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diff --git a/docs/manual/howto/cgi.html.en b/docs/manual/howto/cgi.html.en deleted file mode 100644 index fadbceb41c..0000000000 --- a/docs/manual/howto/cgi.html.en +++ /dev/null @@ -1,499 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"> -<html> -<head> -<title>Apache Tutorial: Dynamic Content with CGI</title> -<link rev="made" href="mailto:rbowen@rcbowen.com"> -</head> -<!-- Background white, links blue (unvisited), navy (visited), red (active) --> -<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#000080" -alink="#FF0000"> -<!--#include virtual="header.html" --> -<h1 align="CENTER">Dynamic Content with CGI</h1> - -<a name="__index__"></a> <!-- INDEX BEGIN --> - - -<ul> -<li><a href="#dynamiccontentwithcgi">Dynamic Content with -CGI</a></li> - -<li><a href="#configuringapachetopermitcgi">Configuring Apache to -permit CGI</a> - -<ul> -<li><a href="#scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a></li> - -<li><a href="#cgioutsideofscriptaliasdirectories">CGI outside of -ScriptAlias directories</a> - -<ul> -<li><a href="#explicitlyusingoptionstopermitcgiexecution">Explicitly using -Options to permit CGI execution</a></li> - -<li><a href="#htaccessfiles">.htaccess files</a></li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul> -</li> - -<li><a href="#writingacgiprogram">Writing a CGI program</a> - -<ul> -<li><a href="#yourfirstcgiprogram">Your first CGI program</a></li> -</ul> -</li> - -<li><a href="#butitsstillnotworking">But it's still not -working!</a> - -<ul> -<li><a href="#filepermissions">File permissions</a></li> - -<li><a href="#pathinformation">Path information</a></li> - -<li><a href="#syntaxerrors">Syntax errors</a></li> - -<li><a href="#errorlogs">Error logs</a></li> -</ul> -</li> - -<li><a href="#whatsgoingonbehindthescenes">What's going on behind -the scenes?</a> - -<ul> -<li><a href="#environmentvariables">Environment variables</a></li> - -<li><a href="#stdinandstdout">STDIN and STDOUT</a></li> -</ul> -</li> - -<li><a href="#cgimoduleslibraries">CGI modules/libraries</a></li> - -<li><a href="#formoreinformation">For more information</a></li> -</ul> - -<!-- INDEX END --> -<hr> -<h2><a name="dynamiccontentwithcgi">Dynamic Content with -CGI</a></h2> - -<table border="1"> -<tr><td valign="top"> -<strong>Related Modules</strong><br><br> - -<a href="../mod/mod_alias.html">mod_alias</a><br> -<a href="../mod/mod_cgi.html">mod_cgi</a><br> - -</td><td valign="top"> -<strong>Related Directives</strong><br><br> - -<a href="../mod/mod_mime.html#addhandler">AddHandler</a><br> -<A HREF="../mod/core.html#options">Options</a><br> -<a href="../mod/mod_alias.html#scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a><br> - -</td></tr></table> - -<p>The CGI (Common Gateway Interface) defines a way for a web server -to interact with external content-generating programs, which are often -referred to as CGI programs or CGI scripts. It is the simplest, and -most common, way to put dynamic content on your web site. This -document will be an introduction to setting up CGI on your Apache web -server, and getting started writing CGI programs.</p> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="configuringapachetopermitcgi">Configuring Apache to -permit CGI</a></h2> - -<p>In order to get your CGI programs to work properly, you'll need to -have Apache configured to permit CGI execution. There are several ways -to do this.</p> - -<h3><a name="scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a></h3> - -<p>The <code>ScriptAlias</code> directive tells Apache that a -particular directory is set aside for CGI programs. Apache will assume -that every file in this directory is a CGI program, and will attempt to -execute it, when that particular resource is requested by a client.</p> - -<p>The <code>ScriptAlias</code> directive looks like:</p> - -<pre> - ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /usr/local/apache/cgi-bin/ -</pre> - -<p>The example shown is from your default <code>httpd.conf</code> -configuration file, if you installed Apache in the default location. -The <code>ScriptAlias</code> directive is much like the -<code>Alias</code> directive, which defines a URL prefix that is to -mapped to a particular directory. <code>Alias</code> and -<code>ScriptAlias</code> are usually used for directories that are -outside of the <code>DocumentRoot</code> directory. The difference -between <code>Alias</code> and <code>ScriptAlias</code> is that -<code>ScriptAlias</code> has the added meaning that everything under -that URL prefix will be considered a CGI program. So, the example above -tells Apache that any request for a resource beginning with -<code>/cgi-bin/</code> should be served from the directory -<code>/usr/local/apache/cgi-bin/</code>, and should be treated as a CGI -program.</p> - -<p>For example, if the URL -<code>http://dev.rcbowen.com/cgi-bin/test.pl</code> is requested, -Apache will attempt to execute the file -<code>/usr/local/apache/cgi-bin/test.pl</code> and return the output. -Of course, the file will have to exist, and be executable, and return -output in a particular way, or Apache will return an error message.</p> - -<h3><a name="cgioutsideofscriptaliasdirectories">CGI outside of -ScriptAlias directories</a></h3> - -<p>CGI programs are often restricted to <code>ScriptAlias</code>'ed -directories for security reasons. In this way, administrators can -tightly control who is allowed to use CGI programs. However, if the -proper security precautions are taken, there is no reason why -CGI programs cannot be run from arbitrary directories. For example, -you may wish to let users have web content in their home directories -with the <code>UserDir</code> directive. If they want to have their -own CGI programs, but don't have access to the main -<code>cgi-bin</code> directory, they will need to be able to run CGI -programs elsewhere.