+GAS will call this function for each input line which does not contain a
+pseudo-op.  The argument is a null terminated string.  The function should
+assemble the string as an instruction with operands.  Normally
+@code{md_assemble} will do this by calling @code{frag_more} and writing out
+some bytes (@pxref{Frags}).  @code{md_assemble} will call @code{fix_new} to
+create fixups as needed (@pxref{Fixups}).  Targets which need to do special
+purpose relaxation will call @code{frag_var}.
+
+@item md_pseudo_table
+@cindex md_pseudo_table
+This is a const array of type @code{pseudo_typeS}.  It is a mapping from
+pseudo-op names to functions.  You should use this table to implement
+pseudo-ops which are specific to the CPU.
+
+@item tc_conditional_pseudoop
+@cindex tc_conditional_pseudoop
+If this macro is defined, GAS will call it with a @code{pseudo_typeS} argument.
+It should return non-zero if the pseudo-op is a conditional which controls
+whether code is assembled, such as @samp{.if}.  GAS knows about the normal
+conditional pseudo-ops,and you should normally not have to define this macro.
+
+@item comment_chars
+@cindex comment_chars
+This is a null terminated @code{const char} array of characters which start a
+comment.
+
+@item tc_comment_chars
+@cindex tc_comment_chars
+If this macro is defined, GAS will use it instead of @code{comment_chars}.
+
+@item tc_symbol_chars
+@cindex tc_symbol_chars
+If this macro is defined, it is a pointer to a null terminated list of
+characters which may appear in an operand.  GAS already assumes that all
+alphanumberic characters, and @samp{$}, @samp{.}, and @samp{_} may appear in an
+operand (see @samp{symbol_chars} in @file{app.c}).  This macro may be defined
+to treat additional characters as appearing in an operand.  This affects the
+way in which GAS removes whitespace before passing the string to
+@samp{md_assemble}.
+
+@item line_comment_chars
+@cindex line_comment_chars
+This is a null terminated @code{const char} array of characters which start a
+comment when they appear at the start of a line.
+
+@item line_separator_chars
+@cindex line_separator_chars
+This is a null terminated @code{const char} array of characters which separate
+lines (semicolon and newline are such characters by default, and need not be
+listed in this array).
+
+@item EXP_CHARS
+@cindex EXP_CHARS
+This is a null terminated @code{const char} array of characters which may be
+used as the exponent character in a floating point number.  This is normally
+@code{"eE"}.
+
+@item FLT_CHARS
+@cindex FLT_CHARS
+This is a null terminated @code{const char} array of characters which may be
+used to indicate a floating point constant.  A zero followed by one of these
+characters is assumed to be followed by a floating point number; thus they
+operate the way that @code{0x} is used to indicate a hexadecimal constant.
+Usually this includes @samp{r} and @samp{f}.
+
+@item LEX_AT
+@cindex LEX_AT
+You may define this macro to the lexical type of the @kbd{@}} character.  The
+default is zero.
+
+Lexical types are a combination of @code{LEX_NAME} and @code{LEX_BEGIN_NAME},
+both defined in @file{read.h}.  @code{LEX_NAME} indicates that the character
+may appear in a name.  @code{LEX_BEGIN_NAME} indicates that the character may
+appear at the beginning of a nem.
+
+@item LEX_BR
+@cindex LEX_BR
+You may define this macro to the lexical type of the brace characters @kbd{@{},
+@kbd{@}}, @kbd{[}, and @kbd{]}.  The default value is zero.
+
+@item LEX_PCT
+@cindex LEX_PCT
+You may define this macro to the lexical type of the @kbd{%} character.  The
+default value is zero.
+
+@item LEX_QM
+@cindex LEX_QM
+You may define this macro to the lexical type of the @kbd{?} character.  The
+default value it zero.
+
+@item LEX_DOLLAR
+@cindex LEX_DOLLAR
+You may define this macro to the lexical type of the @kbd{$} character.  The
+default value is @code{LEX_NAME | LEX_BEGIN_NAME}.
+
+@item SINGLE_QUOTE_STRINGS
+@cindex SINGLE_QUOTE_STRINGS
+If you define this macro, GAS will treat single quotes as string delimiters.
+Normally only double quotes are accepted as string delimiters.
