1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><!--
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
-->
<title>Apache Tutorial: Dynamic Content with CGI - Apache HTTP Server</title>
<link href="../style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" />
<link href="../style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" />
<link href="../style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" />
<link href="../images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head>
<body id="manual-page"><div id="page-header">
<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="../faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.0</p>
<img alt="" src="../images/feather.gif" /></div>
<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="../images/left.gif" /></a></div>
<div id="path">
<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs-project/">Documentation</a> > <a href="../">Version 2.0</a> > <a href="./">How-To / Tutorials</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Apache Tutorial: Dynamic Content with CGI</h1>
<div class="toplang">
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/howto/cgi.html" title="English"> en </a> |
<a href="../ja/howto/cgi.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="quickview"><ul id="toc"><li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#intro">Introduction</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#configuring">Configuring Apache to permit CGI</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#writing">Writing a CGI program</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#troubleshoot">But it's still not working!</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#behindscenes">What's going on behind the scenes?</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#libraries">CGI modules/libraries</a></li>
<li><img alt="" src="../images/down.gif" /> <a href="#moreinfo">For more information</a></li>
</ul></div>
<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="intro" id="intro">Introduction</a></h2>
<table class="related"><tr><th>Related Modules</th><th>Related Directives</th></tr><tr><td><ul><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_alias.html">mod_alias</a></code></li><li><code class="module"><a href="../mod/mod_cgi.html">mod_cgi</a></code></li></ul></td><td><ul><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_mime.html#addhandler">AddHandler</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code></li><li><code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_alias.html#scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a></code></li></ul></td></tr></table>
<p>The CGI (Common Gateway Interface) defines a way for a web
server to interact with external content-generating programs,
which are often referred to as CGI programs or CGI scripts. It
is the simplest, and most common, way to put dynamic content on
your web site. This document will be an introduction to setting
up CGI on your Apache web server, and getting started writing
CGI programs.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="configuring" id="configuring">Configuring Apache to permit CGI</a></h2>
<p>In order to get your CGI programs to work properly, you'll
need to have Apache configured to permit CGI execution. There
are several ways to do this.</p>
<h3><a name="scriptalias" id="scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a></h3>
<p>The
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_alias.html#scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a></code>
directive tells Apache that a particular directory is set
aside for CGI programs. Apache will assume that every file in
this directory is a CGI program, and will attempt to execute
it, when that particular resource is requested by a
client.</p>
<p>The <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_alias.html#scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a></code>
directive looks like:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /usr/local/apache/cgi-bin/
</code></p></div>
<p>The example shown is from your default <code>httpd.conf</code>
configuration file, if you installed Apache in the default
location. The <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_alias.html#scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a></code>
directive is much like the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_alias.html#alias">Alias</a></code> directive, which defines a URL prefix that
is to mapped to a particular directory. <code class="directive">Alias</code>
and <code class="directive">ScriptAlias</code> are usually used for
directories that are outside of the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#documentroot">DocumentRoot</a></code> directory. The difference between
<code class="directive">Alias</code> and <code class="directive">ScriptAlias</code>
is that <code class="directive">ScriptAlias</code> has the added meaning
that everything under that URL prefix will be considered a CGI
program. So, the example above tells Apache that any request for a
resource beginning with <code>/cgi-bin/</code> should be served from
the directory <code>/usr/local/apache/cgi-bin/</code>, and should be
treated as a CGI program.</p>
<p>For example, if the URL
<code>http://www.example.com/cgi-bin/test.pl</code>
is requested, Apache will attempt to execute the file
<code>/usr/local/apache/cgi-bin/test.pl</code>
and return the output. Of course, the file will have to
exist, and be executable, and return output in a particular
way, or Apache will return an error message.</p>
<h3><a name="nonscriptalias" id="nonscriptalias">CGI outside of ScriptAlias directories</a></h3>
<p>CGI programs are often restricted to <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_alias.html#scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a></code>'ed directories for security reasons.
In this way, administrators can tightly control who is allowed to
use CGI programs. However, if the proper security precautions are
taken, there is no reason why CGI programs cannot be run from
arbitrary directories. For example, you may wish to let users
have web content in their home directories with the
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_userdir.html#userdir">UserDir</a></code> directive.