</p> - -<h3><a name="explicitlyusingoptionstopermitcgiexecution">Explicitly using -Options to permit CGI execution</a></h3> - -<p>You could explicitly use the <code>Options</code> directive, inside -your main server configuration file, to specify that CGI execution was -permitted in a particular directory:</p> - -<pre> - <Directory /usr/local/apache/htdocs/somedir> - Options +ExecCGI - </Directory> -</pre> - -<p>The above directive tells Apache to permit the execution of CGI -files. You will also need to tell the server what files are CGI files. -The following <code>AddHandler</code> directive tells the server -to treat all files with the <code>cgi</code> or <code>pl</code> -extension as CGI programs:</p> - -<pre> - AddHandler cgi-script cgi pl -</pre> - -<h3><a name="htaccessfiles">.htaccess files</a></h3> - -<p>A <code>.htaccess</code> file is a way to set configuration -directives on a per-directory basis. When Apache serves a resource, it -looks in the directory from which it is serving a file for a file -called <code>.htaccess</code>, and, if it finds it, it will apply -directives found therein. <code>.htaccess</code> files can be permitted -with the <code>AllowOverride</code> directive, which specifies what -types of directives can appear in these files, or if they are not -allowed at all. To permit the directive we will need for this purpose, -the following configuration will be needed in your main server -configuration:</p> - -<pre> - AllowOverride Options -</pre> - -<p>In the <code>.htaccess</code> file, you'll need the following -directive:</p> - -<pre> - Options +ExecCGI -</pre> - -<p>which tells Apache that execution of CGI programs is permitted in -this directory.</p> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="writingacgiprogram">Writing a CGI program</a></h2> - -<p>There are two main differences between ``regular'' programming, and -CGI programming.</p> - -<p>First, all output from your CGI program must be preceded by a -MIME-type header. This is HTTP header that tells the client what sort -of content it is receiving. Most of the time, this will look like:</p> - -<pre> - Content-type: text/html -</pre> - -<p>Secondly, your output needs to be in HTML, or some other format that -a browser will be able to display. Most of the time, this will be HTML, -but occasionally you might write a CGI program that outputs a gif -image, or other non-HTML content.</p> - -<p>Apart from those two things, writing a CGI program will look a lot -like any other program that you might write.</p> - -<h3><a name="yourfirstcgiprogram">Your first CGI program</a></h3> - -<p>The following is an example CGI program that prints one line to your -browser. Type in the following, save it to a file called -<code>first.pl</code>, and put it in your <code>cgi-bin</code> -directory.</p> - -<pre> - #!/usr/bin/perl - print "Content-type: text/html\r\n\r\n"; - print "Hello, World."; -</pre> - -<p>Even if you are not familiar with Perl, you should be able to see -what is happening here. The first line tells Apache (or whatever shell -you happen to be running under) that this program can be executed by -feeding the file to the interpreter found at the location -<code>/usr/bin/perl</code>. The second line prints the content-type -declaration we talked about, followed by two carriage-return newline -pairs. This puts a blank line after the header, to indicate the end of -the HTTP headers, and the beginning of the body. The third line prints -the string ``Hello, World.'' And that's the end of it.</p> - -<p>If you open your favorite browser and tell it to get the address</p> - -<pre> - http://www.example.com/cgi-bin/first.pl -</pre> - -<p>or wherever you put your file, you will see the one line -<code>Hello, World.</code> appear in your browser window. It's not very -exciting, but once you get that working, you'll have a good chance of -getting just about anything working.</p> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="butitsstillnotworking">But it's still not -working!</a></h2> - -<p>There are four basic things that you may see in your browser when -you try to access your CGI program from the web:</p> - -<dl> -<dt>The output of your CGI program</dt> -<dd>Great! That means everything worked fine.<br><br></dd> - -<dt>The source code of your CGI program or a "POST Method Not Allowed" -message</dt> -<dd>That means that you have not properly configured -Apache to process your CGI program. Reread the section on <a -href="#configuringapachetopermitcgi">configuring Apache</a> and try to -find what you missed.<br><br></dd> - -<dt>A message starting with "Forbidden"</dt> <dd>That means that there -is a permissions problem. Check the <a href="#errorlogs">Apache -error log</a> and the section below on <a -href="#filepermissions">file permissions</a>.<br><br></dd> - -<dt>A message saying "Internal Server Error"</dt> <dd>If you check the -<a href="#errorlogs">Apache error log</a>, you will probably find -that it says "Premature end of script headers", possibly along with an -error message generated by your CGI program. In this case, you will -want to check each of the below sections to see what might be preventing -your CGI program from emitting the proper HTTP headers.</dd> -</dl> - - -<h3><a name="filepermissions">File permissions</a></h3> - -<p>Remember that the server does not run as you. That is, when the -server starts up, it is running with the permissions of an unprivileged -user - usually ``nobody'', or ``www'' - and so it will need extra -permissions to execute files that are owned by you. Usually, the way to -give a file sufficient permissions to be executed by ``nobody'' is to -give everyone execute permission on the file:</p> - -<pre> - chmod a+x first.pl -</pre> - -<p>Also, if your program reads from, or writes to, any other files, -those files will need to have the correct permissions to permit -this.</p> - -<p>The exception to this is when the server is configured to use <a -href="../suexec.html">suexec</a>. This program allows CGI programs to -be run under different user permissions, depending on which virtual -host or user home directory they are located in. Suexec has very -strict permission checking, and any failure in that checking will -result in your CGI programs failing with an "Internal Server Error". -In this case, you will need to check the suexec log file to see what -specific security check is failing.