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+*usr_03.txt* For Vim version 7.0aa. Last change: 2004 Jan 17
+
+ VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar
+
+ Moving around
+
+
+Before you can insert or delete text the cursor has to be moved to the right
+place. Vim has a large number of commands to position the cursor. This
+chapter shows you how to use the most important ones. You can find a list of
+these commands below |Q_lr|.
+
+|03.1| Word movement
+|03.2| Moving to the start or end of a line
+|03.3| Moving to a character
+|03.4| Matching a paren
+|03.5| Moving to a specific line
+|03.6| Telling where you are
+|03.7| Scrolling around
+|03.8| Simple searches
+|03.9| Simple search patterns
+|03.10| Using marks
+
+ Next chapter: |usr_04.txt| Making small changes
+ Previous chapter: |usr_02.txt| The first steps in Vim
+Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt|
+
+==============================================================================
+*03.1* Word movement
+
+To move the cursor forward one word, use the "w" command. Like most Vim
+commands, you can use a numeric prefix to move past multiple words. For
+example, "3w" moves three words. This figure shows how it works:
+
+ This is a line with example text ~
+ --->-->->----------------->
+ w w w 3w
+
+Notice that "w" moves to the start of the next word if it already is at the
+start of a word.
+ The "b" command moves backward to the start of the previous word:
+
+ This is a line with example text ~
+ <----<--<-<---------<---
+ b b b 2b b
+
+There is also the "e" command that moves to the next end of a word and "ge",
+which moves to the previous end of a word:
+
+ This is a line with example text ~
+ <- <--- -----> ---->
+ ge ge e e
+
+If you are at the last word of a line, the "w" command will take you to the
+first word in the next line. Thus you can use this to move through a
+paragraph, much faster than using "l". "b" does the same in the other
+direction.
+
+A word ends at a non-word character, such as a ".", "-" or ")". To change
+what Vim considers to be a word, see the 'iskeyword' option.
+ It is also possible to move by white-space separated WORDs. This is not a
+word in the normal sense, that's why the uppercase is used. The commands for
+moving by WORDs are also uppercase, as this figure shows:
+
+ ge b w e
+ <- <- ---> --->
+ This is-a line, with special/separated/words (and some more). ~
+ <----- <----- --------------------> ----->
+ gE B W E
+
+With this mix of lowercase and uppercase commands, you can quickly move
+forward and backward through a paragraph.
+
+==============================================================================
+*03.2* Moving to the start or end of a line
+
+The "$" command moves the cursor to the end of a line. If your keyboard has
+an <End> key it will do the same thing.
+
+The "^" command moves to the first non-blank character of the line. The "0"
+command (zero) moves to the very first character of the line. The <Home> key
+does the same thing. In a picture:
+
+ ^
+ <------------
+ .....This is a line with example text ~
+ <----------------- --------------->
+ 0 $
+
+(the "....." indicates blanks here)
+
+ The "$" command takes a count, like most movement commands. But moving to
+the end of the line several times doesn't make sense. Therefore it causes the
+editor to move to the end of another line. For example, "1$" moves you to
+the end of the first line (the one you're on), "2$" to the end of the next
+line, and so on.
+ The "0" command doesn't take a count argument, because the "0" would be
+part of the count. Unexpectedly, using a count with "^" doesn't have any
+effect.
+
+==============================================================================
+*03.3* Moving to a character
+
+One of the most useful movement commands is the single-character search
+command. The command "fx" searches forward in the line for the single
+character x. Hint: "f" stands for "Find".
+ For example, you are at the beginning of the following line. Suppose you
+want to go to the h of human. Just execute the command "fh" and the cursor
+will be positioned over the h:
+
+ To err is human. To really foul up you need a computer. ~
+ ---------->--------------->
+ fh fy
+
+This also shows that the command "fy" moves to the end of the word really.
+ You can specify a count; therefore, you can go to the "l" of "foul" with
+"3fl":
+
+ To err is human. To really foul up you need a computer. ~
+ --------------------->
+ 3fl
+
+The "F" command searches to the left:
+
+ To err is human. To really foul up you need a computer. ~
+ <---------------------
+ Fh
+
+The "tx" command works like the "fx" command, except it stops one character
+before the searched character. Hint: "t" stands for "To". The backward
+version of this command is "Tx".