+
+@item NO_STRING_ESCAPES
+@cindex NO_STRING_ESCAPES
+If you define this macro, GAS will not permit escape sequences in a string.
+
+@item ONLY_STANDARD_ESCAPES
+@cindex ONLY_STANDARD_ESCAPES
+If you define this macro, GAS will warn about the use of nonstandard escape
+sequences in a string.
+
+@item md_start_line_hook
+@cindex md_start_line_hook
+If you define this macro, GAS will call it at the start of each line.
+
+@item LABELS_WITHOUT_COLONS
+@cindex LABELS_WITHOUT_COLONS
+If you define this macro, GAS will assume that any text at the start of a line
+is a label, even if it does not have a colon.
+
+@item TC_START_LABEL
+@cindex TC_START_LABEL
+You may define this macro to control what GAS considers to be a label.  The
+default definition is to accept any name followed by a colon character.
+
+@item NO_PSEUDO_DOT
+@cindex NO_PSEUDO_DOT
+If you define this macro, GAS will not require pseudo-ops to start with a
+@kbd{.} character.
+
+@item TC_EQUAL_IN_INSN
+@cindex TC_EQUAL_IN_INSN
+If you define this macro, it should return nonzero if the instruction is
+permitted to contain an @kbd{=} character.  GAS will use this to decide if a
+@kbd{=} is an assignment or an instruction.
+
+@item TC_EOL_IN_INSN
+@cindex TC_EOL_IN_INSN
+If you define this macro, it should return nonzero if the current input line
+pointer should be treated as the end of a line.
+
+@item md_parse_name
+@cindex md_parse_name
+If this macro is defined, GAS will call it for any symbol found in an
+expression.  You can define this to handle special symbols in a special way.
+If a symbol always has a certain value, you should normally enter it in the
+symbol table, perhaps using @code{reg_section}.
+
+@item md_undefined_symbol
+@cindex md_undefined_symbol
+GAS will call this function when a symbol table lookup fails, before it
+creates a new symbol.  Typically this would be used to supply symbols whose
+name or value changes dynamically, possibly in a context sensitive way.
+Predefined symbols with fixed values, such as register names or condition
+codes, are typically entered directly into the symbol table when @code{md_begin}
+is called.
+
+@item md_operand
+@cindex md_operand
+GAS will call this function for any expression that can not be recognized.
+When the function is called, @code{input_line_pointer} will point to the start
+of the expression.
+
+@item tc_unrecognized_line
+@cindex tc_unrecognized_line
+If you define this macro, GAS will call it when it finds a line that it can not
+parse.
+
+@item md_do_align
+@cindex md_do_align
+You may define this macro to handle an alignment directive.  GAS will call it
+when the directive is seen in the input file.  For example, the i386 backend
+uses this to generate efficient nop instructions of varying lengths, depending
+upon the number of bytes that the alignment will skip.
+
+@item HANDLE_ALIGN
+@cindex HANDLE_ALIGN
+You may define this macro to do special handling for an alignment directive.
+GAS will call it at the end of the assembly.
+
+@item md_flush_pending_output
+@cindex md_flush_pending_output
+If you define this macro, GAS will call it each time it skips any space because of a
+space filling or alignment or data allocation pseudo-op.
+
+@item TC_PARSE_CONS_EXPRESSION
+@cindex TC_PARSE_CONS_EXPRESSION
+You may define this macro to parse an expression used in a data allocation
+pseudo-op such as @code{.word}.  You can use this to recognize relocation
+directives that may appear in such directives.
+
+@item BITFIELD_CONS_EXPRESSION
+@cindex BITFIELD_CONS_EXPRESSION
+If you define this macro, GAS will recognize bitfield instructions in data
+allocation pseudo-ops, as used on the i960.
+
+@item REPEAT_CONS_EXPRESSION
+@cindex REPEAT_CONS_EXPRESSION
+If you define this macro, GAS will recognize repeat counts in data allocation
+pseudo-ops, as used on the MIPS.
+
+@item md_cons_align
+@cindex md_cons_align
+You may define this macro to do any special alignment before a data allocation
+pseudo-op.
+
+@item TC_CONS_FIX_NEW
+@cindex TC_CONS_FIX_NEW
+You may define this macro to generate a fixup for a data allocation pseudo-op.
+
+@item TC_INIT_FIX_DATA (@var{fixp})
+@cindex TC_INIT_FIX_DATA
+A C statement to initialize the target specific fields of fixup @var{fixp}.
+These fields are defined with the @code{TC_FIX_TYPE} macro.
+
+@item TC_FIX_DATA_PRINT (@var{stream}, @var{fixp})
+@cindex TC_FIX_DATA_PRINT
+A C statement to output target specific debugging information for
+fixup @var{fixp} to @var{stream}.  This macro is called by @code{print_fixup}.
+
+@item TC_FRAG_INIT (@var{fragp})
+@cindex TC_FRAG_INIT
+A C statement to initialize the target specific fields of frag @var{fragp}.
+These fields are defined with the @code{TC_FRAG_TYPE} macro.
+
+@item md_number_to_chars
+@cindex md_number_to_chars
+This should just call either @code{number_to_chars_bigendian} or
+@code{number_to_chars_littleendian}, whichever is appropriate.  On targets like
+the MIPS which support options to change the endianness, which function to call
+is a runtime decision.  On other targets, @code{md_number_to_chars} can be a
+simple macro.
+
+@item md_reloc_size
+@cindex md_reloc_size
+This variable is only used in the original version of gas (not
+@code{BFD_ASSEMBLER} and not @code{MANY_SEGMENTS}).  It holds the size of a
+relocation entry.
+
+@item WORKING_DOT_WORD
+@itemx md_short_jump_size
+@itemx md_long_jump_size
+@itemx md_create_short_jump
+@itemx md_create_long_jump
+@cindex WORKING_DOT_WORD
+@cindex md_short_jump_size
+@cindex md_long_jump_size
+@cindex md_create_short_jump
+@cindex md_create_long_jump
+If @code{WORKING_DOT_WORD} is defined, GAS will not do broken word processing
+(@pxref{Broken words}).  Otherwise, you should set @code{md_short_jump_size} to
+the size of a short jump (a jump that is just long enough to jump around a long
+jmp) and @code{md_long_jump_size} to the size of a long jump (a jump that can
+go anywhere in the function), You should define @code{md_create_short_jump} to
+create a short jump around a long jump, and define @code{md_create_long_jump}
+to create a long jump.
+
+@item md_estimate_size_before_relax
+@cindex md_estimate_size_before_relax
+This function returns an estimate of the size of a @code{rs_machine_dependent}
+frag before any relaxing is done.  It may also create any necessary
+relocations.
+
+@item md_relax_frag
+@cindex md_relax_frag
+This macro may be defined to relax a frag.  GAS will call this with the frag
+and the change in size of all previous frags; @code{md_relax_frag} should
+return the change in size of the frag.  @xref{Relaxation}.
+
+@item TC_GENERIC_RELAX_TABLE
+@cindex TC_GENERIC_RELAX_TABLE
+If you do not define @code{md_relax_frag}, you may define
+@code{TC_GENERIC_RELAX_TABLE} as a table of @code{relax_typeS} structures.  The
+machine independent code knows how to use such a table to relax PC relative
+references.  See @file{tc-m68k.c} for an example.  @xref{Relaxation}.
+
+@item md_prepare_relax_scan
+@cindex md_prepare_relax_scan
+If defined, it is a C statement that is invoked prior to scanning
+the relax table.
+
+@item LINKER_RELAXING_SHRINKS_ONLY
+@cindex LINKER_RELAXING_SHRINKS_ONLY
+If you define this macro, and the global variable @samp{linkrelax} is set
+(because of a command line option, or unconditionally in @code{md_begin}), a
+@samp{.align} directive will cause extra space to be allocated.  The linker can
+then discard this space when relaxing the section.
+
+@item md_convert_frag
+@cindex md_convert_frag
+GAS will call this for each rs_machine_dependent fragment.
+The instruction is completed using the data from the relaxation pass.
+It may also create any necessary relocations.
+@xref{Relaxation}.
+
+@item md_apply_fix
+@cindex md_apply_fix
+GAS will call this for each fixup.  It should store the correct value in the
+object file.
+
+@item TC_HANDLES_FX_DONE
+@cindex TC_HANDLES_FX_DONE
+If this macro is defined, it means that @code{md_apply_fix} correctly sets the
+@code{fx_done} field in the fixup.
