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diff --git a/runtime/doc/usr_08.txt b/runtime/doc/usr_08.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..fef83987e --- /dev/null +++ b/runtime/doc/usr_08.txt @@ -0,0 +1,511 @@ +*usr_08.txt* For Vim version 7.0aa. Last change: 2004 Jun 04 + + VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar + + Splitting windows + + +Display two different files above each other. Or view two locations in the +file at the same time. See the difference between two files by putting them +side by side. All this is possible with split windows. + +|08.1| Split a window +|08.2| Split a window on another file +|08.3| Window size +|08.4| Vertical splits +|08.5| Moving windows +|08.6| Commands for all windows +|08.7| Viewing differences with vimdiff +|08.8| Various + + Next chapter: |usr_09.txt| Using the GUI + Previous chapter: |usr_07.txt| Editing more than one file +Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt| + +============================================================================== +*08.1* Split a window + +The easiest way to open a new window is to use the following command: > + + :split + +This command splits the screen into two windows and leaves the cursor in the +top one: + + +----------------------------------+ + |/* file one.c */ | + |~ | + |~ | + |one.c=============================| + |/* file one.c */ | + |~ | + |one.c=============================| + | | + +----------------------------------+ + +What you see here is two windows on the same file. The line with "====" is +that status line. It displays information about the window above it. (In +practice the status line will be in reverse video.) + The two windows allow you to view two parts of the same file. For example, +you could make the top window show the variable declarations of a program, and +the bottom one the code that uses these variables. + +The CTRL-W w command can be used to jump between the windows. If you are in +the top window, CTRL-W w jumps to the window below it. If you are in the +bottom window it will jump to the first window. (CTRL-W CTRL-W does the same +thing, in case you let go of the CTRL key a bit later.) + + +CLOSE THE WINDOW + +To close a window, use the command: > + + :close + +Actually, any command that quits editing a file works, like ":quit" and "ZZ". +But ":close" prevents you from accidentally exiting Vim when you close the +last window. + + +CLOSING ALL OTHER WINDOWS + +If you have opened a whole bunch of windows, but now want to concentrate on +one of them, this command will be useful: > + + :only + +This closes all windows, except for the current one. If any of the other +windows has changes, you will get an error message and that window won't be +closed. + +============================================================================== +*08.2* Split a window on another file + +The following command opens a second window and starts editing the given file: +> + :split two.c + +If you were editing one.c, then the result looks like this: + + +----------------------------------+ + |/* file two.c */ | + |~ | + |~ | + |two.c=============================| + |/* file one.c */ | + |~ | + |one.c=============================| + | | + +----------------------------------+ + +To open a window on a new, empty file, use this: > + + :new + +You can repeat the ":split" and ":new" commands to create as many windows as +you like. + +============================================================================== +*08.3* Window size + +The ":split" command can take a number argument. If specified, this will be +the height of the new window. For example, the following opens a new window +three lines high and starts editing the file alpha.c: > + + :3split alpha.c + +For existing windows you can change the size in several ways. When you have a +working mouse, it is easy: Move the mouse pointer to the status line that +separates two windows, and drag it up or down. + +To increase the size of a window: > + + CTRL-W + + +To decrease it: > + + CTRL-W - + +Both of these commands take a count and increase or decrease the window size +by that many lines. Thus "4 CTRL-W +" make the window four lines higher. + +To set the window height to a specified number of lines: > + + {height}CTRL-W _ + +That's: a number {height}, CTRL-W and then an underscore (the - key with Shift +on English-US keyboards). + To make a window as high as it can be, use the CTRL-W _ command without a +count. + + +USING THE MOUSE + +In Vim you can do many things very quickly from the keyboard. Unfortunately, +the window resizing commands require quite a bit of typing. In this case, +using the mouse is faster. Position the mouse pointer on a status line. Now +press the left mouse button and drag. The status line will move, thus making +the window on one side higher and the other smaller. + + +OPTIONS + +The 'winheight' option can be set to a minimal desired height of a window and +'winminheight' to a hard minimum height. + Likewise, there is 'winwidth' for the minimal desired width and +'winminwidth' for the hard minimum width. + The 'equalalways' option, when set, makes Vim equalize the windows sizes +when a window is closed or opened. + +============================================================================== +*08.4* Vertical splits + +The ":split" command creates the new window above the current one. To make +the window appear at the left side, use: > + + :vsplit + +or: > + :vsplit two.c + +The result looks something like this: + + +--------------------------------------+ + |/* file two.c */ |/* file one.c */ | + |~ |~ | + |~ |~ | + |~ |~ | + |two.c===============one.c=============| + | | + +--------------------------------------+ + +Actually, the | lines in the middle will be in reverse video. This is called +the vertical separator. It separates the two windows left and right of it. + +There is also the ":vnew" command, to open a vertically split window on a new, +empty file. Another way to do this: > + + :vertical new + +The ":vertical" command can be inserted before another command that splits a +window. This will cause that command to split the window vertically instead +of horizontally. (If the command doesn't split a window, it works +unmodified.) + + +MOVING BETWEEN WINDOWS + +Since you can split windows horizontally and vertically as much as you like, +you can create any layout of windows. Then you can use these commands to move +between them: + + CTRL-W h move to the window on the left + CTRL-W j move to the window below + CTRL-W k move to the window above + CTRL-W l move to the window on the right + + CTRL-W t move to the TOP window + CTRL-W b move to the BOTTOM window + +You will notice the same letters as used for moving the cursor. And the +cursor keys can also be used, if you like. + More commands to move to other windows: |Q_wi|. + +============================================================================== +*08.5* Moving windows + +You have split a few windows, but now they are in the wrong place. Then you +need a command to move the window somewhere else. For example, you have three +windows like this: + + +----------------------------------+ + |/* file two.c */ | + |~ | + |~ | + |two.c=============================| + |/* file three.c */ | + |~ | + |~ | + |three.c===========================| + |/* file one.c */ | + |~ | + |one.c=============================| + | | + +----------------------------------+ + +Clearly the last one should be at the top. Go to that window (using CTRL-W w) +and the type this command: > + + CTRL-W K + +This uses the uppercase letter K. What happens is that the window is moved to +the very top. You will notice that K is again used for moving upwards. + When you have vertical splits, CTRL-W K will move the current window to the +top and make it occupy the full with of the Vim window. If this is your +layout: + + +-------------------------------------------+ + |/* two.c */ |/* three.c */ |/* one.c */ | + |~ |~ |~ | + |~ |~ |~ | + |~ |~ |~ | + |~ |~ |~ | + |~ |~ |~ | + |two.c=========three.c=========one.c========| + | | + +-------------------------------------------+ + +Then using CTRL-W K in the middle window (three.c) will result in: + + +-------------------------------------------+ + |/* three.c */ | + |~ | + |~ | + |three.c====================================| + |/* two.c */ |/* one.c */ | + |~ |~ | + |two.c==================one.c===============| + | | + +-------------------------------------------+ + +The other three similar commands (you can probably guess these now): + + CTRL-W H move window to the far left + CTRL-W J move window to the bottom + CTRL-W L move window to the far right + +============================================================================== +*08.6* Commands for all windows + +When you have several windows open and you want to quit Vim, you can close +each window separately. A quicker way is using this command: > + + :qall + +This stands for "quit all". If any of the windows contain changes, Vim will +not exit. The cursor will automatically be positioned in a window with +changes. You can then either use ":write" to save the changes, or ":quit!" to +throw them away. + +If you know there are windows with changes, and you want to save all these +changes, use this command: > + + :wall + +This stands for "write all". But actually, it only writes files with +changes. Vim knows it doesn't make sense to write files that were not +changed. + And then there is the combination of ":qall" and ":wall": the "write and +quit all" command: > + + :wqall + +This writes all modified files and quits Vim. + Finally, there is a command that quits Vim and throws away all changes: > + + :qall! + +Be careful, there is no way to undo this command! + + +OPENING A WINDOW FOR ALL ARGUMENTS + +To make Vim open a window for each file, start it with the "-o" argument: > + + vim -o one.txt two.txt three.txt + +This results in: + + +-------------------------------+ + |file one.txt | + |~ | + |one.txt========================| + |file two.txt | + |~ | + |two.txt========================| + |file three.txt | + |~ | + |three.txt======================| + | | + +-------------------------------+ + +The "-O" argument is used to get vertically split windows. + When Vim is already running, the ":all" command opens a window for each +file in the argument list. ":vertical all" does it with vertical splits. + +============================================================================== +*08.7* Viewing differences with vimdiff + +There is a special way to start Vim, which shows the differences between two +files. Let's take a file "main.c" and insert a few characters in one line. +Write this file with the 'backup' option set, so that the backup file +"main.c~" will contain the previous version of the file. + Type this command in a shell (not in Vim): > + + vimdiff main.c~ main.c + +Vim will start, with two windows side by side. You will only see the line +in which you added characters, and a few lines above and below it. + + VV VV + +-----------------------------------------+ + |+ +--123 lines: /* a|+ +--123 lines: /* a| <- fold + | text | text | + | text | text | + | text | text | + | text | changed text | <- changed