</p> - -<h3><a name="pathinformation">Path information</a></h3> - -<p>When you run a program from your command line, you have certain -information that is passed to the shell without you thinking about it. -For example, you have a path, which tells the shell where it can look -for files that you reference.</p> - -<p>When a program runs through the web server as a CGI program, it does -not have that path. Any programs that you invoke in your CGI program -(like 'sendmail', for example) will need to be specified by a full -path, so that the shell can find them when it attempts to execute your -CGI program.</p> - -<p>A common manifestation of this is the path to the script interpreter -(often <code>perl</code>) indicated in the first line of your CGI -program, which will look something like:</p> - -<pre> - #!/usr/bin/perl -</pre> - -<p>Make sure that this is in fact the path to the interpreter.</p> - -<h3><a name="syntaxerrors">Syntax errors</a></h3> - -<p>Most of the time when a CGI program fails, it's because of a problem -with the program itself. This is particularly true once you get the -hang of this CGI stuff, and no longer make the above two mistakes. -Always attempt to run your program from the command line before you -test if via a browser. This will eliminate most of your problems.</p> - -<h3><a name="errorlogs">Error logs</a></h3> - -<p>The error logs are your friend. Anything that goes wrong generates -message in the error log. You should always look there first. If the -place where you are hosting your web site does not permit you access to -the error log, you should probably host your site somewhere else. Learn -to read the error logs, and you'll find that almost all of your -problems are quickly identified, and quickly solved.</p> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="whatsgoingonbehindthescenes">What's going on behind -the scenes?</a></h2> - -<p>As you become more advanced in CGI programming, it will become -useful to understand more about what's happening behind the scenes. -Specifically, how the browser and server communicate with one another. -Because although it's all very well to write a program that prints -``Hello, World.'', it's not particularly useful.</p> - -<h3><a name="environmentvariables">Environment variables</a></h3> - -<p>Environment variables are values that float around you as you use -your computer. They are useful things like your path (where the -computer searches for a the actual file implementing a command when you -type it), your username, your terminal type, and so on. For a full list -of your normal, every day environment variables, type <code>env</code> -at a command prompt.</p> - -<p>During the CGI transaction, the server and the browser also set -environment variables, so that they can communicate with one another. -These are things like the browser type (Netscape, IE, Lynx), the server -type (Apache, IIS, WebSite), the name of the CGI program that is being -run, and so on.</p> - -<p>These variables are available to the CGI programmer, and are half of -the story of the client-server communication. The complete list of -required variables is at <a href= -"http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/env.html">http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/env.html</a></p> - -<p>This simple Perl CGI program will display all of the environment -variables that are being passed around. Two similar programs are -included in the <code>cgi-bin</code> directory of the Apache -distribution. Note that some variables are required, while others are -optional, so you may see some variables listed that were not in the -official list. In addition, Apache provides many different ways for -you to <a href="../env.html">add your own environment variables</a> to -the basic ones provided by default.</p> - -<pre> - #!/usr/bin/perl - print "Content-type: text/html\n\n"; - foreach $key (keys %ENV) { - print "$key --> $ENV{$key}<br>"; - } -</pre> - -<h3><a name="stdinandstdout">STDIN and STDOUT</a></h3> - -<p>Other communication between the server and the client happens over -standard input (<code>STDIN</code>) and standard output -(<code>STDOUT</code>). In normal everyday context, <code>STDIN</code> -means the keyboard, or a file that a program is given to act on, and -<code>STDOUT</code> usually means the console or screen.</p> - -<p>When you <code>POST</code> a web form to a CGI program, the data in -that form is bundled up into a special format and gets delivered to -your CGI program over <code>STDIN</code>. The program then can process -that data as though it was coming in from the keyboard, or from a -file</p> - -<p>The ``special format'' is very simple. A field name and its value -are joined together with an equals (=) sign, and pairs of values are -joined together with an ampersand (&). Inconvenient characters like -spaces, ampersands, and equals signs, are converted into their hex -equivalent so that they don't gum up the works. The whole data string -might look something like:</p> - -<pre> - name=Rich%20Bowen&city=Lexington&state=KY&sidekick=Squirrel%20Monkey -</pre> - -<p>You'll sometimes also see this type of string appended to the a URL. -When that is done, the server puts that string into the environment -variable called <code>QUERY_STRING</code>. That's called a -<code>GET</code> request. Your HTML form specifies whether a -<code>GET</code> or a <code>POST</code> is used to deliver the data, by -setting the <code>METHOD</code> attribute in the <code>FORM</code> -tag.</p> - -<p>Your program is then responsible for splitting that string up into -useful information. Fortunately, there are libraries and modules -available to help you process this data, as well as handle other of the -aspects of your CGI program.</p> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="cgimoduleslibraries">CGI modules/libraries</a></h2> - -<p>When you write CGI programs, you should consider using a code -library, or module, to do most of the grunt work for you. This leads to -fewer errors, and faster development.</p> - -<p>If you're writing CGI programs in Perl, modules are available on <a -href="http://www.cpan.org/">CPAN</a>. The most popular module for this -purpose is CGI.pm. You might also consider CGI::Lite, which implements -a minimal set of functionality, which is all you need in most -programs.</p> - -<p>If you're writing CGI programs in C, there are a variety of options. -One of these is the CGIC library, from <a href= -"http://www.boutell.com/cgic/">http://www.boutell.com/cgic/</a></p> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="formoreinformation">For more information</a></h2> - -<p>There are a large number of CGI resources on the web. You can -discuss CGI problems with other users on the Usenet group -comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi. And the -servers mailing list from -the HTML Writers Guild is a great source of answers to your questions. -You can find out more at <a href= -"http://www.hwg.org/lists/hwg-servers/">http://www.hwg.org/lists/hwg-servers/</a></p> - -<p>And, of course, you should probably read the CGI specification, -which has all the details on the operation of CGI programs. You can -find the original version at the <a href= -"http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/interface.html">NCSA</a> and there is -an updated draft at the <a -href="http://web.golux.com/coar/cgi/">Common Gateway Interface RFC -project</a>.</p> - -<p>When you post a question about a CGI problem that you're having, -whether to a mailing list, or to a newsgroup, make sure you provide -enough information about what happened, what you expected to happen, -and how what actually happened was different, what server you're -running, what language your CGI program was in, and, if possible, the -offending code. This will make finding your problem much simpler.</p> - -<p>Note that questions about CGI problems should <strong>never</strong> -be posted to the Apache bug database unless you are sure you have found -a problem in the Apache source code.</p> - -<!--#include virtual="footer.html" --> - -</body> -</html> - diff --git a/docs/manual/howto/cgi.html.ja.jis b/docs/manual/howto/cgi.html.ja.jis deleted file mode 100644 index b6bf58c219..0000000000 --- a/docs/manual/howto/cgi.html.ja.jis +++ /dev/null @@ -1,495 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"> -<html> -<head> -<title>Apache Tutorial: CGI $B$K$h$kF0E*%3%s%F%s%D(B</title> -</head> -<!-- English revision: 1.6 --> -<!-- Background white, links blue (unvisited), navy (visited), red (active) --> -<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#000080" -alink="#FF0000"> -<!--#include virtual="header.html" --> -<h1 align="CENTER">CGI $B$K$h$kF0E*%3%s%F%s%D(B</h1> - -<a name="__index__"></a> <!-- INDEX BEGIN --> - - -<ul> -<li><a href="#dynamiccontentwithcgi">CGI $B$K$h$kF0E*%3%s%F%s%D(B</a></li> - -<li><a href="#configuringapachetopermitcgi">CGI $B$r5v2D$9$k$h$&$K(B Apache $B$r(B -$B@_Dj$9$k(B</a> - -<ul> -<li><a href="#scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a></li> - -<li><a href="#cgioutsideofscriptaliasdirectories">ScriptAlias $B%G%#%l%/%H%j30$N(B -CGI</a> - -<ul> -<li><a href="#explicitlyusingoptionstopermitcgiexecution">CGI $B$N<B9T$r2DG=$K(B -$B$9$k$?$a$K(B Options $B$rL@<(E*$K;HMQ$9$k(B</a></li> - - -<li><a href="#htaccessfiles">.htaccess $B%U%!%$%k(B</a></li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul> -</li> - -<li><a href="#writingacgiprogram">CGI $B%W%m%0%i%`$r=q$/(B</a> - -<ul> -<li><a href="#yourfirstcgiprogram">$B$"$J$?$N:G=i$N(B CGI $B%W%m%0%i%`(B</a></li> -</ul> -</li> - -<li><a href="#butitsstillnotworking">$B$7$+$7!"$^$@F0$+$J$$(B !</a> - -<ul> -<li><a href="#filepermissions">$B%U%!%$%k$N%Q!<%_%C%7%g%s(B</a></li> - -<li><a href="#pathinformation">$B%Q%9>pJs(B</a></li> - -<li><a href="#syntaxerrors">$B9=J8%(%i!<(B</a></li> - -<li><a href="#errorlogs">$B%(%i!<%m%0(B</a></li> -</ul> -</li> - -<li><a href="#whatsgoingonbehindthescenes">$BN"$G2?$,5/$3$C$F$$$k$N$+(B?</a> - -<ul> -<li><a href="#environmentvariables">$B4D6-JQ?t(B</a></li> - -<li><a href="#stdinandstdout">$BI8=`F~=PNO(B</a></li> -</ul> -</li> - -<li><a href="#cgimoduleslibraries">CGI $B%b%8%e!<%k(B/$B%i%$%V%i%j(B</a></li> - -<li><a href="#formoreinformation">$B99$J$k>pJs(B</a></li> -</ul> - -<!-- INDEX END --> -<hr> -<h2><a name="dynamiccontentwithcgi">CGI $B$K$h$kF0E*%3%s%F%s%D(B</a></h2> - -<table border="1"> -<tr><td valign="top"> -<strong>$B4XO"%b%8%e!<%k(B</strong><br><br> - -<a href="../mod/mod_alias.html">mod_alias</a><br> -<a href="../mod/mod_cgi.html">mod_cgi</a><br> - -</td><td valign="top"> -<strong>$B4XO"%G%#%l%/%F%#%V(B</strong><br><br> - -<a href="../mod/mod_mime.html#addhandler">AddHandler</a><br> -<A HREF="../mod/core.html#options">Options</a><br> -<a href="../mod/mod_alias.html#scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a><br> - -</td></tr></table> - -<p>CGI (Common Gateway Interface) $B$O!"%&%'%V%5!<%P$,%3%s%F%s%D@8@.$r$9$k(B -$B30It%W%m%0%i%`$H6(D4$7$FF0:n$9$k$?$a$NJ}K!$rDj5A$7$F$$$^$9!#$=$N%W%m%0%i%`$O$7$P$7$P(B -CGI $B%W%m%0%i%`$d(B CGI $B%9%/%j%W%H$H8F$P$l$^$9!#(BCGI $B$O!"%&%'%V%5%$%H$K(B -$BF0E*$J%3%s%F%s%D$rCV$/$?$a$N:G$b4JC1$G0lHLE*$JJ}K!$G$9!#$3$N%I%-%e%a%s%H$O!"(B -Apache $B%&%'%V%5!<%P$G(B CGI $B$r@_Dj$7!"(BCGI $B%W%m%0%i%`$r=q$-;O$a$k$?$a$N(B -$BF~Lg=q$H$J$k$G$7$g$&!#(B</p> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="configuringapachetopermitcgi">CGI $B$r5v2D$9$k$h$&$K(B Apache $B$r(B -$B@_Dj$9$k(B</a></h2> - -<p>CGI $B%W%m%0%i%`$r@5$7$/F0:n$5$;$k$K$O!"(BCGI $B$r5v2D$9$k$h$&$K(B -Apache $B$N@_Dj$r9T$&I,MW$,$"$j$^$9!#$3$l$r9T$J$&$?$a$NJ}K!$,$$$/$D$+(B -$B$"$j$^$9!#(B</p> - -<h3><a name="scriptalias">ScriptAlias</a></h3> - -<p><code>ScriptAlias</code> $B%G%#%l%/%F%#%V$r;HMQ$7$F!"(BCGI $B%W%m%0%i%`MQ$N(B -$BFCJL$JJL%G%#%l%/%H%j$r(B Apache $B$K@_Dj$7$^$9!#(B -Apache $B$O!"$3$N%G%#%l%/%H%jCf$NA4$F$N%U%!%$%k$r(B CGI $B%W%m%0%i%`$G$"$k$H(B -$B2>Dj$7$^$9!#$=$7$F!"$3$NFCJL$J%j%=!<%9$,%/%i%$%"%s%H$+$iMW5a$5$l$k$H!"(B -$B$=$N%W%m%0%i%`$N<B9T$r;n$_$^$9!