If they want to have their own CGI programs, but don't have access to
the main <code>cgi-bin</code> directory, they will need to be able to
run CGI programs elsewhere.</p>
<h3><a name="options" id="options">Explicitly using Options to permit CGI execution</a></h3>
<p>You could explicitly use the <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#options">Options</a></code> directive, inside your main server configuration
file, to specify that CGI execution was permitted in a particular
directory:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
<Directory /usr/local/apache/htdocs/somedir><br />
<span class="indent">
Options +ExecCGI<br />
</span>
</Directory>
</code></p></div>
<p>The above directive tells Apache to permit the execution
of CGI files. You will also need to tell the server what
files are CGI files. The following <code class="directive"><a href="../mod/mod_mime.html#addhandler">AddHandler</a></code> directive tells the server to treat all
files with the <code>cgi</code> or <code>pl</code> extension as CGI
programs:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
AddHandler cgi-script cgi pl
</code></p></div>
<h3><a name="htaccess" id="htaccess">.htaccess files</a></h3>
<p>A <a href="htaccess.html"><code>.htaccess</code> file</a> is a way
to set configuration directives on a per-directory basis. When Apache
serves a resource, it looks in the directory from which it is serving
a file for a file called <code>.htaccess</code>, and, if it
finds it, it will apply directives found therein.
<code>.htaccess</code> files can be permitted with the
<code class="directive"><a href="../mod/core.html#allowoverride">AllowOverride</a></code> directive,
which specifies what types of directives can
appear in these files, or if they are not allowed at all. To
permit the directive we will need for this purpose, the
following configuration will be needed in your main server
configuration:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
AllowOverride Options
</code></p></div>
<p>In the <code>.htaccess</code> file, you'll need the
following directive:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
Options +ExecCGI
</code></p></div>
<p>which tells Apache that execution of CGI programs is
permitted in this directory.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="writing" id="writing">Writing a CGI program</a></h2>
<p>There are two main differences between ``regular''
programming, and CGI programming.</p>
<p>First, all output from your CGI program must be preceded by
a MIME-type header. This is HTTP header that tells the client
what sort of content it is receiving. Most of the time, this
will look like:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
Content-type: text/html
</code></p></div>
<p>Secondly, your output needs to be in HTML, or some other
format that a browser will be able to display. Most of the
time, this will be HTML, but occasionally you might write a CGI
program that outputs a gif image, or other non-HTML
content.</p>
<p>Apart from those two things, writing a CGI program will look
a lot like any other program that you might write.</p>
<h3><a name="firstcgi" id="firstcgi">Your first CGI program</a></h3>
<p>The following is an example CGI program that prints one
line to your browser. Type in the following, save it to a
file called <code>first.pl</code>, and put it in your
<code>cgi-bin</code> directory.</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
#!/usr/bin/perl<br />
print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";<br />
print "Hello, World.";
</code></p></div>
<p>Even if you are not familiar with Perl, you should be able
to see what is happening here. The first line tells Apache
(or whatever shell you happen to be running under) that this
program can be executed by feeding the file to the
interpreter found at the location <code>/usr/bin/perl</code>.
The second line prints the content-type declaration we
talked about, followed by two carriage-return newline pairs.
This puts a blank line after the header, to indicate the end
of the HTTP headers, and the beginning of the body. The third
line prints the string "Hello, World.". And that's the end
of it.</p>
<p>If you open your favorite browser and tell it to get the
address</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
http://www.example.com/cgi-bin/first.pl
</code></p></div>
<p>or wherever you put your file, you will see the one line
<code>Hello, World.</code> appear in your browser window.
It's not very exciting, but once you get that working, you'll
have a good chance of getting just about anything working.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="troubleshoot" id="troubleshoot">But it's still not working!</a></h2>
<p>There are four basic things that you may see in your browser
when you try to access your CGI program from the web:</p>
<dl>
<dt>The output of your CGI program</dt>
<dd>Great! That means everything worked fine.</dd>
<dt>The source code of your CGI program or a "POST Method Not
Allowed" message</dt>
<dd>That means that you have not properly configured Apache
to process your CGI program. Reread the section on
<a href="#configuring">configuring
Apache</a> and try to find what you missed.</dd>
<dt>A message starting with "Forbidden"</dt>
<dd>That means that there is a permissions problem. Check the
<a href="#errorlogs">Apache error log</a> and the section below on
<a href="#permissions">file permissions</a>.</dd>
<dt>A message saying "Internal Server Error"</dt>
<dd>If you check the
<a href="#errorlogs">Apache error log</a>, you will probably
find that it says "Premature end of
script headers", possibly along with an error message
generated by your CGI program. In this case, you will want to
check each of the below sections to see what might be
preventing your CGI program from emitting the proper HTTP
headers.</dd>
</dl>
<h3><a name="permissions" id="permissions">File permissions</a></h3>
<p>Remember that the server does not run as you. That is,
when the server starts up, it is running with the permissions
of an unprivileged user - usually <code>nobody</code>, or
<code>www</code> - and so it will need extra permissions to
execute files that are owned by you. Usually, the way to give
a file sufficient permissions to be executed by <code>nobody</code>
is to give everyone execute permission on the file:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
chmod a+x first.pl
</code></p></div>
<p>Also, if your program reads from, or writes to, any other
files, those files will need to have the correct permissions
to permit this.</p>
<p>The exception to this is when the server is configured to
use <a href="../suexec.html">suexec</a>. This program allows
CGI programs to be run under different
user permissions, depending on which virtual host or user
home directory they are located in. Suexec has very strict
permission checking, and any failure in that checking will
result in your CGI programs failing with an "Internal Server
Error". In this case, you will need to check the suexec log
file to see what specific security check is failing.</p>
<h3><a name="pathinformation" id="pathinformation">Path information</a></h3>
<p>When you run a program from your command line, you have
certain information that is passed to the shell without you
thinking about it. For example, you have a path, which tells
the shell where it can look for files that you reference.</p>
<p>When a program runs through the web server as a CGI
program, it does not have that path. Any programs that you
invoke in your CGI program (like 'sendmail', for example)
will need to be specified by a full path, so that the shell
can find them when it attempts to execute your CGI
program.</p>
<p>A common manifestation of this is the path to the script
interpreter (often <code>perl</code>) indicated in the first
line of your CGI program, which will look something like:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
#!/usr/bin/perl
</code></p></div>
<p>Make sure that this is in fact the path to the
interpreter.</p>
<h3><a name="syntaxerrors" id="syntaxerrors">Syntax errors</a></h3>
<p>Most of the time when a CGI program fails, it's because of
a problem with the program itself. This is particularly true
once you get the hang of this CGI stuff, and no longer make
the above two mistakes. Always attempt to run your program
from the command line before you test if via a browser. This
will eliminate most of your problems.</p>
<h3><a name="errorlogs" id="errorlogs">Error logs</a></h3>
<p>The error logs are your friend. Anything that goes wrong
generates message in the error log. You should always look
there first. If the place where you are hosting your web site
does not permit you access to the error log, you should
probably host your site somewhere else. Learn to read the
error logs, and you'll find that almost all of your problems
are quickly identified, and quickly solved.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="behindscenes" id="behindscenes">What's going on behind the scenes?</a></h2>
<p>As you become more advanced in CGI programming, it will
become useful to understand more about what's happening behind
the scenes. Specifically, how the browser and server
communicate with one another. Because although it's all very
well to write a program that prints "Hello, World.", it's not
particularly useful.</p>
<h3><a name="env" id="env">Environment variables</a></h3>
<p>Environment variables are values that float around you as
you use your computer. They are useful things like your path
(where the computer searches for a the actual file
implementing a command when you type it), your username, your
terminal type, and so on. For a full list of your normal,
every day environment variables, type
<code>env</code> at a command prompt.</p>
<p>During the CGI transaction, the server and the browser
also set environment variables, so that they can communicate
with one another. These are things like the browser type
(Netscape, IE, Lynx), the server type (Apache, IIS, WebSite),
the name of the CGI program that is being run, and so on.</p>
<p>These variables are available to the CGI programmer, and
are half of the story of the client-server communication. The
complete list of required variables is at
<a href="http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/env.html">http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/env.html</a>.</p>
<p>This simple Perl CGI program will display all of the
environment variables that are being passed around. Two
similar programs are included in the
<code>cgi-bin</code>
directory of the Apache distribution. Note that some
variables are required, while others are optional, so you may
see some variables listed that were not in the official list.
In addition, Apache provides many different ways for you to
<a href="../env.html">add your own environment variables</a>
to the basic ones provided by default.</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
#!/usr/bin/perl<br />
print "Content-type: text/html\n\n";<br />
foreach $key (keys %ENV) {<br />
<span class="indent">
print "$key --> $ENV{$key}<br>";<br />
</span>
}
</code></p></div>
<h3><a name="stdin" id="stdin">STDIN and STDOUT</a></h3>
<p>Other communication between the server and the client
happens over standard input (<code>STDIN</code>) and standard
output (<code>STDOUT</code>). In normal everyday context,
<code>STDIN</code> means the keyboard, or a file that a
program is given to act on, and <code>STDOUT</code>
usually means the console or screen.</p>
<p>When you <code>POST</code> a web form to a CGI program,
the data in that form is bundled up into a special format
and gets delivered to your CGI program over <code>STDIN</code>.
The program then can process that data as though it was
coming in from the keyboard, or from a file</p>
<p>The "special format" is very simple. A field name and
its value are joined together with an equals (=) sign, and
pairs of values are joined together with an ampersand
(&). Inconvenient characters like spaces, ampersands, and
equals signs, are converted into their hex equivalent so that
they don't gum up the works. The whole data string might look
something like:</p>
<div class="example"><p><code>
name=Rich%20Bowen&city=Lexington&state=KY&sidekick=Squirrel%20Monkey
</code></p></div>
<p>You'll sometimes also see this type of string appended to
the a URL. When that is done, the server puts that string
into the environment variable called
<code>QUERY_STRING</code>. That's called a <code>GET</code>
request. Your HTML form specifies whether a <code>GET</code>
or a <code>POST</code> is used to deliver the data, by setting the
<code>METHOD</code> attribute in the <code>FORM</code> tag.</p>
<p>Your program is then responsible for splitting that string
up into useful information. Fortunately, there are libraries
and modules available to help you process this data, as well
as handle other of the aspects of your CGI program.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="libraries" id="libraries">CGI modules/libraries</a></h2>
<p>When you write CGI programs, you should consider using a
code library, or module, to do most of the grunt work for you.
This leads to fewer errors, and faster development.</p>
<p>If you're writing CGI programs in Perl, modules are
available on <a href="http://www.cpan.org/">CPAN</a>. The most
popular module for this purpose is <code>CGI.pm</code>. You might
also consider <code>CGI::Lite</code>, which implements a minimal
set of functionality, which is all you need in most programs.</p>
<p>If you're writing CGI programs in C, there are a variety of
options. One of these is the <code>CGIC</code> library, from
<a href="http://www.boutell.com/cgic/">http://www.boutell.com/cgic/</a>.</p>
</div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="../images/up.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a name="moreinfo" id="moreinfo">For more information</a></h2>
<p>There are a large number of CGI resources on the web. You
can discuss CGI problems with other users on the Usenet group
<a href="news:comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi">comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi</a>. And the -servers mailing
list from the HTML Writers Guild is a great source of answers
to your questions. You can find out more at
<a href="http://www.hwg.org/lists/hwg-servers/">http://www.hwg.org/lists/hwg-servers/</a>.</p>
<p>And, of course, you should probably read the CGI
specification, which has all the details on the operation of
CGI programs. You can find the original version at the
<a href="http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/interface.html">NCSA</a> and there is an updated draft at the
<a href="http://web.golux.com/coar/cgi/">Common Gateway
Interface RFC project</a>.</p>
<p>When you post a question about a CGI problem that you're
having, whether to a mailing list, or to a newsgroup, make sure
you provide enough information about what happened, what you
expected to happen, and how what actually happened was
different, what server you're running, what language your CGI
program was in, and, if possible, the offending code. This will
make finding your problem much simpler.</p>
<p>Note that questions about CGI problems should <strong>never</strong>
be posted to the Apache bug database unless you are sure you
have found a problem in the Apache source code.</p>
</div></div>
<div class="bottomlang">
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="../en/howto/cgi.html" title="English"> en </a> |
<a href="../ja/howto/cgi.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a></p>
</div><div id="footer">
<p class="apache">Copyright 1999-2004 The Apache Software Foundation.<br />Licensed under the <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License, Version 2.0</a>.</p>
<p class="menu"><a href="../mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="../mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="../faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="../glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="../sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p></div>
</body></html>
|