+
+ To err is human. To really foul up you need a computer. ~
+ <------------ ------------->
+ Th tn
+
+These four commands can be repeated with ";". "," repeats in the other
+direction. The cursor is never moved to another line. Not even when the
+sentence continues.
+
+Sometimes you will start a search, only to realize that you have typed the
+wrong command. You type "f" to search backward, for example, only to realize
+that you really meant "F". To abort a search, press <Esc>. So "f<Esc>" is an
+aborted forward search and doesn't do anything. Note: <Esc> cancels most
+operations, not just searches.
+
+==============================================================================
+*03.4* Matching a paren
+
+When writing a program you often end up with nested () constructs. Then the
+"%" command is very handy: It moves to the matching paren. If the cursor is
+on a "(" it will move to the matching ")". If it's on a ")" it will move to
+the matching "(".
+
+ %
+ <----->
+ if (a == (b * c) / d) ~
+ <---------------->
+ %
+
+This also works for [] and {} pairs. (This can be defined with the
+'matchpairs' option.)
+
+When the cursor is not on a useful character, "%" will search forward to find
+one. Thus if the cursor is at the start of the line of the previous example,
+"%" will search forward and find the first "(". Then it moves to its match:
+
+ if (a == (b * c) / d) ~
+ ---+---------------->
+ %
+
+==============================================================================
+*03.5* Moving to a specific line
+
+If you are a C or C++ programmer, you are familiar with error messages such as
+the following:
+
+ prog.c:33: j undeclared (first use in this function) ~
+
+This tells you that you might want to fix something on line 33. So how do you
+find line 33? One way is to do "9999k" to go to the top of the file and "32j"
+to go down thirty two lines. It is not a good way, but it works. A much
+better way of doing things is to use the "G" command. With a count, this
+command positions you at the given line number. For example, "33G" puts you
+on line 33. (For a better way of going through a compiler's error list, see
+|usr_30.txt|, for information on the :make command.)
+ With no argument, "G" positions you at the end of the file. A quick way to
+go to the start of a file use "gg". "1G" will do the same, but is a tiny bit
+more typing.
+
+ | first line of a file ^
+ | text text text text |
+ | text text text text | gg
+ 7G | text text text text |
+ | text text text text
+ | text text text text
+ V text text text text |
+ text text text text | G
+ text text text text |
+ last line of a file V
+
+Another way to move to a line is using the "%" command with a count. For
+example "50%" moves you to halfway the file. "90%" goes to near the end.
+
+The previous assumes that you want to move to a line in the file, no matter if
+it's currently visible or not. What if you want to move to one of the lines
+you can see? This figure shows the three commands you can use:
+
+ +---------------------------+
+ H --> | text sample text |
+ | sample text |
+ | text sample text |
+ | sample text |
+ M --> | text sample text |
+ | sample text |
+ | text sample text |
+ | sample text |
+ L --> | text sample text |
+ +---------------------------+
+
+Hints: "H" stands for Home, "M" for Middle and "L" for Last.
+
+==============================================================================
+*03.6* Telling where you are
+
+To see where you are in a file, there are three ways:
+
+1. Use the CTRL-G command. You get a message like this (assuming the 'ruler'
+ option is off):
+
+ "usr_03.txt" line 233 of 650 --35%-- col 45-52 ~
+
+ This shows the name of the file you are editing, the line number where the
+ cursor is, the total number of lines, the percentage of the way through
+ the file and the column of the cursor.
+ Sometimes you will see a split column number. For example, "col 2-9".
+ This indicates that the cursor is positioned on the second character, but
+ because character one is a tab, occupying eight spaces worth of columns,
+ the screen column is 9.
+
+2. Set the 'number' option. This will display a line number in front of
+ every line: >
+
+ :set number
+<
+ To switch this off again: >
+
+ :set nonumber
+<
+ Since 'number' is a boolean option, prepending "no" to its name has the
+ effect of switching it off. A boolean option has only these two values,
+ it is either on or off.
+ Vim has many options. Besides the boolean ones there are options with
+ a numerical value and string options. You will see examples of this where
+ they are used.