+
+@item tc_gen_reloc
+@cindex tc_gen_reloc
+A @code{BFD_ASSEMBLER} GAS will call this to generate a reloc.  GAS will pass
+the resulting reloc to @code{bfd_install_relocation}.  This currently works
+poorly, as @code{bfd_install_relocation} often does the wrong thing, and
+instances of @code{tc_gen_reloc} have been written to work around the problems,
+which in turns makes it difficult to fix @code{bfd_install_relocation}.
+
+@item RELOC_EXPANSION_POSSIBLE
+@cindex RELOC_EXPANSION_POSSIBLE
+If you define this macro, it means that @code{tc_gen_reloc} may return multiple
+relocation entries for a single fixup.  In this case, the return value of
+@code{tc_gen_reloc} is a pointer to a null terminated array.
+
+@item MAX_RELOC_EXPANSION
+@cindex MAX_RELOC_EXPANSION
+You must define this if @code{RELOC_EXPANSION_POSSIBLE} is defined; it
+indicates the largest number of relocs which @code{tc_gen_reloc} may return for
+a single fixup.
+
+@item tc_fix_adjustable
+@cindex tc_fix_adjustable
+You may define this macro to indicate whether a fixup against a locally defined
+symbol should be adjusted to be against the section symbol.  It should return a
+non-zero value if the adjustment is acceptable.
+
+@item MD_PCREL_FROM_SECTION
+@cindex MD_PCREL_FROM_SECTION
+If you define this macro, it should return the offset between the address of a
+PC relative fixup and the position from which the PC relative adjustment should
+be made.  On many processors, the base of a PC relative instruction is the next
+instruction, so this macro would return the length of an instruction.
+
+@item md_pcrel_from
+@cindex md_pcrel_from
+This is the default value of @code{MD_PCREL_FROM_SECTION}.  The difference is
+that @code{md_pcrel_from} does not take a section argument.
+
+@item tc_frob_label
+@cindex tc_frob_label
+If you define this macro, GAS will call it each time a label is defined.
+
+@item md_section_align
+@cindex md_section_align
+GAS will call this function for each section at the end of the assembly, to
+permit the CPU backend to adjust the alignment of a section.
+
+@item tc_frob_section
+@cindex tc_frob_section
+If you define this macro, a @code{BFD_ASSEMBLER} GAS will call it for each
+section at the end of the assembly.
+
+@item tc_frob_file_before_adjust
+@cindex tc_frob_file_before_adjust
+If you define this macro, GAS will call it after the symbol values are
+resolved, but before the fixups have been changed from local symbols to section
+symbols.
+
+@item tc_frob_symbol
+@cindex tc_frob_symbol
+If you define this macro, GAS will call it for each symbol.  You can indicate
+that the symbol should not be included in the object file by definining this
+macro to set its second argument to a non-zero value.
+
+@item tc_frob_file
+@cindex tc_frob_file
+If you define this macro, GAS will call it after the symbol table has been
+completed, but before the relocations have been generated.
+
+@item tc_frob_file_after_relocs
+If you define this macro, GAS will call it after the relocs have been
+generated.
+
+@item LISTING_HEADER
+A string to use on the header line of a listing.  The default value is simply
+@code{"GAS LISTING"}.
+
+@item LISTING_WORD_SIZE
+The number of bytes to put into a word in a listing.  This affects the way the
+bytes are clumped together in the listing.  For example, a value of 2 might
+print @samp{1234 5678} where a value of 1 would print @samp{12 34 56 78}.  The
+default value is 4.
+
+@item LISTING_LHS_WIDTH
+The number of words of data to print on the first line of a listing for a
+particular source line, where each word is @code{LISTING_WORD_SIZE} bytes.  The
+default value is 1.
+
+@item LISTING_LHS_WIDTH_SECOND
+Like @code{LISTING_LHS_WIDTH}, but applying to the second and subsequent line
+of the data printed for a particular source line.  The default value is 1.
+
+@item LISTING_LHS_CONT_LINES
+The maximum number of continuation lines to print in a listing for a particular
+source line.  The default value is 4.
+
+@item LISTING_RHS_WIDTH
+The maximum number of characters to print from one line of the input file.  The
+default value is 100.
