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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
+<!DOCTYPE manualpage SYSTEM "./style/manualpage.dtd">
+<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="./style/manual.en.xsl"?>
+
+<manualpage>
+  <relativepath href="."/>
+
+  <title>Glossary</title>
+
+<summary>
+<p>This glossary defines some of the common terminology related to
+Apache in particular, and web serving in general.  More information
+on each concept is provided in the links.</p>
+</summary>
+
+<section id="definitions"><title>Definitions</title>
+
+<dl>
+<dt><a name="authentication">Authentication</a></dt> <dd>The positive
+identification of a network entity such as a server, a client, or a
+user.<br /> See: <a
+href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
+Control</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="accesscontrol">Access Control</a></dt>
+<dd>The restriction of access to network realms. In an Apache context
+    usually the restriction of access to certain <em>URLs</em>.<br />
+See:  <a
+href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
+Control</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="apacheextensiontool">APache eXtension Tool</a> <a
+name="apxs">(apxs)</a></dt> <dd>A perl script that aids in compiling <a
+href="#module">module</a> sources into Dynamic Shared Objects (<a
+href="#dso">DSO</a>s) and helps install them in the Apache Web
+server.<br /> See: <a
+href="programs/apxs.html">Manual Page: apxs</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="certificate">Certificate</a></dt>
+<dd>A data record used for authenticating network entities such
+    as a server or a client. A certificate contains X.509 information pieces
+    about its owner (called the subject) and the signing <em>Certificate
+    Authority</em> (called the issuer), plus the owner's public key and the
+    signature made by the CA. Network entities verify these signatures using
+    CA certificates.<br />
+See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="certificationauthority">Certification Authority</a> <a
+name="ca">(CA)</a></dt> <dd>A trusted third party whose purpose is to
+sign certificates for network entities it has authenticated using
+secure means. Other network entities can check the signature to verify
+that a CA has authenticated the bearer of a certificate.<br />
+See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="certificatsigningrequest">Certificate Signing Request</a>
+<a name="csr">(CSR)</a></dt> <dd>An unsigned certificate for
+submission to a <em>Certification Authority</em>, which signs it with
+the <em>Private Key</em> of their CA <em>Certificate</em>. Once the
+CSR is signed, it becomes a real certificate.<br />
+See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
+
+
+<dt><a name="cipher">Cipher</a></dt> <dd>An algorithm or system for
+data encryption. Examples are DES, IDEA, RC4, etc.<br />
+See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="ciphertext">Ciphertext</a></dt> <dd>The result after <a
+href="#plaintext">Plaintext</a> is passed through a <a
+href="#cipher">Cipher</a>.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS
+Encryption</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="commongatewayinterface">Common Gateway Interface</a> <a
+name="cgi">(CGI)</a></dt> <dd>A standard definition for an interface
+between a web server and an external program that allows the external
+program to service requests.  The interface was originally defined by
+<a href="http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/overview.html">NCSA</a> but
+there is also an <a href="http://cgi-spec.golux.com/">RFC
+project</a>.<br />
+See: <a href="howto/cgi.html">Dynamic Content with CGI</a></dd>
+
+
+<dt><a name="configurationdirective">Configuration Directive</a></dt>
+<dd>See: <a href="#directive">Directive</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="configurationfile">Configuration File</a></dt>
+<dd>A text file containing <a href="#directive">Directives</a>
+that control the configuration of Apache.<br />
+See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="connect">CONNECT</a></dt> <dd>An HTTP <a
+href="#method">method</a> for proxying raw data channels over HTTP. It
+can be used to encapsulate other protocols, such as the SSL
+protocol.</dd>
+
+<dt><a name="context">Context</a></dt> <dd>An area in the <a
+href="configurationfile">configuration files</a> where certain types
+of <a href="directive">directives</a> are allowed.<br /> See: <a
+href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.0/mod/directive-dict.html#Context">Terms
+Used to Describe Apache Directives</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="digitalsignature">Digital Signature</a></dt>
+<dd>An encrypted text block that validates a certificate or other file. A
+    <em>Certification Authority</em> creates a signature by generating a
+    hash of the <em>Public Key</em> embedded in a <em>Certificate</em>, then
+    encrypting the hash with its own <em>Private Key</em>. Only the CA's
+    public key can decrypt the signature, verifying that the CA has
+    authenticated the network entity that owns the <em>Certificate</em>.<br />
+See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="directive">Directive</a></dt> <dd>A configuration command
+that controls one or more aspects of Apache's behavior.  Directives
+are placed in the <a href="#configurationfile">Configuration
+File</a><br /> See: <a href="mod/directives.html">Directive
+Index</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="dynamicsharedobject">Dynamic Shared Object</a> <a
+name="dso">(DSO)</a></dt> <dd><a href="#module">Modules</a> compiled
+seperately from the Apache httpd binary that can be loaded on-demand.<br />
+See: <a href="dso.html">Dynamic Shared Object Support</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="environmentvariable">Environment Variable</a> <a
+name="env-variable">(env-variable)</a></dt>
+<dd>Named variables managed by the operating system shell
+and used to store information and communicate between programs.  Apache also
+contains internal variables that are referred to as environment variables,
+but are stored in internal Apache structures, rather than in the 
+shell environment.<br />
+See: <a href="env.html">Environment Variables in Apache</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="export-crippled">Export-Crippled</a></dt>
+<dd>Diminished in cryptographic strength (and security) in order to comply
+    with the United States' Export Administration Regulations (EAR).
+    Export-crippled cryptographic software is limited to a small key size,
+    resulting in <em>Ciphertext</em> which usually can be decrypted by brute
+    force.<br />
+See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="filter">Filter</a></dt> <dd>A process that is applied to
+data that is sent or received by the server.  Input filters process
+data sent by the client to the server, while output filters process
+documents on the server before they are sent to the client.  For
+examle, the <code>INCLUDES</code> output filter processes documents
+for <a href="#ssi">Server Side Includes</a>.<br /> See: <a
+href="filter.html">Filters</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="fully-qualifieddomain-name">Fully-Qualified
+Domain-Name</a> <a name="fqdn">(FQDN)</a></dt> <dd>The unique name of
+a network entity, consisting of a hostname and a domain name that can
+resolve to an IP address. For example, <code>www</code> is a hostname,
+<code>whatever.com</code> is a domain name, and
+<code>www.whatever.com</code> is a fully-qualified domain name.<br
+/><br /></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="handler">Handler</a></dt> <dd>An internal Apache
+representation of the action to be performed when a file is
+called. Generally, files have implicit handlers, based on the file
+type. Normally, all files are simply served by the server, but certain
+file types are "handled" separately.  For example, the
+<code>cgi-script</code> handler designates files to be processed as <a
+href="#cgi">CGIs</a>.<br />
+See: <a href="handler.html">Apache's Handler Use</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="header">Header</a></dt>
+<dd>The part of the <a href="#http">HTTP</a> request and response that
+is sent before the actual content, and that contains meta-information
+describing the content.</dd>
+
+<dt><a name=".htaccess">.htaccess</a></dt> <dd>A <a
+href="#configurationfile">configuration file</a> that is placed inside
+the web tree and applies configuration <a
+href="#directive">directives</a> to the directory where it is placed
+and all sub-directories.  Despite its name, this file can hold almost
+any type of directive, not just access-control directives.<br />
+See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="httpd.conf">httpd.conf</a></dt>
+<dd>The main Apache <a href="#configurationfile">configuration file</a>.
+The default location is <code>/usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf</code>,
+but it may be moved using run-time or compile-time configuration.<br />
+See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="hypertexttransferprotocol">HyperText Transfer
+Protocol</a> <a name="http">(HTTP)</a></dt> <dd>The standard
+transmission protocol used on the World Wide Web.  Apache implements
+version 1.1 of the protocol, refered to as HTTP/1.1 and defined by <a
+href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2616.txt">RFC 2616</a>.<br /><br
+/></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="https">HTTPS</a></dt>
+<dd>The HyperText Transport Protocol (Secure), the standard encrypted
+    communication mechanism on the World Wide Web. This is actually just HTTP
+    over <a name="ssl">SSL</a>.<br />
+See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="method">Method</a></dt> <dd>In the context of <a
+href="#http">HTTP</a>, an action to perform on a resource, specified
+on the request line by the client.  Some of the methods available in
+HTTP are <code>GET</code>, <code>POST</code>, and <code>PUT</code>.<br
+/><br /></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="messagedigest">Message Digest</a></dt>
+<dd>A hash of a message, which can be used to verify that the contents of
+    the message have not been altered in transit.<br />
+See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="mime-type">MIME-type</a></dt> <dd>A way to describe the
+kind of document being transmitted.  Its name comes from that fact
+that its format is borrowed from the Multipurpose Internet Mail
+Extensions.  It consists of a major type and a minor type, separated
+by a slash.  Some examples are <code>text/html</code>,
+<code>image/gif</code>, and <code>application/octet-stream</code>.  In
+HTTP, the MIME-type is transmitted in the <code>Content-Type</code> <a
+href="#header">header</a>.<br /> See: <a
+href="mod/mod_mime.html">mod_mime</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="module">Module</a></dt> <dd>An independent part of a
+program.  Much of Apache's functionality is contained in modules that
+you can choose to include or exclude.  Modules that are compiled into
+the the Apache httpd binary are called <em>static modules</em>, while
+modules that are stored seperately and can be optionally loaded at
+run-time are called <em>dynamic modules</em> or <a
+href="#dso">DSOs</a>.  Modules that are included by default are called
+<em>base modules</em>.  Many modules are available for Apache that are
+not distributed as part of the Apache HTTP Server <a
+href="#tarball">tarball</a>.  These are referred to as <em>third-party
+modules</em>.<br />
+See: <a href="mod/">Module Index</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="openssl">OpenSSL</a></dt>
+<dd>The Open Source toolkit for SSL/TLS<br />
+    see <a href="http://www.openssl.org/">http://www.openssl.org/</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="passphrase">Pass Phrase</a></dt> <dd>The word or phrase
+that protects private key files.  It prevents unauthorized users from
+encrypting them. Usually it's just the secret encryption/decryption
+key used for <a name="cipher">Ciphers</a>.<br /> See: <a
+href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="plaintext">Plaintext</a></dt>
+<dd>The unencrypted text.</dd>
+
+<dt><a name="privatekey">Private Key</a></dt> <dd>The secret key in a
+<a name="publickeycryptography">Public Key Cryptography</a> system,
+used to decrypt incoming messages and sign outgoing ones.<br />
+See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="proxy">Proxy</a></dt> <dd>An intermediate server that
+sits between the client and the <em>origin server</em>.  It accepts
+requests from clients, transmits those requests on to the origin
+server, and then returns the response from the origin server to the
+client.  If several clients request the same content, the proxy
+can deliver that content from its cache, rather than requesting it
+from the origin server each time, thereby reducing response time.<br />
+See: <a href="mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="publickey">Public Key</a></dt> <dd>The publically
+available key in a <a name="publickeycryptography">Public Key
+Cryptography</a> system, used to encrypt messages bound for its owner
+and to decrypt signatures made by its owner.<br />
+See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="publickeycryptography">Public Key Cryptography</a></dt>
+<dd>The study and application of asymmetric encryption systems, which
+use one key for encryption and another for decryption. A corresponding
+pair of such keys constitutes a key pair. Also called Asymmetric
+Crypography.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="regularexpresion">Regular Expression</a> <a
+name="regex">(Regex)</a></dt> <dd>A way of
+describing a pattern in text - for example, "all the words that begin with the
+letter A" or "every 10-digit phone number" or even "Every sentence
+with two commas in it, and no capital letter Q". Regular expressions
+are useful in Apache because they let you apply certain
+attributes against collections of files or resources in very flexible
+ways - for example, all .gif and .jpg files under any "images"
+directory could be written as "<code>/images/.*(jpg|gif)$</code>".
+Apache uses Perl Compatible Regular Expressions provided by the
+<a href="http://www.pcre.org/">PCRE</a> library.</dd>
+
+<dt><a name="reverseproxy">Reverse Proxy</a></dt> <dd>A <a
+href="#proxy">proxy</a> server that appears to the client as if it is
+an <em>origin server</em>.  This is useful to hide the real origin
+server from the client for security reasons, or to load balance.<br
+/><br /></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="securesocketslayer">Secure Sockets Layer</a> <a
+name="ssl">(SSL)</a></dt> <dd>A protocol created by Netscape
+Communications Corporation for general communication authentication
+and encryption over TCP/IP networks.  The most popular usage is
+<em>HTTPS</em>, i.e. the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) over SSL.<br />
+See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="serversideincludes">Server Side Includes</a> <a
+name="ssi">(SSI)</a></dt> <dd>A technique for embedding processing
+directives inside HTML files.<br /> See: <a
+href="howto/ssi.html">Introduction to Server Side Includes</a><br
+/><br /></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="ssleay">SSLeay</a></dt>
+<dd>The original SSL/TLS implementation library developed by
+    Eric A. Young</dd>
+
+<dt><a name="symmetriccryptophraphy">Symmetric Cryptography</a></dt>
+<dd>The study and application of <em>Ciphers</em> that use a single secret key
+    for both encryption and decryption operations.<br />
+See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="tarball">Tarball</a></dt>
+<dd>A package of files gathered together using the <code>tar</code>
+utility.  Apache distributions are stored in compressed tar archives
+or using pkzip.</dd>
+
+<dt><a name="transportlayersecurity">Transport Layer Security</a> <a
+name="tls">(TLS)</a></dt> <dd>The successor protocol to SSL, created
+by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for general
+communication authentication and encryption over TCP/IP networks. TLS
+version 1 and is nearly identical with SSL version 3.<br />
+See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="uniformresourcelocator">Uniform Resource Locator</a> <a
+name="url">(URL)</a></dt> <dd>The name/address of a resource on the
+Internet.  This is the common informal term for what is formally
+called a <a href="#uniformresourcename">Uniform Resource
+Identifier</a>.  URLs are usually made up of a scheme, like
+<code>http</code> or <code>https</code>, a hostname, and a path.  A
+URL for this page is
+<code>http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.0/glossary.html</code>.</dd>
+
+<dt><a name="uniformresourceidentifier">Uniform Resource Identifier</a> <a
+name="URI">(URI)</a></dt> <dd>A compact string of characters for
+identifying an abstract or physical resource.  It is formally defined
+by <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC 2396</a>.
+URIs used on the world-wide web are commonly referred to
+as <a href="#url">URLs</a>.</dd>
+
+<dt><a name="virtualhosting">Virtual Hosting</a></dt> <dd>Serving
+multiple websites using a single instance of Apache.  <em>IP virtual
+hosting</em> differentiates between websites based on their IP
+address, while <em>name-based virtual hosting</em> uses only the name
+of the host and can therefore host many sites on the same IP
+address.<br /> See: <a href="vhosts/">Apache Virtual Host
+documentation</a></dd>
+
+<dt><a name="x.509">X.509</a></dt> <dd>An authentication certificate
+scheme recommended by the International Telecommunication Union
+(ITU-T) which is used for SSL/TLS authentication.<br /> See: <a
+href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a></dd>
+
+</dl>
+</section>
+</manualpage>
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