+
+3. Set the 'ruler' option. This will display the cursor position in the
+ lower right corner of the Vim window: >
+
+ :set ruler
+
+Using the 'ruler' option has the advantage that it doesn't take much room,
+thus there is more space for your text.
+
+==============================================================================
+*03.7* Scrolling around
+
+The CTRL-U command scrolls down half a screen of text. Think of looking
+through a viewing window at the text and moving this window up by half the
+height of the window. Thus the window moves up over the text, which is
+backward in the file. Don't worry if you have a little trouble remembering
+which end is up. Most users have the same problem.
+ The CTRL-D command moves the viewing window down half a screen in the file,
+thus scrolls the text up half a screen.
+
+ +----------------+
+ | some text |
+ | some text |
+ | some text |
+ +---------------+ | some text |
+ | some text | CTRL-U --> | |
+ | | | 123456 |
+ | 123456 | +----------------+
+ | 7890 |
+ | | +----------------+
+ | example | CTRL-D --> | 7890 |
+ +---------------+ | |
+ | example |
+ | example |
+ | example |
+ | example |
+ +----------------+
+
+To scroll one line at a time use CTRL-E (scroll up) and CTRL-Y (scroll down).
+Think of CTRL-E to give you one line Extra. (If you use MS-Windows compatible
+key mappings CTRL-Y will redo a change instead of scroll.)
+
+To scroll forward by a whole screen (except for two lines) use CTRL-F. The
+other way is backward, CTRL-B is the command to use. Fortunately CTRL-F is
+Forward and CTRL-B is Backward, that's easy to remember.
+
+A common issue is that after moving down many lines with "j" your cursor is at
+the bottom of the screen. You would like to see the context of the line with
+the cursor. That's done with the "zz" command.
+
+ +------------------+ +------------------+
+ | some text | | some text |
+ | some text | | some text |
+ | some text | | some text |
+ | some text | zz --> | line with cursor |
+ | some text | | some text |
+ | some text | | some text |
+ | line with cursor | | some text |
+ +------------------+ +------------------+
+
+The "zt" command puts the cursor line at the top, "zb" at the bottom. There
+are a few more scrolling commands, see |Q_sc|. To always keep a few lines of
+context around the cursor, use the 'scrolloff' option.
+
+==============================================================================
+*03.8* Simple searches
+
+To search for a string, use the "/string" command. To find the word include,
+for example, use the command: >
+
+ /include
+
+You will notice that when you type the "/" the cursor jumps to the last line
+of the Vim window, like with colon commands. That is where you type the word.
+You can press the backspace key (backarrow or <BS>) to make corrections. Use
+the <Left> and <Right> cursor keys when necessary.
+ Pressing <Enter> executes the command.
+
+ Note:
+ The characters .*[]^%/\?~$ have special meaning. If you want to use
+ them in a search you must put a \ in front of them. See below.
+
+To find the next occurrence of the same string use the "n" command. Use this
+to find the first #include after the cursor: >
+
+ /#include
+
+And then type "n" several times. You will move to each #include in the text.
+You can also use a count if you know which match you want. Thus "3n" finds
+the third match. Using a count with "/" doesn't work.
+
+The "?" command works like "/" but searches backwards: >
+
+ ?word
+
+The "N" command repeats the last search the opposite direction. Thus using
+"N" after a "/" command search backwards, using "N" after "?" searches
+forward.
+
+
+IGNORING CASE
+
+Normally you have to type exactly what you want to find. If you don't care
+about upper or lowercase in a word, set the 'ignorecase' option: >
+
+ :set ignorecase
+
+If you now search for "word", it will also match "Word" and "WORD". To match
+case again: >
+
+ :set noignorecase
+
+
+HISTORY
+
+Suppose you do three searches: >
+
+ /one
+ /two
+ /three
+
+Now let's start searching by typing a simple "/" without pressing <Enter>. If
+you press <Up> (the cursor key), Vim puts "/three" on the command line.
+Pressing <Enter> at this point searches for three. If you do not press
+<Enter>, but press <Up> instead, Vim changes the prompt to "/two". Another
+press of <Up> moves you to "/one".
+ You can also use the <Down> cursor key to move through the history of
+search commands in the other direction.
+
+If you know what a previously used pattern starts with, and you want to use it
+again, type that character before pressing <Up>. With the previous example,
+you can type "/o<Up>" and Vim will put "/one" on the command line.
+
+The commands starting with ":" also have a history. That allows you to recall
+a previous command and execute it again. These two histories are separate.
+
+
+SEARCHING FOR A WORD IN THE TEXT
+
+Suppose you see the word "TheLongFunctionName" in the text and you want to
+find the next occurrence of it. You could type "/TheLongFunctionName", but
+that's a lot of typing. And when you make a mistake Vim won't find it.
+ There is an easier way: Position the cursor on the word and use the "*"
+command. Vim will grab the word under the cursor and use it as the search
+string.
+ The "#" command does the same in the other direction. You can prepend a
+count: "3*" searches for the third occurrence of the word under the cursor.
+
+
+SEARCHING FOR WHOLE WORDS
+
+If you type "/the" it will also match "there". To only find words that end
+in "the" use: >
+
+ /the\>
+
+The "\>" item is a special marker that only matches at the end of a word.
+Similarly "\<" only matches at the begin of a word. Thus to search for the
+word "the" only: >
+
+ /\<the\>
+
+This does not match "there" or "soothe". Notice that the "*" and "#" commands
+use these start-of-word and end-of-word markers to only find whole words (you
+can use "g*" and "g#" to match partial words).
+
+
+HIGHLIGHTING MATCHES
+
+While editing a program you see a variable called "nr". You want to check
+where it's used. You could move the cursor to "nr" and use the "*" command
+and press "n" to go along all the matches.
+ There is another way. Type this command: >
+
+ :set hlsearch
+
+If you now search for "nr", Vim will highlight all matches. That is a very
+good way to see where the variable is used, without the need to type commands.
+ To switch this off: >
+
+ :set nohlsearch
+
+Then you need to switch it on again if you want to use it for the next search
+command. If you only want to remove the highlighting, use this command: >
+
+ :nohlsearch
+
+This doesn't reset the option. Instead, it disables the highlighting. As
+soon as you execute a search command, the highlighting will be used again.
+Also for the "n" and "N" commands.
+
+
+TUNING SEARCHES
+
+There are a few options that change how searching works. These are the
+essential ones:
+>
+ :set incsearch
+
+This makes Vim display the match for the string while you are still typing it.
+Use this to check if the right match will be found. Then press <Enter> to
+really jump to that location. Or type more to change the search string.
+>
+ :set nowrapscan
+
+This stops the search at the end of the file. Or, when you are searching
+backwards, at the start of the file. The 'wrapscan' option is on by default,
+thus searching wraps around the end of the file.
+
+
+INTERMEZZO
+
+If you like one of the options mentioned before, and set it each time you use
+Vim, you can put the command in your Vim startup file.
+ Edit the file, as mentioned at |not-compatible|. Or use this command to
+find out where it is: >
+
+ :scriptnames
+
+Edit the file, for example with: >
+
+ :edit ~/.vimrc
+
+Then add a line with the command to set the option, just like you typed it in
+Vim. Example: >
+
+ Go:set hlsearch<Esc>
+
+"G" moves to the end of the file. "o" starts a new line, where you type the
+":set" command. You end insert mode with <Esc>. Then write the file: >
+
+ ZZ
+
+If you now start Vim again, the 'hlsearch' option will already be set.
+
+==============================================================================
+*03.9* Simple search patterns
+
+The Vim editor uses regular expressions to specify what to search for.
+Regular expressions are an extremely powerful and compact way to specify a
+search pattern. Unfortunately, this power comes at a price, because regular
+expressions are a bit tricky to specify.
+ In this section we mention only a few essential ones. More about search
+patterns and commands in chapter 27 |usr_27.txt|. You can find the full
+explanation here: |pattern|.
+
+
+BEGINNING AND END OF A LINE
+
+The ^ character matches the beginning of a line. On an English-US keyboard
+you find it above the 6. The pattern "include" matches the word include
+anywhere on the line. But the pattern "^include" matches the word include
+only if it is at the beginning of a line.
+ The $ character matches the end of a line. Therefore, "was$" matches the
+word was only if it is at the end of a line.