line + | text | text | + | text | ------------------| <- deleted line + | text | text | + | text | text | + | text | text | + |+ +--432 lines: text|+ +--432 lines: text| <- fold + | ~ | ~ | + | ~ | ~ | + |main.c~==============main.c==============| + | | + +-----------------------------------------+ + +(This picture doesn't show the highlighting, use the vimdiff command for a +better look.) + +The lines that were not modified have been collapsed into one line. This is +called a closed fold. They are indicated in the picture with "<- fold". Thus +the single fold line at the top stands for 123 text lines. These lines are +equal in both files. + The line marked with "<- changed line" is highlighted, and the inserted +text is displayed with another color. This clearly shows what the difference +is between the two files. + The line that was deleted is displayed with "---" in the main.c window. +See the "<- deleted line" marker in the picture. These characters are not +really there. They just fill up main.c, so that it displays the same number +of lines as the other window. + + +THE FOLD COLUMN + +Each window has a column on the left with a slightly different background. In +the picture above these are indicated with "VV". You notice there is a plus +character there, in front of each closed fold. Move the mouse pointer to that +plus and click the left button. The fold will open, and you can see the text +that it contains. + The fold column contains a minus sign for an open fold. If you click on +this -, the fold will close. + Obviously, this only works when you have a working mouse. You can also use +"zo" to open a fold and "zc" to close it. + + +DIFFING IN VIM + +Another way to start in diff mode can be done from inside Vim. Edit the +"main.c" file, then make a split and show the differences: > + + :edit main.c + :vertical diffsplit main.c~ + +The ":vertical" command is used to make the window split vertically. If you +omit this, you will get a horizontal split. + +If you have a patch or diff file, you can use the third way to start diff +mode. First edit the file to which the patch applies. Then tell Vim the name +of the patch file: > + + :edit main.c + :vertical diffpatch main.c.diff + +WARNING: The patch file must contain only one patch, for the file you are +editing. Otherwise you will get a lot of error messages, and some files might +be patched unexpectedly. + The patching will only be done to the copy of the file in Vim. The file on +your harddisk will remain unmodified (until you decide to write the file). + + +SCROLL BINDING + +When the files have more changes, you can scroll in the usual way. Vim will +try to keep both the windows start at the same position, so you can easily see +the differences side by side. + When you don't want this for a moment, use this command: > + + :set noscrollbind + + +JUMPING TO CHANGES + +When you have disabled folding in some way, it may be difficult to find the +changes. Use this command to jump forward to the next change: > + + ]c + +To go the other way use: > + + [c + +Prepended a count to jump further away. + + +REMOVING CHANGES + +You can move text from one window to the other. This either removes +differences or adds new ones. Vim doesn't keep the highlighting updated in +all situations. To update it use this command: > + + :diffupdate + +To remove a difference, you can move the text in a highlighted block from one +window to another. Take the "main.c" and "main.c~" example above. Move the +cursor to the left window, on the line that was deleted in the other window. +Now type this command: > + + dp + +The change will be removed by putting the text of the current window in the +other window. "dp" stands for "diff put". + You can also do it the other way around. Move the cursor to the right +window, to the line where "changed" was inserted. Now type this command: > + + do + +The change will now be removed by getting the text from the other window. +Since there are no changes left now, Vim puts all text in a closed fold. +"do" stands for "diff obtain". "dg" would have been better, but that already +has a different meaning ("dgg" deletes from the cursor until the first line). + +For details about diff mode, see |vimdiff|. + +============================================================================== +*08.8* Various + +The 'laststatus' option can be used to specify when the last window has a +statusline: + + 0 never + 1 only when there are split windows (the default) + 2 always + +Many commands that edit another file have a variant that splits the window. +For Command-line commands this is done by prepending an "s". For example: +":tag" jumps to a tag, ":stag" splits the window and jumps to a +tag. + For Normal mode commands a CTRL-W is prepended. CTRL-^ jumps to the +alternate file, CTRL-W CTRL-^ splits the window and edits the alternate file. + +The 'splitbelow' option can be set to make a new window appear below the +current window. The 'splitright' option can be set to make a vertically split +window appear right of the current window. + +When splitting a window you can prepend a modifier command to tell where the +window is to appear: + + :leftabove {cmd} left or above the current window + :aboveleft {cmd} idem + :rightbelow {cmd} right or below the current window + :belowright {cmd} idem + :topleft {cmd} at the top or left of the Vim window + :botright {cmd} at the bottom or right of the Vim window + +============================================================================== + +Next chapter: |usr_09.txt| Using the GUI + +Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: |