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authorKarel Zak <kzak@redhat.com>2014-10-23 11:35:18 +0200
committerKarel Zak <kzak@redhat.com>2014-10-24 11:10:06 +0200
commit735dcba8e9aaa2d93838a26da194d1add53c20d3 (patch)
tree660c4551efd0342b95e80940bae60eb2dd0872bd
parent3554620210c6d844f361d58649c18f7188130545 (diff)
downloadutil-linux-735dcba8e9aaa2d93838a26da194d1add53c20d3.tar.gz
docs: remove obsolete READMEs for (s)fdisk
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-`fdisk': the Linux partition table editor
-=========================================
-
-`fdisk' is the Linux partition table editor. In this section we
-examine this utility and try to describe it thoroughly enough so that
-anyone can use it.
-
-* Contents:
-
-* Disks and how they are described.
-* Dividing up your disk.
-* The `fdisk' command.
-* Deleting and adding partitions.
-* Active flags and system types.
-* Extra commands for experts.
-* Warnings for `fdisk' users.
-
-
-Disks and how they are described
---------------------------------
-
-A typical disk consists physically of one or more circular objects
-called "platters", which rotate about a central axis. Devices called
-"heads" move to specified places on the disk surface to read or write
-information. There is usually one head on each side of every platter,
-and all these heads are attached to a comb-like controller arm which
-moves all of them at the same time, either closer to the center of the
-disk, or closer to the outer edge.
-
-Suppose the arm is in one position, putting an area of the disk
-surface within reach of one or another of the heads. This total area,
-everything that is accessible without moving the arm, is called a
-"cylinder". (A cylinder is a barrel-shaped cross section of a disk,
-consisting of a circular strip from each side of each platter.) The
-part of a cylinder that one head can read or write without moving is
-called a "track".
-
-Each track is divided into several pie-shaped slices called
-"sectors", which are the smallest parts of the disk which can be read
-or written at a time. The sectors on one disk are usually all the same
-size.
-
-In fact, there are not always two heads to every platter, there are
-some disks which do not have the same amount of data in every cylinder,
-and there may be disks which do not have the same amount of data in
-every sector. These features are usually hidden on PCs by the
-controller card or the BIOS, which map the physical geometry of a disk
-onto a logical geometry, which is what is actually used to access the
-disk.
-
-The numbers which describe the "geometry" of a disk are
-
- 1. The number of cylinders it contains.
-
- 2. The number of tracks per cylinder, which is the number of heads.
-
- 3. The number of sectors per track.
-
- 4. The number of bytes per sector.
-
-These numbers vary from disk to disk, but a typical PC disk might
-have about 1000 cylinders, half a dozen heads, and 15 or 20 sectors per
-track, with each sector containing 512 bytes or characters; such a disk
-contains 40 to 60 megabytes of data. A "double density" floppy disk
-contains 40 cylinders, with 2 heads (2 tracks per cylinder), and with 9
-sectors per track; such a disk contains 360 kilobytes, or 360 * 1024
-characters. A "high density" 3.5 inch floppy contains 80 cylinders,
-with 2 heads and 18 sectors per track, or 1.44 megabytes, or 1440 *
-1024 characters.
-
-The exact size of a track or cylinder in bytes varies from one disk
-to another. This `fdisk' for Linux deals mainly with cylinders, since
-this is the best unit to use when allocating space for partitions. It
-reports partition sizes in "blocks" of 1024 bytes, or 2 sectors, since
-`mkswap' and the various `mkfs' programs require this number. A block
-is the smallest amount of space which can be set aside for a file in
-the current file systems.
-
-An operating system, such as Linux or DOS or OS/2, may use a disk in
-any way that it wishes, but if two operating systems share the same
-disk, they must agree on who owns what, or else one will interfere with
-the other (that is, by damaging the other's files). A "partition" is a
-section of a hard disk which is handled as a unit by all operating
-systems which can access the disk. The standard way to define
-partitions (for the moment) is the "partition table", a list of
-information which is stored in parts of the disk that don't belong to
-any of the systems using the disk. The beginning of the partition
-table is stored in the disk's primary boot sector, and the rest is
-stored in a chain of sectors scattered throughout the disk.
-
-The first sector on the disk is called the "primary boot block" or
-"primary boot sector" because (1) it comes first, before other, similar
-sectors; (2) it tells where the other, similar sectors are found, so
-that it is logically `prior' to them; and (3) it usually contains code
-which is executed when the system boots up. This sector contains a
-table describing at most four partitions. These areas are called
-"primary partitions".
-
-The partition table in the primary boot sector may also describe at
-most one "extended partition". This is a large area of the disk,
-usually containing all the space which is not in any primary partition.
-Within this space we can set aside other areas which are called
-"logical partitions", because they look almost exactly like primary
-partitions. In fact, the main difference between them is that we can
-boot from primary partitions, while we cannot boot from logical
-partitions. This happens because the address of a primary partition is
-in a fixed place, whereas the address of a secondary partition is not,
-so we require a more complicated process to discover it, one which is
-too difficult for most primary boot programs.
-
-
-Dividing up your disk
----------------------
-
-It is a good idea to plan ahead before you start creating partitions
-on your disk. If you set aside a partition for some purpose, it is not
-easy to change its size: you must backup all the data from the partition,
-whether to floppies, to another partition, to another hard disk, or
-somewhere else; then you must edit the table which describes this
-partition, so changing its size; then you must reboot and initialize
-the new partition, formatting it, for example, under DOS, or running
-`mkfs' under Linux; finally you can copy all the data back. It is
-possible, if you have several partitions, to copy data back and forth
-between them while you change their sizes, but this is a bit risky and
-time consuming. It is better to plan ahead what you will need, since
-it is hard to change it afterwards.
-
-Many people with large disks and recent versions of DOS have their
-entire file system on one large partition. They usually ask, `Isn't
-there any way I can reformat my disk without copying everything off?'
-There is no way to do it using standard DOS utilities, and there is no
-truly safe way to do it using commercial software, because, if you make
-a mistake, you will lose the entire contents of your disk. If you are
-going to back up your disk anyway, you might as well copy the data back
-safely. The Linux FAQ contains references to tools and procedures
-which will allow you to do this, if you dare.
-
-DOS and Linux both allow you to access several partitions on a
-single disk; on DOS these are treated as if they were separate disks or
-drives, and under Linux they are treated as different "devices".
-
-You can have up to 64 partitions on a single IDE disk, or up to 16
-partitions on a single SCSI disk, at least as far as Linux is
-concerned; in practice you will rarely want so many. The maximum size
-of a Linux file system on a single partition depends on the type of
-file system you use. Minix file systems (version 1) are limited to 64
-megabytes. You may have all of your Linux files in a single partition,
-or you may have two, three, or more Linux file systems. Similarly you
-may have one or more DOS partitions. If you have several small
-partitions, you run much less risk of losing all your files if your
-disk gets corrupted. On the other hand, you may run out of space on a
-small partition more easily.
-
-Under DOS, you must refer to each partition by a separate drive
-letter, but all partitions are automatically accessible. Under Linux
-only the root partition is automatically accessible, but once we mount
-another partition, it is indistinguishable from the rest of the file
-system. Disks are usually mounted by a command in one of the system
-startup files, `/etc/rc', so you need not worry about having to do it
-yourself whenever you boot the system. But even ordinary users may
-be allowed to mount removable hard disks and floppy disks.
-
-Linux requires at least one partition, which is the `root' of the
-file system. You may prefer to have a separate partition for `/usr',
-which contains most of the executable files, or for `/home', which
-contains most of your private files. You may also wish to set aside a
-partition to use for swap space, depending on the amount of memory your
-PC has. You will certainly need swap space if you have less than 4 MB
-of RAM and wish to compile anything substantial. You can reserve swap
-space in a file, but you need a partition big enough to hold it, and
-this will probably be less efficient than having a partition devoted to
-swap.
-
-Are you going to boot Linux from the hard disk, or will you boot
-from a floppy? Some boot programs place severe restrictions on where
-the boot partition can be. LILO is more relaxed about this, but does
-require either the Master Boot Record on your first hard disk, or the
-boot record on one of the first four partitions on your first hard disk.
-
-If you have an extended partition with logical partitions in it, you
-can have only three primary partitions containing data.
-
-
-The `fdisk' command
--------------------
-
-Every operating system, whether DOS, OS/2, or Linux, should provide
-its own utility for editing hard disk partition tables. At least four
-of these utilities have been called `fdisk', for `Fixed DISK setup
-program', where `fixed' means `not removable'. I believe the first PC
-program named `fdisk' came from Microsoft in about 1985; before that
-time disks were too small to divide into separate sections.
-
-Every operating system has its own peculiarities. Normally you
-should set up a partition for the use of one operating system by using
-its own `fdisk' program. Do not use the Linux `fdisk' to create
-partitions for DOS or for any system other than Linux; otherwise you
-may have problems.
-
-An `fdisk' program performs two functions: it reports how the disk is
-configured, and it changes that configuration by adding or deleting
-partitions. Most `fdisk' programs can also change other information in
-partition tables.
-
-This `fdisk' for Linux operates on one hard disk at a time. If you
-give the command
-
- fdisk
-
-it reports on, and is able to change, `/dev/hda', the first hard
-disk. (If you have no `/dev/hda', `fdisk' uses `/dev/sda' as the
-default device.) To look at or change the second hard disk, `/dev/hdb',
-give the command
-
- fdisk /dev/hdb
-
-To look at or change the first SCSI disk, give the command
-
- fdisk /dev/sda
-
-There are some special forms of the `fdisk' command. One of them,
-suggested by Jim Winstead, simply lists all partitions on all available
-disks:
-
- fdisk -l (where `l' is a letter, not the digit `1')
-
-The option `-v' is provided to list the current version of the
-`fdisk' command. Finally, there is an option `-s' which is not really
-intended for interactive use. It causes fdisk to print the size of a
-partition in blocks of 1024 bytes as follows:
-
- fdisk -s /dev/hda7
- 39934
-
-Because this is intended to be used by `mkfs' and `mkswap' programs,
-it does not return the size of extended partitions or of partitions
-whose system type code is less than 10 (hexadecimal a). If you start
-`fdisk' without using one of these special options, it responds by
-asking for a command:
-
- Command (m for help): _
-
-Each `fdisk' command consists of a single letter, which must be
-followed by <RETURN> before it is obeyed. Upper and lower case are not
-distinguished. Anything you type after the first character is ignored.
-Give the command `m', and you should see this menu:
- Command action
- a toggle a bootable flag
- d delete a partition
- l list known partition types
- m print this menu
- n add a new partition
- p print the partition table
- q quit without saving changes
- t change a partition's system id
- u change display/entry units
- v verify the partition table
- w write table to disk and exit
- x extra functionality (experts only)
-
- Command (m for help): _
-
-The simplest commands are Print, Verify, and Quit. On a small disk, the
-Print command might produce a display like this one:
-
- Disk /dev/hda: 5 heads, 17 sectors, 977 cylinders
- Units = cylinders of 85 * 512 bytes
-
- Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System
- /dev/hda1 * 1 1 236 10021+ 1 DOS 12-bit FAT
- /dev/hda2 837 837 977 5992+ 5 Extended
- /dev/hda3 * 237 237 836 25500 83 Linux native
- /dev/hda5 837 837 936 4249+ 82 Linux swap
- /dev/hda6 942 942 977 1522 1 DOS 12-bit FAT
-
-There are 5 partitions reported; `/dev/hda4' does not appear because
-it is not allocated. Partitions 1 and 3 are flagged as bootable. The
-size of each partition is reported in 1 kilobyte blocks; hence the
-primary Linux partition, partition 3, is 25 1/2 megabytes in size. The
-`+' after three of the sizes warns that these partitions contain an odd
-number of sectors: Linux normally allocates filespace in 1 kilobyte
-blocks, so the extra sector in partition 5 is wasted. Id numbers are
-reported in hexadecimal and explained in English.
-
-The display/entry units may be either cylinders or sectors. The
-default is cylinders, but changing the units makes the print command
-display the following table for the system reported above:
-
- Disk /dev/hda: 5 heads, 17 sectors, 977 cylinders
- Units = sectors of 1 * 512 bytes
-
- Device Boot Begin Start End Blocks Id System
- /dev/hda1 * 1 17 20059 10021+ 1 DOS 12-bit FAT
- /dev/hda2 71060 71060 83044 5992+ 5 Extended
- /dev/hda3 * 20060 20060 71059 25500 83 Linux native
- /dev/hda5 71061 71061 79559 4249+ 82 Linux swap
- /dev/hda6 79985 80001 83044 1522 1 DOS 12-bit FAT
-
-The start of data in both DOS partitions is 16 sectors after the
-beginning of the partition: this is one reason why you should use DOS's
-own `FDISK' to create DOS partitions. Changing the units to sectors
-also affects the way in which the new partition command asks for the
-beginning and end of a new partition.
-
-*Warning*: it is dangerous to create a new partition when the
-display/entry units are sectors.
-
-The Verify command is useful because
-
- 1. It warns you if anything is wrong. *Always* do a Verify command
- to check your work before writing any changes to disk.
-
- 2. It reports how many unallocated sectors there are on the disk.
-
-The Quit command is also useful. `fdisk' does not actually change
-any data on your disk unless you give a Write command. If you are
-unhappy about any changes you may have made, give the Quit command, and
-your disk will remain as it was before you ran `fdisk'. You can also
-interrupt `fdisk' with `CTRL-C'.
-
-
-Deleting and adding partitions
-------------------------------
-
-Deleting a partition is simple. Give the Delete command by typing
-`d'. `fdisk' asks:
-
- Partition number (1-6): _
-
-Once you get this far, you must either delete a partition or
-interrupt the program with `CTRL-C' (or whatever your current interrupt
-character is). Note:
-
- 1. You may delete a nonexistent partition. You will get a warning
- message.
-
- 2. You may delete an extended partition. This has the side effect of
- deleting all partitions greater than or equal to 5.
-
- 3. You may delete a logical partition. In that case, all partitions
- above it are renumbered at once. For example, if you delete
- partition 5, then partition 6 becomes known as partition 5, and
- partition 7 as partition 6.
-
-Adding a partition is just a bit more complicated. Give the New
-command by typing `n'. `fdisk' allows you to
-
- 1. Create a primary partition, if there is a free slot in the primary
- partition table.
-
- 2. Create an extended partition if there is a free slot in the
- primary partition table, and if there is no extended partition.
-
- 3. Create a logical partition if an extended partition exists.
-
-If more than one of these actions is possible, you will be asked to
-select Primary, Extended, or Logical, depending on what is currently
-permissible. Before you create a primary or an extended partition, you
-are asked what slot it is to have in the table (1-4).
-
-You may not add a primary or an extended partition if the selected
-slot in the primary partition table is already occupied: in that case
-you simply return to the main menu. You are not allowed to add a new
-primary partition unless there are sectors available outside the
-extended partition. You are not allowed to add a new logical partition
-unless there are sectors available inside the extended partition.
-
-If space is available, you are prompted for the first cylinder:
-
- First cylinder ([237]-977): _
-
-The limits are the lowest and the highest cylinders in which sectors
-are available in the appropriate part of the disk. The square-bracketed
-number is what you'll get if you simply press enter. Not all numbers in
-this range are necessarily available: they may fall inside an existing
-partition. If you select a cylinder which is already in use, you are
-told off and prompted again for the first cylinder. After selecting the
-first cylinder, you are prompted again:
-
- Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (237-[836]): _
-
-The limits are the cylinder you have chosen as the first cylinder,
-and the highest cylinder which contains a legitimate upper boundary for
-the new partition. The square-bracketed number is what you'll get if
-you simply press enter. In other words, all numbers in the given range are
-legitimate, unlike those in the first range of cylinders. You may also
-specify the size of a partition in megabytes, kilobytes, or in the
-current units (cylinders or sectors). A plus sign `+' indicates that
-your answer is a size rather than a boundary, and the suffix `m' or `k'
-(upper or lower case) indicates that the size is not given in units of
-sectors or cylinders, but in megabytes or kilobytes respectively. Thus
-possible answers to the last cylinder request above are
-
-700
- Make cylinder 700 the last cylinder in the partition.
-
-+300
- Make cylinder 237 + 300 = 537 the last cylinder in the partition.
-
-+15m
- Make the partition at least 15 megabytes in size.
-
-+12500k
- Make the partition at least 12,500 kilobytes in size.
-
-If you specify a size which is too large or an end which is out of
-range, fdisk complains and repeats the prompt.
-
-Adding or deleting partitions has no effect unless you subsequently
-give the Write command. Please remember to give the Verify command
-first, just before giving the Write command: this is a safety
-precaution. After giving the Write command, you will see this message:
-
- The partition table has been altered!
- Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
- Syncing disks.
-
-If there are no further messages, the kernel has successfully copied
-the information from the partition table into its own internal table.
-But sometimes you will see a message like this one:
-
- Re-read table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
- Reboot your system to ensure the partition table is updated.
-
-In this case, depending on what you have changed in the partition
-table, it may be dangerous to continue working without rebooting,
-since you may lose or corrupt your data.
-
-
-Here are some important things to note:
-
- 1. Before you reboot, you *may* run `fdisk' again, either to manage
- another disk, or to make additional changes to the same disk, or
- just to check that the changes have been made as you expected.
- This is true even after you receive the message warning you to
- reboot.
-
- 2. It is not a good idea to run any of the programs `mkfs', `mkswap',
- `mount', or `swapon' if you have received the warning message but
- have not rebooted. In this case it is dangerous to run any program,
- but these in particular may cause serious damage to the data on your
- disk, including the partition tables themselves.
-
-
-Active flags and system types
------------------------------
-
-The active flag is a bit in the partition table entry which marks a
-partition as bootable. This is important to some primary boot sector
-programs, which will not boot from an unflagged partition. Other such
-programs do not allow more than one partition to be flagged. Some,
-like LILO, ignore the flags completely. I prefer to flag all bootable
-partitions as active so that they stand out on the menu which `fdisk'
-lists. Fdisk prints a star after the name of a partition's device file
-if its active flag is set.
-
-The Active command changes, or toggles, a partition's active flag.
-Give the Active command, and select a partition by number. If it was
-marked inactive, it will be flagged as active; if it was flagged as
-active, it will be marked inactive. You may set the active flag on an
-extended or logical partition, though the meaning of such a flag is by
-no means clear. This can be used to install LILO as a secondary boot
-loader to boot a Linux which lives on a second hard disk.
-
-The Type command changes the ID number which describes what type a
-partition is. `fdisk' currently recognises 30 system IDs, in the sense
-that it prints a string for each of them, but it allows you to change
-any system ID to any other, with the following exceptions: you may not
-change any partition to or from the type Extended, and you may not
-change a partition whose type is Empty (0) to any other type. You may,
-however, change the type of any data partition to 0, which is
-equivalent to deleting it.
-
-The new system ID or type code is a hexadecimal number. There are
-two ways of listing the numbers which `fdisk' recognises: use the List
-command, which prints the list, or use the Type command, which, when it
-prompts you for the code, says
-
- Hex code (type L to list codes): _
-
-where the upper case `L' is used for clarity. The codes printed are:
-Some of these numbers are a trifle uncertain. By default `fdisk' uses
-a type of 83. It used to use 81, the type code used by the MINIX
-`fdisk'. It seemed prudent to change the default since (a) many Linux
-`minix' file systems are no longer compatible with MINIX, (b) the ext2
-file system, a native Linux file system, is fairly stable, as is the
-Xia file system, and (c) the number 81 causes problems with DR-DOS.
-Linux does not usually care what values you use for type codes, but
-other systems, in particular DOS, OS/2, and DR-DOS, may.
-
-The value of 82 for Linux swap partitions is my own invention, and
-is intended to give some recognisable distinction to the partitions
-when the values are displayed in hexadecimal.
-
-New active flags and new system type codes are not written to the
-disk until you exit from `fdisk' with the Write command, as described
-above, in the section on deleting and adding partitions.
-
-
-Extra commands for experts
---------------------------
-
-The eXtra command `x' puts `fdisk' into `expert' mode, in which a
-slightly different set of commands is available. The Active, Delete,
-List, New, Type, Verify, and `eXpert' commands are not available in
-expert mode. The commands Write and Quit are available as in ordinary
-mode, the Print command is available, but produces output in a slightly
-different format, and of course the Menu command prints the expert
-menu. There are several new commands.
-
- 1. The Return command brings you back to the main menu.
-
- 2. The Extended command prints the list of table entries which point
- to other tables. Ordinary users do not need this information.
- The data is shown as it is stored. The same format is used for
- the expert Print command.
-
- 3. The dangerous Begin command allows you to move the start of data
- in a partition away from its beginning. Other systems create
- partitions with this format, and it is sometimes useful to be able
- to reproduce it.
-
- 4. The slightly dangerous Cylinders command allows you to change the
- available number of cylinders. For SCSI disk owners, note that we
- require not the actual number of physical cylinders, but the
- number of logical cylinders used by DOS and other operating
- systems.
-
- 5. The extremely dangerous Heads and Sectors commands allow you to
- change the number of heads and sectors. It should not be
- necessary to use these commands unless you have a SCSI disk, whose
- geometry Linux is not always able to determine. SCSI disk owners
- note that we need not the actual number of heads or of sectors per
- track, but the number believed to exist by DOS and other operating
- systems. *Warning*: If you set either of these numbers to a bad
- value, you may lose all data on your disk.
-
-Always, after giving any of the commands Begin, Cylinder, Heads, or
-Sectors, you should Return to the main menu and give the Verify command.
-
-
-Warnings for `fdisk' users
---------------------------
-
-In general, you should not use this `fdisk' program to create
-partitions for other operating systems, only for Linux. Nor should you
-use `fdisk' commands from other operating systems to create partitions
-for Linux.
-
-DR-DOS 5.0 and 6.0 are reported to have difficulties with partition
-ID codes of 80 or more. The Linux `fdisk' used to set the system type
-of new partitions to hexadecimal 81. DR-DOS seems to confuse this with
-hexadecimal 1, a DOS code. The values 82 for swap and 83 for file
-systems should not cause problems with DR-DOS. If they do, you may use
-the `fdisk' command `t' to change the system code of any Linux
-partitions to some number less than hexadecimal 80; I suggest 42 and 43
-for the moment.
-
-Partitioning a hard disk may destroy data which is on that disk if you
-are not careful. Go slowly, write down a description of the partition
-tables before you changed them, and always verify before you write.
-
-Most operating systems and utilities expect that all partitions begin and
-end at cylinder boundaries. This version of `fdisk' does so by default,
-but you can use it to create partitions which begin or end anywhere.
-This does not normally affect Linux, but it is very dangerous, as other
-operating systems (including DOS) may try to `correct' the partition
-boundaries.
-
-It is dangerous to create a new partition when the display/entry
-units are sectors.
-
-The Verify command warns you if anything is wrong. *Always* give a
-Verify command before writing any changes to disk.
-
-If you set the disk geometry (tracks per cylinder, or sectors per
-track) to an incorrect value, you may lose all data on your disk.
-
-Do create BSD/SUN and/or IRIX/SGI disk labels only when you are sure
-that you want them. Both features are intended to allow you READing
-those labels and prevent unintentional formatting of these disks.
diff --git a/Documentation/sfdisk.txt b/Documentation/sfdisk.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 13e671d48..000000000
--- a/Documentation/sfdisk.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,264 +0,0 @@
-Examples of the use of sfdisk 3.0 (to partition a disk)
-Input lines have fields <start>,<size>,<type>... - see sfdisk.8.
-Usually no <start> is given, and input lines start with a comma.
-
-Before doing anything with a disk, make sure it is not in use;
-unmount all its file systems, and say swapoff to its swap partitions.
-(The final BLKRRPART ioctl will fail if anything else still uses
-the disk, and you will have to reboot. It is easier to first make
-sure that nothing uses the disk, e.g., by testing:
- % umount /dev/sdb1
- % sfdisk -R /dev/sdb
- BLKRRPART: Device or resource busy
- * Device busy for revalidation (usage=2)
- % swapoff /dev/sdb3
- % sfdisk -R /dev/sdb
- * sdb: sdb1 < sdb5 sdb6 > sdb3
- %
-Note that the starred messages are kernel messages, that may be
-logged somewhere, or written to some other console.
-In sfdisk 3.01 sfdisk automatically does this check, unless told not to.)
-
-1. One big partition:
- sfdisk /dev/hda << EOF
- ;
- EOF
-
-(If there was garbage on the disk before, you may get error messages
-like: `ERROR: sector 0 does not have an msdos signature'
-and `/dev/hda: unrecognized partition'. This does not matter
-if you write an entirely fresh partition table anyway.)
-
-The output will be:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Old situation:
-...
-New situation:
-Units = cylinders of 208896 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from 0
-
- Device Boot Start End #cyls #blocks Id System
-/dev/hda1 0+ 1023 1024- 208895+ 83 Linux native
-Successfully wrote the new partition table
- hda: hda1
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Writing and rereading the partition table takes a few seconds -
-don't be alarmed if nothing happens for six seconds or so.
-
-
-2. Three primary partitions: two of size 50MB and the rest:
- sfdisk /dev/hda -uM << EOF
- ,50
- ,50
- ;
- EOF
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-New situation:
-Units = megabytes of 1048576 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from 0
-
- Device Boot Start End MB #blocks Id System
-/dev/hda1 0+ 50- 51- 51203+ 83 Linux native
-/dev/hda2 50+ 100- 51- 51204 83 Linux native
-/dev/hda3 100+ 203 104- 106488 83 Linux native
-Successfully wrote the new partition table
- hda: hda1 hda2 hda3
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-/dev/hda1 is one block (in fact only half a block) shorter than
-/dev/hda2 because its start had to be shifted away from zero in
-order to leave room for the Master Boot Record (MBR).
-
-
-3. A 1MB OS2 Boot Manager partition, a 50MB DOS partition,
- and three extended partitions (DOS D:, Linux swap, Linux):
- sfdisk /dev/hda -uM << EOF
- ,1,a
- ,50,6
- ,,E
- ;
- ,20,4
- ,16,S
- ;
- EOF
------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Device Boot Start End MB #blocks Id System
-/dev/hda1 0+ 1- 2- 1223+ a OS/2 Boot Manager
-/dev/hda2 1+ 51- 51- 51204 6 DOS 16-bit FAT >=32M
-/dev/hda3 51+ 203 153- 156468 5 Extended
-/dev/hda4 0 - 0 0 0 Empty
-/dev/hda5 51+ 71- 21- 20603+ 4 DOS 16-bit FAT <32M
-/dev/hda6 71+ 87- 17- 16523+ 82 Linux swap
-/dev/hda7 87+ 203 117- 119339+ 83 Linux native
-Successfully wrote the new partition table
- hda: hda1 hda2 hda3 < hda5 hda6 hda7 >
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-All these rounded numbers look better in cylinder units:
- % sfdisk -l /dev/hda
------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Device Boot Start End #cyls #blocks Id System
-/dev/hda1 0+ 5 6- 1223+ a OS/2 Boot Manager
-/dev/hda2 6 256 251 51204 6 DOS 16-bit FAT >=32M
-/dev/hda3 257 1023 767 156468 5 Extended
-/dev/hda4 0 - 0 0 0 Empty
-/dev/hda5 257+ 357 101- 20603+ 4 DOS 16-bit FAT <32M
-/dev/hda6 358+ 438 81- 16523+ 82 Linux swap
-/dev/hda7 439+ 1023 585- 119339+ 83 Linux native
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-But still - why does /dev/hda5 not start on a cylinder boundary?
-Because it is contained in an extended partition that does.
-Of the chain of extended partitions, usually only the first is
-shown. (The others have no name under Linux anyway.) But
-these additional extended partitions can be made visible:
- % sfdisk -l -x /dev/hda
------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Device Boot Start End #cyls #blocks Id System
-/dev/hda1 0+ 5 6- 1223+ a OS/2 Boot Manager
-/dev/hda2 6 256 251 51204 6 DOS 16-bit FAT >=32M
-/dev/hda3 257 1023 767 156468 5 Extended
-/dev/hda4 0 - 0 0 0 Empty
-
-/dev/hda5 257+ 357 101- 20603+ 4 DOS 16-bit FAT <32M
- - 358 1023 666 135864 5 Extended
- - 257 256 0 0 0 Empty
- - 257 256 0 0 0 Empty
-
-/dev/hda6 358+ 438 81- 16523+ 82 Linux swap
- - 439 1023 585 119340 5 Extended
- - 358 357 0 0 0 Empty
- - 358 357 0 0 0 Empty
-
-/dev/hda7 439+ 1023 585- 119339+ 83 Linux native
- - 439 438 0 0 0 Empty
- - 439 438 0 0 0 Empty
- - 439 438 0 0 0 Empty
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-Why the empty 4th input line? The description of the extended partitions
-starts after that of the four primary partitions.
-You force an empty partition with a ",0" input line, but here all
-space was divided already, so the fourth partition became empty
-automatically.
-
-How did I know about 4,6,a,E,S? Well, E,S,L stand for Extended,
-Swap and Linux. The other values are hexadecimal and come from
-the table:
- % sfdisk -T
- Id Name
-
- 0 Empty
- 1 DOS 12-bit FAT
- 2 XENIX root
- 3 XENIX usr
- 4 DOS 16-bit FAT <32M
- 5 Extended
- 6 DOS 16-bit FAT >=32M
- 7 OS/2 HPFS or QNX or Advanced UNIX
- 8 AIX data
- 9 AIX boot or Coherent
- a OS/2 Boot Manager
- ...
-
-
-4. Preserving the sectors changed by sfdisk.
- % sfdisk -O save-hdd-partition-sectors /dev/hda
- ...
- will write the sectors overwritten by sfdisk to file.
- If you notice that you trashed some partition, you may
- be able to restore things by
- % sfdisk -I save-hdd-partition-sectors /dev/hda
- %
-
-5. Preserving some old partitions.
- % sfdisk -N2 /dev/hda
- ...
- will only change the partition /dev/hda2, and leave the rest
- unchanged. The most obvious application is to change an Id:
- % sfdisk -N7 /dev/hda
- ,,63
- %
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Old situation:
-
- Device Boot Start End #cyls #blocks Id System
-/dev/hda1 0+ 5 6- 1223+ a OS/2 Boot Manager
-...
-/dev/hda6 358+ 438 81- 16523+ 82 Linux swap
-/dev/hda7 439+ 1023 585- 119339+ 83 Linux native
-
-New situation:
-
- Device Boot Start End #cyls #blocks Id System
-/dev/hda1 0+ 5 6- 1223+ a OS/2 Boot Manager
-...
-/dev/hda6 358+ 438 81- 16523+ 82 Linux swap
-/dev/hda7 439+ 1023 585- 119339+ 63 GNU HURD
------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Note that changing a logical partition into an empty partition
- will decrease the number of all subsequent logical partitions.
-
-6. Deleting a partition.
-At first I thought of having an option -X# for deleting partitions,
-but there are several ways in which a partition can be deleted, and
-it is probably better to handle this just as a general change.
- % sfdisk -d /dev/hda > ohda
-will write the current tables on the file `ohda'.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-% cat ohda
-# partition table of /dev/hda
-unit: sectors
-
-/dev/hda1 : start= 1, size= 40799, Id= 5
-/dev/hda2 : start= 40800, size= 40800, Id=83
-/dev/hda3 : start= 81600, size= 336192, Id=83
-/dev/hda4 : start= 0, size= 0, Id= 0
-/dev/hda5 : start= 2, size= 40798, Id=83
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-In order to delete the partition on /dev/hda3, edit this file
-and feed the result to sfdisk again.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-% emacs ohda
-% cat ohda
-# partition table of /dev/hda
-unit: sectors
-
-/dev/hda1 : start= 1, size= 40799, Id= 5
-/dev/hda2 : start= 40800, size= 40800, Id=83
-/dev/hda3 : start= 0, size= 0, Id= 0
-/dev/hda4 : start= 0, size= 0, Id= 0
-/dev/hda5 : start= 2, size= 40798, Id=83
-% sfdisk /dev/hda < ohda
-Old situation:
-Units = cylinders of 208896 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from 0
-
- Device Boot Start End #cyls #blocks Id System
-/dev/hda1 0+ 99 100- 20399+ 5 Extended
-/dev/hda2 100 199 100 20400 83 Linux native
-/dev/hda3 200 1023 824 168096 83 Linux native
-/dev/hda4 0 - 0 0 0 Empty
-/dev/hda5 0+ 99 100- 20399 83 Linux native
-New situation:
-Units = sectors of 512 bytes, counting from 0
-
- Device Boot Start End #sectors Id System
-/dev/hda1 1 40799 40799 5 Extended
-/dev/hda2 40800 81599 40800 83 Linux native
-/dev/hda3 0 - 0 0 Empty
-/dev/hda4 0 - 0 0 Empty
-/dev/hda5 2 40799 40798 83 Linux native
-Successfully wrote the new partition table
-% sfdisk -l -V /dev/hda
-
-Disk /dev/hda: 12 heads, 34 sectors, 1024 cylinders
-Units = cylinders of 208896 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from 0
-
- Device Boot Start End #cyls #blocks Id System
-/dev/hda1 0+ 99 100- 20399+ 5 Extended
-/dev/hda2 100 199 100 20400 83 Linux native
-/dev/hda3 0 - 0 0 0 Empty
-/dev/hda4 0 - 0 0 0 Empty
-/dev/hda5 0+ 99 100- 20399 83 Linux native
-/dev/hda: OK
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-This is a good way of making changes: dump the current status
-to file, edit the file, and feed it to sfdisk.
-Preserving the file on some other disk could be useful:
-if ever the MBR gets thrashed it can be used to restore
-the old situation.