+
+Let's mark the places where "the" matches in this example line with "x"s:
+
+ the solder holding one of the chips melted and the ~
+ xxx xxx xxx
+
+Using "/the$" we find this match:
+
+ the solder holding one of the chips melted and the ~
+ xxx
+
+And with "/^the" we find this one:
+ the solder holding one of the chips melted and the ~
+ xxx
+
+You can try searching with "/^the$", it will only match a single line
+consisting of "the". White space does matter here, thus if a line contains a
+space after the word, like "the ", the pattern will not match.
+
+
+MATCHING ANY SINGLE CHARACTER
+
+The . (dot) character matches any existing character. For example, the
+pattern "c.m" matches a string whose first character is a c, whose second
+character is anything, and whose the third character is m. Example:
+
+ We use a computer that became the cummin winter. ~
+ xxx xxx xxx
+
+
+MATCHING SPECIAL CHARACTERS
+
+If you really want to match a dot, you must avoid its special meaning by
+putting a backslash before it.
+ If you search for "ter.", you will find these matches:
+
+ We use a computer that became the cummin winter. ~
+ xxxx xxxx
+
+Searching for "ter\." only finds the second match.
+
+==============================================================================
+*03.10* Using marks
+
+When you make a jump to a position with the "G" command, Vim remembers the
+position from before this jump. This position is called a mark. To go back
+where you came from, use this command: >
+
+ ``
+
+This ` is a backtick or open single-quote character.
+ If you use the same command a second time you will jump back again. That's
+because the ` command is a jump itself, and the position from before this jump
+is remembered.
+
+Generally, every time you do a command that can move the cursor further than
+within the same line, this is called a jump. This includes the search
+commands "/" and "n" (it doesn't matter how far away the match is). But not
+the character searches with "fx" and "tx" or the word movements "w" and "e".
+ Also, "j" and "k" are not considered to be a jump. Even when you use a
+count to make them move the cursor quite a long way away.
+
+The `` command jumps back and forth, between two points. The CTRL-O command
+jumps to older positions (Hint: O for older). CTRL-I then jumps back to newer
+positions (Hint: I is just next to O on the keyboard). Consider this sequence
+of commands: >
+
+ 33G
+ /^The
+ CTRL-O
+
+You first jump to line 33, then search for a line that starts with "The".
+Then with CTRL-O you jump back to line 33. Another CTRL-O takes you back to
+where you started. If you now use CTRL-I you jump to line 33 again. And
+to the match for "The" with another CTRL-I.
+
+
+ | example text ^ |
+ 33G | example text | CTRL-O | CTRL-I
+ | example text | |
+ V line 33 text ^ V
+ | example text | |
+ /^The | example text | CTRL-O | CTRL-I
+ V There you are | V
+ example text
+
+ Note:
+ CTRL-I is the same as <Tab>.
+
+The ":jumps" command gives a list of positions you jumped to. The entry which
+you used last is marked with a ">".
+
+
+NAMED MARKS
+
+Vim enables you to place your own marks in the text. The command "ma" marks
+the place under the cursor as mark a. You can place 26 marks (a through z) in
+your text. You can't see them, it's just a position that Vim remembers.
+ To go to a mark, use the command `{mark}, where "{mark} is the mark letter.
+Thus to move to the a mark:
+>
+ `a
+
+The command 'mark (single quotation mark, or apostrophe) moves you to the
+beginning of the line containing the mark. This differs from the `mark
+command, which moves you to marked column.
+
+The marks can be very useful when working on two related parts in a file.
+Suppose you have some text near the start of the file you need to look at,
+while working on some text near the end of the file.
+ Move to the text at the start and place the s (start) mark there: >
+
+ ms
+
+The move to the text you want to work on and put the e (end) mark there: >
+
+ me
+
+Now you can move around, and when you want to look at the start of the file,
+you use this to jump there: >
+
+ 's
+
+Then you can use '' to jump back to where you were, or 'e to jump to the text
+you were working on at the end.
+ There is nothing special about using s for start and e for end, they are
+just easy to remember.
+
+You can use this command to get a list of marks: >
+
+ :marks
+
+You will notice a few special marks. These include:
+
+ ' The cursor position before doing a jump
+ " The cursor position when last editing the file
+ [ Start of the last change
+ ] End of the last change
+
+==============================================================================
+
+Next chapter: |usr_04.txt| Making small changes
+
+Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: