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diff --git a/runtime/doc/usr_03.txt b/runtime/doc/usr_03.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f2ef2af02 --- /dev/null +++ b/runtime/doc/usr_03.txt @@ -0,0 +1,654 @@ +*usr_03.txt* For Vim version 7.0aa. Last change: 2004 Jan 17 + + VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar + + Moving around + + +Before you can insert or delete text the cursor has to be moved to the right +place. Vim has a large number of commands to position the cursor. This +chapter shows you how to use the most important ones. You can find a list of +these commands below |Q_lr|. + +|03.1| Word movement +|03.2| Moving to the start or end of a line +|03.3| Moving to a character +|03.4| Matching a paren +|03.5| Moving to a specific line +|03.6| Telling where you are +|03.7| Scrolling around +|03.8| Simple searches +|03.9| Simple search patterns +|03.10| Using marks + + Next chapter: |usr_04.txt| Making small changes + Previous chapter: |usr_02.txt| The first steps in Vim +Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt| + +============================================================================== +*03.1* Word movement + +To move the cursor forward one word, use the "w" command. Like most Vim +commands, you can use a numeric prefix to move past multiple words. For +example, "3w" moves three words. This figure shows how it works: + + This is a line with example text ~ + --->-->->-----------------> + w w w 3w + +Notice that "w" moves to the start of the next word if it already is at the +start of a word. + The "b" command moves backward to the start of the previous word: + + This is a line with example text ~ + <----<--<-<---------<--- + b b b 2b b + +There is also the "e" command that moves to the next end of a word and "ge", +which moves to the previous end of a word: + + This is a line with example text ~ + <- <--- -----> ----> + ge ge e e + +If you are at the last word of a line, the "w" command will take you to the +first word in the next line. Thus you can use this to move through a +paragraph, much faster than using "l". "b" does the same in the other +direction. + +A word ends at a non-word character, such as a ".", "-" or ")". To change +what Vim considers to be a word, see the 'iskeyword' option. + It is also possible to move by white-space separated WORDs. This is not a +word in the normal sense, that's why the uppercase is used. The commands for +moving by WORDs are also uppercase, as this figure shows: + + ge b w e + <- <- ---> ---> + This is-a line, with special/separated/words (and some more). ~ + <----- <----- --------------------> -----> + gE B W E + +With this mix of lowercase and uppercase commands, you can quickly move +forward and backward through a paragraph. + +============================================================================== +*03.2* Moving to the start or end of a line + +The "$" command moves the cursor to the end of a line. If your keyboard has +an <End> key it will do the same thing. + +The "^" command moves to the first non-blank character of the line. The "0" +command (zero) moves to the very first character of the line. The <Home> key +does the same thing. In a picture: + + ^ + <------------ + .....This is a line with example text ~ + <----------------- ---------------> + 0 $ + +(the "....." indicates blanks here) + + The "$" command takes a count, like most movement commands. But moving to +the end of the line several times doesn't make sense. Therefore it causes the +editor to move to the end of another line. For example, "1$" moves you to +the end of the first line (the one you're on), "2$" to the end of the next +line, and so on. + The "0" command doesn't take a count argument, because the "0" would be +part of the count. Unexpectedly, using a count with "^" doesn't have any +effect. + +============================================================================== +*03.3* Moving to a character + +One of the most useful movement commands is the single-character search +command. The command "fx" searches forward in the line for the single +character x. Hint: "f" stands for "Find". + For example, you are at the beginning of the following line. Suppose you +want to go to the h of human. Just execute the command "fh" and the cursor +will be positioned over the h: + + To err is human. To really foul up you need a computer. ~ + ---------->---------------> + fh fy + +This also shows that the command "fy" moves to the end of the word really. + You can specify a count; therefore, you can go to the "l" of "foul" with +"3fl": + + To err is human. To really foul up you need a computer. ~ + ---------------------> + 3fl + +The "F" command searches to the left: + + To err is human. To really foul up you need a computer. ~ + <--------------------- + Fh + +The "tx" command works like the "fx" command, except it stops one character +before the searched character. Hint: "t" stands for "To". The backward +version of this command is "Tx". + + To err is human. To really foul up you need a computer. ~ + <------------ -------------> + Th tn + +These four commands can be repeated with ";". "," repeats in the other +direction. The cursor is never moved to another line. Not even when the +sentence continues. + +Sometimes you will start a search, only to realize that you have typed the +wrong command. You type "f" to search backward, for example, only to realize +that you really meant "F". To abort a search, press <Esc>. So "f<Esc>" is an +aborted forward search and doesn't do anything. Note: <Esc> cancels most +operations, not just searches. + +============================================================================== +*03.4* Matching a paren + +When writing a program you often end up with nested () constructs. Then the +"%" command is very handy: It moves to the matching paren. If the cursor is +on a "(" it will move to the matching ")". If it's on a ")" it will move to +the matching "(". + + % + <-----> + if (a == (b * c) / d) ~ + <----------------> + % + +This also works for [] and {} pairs. (This can be defined with the +'matchpairs' option.) + +When the cursor is not on a useful character, "%" will search forward to find +one. Thus if the cursor is at the start of the line of the previous example, +"%" will search forward and find the first "(". Then it moves to its match: + + if (a == (b * c) / d) ~ + ---+----------------> + % + +============================================================================== +*03.5* Moving to a specific line + +If you are a C or C++ programmer, you are familiar with error messages such as +the following: + + prog.c:33: j undeclared (first use in this function) ~ + +This tells you that you might want to fix something on line 33. So how do you +find line 33? One way is to do "9999k" to go to the top of the file and "32j" +to go down thirty two lines. It is not a good way, but it works. A much +better way of doing things is to use the "G" command. With a count, this +command positions you at the given line number. For example, "33G" puts you +on line 33. (For a better way of going through a compiler's error list, see +|usr_30.txt|, for information on the :make command.) + With no argument, "G" positions you at the end of the file. A quick way to +go to the start of a file use "gg". "1G" will do the same, but is a tiny bit +more typing. + + | first line of a file ^ + | text text text text | + | text text text text | gg + 7G | text text text text | + | text text text text + | text text text text + V text text text text | + text text text text | G + text text text text | + last line of a file V + +Another way to move to a line is using the "%" command with a count. For +example "50%" moves you to halfway the file. "90%" goes to near the end. + +The previous assumes that you want to move to a line in the file, no matter if +it's currently visible or not. What if you want to move to one of the lines +you can see? This figure shows the three commands you can use: + + +---------------------------+ + H --> | text sample text | + | sample text | + | text sample text | + | sample text | + M --> | text sample text | + | sample text | + | text sample text | + | sample text | + L --> | text sample text | + +---------------------------+ + +Hints: "H" stands for Home, "M" for Middle and "L" for Last. + +============================================================================== +*03.6* Telling where you are + +To see where you are in a file, there are three ways: + +1. Use the CTRL-G command. You get a message like this (assuming the 'ruler' + option is off): + + "usr_03.txt" line 233 of 650 --35%-- col 45-52 ~ + + This shows the name of the file you are editing, the line number where the + cursor is, the total number of lines, the percentage of the way through + the file and the column of the cursor. + Sometimes you will see a split column number. For example, "col 2-9". + This indicates that the cursor is positioned on the second character, but + because character one is a tab, occupying eight spaces worth of columns, + the screen column is 9. + +2. Set the 'number' option. This will display a line number in front of + every line: > + + :set number +< + To switch this off again: > + + :set nonumber +< + Since 'number' is a boolean option, prepending "no" to its name has the + effect of switching it off. A boolean option has only these two values, + it is either on or off. + Vim has many options. Besides the boolean ones there are options with + a numerical value and string options. You will see examples of this where + they are used. + +3. Set the 'ruler' option. This will display the cursor position in the + lower right corner of the Vim window: > + + :set ruler + +Using the 'ruler' option has the advantage that it doesn't take much room, +thus there is more space for your text. + +============================================================================== +*03.7* Scrolling around + +The CTRL-U command scrolls down half a screen of text. Think of looking +through a viewing window at the text and moving this window up by half the +height of the window. Thus the window moves up over the text, which is +backward in the file. Don't worry if you have a little trouble remembering +which end is up. Most users have the same problem. + The CTRL-D command moves the viewing window down half a screen in the file, +thus scrolls the text up half a screen. + + +----------------+ + | some text | + | some text | + | some text | + +---------------+ | some text | + | some text | CTRL-U --> | | + | | | 123456 | + | 123456 | +----------------+ + | 7890 | + | | +----------------+ + | example | CTRL-D --> | 7890 | + +---------------+ | | + | example | + | example | + | example | + | example | + +----------------+ + +To scroll one line at a time use CTRL-E (scroll up) and CTRL-Y (scroll down). +Think of CTRL-E to give you one line Extra. (If you use MS-Windows compatible +key mappings CTRL-Y will redo a change instead of scroll.) + +To scroll forward by a whole screen (except for two lines) use CTRL-F. The +other way is backward, CTRL-B is the command to use. Fortunately CTRL-F is +Forward and CTRL-B is Backward, that's easy to remember. + +A common issue is that after moving down many lines with "j" your cursor is at +the bottom of the screen. You would like to see the context of the line with +the cursor. That's done with the "zz" command. + + +------------------+ +------------------+ + | some text | | some text | + | some text | | some text | + | some text | | some text | + | some text | zz --> | line with cursor | + | some text | | some text | + | some text | | some text | + | line with cursor | | some text | + +------------------+ +------------------+ + +The "zt" command puts the cursor line at the top, "zb" at the bottom. There +are a few more scrolling commands, see |Q_sc|. To always keep a few lines of +context around the cursor, use the 'scrolloff' option. + +============================================================================== +*03.8* Simple searches + +To search for a string, use the "/string" command. To find the word include, +for example, use the command: > + + /include + +You will notice that when you type the "/" the cursor jumps to the last line +of the Vim window, like with colon commands. That is where you type the word. +You can press the backspace key (backarrow or <BS>) to make corrections. Use +the <Left> and <Right> cursor keys when necessary. + Pressing <Enter> executes the command. + + Note: + The characters .*[]^%/\?~$ have special meaning. If you want to use + them in a search you must put a \ in front of them. See below. + +To find the next occurrence of the same string use the "n" command. Use this +to find the first #include after the cursor: > + + /#include + +And then type "n" several times. You will move to each #include in the text. +You can also use a count if you know which match you want. Thus "3n" finds +the third match. Using a count with "/" doesn't work. + +The "?" command works like "/" but searches backwards: > + + ?word + +The "N" command repeats the last search the opposite direction. Thus using +"N" after a "/" command search backwards, using "N" after "?" searches +forward. + + +IGNORING CASE + +Normally you have to type exactly what you want to find. If you don't care +about upper or lowercase in a word, set the 'ignorecase' option: > + + :set ignorecase + +If you now search for "word", it will also match "Word" and "WORD". To match +case again: > + + :set noignorecase + + +HISTORY + +Suppose you do three searches: > + + /one + /two + /three + +Now let's start searching by typing a simple "/" without pressing <Enter>. If +you press <Up> (the cursor key), Vim puts "/three" on the command line. +Pressing <Enter> at this point searches for three. If you do not press +<Enter>, but press <Up> instead, Vim changes the prompt to "/two". Another +press of <Up> moves you to "/one". + You can also use the <Down> cursor key to move through the history of +search commands in the other direction. + +If you know what a previously used pattern starts with, and you want to use it +again, type that character before pressing <Up>. With the previous example, +you can type "/o<Up>" and Vim will put "/one" on the command line. + +The commands starting with ":" also have a history. That allows you to recall +a previous command and execute it again. These two histories are separate. + + +SEARCHING FOR A WORD IN THE TEXT + +Suppose you see the word "TheLongFunctionName" in the text and you want to +find the next occurrence of it. You could type "/TheLongFunctionName", but +that's a lot of typing. And when you make a mistake Vim won't find it. + There is an easier way: Position the cursor on the word and use the "*" +command. Vim will grab the word under the cursor and use it as the search +string. + The "#" command does the same in the other direction. You can prepend a +count: "3*" searches for the third occurrence of the word under the cursor. + + +SEARCHING FOR WHOLE WORDS + +If you type "/the" it will also match "there". To only find words that end +in "the" use: > + + /the\> + +The "\>" item is a special marker that only matches at the end of a word. +Similarly "\<" only matches at the begin of a word. Thus to search for the +word "the" only: > + + /\<the\> + +This does not match "there" or "soothe". Notice that the "*" and "#" commands +use these start-of-word and end-of-word markers to only find whole words (you +can use "g*" and "g#" to match partial words). + + +HIGHLIGHTING MATCHES + +While editing a program you see a variable called "nr". You want to check +where it's used. You could move the cursor to "nr" and use the "*" command +and press "n" to go along all the matches. + There is another way. Type this command: > + + :set hlsearch + +If you now search for "nr", Vim will highlight all matches. That is a very +good way to see where the variable is used, without the need to type commands. + To switch this off: > + + :set nohlsearch + +Then you need to switch it on again if you want to use it for the next search +command. If you only want to remove the highlighting, use this command: > + + :nohlsearch + +This doesn't reset the option. Instead, it disables the highlighting. As +soon as you execute a search command, the highlighting will be used again. +Also for the "n" and "N" commands. + + +TUNING SEARCHES + +There are a few options that change how searching works. These are the +essential ones: +> + :set incsearch + +This makes Vim display the match for the string while you are still typing it. +Use this to check if the right match will be found. Then press <Enter> to +really jump to that location. Or type more to change the search string. +> + :set nowrapscan + +This stops the search at the end of the file. Or, when you are searching +backwards, at the start of the file. The 'wrapscan' option is on by default, +thus searching wraps around the end of the file. + + +INTERMEZZO + +If you like one of the options mentioned before, and set it each time you use +Vim, you can put the command in your Vim startup file. + Edit the file, as mentioned at |not-compatible|. Or use this command to +find out where it is: > + + :scriptnames + +Edit the file, for example with: > + + :edit ~/.vimrc + +Then add a line with the command to set the option, just like you typed it in +Vim. Example: > + + Go:set hlsearch<Esc> + +"G" moves to the end of the file. "o" starts a new line, where you type the +":set" command. You end insert mode with <Esc>. Then write the file: > + + ZZ + +If you now start Vim again, the 'hlsearch' option will already be set. + +============================================================================== +*03.9* Simple search patterns + +The Vim editor uses regular expressions to specify what to search for. +Regular expressions are an extremely powerful and compact way to specify a +search pattern. Unfortunately, this power comes at a price, because regular +expressions are a bit tricky to specify. + In this section we mention only a few essential ones. More about search +patterns and commands in chapter 27 |usr_27.txt|. You can find the full +explanation here: |pattern|. + + +BEGINNING AND END OF A LINE + +The ^ character matches the beginning of a line. On an English-US keyboard +you find it above the 6. The pattern "include" matches the word include +anywhere on the line. But the pattern "^include" matches the word include +only if it is at the beginning of a line. + The $ character matches the end of a line. Therefore, "was$" matches the +word was only if it is at the end of a line. + +Let's mark the places where "the" matches in this example line with "x"s: + + the solder holding one of the chips melted and the ~ + xxx xxx xxx + +Using "/the$" we find this match: + + the solder holding one of the chips melted and the ~ + xxx + +And with "/^the" we find this one: + the solder holding one of the chips melted and the ~ + xxx + +You can try searching with "/^the$", it will only match a single line +consisting of "the". White space does matter here, thus if a line contains a +space after the word, like "the ", the pattern will not match. + + +MATCHING ANY SINGLE CHARACTER + +The . (dot) character matches any existing character. For example, the +pattern "c.m" matches a string whose first character is a c, whose second +character is anything, and whose the third character is m. Example: + + We use a computer that became the cummin winter. ~ + xxx xxx xxx + + +MATCHING SPECIAL CHARACTERS + +If you really want to match a dot, you must avoid its special meaning by +putting a backslash before it. + If you search for "ter.", you will find these matches: + + We use a computer that became the cummin winter. ~ + xxxx xxxx + +Searching for "ter\." only finds the second match. + +============================================================================== +*03.10* Using marks + +When you make a jump to a position with the "G" command, Vim remembers the +position from before this jump. This position is called a mark. To go back +where you came from, use this command: > + + `` + +This ` is a backtick or open single-quote character. + If you use the same command a second time you will jump back again. That's +because the ` command is a jump itself, and the position from before this jump +is remembered. + +Generally, every time you do a command that can move the cursor further than +within the same line, this is called a jump. This includes the search +commands "/" and "n" (it doesn't matter how far away the match is). But not +the character searches with "fx" and "tx" or the word movements "w" and "e". + Also, "j" and "k" are not considered to be a jump. Even when you use a +count to make them move the cursor quite a long way away. + +The `` command jumps back and forth, between two points. The CTRL-O command +jumps to older positions (Hint: O for older). CTRL-I then jumps back to newer +positions (Hint: I is just next to O on the keyboard). Consider this sequence +of commands: > + + 33G + /^The + CTRL-O + +You first jump to line 33, then search for a line that starts with "The". +Then with CTRL-O you jump back to line 33. Another CTRL-O takes you back to +where you started. If you now use CTRL-I you jump to line 33 again. And +to the match for "The" with another CTRL-I. + + + | example text ^ | + 33G | example text | CTRL-O | CTRL-I + | example text | | + V line 33 text ^ V + | example text | | + /^The | example text | CTRL-O | CTRL-I + V There you are | V + example text + + Note: + CTRL-I is the same as <Tab>. + +The ":jumps" command gives a list of positions you jumped to. The entry which +you used last is marked with a ">". + + +NAMED MARKS + +Vim enables you to place your own marks in the text. The command "ma" marks +the place under the cursor as mark a. You can place 26 marks (a through z) in +your text. You can't see them, it's just a position that Vim remembers. + To go to a mark, use the command `{mark}, where "{mark} is the mark letter. +Thus to move to the a mark: +> + `a + +The command 'mark (single quotation mark, or apostrophe) moves you to the +beginning of the line containing the mark. This differs from the `mark +command, which moves you to marked column. + +The marks can be very useful when working on two related parts in a file. +Suppose you have some text near the start of the file you need to look at, +while working on some text near the end of the file. + Move to the text at the start and place the s (start) mark there: > + + ms + +The move to the text you want to work on and put the e (end) mark there: > + + me + +Now you can move around, and when you want to look at the start of the file, +you use this to jump there: > + + 's + +Then you can use '' to jump back to where you were, or 'e to jump to the text +you were working on at the end. + There is nothing special about using s for start and e for end, they are +just easy to remember. + +You can use this command to get a list of marks: > + + :marks + +You will notice a few special marks. These include: + + ' The cursor position before doing a jump + " The cursor position when last editing the file + [ Start of the last change + ] End of the last change + +============================================================================== + +Next chapter: |usr_04.txt| Making small changes + +Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: |