#(B</p> - 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-</body> -</html> - diff --git a/docs/manual/howto/footer.html b/docs/manual/howto/footer.html deleted file mode 100644 index 4a0991e6fa..0000000000 --- a/docs/manual/howto/footer.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ -<HR> - -<H3 ALIGN="CENTER"> - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.0 -</H3> - -<A HREF="./"><IMG SRC="../images/index.gif" ALT="Index"></A> -<A HREF="../"><IMG SRC="../images/home.gif" ALT="Home"></A> diff --git a/docs/manual/howto/header.html b/docs/manual/howto/header.html deleted file mode 100644 index 9bc11593a3..0000000000 --- a/docs/manual/howto/header.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6 +0,0 @@ -<DIV ALIGN="CENTER"> - <IMG SRC="../images/sub.gif" ALT="[APACHE DOCUMENTATION]"> - <H3> - Apache HTTP Server Version 2.0 - </H3> -</DIV> diff --git a/docs/manual/howto/ssi.html.en b/docs/manual/howto/ssi.html.en deleted file mode 100644 index da17836b41..0000000000 --- a/docs/manual/howto/ssi.html.en +++ /dev/null @@ -1,521 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"> -<html> -<head> -<title>Apache Tutorial: Introduction to Server Side Includes</title> -<link rev="made" href="mailto:rbowen@rcbowen.com"> -</head> -<!-- Background white, links blue (unvisited), navy (visited), red (active) --> -<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#000080" -alink="#FF0000"> -<!--#include virtual="header.html" --> -<h1 align="CENTER">Apache Tutorial: Introduction to Server Side -Includes</h1> - -<a name="__index__"></a> <!-- INDEX BEGIN --> - - -<ul> -<li><a href= -"#apachetutorial:introductiontoserversideincludes">Apache -Tutorial: Introduction to Server Side Includes</a></li> - -<li><a href="#whataressi">What are SSI?</a></li> - -<li><a href="#configuringyourservertopermitssi">Configuring your -server to permit SSI</a></li> - -<li><a href="#basicssidirectives">Basic SSI directives</a> - -<ul> - <li><a href="#today'sdate">Today's date</a></li> - - <li><a href="#modificationdateofthefile">Modification date of the -file</a></li> - - <li><a href="#includingtheresultsofacgiprogram">Including the -results of a CGI program</a></li> -</ul> -</li> - -<li><a href="#additionalexamples">Additional examples</a> - -<ul> -<li><a href="#whenwasthisdocumentmodified">When was this document -modified?</a></li> - -<li><a href="#includingastandardfooter">Including a standard -footer</a></li> - -<li><a href="#whatelsecaniconfig">What else can I config?</a></li> - -<li><a href="#executingcommands">Executing commands</a></li> -</ul> -</li> - -<li><a href="#advancedssitechniques">Advanced SSI techniques</a> - -<ul> -<li><a href="#settingvariables">Setting variables</a></li> - -<li><a href="#conditionalexpressions">Conditional expressions</a></li> -</ul> -</li> - -<li><a href="#conclusion">Conclusion</a></li> -</ul> - -<!-- INDEX END --> -<hr> -<h2><a name= -"apachetutorial:introductiontoserversideincludes">Apache -Tutorial: Introduction to Server Side Includes</a></h2> - -<table border="1"> -<tr> -<td valign="top"><strong>Related Modules</strong><br> -<br> - <a href="../mod/mod_include.html">mod_include</a><br> -<a href="../mod/mod_cgi.html">mod_cgi</a><br> -<a href="../mod/mod_expires.html">mod_expires</a><br> - </td> -<td valign="top"><strong>Related Directives</strong><br> -<br> - <a href="../mod/core.html#options">Options</a><br> -<a href="../mod/mod_include.html#xbithack">XBitHack</a><br> -<a href="../mod/mod_mime.html#addtype">AddType</a><br> -<a href="../mod/mod_mime.html#addhandler">AddHandler</a><br> -<a href= -"../mod/mod_setenvif.html#BrowserMatchNoCase">BrowserMatchNoCase</a><br> - - </td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>This HOWTO first appeared in Apache Today -(http://www.apachetoday.com/) as a series of three articles. They -appear here by arrangement with ApacheToday and Internet.com.</p> - -<p>This article deals with Server Side Includes, usually called simply -SSI. In this article, I'll talk about configuring your server to permit -SSI, and introduce some basic SSI techniques for adding dynamic content -to your existing HTML pages.</p> - -<p>In the latter part of the article, we'll talk about some of the -somewhat more advanced things that can be done with SSI, such as -conditional statements in your SSI directives.</p> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="whataressi">What are SSI?</a></h2> - -<p>SSI (Server Side Includes) are directives that are placed in HTML -pages, and evaluated on the server while the pages are being served. -They let you add dynamically generated content to an existing HTML -page, without having to serve the entire page via a CGI program, or -other dynamic technology.</p> - -<p>The decision of when to use SSI, and when to have your page entirely -generated by some program, is usually a matter of how much of the page -is static, and how much needs to be recalculated every time the page is -served. SSI is a great way to add small pieces of information, such as -the current time. But if a majority of your page is being generated at -the time that it is served, you need to look for some other -solution.</p> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="configuringyourservertopermitssi">Configuring your -server to permit SSI</a></h2> - -<p>To permit SSI on your server, you must have the following directive -either in your <code>httpd.conf</code> file, or in a -<code>.htaccess</code> file:</p> - -<pre> - Options +Includes -</pre> - -<p>This tells Apache that you want to permit files to be parsed for SSI -directives.</p> - -<p>Not just any file is parsed for SSI directives. You have to tell -Apache which files should be parsed. There are two ways to do this. You -can tell Apache to parse any file with a particular file extension, -such as <code>.shtml</code>, with the following directives:</p> - -<pre> - AddType text/html .shtml - <FilesMatch "\.shtml[.$]"> - SetOutputFilter INCLUDES<br> - </FilesMatch> -</pre> - -<p>One disadvantage to this approach is that if you wanted to add SSI -directives to an existing page, you would have to change the name of -that page, and all links to that page, in order to give it a -<code>.shtml</code> extension, so that those directives would be -executed.</p> - -<p>The other method is to use the <code>XBitHack</code> directive:</p> - -<pre> - XBitHack on -</pre> - -<p><code>XBitHack</code> tells Apache to parse files for SSI directives -if they have the execute bit set. So, to add SSI directives to an -existing page, rather than having to change the file name, you would -just need to make the file executable using <code>chmod</code>.</p> - -<pre> - chmod +x pagename.html -</pre> - -<p>A brief comment about what not to do. You'll occasionally see people -recommending that you just tell Apache to parse all <code>.html</code> -files for SSI, so that you don't have to mess with <code>.shtml</code> -file names. These folks have perhaps not heard about -<code>XBitHack</code>. The thing to keep in mind is that, by doing -this, you're requiring that Apache read through every single file that -it sends out to clients, even if they don't contain any SSI directives. -This can slow things down quite a bit, and is not a good idea.</p> - -<p>Of course, on Windows, there is no such thing as an execute bit to -set, so that limits your options a little.</p> - -<p>In its default configuration, Apache does not send the last modified -date or content length HTTP headers on SSI pages, because these values are -difficult to calculate for dynamic content. This can prevent your -document from being cached, and result in slower perceived client -performance. There are two ways to solve this:</p> - -<ol> - -<li>Use the <code>XBitHack Full</code> configuration. This tells -Apache to determine the last modified date by looking only at the date -of the originally requested file, ignoring the modification date of -any included files. </li> - -<li>Use the directives provided by <a -href="../mod/mod_expires.html">mod_expires</a> to set an explicit -expiration time on your files, thereby letting browsers and proxies -know that it is acceptable to cache them. </li> - -</ol> - - -<hr> -<h2><a name="basicssidirectives">Basic SSI directives</a></h2> - -<p>SSI directives have the following syntax:</p> - -<pre> - <!--#element attribute=value attribute=value ... --> -</pre> - -<p>It is formatted like an HTML comment, so if you don't have SSI -correctly enabled, the browser will ignore it, but it will still be -visible in the HTML source. If you have SSI correctly configured, the -directive will be replaced with its results.</p> - -<p>The element can be one of a number of things, and we'll talk some -more about most of these in the next installment of this series. For -now, here are some examples of what you can do with SSI</p> - -<h3><a name="today'sdate">Today's date</a></h3> - -<pre> - <!--#echo var="DATE_LOCAL" --> -</pre> - -<p>The <code>echo</code> element just spits out the value of a -variable. There are a number of standard variables, which include the -whole set of environment variables that are available to CGI programs. -Also, you can define your own variables with the <code>set</code> -element.</p> - -<p>If you don't like the format in which the date gets printed, you can -use the <code>config</code> element, with a <code>timefmt</code> -attribute, to modify that formatting.</p> - -<pre> - <!--#config timefmt="%A %B %d, %Y" --> - Today is <!--#echo var="DATE_LOCAL" --> -</pre> - -<h3><a name="modificationdateofthefile">Modification date of the -file</a></h3> - -<pre> - This document last modified <!--#flastmod file="index.html" --> -</pre> - -<p>This element is also subject to <code>timefmt</code> format -configurations.</p> - -<h3><a name="includingtheresultsofacgiprogram">Including the -results of a CGI program</a></h3> - -<p>This is one of the more common uses of SSI - to output the results -of a CGI program, such as everybody's favorite, a ``hit counter.''</p> - -<pre> - <!--#include virtual="/cgi-bin/counter.pl" --> -</pre> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="additionalexamples">Additional examples</a></h2> - -<p>Following are some specific examples of things you can do in your -HTML documents with SSI.</p> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="whenwasthisdocumentmodified">When was this document -modified?</a></h2> - -<p>Earlier, we mentioned that you could use SSI to inform the user when -the document was most recently modified. However, the actual method for -doing that was left somewhat in question. The following code, placed in -your HTML document, will put such a time stamp on your page. Of course, -you will have to have SSI correctly enabled, as discussed above.</p> - -<pre> - <!--#config timefmt="%A %B %d, %Y" --> - This file last modified <!--#flastmod file="ssi.shtml" --> -</pre> - -<p>Of course, you will need to replace the <code>ssi.shtml</code> with -the actual name of the file that you're referring to. This can be -inconvenient if you're just looking for a generic piece of code that -you can paste into any file, so you probably want to use the -<code>LAST_MODIFIED</code> variable instead:</p> - -<pre> - <!--#config timefmt="%D" --> - This file last modified <!--#echo var="LAST_MODIFIED" --> -</pre> - -<p>For more details on the <code>timefmt</code> format, go to your -favorite search site and look for <code>ctime</code>. The syntax is the -same.</p> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="includingastandardfooter">Including a standard -footer</a></h2> - -<p>If you are managing any site that is more than a few pages, you may -find that making changes to all those pages can be a real pain, -particularly if you are trying to maintain some kind of standard look -across all those pages.</p> - -<p>Using an include file for a header and/or a footer can reduce the -burden of these updates. You just have to make one footer file, and -then include it into each page with the <code>include</code> SSI -command. The <code>include</code> element can determine what file to -include with either the <code>file</code> attribute, or the -<code>virtual</code> attribute. The <code>file</code> attribute is a -file path, <em>relative to the current directory</em>. That means that -it cannot be an absolute file path (starting with /), nor can it -contain ../ as part of that path. The <code>virtual</code> attribute is -probably more useful, and should specify a URL relative to the document -being served. It can start with a /, but must be on the same server as -the file being served.</p> - -<pre> - <!--#include virtual="/footer.html" --> -</pre> - -<p>I'll frequently combine the last two things, putting a -<code>LAST_MODIFIED</code> directive inside a footer file to be -included. SSI directives can be contained in the included file, and -includes can be nested - that is, the included file can include another -file, and so on.</p> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="whatelsecaniconfig">What else can I config?</a></h2> - -<p>In addition to being able to <code>config</code> the time format, -you can also <code>config</code> two other things.</p> - -<p>Usually, when something goes wrong with your SSI directive, you get -the message</p> - -<pre> - [an error occurred while processing this directive] -</pre> - -<p>If you want to change that message to something else, you can do so -with the <code>errmsg</code> attribute to the <code>config</code> -element:</p> - -<pre> - <!--#config errmsg="[It appears that you don't know how to use SSI]" --> -</pre> - -<p>Hopefully, end users will never see this message, because you will -have resolved all the problems with your SSI directives before your -site goes live. (Right?)</p> - -<p>And you can <code>config</code> the format in which file sizes are -returned with the <code>sizefmt</code> attribute. You can specify -<code>bytes</code> for a full count in bytes, or <code>abbrev</code> -for an abbreviated number in Kb or Mb, as appropriate.</p> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="executingcommands">Executing commands</a></h2> - -<p>I expect that I'll have an article some time in the coming months -about using SSI with small CGI programs. For now, here's something else -that you can do with the <code>exec</code> element. You can actually -have SSI execute a command using the shell (<code>/bin/sh</code>, to be -precise - or the DOS shell, if you're on Win32). The following, for -example, will give you a directory listing.</p> - -<pre> - <pre> - <!--#exec cmd="ls" --> - </pre> -</pre> - -<p>or, on Windows</p> - -<pre> - <pre> - <!--#exec cmd="dir" --> - </pre> -</pre> - -<p>You might notice some strange formatting with this directive on -Windows, because the output from <code>dir</code> contains the string -``<<code>dir</code>>'' in it, which confuses browsers.</p> - -<p>Note that this feature is exceedingly dangerous, as it will execute -whatever code happens to be embedded in the <code>exec</code> tag. If -you have any situation where users can edit content on your web pages, -such as with a ``guestbook'', for example, make sure that you have this -feature disabled. You can allow SSI, but not the <code>exec</code> -feature, with the <code>IncludesNOEXEC</code> argument to the -<code>Options</code> directive.</p> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="advancedssitechniques">Advanced SSI techniques</a></h2> - -<p>In addition to spitting out content, Apache SSI gives you the option -of setting variables, and using those variables in comparisons and -conditionals.</p> - -<h3><a name="caveat">Caveat</a></h3> - -<p>Most of the features discussed in this article are only available to -you if you are running Apache 1.2 or later. Of course, if you are not -running Apache 1.2 or later, you need to upgrade immediately, if not -sooner. Go on. Do it now. We'll wait.</p> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="settingvariables">Setting variables</a></h2> - -<p>Using the <code>set</code> directive, you can set variables for -later use. We'll need this later in the discussion, so we'll talk about -it here. The syntax of this is as follows:</p> - -<pre> - <!--#set var="name" value="Rich" --> -</pre> - -<p>In addition to merely setting values literally like that, you can -use any other variable, including, for example, environment variables, -or some of the variables we discussed in the last article (like -<code>LAST_MODIFIED</code>, for example) to give values to your -variables. You will specify that something is a variable, rather than a -literal string, by using the dollar sign ($) before the name of the -variable.</p> - -<pre> - <!--#set var="modified" value="$LAST_MODIFIED" --> -</pre> - -<p>To put a literal dollar sign into the value of your variable, you -need to escape the dollar sign with a backslash.</p> - -<pre> - <!--#set var="cost" value="\$100" --> -</pre> - -<p>Finally, if you want to put a variable in the midst of a longer -string, and there's a chance that the name of the variable will run up -against some other characters, and thus be confused with those -characters, you can place the name of the variable in braces, to remove -this confusion. (It's hard to come up with a really good example of -this, but hopefully you'll get the point.)</p> - -<pre> - <!--#set var="date" value="${DATE_LOCAL}_${DATE_GMT}" --> -</pre> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="conditionalexpressions">Conditional expressions</a></h2> - -<p>Now that we have variables, and are able to set and compare their -values, we can use them to express conditionals. This lets SSI be a -tiny programming language of sorts. <code>mod_include</code> provides -an <code>if</code>, <code>elif</code>, <code>else</code>, -<code>endif</code> structure for building conditional statements. This -allows you to effectively generate multiple logical pages out of one -actual page.</p> - -<p>The structure of this conditional construct is:</p> - -<pre> - <!--#if expr="test_condition" --> - <!--#elif expr="test_condition" --> - <!--#else --> - <!--#endif --> -</pre> - -<p>A <em>test_condition</em> can be any sort of logical comparison - -either comparing values to one another, or testing the ``truth'' of a -particular value. (A given string is true if it is nonempty.) For a -full list of the comparison operators available to you, see the -<code>mod_include</code> documentation. Here are some examples of how -one might use this construct.</p> - -<p>In your configuration file, you could put the following line:</p> - -<pre> - BrowserMatchNoCase macintosh Mac - BrowserMatchNoCase MSIE InternetExplorer -</pre> - -<p>This will set environment variables ``Mac'' and ``InternetExplorer'' -to true, if the client is running Internet Explorer on a Macintosh.</p> - -<p>Then, in your SSI-enabled document, you might do the following:</p> - -<pre> - <!--#if expr="${Mac} && ${InternetExplorer}" --> - Apologetic text goes here - <!--#else --> - Cool JavaScript code goes here - <!--#endif --> -</pre> - -<p>Not that I have anything against IE on Macs - I just struggled for a -few hours last week trying to get some JavaScript working on IE on a -Mac, when it was working everywhere else. The above was the interim -workaround.</p> - -<p>Any other variable (either ones that you define, or normal -environment variables) can be used in conditional statements. With -Apache's ability to set environment variables with the -<code>SetEnvIf</code> directives, and other related directives, this -functionality can let you do some pretty involved dynamic stuff without -ever resorting to CGI.</p> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="conclusion">Conclusion</a></h2> - -<p>SSI is certainly not a replacement for CGI, or other technologies -used for generating dynamic web pages. But it is a great way to add -small amounts of dynamic content to pages, without doing a lot of extra -work.</p> -</body> -</html> - diff --git a/docs/manual/howto/ssi.html.ja.jis b/docs/manual/howto/ssi.html.ja.jis deleted file mode 100644 index eafa3150b7..0000000000 --- a/docs/manual/howto/ssi.html.ja.jis +++ /dev/null @@ -1,501 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"> -<html> -<head> -<title>Apache $B%A%e!<%H%j%"%k(B: Server Side Includes $BF~Lg(B</title> -<!-- link rev="made" href="mailto:rbowen@rcbowen.com" --> -</head> -<!-- English revision: 1.7 --> -<!-- Background white, links blue (unvisited), navy (visited), red (active) --> -<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#000080" -alink="#FF0000"> -<!--#include virtual="header.html" --> -<h1 align="CENTER">Apache $B%A%e!<%H%j%"%k(B: Server Side Includes $BF~Lg(B</h1> - -<a name="__index__"></a> <!-- INDEX BEGIN --> - - -<ul> -<li><a href="#apachetutorial:introductiontoserversideincludes">Apache - $B%A%e!<%H%j%"%k(B: Server Side Includes $BF~Lg(B</a></li> - -<li><a href="#whataressi">SSI $B$H$O(B?</a></li> - -<li><a href="#configuringyourservertopermitssi">SSI $B$r5v2D$9$k$?$a$N(B -$B%5!<%P$N@_Dj(B</a></li> - -<li><a href="#basicssidirectives">$B4pK\E*$J(B SSI $B%G%#%l%/%F%#%V(B</a> - -<ul> - <li><a href="#today'sdate">$B:#F|$NF|IU(B</a></li> - - <li><a href="#modificationdateofthefile">$B%U%!%$%k$NJQ99F|(B</a></li> - - <li><a href="#includingtheresultsofacgiprogram">CGI $B%W%m%0%i%`$N7k2L$r(B -$B<h$j9~$`(B</a></li> -</ul> -</li> - -<li><a href="#additionalexamples">$BDI2C$NNc(B</a> - -<ul> -<li><a href="#whenwasthisdocumentmodified">$B$$$D$3$N%I%-%e%a%s%H$O(B -$B=$@5$5$l$?$N$+(B?</a></li> - -<li><a href="#includingastandardfooter">$BI8=`$N%U%C%?$rA^F~$9$k(B</a></li> - -<li><a href="#whatelsecaniconfig">$BB>$K2?$,@_Dj$G$-$k$N$+(B?</a></li> - -<li><a href="#executingcommands">$B%3%^%s%I$N<B9T(B</a></li> -</ul> -</li> - -<li><a href="#advancedssitechniques">$B9bEY$J(B SSI $B%F%/%K%C%/(B</a> - -<ul> -<li><a href="#settingvariables">$BJQ?t$r@_Dj$9$k(B</a></li> - -<li><a href="#conditionalexpressions">$B>r7o<0(B</a></li> -</ul> -</li> - -<li><a href="#conclusion">$B=*$o$j$K(B</a></li> -</ul> - -<!-- INDEX END --> -<hr> -<h2><a name= -"apachetutorial:introductiontoserversideincludes">Apache -$B%A%e!<%H%j%"%k(B: Server Side Includes $BF~Lg(B</a></h2> - -<table border="1"> -<tr> -<td valign="top"><strong>$B4XO"%b%8%e!<%k(B</strong><br> -<br> - <a href="../mod/mod_include.html">mod_include</a><br> -<a href="../mod/mod_cgi.html">mod_cgi</a><br> -<a href="../mod/mod_expires.html">mod_expires</a><br> - </td> -<td valign="top"><strong>$B4XO"%G%#%l%/%F%#%V(B</strong><br> -<br> - <a href="../mod/core.html#options">Options</a><br> -<a href="../mod/mod_include.html#xbithack">XBitHack</a><br> -<a href="../mod/mod_mime.html#addtype">AddType</a><br> -<a href="../mod/mod_mime.html#addhandler">AddHandler</a><br> -<a href= -"../mod/mod_setenvif.html#BrowserMatchNoCase">BrowserMatchNoCase</a><br> - - </td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>$B$3$NJ8=q$O:G=i!"(BApache Today (http://www.apachetoday.com/) $B$K;02s$NO":\5-;v$H$7$F7G:\$5$l$^$7$?!#(B -$B$3$3$G$O!"(BApcheToday $B$H(B Internet.com $B$H$N6(Dj$K$h$j:\$;$F$$$^$9!#(B</p> - -<p>$B$3$N5-;v$O!"DL>o$OC1$K(B SSI $B$H8F$P$l$k(B Server Side Includes $B$r(B -$B07$$$^$9!#$3$N5-;v$K$*$$$F$O!"%5!<%P$G$N(B SSI $B$r5v2D$9$k$?$a$N@_Dj$H!"(B -$B8=:_$N(B HTML $B%Z!<%8$KF0E*$J%3%s%F%s%D$r2C$($k$?$a$N$$$/$D$+$N4pK\E*$J(B -SSI $B5;=Q$r>R2p$7$^$9!#(B</p> - -<p>$B5-;v$N8eH>$G$O!"(BSSI $B%G%#%l%/%F%#%V$G(B -SSI $B$H6&$K<B9T$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k>r7oJ8$N$h$&$J4vJ,9bEY$J;vJA$K(B -$B$D$$$F=R$Y$F$$$^$9!#(B</p> - -<hr> -<h2><a name="whataressi">SSI $B$H$O(B?</a></h2> - -<p>SSI (Server Side Includes) $B$O!"(BHTML $B%Z!<%8Cf$KG[CV$5$l$k%G%#%l%/%F%#%V$G$"$j!"(B -$B%5!<%P$G%Z!<%8$rDs6!$9$k;~$KI>2A$5$l$^$9!#(B -SSI $B$O!"(BCGI $B%W%m%0%i%`$d$=$NB>$NF0E*$J5;=Q$GA4$F$N%Z!<%8$rDs6!(B -$B$;$:$K!"F0E*$K@8@.$5$l$?%3%s%F%s%D$r8=:_$N(B HTML $B%Z!<%8$K(B -$B2C$($^$9!#(B</p> - -<p>$B$I$&$$$&>l9g$K(B SSI $B$r;H$$!"$I$&$$$&>l9g$K%W%m%0%i%`$G%Z!<%8$r40A4$K@8@.$9$k$+(B -$B$O!"%Z!<%8$N$&$A$I$NDxEY$,@EE*$G$"$j!"%Z!<%8$,Ds6!$5$l$k$?$S$K(B -$B:F7W;;$9$kI,MW$,$I$NDxEY$"$k$+$GDL>o$O7hDj$7$^$9!#(BSSI $B$O8=:_;~9o$N$h$&$J(B -$B>.$5$$>pJs$r2C$($k$K$O$&$C$F$D$1$NJ}K!$G$9!#(B -$B$7$+$7!"$=$N%Z!<%8$N$[$H$s$I$NItJ,$,Ds6!;~$K@8@.$5$l$k>l9g$O!"(B -$BB>$NJ}K!$rC5$9I,MW$,$"$j$^$9!#(B</p> - 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