+@end table
+
+@node Object format backend
+@subsection Writing an object format backend
+@cindex object format backend
+@cindex @file{obj-@var{fmt}}
+
+As with the CPU backend, the object format backend must define a few things,
+and may define some other things.  The interface to the object format backend
+is generally simpler; most of the support for an object file format consists of
+defining a number of pseudo-ops.
+
+The object format @file{.h} file must include @file{targ-cpu.h}.
+
+This section will only define the @code{BFD_ASSEMBLER} version of GAS.  It is
+impossible to support a new object file format using any other version anyhow,
+as the original GAS version only supports a.out, and the @code{MANY_SEGMENTS}
+GAS version only supports COFF.
+
+@table @code
+@item OBJ_@var{format}
+@cindex OBJ_@var{format}
+By convention, you should define this macro in the @file{.h} file.  For
+example, @file{obj-elf.h} defines @code{OBJ_ELF}.  You might have to use this
+if it is necessary to add object file format specific code to the CPU file.
+
+@item obj_begin
+If you define this macro, GAS will call it at the start of the assembly, after
+the command line arguments have been parsed and all the machine independent
+initializations have been completed.
+
+@item obj_app_file
+@cindex obj_app_file
+If you define this macro, GAS will invoke it when it sees a @code{.file}
+pseudo-op or a @samp{#} line as used by the C preprocessor.
+
+@item OBJ_COPY_SYMBOL_ATTRIBUTES
+@cindex OBJ_COPY_SYMBOL_ATTRIBUTES
+You should define this macro to copy object format specific information from
+one symbol to another.  GAS will call it when one symbol is equated to
+another.
+
+@item obj_fix_adjustable
+@cindex obj_fix_adjustable
+You may define this macro to indicate whether a fixup against a locally defined
+symbol should be adjusted to be against the section symbol.  It should return a
+non-zero value if the adjustment is acceptable.
+
+@item obj_sec_sym_ok_for_reloc
+@cindex obj_sec_sym_ok_for_reloc
+You may define this macro to indicate that it is OK to use a section symbol in
+a relocateion entry.  If it is not, GAS will define a new symbol at the start
+of a section.
+
+@item EMIT_SECTION_SYMBOLS
+@cindex EMIT_SECTION_SYMBOLS
+You should define this macro with a zero value if you do not want to include
+section symbols in the output symbol table.  The default value for this macro
+is one.
+
+@item obj_adjust_symtab
+@cindex obj_adjust_symtab
+If you define this macro, GAS will invoke it just before setting the symbol
+table of the output BFD.  For example, the COFF support uses this macro to
+generate a @code{.file} symbol if none was generated previously.
+
+@item SEPARATE_STAB_SECTIONS
+@cindex SEPARATE_STAB_SECTIONS
+You may define this macro to indicate that stabs should be placed in separate
+sections, as in ELF.
+
+@item INIT_STAB_SECTION
+@cindex INIT_STAB_SECTION
+You may define this macro to initialize the stabs section in the output file.
+
+@item OBJ_PROCESS_STAB
+@cindex OBJ_PROCESS_STAB
+You may define this macro to do specific processing on a stabs entry.
+
+@item obj_frob_section
+@cindex obj_frob_section
+If you define this macro, GAS will call it for each section at the end of the
+assembly.
+
+@item obj_frob_file_before_adjust
+@cindex obj_frob_file_before_adjust
+If you define this macro, GAS will call it after the symbol values are
+resolved, but before the fixups have been changed from local symbols to section
+symbols.
+
+@item obj_frob_symbol
+@cindex obj_frob_symbol
+If you define this macro, GAS will call it for each symbol.  You can indicate
+that the symbol should not be included in the object file by definining this
+macro to set its second argument to a non-zero value.
+
+@item obj_frob_file
+@cindex obj_frob_file
+If you define this macro, GAS will call it after the symbol table has been
+completed, but before the relocations have been generated.
+
+@item obj_frob_file_after_relocs
+If you define this macro, GAS will call it after the relocs have been
+generated.
+@end table
+
+@node Emulations
+@subsection Writing emulation files
+
+Normally you do not have to write an emulation file.  You can just use
+@file{te-generic.h}.
+
+If you do write your own emulation file, it must include @file{obj-format.h}.
+
+An emulation file will often define @code{TE_@var{EM}}; this may then be used
+in other files to change the output.
+
+@node Relaxation
+@section Relaxation
+@cindex relaxation
+
+@dfn{Relaxation} is a generic term used when the size of some instruction or
+data depends upon the value of some symbol or other data.
+
+GAS knows to relax a particular type of PC relative relocation using a table.
+You can also define arbitrarily complex forms of relaxation yourself.
+
+@menu
+* Relaxing with a table::       Relaxing with a table
+* General relaxing::            General relaxing
+@end menu
+
+@node Relaxing with a table
+@subsection Relaxing with a table
+
+If you do not define @code{md_relax_frag}, and you do define
+@code{TC_GENERIC_RELAX_TABLE}, GAS will relax @code{rs_machine_dependent} frags
+based on the frag subtype and the displacement to some specified target
+address.  The basic idea is that several machines have different addressing
+modes for instructions that can specify different ranges of values, with
+successive modes able to access wider ranges, including the entirety of the
+previous range.  Smaller ranges are assumed to be more desirable (perhaps the
+instruction requires one word instead of two or three); if this is not the
+case, don't describe the smaller-range, inferior mode.
+
+The @code{fr_subtype} field of a frag is an index into a CPU-specific
+relaxation table.  That table entry indicates the range of values that can be
+stored, the number of bytes that will have to be added to the frag to
+accomodate the addressing mode, and the index of the next entry to examine if
+the value to be stored is outside the range accessible by the current
+addressing mode.  The @code{fr_symbol} field of the frag indicates what symbol
+is to be accessed; the @code{fr_offset} field is added in.
+
+If the @code{TC_PCREL_ADJUST} macro is defined, which currently should only happen
+for the NS32k family, the @code{TC_PCREL_ADJUST} macro is called on the frag to
+compute an adjustment to be made to the displacement.
+
+The value fitted by the relaxation code is always assumed to be a displacement
+from the current frag.  (More specifically, from @code{fr_fix} bytes into the
+frag.)
+@ignore
+This seems kinda silly.  What about fitting small absolute values?  I suppose
+@code{md_assemble} is supposed to take care of that, but if the operand is a
+difference between symbols, it might not be able to, if the difference was not
+computable yet.
+@end ignore
+
+The end of the relaxation sequence is indicated by a ``next'' value of 0.  This
+means that the first entry in the table can't be used.
+
+For some configurations, the linker can do relaxing within a section of an
+object file.  If call instructions of various sizes exist, the linker can
+determine which should be used in each instance, when a symbol's value is
+resolved.  In order for the linker to avoid wasting space and having to insert
+no-op instructions, it must be able to expand or shrink the section contents
+while still preserving intra-section references and meeting alignment
+requirements.
+
+For the i960 using b.out format, no expansion is done; instead, each
+@samp{.align} directive causes extra space to be allocated, enough that when
+the linker is relaxing a section and removing unneeded space, it can discard
+some or all of this extra padding and cause the following data to be correctly
+aligned.
+
+For the H8/300, I think the linker expands calls that can't reach, and doesn't
+worry about alignment issues; the cpu probably never needs any significant
+alignment beyond the instruction size.
+
+The relaxation table type contains these fields:
+
+@table @code
+@item long rlx_forward
+Forward reach, must be non-negative.
+@item long rlx_backward
+Backward reach, must be zero or negative.
+@item rlx_length
+Length in bytes of this addressing mode.
+@item rlx_more
+Index of the next-longer relax state, or zero if there is no next relax state.
+@end table
+
+The relaxation is done in @code{relax_segment} in @file{write.c}.  The
+difference in the length fields between the original mode and the one finally
+chosen by the relaxing code is taken as the size by which the current frag will
+be increased in size.  For example, if the initial relaxing mode has a length
+of 2 bytes, and because of the size of the displacement, it gets upgraded to a
+mode with a size of 6 bytes, it is assumed that the frag will grow by 4 bytes.
+(The initial two bytes should have been part of the fixed portion of the frag,
+since it is already known that they will be output.)  This growth must be
+effected by @code{md_convert_frag}; it should increase the @code{fr_fix} field
+by the appropriate size, and fill in the appropriate bytes of the frag.
+(Enough space for the maximum growth should have been allocated in the call to
+frag_var as the second argument.)
+
+If relocation records are needed, they should be emitted by
+@code{md_estimate_size_before_relax}.  This function should examine the target
+symbol of the supplied frag and correct the @code{fr_subtype} of the frag if
+needed.  When this function is called, if the symbol has not yet been defined,
+it will not become defined later; however, its value may still change if the
+section it is in gets relaxed.
+
+Usually, if the symbol is in the same section as the frag (given by the
+@var{sec} argument), the narrowest likely relaxation mode is stored in
+@code{fr_subtype}, and that's that.
+
+If the symbol is undefined, or in a different section (and therefore moveable
+to an arbitrarily large distance), the largest available relaxation mode is
+specified, @code{fix_new} is called to produce the relocation record,
+@code{fr_fix} is increased to include the relocated field (remember, this
+storage was allocated when @code{frag_var} was called), and @code{frag_wane} is
+called to convert the frag to an @code{rs_fill} frag with no variant part.
+Sometimes changing addressing modes may also require rewriting the instruction.
+It can be accessed via @code{fr_opcode} or @code{fr_fix}.
+
+Sometimes @code{fr_var} is increased instead, and @code{frag_wane} is not
+called.  I'm not sure, but I think this is to keep @code{fr_fix} referring to
+an earlier byte, and @code{fr_subtype} set to @code{rs_machine_dependent} so
+that @code{md_convert_frag} will get called.
+
+@node General relaxing
+@subsection General relaxing
+
+If using a simple table is not suitable, you may implement arbitrarily complex
+relaxation semantics yourself.  For example, the MIPS backend uses this to emit
+different instruction sequences depending upon the size of the symbol being
+accessed.
+
+When you assemble an instruction that may need relaxation, you should allocate
+a frag using @code{frag_var} or @code{frag_variant} with a type of
+@code{rs_machine_dependent}.  You should store some sort of information in the
+@code{fr_subtype} field so that you can figure out what to do with the frag
+later.
+
+When GAS reaches the end of the input file, it will look through the frags and
+work out their final sizes.
+
+GAS will first call @code{md_estimate_size_before_relax} on each
+@code{rs_machine_dependent} frag.  This function must return an estimated size
+for the frag.
+
+GAS will then loop over the frags, calling @code{md_relax_frag} on each
+@code{rs_machine_dependent} frag.  This function should return the change in
+size of the frag.  GAS will keep looping over the frags until none of the frags
+changes size.
+
+@node Broken words
+@section Broken words
+@cindex internals, broken words
+@cindex broken words
+
+Some compilers, including GCC, will sometimes emit switch tables specifying
+16-bit @code{.word} displacements to branch targets, and branch instructions
+that load entries from that table to compute the target address.  If this is
+done on a 32-bit machine, there is a chance (at least with really large
+functions) that the displacement will not fit in 16 bits.  The assembler
+handles this using a concept called @dfn{broken words}.  This idea is well
+named, since there is an implied promise that the 16-bit field will in fact
+hold the specified displacement.
+
+If broken word processing is enabled, and a situation like this is encountered,
+the assembler will insert a jump instruction into the instruction stream, close
+enough to be reached with the 16-bit displacement.  This jump instruction will
+transfer to the real desired target address.  Thus, as long as the @code{.word}
+value really is used as a displacement to compute an address to jump to, the
+net effect will be correct (minus a very small efficiency cost).  If
+@code{.word} directives with label differences for values are used for other
+purposes, however, things may not work properly.  For targets which use broken
+words, the @samp{-K} option will warn when a broken word is discovered.
+
+The broken word code is turned off by the @code{WORKING_DOT_WORD} macro.  It
+isn't needed if @code{.word} emits a value large enough to contain an address
+(or, more correctly, any possible difference between two addresses).
+
+@node Internal functions
+@section Internal functions
+
+This section describes basic internal functions used by GAS.
+
+@menu
+* Warning and error messages::  Warning and error messages
+* Hash tables::                 Hash tables
+@end menu
+
+@node Warning and error messages
+@subsection Warning and error messages
+
+@deftypefun  @{@} int had_warnings (void)
+@deftypefunx @{@} int had_errors (void)
+Returns non-zero if any warnings or errors, respectively, have been printed
+during this invocation.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun @{@} void as_perror (const char *@var{gripe}, const char *@var{filename})
+Displays a BFD or system error, then clears the error status.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun  @{@} void as_tsktsk (const char *@var{format}, ...)
+@deftypefunx @{@} void as_warn (const char *@var{format}, ...)
+@deftypefunx @{@} void as_bad (const char *@var{format}, ...)
+@deftypefunx @{@} void as_fatal (const char *@var{format}, ...)
+These functions display messages about something amiss with the input file, or
+internal problems in the assembler itself.  The current file name and line
+number are printed, followed by the supplied message, formatted using
+@code{vfprintf}, and a final newline.
+
+An error indicated by @code{as_bad} will result in a non-zero exit status when
+the assembler has finished.  Calling @code{as_fatal} will result in immediate
+termination of the assembler process.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun @{@} void as_warn_where (char *@var{file}, unsigned int @var{line}, const char *@var{format}, ...)
+@deftypefunx @{@} void as_bad_where (char *@var{file}, unsigned int @var{line}, const char *@var{format}, ...)
+These variants permit specification of the file name and line number, and are
+used when problems are detected when reprocessing information saved away when
+processing some earlier part of the file.  For example, fixups are processed
+after all input has been read, but messages about fixups should refer to the
+original filename and line number that they are applicable to.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun @{@} void fprint_value (FILE *@var{file}, valueT @var{val})
+@deftypefunx @{@} void sprint_value (char *@var{buf}, valueT @var{val})
+These functions are helpful for converting a @code{valueT} value into printable
+format, in case it's wider than modes that @code{*printf} can handle.  If the
+type is narrow enough, a decimal number will be produced; otherwise, it will be
+in hexadecimal.  The value itself is not examined to make this determination.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@node Hash tables
+@subsection Hash tables
+@cindex hash tables
+
+@deftypefun @{@} @{struct hash_control *@} hash_new (void)
+Creates the hash table control structure.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun @{@} void hash_die (struct hash_control *)
+Destroy a hash table.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun @{@} PTR hash_delete (struct hash_control *, const char *)
+Deletes entry from the hash table, returns the value it had.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun @{@} PTR hash_replace (struct hash_control *, const char *, PTR)
+Updates the value for an entry already in the table, returning the old value.
+If no entry was found, just returns NULL.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun @{@} @{const char *@} hash_insert (struct hash_control *, const char *, PTR)
+Inserting a value already in the table is an error.
+Returns an error message or NULL.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@deftypefun @{@} @{const char *@} hash_jam (struct hash_control *, const char *, PTR)
+Inserts if the value isn't already present, updates it if it is.
+@end deftypefun
+
+@node Test suite
+@section Test suite
+@cindex test suite
+
+The test suite is kind of lame for most processors.  Often it only checks to
+see if a couple of files can be assembled without the assembler reporting any
+errors.  For more complete testing, write a test which either examines the
+assembler listing, or runs @code{objdump} and examines its output.  For the
+latter, the TCL procedure @code{run_dump_test} may come in handy.  It takes the
+base name of a file, and looks for @file{@var{file}.d}.  This file should
+contain as its initial lines a set of variable settings in @samp{#} comments,
+in the form:
+
+@example
+        #@var{varname}: @var{value}
+@end example
+
+The @var{varname} may be @code{objdump}, @code{nm}, or @code{as}, in which case
+it specifies the options to be passed to the specified programs.  Exactly one
+of @code{objdump} or @code{nm} must be specified, as that also specifies which
+program to run after the assembler has finished.  If @var{varname} is
+@code{source}, it specifies the name of the source file; otherwise,
+@file{@var{file}.s} is used.  If @var{varname} is @code{name}, it specifies the
+name of the test to be used in the @code{pass} or @code{fail} messages.
+
+The non-commented parts of the file are interpreted as regular expressions, one
+per line.  Blank lines in the @code{objdump} or @code{nm} output are skipped,
+as are blank lines in the @code{.d} file; the other lines are tested to see if
+the regular expression matches the program output.  If it does not, the test
+fails.
+
+Note that this means the tests must be modified if the @code{objdump} output
+style is changed.
+
+@bye
+@c Local Variables:
+@c fill-column: 79
+@c End: