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diff --git a/doc/bc.info b/doc/bc.info index 2aa2685..58bb8d4 100644 --- a/doc/bc.info +++ b/doc/bc.info @@ -1,4 +1,9 @@ -This is bc.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.0 from bc.texi. +This is ../../doc/bc.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from +../../doc/bc.texi. + +START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY +* bc: (bc). An arbitrary precision calculator language. +END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY File: bc.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir) @@ -12,15 +17,15 @@ File: bc.info, Node: Top, Next: Introduction, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir) * Functions:: * Examples:: * Readline and Libedit Options:: -* GNU `bc' and Other Implementations:: +* Comparison with Other Implementations:: * Limits:: * Environment Variables:: File: bc.info, Node: Introduction, Next: Basic Elements, Prev: Top, Up: Top -Introduction -************ +1 Introduction +************** * Menu: @@ -30,10 +35,10 @@ Introduction File: bc.info, Node: Description, Next: Command Line Options, Prev: Introduction, Up: Introduction -Description -=========== +1.1 Description +=============== - `bc' [ -hlwsqv ] [long-options] [ FILE ... ] +`bc' [ -hlwsqv ] [long-options] [ FILE ... ] `bc' is a language that supports arbitrary precision numbers with interactive execution of statements. There are some similarities in @@ -63,10 +68,10 @@ better product due to his involvement. File: bc.info, Node: Command Line Options, Next: Numbers, Prev: Description, Up: Introduction -Command Line Options -==================== +1.2 Command Line Options +======================== - `bc' takes the following options from the command line: +`bc' takes the following options from the command line: `-h, --help' Print the usage and exit. @@ -85,11 +90,12 @@ Command Line Options `-v, --version' Print the version number and copyright and quit. + File: bc.info, Node: Basic Elements, Next: Expressions, Prev: Introduction, Up: Top -Basic Elements -************** +2 Basic Elements +**************** * Menu: @@ -100,27 +106,27 @@ Basic Elements File: bc.info, Node: Numbers, Next: Variables, Prev: Command Line Options, Up: Basic Elements -Numbers -======= +2.1 Numbers +=========== - The most basic element in `bc' is the number. Numbers are arbitrary +The most basic element in `bc' is the number. Numbers are arbitrary precision numbers. This precision is both in the integer part and the fractional part. All numbers are represented internally in decimal and all computation is done in decimal. (This version truncates results from divide and multiply operations.) There are two attributes of numbers, the length and the scale. The length is the total number of -significant decimal digits in a number and the scale is the total number -of decimal digits after the decimal point. For example, .000001 has a -length of 6 and scale of 6, while 1935.000 has a length of 7 and a scale -of 3. +digits used by `bc' to represent a number and the scale is the total +number of decimal digits after the decimal point. For example, .000001 +has a length of 6 and scale of 6, while 1935.000 has a length of 7 and +a scale of 3. File: bc.info, Node: Variables, Next: Comments, Prev: Numbers, Up: Basic Elements -Variables -========= +2.2 Variables +============= - Numbers are stored in two types of variables, simple variables and +Numbers are stored in two types of variables, simple variables and arrays. Both simple variables and array variables are named. Names begin with a letter followed by any number of letters, digits and underscores. All letters must be lower case. (Full alphanumeric names @@ -140,10 +146,10 @@ assigned to them as well as used in expressions. File: bc.info, Node: Comments, Prev: Variables, Up: Basic Elements -Comments -======== +2.3 Comments +============ - Comments in `bc' start with the characters `/*' and end with the +Comments in `bc' start with the characters `/*' and end with the characters `*/'. Comments may start anywhere and appear as a single space in the input. (This causes comments to delimit other input items. For example, a comment can not be found in the middle of a @@ -158,8 +164,8 @@ character is not part of the comment and is processed normally. File: bc.info, Node: Expressions, Next: Statements, Prev: Basic Elements, Up: Top -Expressions -*********** +3 Expressions +************* * Menu: @@ -173,26 +179,27 @@ Expressions File: bc.info, Node: About Expressions and Special Variables, Next: Basic Expressions, Prev: Expressions, Up: Expressions -About Expressions and Special Variables -======================================= +3.1 About Expressions and Special Variables +=========================================== - The numbers are manipulated by expressions and statements. Since -the language was designed to be interactive, statements and expressions -are executed as soon as possible. There is no main program. Instead, -code is executed as it is encountered. (Functions, discussed in detail +The numbers are manipulated by expressions and statements. Since the +language was designed to be interactive, statements and expressions are +executed as soon as possible. There is no main program. Instead, code +is executed as it is encountered. (Functions, discussed in detail later, are defined when encountered.) A simple expression is just a constant. `bc' converts constants into internal decimal numbers using the current input base, specified by the variable IBASE. (There is an exception in functions.) The legal values -of IBASE are 2 through 16. Assigning a value outside this range to -IBASE will result in a value of 2 or 16. Input numbers may contain the -characters 0-9 and A-F. (Note: They must be capitals. Lower case -letters are variable names.) Single digit numbers always have the -value of the digit regardless of the value of IBASE. (i.e. A = 10.) -For multi-digit numbers, `bc' changes all input digits greater or equal -to IBASE to the value of IBASE-1. This makes the number `FFF' always -be the largest 3 digit number of the input base. +of IBASE are 2 through 36. (Bases greater than 16 are an extension.) +Assigning a value outside this range to IBASE will result in a value of +2 or 36. Input numbers may contain the characters 0-9 and A-Z. (Note: +They must be capitals. Lower case letters are variable names.) Single +digit numbers always have the value of the digit regardless of the +value of IBASE. (i.e. A = 10.) For multi-digit numbers, `bc' changes +all input digits greater or equal to IBASE to the value of IBASE-1. +This makes the number `ZZZ' always be the largest 3 digit number of the +input base. Full expressions are similar to many other high level languages. Since there is only one kind of number, there are no rules for mixing @@ -205,11 +212,11 @@ number representable by a C integer. File: bc.info, Node: Basic Expressions, Next: Relational Expressions, Prev: About Expressions and Special Variables, Up: Expressions -Basic Expressions -================= +3.2 Basic Expressions +===================== - In the following descriptions of legal expressions, "expr" refers to -a complete expression and "VAR" refers to a simple or an array variable. +In the following descriptions of legal expressions, "expr" refers to a +complete expression and "VAR" refers to a simple or an array variable. A simple variable is just a NAME @@ -290,10 +297,10 @@ scale of the expressions involved. File: bc.info, Node: Relational Expressions, Next: Boolean Expressions, Prev: Basic Expressions, Up: Expressions -Relational Expressions -====================== +3.3 Relational Expressions +========================== - Relational expressions are a special kind of expression that always +Relational expressions are a special kind of expression that always evaluate to 0 or 1, 0 if the relation is false and 1 if the relation is true. These may appear in any legal expression. (POSIX `bc' requires that relational expressions are used only in `if', `while', and `for' @@ -321,13 +328,13 @@ relational operators are File: bc.info, Node: Boolean Expressions, Next: Precedence, Prev: Relational Expressions, Up: Expressions -Boolean Expressions -=================== +3.4 Boolean Expressions +======================= - Boolean operations are also legal. (POSIX `bc' does NOT have -boolean operations). The result of all boolean operations are 0 and 1 -(for false and true) as in relational expressions. The boolean -operators are: +Boolean operations are also legal. (POSIX `bc' does NOT have boolean +operations). The result of all boolean operations are 0 and 1 (for +false and true) as in relational expressions. The boolean operators +are: `!expr' The result is 1 if expr is 0. @@ -341,10 +348,10 @@ operators are: File: bc.info, Node: Precedence, Next: Special Expressions, Prev: Boolean Expressions, Up: Expressions -Precedence -========== +3.5 Precedence +============== - The expression precedence is as follows: (lowest to highest) +The expression precedence is as follows: (lowest to highest) || operator, left associative && operator, left associative @@ -373,15 +380,15 @@ assignment operators. File: bc.info, Node: Special Expressions, Prev: Precedence, Up: Expressions -Special Expressions -=================== +3.6 Special Expressions +======================= - There are a few more special expressions that are provided in `bc'. +There are a few more special expressions that are provided in `bc'. These have to do with user-defined functions and standard functions. They all appear as "NAME`('PARAMETERS`)'". *Note Functions::, for user-defined functions. The standard functions are: -`length ( expression )' +`length ( EXPRESSION )' The value of the length function is the number of significant digits in the expression. @@ -395,11 +402,11 @@ user-defined functions. The standard functions are: function is the number read from the standard input using the current value of the variable IBASE for the conversion base. -`scale ( expression )' +`scale ( EXPRESSION )' The value of the `scale' function is the number of digits after the decimal point in the expression. -`sqrt ( expression )' +`sqrt ( EXPRESSION )' The value of the `sqrt' function is the square root of the expression. If the expression is negative, a run time error is generated. @@ -407,8 +414,8 @@ user-defined functions. The standard functions are: File: bc.info, Node: Statements, Next: Functions, Prev: Expressions, Up: Top -Statements -********** +4 Statements +************ * Menu: @@ -428,7 +435,7 @@ statements separated by semicolons and newlines. The following is a list of `bc' statements and what they do: (Things enclosed in brackets ( [ ] ) are optional parts of the statement.) -EXPRESSION +`EXPRESSION' This statement does one of two things. If the expression starts with "<variable> <assignment> ...", it is considered to be an assignment statement. If the expression is not an assignment @@ -459,13 +466,13 @@ EXPRESSION may allow the use of a single period (.) which is not part of a number as a short hand notation for for LAST.) -STRING +`STRING' The string is printed to the output. Strings start with a double quote character and contain all characters until the next double quote character. All characters are taken literally, including any newline. No newline character is printed after the string. -`PRINT' LIST +`print LIST' The `print' statement (an extension) provides another method of output. The LIST is a list of strings and expressions separated by commas. Each string or expression is printed in the order of the @@ -479,24 +486,24 @@ STRING (tab), and "\e" (backslash). Any other character following the backslash will be ignored. -{ STATEMENT_LIST } +`{ STATEMENT_LIST }' This is the compound statement. It allows multiple statements to be grouped together for execution. -`IF' ( EXPRESSION ) STATEMENT1 [`ELSE' STATEMENT2] +`if ( EXPRESSION ) STATEMENT1 [else STATEMENT2]' The if statement evaluates the expression and executes statement1 or statement2 depending on the value of the expression. If the expression is non-zero, statement1 is executed. If statement2 is present and the value of the expression is 0, then statement2 is executed. (The `else' clause is an extension.) -`WHILE' ( EXPRESSION ) STATEMENT +`while ( EXPRESSION ) STATEMENT' The while statement will execute the statement while the expression is non-zero. It evaluates the expression before each execution of the statement. Termination of the loop is caused by a zero expression value or the execution of a `break' statement. -`FOR' ( [EXPRESSION1] ; [EXPRESSION2] ; [EXPRESSION3] ) STATEMENT +`for ( [EXPRESSION1] ; [EXPRESSION2] ; [EXPRESSION3] ) STATEMENT' The `for' statement controls repeated execution of the statement. EXPRESSION1 is evaluated before the loop. EXPRESSION2 is evaluated before each execution of the statement. If it is @@ -516,36 +523,35 @@ STRING expression3; } -`BREAK' +`break' This statement causes a forced exit of the most recent enclosing `while' statement or `for' statement. -`CONTINUE' +`continue' The `continue' statement (an extension) causes the most recent enclosing `for' statement to start the next iteration. -`HALT' +`halt' The `halt' statement (an extension) is an executed statement that causes the `bc' processor to quit only when it is executed. For example, "if (0 == 1) halt" will not cause `bc' to terminate because the `halt' is not executed. -`RETURN' +`return' Return the value 0 from a function. (*Note Functions::.) -`RETURN' ( EXPRESSION ) +`return ( EXPRESSION )' Return the value of the expression from a function. (*Note Functions::.) As an extension, the parenthesis are not required. File: bc.info, Node: Pseudo Statements, Prev: Statements, Up: Statements -Pseudo Statements -================= +4.1 Pseudo Statements +===================== - These statements are not statements in the traditional sense. They -are not executed statements. Their function is performed at "compile" -time. +These statements are not statements in the traditional sense. They are +not executed statements. Their function is performed at "compile" time. `limits' Print the local limits enforced by the local version of `bc'. This @@ -562,8 +568,8 @@ time. File: bc.info, Node: Functions, Next: Examples, Prev: Statements, Up: Top -Functions -********* +5 Functions +*********** * Menu: @@ -585,16 +591,16 @@ definition. A function is defined as follows: Parameters are numbers or arrays (an extension). In the function definition, zero or more parameters are defined by listing their names -separated by commas. Numbers are only call by value parameters. -Arrays are only call by variable. Arrays are specified in the -parameter definition by the notation "NAME`[ ]'". In the function -call, actual parameters are full expressions for number parameters. -The same notation is used for passing arrays as for defining array -parameters. The named array is passed by variable to the function. -Since function definitions are dynamic, parameter numbers and types are -checked when a function is called. Any mismatch in number or types of -parameters will cause a runtime error. A runtime error will also occur -for the call to an undefined function. +separated by commas. All parameters are call by value parameters. +Arrays are specified in the parameter definition by the notation +"NAME`[ ]'". In the function call, actual parameters are full +expressions for number parameters. The same notation is used for +passing arrays as for defining array parameters. The named array is +passed by value to the function. Since function definitions are +dynamic, parameter numbers and types are checked when a function is +called. Any mismatch in number or types of parameters will cause a +runtime error. A runtime error will also occur for the call to an +undefined function. The AUTO_LIST is an optional list of variables that are for "local" use. The syntax of the auto list (if present) is "`auto' NAME, ... ;". @@ -630,24 +636,49 @@ ignored during the execution of the function except for the standard function `read', which will always use the current value of IBASE for conversion of numbers. - As an extension, the format of the definition has been slightly -relaxed. The standard requires the opening brace be on the same line -as the `define' keyword and all other parts must be on following lines. -This version of `bc' will allow any number of newlines before and after -the opening brace of the function. For example, the following -definitions are legal. + Several extensions have been added to functions. First, the format +of the definition has been slightly relaxed. The standard requires the +opening brace be on the same line as the `define' keyword and all other +parts must be on following lines. This version of `bc' will allow any +number of newlines before and after the opening brace of the function. +For example, the following definitions are legal. define d (n) { return (2*n); } define d (n) { return (2*n); } + Functions may be defined as `void'. A void funtion returns no value +and thus may not be used in any place that needs a value. A void +function does not produce any output when called by itself on an input +line. The key word `void' is placed between the key word `define' and +the function name. For example, consider the following session. + + define py (y) { print "--->", y, "<---", "\n"; } + define void px (x) { print "--->", x, "<---", "\n"; } + py(1) + --->1<--- + 0 + px(1) + --->1<--- + + Since `py' is not a void function, the call of `py(1)' prints the +desired output and then prints a second line that is the value of the +function. Since the value of a function that is not given an explicit +return statement is zero, the zero is printed. For `px(1)', no zero is +printed because the function is a void function. + + Also, call by variable for arrays was added. To declare a call by +variable array, the declaration of the array parameter in the function +definition looks like "`*'NAME`[]'". The call to the function remains +the same as call by value arrays. + File: bc.info, Node: Math Library Functions, Prev: Functions, Up: Functions -Math Library Functions -====================== +5.1 Math Library Functions +========================== - If `bc' is invoked with the `-l' option, a math library is preloaded +If `bc' is invoked with the `-l' option, a math library is preloaded and the default SCALE is set to 20. The math functions will calculate their results to the scale set at the time of their call. The math library defines the following functions: @@ -664,19 +695,19 @@ library defines the following functions: `l (X)' The natural logarithm of X. -`E (X)' +`e (X)' The exponential function of raising E to the value X. -`J (N,X)' - The bessel function of integer order N of X. +`j (N, X)' + The Bessel function of integer order N of X. File: bc.info, Node: Examples, Next: Readline and Libedit Options, Prev: Functions, Up: Top -Examples -******** +6 Examples +********** - In /bin/sh, the following will assign the value of "pi" to the shell +In /bin/sh, the following will assign the value of "pi" to the shell variable PI. pi=$(echo "scale=10; 4*a(1)" | bc -l) @@ -686,21 +717,21 @@ the math library. This function is written in POSIX `bc'. scale = 20 - + /* Uses the fact that e^x = (e^(x/2))^2 When x is small enough, we use the series: e^x = 1 + x + x^2/2! + x^3/3! + ... */ - + define e(x) { auto a, d, e, f, i, m, v, z - + /* Check the sign of x. */ if (x<0) { m = 1 x = -x } - + /* Precondition x. */ z = scale; scale = 4 + z + .44*x; @@ -708,12 +739,12 @@ the math library. This function is written in POSIX `bc'. f += 1; x /= 2; } - + /* Initialize the variables. */ v = 1+x a = x d = 1 - + for (i=2; 1; i++) { e = (a *= x) / (d *= i) if (e == 0) { @@ -736,7 +767,7 @@ without having to retype it at every use. print "\nCheck book program\n!" print " Remember, deposits are negative transactions.\n" print " Exit by a 0 transaction.\n\n" - + print "Initial balance? "; bal = read() bal /= 1 print "\n" @@ -758,12 +789,12 @@ without having to retype it at every use. } -File: bc.info, Node: Readline and Libedit Options, Next: GNU `bc' and Other Implementations, Prev: Examples, Up: Top +File: bc.info, Node: Readline and Libedit Options, Next: Comparison with Other Implementations, Prev: Examples, Up: Top -Readline and Libedit Options -**************************** +7 Readline and Libedit Options +****************************** - GNU `bc' can be compiled (via a configure option) to use the GNU +GNU `bc' can be compiled (via a configure option) to use the GNU `readline' input editor library or the BSD `libedit' library. This allows the user to do more editing of lines before sending them to `bc'. It also allows for a history of previous lines typed. When this @@ -778,14 +809,14 @@ libraries. One can not enable both `readline' and `libedit' at the same time. -File: bc.info, Node: GNU `bc' and Other Implementations, Next: Limits, Prev: Readline and Libedit Options, Up: Top +File: bc.info, Node: Comparison with Other Implementations, Next: Limits, Prev: Readline and Libedit Options, Up: Top -GNU `bc' and Other Implementations -********************************** +8 Comparison with Other Implementations +*************************************** - This version of `bc' was implemented from the POSIX P1003.2/D11 -draft and contains several differences and extensions relative to the -draft and traditional implementations. It is not implemented in the +This version of `bc' was implemented from the POSIX P1003.2/D11 draft +and contains several differences and extensions relative to the draft +and traditional implementations. It is not implemented in the traditional way using `dc'. This version is a single process which parses and runs a byte code translation of the program. There is an "undocumented" option (-c) that causes the program to output the byte @@ -796,51 +827,51 @@ for debugging the parser and preparing the math library. extended to add more functionality and additions, where new features are added. The following is the list of differences and extensions. -LANG ENVIRONMENT +LANG environment This version does not conform to the POSIX standard in the processing of the LANG environment variable and all environment variables starting with LC_. -NAMES +names Traditional and POSIX `bc' have single letter names for functions, variables and arrays. They have been extended to be multi-character names that start with a letter and may contain letters, numbers and the underscore character. -STRINGS +Strings Strings are not allowed to contain NUL characters. POSIX says all characters must be included in strings. -LAST +last POSIX `bc' does not have a \fBlast variable. Some implementations of `bc' use the period (.) in a similar way. -COMPARISONS +comparisons POSIX `bc' allows comparisons only in the `if' statement, the `while' statement, and the second expression of the `for' statement. Also, only one relational operation is allowed in each of those statements. -IF STATEMENT, ELSE CLAUSE +`if' statement, `else' clause POSIX `bc' does not have an `else' clause. -FOR STATEMENT +`for' statement POSIX `bc' requires all expressions to be present in the `for' statement. -&&, ||, ! +`&&,' `||', `!' POSIX `bc' does not have the logical operators. -READ FUNCTION +`read' function POSIX `bc' does not have a `read' function. -PRINT STATEMENT +`print' statement POSIX `bc' does not have a `print' statement. -CONTINUE STATEMENT +`continue' statement POSIX `bc' does not have a continue statement. -ARRAY PARAMETERS +array parameters POSIX `bc' does not (currently) support array parameters in full. The POSIX grammar allows for arrays in function definitions, but does not provide a method to specify an array as an actual @@ -848,11 +879,11 @@ ARRAY PARAMETERS Traditional implementations of `bc' have only call by value array parameters. -FUNCTION FORMAT +function format POSIX `bc' requires the opening brace on the same line as the `define' key word and the `auto' statement on the next line. -=+, =-, =*, =/, =%, =^ +`=+', `=-', `=*', `=/', `=%', `=^' POSIX `bc' does not require these "old style" assignment operators to be defined. This version may allow these "old style" assignments. Use the `limits' statement to see if the installed @@ -860,12 +891,12 @@ FUNCTION FORMAT assignment operators, the statement "a =- 1" will decrement `a' by 1 instead of setting `a' to the value -1. -SPACES IN NUMBERS +spaces in numbers Other implementations of `bc' allow spaces in numbers. For example, "x=1 3" would assign the value 13 to the variable x. The same statement would cause a syntax error in this version of `bc'. -ERRORS AND EXECUTION +errors and execution This implementation varies from other implementations in terms of what code will be executed when syntax and other errors are found in the program. If a syntax error is found in a function @@ -889,7 +920,7 @@ ERRORS AND EXECUTION execution of the current execution block. A runtime warning will not terminate the current execution block. -INTERRUPTS +Interrupts During an interactive session, the SIGINT signal (usually generated by the control-C character from the terminal) will cause execution of the current execution block to be interrupted. It @@ -903,12 +934,12 @@ INTERRUPTS session, the SIGINT signal will terminate the entire run of `bc'. -File: bc.info, Node: Limits, Next: Environment Variables, Prev: GNU `bc' and Other Implementations, Up: Top +File: bc.info, Node: Limits, Next: Environment Variables, Prev: Comparison with Other Implementations, Up: Top -Limits -****** +9 Limits +******** - The following are the limits currently in place for this `bc' +The following are the limits currently in place for this `bc' processor. Some of them may have been changed by an installation. Use the `limits' statement to see the actual values. @@ -945,10 +976,10 @@ the `limits' statement to see the actual values. File: bc.info, Node: Environment Variables, Prev: Limits, Up: Top -Environment Variables -********************* +10 Environment Variables +************************ - The following environment variables are processed by `bc': +The following environment variables are processed by `bc': `POSIXLY_CORRECT' This is the same as the -s option (*note Command Line Options::). @@ -956,7 +987,7 @@ Environment Variables `BC_ENV_ARGS' This is another mechanism to get arguments to `bc'. The format is the same as the command line arguments. These arguments are - processed first, so any files listed in the environent arguments + processed first, so any files listed in the environment arguments are processed before any command line argument files. This allows the user to set up "standard" options and files to be processed at every invocation of `bc'. The files in the environment variables @@ -964,36 +995,38 @@ Environment Variables wants defined every time `bc' is run. `BC_LINE_LENGTH' - This should be an integer specifing the number of characters in an + This should be an integer specifying the number of characters in an output line for numbers. This includes the backslash and newline - characters for long numbers. + characters for long numbers. As an extension, the value of zero + disables the multi-line feature. Any other value of this variable + that is less than 3 sets the line length to 70. 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