summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/docs/htmldocs/Samba-HOWTO-Collection.html
blob: f233e85eddc352fa0f605ae1f7cda563e1cb3339 (plain) 
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
4876
4877
4878
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372
5373
5374
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402
5403
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409
5410
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426
5427
5428
5429
5430
5431
5432
5433
5434
5435
5436
5437
5438
5439
5440
5441
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446
5447
5448
5449
5450
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471
5472
5473
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495
5496
5497
5498
5499
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558
5559
5560
5561
5562
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574
5575
5576
5577
5578
5579
5580
5581
5582
5583
5584
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
5630
5631
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675
5676
5677
5678
5679
5680
5681
5682
5683
5684
5685
5686
5687
5688
5689
5690
5691
5692
5693
5694
5695
5696
5697
5698
5699
5700
5701
5702
5703
5704
5705
5706
5707
5708
5709
5710
5711
5712
5713
5714
5715
5716
5717
5718
5719
5720
5721
5722
5723
5724
5725
5726
5727
5728
5729
5730
5731
5732
5733
5734
5735
5736
5737
5738
5739
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746
5747
5748
5749
5750
5751
5752
5753
5754
5755
5756
5757
5758
5759
5760
5761
5762
5763
5764
5765
5766
5767
5768
5769
5770
5771
5772
5773
5774
5775
5776
5777
5778
5779
5780
5781
5782
5783
5784
5785
5786
5787
5788
5789
5790
5791
5792
5793
5794
5795
5796
5797
5798
5799
5800
5801
5802
5803
5804
5805
5806
5807
5808
5809
5810
5811
5812
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823
5824
5825
5826
5827
5828
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865
5866
5867
5868
5869
5870
5871
5872
5873
5874
5875
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881
5882
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890
5891
5892
5893
5894
5895
5896
5897
5898
5899
5900
5901
5902
5903
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
5909
5910
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5923
5924
5925
5926
5927
5928
5929
5930
5931
5932
5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
5939
5940
5941
5942
5943
5944
5945
5946
5947
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960
5961
5962
5963
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972
5973
5974
5975
5976
5977
5978
5979
5980
5981
5982
5983
5984
5985
5986
5987
5988
5989
5990
5991
5992
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998
5999
6000
6001
6002
6003
6004
6005
6006
6007
6008
6009
6010
6011
6012
6013
6014
6015
6016
6017
6018
6019
6020
6021
6022
6023
6024
6025
6026
6027
6028
6029
6030
6031
6032
6033
6034
6035
6036
6037
6038
6039
6040
6041
6042
6043
6044
6045
6046
6047
6048
6049
6050
6051
6052
6053
6054
6055
6056
6057
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062
6063
6064
6065
6066
6067
6068
6069
6070
6071
6072
6073
6074
6075
6076
6077
6078
6079
6080
6081
6082
6083
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088
6089
6090
6091
6092
6093
6094
6095
6096
6097
6098
6099
6100
6101
6102
6103
6104
6105
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
6118
6119
6120
6121
6122
6123
6124
6125
6126
6127
6128
6129
6130
6131
6132
6133
6134
6135
6136
6137
6138
6139
6140
6141
6142
6143
6144
6145
6146
6147
6148
6149
6150
6151
6152
6153
6154
6155
6156
6157
6158
6159
6160
6161
6162
6163
6164
6165
6166
6167
6168
6169
6170
6171
6172
6173
6174
6175
6176
6177
6178
6179
6180
6181
6182
6183
6184
6185
6186
6187
6188
6189
6190
6191
6192
6193
6194
6195
6196
6197
6198
6199
6200
6201
6202
6203
6204
6205
6206
6207
6208
6209
6210
6211
6212
6213
6214
6215
6216
6217
6218
6219
6220
6221
6222
6223
6224
6225
6226
6227
6228
6229
6230
6231
6232
6233
6234
6235
6236
6237
6238
6239
6240
6241
6242
6243
6244
6245
6246
6247
6248
6249
6250
6251
6252
6253
6254
6255
6256
6257
6258
6259
6260
6261
6262
6263
6264
6265
6266
6267
6268
6269
6270
6271
6272
6273
6274
6275
6276
6277
6278
6279
6280
6281
6282
6283
6284
6285
6286
6287
6288
6289
6290
6291
6292
6293
6294
6295
6296
6297
6298
6299
6300
6301
6302
6303
6304
6305
6306
6307
6308
6309
6310
6311
6312
6313
6314
6315
6316
6317
6318
6319
6320
6321
6322
6323
6324
6325
6326
6327
6328
6329
6330
6331
6332
6333
6334
6335
6336
6337
6338
6339
6340
6341
6342
6343
6344
6345
6346
6347
6348
6349
6350
6351
6352
6353
6354
6355
6356
6357
6358
6359
6360
6361
6362
6363
6364
6365
6366
6367
6368
6369
6370
6371
6372
6373
6374
6375
6376
6377
6378
6379
6380
6381
6382
6383
6384
6385
6386
6387
6388
6389
6390
6391
6392
6393
6394
6395
6396
6397
6398
6399
6400
6401
6402
6403
6404
6405
6406
6407
6408
6409
6410
6411
6412
6413
6414
6415
6416
6417
6418
6419
6420
6421
6422
6423
6424
6425
6426
6427
6428
6429
6430
6431
6432
6433
6434
6435
6436
6437
6438
6439
6440
6441
6442
6443
6444
6445
6446
6447
6448
6449
6450
6451
6452
6453
6454
6455
6456
6457
6458
6459
6460
6461
6462
6463
6464
6465
6466
6467
6468
6469
6470
6471
6472
6473
6474
6475
6476
6477
6478
6479
6480
6481
6482
6483
6484
6485
6486
6487
6488
6489
6490
6491
6492
6493
6494
6495
6496
6497
6498
6499
6500
6501
6502
6503
6504
6505
6506
6507
6508
6509
6510
6511
6512
6513
6514
6515
6516
6517
6518
6519
6520
6521
6522
6523
6524
6525
6526
6527
6528
6529
6530
6531
6532
6533
6534
6535
6536
6537
6538
6539
6540
6541
6542
6543
6544
6545
6546
6547
6548
6549
6550
6551
6552
6553
6554
6555
6556
6557
6558
6559
6560
6561
6562
6563
6564
6565
6566
6567
6568
6569
6570
6571
6572
6573
6574
6575
6576
6577
6578
6579
6580
6581
6582
6583
6584
6585
6586
6587
6588
6589
6590
6591
6592
6593
6594
6595
6596
6597
6598
6599
6600
6601
6602
6603
6604
6605
6606
6607
6608
6609
6610
6611
6612
6613
6614
6615
6616
6617
6618
6619
6620
6621
6622
6623
6624
6625
6626
6627
6628
6629
6630
6631
6632
6633
6634
6635
6636
6637
6638
6639
6640
6641
6642
6643
6644
6645
6646
6647
6648
6649
6650
6651
6652
6653
6654
6655
6656
6657
6658
6659
6660
6661
6662
6663
6664
6665
6666
6667
6668
6669
6670
6671
6672
6673
6674
6675
6676
6677
6678
6679
6680
6681
6682
6683
6684
6685
6686
6687
6688
6689
6690
6691
6692
6693
6694
6695
6696
6697
6698
6699
6700
6701
6702
6703
6704
6705
6706
6707
6708
6709
6710
6711
6712
6713
6714
6715
6716
6717
6718
6719
6720
6721
6722
6723
6724
6725
6726
6727
6728
6729
6730
6731
6732
6733
6734
6735
6736
6737
6738
6739
6740
6741
6742
6743
6744
6745
6746
6747
6748
6749
6750
6751
6752
6753
6754
6755
6756
6757
6758
6759
6760
6761
6762
6763
6764
6765
6766
6767
6768
6769
6770
6771
6772
6773
6774
6775
6776
6777
6778
6779
6780
6781
6782
6783
6784
6785
6786
6787
6788
6789
6790
6791
6792
6793
6794
6795
6796
6797
6798
6799
6800
6801
6802
6803
6804
6805
6806
6807
6808
6809
6810
6811
6812
6813
6814
6815
6816
6817
6818
6819
6820
6821
6822
6823
6824
6825
6826
6827
6828
6829
6830
6831
6832
6833
6834
6835
6836
6837
6838
6839
6840
6841
6842
6843
6844
6845
6846
6847
6848
6849
6850
6851
6852
6853
6854
6855
6856
6857
6858
6859
6860
6861
6862
6863
6864
6865
6866
6867
6868
6869
6870
6871
6872
6873
6874
6875
6876
6877
6878
6879
6880
6881
6882
6883
6884
6885
6886
6887
6888
6889
6890
6891
6892
6893
6894
6895
6896
6897
6898
6899
6900
6901
6902
6903
6904
6905
6906
6907
6908
6909
6910
6911
6912
6913
6914
6915
6916
6917
6918
6919
6920
6921
6922
6923
6924
6925
6926
6927
6928
6929
6930
6931
6932
6933
6934
6935
6936
6937
6938
6939
6940
6941
6942
6943
6944
6945
6946
6947
6948
6949
6950
6951
6952
6953
6954
6955
6956
6957
6958
6959
6960
6961
6962
6963
6964
6965
6966
6967
6968
6969
6970
6971
6972
6973
6974
6975
6976
6977
6978
6979
6980
6981
6982
6983
6984
6985
6986
6987
6988
6989
6990
6991
6992
6993
6994
6995
6996
6997
6998
6999
7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015
7016
7017
7018
7019
7020
7021
7022
7023
7024
7025
7026
7027
7028
7029
7030
7031
7032
7033
7034
7035
7036
7037
7038
7039
7040
7041
7042
7043
7044
7045
7046
7047
7048
7049
7050
7051
7052
7053
7054
7055
7056
7057
7058
7059
7060
7061
7062
7063
7064
7065
7066
7067
7068
7069
7070
7071
7072
7073
7074
7075
7076
7077
7078
7079
7080
7081
7082
7083
7084
7085
7086
7087
7088
7089
7090
7091
7092
7093
7094
7095
7096
7097
7098
7099
7100
7101
7102
7103
7104
7105
7106
7107
7108
7109
7110
7111
7112
7113
7114
7115
7116
7117
7118
7119
7120
7121
7122
7123
7124
7125
7126
7127
7128
7129
7130
7131
7132
7133
7134
7135
7136
7137
7138
7139
7140
7141
7142
7143
7144
7145
7146
7147
7148
7149
7150
7151
7152
7153
7154
7155
7156
7157
7158
7159
7160
7161
7162
7163
7164
7165
7166
7167
7168
7169
7170
7171
7172
7173
7174
7175
7176
7177
7178
7179
7180
7181
7182
7183
7184
7185
7186
7187
7188
7189
7190
7191
7192
7193
7194
7195
7196
7197
7198
7199
7200
7201
7202
7203
7204
7205
7206
7207
7208
7209
7210
7211
7212
7213
7214
7215
7216
7217
7218
7219
7220
7221
7222
7223
7224
7225
7226
7227
7228
7229
7230
7231
7232
7233
7234
7235
7236
7237
7238
7239
7240
7241
7242
7243
7244
7245
7246
7247
7248
7249
7250
7251
7252
7253
7254
7255
7256
7257
7258
7259
7260
7261
7262
7263
7264
7265
7266
7267
7268
7269
7270
7271
7272
7273
7274
7275
7276
7277
7278
7279
7280
7281
7282
7283
7284
7285
7286
7287
7288
7289
7290
7291
7292
7293
7294
7295
7296
7297
7298
7299
7300
7301
7302
7303
7304
7305
7306
7307
7308
7309
7310
7311
7312
7313
7314
7315
7316
7317
7318
7319
7320
7321
7322
7323
7324
7325
7326
7327
7328
7329
7330
7331
7332
7333
7334
7335
7336
7337
7338
7339
7340
7341
7342
7343
7344
7345
7346
7347
7348
7349
7350
7351
7352
7353
7354
7355
7356
7357
7358
7359
7360
7361
7362
7363
7364
7365
7366
7367
7368
7369
7370
7371
7372
7373
7374
7375
7376
7377
7378
7379
7380
7381
7382
7383
7384
7385
7386
7387
7388
7389
7390
7391
7392
7393
7394
7395
7396
7397
7398
7399
7400
7401
7402
7403
7404
7405
7406
7407
7408
7409
7410
7411
7412
7413
7414
7415
7416
7417
7418
7419
7420
7421
7422
7423
7424
7425
7426
7427
7428
7429
7430
7431
7432
7433
7434
7435
7436
7437
7438
7439
7440
7441
7442
7443
7444
7445
7446
7447
7448
7449
7450
7451
7452
7453
7454
7455
7456
7457
7458
7459
7460
7461
7462
7463
7464
7465
7466
7467
7468
7469
7470
7471
7472
7473
7474
7475
7476
7477
7478
7479
7480
7481
7482
7483
7484
7485
7486
7487
7488
7489
7490
7491
7492
7493
7494
7495
7496
7497
7498
7499
7500
7501
7502
7503
7504
7505
7506
7507
7508
7509
7510
7511
7512
7513
7514
7515
7516
7517
7518
7519
7520
7521
7522
7523
7524
7525
7526
7527
7528
7529
7530
7531
7532
7533
7534
7535
7536
7537
7538
7539
7540
7541
7542
7543
7544
7545
7546
7547
7548
7549
7550
7551
7552
7553
7554
7555
7556
7557
7558
7559
7560
7561
7562
7563
7564
7565
7566
7567
7568
7569
7570
7571
7572
7573
7574
7575
7576
7577
7578
7579
7580
7581
7582
7583
7584
7585
7586
7587
7588
7589
7590
7591
7592
7593
7594
7595
7596
7597
7598
7599
7600
7601
7602
7603
7604
7605
7606
7607
7608
7609
7610
7611
7612
7613
7614
7615
7616
7617
7618
7619
7620
7621
7622
7623
7624
7625
7626
7627
7628
7629
7630
7631
7632
7633
7634
7635
7636
7637
7638
7639
7640
7641
7642
7643
7644
7645
7646
7647
7648
7649
7650
7651
7652
7653
7654
7655
7656
7657
7658
7659
7660
7661
7662
7663
7664
7665
7666
7667
7668
7669
7670
7671
7672
7673
7674
7675
7676
7677
7678
7679
7680
7681
7682
7683
7684
7685
7686
7687
7688
7689
7690
7691
7692
7693
7694
7695
7696
7697
7698
7699
7700
7701
7702
7703
7704
7705
7706
7707
7708
7709
7710
7711
7712
7713
7714
7715
7716
7717
7718
7719
7720
7721
7722
7723
7724
7725
7726
7727
7728
7729
7730
7731
7732
7733
7734
7735
7736
7737
7738
7739
7740
7741
7742
7743
7744
7745
7746
7747
7748
7749
7750
7751
7752
7753
7754
7755
7756
7757
7758
7759
7760
7761
7762
7763
7764
7765
7766
7767
7768
7769
7770
7771
7772
7773
7774
7775
7776
7777
7778
7779
7780
7781
7782
7783
7784
7785
7786
7787
7788
7789
7790
7791
7792
7793
7794
7795
7796
7797
7798
7799
7800
7801
7802
7803
7804
7805
7806
7807
7808
7809
7810
7811
7812
7813
7814
7815
7816
7817
7818
7819
7820
7821
7822
7823
7824
7825
7826
7827
7828
7829
7830
7831
7832
7833
7834
7835
7836
7837
7838
7839
7840
7841
7842
7843
7844
7845
7846
7847
7848
7849
7850
7851
7852
7853
7854
7855
7856
7857
7858
7859
7860
7861
7862
7863
7864
7865
7866
7867
7868
7869
7870
7871
7872
7873
7874
7875
7876
7877
7878
7879
7880
7881
7882
7883
7884
7885
7886
7887
7888
7889
7890
7891
7892
7893
7894
7895
7896
7897
7898
7899
7900
7901
7902
7903
7904
7905
7906
7907
7908
7909
7910
7911
7912
7913
7914
7915
7916
7917
7918
7919
7920
7921
7922
7923
7924
7925
7926
7927
7928
7929
7930
7931
7932
7933
7934
7935
7936
7937
7938
7939
7940
7941
7942
7943
7944
7945
7946
7947
7948
7949
7950
7951
7952
7953
7954
7955
7956
7957
7958
7959
7960
7961
7962
7963
7964
7965
7966
7967
7968
7969
7970
7971
7972
7973
7974
7975
7976
7977
7978
7979
7980
7981
7982
7983
7984
7985
7986
7987
7988
7989
7990
7991
7992
7993
7994
7995
7996
7997
7998
7999
8000
8001
8002
8003
8004
8005
8006
8007
8008
8009
8010
8011
8012
8013
8014
8015
8016
8017
8018
8019
8020
8021
8022
8023
8024
8025
8026
8027
8028
8029
8030
8031
8032
8033
8034
8035
8036
8037
8038
8039
8040
8041
8042
8043
8044
8045
8046
8047
8048
8049
8050
8051
8052
8053
8054
8055
8056
8057
8058
8059
8060
8061
8062
8063
8064
8065
8066
8067
8068
8069
8070
8071
8072
8073
8074
8075
8076
8077
8078
8079
8080
8081
8082
8083
8084
8085
8086
8087
8088
8089
8090
8091
8092
8093
8094
8095
8096
8097
8098
8099
8100
8101
8102
8103
8104
8105
8106
8107
8108
8109
8110
8111
8112
8113
8114
8115
8116
8117
8118
8119
8120
8121
8122
8123
8124
8125
8126
8127
8128
8129
8130
8131
8132
8133
8134
8135
8136
8137
8138
8139
8140
8141
8142
8143
8144
8145
8146
8147
8148
8149
8150
8151
8152
8153
8154
8155
8156
8157
8158
8159
8160
8161
8162
8163
8164
8165
8166
8167
8168
8169
8170
8171
8172
8173
8174
8175
8176
8177
8178
8179
8180
8181
8182
8183
8184
8185
8186
8187
8188
8189
8190
8191
8192
8193
8194
8195
8196
8197
8198
8199
8200
8201
8202
8203
8204
8205
8206
8207
8208
8209
8210
8211
8212
8213
8214
8215
8216
8217
8218
8219
8220
8221
8222
8223
8224
8225
8226
8227
8228
8229
8230
8231
8232
8233
8234
8235
8236
8237
8238
8239
8240
8241
8242
8243
8244
8245
8246
8247
8248
8249
8250
8251
8252
8253
8254
8255
8256
8257
8258
8259
8260
8261
8262
8263
8264
8265
8266
8267
8268
8269
8270
8271
8272
8273
8274
8275
8276
8277
8278
8279
8280
8281
8282
8283
8284
8285
8286
8287
8288
8289
8290
8291
8292
8293
8294
8295
8296
8297
8298
8299
8300
8301
8302
8303
8304
8305
8306
8307
8308
8309
8310
8311
8312
8313
8314
8315
8316
8317
8318
8319
8320
8321
8322
8323
8324
8325
8326
8327
8328
8329
8330
8331
8332
8333
8334
8335
8336
8337
8338
8339
8340
8341
8342
8343
8344
8345
8346
8347
8348
8349
8350
8351
8352
8353
8354
8355
8356
8357
8358
8359
8360
8361
8362
8363
8364
8365
8366
8367
8368
8369
8370
8371
8372
8373
8374
8375
8376
8377
8378
8379
8380
8381
8382
8383
8384
8385
8386
8387
8388
8389
8390
8391
8392
8393
8394
8395
8396
8397
8398
8399
8400
8401
8402
8403
8404
8405
8406
8407
8408
8409
8410
8411
8412
8413
8414
8415
8416
8417
8418
8419
8420
8421
8422
8423
8424
8425
8426
8427
8428
8429
8430
8431
8432
8433
8434
8435
8436
8437
8438
8439
8440
8441
8442
8443
8444
8445
8446
8447
8448
8449
8450
8451
8452
8453
8454
8455
8456
8457
8458
8459
8460
8461
8462
8463
8464
8465
8466
8467
8468
8469
8470
8471
8472
8473
8474
8475
8476
8477
8478
8479
8480
8481
8482
8483
8484
8485
8486
8487
8488
8489
8490
8491
8492
8493
8494
8495
8496
8497
8498
8499
8500
8501
8502
8503
8504
8505
8506
8507
8508
8509
8510
8511
8512
8513
8514
8515
8516
8517
8518
8519
8520
8521
8522
8523
8524
8525
8526
8527
8528
8529
8530
8531
8532
8533
8534
8535
8536
8537
8538
8539
8540
8541
8542
8543
8544
8545
8546
8547
8548
8549
8550
8551
8552
8553
8554
8555
8556
8557
8558
8559
8560
8561
8562
8563
8564
8565
8566
8567
8568
8569
8570
8571
8572
8573
8574
8575
8576
8577
8578
8579
8580
8581
8582
8583
8584
8585
8586
8587
8588
8589
8590
8591
8592
8593
8594
8595
8596
8597
8598
8599
8600
8601
8602
8603
8604
8605
8606
8607
8608
8609
8610
8611
8612
8613
8614
8615
8616
8617
8618
8619
8620
8621
8622
8623
8624
8625
8626
8627
8628
8629
8630
8631
8632
8633
8634
8635
8636
8637
8638
8639
8640
8641
8642
8643
8644
8645
8646
8647
8648
8649
8650
8651
8652
8653
8654
8655
8656
8657
8658
8659
8660
8661
8662
8663
8664
8665
8666
8667
8668
8669
8670
8671
8672
8673
8674
8675
8676
8677
8678
8679
8680
8681
8682
8683
8684
8685
8686
8687
8688
8689
8690
8691
8692
8693
8694
8695
8696
8697
8698
8699
8700
8701
8702
8703
8704
8705
8706
8707
8708
8709
8710
8711
8712
8713
8714
8715
8716
8717
8718
8719
8720
8721
8722
8723
8724
8725
8726
8727
8728
8729
8730
8731
8732
8733
8734
8735
8736
8737
8738
8739
8740
8741
8742
8743
8744
8745
8746
8747
8748
8749
8750
8751
8752
8753
8754
8755
8756
8757
8758
8759
8760
8761
8762
8763
8764
8765
8766
8767
8768
8769
8770
8771
8772
8773
8774
8775
8776
8777
8778
8779
8780
8781
8782
8783
8784
8785
8786
8787
8788
8789
8790
8791
8792
8793
8794
8795
8796
8797
8798
8799
8800
8801
8802
8803
8804
8805
8806
8807
8808
8809
8810
8811
8812
8813
8814
8815
8816
8817
8818
8819
8820
8821
8822
8823
8824
8825
8826
8827
8828
8829
8830
8831
8832
8833
8834
8835
8836
8837
8838
8839
8840
8841
8842
8843
8844
8845
8846
8847
8848
8849
8850
8851
8852
8853
8854
8855
8856
8857
8858
8859
8860
8861
8862
8863
8864
8865
8866
8867
8868
8869
8870
8871
8872
8873
8874
8875
8876
8877
8878
8879
8880
8881
8882
8883
8884
8885
8886
8887
8888
8889
8890
8891
8892
8893
8894
8895
8896
8897
8898
8899
8900
8901
8902
8903
8904
8905
8906
8907
8908
8909
8910
8911
8912
8913
8914
8915
8916
8917
8918
8919
8920
8921
8922
8923
8924
8925
8926
8927
8928
8929
8930
8931
8932
8933
8934
8935
8936
8937
8938
8939
8940
8941
8942
8943
8944
8945
8946
8947
8948
8949
8950
8951
8952
8953
8954
8955
8956
8957
8958
8959
8960
8961
8962
8963
8964
8965
8966
8967
8968
8969
8970
8971
8972
8973
8974
8975
8976
8977
8978
8979
8980
8981
8982
8983
8984
8985
8986
8987
8988
8989
8990
8991
8992
8993
8994
8995
8996
8997
8998
8999
9000
9001
9002
9003
9004
9005
9006
9007
9008
9009
9010
9011
9012
9013
9014
9015
9016
9017
9018
9019
9020
9021
9022
9023
9024
9025
9026
9027
9028
9029
9030
9031
9032
9033
9034
9035
9036
9037
9038
9039
9040
9041
9042
9043
9044
9045
9046
9047
9048
9049
9050
9051
9052
9053
9054
9055
9056
9057
9058
9059
9060
9061
9062
9063
9064
9065
9066
9067
9068
9069
9070
9071
9072
9073
9074
9075
9076
9077
9078
9079
9080
9081
9082
9083
9084
9085
9086
9087
9088
9089
9090
9091
9092
9093
9094
9095
9096
9097
9098
9099
9100
9101
9102
9103
9104
9105
9106
9107
9108
9109
9110
9111
9112
9113
9114
9115
9116
9117
9118
9119
9120
9121
9122
9123
9124
9125
9126
9127
9128
9129
9130
9131
9132
9133
9134
9135
9136
9137
9138
9139
9140
9141
9142
9143
9144
9145
9146
9147
9148
9149
9150
9151
9152
9153
9154
9155
9156
9157
9158
9159
9160
9161
9162
9163
9164
9165
9166
9167
9168
9169
9170
9171
9172
9173
9174
9175
9176
9177
9178
9179
9180
9181
9182
9183
9184
9185
9186
9187
9188
9189
9190
9191
9192
9193
9194
9195
9196
9197
9198
9199
9200
9201
9202
9203
9204
9205
9206
9207
9208
9209
9210
9211
9212
9213
9214
9215
9216
9217
9218
9219
9220
9221
9222
9223
9224
9225
9226
9227
9228
9229
9230
9231
9232
9233
9234
9235
9236
9237
9238
9239
9240
9241
9242
9243
9244
9245
9246
9247
9248
9249
9250
9251
9252
9253
9254
9255
9256
9257
9258
9259
9260
9261
9262
9263
9264
9265
9266
9267
9268
9269
9270
9271
9272
9273
9274
9275
9276
9277
9278
9279
9280
9281
9282
9283
9284
9285
9286
9287
9288
9289
9290
9291
9292
9293
9294
9295
9296
9297
9298
9299
9300
9301
9302
9303
9304
9305
9306
9307
9308
9309
9310
9311
9312
9313
9314
9315
9316
9317
9318
9319
9320
9321
9322
9323
9324
9325
9326
9327
9328
9329
9330
9331
9332
9333
9334
9335
9336
9337
9338
9339
9340
9341
9342
9343
9344
9345
9346
9347
9348
9349
9350
9351
9352
9353
9354
9355
9356
9357
9358
9359
9360
9361
9362
9363
9364
9365
9366
9367
9368
9369
9370
9371
9372
9373
9374
9375
9376
9377
9378
9379
9380
9381
9382
9383
9384
9385
9386
9387
9388
9389
9390
9391
9392
9393
9394
9395
9396
9397
9398
9399
9400
9401
9402
9403
9404
9405
9406
9407
9408
9409
9410
9411
9412
9413
9414
9415
9416
9417
9418
9419
9420
9421
9422
9423
9424
9425
9426
9427
9428
9429
9430
9431
9432
9433
9434
9435
9436
9437
9438
9439
9440
9441
9442
9443
9444
9445
9446
9447
9448
9449
9450
9451
9452
9453
9454
9455
9456
9457
9458
9459
9460
9461
9462
9463
9464
9465
9466
9467
9468
9469
9470
9471
9472
9473
9474
9475
9476
9477
9478
9479
9480
9481
9482
9483
9484
9485
9486
9487
9488
9489
9490
9491
9492
9493
9494
9495
9496
9497
9498
9499
9500
9501
9502
9503
9504
9505
9506
9507
9508
9509
9510
9511
9512
9513
9514
9515
9516
9517
9518
9519
9520
9521
9522
9523
9524
9525
9526
9527
9528
9529
9530
9531
9532
9533
9534
9535
9536
9537
9538
9539
9540
9541
9542
9543
9544
9545
9546
9547
9548
9549
9550
9551
9552
9553
9554
9555
9556
9557
9558
9559
9560
9561
9562
9563
9564
9565
9566
9567
9568
9569
9570
9571
9572
9573
9574
9575
9576
9577
9578
9579
9580
9581
9582
9583
9584
9585
9586
9587
9588
9589
9590
9591
9592
9593
9594
9595
9596
9597
9598
9599
9600
9601
9602
9603
9604
9605
9606
9607
9608
9609
9610
9611
9612
9613
9614
9615
9616
9617
9618
9619
9620
9621
9622
9623
9624
9625
9626
9627
9628
9629
9630
9631
9632
9633
9634
9635
9636
9637
9638
9639
9640
9641
9642
9643
9644
9645
9646
9647
9648
9649
9650
9651
9652
9653
9654
9655
9656
9657
9658
9659
9660
9661
9662
9663
9664
9665
9666
9667
9668
9669
9670
9671
9672
9673
9674
9675
9676
9677
9678
9679
9680
9681
9682
9683
9684
9685
9686
9687
9688
9689
9690
9691
9692
9693
9694
9695
9696
9697
9698
9699
9700
9701
9702
9703
9704
9705
9706
9707
9708
9709
9710
9711
9712
9713
9714
9715
9716
9717
9718
9719
9720
9721
9722
9723
9724
9725
9726
9727
9728
9729
9730
9731
9732
9733
9734
9735
9736
9737
9738
9739
9740
9741
9742
9743
9744
9745
9746
9747
9748
9749
9750
9751
9752
9753
9754
9755
9756
9757
9758
9759
9760
9761
9762
9763
9764
9765
9766
9767
9768
9769
9770
9771
9772
9773
9774
9775
9776
9777
9778
9779
9780
9781
9782
9783
9784
9785
9786
9787
9788
9789
9790
9791
9792
9793
9794
9795
9796
9797
9798
9799
9800
9801
9802
9803
9804
9805
9806
9807
9808
9809
9810
9811
9812
9813
9814
9815
9816
9817
9818
9819
9820
9821
9822
9823
9824
9825
9826
9827
9828
9829
9830
9831
9832
9833
9834
9835
9836
9837
9838
9839
9840
9841
9842
9843
9844
9845
9846
9847
9848
9849
9850
9851
9852
9853
9854
9855
9856
9857
9858
9859
9860
9861
9862
9863
9864
9865
9866
9867
9868
9869
9870
9871
9872
9873
9874
9875
9876
9877
9878
9879
9880
9881
9882
9883
9884
9885
9886
9887
9888
9889
9890
9891
9892
9893
9894
9895
9896
9897
9898
9899
9900
9901
9902
9903
9904
9905
9906
9907
9908
9909
9910
9911
9912
9913
9914
9915
9916
9917
9918
9919
9920
9921
9922
9923
9924
9925
9926
9927
9928
9929
9930
9931
9932
9933
9934
9935
9936
9937
9938
9939
9940
9941
9942
9943
9944
9945
9946
9947
9948
9949
9950
9951
9952
9953
9954
9955
9956
9957
9958
9959
9960
9961
9962
9963
9964
9965
9966
9967
9968
9969
9970
9971
9972
9973
9974
9975
9976
9977
9978
9979
9980
9981
9982
9983
9984
9985
9986
9987
9988
9989
9990
9991
9992
9993
9994
9995
9996
9997
9998
9999
10000
10001
10002
10003
10004
10005
10006
10007
10008
10009
10010
10011
10012
10013
10014
10015
10016
10017
10018
10019
10020
10021
10022
10023
10024
10025
10026
10027
10028
10029
10030
10031
10032
10033
10034
10035
10036
10037
10038
10039
10040
10041
10042
10043
10044
10045
10046
10047
10048
10049
10050
10051
10052
10053
10054
10055
10056
10057
10058
10059
10060
10061
10062
10063
10064
10065
10066
10067
10068
10069
10070
10071
10072
10073
10074
10075
10076
10077
10078
10079
10080
10081
10082
10083
10084
10085
10086
10087
10088
10089
10090
10091
10092
10093
10094
10095
10096
10097
10098
10099
10100
10101
10102
10103
10104
10105
10106
10107
10108
10109
10110
10111
10112
10113
10114
10115
10116
10117
10118
10119
10120
10121
10122
10123
10124
10125
10126
10127
10128
10129
10130
10131
10132
10133
10134
10135
10136
10137
10138
10139
10140
10141
10142
10143
10144
10145
10146
10147
10148
10149
10150
10151
10152
10153
10154
10155
10156
10157
10158
10159
10160
10161
10162
10163
10164
10165
10166
10167
10168
10169
10170
10171
10172
10173
10174
10175
10176
10177
10178
10179
10180
10181
10182
10183
10184
10185
10186
10187
10188
10189
10190
10191
10192
10193
10194
10195
10196
10197
10198
10199
10200
10201
10202
10203
10204
10205
10206
10207
10208
10209
10210
10211
10212
10213
10214
10215
10216
10217
10218
10219
10220
10221
10222
10223
10224
10225
10226
10227
10228
10229
10230
10231
10232
10233
10234
10235
10236
10237
10238
10239
10240
10241
10242
10243
10244
10245
10246
10247
10248
10249
10250
10251
10252
10253
10254
10255
10256
10257
10258
10259
10260
10261
10262
10263
10264
10265
10266
10267
10268
10269
10270
10271
10272
10273
10274
10275
10276
10277
10278
10279
10280
10281
10282
10283
10284
10285
10286
10287
10288
10289
10290
10291
10292
10293
10294
10295
10296
10297
10298
10299
10300
10301
10302
10303
10304
10305
10306
10307
10308
10309
10310
10311
10312
10313
10314
10315
10316
10317
10318
10319
10320
10321
10322
10323
10324
10325
10326
10327
10328
10329
10330
10331
10332
10333
10334
10335
10336
10337
10338
10339
10340
10341
10342
10343
10344
10345
10346
10347
10348
10349
10350
10351
10352
10353
10354
10355
10356
10357
10358
10359
10360
10361
10362
10363
10364
10365
10366
10367
10368
10369
10370
10371
10372
10373
10374
10375
10376
10377
10378
10379
10380
10381
10382
10383
10384
10385
10386
10387
10388
10389
10390
10391
10392
10393
10394
10395
10396
10397
10398
10399
10400
10401
10402
10403
10404
10405
10406
10407
10408
10409
10410
10411
10412
10413
10414
10415
10416
10417
10418
10419
10420
10421
10422
10423
10424
10425
10426
10427
10428
10429
10430
10431
10432
10433
10434
10435
10436
10437
10438
10439
10440
10441
10442
10443
10444
10445
10446
10447
10448
10449
10450
10451
10452
10453
10454
10455
10456
10457
10458
10459
10460
10461
10462
10463
10464
10465
10466
10467
10468
10469
10470
10471
10472
10473
10474
10475
10476
10477
10478
10479
10480
10481
10482
10483
10484
10485
10486
10487
10488
10489
10490
10491
10492
10493
10494
10495
10496
10497
10498
10499
10500
10501
10502
10503
10504
10505
10506
10507
10508
10509
10510
10511
10512
10513
10514
10515
10516
10517
10518
10519
10520
10521
10522
10523
10524
10525
10526
10527
10528
10529
10530
10531
10532
10533
10534
10535
10536
10537
10538
10539
10540
10541
10542
10543
10544
10545
10546
10547
10548
10549
10550
10551
10552
10553
10554
10555
10556
10557
10558
10559
10560
10561
10562
10563
10564
10565
10566
10567
10568
10569
10570
10571
10572
10573
10574
10575
10576
10577
10578
10579
10580
10581
10582
10583
10584
10585
10586
10587
10588
10589
10590
10591
10592
10593
10594
10595
10596
10597
10598
10599
10600
10601
10602
10603
10604
10605
10606
10607
10608
10609
10610
10611
10612
10613
10614
10615
10616
10617
10618
10619
10620
10621
10622
10623
10624
10625
10626
10627
10628
10629
10630
10631
10632
10633
10634
10635
10636
10637
10638
10639
10640
10641
10642
10643
10644
10645
10646
10647
10648
10649
10650
10651
10652
10653
10654
10655
10656
10657
10658
10659
10660
10661
10662
10663
10664
10665
10666
10667
10668
10669
10670
10671
10672
10673
10674
10675
10676
10677
10678
10679
10680
10681
10682
10683
10684
10685
10686
10687
10688
10689
10690
10691
10692
10693
10694
10695
10696
10697
10698
10699
10700
10701
10702
10703
10704
10705
10706
10707
10708
10709
10710
10711
10712
10713
10714
10715
10716
10717
10718
10719
10720
10721
10722
10723
10724
10725
10726
10727
10728
10729
10730
10731
10732
10733
10734
10735
10736
10737
10738
10739
10740
10741
10742
10743
10744
10745
10746
10747
10748
10749
10750
10751
10752
10753
10754
10755
10756
10757
10758
10759
10760
10761
10762
10763
10764
10765
10766
10767
10768
10769
10770
10771
10772
10773
10774
10775
10776
10777
10778
10779
10780
10781
10782
10783
10784
10785
10786
10787
10788
10789
10790
10791
10792
10793
10794
10795
10796
10797
10798
10799
10800
10801
10802
10803
10804
10805
10806
10807
10808
10809
10810
10811
10812
10813
10814
10815
10816
10817
10818
10819
10820
10821
10822
10823
10824
10825
10826
10827
10828
10829
10830
10831
10832
10833
10834
10835
10836
10837
10838
10839
10840
10841
10842
10843
10844
10845
10846
10847
10848
10849
10850
10851
10852
10853
10854
10855
10856
10857
10858
10859
10860
10861
10862
10863
10864
10865
10866
10867
10868
10869
10870
10871
10872
10873
10874
10875
10876
10877
10878
10879
10880
10881
10882
10883
10884
10885
10886
10887
10888
10889
10890
10891
10892
10893
10894
10895
10896
10897
10898
10899
10900
10901
10902
10903
10904
10905
10906
10907
10908
10909
10910
10911
10912
10913
10914
10915
10916
10917
10918
10919
10920
10921
10922
10923
10924
10925
10926
10927
10928
10929
10930
10931
10932
10933
10934
10935
10936
10937
10938
10939
10940
10941
10942
10943
10944
10945
10946
10947
10948
10949
10950
10951
10952
10953
10954
10955
10956
10957
10958
10959
10960
10961
10962
10963
10964
10965
10966
10967
10968
10969
10970
10971
10972
10973
10974
10975
10976
10977
10978
10979
10980
10981
10982
10983
10984
10985
10986
10987
10988
10989
10990
10991
10992
10993
10994
10995
10996
10997
10998
10999
11000
11001
11002
11003
11004
11005
11006
11007
11008
11009
11010
11011
11012
11013
11014
11015
11016
11017
11018
11019
11020
11021
11022
11023
11024
11025
11026
11027
11028
11029
11030
11031
11032
11033
11034
11035
11036
11037
11038
11039
11040
11041
11042
11043
11044
11045
11046
11047
11048
11049
11050
11051
11052
11053
11054
11055
11056
11057
11058
11059
11060
11061
11062
11063
11064
11065
11066
11067
11068
11069
11070
11071
11072
11073
11074
11075
11076
11077
11078
11079
11080
11081
11082
11083
11084
11085
11086
11087
11088
11089
11090
11091
11092
11093
11094
11095
11096
11097
11098
11099
11100
11101
11102
11103
11104
11105
11106
11107
11108
11109
11110
11111
11112
11113
11114
11115
11116
11117
11118
11119
11120
11121
11122
11123
11124
11125
11126
11127
11128
11129
11130
11131
11132
11133
11134
11135
11136
11137
11138
11139
11140
11141
11142
11143
11144
11145
11146
11147
11148
11149
11150
11151
11152
11153
11154
11155
11156
11157
11158
11159
11160
11161
11162
11163
11164
11165
11166
11167
11168
11169
11170
11171
11172
11173
11174
11175
11176
11177
11178
11179
11180
11181
11182
11183
11184
11185
11186
11187
11188
11189
11190
11191
11192
11193
11194
11195
11196
11197
11198
11199
11200
11201
11202
11203
11204
11205
11206
11207
11208
11209
11210
11211
11212
11213
11214
11215
11216
11217
11218
11219
11220
11221
11222
11223
11224
11225
11226
11227
11228
11229
11230
11231
11232
11233
11234
11235
11236
11237
11238
11239
11240
11241
11242
11243
11244
11245
11246
11247
11248
11249
11250
11251
11252
11253
11254
11255
11256
11257
11258
11259
11260
11261
11262
11263
11264
11265
11266
11267
11268
11269
11270
11271
11272
11273
11274
11275
11276
11277
11278
11279
11280
11281
11282
11283
11284
11285
11286
11287
11288
11289
11290
11291
11292
11293
11294
11295
11296
11297
11298
11299
11300
11301
11302
11303
11304
11305
11306
11307
11308
11309
11310
11311
11312
11313
11314
11315
11316
11317
11318
11319
11320
11321
11322
11323
11324
11325
11326
11327
11328
11329
11330
11331
11332
11333
11334
11335
11336
11337
11338
11339
11340
11341
11342
11343
11344
11345
11346
11347
11348
11349
11350
11351
11352
11353
11354
11355
11356
11357
11358
11359
11360
11361
11362
11363
11364
11365
11366
11367
11368
11369
11370
11371
11372
11373
11374
11375
11376
11377
11378
11379
11380
11381
11382
11383
11384
11385
11386
11387
11388
11389
11390
11391
11392
11393
11394
11395
11396
11397
11398
11399
11400
11401
11402
11403
11404
11405
11406
11407
11408
11409
11410
11411
11412
11413
11414
11415
11416
11417
11418
11419
11420
11421
11422
11423
11424
11425
11426
11427
11428
11429
11430
11431
11432
11433
11434
11435
11436
11437
11438
11439
11440
11441
11442
11443
11444
11445
11446
11447
11448
11449
11450
11451
11452
11453
11454
11455
11456
11457
11458
11459
11460
11461
11462
11463
11464
11465
11466
11467
11468
11469
11470
11471
11472
11473
11474
11475
11476
11477
11478
11479
11480
11481
11482
11483
11484
11485
11486
11487
11488
11489
11490
11491
11492
11493
11494
11495
11496
11497
11498
11499
11500
11501
11502
11503
11504
11505
11506
11507
11508
11509
11510
11511
11512
11513
11514
11515
11516
11517
11518
11519
11520
11521
11522
11523
11524
11525
11526
11527
11528
11529
11530
11531
11532
11533
11534
11535
11536
11537
11538
11539
11540
11541
11542
11543
11544
11545
11546
11547
11548
11549
11550
11551
11552
11553
11554
11555
11556
11557
11558
11559
11560
11561
11562
11563
11564
11565
11566
11567
11568
11569
11570
11571
11572
11573
11574
11575
11576
11577
11578
11579
11580
11581
11582
11583
11584
11585
11586
11587
11588
11589
11590
11591
11592
11593
11594
11595
11596
11597
11598
11599
11600
11601
11602
11603
11604
11605
11606
11607
11608
11609
11610
11611
11612
11613
11614
11615
11616
11617
11618
11619
11620
11621
11622
11623
11624
11625
11626
11627
11628
11629
11630
11631
11632
11633
11634
11635
11636
11637
11638
11639
11640
11641
11642
11643
11644
11645
11646
11647
11648
11649
11650
11651
11652
11653
11654
11655
11656
11657
11658
11659
11660
11661
11662
11663
11664
11665
11666
11667
11668
11669
11670
11671
11672
11673
11674
11675
11676
11677
11678
11679
11680
11681
11682
11683
11684
11685
11686
11687
11688
11689
11690
11691
11692
11693
11694
11695
11696
11697
11698
11699
11700
11701
11702
11703
11704
11705
11706
11707
11708
11709
11710
11711
11712
11713
11714
11715
11716
11717
11718
11719
11720
11721
11722
11723
11724
11725
11726
11727
11728
11729
11730
11731
11732
11733
11734
11735
11736
11737
11738
11739
11740
11741
11742
11743
11744
11745
11746
11747
11748
11749
11750
11751
11752
11753
11754
11755
11756
11757
11758
11759
11760
11761
11762
11763
11764
11765
11766
11767
11768
11769
11770
11771
11772
11773
11774
11775
11776
11777
11778
11779
11780
11781
11782
11783
11784
11785
11786
11787
11788
11789
11790
11791
11792
11793
11794
11795
11796
11797
11798
11799
11800
11801
11802
11803
11804
11805
11806
11807
11808
11809
11810
11811
11812
11813
11814
11815
11816
11817
11818
11819
11820
11821
11822
11823
11824
11825
11826
11827
11828
11829
11830
11831
11832
11833
11834
11835
11836
11837
11838
11839
11840
11841
11842
11843
11844
11845
11846
11847
11848
11849
11850
11851
11852
11853
11854
11855
11856
11857
11858
11859
11860
11861
11862
11863
11864
11865
11866
11867
11868
11869
11870
11871
11872
11873
11874
11875
11876
11877
11878
11879
11880
11881
11882
11883
11884
11885
11886
11887
11888
11889
11890
11891
11892
11893
11894
11895
11896
11897
11898
11899
11900
11901
11902
11903
11904
11905
11906
11907
11908
11909
11910
11911
11912
11913
11914
11915
11916
11917
11918
11919
11920
11921
11922
11923
11924
11925
11926
11927
11928
11929
11930
11931
11932
11933
11934
11935
11936
11937
11938
11939
11940
11941
11942
11943
11944
11945
11946
11947
11948
11949
11950
11951
11952
11953
11954
11955
11956
11957
11958
11959
11960
11961
11962
11963
11964
11965
11966
11967
11968
11969
11970
11971
11972
11973
11974
11975
11976
11977
11978
11979
11980
11981
11982
11983
11984
11985
11986
11987
11988
11989
11990
11991
11992
11993
11994
11995
11996
11997
11998
11999
12000
12001
12002
12003
12004
12005
12006
12007
12008
12009
12010
12011
12012
12013
12014
12015
12016
12017
12018
12019
12020
12021
12022
12023
12024
12025
12026
12027
12028
12029
12030
12031
12032
12033
12034
12035
12036
12037
12038
12039
12040
12041
12042
12043
12044
12045
12046
12047
12048
12049
12050
12051
12052
12053
12054
12055
12056
12057
12058
12059
12060
12061
12062
12063
12064
12065
12066
12067
12068
12069
12070
12071
12072
12073
12074
12075
12076
12077
12078
12079
12080
12081
12082
12083
12084
12085
12086
12087
12088
12089
12090
12091
12092
12093
12094
12095
12096
12097
12098
12099
12100
12101
12102
12103
12104
12105
12106
12107
12108
12109
12110
12111
12112
12113
12114
12115
12116
12117
12118
12119
12120
12121
12122
12123
12124
12125
12126
12127
12128
12129
12130
12131
12132
12133
12134
12135
12136
12137
12138
12139
12140
12141
12142
12143
12144
12145
12146
12147
12148
12149
12150
12151
12152
12153
12154
12155
12156
12157
12158
12159
12160
12161
12162
12163
12164
12165
12166
12167
12168
12169
12170
12171
12172
12173
12174
12175
12176
12177
12178
12179
12180
12181
12182
12183
12184
12185
12186
12187
12188
12189
12190
12191
12192
12193
12194
12195
12196
12197
12198
12199
12200
12201
12202
12203
12204
12205
12206
12207
12208
12209
12210
12211
12212
12213
12214
12215
12216
12217
12218
12219
12220
12221
12222
12223
12224
12225
12226
12227
12228
12229
12230
12231
12232
12233
12234
12235
12236
12237
12238
12239
12240
12241
12242
12243
12244
12245
12246
12247
12248
12249
12250
12251
12252
12253
12254
12255
12256
12257
12258
12259
12260
12261
12262
12263
12264
12265
12266
12267
12268
12269
12270
12271
12272
12273
12274
12275
12276
12277
12278
12279
12280
12281
12282
12283
12284
12285
12286
12287
12288
12289
12290
12291
12292
12293
12294
12295
12296
12297
12298
12299
12300
12301
12302
12303
12304
12305
12306
12307
12308
12309
12310
12311
12312
12313
12314
12315
12316
12317
12318
12319
12320
12321
12322
12323
12324
12325
12326
12327
12328
12329
12330
12331
12332
12333
12334
12335
12336
12337
12338
12339
12340
12341
12342
12343
12344
12345
12346
12347
12348
12349
12350
12351
12352
12353
12354
12355
12356
12357
12358
12359
12360
12361
12362
12363
12364
12365
12366
12367
12368
12369
12370
12371
12372
12373
12374
12375
12376
12377
12378
12379
12380
12381
12382
12383
12384
12385
12386
12387
12388
12389
12390
12391
12392
12393
12394
12395
12396
12397
12398
12399
12400
12401
12402
12403
12404
12405
12406
12407
12408
12409
12410
12411
12412
12413
12414
12415
12416
12417
12418
12419
12420
12421
12422
12423
12424
12425
12426
12427
12428
12429
12430
12431
12432
12433
12434
12435
12436
12437
12438
12439
12440
12441
12442
12443
12444
12445
12446
12447
12448
12449
12450
12451
12452
12453
12454
12455
12456
12457
12458
12459
12460
12461
12462
12463
12464
12465
12466
12467
12468
12469
12470
12471
12472
12473
12474
12475
12476
12477
12478
12479
12480
12481
12482
12483
12484
12485
12486
12487
12488
12489
12490
12491
12492
12493
12494
12495
12496
12497
12498
12499
12500
12501
12502
12503
12504
12505
12506
12507
12508
12509
12510
12511
12512
12513
12514
12515
12516
12517
12518
12519
12520
12521
12522
12523
12524
12525
12526
12527
12528
12529
12530
12531
12532
12533
12534
12535
12536
12537
12538
12539
12540
12541
12542
12543
12544
12545
12546
12547
12548
12549
12550
12551
12552
12553
12554
12555
12556
12557
12558
12559
12560
12561
12562
12563
12564
12565
12566
12567
12568
12569
12570
12571
12572
12573
12574
12575
12576
12577
12578
12579
12580
12581
12582
12583
12584
12585
12586
12587
12588
12589
12590
12591
12592
12593
12594
12595
12596
12597
12598
12599
12600
12601
12602
12603
12604
12605
12606
12607
12608
12609
12610
12611
12612
12613
12614
12615
12616
12617
12618
12619
12620
12621
12622
12623
12624
12625
12626
12627
12628
12629
12630
12631
12632
12633
12634
12635
12636
12637
12638
12639
12640
12641
12642
12643
12644
12645
12646
12647
12648
12649
12650
12651
12652
12653
12654
12655
12656
12657
12658
12659
12660
12661
12662
12663
12664
12665
12666
12667
12668
12669
12670
12671
12672
12673
12674
12675
12676
12677
12678
12679
12680
12681
12682
12683
12684
12685
12686
12687
12688
12689
12690
12691
12692
12693
12694
12695
12696
12697
12698
12699
12700
12701
12702
12703
12704
12705
12706
12707
12708
12709
12710
12711
12712
12713
12714
12715
12716
12717
12718
12719
12720
12721
12722
12723
12724
12725
12726
12727
12728
12729
12730
12731
12732
12733
12734
12735
12736
12737
12738
12739
12740
12741
12742
12743
12744
12745
12746
12747
12748
12749
12750
12751
12752
12753
12754
12755
12756
12757
12758
12759
12760
12761
12762
12763
12764
12765
12766
12767
12768
12769
12770
12771
12772
12773
12774
12775
12776
12777
12778
12779
12780
12781
12782
12783
12784
12785
12786
12787
12788
12789
12790
12791
12792
12793
12794
12795
12796
12797
12798
12799
12800
12801
12802
12803
12804
12805
12806
12807
12808
12809
12810
12811
12812
12813
12814
12815
12816
12817
12818
12819
12820
12821
12822
12823
12824
12825
12826
12827
12828
12829
12830
12831
12832
12833
12834
12835
12836
12837
12838
12839
12840
12841
12842
12843
12844
12845
12846
12847
12848
12849
12850
12851
12852
12853
12854
12855
12856
12857
12858
12859
12860
12861
12862
12863
12864
12865
12866
12867
12868
12869
12870
12871
12872
12873
12874
12875
12876
12877
12878
12879
12880
12881
12882
12883
12884
12885
12886
12887
12888
12889
12890
12891
12892
12893
12894
12895
12896
12897
12898
12899
12900
12901
12902
12903
12904
12905
12906
12907
12908
12909
12910
12911
12912
12913
12914
12915
12916
12917
12918
12919
12920
12921
12922
12923
12924
12925
12926
12927
12928
12929
12930
12931
12932
12933
12934
12935
12936
12937
12938
12939
12940
12941
12942
12943
12944
12945
12946
12947
12948
12949
12950
12951
12952
12953
12954
12955
12956
12957
12958
12959
12960
12961
12962
12963
12964
12965
12966
12967
12968
12969
12970
12971
12972
12973
12974
12975
12976
12977
12978
12979
12980
12981
12982
12983
12984
12985
12986
12987
12988
12989
12990
12991
12992
12993
12994
12995
12996
12997
12998
12999
13000
13001
13002
13003
13004
13005
13006
13007
13008
13009
13010
13011
13012
13013
13014
13015
13016
13017
13018
13019
13020
13021
13022
13023
13024
13025
13026
13027
13028
13029
13030
13031
13032
13033
13034
13035
13036
13037
13038
13039
13040
13041
13042
13043
13044
13045
13046
13047
13048
13049
13050
13051
13052
13053
13054
13055
13056
13057
13058
13059
13060
13061
13062
13063
13064
13065
13066
13067
13068
13069
13070
13071
13072
13073
13074
13075
13076
13077
13078
13079
13080
13081
13082
13083
13084
13085
13086
13087
13088
13089
13090
13091
13092
13093
13094
13095
13096
13097
13098
13099
13100
13101
13102
13103
13104
13105
13106
13107
13108
13109
13110
13111
13112
13113
13114
13115
13116
13117
13118
13119
13120
13121
13122
13123
13124
13125
13126
13127
13128
13129
13130
13131
13132
13133
13134
13135
13136
13137
13138
13139
13140
13141
13142
13143
13144
13145
13146
13147
13148
13149
13150
13151
13152
13153
13154
13155
13156
13157
13158
13159
13160
13161
13162
13163
13164
13165
13166
13167
13168
13169
13170
13171
13172
13173
13174
13175
13176
13177
13178
13179
13180
13181
13182
13183
13184
13185
13186
13187
13188
13189
13190
13191
13192
13193
13194
13195
13196
13197
13198
13199
13200
13201
13202
13203
13204
13205
13206
13207
13208
13209
13210
13211
13212
13213
13214
13215
13216
13217
13218
13219
13220
13221
13222
13223
13224
13225
13226
13227
13228
13229
13230
13231
13232
13233
13234
13235
13236
13237
13238
13239
13240
13241
13242
13243
13244
13245
13246
13247
13248
13249
13250
13251
13252
13253
13254
13255
13256
13257
13258
13259
13260
13261
13262
13263
13264
13265
13266
13267
13268
13269
13270
13271
13272
13273
13274
13275
13276
13277
13278
13279
13280
13281
13282
13283
13284
13285
13286
13287
13288
13289
13290
13291
13292
13293
13294
13295
13296
13297
13298
13299
13300
13301
13302
13303
13304
13305
13306
13307
13308
13309
13310
13311
13312
13313
13314
13315
13316
13317
13318
13319
13320
13321
13322
13323
13324
13325
13326
13327
13328
13329
13330
13331
13332
13333
13334
13335
13336
13337
13338
13339
13340
13341
13342
13343
13344
13345
13346
13347
13348
13349
13350
13351
13352
13353
13354
13355
13356
13357
13358
13359
13360
13361
13362
13363
13364
13365
13366
13367
13368
13369
13370
13371
13372
13373
13374
13375
13376
13377
13378
13379
13380
13381
13382
13383
13384
13385
13386
13387
13388
13389
13390
13391
13392
13393
13394
13395
13396
13397
13398
13399
13400
13401
13402
13403
13404
13405
13406
13407
13408
13409
13410
13411
13412
13413
13414
13415
13416
13417
13418
13419
13420
13421
13422
13423
13424
13425
13426
13427
13428
13429
13430
13431
13432
13433
13434
13435
13436
13437
13438
13439
13440
13441
13442
13443
13444
13445
13446
13447
13448
13449
13450
13451
13452
13453
13454
13455
13456
13457
13458
13459
13460
13461
13462
13463
13464
13465
13466
13467
13468
13469
13470
13471
13472
13473
13474
13475
13476
13477
13478
13479
13480
13481
13482
13483
13484
13485
13486
13487
13488
13489
13490
13491
13492
13493
13494
13495
13496
13497
13498
13499
13500
13501
13502
13503
13504
13505
13506
13507
13508
13509
13510
13511
13512
13513
13514
13515
13516
13517
13518
13519
13520
13521
13522
13523
13524
13525
13526
13527
13528
13529
13530
13531
13532
13533
13534
13535
13536
13537
13538
13539
13540
13541
13542
13543
13544
13545
13546
13547
13548
13549
13550
13551
13552
13553
13554
13555
13556
13557
13558
13559
13560
13561
13562
13563
13564
13565
13566
13567
13568
13569
13570
13571
13572
13573
13574
13575
13576
13577
13578
13579
13580
13581
13582
13583
13584
13585
13586
13587
13588
13589
13590
13591
13592
13593
13594
13595
13596
13597
13598
13599
13600
13601
13602
13603
13604
13605
13606
13607
13608
13609
13610
13611
13612
13613
13614
13615
13616
13617
13618
13619
13620
13621
13622
13623
13624
13625
13626
13627
13628
13629
13630
13631
13632
13633
13634
13635
13636
13637
13638
13639
13640
13641
13642
13643
13644
13645
13646
13647
13648
13649
13650
13651
13652
13653
13654
13655
13656
13657
13658
13659
13660
13661
13662
13663
13664
13665
13666
13667
13668
13669
13670
13671
13672
13673
13674
13675
13676
13677
13678
13679
13680
13681
13682
13683
13684
13685
13686
13687
13688
13689
13690
13691
13692
13693
13694
13695
13696
13697
13698
13699
13700
13701
13702
13703
13704
13705
13706
13707
13708
13709
13710
13711
13712
13713
13714
13715
13716
13717
13718
13719
13720
13721
13722
13723
13724
13725
13726
13727
13728
13729
13730
13731
13732
13733
13734
13735
13736
13737
13738
13739
13740
13741
13742
13743
13744
13745
13746
13747
13748
13749
13750
13751
13752
13753
13754
13755
13756
13757
13758
13759
13760
13761
13762
13763
13764
13765
13766
13767
13768
13769
13770
13771
13772
13773
13774
13775
13776
13777
13778
13779
13780
13781
13782
13783
13784
13785
13786
13787
13788
13789
13790
13791
13792
13793
13794
13795
13796
13797
13798
13799
13800
13801
13802
13803
13804
13805
13806
13807
13808
13809
13810
13811
13812
13813
13814
13815
13816
13817
13818
13819
13820
13821
13822
13823
13824
13825
13826
13827
13828
13829
13830
13831
13832
13833
13834
13835
13836
13837
13838
13839
13840
13841
13842
13843
13844
13845
13846
13847
13848
13849
13850
13851
13852
13853
13854
13855
13856
13857
13858
13859
13860
13861
13862
13863
13864
13865
13866
13867
13868
13869
13870
13871
13872
13873
13874
13875
13876
13877
13878
13879
13880
13881
13882
13883
13884
13885
13886
13887
13888
13889
13890
13891
13892
13893
13894
13895
13896
13897
13898
13899
13900
13901
13902
13903
13904
13905
13906
13907
13908
13909
13910
13911
13912
13913
13914
13915
13916
13917
13918
13919
13920
13921
13922
13923
13924
13925
13926
13927
13928
13929
13930
13931
13932
13933
13934
13935
13936
13937
13938
13939
13940
13941
13942
13943
13944
13945
13946
13947
13948
13949
13950
13951
13952
13953
13954
13955
13956
13957
13958
13959
13960
13961
13962
13963
13964
13965
13966
13967
13968
13969
13970
13971
13972
13973
13974
13975
13976
13977
13978
13979
13980
13981
13982
13983
13984
13985
13986
13987
13988
13989
13990
13991
13992
13993
13994
13995
13996
13997
13998
13999
14000
14001
14002
14003
14004
14005
14006
14007
14008
14009
14010
14011
14012
14013
14014
14015
14016
14017
14018
14019
14020
14021
14022
14023
14024
14025
14026
14027
14028
14029
14030
14031
14032
14033
14034
14035
14036
14037
14038
14039
14040
14041
14042
14043
14044
14045
14046
14047
14048
14049
14050
14051
14052
14053
14054
14055
14056
14057
14058
14059
14060
14061
14062
14063
14064
14065
14066
14067
14068
14069
14070
14071
14072
14073
14074
14075
14076
14077
14078
14079
14080
14081
14082
14083
14084
14085
14086
14087
14088
14089
14090
14091
14092
14093
14094
14095
14096
14097
14098
14099
14100
14101
14102
14103
14104
14105
14106
14107
14108
14109
14110
14111
14112
14113
14114
14115
14116
14117
14118
14119
14120
14121
14122
14123
14124
14125
14126
14127
14128
14129
14130
14131
14132
14133
14134
14135
14136
14137
14138
14139
14140
14141
14142
14143
14144
14145
14146
14147
14148
14149
14150
14151
14152
14153
14154
14155
14156
14157
14158
14159
14160
14161
14162
14163
14164
14165
14166
14167
14168
14169
14170
14171
14172
14173
14174
14175
14176
14177
14178
14179
14180
14181
14182
14183
14184
14185
14186
14187
14188
14189
14190
14191
14192
14193
14194
14195
14196
14197
14198
14199
14200
14201
14202
14203
14204
14205
14206
14207
14208
14209
14210
14211
14212
14213
14214
14215
14216
14217
14218
14219
14220
14221
14222
14223
14224
14225
14226
14227
14228
14229
14230
14231
14232
14233
14234
14235
14236
14237
14238
14239
14240
14241
14242
14243
14244
14245
14246
14247
14248
14249
14250
14251
14252
14253
14254
14255
14256
14257
14258
14259
14260
14261
14262
14263
14264
14265
14266
14267
14268
14269
14270
14271
14272
14273
14274
14275
14276
14277
14278
14279
14280
14281
14282
14283
14284
14285
14286
14287
14288
14289
14290
14291
14292
14293
14294
14295
14296
14297
14298
14299
14300
14301
14302
14303
14304
14305
14306
14307
14308
14309
14310
14311
14312
14313
14314
14315
14316
14317
14318
14319
14320
14321
14322
14323
14324
14325
14326
14327
14328
14329
14330
14331
14332
14333
14334
14335
14336
14337
14338
14339
14340
14341
14342
14343
14344
14345
14346
14347
14348
14349
14350
14351
14352
14353
14354
14355
14356
14357
14358
14359
14360
14361
14362
14363
14364
14365
14366
14367
14368
14369
14370
14371
14372
14373
14374
14375
14376
14377
14378
14379
14380
14381
14382
14383
14384
14385
14386
14387
14388
14389
14390
14391
14392
14393
14394
14395
14396
14397
14398
14399
14400
14401
14402
14403
14404
14405
14406
14407
14408
14409
14410
14411
14412
14413
14414
14415
14416
14417
14418
14419
14420
14421
14422
14423
14424
14425
14426
14427
14428
14429
14430
14431
14432
14433
14434
14435
14436
14437
14438
14439
14440
14441
14442
14443
14444
14445
14446
14447
14448
14449
14450
14451
14452
14453
14454
14455
14456
14457
14458
14459
14460
14461
14462
14463
14464
14465
14466
14467
14468
14469
14470
14471
14472
14473
14474
14475
14476
14477
14478
14479
14480
14481
14482
14483
14484
14485
14486
14487
14488
14489
14490
14491
14492
14493
14494
14495
14496
14497
14498
14499
14500
14501
14502
14503
14504
14505
14506
14507
14508
14509
14510
14511
14512
14513
14514
14515
14516
14517
14518
14519
14520
14521
14522
14523
14524
14525
14526
14527
14528
14529
14530
14531
14532
14533
14534
14535
14536
14537
14538
14539
14540
14541
14542
14543
14544
14545
14546
14547
14548
14549
14550
14551
14552
14553
14554
14555
14556
14557
14558
14559
14560
14561
14562
14563
14564
14565
14566
14567
14568
14569
14570
14571
14572
14573
14574
14575
14576
14577
14578
14579
14580
14581
14582
14583
14584
14585
14586
14587
14588
14589
14590
14591
14592
14593
14594
14595
14596
14597
14598
14599
14600
14601
14602
14603
14604
14605
14606
14607
14608
14609
14610
14611
14612
14613
14614
14615
14616
14617
14618
14619
14620
14621
14622
14623
14624
14625
14626
14627
14628
14629
14630
14631
14632
14633
14634
14635
14636
14637
14638
14639
14640
14641
14642
14643
14644
14645
14646
14647
14648
14649
14650
14651
14652
14653
14654
14655
14656
14657
14658
14659
14660
14661
14662
14663
14664
14665
14666
14667
14668
14669
14670
14671
14672
14673
14674
14675
14676
14677
14678
14679
14680
14681
14682
14683
14684
14685
14686
14687
14688
14689
14690
14691
14692
14693
14694
14695
14696
14697
14698
14699
14700
14701
14702
14703
14704
14705
14706
14707
14708
14709
14710
14711
14712
14713
14714
14715
14716
14717
14718
14719
14720
14721
14722
14723
14724
14725
14726
14727
14728
14729
14730
14731
14732
14733
14734
14735
14736
14737
14738
14739
14740
14741
14742
14743
14744
14745
14746
14747
14748
14749
14750
14751
14752
14753
14754
14755
14756
14757
14758
14759
14760
14761
14762
14763
14764
14765
14766
14767
14768
14769
14770
14771
14772
14773
14774
14775
14776
14777
14778
14779
14780
14781
14782
14783
14784
14785
14786
14787
14788
14789
14790
14791
14792
14793
14794
14795
14796
14797
14798
14799
14800
14801
14802
14803
14804
14805
14806
14807
14808
14809
14810
14811
14812
14813
14814
14815
14816
14817
14818
14819
14820
14821
14822
14823
14824
14825
14826
14827
14828
14829
14830
14831
14832
14833
14834
14835
14836
14837
14838
14839
14840
14841
14842
14843
14844
14845
14846
14847
14848
14849
14850
14851
14852
14853
14854
14855
14856
14857
14858
14859
14860
14861
14862
14863
14864
14865
14866
14867
14868
14869
14870
14871
14872
14873
14874
14875
14876
14877
14878
14879
14880
14881
14882
14883
14884
14885
14886
14887
14888
14889
14890
14891
14892
14893
14894
14895
14896
14897
14898
14899
14900
14901
14902
14903
14904
14905
14906
14907
14908
14909
14910
14911
14912
14913
14914
14915
14916
14917
14918
14919
14920
14921
14922
14923
14924
14925
14926
14927
14928
14929
14930
14931
14932
14933
14934
14935
14936
14937
14938
14939
14940
14941
14942
14943
14944
14945
14946
14947
14948
14949
14950
14951
14952
14953
14954
14955
14956
14957
14958
14959
14960
14961
14962
14963
14964
14965
14966
14967
14968
14969
14970
14971
14972
14973
14974
14975
14976
14977
14978
14979
14980
14981
14982
14983
14984
14985
14986
14987
14988
14989
14990
14991
14992
14993
14994
14995
14996
14997
14998
14999
15000
15001
15002
15003
15004
15005
15006
15007
15008
15009
15010
15011
15012
15013
15014
15015
15016
15017
15018
15019
15020
15021
15022
15023
15024
15025
15026
15027
15028
15029
15030
15031
15032
15033
15034
15035
15036
15037
15038
15039
15040
15041
15042
15043
15044
15045
15046
15047
15048
15049
15050
15051
15052
15053
15054
15055
15056
15057
15058
15059
15060
15061
15062
15063
15064
15065
15066
15067
15068
15069
15070
15071
15072
15073
15074
15075
15076
15077
15078
15079
15080
15081
15082
15083
15084
15085
15086
15087
15088
15089
15090
15091
15092
15093
15094
15095
15096
15097
15098
15099
15100
15101
15102
15103
15104
15105
15106
15107
15108
15109
15110
15111
15112
15113
15114
15115
15116
15117
15118
15119
15120
15121
15122
15123
15124
15125
15126
15127
15128
15129
15130
15131
15132
15133
15134
15135
15136
15137
15138
15139
15140
15141
15142
15143
15144
15145
15146
15147
15148
15149
15150
15151
15152
15153
15154
15155
15156
15157
15158
15159
15160
15161
15162
15163
15164
15165
15166
15167
15168
15169
15170
15171
15172
15173
15174
15175
15176
15177
15178
15179
15180
15181
15182
15183
15184
15185
15186
15187
15188
15189
15190
15191
15192
15193
15194
15195
15196
15197
15198
15199
15200
15201
15202
15203
15204
15205
15206
15207
15208
15209
15210
15211
15212
15213
15214
15215
15216
15217
15218
15219
15220
15221
15222
15223
15224
15225
15226
15227
15228
15229
15230
15231
15232
15233
15234
15235
15236
15237
15238
15239
15240
15241
15242
15243
15244
15245
15246
15247
15248
15249
15250
15251
15252
15253
15254
15255
15256
15257
15258
15259
15260
15261
15262
15263
15264
15265
15266
15267
15268
15269
15270
15271
15272
15273
15274
15275
15276
15277
15278
15279
15280
15281
15282
15283
15284
15285
15286
15287
15288
15289
15290
15291
15292
15293
15294
15295
15296
15297
15298
15299
15300
15301
15302
15303
15304
15305
15306
15307
15308
15309
15310
15311
15312
15313
15314
15315
15316
15317
15318
15319
15320
15321
15322
15323
15324
15325
15326
15327
15328
15329
15330
15331
15332
15333
15334
15335
15336
15337
15338
15339
15340
15341
15342
15343
15344
15345
15346
15347
15348
15349
15350
15351
15352
15353
15354
15355
15356
15357
15358
15359
15360
15361
15362
15363
15364
15365
15366
15367
15368
15369
15370
15371
15372
15373
15374
15375
15376
15377
15378
15379
15380
15381
15382
15383
15384
15385
15386
15387
15388
15389
15390
15391
15392
15393
15394
15395
15396
15397
15398
15399
15400
15401
15402
15403
15404
15405
15406
15407
15408
15409
15410
15411
15412
15413
15414
15415
15416
15417
15418
15419
15420
15421
15422
15423
15424
15425
15426
15427
15428
15429
15430
15431
15432
15433
15434
15435
15436
15437
15438
15439
15440
15441
15442
15443
15444
15445
15446
15447
15448
15449
15450
15451
15452
15453
15454
15455
15456
15457
15458
15459
15460
15461
15462
15463
15464
15465
15466
15467
15468
15469
15470
15471
15472
15473
15474
15475
15476
15477
15478
15479
15480
15481
15482
15483
15484
15485
15486
15487
15488
15489
15490
15491
15492
15493
15494
15495
15496
15497
15498
15499
15500
15501
15502
15503
15504
15505
15506
15507
15508
15509
15510
15511
15512
15513
15514
15515
15516
15517
15518
15519
15520
15521
15522
15523
15524
15525
15526
15527
15528
15529
15530
15531
15532
15533
15534
15535
15536
15537
15538
15539
15540
15541
15542
15543
15544
15545
15546
15547
15548
15549
15550
15551
15552
15553
15554
15555
15556
15557
15558
15559
15560
15561
15562
15563
15564
15565
15566
15567
15568
15569
15570
15571
15572
15573
15574
15575
15576
15577
15578
15579
15580
15581
15582
15583
15584
15585
15586
15587
15588
15589
15590
15591
15592
15593
15594
15595
15596
15597
15598
15599
15600
15601
15602
15603
15604
15605
15606
15607
15608
15609
15610
15611
15612
15613
15614
15615
15616
15617
15618
15619
15620
15621
15622
15623
15624
15625
15626
15627
15628
15629
15630
15631
15632
15633
15634
15635
15636
15637
15638
15639
15640
15641
15642
15643
15644
15645
15646
15647
15648
15649
15650
15651
15652
15653
15654
15655
15656
15657
15658
15659
15660
15661
15662
15663
15664
15665
15666
15667
15668
15669
15670
15671
15672
15673
15674
15675
15676
15677
15678
15679
15680
15681
15682
15683
15684
15685
15686
15687
15688
15689
15690
15691
15692
15693
15694
15695
15696
15697
15698
15699
15700
15701
15702
15703
15704
15705
15706
15707
15708
15709
15710
15711
15712
15713
15714
15715
15716
15717
15718
15719
15720
15721
15722
15723
15724
15725
15726
15727
15728
15729
15730
15731
15732
15733
15734
15735
15736
15737
15738
15739
15740
15741
15742
15743
15744
15745
15746
15747
15748
15749
15750
15751
15752
15753
15754
15755
15756
15757
15758
15759
15760
15761
15762
15763
15764
15765
15766
15767
15768
15769
15770
15771
15772
15773
15774
15775
15776
15777
15778
15779
15780
15781
15782
15783
15784
15785
15786
15787
15788
15789
15790
15791
15792
15793
15794
15795
15796
15797
15798
15799
15800
15801
15802
15803
15804
15805
15806
15807
15808
15809
15810
15811
15812
15813
15814
15815
15816
15817
15818
15819
15820
15821
15822
15823
15824
15825
15826
15827
15828
15829
15830
15831
15832
15833
15834
15835
15836
15837
15838
15839
15840
15841
15842
15843
15844
15845
15846
15847
15848
15849
15850
15851
15852
15853
15854
15855
15856
15857
15858
15859
15860
15861
15862
15863
15864
15865
15866
15867
15868
15869
15870
15871
15872
15873
15874
15875
15876
15877
15878
15879
15880
15881
15882
15883
15884
15885
15886
15887
15888
15889
15890
15891
15892
15893
15894
15895
15896
15897
15898
15899
15900
15901
15902
15903
15904
15905
15906
15907
15908
15909
15910
15911
15912
15913
15914
15915
15916
15917
15918
15919
15920
15921
15922
15923
15924
15925
15926
15927
15928
15929
15930
15931
15932
15933
15934
15935
15936
15937
15938
15939
15940
15941
15942
15943
15944
15945
15946
15947
15948
15949
15950
15951
15952
15953
15954
15955
15956
15957
15958
15959
15960
15961
15962
15963
15964
15965
15966
15967
15968
15969
15970
15971
15972
15973
15974
15975
15976
15977
15978
15979
15980
15981
15982
15983
15984
15985
15986
15987
15988
15989
15990
15991
15992
15993
15994
15995
15996
15997
15998
15999
16000
16001
16002
16003
16004
16005
16006
16007
16008
16009
16010
16011
16012
16013
16014
16015
16016
16017
16018
16019
16020
16021
16022
16023
16024
16025
16026
16027
16028
16029
16030
16031
16032
16033
16034
16035
16036
16037
16038
16039
16040
16041
16042
16043
16044
16045
16046
16047
16048
16049
16050
16051
16052
16053
16054
16055
16056
16057
16058
16059
16060
16061
16062
16063
16064
16065
16066
16067
16068
16069
16070
16071
16072
16073
16074
16075
16076
16077
16078
16079
16080
16081
16082
16083
16084
16085
16086
16087
16088
16089
16090
16091
16092
16093
16094
16095
16096
16097
16098
16099
16100
16101
16102
16103
16104
16105
16106
16107
16108
16109
16110
16111
16112
16113
16114
16115
16116
16117
16118
16119
16120
16121
16122
16123
16124
16125
16126
16127
16128
16129
16130
16131
16132
16133
16134
16135
16136
16137
16138
16139
16140
16141
16142
16143
16144
16145
16146
16147
16148
16149
16150
16151
16152
16153
16154
16155
16156
16157
16158
16159
16160
16161
16162
16163
16164
16165
16166
16167
16168
16169
16170
16171
16172
16173
16174
16175
16176
16177
16178
16179
16180
16181
16182
16183
16184
16185
16186
16187
16188
16189
16190
16191
16192
16193
16194
16195
16196
16197
16198
16199
16200
16201
16202
16203
16204
16205
16206
16207
16208
16209
16210
16211
16212
16213
16214
16215
16216
16217
16218
16219
16220
16221
16222
16223
16224
16225
16226
16227
16228
16229
16230
16231
16232
16233
16234
16235
16236
16237
16238
16239
16240
16241
16242
16243
16244
16245
16246
16247
16248
16249
16250
16251
16252
16253
16254
16255
16256
16257
16258
16259
16260
16261
16262
16263
16264
16265
16266
16267
16268
16269
16270
16271
16272
16273
16274
16275
16276
16277
16278
16279
16280
16281
16282
16283
16284
16285
16286
16287
16288
16289
16290
16291
16292
16293
16294
16295
16296
16297
16298
16299
16300
16301
16302
16303
16304
16305
16306
16307
16308
16309
16310
16311
16312
16313
16314
16315
16316
16317
16318
16319
16320
16321
16322
16323
16324
16325
16326
16327
16328
16329
16330
16331
16332
16333
16334
16335
16336
16337
16338
16339
16340
16341
16342
16343
16344
16345
16346
16347
16348
16349
16350
16351
16352
16353
16354
16355
16356
16357
16358
16359
16360
16361
16362
16363
16364
16365
16366
16367
16368
16369
16370
16371
16372
16373
16374
16375
16376
16377
16378
16379
16380
16381
16382
16383
16384
16385
16386
16387
16388
16389
16390
16391
16392
16393
16394
16395
16396
16397
16398
16399
16400
16401
16402
16403
16404
16405
16406
16407
16408
16409
16410
16411
16412
16413
16414
16415
16416
16417
16418
16419
16420
16421
16422
16423
16424
16425
16426
16427
16428
16429
16430
16431
16432
16433
16434
16435
16436
16437
16438
16439
16440
16441
16442
16443
16444
16445
16446
16447
16448
16449
16450
16451
16452
16453
16454
16455
16456
16457
16458
16459
16460
16461
16462
16463
16464
16465
16466
16467
16468
16469
16470
16471
16472
16473
16474
16475
16476
16477
16478
16479
16480
16481
16482
16483
16484
16485
16486
16487
16488
16489
16490
16491
16492
16493
16494
16495
16496
16497
16498
16499
16500
16501
16502
16503
16504
16505
16506
16507
16508
16509
16510
16511
16512
16513
16514
16515
16516
16517
16518
16519
16520
16521
16522
16523
16524
16525
16526
16527
16528
16529
16530
16531
16532
16533
16534
16535
16536
16537
16538
16539
16540
16541
16542
16543
16544
16545
16546
16547
16548
16549
16550
16551
16552
16553
16554
16555
16556
16557
16558
16559
16560
16561
16562
16563
16564
16565
16566
16567
16568
16569
16570
16571
16572
16573
16574
16575
16576
16577
16578
16579
16580
16581
16582
16583
16584
16585
16586
16587
16588
16589
16590
16591
16592
16593
16594
16595
16596
16597
16598
16599
16600
16601
16602
16603
16604
16605
16606
16607
16608
16609
16610
16611
16612
16613
16614
16615
16616
16617
16618
16619
16620
16621
16622
16623
16624
16625
16626
16627
16628
16629
16630
16631
16632

<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><title>SAMBA Project Documentation</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="samba.css" type="text/css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.60.1"><meta name="description" content="
This book is a collection of HOWTOs added to Samba documentation over the years.
Samba is always under development, and so is its' documentation. This release of the
documentation represents a major revision or layout as well as contents.
The most recent version of this document can be found at
http://www.samba.org/
on the &quot;Documentation&quot; page.  Please send updates to
Jelmer Vernooij,
John H. Terpstra or
Gerald (Jerry) Carter.
 
The Samba-Team would like to express sincere thanks to the many people who have with
or without their knowledge contributed to this update. The size and scope of this
project would not have been possible without significant community contribution. A not
insignificant number of ideas for inclusion (if not content itself) has been obtained
from a number of Unofficial HOWTOs - to each such author a big &quot;Thank-you&quot; is also offered.
Please keep publishing your Unofficial HOWTO's - they are a source of inspiration and
application knowledge that is most to be desired by many Samba users and administrators.
"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="book" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="Samba-HOWTO-Collection"></a>SAMBA Project Documentation</h1></div><div><div class="authorgroup"><h4 class="editedby">Edited by</h4><h3 class="editor"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><h3 class="editor"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><h3 class="editor"><span class="firstname">Gerald</span> <span class="othername">(Jerry)</span> <span class="surname">Carter</span></h3></div></div><div><div xmlns:ns1="" class="legalnotice"><p>
This documentation is distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) 
version 2.  A copy of the license is included with the Samba source
distribution.  A copy can be found on-line at <a href="http://www.fsf.org/licenses/gpl.txt" target="_top">http://www.fsf.org/licenses/gpl.txt</a>
</p><ns1:p><b>Attributions. </b>
		</ns1:p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><a href="#IntroSMB" title="Chapter 1. Introduction to Samba">Introduction to Samba</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>David Lechnyr &lt;<a href="mailto:david@lechnyr.com" target="_top">david@lechnyr.com</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#install" title="Chapter 2. How to Install and Test SAMBA">How to Install and Test SAMBA</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Andrew Tridgell &lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org" target="_top">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer Vernooij &lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org" target="_top">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Karl Auer</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#FastStart" title="Chapter 3. FastStart for the Impatient">FastStart for the Impatient</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#ServerType" title="Chapter 4. Server Types and Security Modes">Server Types and Security Modes</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Andrew Tridgell &lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org" target="_top">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer Vernooij &lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org" target="_top">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#samba-pdc" title="Chapter 5. Domain Control">Domain Control</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Gerald Carter &lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org" target="_top">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>David Bannon &lt;<a href="mailto:dbannon@samba.org" target="_top">dbannon@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#samba-bdc" title="Chapter 6. Backup Domain Control">Backup Domain Control</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Volker Lendecke &lt;<a href="mailto:Volker.Lendecke@SerNet.DE" target="_top">Volker.Lendecke@SerNet.DE</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#domain-member" title="Chapter 7. Domain Membership">Domain Membership</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jeremy Allison &lt;<a href="mailto:jra@samba.org" target="_top">jra@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Gerald Carter &lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org" target="_top">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Andrew Tridgell &lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org" target="_top">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer Vernooij &lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org" target="_top">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#StandAloneServer" title="Chapter 8. Stand-Alone Servers">Stand-Alone Servers</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#ClientConfig" title="Chapter 9. MS Windows Network Configuration Guide">MS Windows Network Configuration Guide</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#NetworkBrowsing" title="Chapter 10. Samba / MS Windows Network Browsing Guide">Samba / MS Windows Network Browsing Guide</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#passdb" title="Chapter 11. Account Information Databases">Account Information Databases</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jelmer Vernooij &lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org" target="_top">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Gerald Carter &lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org" target="_top">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jeremy Allison &lt;<a href="mailto:jra@samba.org" target="_top">jra@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Olivier (lem) Lemaire &lt;<a href="mailto:olem@IDEALX.org" target="_top">olem@IDEALX.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#groupmapping" title="Chapter 12. Mapping MS Windows and Unix Groups">Mapping MS Windows and Unix Groups</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jean François Micouleau</p></li><li><p>Gerald Carter &lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org" target="_top">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#AccessControls" title="Chapter 13. File, Directory and Share Access Controls">File, Directory and Share Access Controls</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jeremy Allison &lt;<a href="mailto:jra@samba.org" target="_top">jra@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#locking" title="Chapter 14. File and Record Locking">File and Record Locking</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jeremy Allison &lt;<a href="mailto:jra@samba.org" target="_top">jra@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer Vernooij &lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org" target="_top">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Eric Roseme &lt;<a href="mailto:eric.roseme@hp.com" target="_top">eric.roseme@hp.com</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#securing-samba" title="Chapter 15. Securing Samba">Securing Samba</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Andrew Tridgell &lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org" target="_top">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#InterdomainTrusts" title="Chapter 16. Interdomain Trust Relationships">Interdomain Trust Relationships</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Rafal Szczesniak &lt;<a href="mailto:mimir@samba.org" target="_top">mimir@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#msdfs" title="Chapter 17. Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba">Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Shirish Kalele &lt;<a href="mailto:samba@samba.org" target="_top">samba@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#printing" title="Chapter 18. Classical Printing Support">Classical Printing Support</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Kurt Pfeifle &lt;<a href="mailto:kpfeifle@danka.de" target="_top">kpfeifle@danka.de</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Gerald Carter &lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org" target="_top">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#CUPS-printing" title="Chapter 19. CUPS Printing Support in Samba 3.0">CUPS Printing Support in Samba 3.0</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Kurt Pfeifle &lt;<a href="mailto:kpfeifle@danka.de" target="_top">kpfeifle@danka.de</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Ciprian Vizitiu &lt;<a href="mailto:CVizitiu@gbif.org" target="_top">CVizitiu@gbif.org</a>&gt; (drawings) </p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#VFS" title="Chapter 20. Stackable VFS modules">Stackable VFS modules</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jelmer Vernooij &lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org" target="_top">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Alexander Bokovoy</p></li><li><p>Tim Potter</p></li><li><p>Simo Sorce</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#winbind" title="Chapter 21. Integrated Logon Support using Winbind">Integrated Logon Support using Winbind</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Tim Potter &lt;<a href="mailto:tpot@linuxcare.com.au" target="_top">tpot@linuxcare.com.au</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Andrew Tridgell &lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org" target="_top">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Naag Mummaneni &lt;<a href="mailto:getnag@rediffmail.com" target="_top">getnag@rediffmail.com</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer Vernooij &lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org" target="_top">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#AdvancedNetworkManagement" title="Chapter 22. Advanced Network Manangement">Advanced Network Manangement</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#PolicyMgmt" title="Chapter 23. System and Account Policies">System and Account Policies</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#ProfileMgmt" title="Chapter 24. Desktop Profile Management">Desktop Profile Management</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#pam" title="Chapter 25. PAM based Distributed Authentication">PAM based Distributed Authentication</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Stephen Langasek &lt;<a href="mailto:vorlon@netexpress.net" target="_top">vorlon@netexpress.net</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#integrate-ms-networks" title="Chapter 26. Integrating MS Windows networks with Samba">Integrating MS Windows networks with Samba</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#unicode" title="Chapter 27. Unicode/Charsets">Unicode/Charsets</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jelmer Vernooij &lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org" target="_top">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>TAKAHASHI Motonobu &lt;<a href="mailto:monyo@home.monyo.com" target="_top">monyo@home.monyo.com</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#Backup" title="Chapter 28. Samba Backup Techniques">Samba Backup Techniques</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#SambaHA" title="Chapter 29. High Availability Options">High Availability Options</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#upgrading-to-3.0" title="Chapter 30. Upgrading from Samba-2.x to Samba-3.0.0">Upgrading from Samba-2.x to Samba-3.0.0</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jelmer Vernooij &lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org" target="_top">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#NT4Migration" title="Chapter 31. Migration from NT4 PDC to Samba-3 PDC">Migration from NT4 PDC to Samba-3 PDC</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#SWAT" title="Chapter 32. SWAT - The Samba Web Administration Tool">SWAT - The Samba Web Administration Tool</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#diagnosis" title="Chapter 33. The samba checklist">The samba checklist</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Andrew Tridgell &lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org" target="_top">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer Vernooij &lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org" target="_top">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#problems" title="Chapter 34. Analysing and solving samba problems">Analysing and solving samba problems</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Gerald Carter &lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org" target="_top">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer Vernooij &lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org" target="_top">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>David Bannon &lt;<a href="mailto:dbannon@samba.org" target="_top">dbannon@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#bugreport" title="Chapter 35. Reporting Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jelmer Vernooij &lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org" target="_top">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p> Someone; Tridge or Karl Auer perhaps?</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#compiling" title="Chapter 36. How to compile SAMBA">How to compile SAMBA</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jelmer Vernooij &lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org" target="_top">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p> Someone; Jerry perhaps?</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#Portability" title="Chapter 37. Portability">Portability</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jelmer Vernooij &lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org" target="_top">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#Other-Clients" title="Chapter 38. Samba and other CIFS clients">Samba and other CIFS clients</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jim McDonough &lt;<a href="mailto:jmcd@us.ibm.com" target="_top">jmcd@us.ibm.com</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer Vernooij &lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org" target="_top">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#speed" title="Chapter 39. Samba Performance Tuning">Samba Performance Tuning</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Paul Cochrane &lt;<a href="mailto:paulc@dth.scot.nhs.uk" target="_top">paulc@dth.scot.nhs.uk</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>Jelmer Vernooij &lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org" target="_top">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#DNSDHCP" title="Chapter 40. DNS and DHCP Configuration Guide">DNS and DHCP Configuration Guide</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>John Terpstra &lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="#Further-Resources" title="Chapter 41. Further Resources">Further Resources</a></span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Jelmer Vernooij &lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org" target="_top">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</p></li><li><p>David Lechnyr &lt;<a href="mailto:david@lechnyr.com" target="_top">david@lechnyr.com</a>&gt;</p></li></ul></div></dd></dl></div><ns1:p>

	</ns1:p></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">Monday April 21, 2003</p></div><div><div class="abstract"><p class="title"><b>Abstract</b></p><p>
This book is a collection of HOWTOs added to Samba documentation over the years.
Samba is always under development, and so is its' documentation. This release of the
documentation represents a major revision or layout as well as contents.
The most recent version of this document can be found at
<a href="http://www.samba.org/" target="_top">http://www.samba.org/</a>
on the &quot;Documentation&quot; page.  Please send updates to
<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org" target="_top">Jelmer Vernooij</a>,
<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">John H. Terpstra</a> or
<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org" target="_top">Gerald (Jerry) Carter</a>.
</p><p>
The Samba-Team would like to express sincere thanks to the many people who have with
or without their knowledge contributed to this update. The size and scope of this
project would not have been possible without significant community contribution. A not
insignificant number of ideas for inclusion (if not content itself) has been obtained
from a number of Unofficial HOWTOs - to each such author a big &quot;Thank-you&quot; is also offered.
Please keep publishing your Unofficial HOWTO's - they are a source of inspiration and
application knowledge that is most to be desired by many Samba users and administrators.
</p></div></div></div><div></div><hr></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt>I. <a href="#introduction">General Installation</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>1. <a href="#IntroSMB">Introduction to Samba</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2867729">Background</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867783">Terminology</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866506">Related Projects</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866575">SMB Methodology</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866662">Epilogue</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866735">Miscellaneous</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>2. <a href="#install">How to Install and Test SAMBA</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2867501">Obtaining and installing samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867544">Configuring samba (smb.conf)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2867117">Example Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867260">SWAT</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2867305">Try listing the shares available on your 
	server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866810">Try connecting with the unix client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866912">Try connecting from a DOS, WfWg, Win9x, WinNT, 
	Win2k, OS/2, etc... client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866973">What If Things Don't Work?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867003">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2867016">Why are so many smbd processes eating memory?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868395">I'm getting &quot;open_oplock_ipc: Failed to get local UDP socket for address 100007f. Error was Cannot assign requested&quot; in the logs</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>3. <a href="#FastStart">FastStart for the Impatient</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2868843">Note</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>II. <a href="#type">Server Configuration Basics</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>4. <a href="#ServerType">Server Types and Security Modes</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2871915">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872007">Server Types</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872088">Samba Security Modes</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2868518">User Level Security</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868651">Share Level Security</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869720">Domain Security Mode (User Level Security)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869962">ADS Security Mode (User Level Security)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870046">Server Security (User Level Security)</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2870271">Seamless Windows Network Integration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870448">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2870476">What makes Samba a SERVER?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870509">What makes Samba a Domain Controller?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870537">What makes Samba a Domain Member?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872449">Constantly Losing Connections to Password Server</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>5. <a href="#samba-pdc">Domain Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2875080">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872678">Basics of Domain Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2872693">Domain Controller Types</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872892">Preparing for Domain Control</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2873207">Domain Control - Example Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873503">Samba ADS Domain Control</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873526">Domain and Network Logon Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2873540">Domain Network Logon Service</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876260">Security Mode and Master Browsers</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2876365">Common Problems and Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2876372">I cannot include a '$' in a machine name</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876411">I get told &quot;You already have a connection to the Domain....&quot; 
or &quot;Cannot join domain, the credentials supplied conflict with an 
existing set..&quot; when creating a machine trust account.</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876460">The system can not log you on (C000019B)....</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876531">The machine trust account for this computer either does not 
exist or is not accessible.</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876588">When I attempt to login to a Samba Domain from a NT4/W2K workstation,
I get a message about my account being disabled.</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876615">Until a few minutes after Samba has started, clients get the error &quot;Domain Controller Unavailable&quot;</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>6. <a href="#samba-bdc">Backup Domain Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2878646">Features And Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878811">Essential Background Information</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2878839">MS Windows NT4 Style Domain Control</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876805">Active Directory Domain Control</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876826">What qualifies a Domain Controller on the network?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876850">How does a Workstation find its domain controller?</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2876875">Backup Domain Controller Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2876945">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2876995">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2877009">Machine Accounts keep expiring, what can I do?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2877034">Can Samba be a Backup Domain Controller to an NT4 PDC?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2877067">How do I replicate the smbpasswd file?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2877096">Can I do this all with LDAP?</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>7. <a href="#domain-member">Domain Membership</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2877621">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2877192">MS Windows Workstation/Server Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2877352">Manual Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2879134">Using NT4 Server Manager to Add Machine Accounts to the Domain</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2879331">&quot;On-the-Fly&quot; Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2879386">Making an MS Windows Workstation or Server a Domain Member</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2879531">Domain Member Server</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2879579">Joining an NT4 type Domain with Samba-3</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2882177">Why is this better than security = server?</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#ads-member">Samba ADS Domain Membership</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2882315">Setup your smb.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2882398">Setup your /etc/krb5.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#ads-create-machine-account">Create the computer account</a></dt><dt><a href="#ads-test-server">Test your server setup</a></dt><dt><a href="#ads-test-smbclient">Testing with smbclient</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2882740">Notes</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2882762">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2882784">Can Not Add Machine Back to Domain</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2882816">Adding Machine to Domain Fails</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>8. <a href="#StandAloneServer">Stand-Alone Servers</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2884259">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884297">Background</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884365">Example Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2882967">Reference Documentation Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883015">Central Print Serving</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2883221">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>9. <a href="#ClientConfig">MS Windows Network Configuration Guide</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2883589">Note</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>III. <a href="#optional">Advanced Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>10. <a href="#NetworkBrowsing">Samba / MS Windows Network Browsing Guide</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2883706">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883784">What is Browsing?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883967">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2883983">NetBIOS over TCP/IP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883290">TCP/IP - without NetBIOS</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883418">DNS and Active Directory</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2883554">How Browsing Functions</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2884860">Setting up WORKGROUP Browsing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2885066">Setting up DOMAIN Browsing</a></dt><dt><a href="#browse-force-master">Forcing samba to be the master</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2885332">Making samba the domain master</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2888727">Note about broadcast addresses</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2888744">Multiple interfaces</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2888773">Use of the Remote Announce parameter</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2888877">Use of the Remote Browse Sync parameter</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2888938">WINS - The Windows Internetworking Name Server</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2889089">Setting up a WINS server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2889284">WINS Replication</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2889309">Static WINS Entries</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2889340">Helpful Hints</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2889353">Windows Networking Protocols</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2889420">Name Resolution Order</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2889541">Technical Overview of browsing</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2889588">Browsing support in samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2889695">Problem resolution</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2889774">Browsing across subnets</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2890391">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2890406">How can one flush the Samba NetBIOS name cache without restarting samba?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2890435">My client reports &quot;This server is not configured to list shared resources&quot;</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>11. <a href="#passdb">Account Information Databases</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2890530">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2890854">Technical Information</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2890917">Important Notes About Security</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2891160">Mapping User Identifiers between MS Windows and Unix</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2891216">Account Management Tools</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2891247">The smbpasswd Command</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2891513">The pdbedit Command</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2891647">Password Backends</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2895859">Plain Text</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2895899">smbpasswd - Encrypted Password Database</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2896006">tdbsam</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2896034">ldapsam</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2897524">MySQL</a></dt><dt><a href="#XMLpassdb">XML</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2898328">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2898335">Users can not logon - Users not in Samba SAM</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2898350">Users are being added to the wrong backend database</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2898409">auth methods does not work</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>12. <a href="#groupmapping">Mapping MS Windows and Unix Groups</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2898582">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2898682">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2898871">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2898936">Configuration Scripts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2898950">Sample smb.conf add group script</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2899017">Script to configure Group Mapping</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2899091">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2899107">Adding Groups Fails</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2899167">Adding MS Windows Groups to MS Windows Groups Fails</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>13. <a href="#AccessControls">File, Directory and Share Access Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2902353">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2902478">File System Access Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2902496">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with Unix File Systems</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2899413">Managing Directories</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2899508">File and Directory Access Control</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2899915">Share Definition Access Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2899943">User and Group Based Controls</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900215">File and Directory Permissions Based Controls</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900461">Miscellaneous Controls</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2905044">Access Controls on Shares</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2905115">Share Permissions Management</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2905414">MS Windows Access Control Lists and Unix Interoperability</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2905422">Managing UNIX permissions Using NT Security Dialogs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2905460">Viewing File Security on a Samba Share</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2905539">Viewing file ownership</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2905661">Viewing File or Directory Permissions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2905889">Modifying file or directory permissions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2906041">Interaction with the standard Samba create mask 
		parameters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2906370">Interaction with the standard Samba file attribute 
		mapping</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2906446">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2906460">Users can not write to a public share</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2906838">I have set force user and samba still makes root the owner of all the files
			I touch!</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>14. <a href="#locking">File and Record Locking</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2908960">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2909016">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2906890">Opportunistic Locking Overview</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2907521">Samba Opportunistic Locking Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2907630">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2907890">MS Windows Opportunistic Locking and Caching Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2910326">Workstation Service Entries</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910353">Server Service Entries</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2910432">Persistent Data Corruption</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910463">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2910536">locking.tdb error messages</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2910566">Additional Reading</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>15. <a href="#securing-samba">Securing Samba</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2911991">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912024">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910684">Technical Discussion of Protective Measures and Issues</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2910702">Using host based protection</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910771">User based protection</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910822">Using interface protection</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910872">Using a firewall</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910929">Using a IPC$ share deny</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910994">NTLMv2 Security</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2911033">Upgrading Samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911056">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2911075">Smbclient works on localhost, but the network is dead</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911100">Why can users access home directories of other users?</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>16. <a href="#InterdomainTrusts">Interdomain Trust Relationships</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2911618">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911646">Trust Relationship Background</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911730">Native MS Windows NT4 Trusts Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2911742">NT4 as the Trusting Domain (ie. creating the trusted account)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913717">NT4 as the Trusted Domain (ie. creating trusted account's password)</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2913754">Configuring Samba NT-style Domain Trusts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2913781">Samba-3 as the Trusting Domain</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913908">Samba-3 as the Trusted Domain</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2911286">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2911301">Tell me about Trust Relationships using Samba</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>17. <a href="#msdfs">Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2911399">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912809">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>18. <a href="#printing">Classical Printing Support</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2914332">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2914396">Technical Introduction</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2914432">What happens if you send a Job from a Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2914502">Printing Related Configuration Parameters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917610">Parameters Recommended for Use</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912970">Parameters for Backwards Compatibility</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913079">Parameters no longer in use</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2913172">A simple Configuration to Print with Samba-3</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2915178">Verification of &quot;Settings in Use&quot; with testparm</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2915261">A little Experiment to warn you</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2915568">Extended Sample Configuration to Print with Samba-3</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2915660">Detailed Explanation of the Example's Settings</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2915673">The [global] Section</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925133">The [printers] Section</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925462">Any [my_printer_name] Section</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925683">Print Commands</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925734">Default Print Commands for various Unix Print Subsystems</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2926260">Setting up your own Print Commands</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2926537">Innovations in Samba Printing since 2.2</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2926691">Client Drivers on Samba Server for Point'n'Print</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2926842">The [printer$] Section is removed from Samba-3</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2926955">Creating the [print$] Share</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2927026">Parameters in the [print$] Section</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2927247">Subdirectory Structure in [print$]</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2927408">Installing Drivers into [print$]</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2927502">Setting Drivers for existing Printers with a Client GUI</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2927686">Setting Drivers for existing Printers with
rpcclient</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2929284">&quot;The Proof of the Pudding lies in the Eating&quot; (Client Driver Insta
Procedure)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2929305">The first Client Driver Installation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929502">IMPORTANT! Setting Device Modes on new Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929792">Further Client Driver Install Procedures</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929887">Always make first Client Connection as root or &quot;printer admin&quot;</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2930029">Other Gotchas</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2930062">Setting Default Print Options for the Client Drivers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930496">Supporting large Numbers of Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930798">Adding new Printers with the Windows NT APW</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931042">Weird Error Message Cannot connect under a
different Name</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931140">Be careful when assembling Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931411">Samba and Printer Ports</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931481">Avoiding the most common Misconfigurations of the Client Driver</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2931504">The Imprints Toolset</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2931549">What is Imprints?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931590">Creating Printer Driver Packages</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931609">The Imprints Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931634">The Installation Client</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2931786">Add Network Printers at Logon without User Interaction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932115">The addprinter command</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932160">Migration of &quot;Classical&quot; printing to Samba-3</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932329">Publishing Printer Information in Active Directory or LDAP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932343">Common Errors and Problems</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2932356">I give my root password but I don't get access</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932390">My printjobs get spooled into the spooling directory, but then get lost</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>19. <a href="#CUPS-printing">CUPS Printing Support in Samba 3.0</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2939414">Introduction</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2939421">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2939469">Overview</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2939521">Basic Configuration of CUPS support</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2939600">Linking of smbd with libcups.so</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932509">Simple smb.conf Settings for CUPS</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932572">More complex smb.conf Settings for
CUPS</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2932671">Advanced Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2932692">Central spooling vs. &quot;Peer-to-Peer&quot; printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932719">CUPS/Samba as a &quot;spooling-only&quot; Print Server; &quot;raw&quot; printing
with Vendor Drivers on Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932755">Driver Installation Methods on Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932814">Explicitly enable &quot;raw&quot; printing for
application/octet-stream!</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932975">Three familiar Methods for driver upload plus a new one</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2933068">Using CUPS/Samba in an advanced Way -- intelligent printing
with PostScript Driver Download</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2933143">GDI on Windows -- PostScript on Unix</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2933188">Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2933286">Unix Printfile Conversion and GUI Basics</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2933358">PostScript and Ghostscript</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2933454">Ghostscript -- the Software RIP for non-PostScript Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2933550">PostScript Printer Description (PPD) Specification</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946373">CUPS can use all Windows-formatted Vendor PPDs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946462">CUPS also uses PPDs for non-PostScript Printers</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2946485">The CUPS Filtering Architecture</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2946623">MIME types and CUPS Filters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946811">MIME type Conversion Rules</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946927">Filter Requirements</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947096">Prefilters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947181">pstops</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947284">pstoraster</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947440">imagetops and imagetoraster</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947495">rasterto [printerspecific]</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947580">CUPS Backends</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947894">cupsomatic/Foomatic -- how do they fit into the Picture?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947997">The Complete Picture</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948012">mime.convs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948065">&quot;Raw&quot; printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948120">&quot;application/octet-stream&quot; printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948335">PostScript Printer Descriptions (PPDs) for non-PS Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948562">Difference between cupsomatic/foomatic-rip and
native CUPS printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948719">Examples for filtering Chains</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948948">Sources of CUPS drivers / PPDs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949073">Printing with Interface Scripts</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2949135">Network printing (purely Windows)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2949151">From Windows Clients to an NT Print Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949190">Driver Execution on the Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949249">Driver Execution on the Server</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2949312">Network Printing (Windows clients -- UNIX/Samba Print
Servers)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2949333">From Windows Clients to a CUPS/Samba Print Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949493">Samba receiving Jobfiles and passing them to CUPS</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2949571">Network PostScript RIP: CUPS Filters on Server -- clients use
PostScript Driver with CUPS-PPDs</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2949626">PPDs for non-PS Printers on UNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949667">PPDs for non-PS Printers on Windows</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2949732">Windows Terminal Servers (WTS) as CUPS Clients</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2949750">Printer Drivers running in &quot;Kernel Mode&quot; cause many
Problems</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949784">Workarounds impose Heavy Limitations</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949805">CUPS: a &quot;Magical Stone&quot;?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949832">PostScript Drivers with no major problems -- even in Kernel
Mode</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2949866"> Setting up CUPS for driver Download</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2949885">cupsaddsmb: the unknown Utility</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949976">Prepare your smb.conf for
cupsaddsmb</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950023">CUPS Package of &quot;PostScript Driver for WinNT/2k/XP&quot;</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950220">Recognize the different Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950278">Acquiring the Adobe Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950311">ESP Print Pro Package of &quot;PostScript Driver for
WinNT/2k/XP&quot;</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950361">Caveats to be considered</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950582">What are the Benefits of using the &quot;CUPS PostScript Driver for
Windows NT/2k/XP&quot; as compared to the Adobe Driver?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950763">Run &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; (quiet Mode)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950864">Run &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; with verbose Output</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951007">Understanding cupsaddsmb</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951101">How to recognize if cupsaddsm completed successfully</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951188">cupsaddsmb with a Samba PDC</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951223">cupsaddsmb Flowchart</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951274">Installing the PostScript Driver on a Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951389">Avoiding critical PostScript Driver Settings on the
Client</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2951523">Installing PostScript Driver Files manually (using
rpcclient)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2951638">A Check of the rpcclient man Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951750">Understanding the rpcclient man Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951829">Producing an Example by querying a Windows Box</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951919">What is required for adddriver and setdriver to succeed</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2952081">Manual Commandline Driver Installation in 15 little Steps</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2952701">Troubleshooting revisited</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2952803">The printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2952906">Trivial DataBase Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2952976">Binary Format</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2953038">Losing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2953097">Using tdbbackup</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2953159">CUPS Print Drivers from Linuxprinting.org</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2953265">foomatic-rip and Foomatic explained</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2953893">foomatic-rip and Foomatic-PPD Download and Installation</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2954351">Page Accounting with CUPS</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2954382">Setting up Quotas</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954413">Correct and incorrect Accounting</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954454">Adobe and CUPS PostScript Drivers for Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954526">The page_log File Syntax</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954628">Possible Shortcomings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954699">Future Developments</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954747">Other Accounting Tools</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2954762">Additional Material</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954956">Auto-Deletion or Preservation of CUPS Spool Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2955001">CUPS Configuration Settings explained</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955083">Pre-conditions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955144">Manual Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2955162">When not to use Samba to print to
CUPS</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955180">In Case of Trouble.....</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2955214">Where to find Documentation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955227">How to ask for Help</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955240">Where to find Help</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2955254">Appendix</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2955261">Printing from CUPS to Windows attached
Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955455">More CUPS filtering Chains</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955709">Trouble Shooting Guidelines to fix typical Samba printing
Problems</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2956815">An Overview of the CUPS Printing Processes</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>20. <a href="#VFS">Stackable VFS modules</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2958218">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958235">Discussion</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958286">Included modules</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2956883">audit</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2956922">extd_audit</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957044">fake_perms</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957063">recycle</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957202">netatalk</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2957247">VFS modules available elsewhere</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957269">DatabaseFS</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957323">vscan</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2957352">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>21. <a href="#winbind">Integrated Logon Support using Winbind</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957847">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957875">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959857">What Winbind Provides</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2959916">Target Uses</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2959947">How Winbind Works</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2959975">Microsoft Remote Procedure Calls</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2960008">Microsoft Active Directory Services</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2960031">Name Service Switch</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957393">Pluggable Authentication Modules</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957465">User and Group ID Allocation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957499">Result Caching</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2957528">Installation and Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957555">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957630">Requirements</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958907">Testing Things Out</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2963255">Conclusion</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2963274">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>22. <a href="#AdvancedNetworkManagement">Advanced Network Manangement</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2964647">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2964678">Remote Server Administration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2963360">Remote Desktop Management</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2963377">Remote Management from NoMachines.Com</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2963579">Network Logon Script Magic</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2963774">Adding printers without user intervention</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2963806">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>23. <a href="#PolicyMgmt">System and Account Policies</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2964204">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2964256">Creating and Managing System Policies</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2964367">Windows 9x/Me Policies</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2963915">Windows NT4 Style Policy Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2964048">MS Windows 200x / XP Professional Policies</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2965490">Managing Account/User Policies</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2965591">Samba Editreg Toolset</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2965611">Windows NT4/200x</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2965631">Samba PDC</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2965676">System Startup and Logon Processing Overview</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2965823">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2965837">Policy Does Not Work</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>24. <a href="#ProfileMgmt">Desktop Profile Management</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2965940">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2965973">Roaming Profiles</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2966014">Samba Configuration for Profile Handling</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2971377">Windows Client Profile Configuration Information</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2972314">Sharing Profiles between W9x/Me and NT4/200x/XP workstations</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2972378">Profile Migration from Windows NT4/200x Server to Samba</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2972638">Mandatory profiles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2972696">Creating/Managing Group Profiles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2972742">Default Profile for Windows Users</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2972762">MS Windows 9x/Me</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2972910">MS Windows NT4 Workstation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2973464">MS Windows 200x/XP</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2973968">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2973980">How does one set up roaming profiles for just one (or a few) user/s or group/s?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2974043">Can NOT use Roaming Profiles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2974262">Changing the default profile</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>25. <a href="#pam">PAM based Distributed Authentication</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2975719">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2974574">Technical Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2974590">PAM Configuration Syntax</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2975256">Example System Configurations</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2977688">smb.conf PAM Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2977745">Remote CIFS Authentication using winbindd.so</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2977829">Password Synchronization using pam_smbpass.so</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2978196">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2978209">pam_winbind problem</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>26. <a href="#integrate-ms-networks">Integrating MS Windows networks with Samba</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2979952">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2979977">Background Information</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2980022">Name Resolution in a pure Unix/Linux world</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2980073">/etc/hosts</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2980198">/etc/resolv.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978348">/etc/host.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978390">/etc/nsswitch.conf</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2978479">Name resolution as used within MS Windows networking</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2978604">The NetBIOS Name Cache</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978648">The LMHOSTS file</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978762">HOSTS file</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978795">DNS Lookup</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978820">WINS Lookup</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2978890">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2978906">My Boomerang Won't Come Back</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978938">Very Slow Network Connections</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978989">Samba server name change problem</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>27. <a href="#unicode">Unicode/Charsets</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2979144">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2979186">What are charsets and unicode?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2979255">Samba and charsets</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2979355">Conversion from old names</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2979401">Japanese charsets</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>28. <a href="#Backup">Samba Backup Techniques</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2981995">Note</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2982016">Features and Benefits</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>29. <a href="#SambaHA">High Availability Options</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2981826">Note</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>IV. <a href="#migration">Migration and Updating</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>30. <a href="#upgrading-to-3.0">Upgrading from Samba-2.x to Samba-3.0.0</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2983161">Charsets</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2983184">Obsolete configuration options</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2983238">Password Backend</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>31. <a href="#NT4Migration">Migration from NT4 PDC to Samba-3 PDC</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2982481">Planning and Getting Started</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2982505">Objectives</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2981433">Steps In Migration Process</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2983650">Migration Options</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2983731">Planning for Success</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2983972">Samba Implementation Choices</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>32. <a href="#SWAT">SWAT - The Samba Web Administration Tool</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2984279">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2984129">Enabling SWAT for use</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985018">Securing SWAT through SSL</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985131">The SWAT Home Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985194">Global Settings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985300">Share Settings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985365">Printers Settings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985429">The SWAT Wizard</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985477">The Status Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985529">The View Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985552">The Password Change Page</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>V. <a href="#troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>33. <a href="#diagnosis">The samba checklist</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2985673">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985707">Assumptions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985879">The tests</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2989430">Still having troubles?</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>34. <a href="#problems">Analysing and solving samba problems</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2990823">Diagnostics tools</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2989549">Installing 'Network Monitor' on an NT Workstation or a Windows 9x box</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2989832">Useful URL's</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2989876">Getting help from the mailing lists</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2990029">How to get off the mailinglists</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>35. <a href="#bugreport">Reporting Bugs</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2992343">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2992402">General info</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2992438">Debug levels</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2990534">Internal errors</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2990642">Attaching to a running process</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2990144">Patches</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>VI. <a href="#Appendixes">Appendixes</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>36. <a href="#compiling">How to compile SAMBA</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2990261">Access Samba source code via CVS</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2990268">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2990297">CVS Access to samba.org</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2991766">Accessing the samba sources via rsync and ftp</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2991814">Verifying Samba's PGP signature</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2991949">Building the Binaries</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2992086">Compiling samba with Active Directory support</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2992982">Starting the smbd and nmbd</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2993073">Starting from inetd.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2993277">Alternative: starting it as a daemon</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2993372">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>37. <a href="#Portability">Portability</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2994651">HPUX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2994736">SCO Unix</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2994764">DNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2994934">RedHat Linux Rembrandt-II</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2994978">AIX</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2994984">Sequential Read Ahead</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2995010">Solaris</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2995017">Locking improvements</a></dt><dt><a href="#winbind-solaris9">Winbind on Solaris 9</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>38. <a href="#Other-Clients">Samba and other CIFS clients</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2995794">Macintosh clients?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995866">OS2 Client</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2995873">How can I configure OS/2 Warp Connect or 
		OS/2 Warp 4 as a client for Samba?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995488">How can I configure OS/2 Warp 3 (not Connect), 
		OS/2 1.2, 1.3 or 2.x for Samba?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995548">How do I get printer driver download working 
		for OS/2 clients?</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2995645">Windows for Workgroups</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2995107">Use latest TCP/IP stack from Microsoft</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995197">Delete .pwl files after password change</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995227">Configure WfW password handling</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995273">Case handling of passwords</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995303">Use TCP/IP as default protocol</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995320">Speed improvement</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2995367">Windows '95/'98</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2996396">Speed improvement</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2996420">Windows 2000 Service Pack 2</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2996531">Windows NT 3.1</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>39. <a href="#speed">Samba Performance Tuning</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2996649">Comparisons</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2996693">Socket options</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2996767">Read size</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2996811">Max xmit</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2996864">Log level</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2996886">Read raw</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2997829">Write raw</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2997871">Slow Logins</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2997892">LDAP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2997917">Client tuning</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2997940">Samba performance problem due changing kernel</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2997973">Corrupt tdb Files</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>40. <a href="#DNSDHCP">DNS and DHCP Configuration Guide</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2998691">Note</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>41. <a href="#Further-Resources">Further Resources</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2998110">Websites</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2998494">Related updates from microsoft</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2998561">Books</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2998572">Index</a></dt></dl></div><div class="list-of-figures"><p><b>List of Figures</b></p><dl><dt>19.1. <a href="#id2933252">Windows Printing to a local Printer</a></dt><dt>19.2. <a href="#id2933404">Printing to a Postscript Printer</a></dt><dt>19.3. <a href="#id2933484">Ghostscript as a RIP for non-postscript printers</a></dt><dt>19.4. <a href="#id2947147">Prefiltering in CUPS to form Postscript</a></dt><dt>19.5. <a href="#id2947212">Adding Device-specific Print Options</a></dt><dt>19.6. <a href="#id2947314">Postscript to intermediate Raster format</a></dt><dt>19.7. <a href="#id2947366">CUPS-raster production using Ghostscript</a></dt><dt>19.8. <a href="#id2947461">Image format to CUPS-raster format conversion</a></dt><dt>19.9. <a href="#id2947546">Raster to Printer Specific formats</a></dt><dt>19.10. <a href="#id2948613">cupsomatic/foomatic processing versus Native CUPS</a></dt><dt>19.11. <a href="#id2949215">Print Driver execution on the Client</a></dt><dt>19.12. <a href="#id2949271">Print Driver execution on the Server</a></dt><dt>19.13. <a href="#id2949459">Printing via CUPS/samba server</a></dt><dt>19.14. <a href="#id2951240">cupsaddsmb flowchart</a></dt><dt>19.15. <a href="#id2956826">CUPS Printing Overview</a></dt></dl></div><div class="list-of-tables"><p><b>List of Tables</b></p><dl><dt>7.1. <a href="#id2879589">Assumptions</a></dt><dt>10.1. <a href="#id2889940">Browse subnet example 1</a></dt><dt>10.2. <a href="#id2890050">Browse subnet example 2</a></dt><dt>10.3. <a href="#id2890149">Browse subnet example 3</a></dt><dt>10.4. <a href="#id2890249">Browse subnet example 4</a></dt><dt>11.1. <a href="#id2896974">Attributes in the sambaAccount objectclass (LDAP)</a></dt><dt>11.2. <a href="#id2897685">Basic smb.conf options for MySQL passdb backend</a></dt><dt>11.3. <a href="#id2897810">MySQL field names for MySQL passdb backend</a></dt><dt>13.1. <a href="#id2899431">Managing directories with unix and windows</a></dt><dt>13.2. <a href="#id2900001">User and Group Based Controls</a></dt><dt>13.3. <a href="#id2900234">File and Directory Permission Based Controls</a></dt><dt>13.4. <a href="#id2900482">Other Controls</a></dt><dt>20.1. <a href="#id2956961">Extended Auditing Log Information</a></dt><dt>24.1. <a href="#id2973257">User Shell Folder registry keys default values</a></dt><dt>24.2. <a href="#id2973402">Defaults of profile settings registry keys</a></dt><dt>24.3. <a href="#id2973656">Defaults of default user profile paths registry keys</a></dt><dt>25.1. <a href="#id2977860">Options recognized by pam_smbpass</a></dt><dt>31.1. <a href="#id2983665">The 3 Major Site Types</a></dt><dt>31.2. <a href="#id2983801">Nature of the Conversion Choices</a></dt></dl></div><div class="list-of-examples"><p><b>List of Examples</b></p><dl><dt>12.1. <a href="#id2898973">smbgrpadd.sh</a></dt><dt>13.1. <a href="#id2899836">Example File</a></dt></dl></div><div class="part" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="introduction"></a>General Installation</h1></div></div><div></div></div><div class="partintro" lang="en"><div><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="id2866390"></a>Preparing Samba for Configuration</h1></div></div><div></div></div><p>This section of the Samba-HOWTO-Collection contains general info on how to install samba 
and how to configure the parts of samba you will most likely need.
PLEASE read this.</p><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt>1. <a href="#IntroSMB">Introduction to Samba</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2867729">Background</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867783">Terminology</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866506">Related Projects</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866575">SMB Methodology</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866662">Epilogue</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866735">Miscellaneous</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>2. <a href="#install">How to Install and Test SAMBA</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2867501">Obtaining and installing samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867544">Configuring samba (smb.conf)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2867117">Example Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867260">SWAT</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2867305">Try listing the shares available on your 
	server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866810">Try connecting with the unix client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866912">Try connecting from a DOS, WfWg, Win9x, WinNT, 
	Win2k, OS/2, etc... client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866973">What If Things Don't Work?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867003">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2867016">Why are so many smbd processes eating memory?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868395">I'm getting &quot;open_oplock_ipc: Failed to get local UDP socket for address 100007f. Error was Cannot assign requested&quot; in the logs</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>3. <a href="#FastStart">FastStart for the Impatient</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2868843">Note</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="IntroSMB"></a>Chapter 1. Introduction to Samba</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">David</span> <span class="surname">Lechnyr</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Unofficial HOWTO<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:david@lechnyr.com">david@lechnyr.com</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">April 14, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2867729">Background</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867783">Terminology</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866506">Related Projects</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866575">SMB Methodology</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866662">Epilogue</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866735">Miscellaneous</a></dt></dl></div><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
&quot;If you understand what you're doing, you're not learning anything.&quot; 
-- Anonymous
</span>&#8221;</p><p>
Samba is a file and print server for Windows-based clients using TCP/IP as the underlying
transport protocol. In fact, it can support any SMB/CIFS-enabled client. One of Samba's big
strengths is that you can use it to blend your mix of Windows and Linux machines together
without requiring a separate Windows NT/2000/2003 Server.  Samba is actively being developed
by a global team of about 30 active programmers and was originally developed by Andrew Tridgell.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2867729"></a>Background</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Once long ago, there was a buzzword referred to as DCE/RPC. This stood for Distributed
Computing Environment/Remote Procedure Calls and conceptually was a good idea. It was
originally developed by Apollo/HP as NCA 1.0 (Network Computing Architecture) and only
ran over UDP. When there was a need to run it over TCP so that it would be compatible
with DECnet 3.0, it was redesigned, submitted to The Open Group, and officially became
known as DCE/RPC. Microsoft came along and decided, rather than pay $20 per seat to
license this technology, to reimplement DCE/RPC themselves as MSRPC. From this, the
concept continued in the form of SMB (Server Message Block, or the &quot;what&quot;) using the
NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System, or the &quot;how&quot;) compatibility layer. You can
run SMB (i.e., transport) over several different protocols; many different implementations
arose as a result, including NBIPX (NetBIOS over IPX, NwLnkNb, or NWNBLink) and NBT
(NetBIOS over TCP/IP, or NetBT). As the years passed, NBT became the most common form
of implementation until the advance of &quot;Direct-Hosted TCP&quot; -- the Microsoft marketing
term for eliminating NetBIOS entirely and running SMB by itself across TCP port 445
only. As of yet, direct-hosted TCP has yet to catch on.
</p><p>
Perhaps the best summary of the origins of SMB are voiced in the 1997 article titled, CIFS:
Common Insecurities Fail Scrutiny:
</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>
Several megabytes of NT-security archives, random whitepapers, RFCs, the CIFS spec, the Samba
stuff, a few MS knowledge-base articles, strings extracted from binaries, and packet dumps have
been dutifully waded through during the information-gathering stages of this project, and there
are *still* many missing pieces... While often tedious, at least the way has been generously
littered with occurrences of clapping hand to forehead and muttering 'crikey, what are they
thinking?
</em></span></p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2867783"></a>Terminology</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	SMB: Acronym for &quot;Server Message Block&quot;. This is Microsoft's file and printer sharing protocol.
	</p></li><li><p>
	CIFS: Acronym for &quot;Common Internet File System&quot;. Around 1996, Microsoft apparently
	decided that SMB needed the word &quot;Internet&quot; in it, so they changed it to CIFS.  
	</p></li><li><p>
	Direct-Hosted: A method of providing file/printer sharing services over port 445/tcp
	only using DNS for name resolution instead of WINS.
	</p></li><li><p>
	IPC: Acronym for &quot;Inter-Process Communication&quot;. A method to communicate specific
	information between programs.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Marshalling: - A method of serializing (i.e., sequential ordering of) variable data
	suitable for transmission via a network connection or storing in a file. The source
	data can be re-created using a similar process called unmarshalling.
	</p></li><li><p>
	NetBIOS: Acronym for &quot;Network Basic Input/Output System&quot;. This is not a protocol;
	it is a method of communication across an existing protocol. This is a standard which
	was originally developed for IBM by Sytek in 1983. To exaggerate the analogy a bit,
	it can help to think of this in comparison your computer's BIOS -- it controls the
	essential functions of your input/output hardware -- whereas NetBIOS controls the
	essential functions of your input/output traffic via the network. Again, this is a bit
	of an exaggeration but it should help that paradigm shift. What is important to realize
	is that NetBIOS is a transport standard, not a protocol. Unfortunately, even technically
	brilliant people tend to interchange NetBIOS with terms like NetBEUI without a second
	thought; this will cause no end (and no doubt) of confusion.
	</p></li><li><p>
	NetBEUI: Acronym for the &quot;NetBIOS Extended User Interface&quot;. Unlike NetBIOS, NetBEUI
	is a protocol, not a standard. It is also not routable, so traffic on one side of a
	router will be unable to communicate with the other side. Understanding NetBEUI is
	not essential to deciphering SMB; however it helps to point out that it is not the
	same as NetBIOS and to improve your score in trivia at parties. NetBEUI was originally
	referred to by Microsoft as &quot;NBF&quot;, or &quot;The Windows NT NetBEUI Frame protocol driver&quot;.
	It is not often heard from these days.
	</p></li><li><p>
	NBT: Acronym for &quot;NetBIOS over TCP&quot;; also known as &quot;NetBT&quot;. Allows the continued use
	of NetBIOS traffic proxied over TCP/IP. As a result, NetBIOS names are made 
	to IP addresses and NetBIOS name types are conceptually equivalent to TCP/IP ports.
	This is how file and printer sharing are accomplished in Windows 95/98/ME. They 
	traditionally rely on three ports: NetBIOS Name Service (nbname) via UDP port 137, 
	NetBIOS Datagram Service (nbdatagram) via UDP port 138, and NetBIOS Session Service 
	(nbsession) via TCP port 139. All name resolution is done via WINS, NetBIOS broadcasts, 
	and DNS. NetBIOS over TCP is documented in RFC 1001 (Concepts and methods) and RFC 1002 
	(Detailed specifications).
	</p></li><li><p>
	W2K: Acronym for Windows 2000 Professional or Server
	</p></li><li><p>
	W3K: Acronym for Windows 2003 Server
	</p></li></ul></div><p>If you plan on getting help, make sure to subscribe to the Samba Mailing List (available at 
<a href="http://www.samba.org/" target="_top">http://www.samba.org</a>). 
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2866506"></a>Related Projects</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are currently two network filesystem client projects for Linux that are directly
related to Samba: SMBFS and CIFS VFS.  These are both available in the Linux kernel itself.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	SMBFS (Server Message Block File System) allows you to mount SMB shares (the protocol
	that Microsoft Windows and OS/2 Lan Manager use to share files and printers 
	over local networks) and access them just like any other Unix directory. This is useful 
	if you just want to mount such filesystems without being a SMBFS server.
	</p></li><li><p>
	CIFS VFS (Common Internet File System Virtual File System) is the successor to SMBFS, and
        is being actively developed for the upcoming version of the Linux kernel. The intent of this module
        is to provide advanced network file system functionality including support for dfs (heirarchical
	name space), secure per-user session establishment, safe distributed caching (oplock), 
	optional packet signing, Unicode and other internationalization improvements, and optional 
	Winbind (nsswitch) integration.
        </p></li></ul></div><p>
Again, it's important to note that these are implementations for client filesystems, and have
nothing to do with acting as a file and print server for SMB/CIFS clients.
</p><p>
There are other Open Source CIFS client implementations, such as the 
<a href="http://jcifs.samba.org/" target="_top">jCIFS project</a>
which provides an SMB client toolkit written in Java.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2866575"></a>SMB Methodology</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Traditionally, SMB uses UDP port 137 (NetBIOS name service, or netbios-ns),
UDP port 138 (NetBIOS datagram service, or netbios-dgm), and TCP port 139 (NetBIOS
session service, or netbios-ssn). Anyone looking at their network with a good
packet sniffer will be amazed at the amount of traffic generated by just opening
up a single file. In general, SMB sessions are established in the following order:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	&quot;TCP Connection&quot; - establish 3-way handshake (connection) to port 139/tcp
    or 445/tcp.
	</p></li><li><p>
	&quot;NetBIOS Session Request&quot; - using the following &quot;Calling Names&quot;: The local
    machine's NetBIOS name plus the 16th character 0x00; The server's NetBIOS
    name plus the 16th character 0x20
	</p></li><li><p>
	&quot;SMB Negotiate Protocol&quot; - determine the protocol dialect to use, which will
    be one of the following: PC Network Program 1.0 (Core) - share level security
    mode only; Microsoft Networks 1.03 (Core Plus) - share level security
    mode only; Lanman1.0 (LAN Manager 1.0) - uses Challenge/Response
    Authentication; Lanman2.1 (LAN Manager 2.1) - uses Challenge/Response
    Authentication; NT LM 0.12 (NT LM 0.12) - uses Challenge/Response
    Authentication
	</p></li><li><p>
	SMB Session Startup. Passwords are encrypted (or not) according to one of
    the following methods: Null (no encryption); Cleartext (no encryption); LM
    and NTLM; NTLM; NTLMv2
	</p></li><li><p>
	SMB Tree Connect: Connect to a share name (e.g., \\servername\share); Connect
    to a service type (e.g., IPC$ named pipe)
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
A good way to examine this process in depth is to try out 
<a href="http://www.securityfriday.com/ToolDownload/SWB/swb_doc.html" target="_top">SecurityFriday's SWB program</a>.
It allows you to walk through the establishment of a SMB/CIFS session step by step.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2866662"></a>Epilogue</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
What's fundamentally wrong is that nobody ever had any taste when they
did it. Microsoft has been very much into making the user interface look good,
but internally it's just a complete mess. And even people who program for Microsoft
and who have had years of experience, just don't know how it works internally.
Worse, nobody dares change it. Nobody dares to fix bugs because it's such a
mess that fixing one bug might just break a hundred programs that depend on
that bug. And Microsoft isn't interested in anyone fixing bugs -- they're interested
in making money. They don't have anybody who takes pride in Windows 95 as an
operating system.
</span>&#8221;</p><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
People inside Microsoft know it's a bad operating system and they still
continue obviously working on it because they want to get the next version out
because they want to have all these new features to sell more copies of the
system.
</span>&#8221;</p><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
The problem with that is that over time, when you have this kind of approach,
and because nobody understands it, because nobody REALLY fixes bugs (other than
when they're really obvious), the end result is really messy. You can't trust
it because under certain circumstances it just spontaneously reboots or just
halts in the middle of something that shouldn't be strange. Normally it works
fine and then once in a blue moon for some completely unknown reason, it's dead,
and nobody knows why. Not Microsoft, not the experienced user and certainly
not the completely clueless user who probably sits there shivering thinking
&quot;What did I do wrong?&quot; when they didn't do anything wrong at all.
</span>&#8221;</p><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
That's what's really irritating to me.&quot;
</span>&#8221;</p><p>-- 
<a href="http://hr.uoregon.edu/davidrl/boot.txt" target="_top">Linus Torvalds, from an interview with BOOT Magazine, Sept 1998</a>
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2866735"></a>Miscellaneous</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This chapter is Copyright 2003 David Lechnyr (david at lechnyr dot com).
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms
of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation. A copy of the license is available at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.txt.
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="install"></a>Chapter 2. How to Install and Test SAMBA</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Andrew</span> <span class="surname">Tridgell</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Karl</span> <span class="surname">Auer</span></h3></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2867501">Obtaining and installing samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867544">Configuring samba (smb.conf)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2867117">Example Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867260">SWAT</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2867305">Try listing the shares available on your 
	server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866810">Try connecting with the unix client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866912">Try connecting from a DOS, WfWg, Win9x, WinNT, 
	Win2k, OS/2, etc... client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2866973">What If Things Don't Work?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2867003">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2867016">Why are so many smbd processes eating memory?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868395">I'm getting &quot;open_oplock_ipc: Failed to get local UDP socket for address 100007f. Error was Cannot assign requested&quot; in the logs</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2867501"></a>Obtaining and installing samba</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Binary packages of samba are included in almost any Linux or
	Unix distribution. There are also some packages available at 
	<a href="http://samba.org/" target="_top">the samba homepage</a>.
	</p><p>If you need to compile samba from source, check the 
	<a href="#compiling" title="Chapter 36. How to compile SAMBA">appropriate appendix chapter</a>.</p><p>If you have already installed samba, or if your operating system
	was pre-installed with samba, then you may not need to bother with this
	chapter. On the other hand, you may want to read this chapter anyhow
	for information about updating samba.</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2867544"></a>Configuring samba (smb.conf)</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Samba's configuration is stored in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file, 
	that usually resides in <tt class="filename">/etc/samba/smb.conf</tt> 
	or <tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf</tt>. You can either 
	edit this file yourself or do it using one of the many graphical 
	tools that are available, such as the web-based interface swat, that 
	is included with samba.
	</p><div xmlns:ns2="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2867117"></a>Example Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	There are sample configuration files in the examples subdirectory in the
	distribution. I suggest you read them carefully so you can see how the options
	go together in practice. See the man page for all the options.
	</p><p>
	The simplest useful configuration file would be something like this:
	</p><ns2:p>
	</ns2:p><pre class="programlisting">
	[global]
		workgroup = MYGROUP

	[homes]
		guest ok = no
		read only = no
	</pre><ns2:p>
	</ns2:p><p>
	This will allow connections by anyone with an account on the server, using either
	their login name or &quot;<i class="parameter"><tt>homes</tt></i>&quot; as the service name.
	(Note that the workgroup that Samba must also be set.)
	</p><p>
	Make sure you put the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file in the same place 
	you specified in the<tt class="filename">Makefile</tt> (the default is to 
	look for it in <tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/lib/</tt>).
	</p><p>
	For more information about security settings for the 
	<i class="parameter"><tt>[homes]</tt></i> share please refer to the chapter 
	<a href="#securing-samba" title="Chapter 15. Securing Samba">Securing Samba</a>.
	</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2867207"></a>Test your config file with <b class="command">testparm</b></h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	It's important that you test the validity of your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
	file using the <span class="application">testparm</span> program. If testparm runs OK
	then it will list the loaded services. If not it will give an error message.
	</p><p>
	Make sure it runs OK and that the services look reasonable before proceeding.
	</p><p>
	Always run testparm again when you change <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>!
	</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2867260"></a>SWAT</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	SWAT is a web-based interface that helps you configure samba. 
	SWAT might not be available in the samba package on your platform, 
	but in a separate package. Please read the swat manpage 
	on compiling, installing and configuring swat from source.
	</p><p>
	To launch SWAT just run your favorite web browser and 
	point it at <a href="http://localhost:901/" target="_top">http://localhost:901/</a>. Replace
	<i class="replaceable"><tt>localhost</tt></i>
	with the name of the computer you are running samba on if you 
	are running samba on a different computer than your browser.
	</p><p>
	Note that you can attach to SWAT from any IP connected 
	machine but connecting from a remote machine leaves your 
	connection open to password sniffing as passwords will be sent 
	in the clear over the wire. 
	</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2867305"></a>Try listing the shares available on your 
	server</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p><tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient -L 
	<i class="replaceable"><tt>yourhostname</tt></i></tt></b></p><p>You should get back a list of shares available on 
	your server. If you don't then something is incorrectly setup. 
	Note that this method can also be used to see what shares 
	are available on other LanManager clients (such as WfWg).</p><p>If you choose user level security then you may find 
	that Samba requests a password before it will list the shares. 
	See the <b class="command">smbclient</b> man page for details. (you 
	can force it to list the shares without a password by
	adding the option -U% to the command line. This will not work 
	with non-Samba servers)</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2866810"></a>Try connecting with the unix client</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p><tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient <i class="replaceable"><tt>
	//yourhostname/aservice</tt></i></tt></b></p><p>Typically the <i class="replaceable"><tt>yourhostname</tt></i> 
	would be the name of the host where you installed <span class="application">smbd</span>. 
	The <i class="replaceable"><tt>aservice</tt></i> is 
	any service you have defined in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
	file. Try your user name if you just have a <i class="parameter"><tt>[homes]</tt></i>
	section
	in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>.</p><p>For example if your unix host is <i class="replaceable"><tt>bambi</tt></i>
	and your login name is <i class="replaceable"><tt>fred</tt></i> you would type:</p><p><tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient //<i class="replaceable"><tt>bambi</tt></i>/<i class="replaceable"><tt>fred</tt></i>
	</tt></b></p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2866912"></a>Try connecting from a DOS, WfWg, Win9x, WinNT, 
	Win2k, OS/2, etc... client</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>Try mounting disks. eg:</p><p><tt class="prompt">C:\WINDOWS\&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net use d: \\servername\service
	</tt></b></p><p>Try printing. eg:</p><p><tt class="prompt">C:\WINDOWS\&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net use lpt1:
	\\servername\spoolservice</tt></b></p><p><tt class="prompt">C:\WINDOWS\&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>print filename
	</tt></b></p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2866973"></a>What If Things Don't Work?</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>Then you might read the file chapter 
	<a href="#diagnosis" title="Chapter 33. The samba checklist">Diagnosis</a> and the 
	FAQ. If you are still stuck then try to follow 
	the <a href="#problems" title="Chapter 34. Analysing and solving samba problems">Analysing and Solving Problems chapter</a>
	Samba has been successfully installed at thousands of sites worldwide,
	so maybe someone else has hit your problem and has overcome it. </p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2867003"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The following questions and issues get raised on the samba mailing list over and over again.
</p><div xmlns:ns3="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2867016"></a>Why are so many smbd processes eating memory?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
&#8220;<span class="quote">
Site that is running Samba on an AIX box. They are sharing out about 2 terabytes using samba.
Samba was installed using smitty and the binaries. We seem to be experiencing a memory problem
with this box.  When I do a <b class="command">svmon -Pu</b> the monitoring program shows that <span class="application">smbd</span> has several
processes of smbd running:
</span>&#8221;
</p><p>
	&#8220;<span class="quote">
Is samba suppose to start this many different smbd processes?  Or does it run as one smbd process?  Also
is it normal for it to be taking up this much memory?
</span>&#8221;
</p><ns3:p>
</ns3:p><pre class="screen">
Inuse * 4096 = amount of memory being used by this process

     Pid Command        Inuse      Pin     Pgsp  Virtual   64-bit    Mthrd
   20950 smbd           33098     1906      181     5017        N        N
   22262 smbd            9104     1906      5410
   21060 smbd            9048     1906      181     5479        N        N
   25972 smbd            8678     1906      181     5109        N        N
   24524 smbd            8674     1906      181     5105        N        N
   19262 smbd            8582     1906      181     5013        N        N
   20722 smbd            8572     1906      181     5003        N        N
   21454 smbd            8572     1906      181     5003        N        N
   28946 smbd            8567     1906      181     4996        N        N
   24076 smbd            8566     1906      181     4996        N        N
   20138 smbd            8566     1906      181     4996        N        N
   17608 smbd            8565     1906      181     4996        N        N
   21820 smbd            8565     1906      181     4996        N        N
   26940 smbd            8565     1906      181     4996        N        N
   19884 smbd            8565     1906      181     4996        N        N
    9912 smbd            8565     1906      181     4996        N        N
   25800 smbd            8564     1906      181     4995        N        N
   20452 smbd            8564     1906      181     4995        N        N
   18592 smbd            8562     1906      181     4993        N        N
   28216 smbd            8521     1906      181     4954        N        N
   19110 smbd            8404     1906      181     4862        N        N

   Total memory used:  841,592,832 bytes
</pre><ns3:p>
</ns3:p><p>
Samba consists on three core programs:
<span class="application">nmbd</span>, <span class="application">smbd</span>, <span class="application">winbindd</span>. <span class="application">nmbd</span> is the name server message daemon,
<span class="application">smbd</span> is the server message daemon, <span class="application">winbindd</span> is the daemon that
handles communication with Domain Controllers.
</p><p>
If your system is NOT running as a WINS server, then there will be one (1) single instance of
 <span class="application">nmbd</span> running on your system. If it is running as a WINS server then there will be
two (2) instances - one to handle the WINS requests.
</p><p>
<span class="application">smbd</span> handles ALL connection requests and then spawns a new process for each client
connection made. That is why you are seeing so many of them, one (1) per client connection.
</p><p>
<span class="application">winbindd</span> will run as one or two daemons, depending on whether or not it is being
run in &quot;split mode&quot; (in which case there will be two instances).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2868395"></a>I'm getting &quot;open_oplock_ipc: Failed to get local UDP socket for address 100007f. Error was Cannot assign requested&quot; in the logs</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Your loopback device isn't working correctly. Make sure it's running.  </p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="FastStart"></a>Chapter 3. FastStart for the Impatient</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2868843">Note</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2868843"></a>Note</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This chapter did not make it into this release.
It is planned for the published release of this document.
</p></div></div></div><div class="part" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="type"></a>Server Configuration Basics</h1></div></div><div></div></div><div class="partintro" lang="en"><div><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="id2868870"></a>First Steps in Server Configuration</h1></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba can operate in various modes within SMB networks. This HOWTO section contains information on
configuring samba to function as the type of server your network requires. Please read this
section carefully.
</p><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt>4. <a href="#ServerType">Server Types and Security Modes</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2871915">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872007">Server Types</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872088">Samba Security Modes</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2868518">User Level Security</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868651">Share Level Security</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869720">Domain Security Mode (User Level Security)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869962">ADS Security Mode (User Level Security)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870046">Server Security (User Level Security)</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2870271">Seamless Windows Network Integration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870448">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2870476">What makes Samba a SERVER?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870509">What makes Samba a Domain Controller?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870537">What makes Samba a Domain Member?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872449">Constantly Losing Connections to Password Server</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>5. <a href="#samba-pdc">Domain Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2875080">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872678">Basics of Domain Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2872693">Domain Controller Types</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872892">Preparing for Domain Control</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2873207">Domain Control - Example Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873503">Samba ADS Domain Control</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873526">Domain and Network Logon Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2873540">Domain Network Logon Service</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876260">Security Mode and Master Browsers</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2876365">Common Problems and Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2876372">I cannot include a '$' in a machine name</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876411">I get told &quot;You already have a connection to the Domain....&quot; 
or &quot;Cannot join domain, the credentials supplied conflict with an 
existing set..&quot; when creating a machine trust account.</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876460">The system can not log you on (C000019B)....</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876531">The machine trust account for this computer either does not 
exist or is not accessible.</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876588">When I attempt to login to a Samba Domain from a NT4/W2K workstation,
I get a message about my account being disabled.</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876615">Until a few minutes after Samba has started, clients get the error &quot;Domain Controller Unavailable&quot;</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>6. <a href="#samba-bdc">Backup Domain Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2878646">Features And Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878811">Essential Background Information</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2878839">MS Windows NT4 Style Domain Control</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876805">Active Directory Domain Control</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876826">What qualifies a Domain Controller on the network?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876850">How does a Workstation find its domain controller?</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2876875">Backup Domain Controller Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2876945">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2876995">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2877009">Machine Accounts keep expiring, what can I do?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2877034">Can Samba be a Backup Domain Controller to an NT4 PDC?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2877067">How do I replicate the smbpasswd file?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2877096">Can I do this all with LDAP?</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>7. <a href="#domain-member">Domain Membership</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2877621">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2877192">MS Windows Workstation/Server Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2877352">Manual Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2879134">Using NT4 Server Manager to Add Machine Accounts to the Domain</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2879331">&quot;On-the-Fly&quot; Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2879386">Making an MS Windows Workstation or Server a Domain Member</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2879531">Domain Member Server</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2879579">Joining an NT4 type Domain with Samba-3</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2882177">Why is this better than security = server?</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#ads-member">Samba ADS Domain Membership</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2882315">Setup your smb.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2882398">Setup your /etc/krb5.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#ads-create-machine-account">Create the computer account</a></dt><dt><a href="#ads-test-server">Test your server setup</a></dt><dt><a href="#ads-test-smbclient">Testing with smbclient</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2882740">Notes</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2882762">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2882784">Can Not Add Machine Back to Domain</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2882816">Adding Machine to Domain Fails</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>8. <a href="#StandAloneServer">Stand-Alone Servers</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2884259">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884297">Background</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884365">Example Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2882967">Reference Documentation Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883015">Central Print Serving</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2883221">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>9. <a href="#ClientConfig">MS Windows Network Configuration Guide</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2883589">Note</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="ServerType"></a>Chapter 4. Server Types and Security Modes</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Andrew</span> <span class="surname">Tridgell</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2871915">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872007">Server Types</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872088">Samba Security Modes</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2868518">User Level Security</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2868651">Share Level Security</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869720">Domain Security Mode (User Level Security)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2869962">ADS Security Mode (User Level Security)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870046">Server Security (User Level Security)</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2870271">Seamless Windows Network Integration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870448">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2870476">What makes Samba a SERVER?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870509">What makes Samba a Domain Controller?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2870537">What makes Samba a Domain Member?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872449">Constantly Losing Connections to Password Server</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
This chapter provides information regarding the types of server that Samba may be
configured to be. A Microsoft network administrator who wishes to migrate to or to
use Samba will want to know what, within a Samba context, terms familiar to MS Windows
adminstrator mean. This means that it is essential also to define how critical security
modes function BEFORE we get into the details of how to configure the server itself.
</p><p>
The chapter provides an overview of the security modes of which Samba is capable
and how these relate to MS Windows servers and clients.
</p><p>
Firstly we should recognise the question so often asked, &quot;Why would I want to use Samba?&quot;
So, in those chapters where the answer may be important you will see a section that highlights
features and benefits. These may be for or against Samba.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2871915"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Two men were walking down a dusty road, when one suddenly kicked up a small red stone. It
hurt his toe and lodged in his sandle. He took the stone out and cursed it with a passion
and fury fitting his anguish. The other looked at the stone and said, that is a garnet - I
can turn that into a precious gem and some day it will make a princess very happy!
</p><p>
The moral of this tale: Two men, two very different perspectives regarding the same stone.
Like it or not, Samba is like that stone. Treat it the right way and it can bring great
pleasure, but if you are forced upon it and have no time for its secrets then it can be
a source of discomfort.
</p><p>
Samba started out as a project that sought to provide interoperability for MS Windows 3.x
clients with a Unix server. It has grown up a lot since its humble beginnings and now provides
features and functionality fit for large scale deployment. It also has some warts. In sections
like this one we will tell of both.
</p><p>
So now, what are the benefits of features mentioned in this chapter?
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Samba-3 can replace an MS Windows NT4 Domain Controller
	</p></li><li><p>
	Samba-3 offers excellent interoperability with MS Windows NT4
	style domains as well as natively with Microsoft Active
	Directory domains.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Samba-3 permits full NT4 style Interdomain Trusts
	</p></li><li><p>
	Samba has security modes that permit more flexible
	authentication than is possible with MS Windows NT4 Domain Controllers.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Samba-3 permits use of multiple account database backends
	</p></li><li><p>
	The account (password) database backends can be distributed
	and replicated using multiple methods. This gives Samba-3
	greater flexibility than MS Windows NT4 and in many cases a
	significantly higher utility than Active Directory domains
	with MS Windows 200x.
	</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2872007"></a>Server Types</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>Adminstrators of Microsoft networks often refer to three
different type of servers:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Domain Controller</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>Primary Domain Controller</td></tr><tr><td>Backup Domain Controller</td></tr><tr><td>ADS Domain Controller</td></tr></table></li><li><p>Domain Member Server</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>Active Directory Member Server</td></tr><tr><td>NT4 Style Domain Member Server</td></tr></table></li><li><p>Stand Alone Server</p></li></ul></div><p>
The chapters covering Domain Control, Backup Domain Control and Domain Membership provide
pertinent information regarding Samba-3 configuration for each of these server roles.
The reader is strongly encouraged to become intimately familiar with the information 
presented.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2872088"></a>Samba Security Modes</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In this section the function and purpose of Samba's <i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i>
modes are described. An accurate understanding of how Samba implements each security
mode as well as how to configure MS Windows clients for each mode will significantly
reduce user complaints and administrator heartache.
</p><p>
In the SMB/CIFS networking world, there are only two types of security: <span class="emphasis"><em>USER Level</em></span>
and <span class="emphasis"><em>SHARE Level</em></span>. We refer to these collectively as <span class="emphasis"><em>security levels</em></span>. In implementing these two <span class="emphasis"><em>security levels</em></span> Samba provides flexibilities
that are not available with Microsoft Windows NT4 / 200x servers. Samba knows of five (5)
ways that allow the security levels to be implemented. In actual fact, Samba implements
<span class="emphasis"><em>SHARE Level</em></span> security only one way, but has four ways of implementing
<span class="emphasis"><em>USER Level</em></span> security. Collectively, we call the Samba implementations
<span class="emphasis"><em>Security Modes</em></span>. These are: <span class="emphasis"><em>SHARE</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>USER</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>DOMAIN</em></span>,
<span class="emphasis"><em>ADS</em></span>, and <span class="emphasis"><em>SERVER</em></span>
modes. They are documented in this chapter.
</p><p>
A SMB server tells the client at startup what <i class="parameter"><tt>security level</tt></i>
it is running. There are two options: <span class="emphasis"><em>share level</em></span> and
<span class="emphasis"><em>user level</em></span>. Which of these two the client receives affects
the way the client then tries to authenticate itself. It does not directly affect
(to any great extent) the way the Samba server does security. This may sound strange,
but it fits in with the client/server approach of SMB. In SMB everything is initiated
and controlled by the client, and the server can only tell the client what is
available and whether an action is allowed.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2868518"></a>User Level Security</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
We will describe <i class="parameter"><tt>user level</tt></i> security first, as it's simpler.
In <span class="emphasis"><em>user level</em></span> security, the client will send a
<span class="emphasis"><em>session setup</em></span> command directly after the protocol negotiation.
This contains a username and password. The server can either accept or reject that
username/password combination. Note that at this stage the server has no idea what
share the client will eventually try to connect to, so it can't base the
<span class="emphasis"><em>accept/reject</em></span> on anything other than:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>The username/password</p></li><li><p>The name of the client machine</p></li></ol></div><p>
If the server accepts the username/password then the client expects to be able to
mount shares (using a <span class="emphasis"><em>tree connection</em></span>) without specifying a
password. It expects that all access rights will be as the username/password
specified in the <span class="emphasis"><em>session setup</em></span>.
</p><p>
It is also possible for a client to send multiple <span class="emphasis"><em>session setup</em></span>
requests. When the server responds, it gives the client a <span class="emphasis"><em>uid</em></span> to use
as an authentication tag for that username/password. The client can maintain multiple
authentication contexts in this way (WinDD is an example of an application that does this).
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2868612"></a>Example Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter that sets <span class="emphasis"><em>User Level Security</em></span> is:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	security = user
</pre><p>
This is the default setting since samba-2.2.x.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2868651"></a>Share Level Security</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Ok, now for share level security. In share level security, the client authenticates
itself separately for each share. It will send a password along with each 
<span class="emphasis"><em>tree connection</em></span> (share mount). It does not explicitly send a
username with this operation. The client expects a password to be associated
with each share, independent of the user. This means that Samba has to work out what
username the client probably wants to use. It is never explicitly sent the username.
Some commercial SMB servers such as NT actually associate passwords directly with
shares in share level security, but Samba always uses the unix authentication scheme
where it is a username/password pair that is authenticated, not a share/password pair.
</p><p>
To gain understanding of the MS Windows networking parallels to this, one should think
in terms of MS Windows 9x/Me where one can create a shared folder that provides read-only
or full access, with or without a password.
</p><p>
Many clients send a <span class="emphasis"><em>session setup</em></span> even if the server is in share
level security. They normally send a valid username but no password. Samba records
this username in a list of <span class="emphasis"><em>possible usernames</em></span>. When the client
then does a <span class="emphasis"><em>tree connection</em></span> it also adds to this list the name
of the share they try to connect to (useful for home directories) and any users
listed in the <i class="parameter"><tt>user =</tt></i> <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> line. The password is then checked
in turn against these <span class="emphasis"><em>possible usernames</em></span>. If a match is found
then the client is authenticated as that user.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2868731"></a>Example Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter that sets <span class="emphasis"><em>Share Level Security</em></span> is:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	security = share
</pre><p>
Please note that there are reports that recent MS Windows clients do not like to work
with share mode security servers. You are strongly discouraged from using share level security.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2869720"></a>Domain Security Mode (User Level Security)</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
When Samba is operating in <i class="parameter"><tt>security = domain</tt></i> mode,
the Samba server has a domain security trust account (a machine account) and will cause
all authentication requests to be passed through to the domain controllers.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2869742"></a>Example Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p><span class="emphasis"><em>
Samba as a Domain Member Server
</em></span></p><p>
This method involves addition of the following parameters in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
        security = domain
        workgroup = &quot;name_of_NT_domain&quot;
</pre><p>
In order for this method to work, the Samba server needs to join the MS Windows NT
security domain. This is done as follows:
</p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p>On the MS Windows NT domain controller, using
        the Server Manager, add a machine account for the Samba server.
        </p></li><li><p>Next, on the Unix/Linux system execute:</p><p><tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbpasswd -j DOMAIN_NAME -r PDC_NAME</tt></b> (samba-2.x)</p><p><tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net join -U administrator%password</tt></b> (samba-3)</p></li></ol></div><div xmlns:ns4="" class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><ns4:p>
As of Samba-2.2.4 the Samba 2.2.x series can auto-join a Windows NT4 style Domain just
by executing:
</ns4:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbpasswd -j <i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMAIN_NAME</tt></i> -r <i class="replaceable"><tt>PDC_NAME</tt></i> -U Administrator%<i class="replaceable"><tt>password</tt></i></tt></b>
</pre><ns4:p>

As of Samba-3 the same can be done by executing:
</ns4:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net join -U Administrator%<i class="replaceable"><tt>password</tt></i></tt></b>
</pre><ns4:p>
It is not necessary with Samba-3 to specify the <i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMAIN_NAME</tt></i> or the <i class="replaceable"><tt>PDC_NAME</tt></i> as it
figures this out from the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file settings.
</ns4:p></div><p>
Use of this mode of authentication does require there to be a standard Unix account
for each user in order to assign a uid once the account has been authenticated by
the remote Windows DC.  This account can be blocked to prevent logons by clients other than
MS Windows through things such as setting an invalid shell in the
<tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> entry.
</p><p>
An alternative to assigning UIDs to Windows users on a Samba member server is
presented in the <a href="#winbind" title="Chapter 21. Integrated Logon Support using Winbind">Winbind Overview</a> chapter
in this HOWTO collection.
</p><p>
For more information of being a domain member, see the <a href="#domain-member" title="Chapter 7. Domain Membership">Domain
Member</a> section of this Howto.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2869962"></a>ADS Security Mode (User Level Security)</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Both Samba 2.2 and 3.0 can join an Active Directory domain. This is
possible even if the domain is run in native mode. Active Directory in
native mode perfectly allows NT4-style domain members, contrary to
popular belief. The only thing that Active Directory in native mode
prohibits is Backup Domain Controllers running NT4.
</p><p>
If you are running Active Directory starting with Samba 3.0 you can
however join as a native AD member. Why would you want to do that?
Your security policy might prohibit the use of NT-compatible
authentication protocols. All your machines are running Windows 2000
and above and all use full Kerberos. In this case Samba as a NT4-style
domain would still require NT-compatible authentication data. Samba in
AD-member mode can accept Kerberos.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2869993"></a>Example Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="programlisting">
	realm = your.kerberos.REALM
	security = ADS
</pre><p>
	The following parameter may be required:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	ads server = your.kerberos.server
</pre><p>
Please refer to the <a href="#domain-member" title="Chapter 7. Domain Membership">Domain Membership</a> and <a href="#ads-member" title="Samba ADS Domain Membership">Active Directory
Membership</a> sections for more information regarding this configuration option.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2870046"></a>Server Security (User Level Security)</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Server security mode is a left over from the time when Samba was not capable of acting
as a domain member server. It is highly recommended NOT to use this feature. Server
security mode has many draw backs. The draw backs include:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>Potential Account Lockout on MS Windows NT4/200x password servers</td></tr><tr><td>Lack of assurance that the password server is the one specified</td></tr><tr><td>Does not work with Winbind, particularly needed when storing profiles remotely</td></tr><tr><td>This mode may open connections to the password server, and keep them open for extended periods.</td></tr><tr><td>Security on the Samba server breaks badly when the remote password server suddenly shuts down</td></tr><tr><td>With this mode there is NO security account in the domain that the password server belongs to for the Samba server.</td></tr></table><p>
In server security mode the Samba server reports to the client that it is in user level
security. The client then does a <span class="emphasis"><em>session setup</em></span> as described earlier.
The Samba server takes the username/password that the client sends and attempts to login to the
<i class="parameter"><tt>password server</tt></i> by sending exactly the same username/password that
it got from the client. If that server is in user level security and accepts the password,
then Samba accepts the clients connection. This allows the Samba server to use another SMB
server as the <i class="parameter"><tt>password server</tt></i>.
</p><p>
You should also note that at the very start of all this, where the server tells the client
what security level it is in, it also tells the client if it supports encryption. If it
does then it supplies the client with a random cryptkey. The client will then send all
passwords in encrypted form. Samba supports this type of encryption by default.
</p><p>
The parameter <i class="parameter"><tt>security = server</tt></i> means that Samba reports to clients that
it is running in <span class="emphasis"><em>user mode</em></span> but actually passes off all authentication
requests to another <span class="emphasis"><em>user mode</em></span> server. This requires an additional
parameter <i class="parameter"><tt>password server</tt></i> that points to the real authentication server.
That real authentication server can be another Samba server or can be a Windows NT server,
the later natively capable of encrypted password support.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
When Samba is running in <span class="emphasis"><em>server security mode</em></span> it is essential that
the parameter <span class="emphasis"><em>password server</em></span> is set to the precise NetBIOS machine
name of the target authentication server. Samba can NOT determine this from NetBIOS name
lookups because the choice of the target authentication server is arbitrary and can not
be determined from a domain name. In essence, a Samba server that is in
<span class="emphasis"><em>server security mode</em></span> is operating in what used to be known as
workgroup mode.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2870203"></a>Example Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p><span class="emphasis"><em>
Using MS Windows NT as an authentication server
</em></span></p><p>
This method involves the additions of the following parameters in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
        encrypt passwords = Yes
        security = server
        password server = &quot;NetBIOS_name_of_a_DC&quot;
</pre><p>
There are two ways of identifying whether or not a username and password pair was valid
or not. One uses the reply information provided as part of the authentication messaging
process, the other uses just an error code.
</p><p>
The down-side of this mode of configuration is the fact that for security reasons Samba
will send the password server a bogus username and a bogus password and if the remote
server fails to reject the username and password pair then an alternative mode of
identification of validation is used. Where a site uses password lock out after a
certain number of failed authentication attempts this will result in user lockouts.
</p><p>
Use of this mode of authentication does require there to be a standard Unix account
for the user, though this account can be blocked to prevent logons by non-SMB/CIFS clients.
</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2870271"></a>Seamless Windows Network Integration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
MS Windows clients may use encrypted passwords as part of a challenge/response
authentication model (a.k.a. NTLMv1 and NTLMv2) or alone, or clear text strings for simple
password based authentication. It should be realized that with the SMB protocol,
the password is passed over the network either in plain text or encrypted, but
not both in the same authentication request.
</p><p>
When encrypted passwords are used, a password that has been entered by the user
is encrypted in two ways:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>An MD4 hash of the UNICODE of the password
        string.  This is known as the NT hash.
        </p></li><li><p>The password is converted to upper case,
        and then padded or trucated to 14 bytes.  This string is
        then appended with 5 bytes of NULL characters and split to
        form two 56 bit DES keys to encrypt a &quot;magic&quot; 8 byte value.
        The resulting 16 bytes form the LanMan hash.
        </p></li></ul></div><p>
MS Windows 95 pre-service pack 1, MS Windows NT versions 3.x and version 4.0
pre-service pack 3 will use either mode of password authentication. All
versions of MS Windows that follow these versions no longer support plain
text passwords by default.
</p><p>
MS Windows clients have a habit of dropping network mappings that have been idle
for 10 minutes or longer. When the user attempts to use the mapped drive
connection that has been dropped, the client re-establishes the connection using
a cached copy of the password.
</p><p>
When Microsoft changed the default password mode, support was dropped for caching
of the plain text password. This means that when the registry parameter is changed
to re-enable use of plain text passwords it appears to work, but when a dropped
service connection mapping attempts to revalidate it will fail if the remote
authentication server does not support encrypted passwords.  This means that it
is definitely not a good idea to re-enable plain text password support in such clients.
</p><p>
The following parameters can be used to work around the issue of Windows 9x clients
upper casing usernames and password before transmitting them to the SMB server
when using clear text authentication.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
        <a href="smb.conf.5.html#PASSWORDLEVEL" target="_top">passsword level</a> = <i class="replaceable"><tt>integer</tt></i>
        <a href="smb.conf.5.html#USERNAMELEVEL" target="_top">username level</a> = <i class="replaceable"><tt>integer</tt></i>
</pre><p>
By default Samba will lower case the username before attempting to lookup the user
in the database of local system accounts.  Because UNIX usernames conventionally
only contain lower case character, the <i class="parameter"><tt>username level</tt></i> parameter
is rarely needed.
</p><p>
However, passwords on UNIX systems often make use of mixed case characters.
This means that in order for a user on a Windows 9x client to connect to a Samba
server using clear text authentication, the <i class="parameter"><tt>password level</tt></i>
must be set to the maximum number of upper case letter which <span class="emphasis"><em>could</em></span>
appear is a password.  Note that the server OS uses the traditional DES version
of crypt(), a <i class="parameter"><tt>password level</tt></i> of 8 will result in case
insensitive passwords as seen from Windows users.  This will also result in longer
login times as Samba has to compute the permutations of the password string and
try them one by one until a match is located (or all combinations fail).
</p><p>
The best option to adopt is to enable support for encrypted passwords where ever
Samba is used. Most attempts to apply the registry change to re-enable plain text
passwords will eventually lead to user complaints and unhappiness.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2870448"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
We all make mistakes. It is Ok to make mistakes, so long as they are made in the right places
and at the right time. A mistake that causes lost productivity is seldom tolerated. A mistake
made in a developmental test lab is expected.
</p><p>
Here we look at common mistakes and misapprehensions that have been the subject of discussions
on the Samba mailing lists. Many of these are avoidable by doing you homework before attempting
a Samba implementation. Some are the result of misundertanding of the English language. The
English language has many turns of phrase that are potentially vague and may be highly confusing
to those for whom English is not their native tongue.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2870476"></a>What makes Samba a SERVER?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To some the nature of the Samba <span class="emphasis"><em>security</em></span> mode is very obvious, but entirely
wrong all the same. It is assumed that <i class="parameter"><tt>security = server</tt></i> means that Samba
will act as a server. Not so! See above - this setting means that Samba will <span class="emphasis"><em>try</em></span>
to use another SMB server as its source of user authentication alone.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2870509"></a>What makes Samba a Domain Controller?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter <i class="parameter"><tt>security = domain</tt></i> does NOT really make Samba behave
as a Domain Controller! This setting means we want Samba to be a domain member!
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2870537"></a>What makes Samba a Domain Member?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Guess! So many others do. But whatever you do, do NOT think that <i class="parameter"><tt>security = user</tt></i>
makes Samba act as a domain member. Read the manufacturers manual before the warranty expires! See 
the <a href="#domain-member" title="Chapter 7. Domain Membership">Domain Member</a> section of this Howto for more information.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2872449"></a>Constantly Losing Connections to Password Server</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Why does server_validate() simply give up rather than re-establishing its connection to the
password server?  Though I am not fluent in the SMB protocol, perhaps the cluster server
process passes along to its client workstation the session key it receives from the password
server, which means the password hashes submitted by the client would not work on a subsequent
connection, whose session key would be different.  So server_validate() must give up.
</p><p>
Indeed. That's why security = server is at best a nasty hack. Please use security = domain.
<i class="parameter"><tt>security = server</tt></i> mode is also known as pass-through authentication.
</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="samba-pdc"></a>Chapter 5. Domain Control</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Gerald</span> <span class="othername">(Jerry)</span> <span class="surname">Carter</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">David</span> <span class="surname">Bannon</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:dbannon@samba.org">dbannon@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2875080">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872678">Basics of Domain Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2872693">Domain Controller Types</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2872892">Preparing for Domain Control</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2873207">Domain Control - Example Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873503">Samba ADS Domain Control</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2873526">Domain and Network Logon Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2873540">Domain Network Logon Service</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876260">Security Mode and Master Browsers</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2876365">Common Problems and Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2876372">I cannot include a '$' in a machine name</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876411">I get told &quot;You already have a connection to the Domain....&quot; 
or &quot;Cannot join domain, the credentials supplied conflict with an 
existing set..&quot; when creating a machine trust account.</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876460">The system can not log you on (C000019B)....</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876531">The machine trust account for this computer either does not 
exist or is not accessible.</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876588">When I attempt to login to a Samba Domain from a NT4/W2K workstation,
I get a message about my account being disabled.</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876615">Until a few minutes after Samba has started, clients get the error &quot;Domain Controller Unavailable&quot;</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p><b><span class="emphasis"><em>The Essence of Learning:</em></span> </b>
There are many who approach MS Windows networking with incredible misconceptions.
That's OK, because it gives the rest of us plenty of opportunity to be of assistance.
Those who really want help would be well advised to become familiar with information
that is already available.
</p><p>
The reader is advised NOT to tackle this section without having first understood
and mastered some basics. MS Windows networking is not particularly forgiving of
misconfiguration. Users of MS Windows networking are likely to complain bitterly
of persistent niggles that may be caused by broken network or system configuration.
To a great many people however, MS Windows networking starts with a domain controller
that in some magical way is expected to solve all ills.
</p><p>
From the Samba mailing list one can readilly identify many common networking issues.
If you are not clear on the following subjects, then it will do much good to read the 
sections of this HOWTO that deal with it. These are the most common causes of MS Windows
networking problems:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>Basic TCP/IP configuration</td></tr><tr><td>NetBIOS name resolution</td></tr><tr><td>Authentication configuration</td></tr><tr><td>User and Group configuration</td></tr><tr><td>Basic File and Directory Permission Control in Unix/Linux</td></tr><tr><td>Understanding of how MS Windows clients interoperate in a network
		environment</td></tr></table><p>
Do not be put off; on the surface of it MS Windows networking seems so simple that any fool
can do it. In fact, it is not a good idea to set up an MS Windows network with
inadequate training and preparation. But let's get our first indelible principle out of the
way: <span class="emphasis"><em>It is perfectly OK to make mistakes!</em></span> In the right place and at
the right time, mistakes are the essence of learning. It is <span class="emphasis"><em>very much</em></span>
not ok to make mistakes that cause loss of productivity and impose an avoidable financial
burden on an organisation.
</p><p>
Where is the right place to make mistakes? Only out of harm's way! If you are going to
make mistakes, then please do this on a test network, away from users and in such a way as
to not inflict pain on others. Do your learning on a test network.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2875080"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>What is the key benefit of Microsoft Domain security?</em></span>
</p><p>
In a word, <span class="emphasis"><em>Single Sign On</em></span>, or SSO for short. To many, this is the holy
grail of MS Windows NT and beyond networking. SSO allows users in a well designed network
to log onto any workstation that is a member of the domain that their user account is in
(or in a domain that has an appropriate trust relationship with the domain they are visiting)
and they will be able to log onto the network and access resources (shares, files, and printers)
as if they are sitting at their home (personal) workstation. This is a feature of the Domain
security protocols.
</p><p>
The benefits of Domain security are fully available to those sites that deploy a Samba PDC.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Network clients of an MS Windows Domain security environment must be Domain members to be
able to gain access to the advanced features provided. Domain membership involves more than just
setting the workgroup name to the Domain name. It requires the creation of a Domain trust account
for the workstation (called a machine account). Please refer to the chapter on 
<a href="#domain-member" title="Chapter 7. Domain Membership">Domain Membership</a> for more information.
</p></div><p>
The following functionalities are new to the Samba-3 release:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Windows NT4 domain trusts
	</p></li><li><p>
	Adding users via the User Manager for Domains. This can be done on any MS Windows
	client using the Nexus toolkit that is available from Microsoft's web site.
	At some later date Samba-3 may get support for the use of the Microsoft Management
	Console for user management.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Introduces replaceable and multiple user account (authentication)
	back ends. In the case where the back end is placed in an LDAP database,
	Samba-3 confers the benefits of a back end that can be distributed, replicated,
	and is highly scalable.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Implements full Unicode support. This simplifies cross locale internationalisation
	support. It also opens up the use of protocols that Samba-2.2.x had but could not use due
	to the need to fully support Unicode.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
The following functionalities are NOT provided by Samba-3:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	SAM replication with Windows NT4 Domain Controllers
	(i.e. a Samba PDC and a Windows NT BDC or vice versa) 
	</p></li><li><p>
	Acting as a Windows 2000 Domain Controller (i.e. Kerberos and 
	Active Directory) - In point of fact, Samba-3 DOES have some
	Active Directory Domain Control ability that is at this time
	purely experimental <span class="emphasis"><em>AND</em></span> that is certain
	to change as it becomes a fully supported feature some time
	during the Samba-3 (or later) life cycle.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
Windows 9x / Me / XP Home clients are not true members of a domain for reasons outlined
in this chapter.  The protocol for support of Windows 9x / Me style network (domain) logons
is completely different from NT4 / Win2k type domain logons and has been officially supported
for some time. These clients use the old LanMan Network Logon facilities that are supported
in Samba since approximately the Samba-1.9.15 series.
</p><p>
Samba-3 has an implementation of group mapping between Windows NT groups
and Unix groups (this is really quite complicated to explain in a short space). This is 
discussed more fully in the <a href="#groupmapping" title="Chapter 12. Mapping MS Windows and Unix Groups">Group Mapping</a> chapter.
</p><p>
Samba-3, like an MS Windows NT4 PDC or a Windows 200x Active Directory, needs to store
user and machine trust account information in a suitable backend data store. With Samba-3
there can be multiple back-ends for this including:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>smbpasswd</em></span> - the plain ascii file stored used by
	earlier versions of Samba. This file configuration option requires
	a Unix/Linux system account for EVERY entry (ie: both for user and for
	machine accounts). This file will be located in the <span class="emphasis"><em>private</em></span>
	directory (default is /usr/local/samba/lib/private or on linux /etc/samba).
	</p></li><li><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>tdbsam</em></span> - a binary database backend that will be
	stored in the <span class="emphasis"><em>private</em></span> directory in a file called
	<span class="emphasis"><em>passdb.tdb</em></span>. The key benefit of this binary format
	file is that it can store binary objects that can not be accomodated
	in the traditional plain text smbpasswd file. These permit the extended
	account controls that MS Windows NT4 and later also have.
	</p></li><li><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>ldapsam</em></span> - An LDAP based back-end. Permits the
	LDAP server to be specified. eg: ldap://localhost or ldap://frodo.murphy.com.
	Like the tdbsam, ldapsam permits the storing of extended account attributes
	for control of things like: Permitted access times, password activation and
	expiry, permitted points of access (workstation names), per user profile
	location, and much more.
	</p></li><li><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>ldapsam_compat</em></span> - An LDAP back-end that maintains backwards
	compatibility with the behaviour of samba-2.2.x. You should use this in the process
	of migrating from samba-2.2.x to samba-3 if you do not want to rebuild your LDAP
	database.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
Read the chapter about <a href="#passdb" title="Chapter 11. Account Information Databases">Account Information Database</a> for details
regarding the choices available and how to configure them.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The new tdbsam and ldapsam account backends store substantially more information than
smbpasswd is capable of. The new backend database includes capacity to specify
per user settings for many parameters, over-riding global settings given in the
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file. eg: logon drive, logon home, logon path, etc.
Thus, with samba-3 it is possible to have a default system configuration for profiles,
and on a per user basis to over-ride this for those users who should not be subject
to the default configuration.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2872678"></a>Basics of Domain Control</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Over the years, public perceptions of what Domain Control really is has taken on an
almost mystical nature. Before we branch into a brief overview of Domain Control,
there are three basic types of domain controllers:
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2872693"></a>Domain Controller Types</h3></div></div><div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Primary Domain Controller</p></li><li><p>Backup Domain Controller</p></li><li><p>ADS Domain Controller</p></li></ul></div><p>
The <span class="emphasis"><em>Primary Domain Controller</em></span> or PDC plays an important role in the MS 
Windows NT4 and Windows 200x Domain Control architecture, but not in the manner that so many
expect. There is folk lore that dictates that because of it's role in the MS Windows
network, the PDC should be the most powerful and most capable machine in the network.
As strange as it may seem to say this here, good over all network performance dictates that
the entire infrastructure needs to be balanced. It is advisable to invest more in the Backup
Domain Controllers and Stand-Alone (or Domain Member) servers than in the PDC.
</p><p>
In the case of MS Windows NT4 style domains, it is the PDC seeds the Domain Control database,
a part of the Windows registry called the SAM (Security Account Manager). It plays a key
part in NT4 type domain user authentication and in synchronisation of the domain authentication
database with Backup Domain Controllers. 
</p><p>
With MS Windows 200x Server based Active Directory domains, one domain controller seeds a potential
hierachy of domain controllers, each with their own area of delegated control. The master domain
controller has the ability to override any down-stream controller, but a down-line controller has
control only over it's down-line. With Samba-3 this functionality can be implemented using an
LDAP based user and machine account back end.
</p><p>
New to Samba-3 is the ability to use a back-end database that holds the same type of data as
the NT4 style SAM (Security Account Manager) database (one of the registry files).
The Samba-3 SAM can be specified via the smb.conf file parameter
<i class="parameter"><tt>passwd backend</tt></i> and valid options include
<span class="emphasis"><em>smbpasswd, tdbsam, ldapsam, nisplussam, xmlsam, mysqlsam, guest</em></span>.
</p><p>
The <span class="emphasis"><em>Backup Domain Controller</em></span> or BDC plays a key role in servicing network
authentication requests. The BDC is biased to answer logon requests in preference to the PDC.
On a network segment that has a BDC and a PDC the BDC will be most likely to service network
logon requests. The PDC will answer network logon requests when the BDC is too busy (high load).
A BDC can be promoted to a PDC. If the PDC is on line at the time that a BDC is promoted to
PDC, the previous PDC is automatically demoted to a BDC. With Samba-3 this is NOT an automatic
operation; the PDB and BDC must be manually configured and changes need to be made likewise.
</p><p>
With MS Windows NT4, it is an install time decision what type of machine the server will be.
It is possible to change the promote a BDC to a PDC and vica versa only, but the only way
to convert a domain controller to a domain member server or a stand-alone server is to
reinstall it. The install time choices offered are:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Primary Domain Controller</em></span> - The one that seeds the domain SAM</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Backup Domain Controller</em></span> - One that obtains a copy of the domain SAM</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Domain Member Server</em></span> - One that has NO copy of the domain SAM, rather it obtains authentication from a Domain Controller for all access controls.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Stand-Alone Server</em></span> - One that plays NO part is SAM synchronisation, has it's own authentication database and plays no role in Domain security.</p></li></ul></div><p>
With MS Windows 2000 the configuration of domain control is done after the server has been
installed. Samba-3 is capable of acting fully as a native member of a Windows 200x server
Active Directory domain.
</p><p>
New to Samba-3 is the ability to function fully as an MS Windows NT4 style Domain Controller,
excluding the SAM replication components. However, please be aware that Samba-3 support the
MS Windows 200x domain control protocols also.
</p><p>
At this time any appearance that Samba-3 is capable of acting as an
<span class="emphasis"><em>ADS Domain Controller</em></span> is limited and experimental in nature.
This functionality should not be used until the Samba-Team offers formal support for it.
At such a time, the documentation will be revised to duly reflect all configuration and
management requirements.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2872892"></a>Preparing for Domain Control</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are two ways that MS Windows machines may interact with each other, with other servers,
and with Domain Controllers: Either as <span class="emphasis"><em>Stand-Alone</em></span> systems, more commonly
called <span class="emphasis"><em>Workgroup</em></span> members, or as full participants in a security system,
more commonly called <span class="emphasis"><em>Domain</em></span> members.
</p><p>
It should be noted that <span class="emphasis"><em>Workgroup</em></span> membership involve no special configuration
other than the machine being configured so that the network configuration has a commonly used name
for it's workgroup entry. It is not uncommon for the name WORKGROUP to be used for this. With this
mode of configuration there are NO machine trust accounts and any concept of membership as such
is limited to the fact that all machines appear in the network neighbourhood to be logically
grouped together. Again, just to be clear: <span class="emphasis"><em>workgroup mode does not involve any security machine 
accounts</em></span>.
</p><p>
Domain member machines have a machine account in the Domain accounts database. A special procedure
must be followed on each machine to affect Domain membership. This procedure, which can be done
only by the local machine Administrator account, will create the Domain machine account (if
if does not exist), and then initializes that account. When the client first logs onto the
Domain it triggers a machine password change.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
When running a Domain all MS Windows NT / 200x / XP Professional clients should be configured
as full Domain Members - IF A SECURE NETWORK IS WANTED. If the machine is NOT made a member of the
Domain, then it will operate like a workgroup (stand-alone) machine. Please refer the 
<a href="#domain-member" title="Chapter 7. Domain Membership">Domain Membership</a> chapter for information regarding
 HOW to make your MS Windows clients Domain members.
</p></div><p>
The following are necessary for configuring Samba-3 as an MS Windows NT4 style PDC for MS Windows
NT4 / 200x / XP clients.
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>Configuration of basic TCP/IP and MS Windows Networking</td></tr><tr><td>Correct designation of the Server Role (<i class="parameter"><tt>security = user</tt></i>)</td></tr><tr><td>Consistent configuration of Name Resolution (See chapter on <a href="#NetworkBrowsing" title="Chapter 10. Samba / MS Windows Network Browsing Guide">Browsing</a> and on
	<a href="#integrate-ms-networks" title="Chapter 26. Integrating MS Windows networks with Samba">MS Windows network Integration</a>)</td></tr><tr><td>Domain logons for Windows NT4 / 200x / XP Professional clients</td></tr><tr><td>Configuration of Roaming Profiles or explicit configuration to force local profile usage</td></tr><tr><td>Configuration of Network/System Policies</td></tr><tr><td>Adding and managing domain user accounts</td></tr><tr><td>Configuring MS Windows client machines to become domain members</td></tr></table><p>
The following provisions are required to serve MS Windows 9x / Me Clients:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>Configuration of basic TCP/IP and MS Windows Networking</td></tr><tr><td>Correct designation of the Server Role (<i class="parameter"><tt>security = user</tt></i>)</td></tr><tr><td>Network Logon Configuration (Since Windows 9x / XP Home are not technically domain
	members, they do not really particpate in  the security aspects of Domain logons as such)</td></tr><tr><td>Roaming Profile Configuration</td></tr><tr><td>Configuration of System Policy handling</td></tr><tr><td>Installation of the Network driver &quot;Client for MS Windows Networks&quot; and configuration
	to log onto the domain</td></tr><tr><td>Placing Windows 9x / Me clients in user level security - if it is desired to allow
	all client share access to be controlled according to domain user / group identities.</td></tr><tr><td>Adding and managing domain user accounts</td></tr></table><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Roaming Profiles and System/Network policies are advanced network administration topics
that are covered in the <a href="#ProfileMgmt" title="Chapter 24. Desktop Profile Management">Profile Management</a> and 
<a href="#PolicyMgmt" title="Chapter 23. System and Account Policies">Policy Management</a> chapters of this document.  However, these are not necessarily specific
to a Samba PDC as much as they are related to Windows NT networking concepts.
</p></div><p>
A Domain Controller is an SMB/CIFS server that:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Registers and advertises itself as a Domain Controller (through NetBIOS broadcasts
	as well as by way of name registrations either by Mailslot Broadcasts over UDP broadcast,
	to a WINS server over UDP unicast, or via DNS and Active Directory)
	</p></li><li><p>
	Provides the NETLOGON service (actually a collection of services that runs over
	a number of protocols. These include the LanMan Logon service, the Netlogon service,
	the Local Security Account service, and variations of them)
	</p></li><li><p>
	Provides a share called NETLOGON
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
For Samba to provide these is rather easy to configure. Each Samba Domain Controller must provide
the NETLOGON service which Samba calls the <span class="emphasis"><em>domain logons</em></span> functionality
(after the name of the parameter in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file). Additionally, one (1) server in a Samba-3
Domain must advertise itself as the domain master browser. This causes the Primary Domain Controller
to claim domain specific NetBIOS name that identifies it as a domain master browser for its given
domain/workgroup. Local master browsers in the same domain/workgroup on broadcast-isolated subnets
then ask for a complete copy of the browse list for the whole wide area network. Browser clients
will then contact their local master browser, and will receive the domain-wide browse list,
instead of just the list for their broadcast-isolated subnet.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2873207"></a>Domain Control - Example Configuration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The first step in creating a working Samba PDC is to understand the parameters necessary
in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. Here we attempt to explain the parameters that are covered in
the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page.
</p><p>
Here is an example <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> for acting as a PDC:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	[global]
	    ; Basic server settings
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#NETBIOSNAME" target="_top">netbios name</a> = <i class="replaceable"><tt>POGO</tt></i>
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#WORKGROUP" target="_top">workgroup</a> = <i class="replaceable"><tt>NARNIA</tt></i>

	    ; User and Machine Account Backends
	    ; Choices are: tdbsam, smbpasswd, ldapsam, mysqlsam, xmlsam, guest
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#PASSDBBACKEND" target="_top">passdb backend</a> = ldapsam, guest

	    ; we should act as the domain and local master browser
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#OSLEVEL" target="_top">os level</a> = 64
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#PERFERREDMASTER" target="_top">preferred master</a> = yes
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#DOMAINMASTER" target="_top">domain master</a> = yes
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#LOCALMASTER" target="_top">local master</a> = yes
	    
	    ; security settings (must user security = user)
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYEQUALSUSER" target="_top">security</a> = user
	    
	    ; encrypted passwords are a requirement for a PDC (default = Yes)
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS" target="_top">encrypt passwords</a> = yes
	    
	    ; support domain logons
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#DOMAINLOGONS" target="_top">domain logons</a> = yes
	    
	    ; where to store user profiles?
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONPATH" target="_top">logon path</a> = \\%N\profiles\%u
	    
	    ; where is a user's home directory and where should it be mounted at?
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONDRIVE" target="_top">logon drive</a> = H:
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONHOME" target="_top">logon home</a> = \\homeserver\%u\winprofile
	    
	    ; specify a generic logon script for all users
	    ; this is a relative **DOS** path to the [netlogon] share
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#LOGONSCRIPT" target="_top">logon script</a> = logon.cmd

	; necessary share for domain controller
	[netlogon]
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#PATH" target="_top">path</a> = /usr/local/samba/lib/netlogon
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#READONLY" target="_top">read only</a> = yes
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#WRITELIST" target="_top">write list</a> = <i class="replaceable"><tt>ntadmin</tt></i>
	    
	; share for storing user profiles
	[profiles]
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#PATH" target="_top">path</a> = /export/smb/ntprofile
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#READONLY" target="_top">read only</a> = no
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#CREATEMASK" target="_top">create mask</a> = 0600
	    <a href="smb.conf.5.html#DIRECTORYMASK" target="_top">directory mask</a> = 0700
</pre><div xmlns:ns5="" class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><ns5:p>
The above parameters make for a full set of parameters that may define the server's mode
of operation. The following parameters are the essentials alone:

</ns5:p><pre class="programlisting">
	workgroup = NARNIA
	domain logons = Yes
	domain master = Yes
	security = User
</pre><ns5:p>

The additional parameters shown in the longer listing above just makes for a
more complete environment.
</ns5:p></div><p>
There are a couple of points to emphasize in the above configuration.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Encrypted passwords must be enabled.  For more details on how 
	to do this, refer to <a href="#passdb" title="Chapter 11. Account Information Databases">Account Information Database chapter</a>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The server must support domain logons and have a
	<i class="parameter"><tt>[netlogon]</tt></i> share
	</p></li><li><p>
	The server must be the domain master browser in order for Windows 
	client to locate the server as a DC.  Please refer to the various 
	Network Browsing documentation included with this distribution for 
	details.
	</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2873503"></a>Samba ADS Domain Control</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba-3 is not and can not act as an Active Directory Server. It can not truly function as
an Active Directory Primary Domain Controller. The protocols for some of the functionality
the Active Directory Domain Controllers is have been partially implemented on an experimental
only basis. Please do NOT expect Samba-3 to support these protocols - nor should you depend
on any such functionality either now or in the future. The Samba-Team may well remove such
experiemental features or may change their behaviour.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2873526"></a>Domain and Network Logon Configuration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The subject of Network or Domain Logons is discussed here because it rightly forms
an integral part of the essential functionality that is provided by a Domain Controller.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2873540"></a>Domain Network Logon Service</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
All Domain Controllers must run the netlogon service (<span class="emphasis"><em>domain logons</em></span>
in Samba). One Domain Controller must be configured with <i class="parameter"><tt>domain master = Yes</tt></i>
(the Primary Domain Controller); on ALL Backup Domain Controllers <i class="parameter"><tt>domain master = No</tt></i>
must be set.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2873573"></a>Example Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="programlisting">
	[globals]
		domain logons = Yes
		domain master = (Yes on PDC, No on BDCs)

	[netlogon]
		comment = Network Logon Service
		path = /var/lib/samba/netlogon
		guest ok = Yes
		browseable = No
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2873592"></a>The Special Case of MS Windows XP Home Edition</h4></div></div><div></div></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
MS Windows XP Home Edition does not have the ability to join any type of Domain
security facility. Unlike, MS Windows 9x / Me, MS Windows XP Home Edition also completely
lacks the ability to log onto a network.
</p></div><p>
To be completely clear: If you want MS Windows XP Home Edition to integrate with your
MS Windows NT4 or Active Directory Domain security understand - IT CAN NOT BE DONE.
Your only choice is to buy the upgrade pack from MS Windows XP Home Edition to
MS Windows XP Professional.
</p><p>
Now that this has been said, please do NOT ask the mailing list, or email any of the
Samba-Team members with your questions asking how to make this work. It can't be done.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2873628"></a>The Special Case of Windows 9x / Me</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A domain and a workgroup are exactly the same thing in terms of network
browsing.  The difference is that a distributable authentication
database is associated with a domain, for secure login access to a
network.  Also, different access rights can be granted to users if they
successfully authenticate against a domain logon server. Samba-3 does this
now in the same way that MS Windows NT/2K.
</p><p>
The SMB client logging on to a domain has an expectation that every other
server in the domain should accept the same authentication information.
Network browsing functionality of domains and workgroups is identical and
is explained in this documentation under the browsing discussions.
It should be noted, that browsing is totally orthogonal to logon support.
</p><p>
Issues related to the single-logon network model are discussed in this
section.  Samba supports domain logons, network logon scripts, and user
profiles for MS Windows for workgroups and MS Windows 9X/ME clients
which are the focus of this section.
</p><p>
When an SMB client in a domain wishes to logon, it broadcasts requests for a
logon server.  The first one to reply gets the job, and validates its
password using whatever mechanism the Samba administrator has installed.
It is possible (but very stupid) to create a domain where the user
database is not shared between servers, i.e. they are effectively workgroup
servers advertising themselves as participating in a domain.  This
demonstrates how authentication is quite different from but closely
involved with domains.
</p><p>
Using these features you can make your clients verify their logon via
the Samba server; make clients run a batch file when they logon to
the network and download their preferences, desktop and start menu.
</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>
MS Windows XP Home edition is NOT able to join a domain and does not permit
the use of domain logons.
</em></span></p><p>
Before launching into the configuration instructions, it is 
worthwhile to look at how a Windows 9x/ME client performs a logon:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	The client broadcasts (to the IP broadcast address of the subnet it is in)
	a NetLogon request. This is sent to the NetBIOS name DOMAIN&lt;#1c&gt; at the
	NetBIOS layer.  The client chooses the first response it receives, which
	contains the NetBIOS name of the logon server to use in the format of 
	<tt class="filename">\\SERVER</tt>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The client then connects to that server, logs on (does an SMBsessetupX) and
	then connects to the IPC$ share (using an SMBtconX).
	</p></li><li><p>
	The client then does a NetWkstaUserLogon request, which retrieves the name
	of the user's logon script. 
	</p></li><li><p>
	The client then connects to the NetLogon share and searches for said script 	
	and if it is found and can be read, is retrieved and executed by the client.
	After this, the client disconnects from the NetLogon share.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The client then sends a NetUserGetInfo request to the server, to retrieve
	the user's home share, which is used to search for profiles. Since the
	response to the NetUserGetInfo request does not contain much more than	
	the user's home share, profiles for Win9X clients MUST reside in the user
	home directory.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The client then connects to the user's home share and searches for the 
	user's profile. As it turns out, you can specify the user's home share as
	a sharename and path. For example, <tt class="filename">\\server\fred\.winprofile</tt>.
	If the profiles are found, they are implemented.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The client then disconnects from the user's home share, and reconnects to
	the NetLogon share and looks for <tt class="filename">CONFIG.POL</tt>, the policies file. If this is
	found, it is read and implemented.
	</p></li></ol></div><p>
The main difference between a PDC and a Windows 9x logon server configuration is that
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Password encryption is not required for a Windows 9x logon server. But note
	that beginning with MS Windows 98 the default setting is that plain-text
	password support has been disabled. It can be re-enabled with the registry
	changes that are documented in the chapter on Policies.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Windows 9x/ME clients do not require and do not use machine trust accounts.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
A Samba PDC will act as a Windows 9x logon server; after all, it does provide the
network logon services that MS Windows 9x / Me expect to find.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2876260"></a>Security Mode and Master Browsers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are a few comments to make in order to tie up some 
loose ends.  There has been much debate over the issue of whether
or not it is ok to configure Samba as a Domain Controller in security
modes other than <tt class="constant">USER</tt>.  The only security mode 
which  will not work due to technical reasons is <tt class="constant">SHARE</tt>
mode security.  <tt class="constant">DOMAIN</tt> and <tt class="constant">SERVER</tt>
mode security are really just a variation on SMB user level security.
</p><p>
Actually, this issue is also closely tied to the debate on whether 
or not Samba must be the domain master browser for its workgroup
when operating as a DC.  While it may technically be possible
to configure a server as such (after all, browsing and domain logons
are two distinctly different functions), it is not a good idea to do
so.  You should remember that the DC must register the DOMAIN&lt;#1b&gt; NetBIOS 
name.  This is the name used by Windows clients to locate the DC.
Windows clients do not distinguish between the DC and the DMB.
For this reason, it is very wise to configure the Samba DC as the DMB.
</p><p>
Now back to the issue of configuring a Samba DC to use a mode other
than <i class="parameter"><tt>security = user</tt></i>.  If a Samba host is configured to use 
another SMB server or DC in order to validate user connection 
requests, then it is a fact that some other machine on the network 
(the <i class="parameter"><tt>password server</tt></i>) knows more about the user than the Samba host.
99% of the time, this other host is a domain controller.  Now 
in order to operate in domain mode security, the <i class="parameter"><tt>workgroup</tt></i> parameter
must be set to the name of the Windows NT domain (which already 
has a domain controller). If the domain does NOT already have a Domain Controller
then you do not yet have a Domain!
</p><p>
Configuring a Samba box as a DC for a domain that already by definition has a
PDC is asking for trouble. Therefore, you should always configure the Samba DC
to be the DMB for its domain and set <i class="parameter"><tt>security = user</tt></i>.
This is the only officially supported mode of operation.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2876365"></a>Common Problems and Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2876372"></a>I cannot include a '$' in a machine name</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A 'machine account', (typically) stored in <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>,
takes the form of the machine name with a '$' appended. FreeBSD (and other BSD 
systems?) won't create a user with a '$' in their name.
</p><p>
The problem is only in the program used to make the entry. Once made, it works perfectly.
Create a user without the '$'. Then use <b class="command">vipw</b> to edit the entry, adding
the '$'. Or create the whole entry with vipw if you like; make sure you use a unique User ID!
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2876411"></a>I get told &quot;You already have a connection to the Domain....&quot; 
or &quot;Cannot join domain, the credentials supplied conflict with an 
existing set..&quot; when creating a machine trust account.</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This happens if you try to create a machine trust account from the 
machine itself and already have a connection (e.g. mapped drive) 
to a share (or IPC$) on the Samba PDC.  The following command
will remove all network drive connections:
</p><pre class="screen">
	<tt class="prompt">C:\WINNT\&gt;</tt> <b class="userinput"><tt>net use * /d</tt></b>
</pre><p>
Further, if the machine is already a 'member of a workgroup' that 
is the same name as the domain you are joining (bad idea) you will 
get this message.  Change the workgroup name to something else, it 
does not matter what, reboot, and try again.
</p></div><div xmlns:ns6="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2876460"></a>The system can not log you on (C000019B)....</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>I joined the domain successfully but after upgrading 
to a newer version of the Samba code I get the message, <span class="errorname">The system 
can not log you on (C000019B), Please try again or consult your 
system administrator</span> when attempting to logon.
</p><p>
This occurs when the domain SID stored in the secrets.tdb database
is changed. The most common cause of a change in domain SID is when
the domain name and/or the server name (NetBIOS name) is changed.
The only way to correct the problem is to restore the original domain 
SID or remove the domain client from the domain and rejoin. The domain
SID may be reset using either the net or rpcclient utilities.
</p><ns6:p>
The reset or change the domain SID you can use the net command as follows:

</ns6:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net getlocalsid 'OLDNAME'</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net setlocalsid 'SID'</tt></b>
</pre><ns6:p>
</ns6:p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2876531"></a>The machine trust account for this computer either does not 
exist or is not accessible.</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
When I try to join the domain I get the message <span class="errorname">The machine account 
for this computer either does not exist or is not accessible</span>. What's 
wrong?
</p><p>
This problem is caused by the PDC not having a suitable machine trust account. 
If you are using the <i class="parameter"><tt>add machine script</tt></i> method to create 
accounts then this would indicate that it has not worked. Ensure the domain 
admin user system is working.
</p><p>
Alternatively if you are creating account entries manually then they 
have not been created correctly. Make sure that you have the entry 
correct for the machine trust account in smbpasswd file on the Samba PDC. 
If you added the account using an editor rather than using the smbpasswd 
utility, make sure that the account name is the machine NetBIOS name 
with a '$' appended to it ( i.e. computer_name$ ). There must be an entry 
in both /etc/passwd and the smbpasswd file.
</p><p>
Some people have also reported 
that inconsistent subnet masks between the Samba server and the NT 
client can cause this problem.   Make sure that these are consistent 
for both client and server.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2876588"></a>When I attempt to login to a Samba Domain from a NT4/W2K workstation,
I get a message about my account being disabled.</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Enable the user accounts with <b class="userinput"><tt>smbpasswd -e <i class="replaceable"><tt>username</tt></i>
</tt></b>, this is normally done as an account is created.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2876615"></a>Until a few minutes after Samba has started, clients get the error &quot;Domain Controller Unavailable&quot;</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		A domain controller has to announce on the network who it is. This usually takes a while.
	</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="samba-bdc"></a>Chapter 6. Backup Domain Control</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Volker</span> <span class="surname">Lendecke</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:Volker.Lendecke@SerNet.DE">Volker.Lendecke@SerNet.DE</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2878646">Features And Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2878811">Essential Background Information</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2878839">MS Windows NT4 Style Domain Control</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876805">Active Directory Domain Control</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876826">What qualifies a Domain Controller on the network?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2876850">How does a Workstation find its domain controller?</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2876875">Backup Domain Controller Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2876945">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2876995">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2877009">Machine Accounts keep expiring, what can I do?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2877034">Can Samba be a Backup Domain Controller to an NT4 PDC?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2877067">How do I replicate the smbpasswd file?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2877096">Can I do this all with LDAP?</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
Before you continue reading in this section, please make sure that you are comfortable
with configuring a Samba Domain Controller as described in the
<a href="Samba-PDC-HOWTO.html" target="_top">Domain Control Chapter</a>.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2878646"></a>Features And Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This is one of the most difficult chapters to summarise. It matters not what we say here
for someone will still draw conclusions and / or approach the Samba-Team with expectations
that are either not yet capable of being delivered, or that can be achieved for more
effectively using a totally different approach. Since this HOWTO is already so large and
extensive, we have taken the decision to provide sufficient (but not comprehensive)
information regarding Backup Domain Control. In the event that you should have a persistent
concern that is not addressed in this HOWTO document then please email 
<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">John H Terpstra</a> clearly setting out your requirements
and / or question and we will do our best to provide a solution.
</p><p>
Samba-3 is capable of acting as a Backup Domain Controller to another Samba Primary Domain
Controller. A Samba-3 PDC can operate with an LDAP Account backend. The Samba-3 BDC can
operate with a slave LDAP server for the Account backend. This effectively gives samba a high
degree of scalability. This is a very sweet (nice) solution for large organisations.
</p><p>
While it is possible to run a Samba-3 BDC with non-LDAP backend, the administrator will
need to figure out precisely what is the best way to replicate (copy / distribute) the
user and machine Accounts backend.
</p><p>
The use of a non-LDAP backend SAM database is particularly problematic because Domain member
servers and workstations periodically change the machine trust account password. The new
password is then stored only locally. This means that in the absence of a centrally stored
accounts database (such as that provided with an LDAP based solution) if Samba-3 is running
as a BDC, the PDC instance of the Domain member trust account password will not reach the
PDC (master) copy of the SAM. If the PDC SAM is then replicated to BDCs this results in 
overwriting of the SAM that contains the updated (changed) trust account password with resulting
breakage of the domain trust.
</p><p>
Considering the number of comments and questions raised concerning how to configure a BDC
lets consider each possible option and look at the pro's and con's for each theoretical solution:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><p class="title"><b>Backup Domain Backend Account Distribution Options</b></p><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Solution: Passwd Backend is LDAP based, BDCs use a slave LDAP server
	</p><p>
	Arguments For: This is a neat and manageable solution. The LDAP based SAM (ldapsam)
	is constantly kept up to date.
	</p><p>
	Arguments Against: Complexity
	</p></li><li><p>
	Passdb Backend is tdbsam based, BDCs use cron based &quot;net rcp vampire&quot; to
	suck down the Accounts database from the PDC
	</p><p>
	Arguments For: It would be a nice solution
	</p><p>
	Arguments Against: It does not work because Samba-3 does not support the required
	protocols. This may become a later feature but is not available today.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Make use of rsync to replicate (pull down) copies of the essential account files
	</p><p>
	Arguments For: It is a simple solution, easy to set up as a scheduled job
	</p><p>
	Arguments Against: This will over-write the locally changed machine trust account
	passwords. This is a broken and flawed solution. Do NOT do this.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Operate with an entirely local accounts database (not recommended)
	</p><p>
	Arguments For: Simple, easy to maintain
	</p><p>
	Arguments Against: All machine trust accounts and user accounts will be locally
	maintained. Domain users will NOT be able to roam from office to office. This is
	a broken and flawed solution. Do NOT do this.
	</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2878811"></a>Essential Background Information</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A Domain Controller is a machine that is able to answer logon requests from network
workstations. Microsoft LanManager and IBM LanServer were two early products that
provided this capability. The technology has become known as the LanMan Netlogon service.
</p><p>
When MS Windows NT3.10 was first released it supported an new style of Domain Control
and with it a new form of the network logon service that has extended functionality.
This service became known as the NT NetLogon Service. The nature of this service has
changed with the evolution of MS Windows NT and today provides a very complex array of
services that are implemented over a complex spectrum of technologies.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2878839"></a>MS Windows NT4 Style Domain Control</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Whenever a user logs into a Windows NT4 / 200x / XP Profresional Workstation,
the workstation connects to a Domain Controller (authentication server) to validate
the username and password that the user entered are valid. If the information entered
does not validate against the account information that has been stored in the Domain
Control database (the SAM, or Security Accounts Manager database) then a set of error
codes is returned to the workstation that has made the authentication request.
</p><p>
When the username / password pair has been validated, the Domain Controller
(authentication server) will respond with full enumeration of the account information
that has been stored regarding that user in the User and Machine Accounts database
for that Domain. This information contains a complete network access profile for
the user but excludes any information that is particular to the user's desktop profile,
or for that matter it excludes all desktop profiles for groups that the user may
belong to. It does include password time limits, password uniqueness controls,
network access time limits, account validity information, machine names from which the
user may access the network, and much more. All this information was stored in the SAM
in all versions of MS Windows NT (3.10, 3.50, 3.51, 4.0).
</p><p>
The account information (user and machine) on Domain Controllers is stored in two files,
one containing the Security information and the other the SAM. These are stored in files
by the same name in the <tt class="filename">C:\WinNT\System32\config</tt> directory. These
are the files that are involved in replication of the SAM database where Backup Domain
Controllers are present on the network.
</p><p>
There are two situations in which it is desirable to install Backup Domain Controllers:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	On the local network that the Primary Domain Controller is on if there are many
	workstations and/or where the PDC is generally very busy. In this case the BDCs
	will pick up network logon requests and help to add robustness to network services.
	</p></li><li><p>
	At each remote site, to reduce wide area network traffic and to add stability to
	remote network operations. The design of the network, the strategic placement of
	Backup Domain Controllers, together with an implementation that localises as much
	of network to client interchange as possible will help to minimise wide area network
	bandwidth needs (and thus costs).
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
The PDC contains the master copy of the SAM. In the event that an administrator makes a
change to the user account database while physically present on the local network that
has the PDC, the change will likely be made directly to the PDC instance of the master
copy of the SAM. In the event that this update may be performed in a branch office the
change will likely be stored in a delta file on the local BDC. The BDC will then send
a trigger to the PDC to commence the process of SAM synchronisation. The PDC will then
request the delta from the BDC and apply it to the master SAM. THe PDC will then contact
all the BDCs in the Domain and trigger them to obtain the update and then apply that to
their own copy of the SAM.
</p><p>
Thus the BDC is said to hold a <span class="emphasis"><em>read-only</em></span> of the SAM from which
it is able to process network logon requests and to authenticate users. The BDC can
continue to provide this service, particularly while, for example, the wide area
network link to the PDC is down. Thus a BDC plays a very important role in both
maintenance of Domain security as well as in network integrity.
</p><p>
In the event that the PDC should need to be taken out of service, or if it dies, then
one of the BDCs can be promoted to a PDC. If this happens while the original PDC is on
line then it is automatically demoted to a BDC. This is an important aspect of Domain
Controller management. The tool that is used to affect a promotion or a demotion is the
Server Manager for Domains.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2876742"></a>Example PDC Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Since version 2.2 Samba officially supports domain logons for all current Windows Clients,
including Windows NT4, 2003 and XP Professional. For samba to be enabled as a PDC some
parameters in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i>-section of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> have to be set:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	workgroup = SAMBA
	domain master = yes
	domain logons = yes
</pre><p>
Several other things like a <i class="parameter"><tt>[homes]</tt></i> and a <i class="parameter"><tt>[netlogon]</tt></i> share also need to be set along with
settings for the profile path, the users home drive, etc.. This will not be covered in this
chapter, for more information please refer to the chapter on Domain Control.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2876805"></a>Active Directory Domain Control</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
As of the release of MS Windows 2000 and Active Directory, this information is now stored
in a directory that can be replicated and for which partial or full administrative control
can be delegated. Samba-3 is NOT able to be a Domain Controller within an Active Directory
tree, and it can not be an Active Directory server. This means that Samba-3 also can NOT
act as a Backup Domain Contoller to an Active Directory Domain Controller.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2876826"></a>What qualifies a Domain Controller on the network?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Every machine that is a Domain Controller for the domain SAMBA has to register the NetBIOS
group name SAMBA&lt;#1c&gt; with the WINS server and/or by broadcast on the local network.
The PDC also registers the unique NetBIOS name SAMBA&lt;#1b&gt; with the WINS server.
The name type &lt;#1b&gt; name is normally reserved for the Domain Master Browser, a role
that has nothing to do with anything related to authentication, but the Microsoft Domain
implementation requires the domain master browser to be on the same machine as the PDC.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2876850"></a>How does a Workstation find its domain controller?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
An MS Windows NT4 / 200x / XP Professional workstation in the domain SAMBA that wants a
local user to be authenticated has to find the domain controller for SAMBA. It does this
by doing a NetBIOS name query for the group name SAMBA&lt;#1c&gt;. It assumes that each
of the machines it gets back from the queries is a domain controller and can answer logon
requests. To not open security holes both the workstation and the selected domain controller
authenticate each other. After that the workstation sends the user's credentials (name and
password) to the local Domain Controller, for valdation.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2876875"></a>Backup Domain Controller Configuration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Several things have to be done:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	The domain SID has to be the same on the PDC and the BDC. This used to
	be stored in the file private/MACHINE.SID. This file is not created
	anymore since Samba 2.2.5 or even earlier. Nowadays the domain SID is
	stored in the file private/secrets.tdb. Simply copying the secrets.tdb
	from the PDC to the BDC does not work, as the BDC would
	generate a new SID for itself and override the domain SID with this
	new BDC SID.</p><p>
	To retrieve the domain SID from the PDC or an existing BDC and store it in the
	secrets.tdb, execute 'net rpc getsid' on the BDC.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The Unix user database has to be synchronized from the PDC to the
	BDC. This means that both the /etc/passwd and /etc/group have to be
	replicated from the PDC to the BDC. This can be done manually
	whenever changes are made, or the PDC is set up as a NIS master
	server and the BDC as a NIS slave server. To set up the BDC as a
	mere NIS client would not be enough, as the BDC would not be able to
	access its user database in case of a PDC failure.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The Samba password database in the file private/smbpasswd has to be
	replicated from the PDC to the BDC. This is a bit tricky, see the
	next section.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Any netlogon share has to be replicated from the PDC to the
	BDC. This can be done manually whenever login scripts are changed,
	or it can be done automatically together with the smbpasswd
	synchronization.
	</p></li></ul></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2876945"></a>Example Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Finally, the BDC has to be found by the workstations. This can be done by setting:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	workgroup = SAMBA
	domain master = no
	domain logons = yes
</pre><p>
in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i>-section of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> of the BDC. This makes the BDC
only register the name SAMBA&lt;#1c&gt; with the WINS server. This is no
problem as the name SAMBA&lt;#1c&gt; is a NetBIOS group name that is meant to
be registered by more than one machine. The parameter 'domain master =
no' forces the BDC not to register SAMBA&lt;#1b&gt; which as a unique NetBIOS
name is reserved for the Primary Domain Controller.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2876995"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
As this is a rather new area for Samba there are not many examples that we may refer to. Keep
watching for updates to this section.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2877009"></a>Machine Accounts keep expiring, what can I do?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This problem will occur when occur when the passdb (SAM) files are copied  from a central
server but the local Backup Domain Controllers.  Local machine trust account password updates
are not copied back to the central server. The newer machine account password is then over
written when the SAM is copied from the PDC. The result is that the Domain member machine
on start up will find that it's passwords does not match the one now in the database and
since the startup security check will now fail, this machine will not allow logon attempts
to procede and the account expiry error will be reported.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2877034"></a>Can Samba be a Backup Domain Controller to an NT4 PDC?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
With version 2.2, no. The native NT4 SAM replication protocols have not yet been fully
implemented. The Samba Team is working on understanding and implementing the protocols,
but this work has not been finished for version 2.2.
</p><p>
With version 3.0, the work on both the replication protocols and a suitable storage
mechanism has progressed, and some form of NT4 BDC support is expected soon.
</p><p>
Can I get the benefits of a BDC with Samba?  Yes. The main reason for implementing a
BDC is availability. If the PDC is a Samba machine, a second Samba machine can be set up to
service logon requests whenever the PDC is down.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2877067"></a>How do I replicate the smbpasswd file?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Replication of the smbpasswd file is sensitive. It has to be done whenever changes
to the SAM are made. Every user's password change is done in the smbpasswd file and
has to be replicated to the BDC. So replicating the smbpasswd file very often is necessary.
</p><p>
As the smbpasswd file contains plain text password equivalents, it must not be
sent unencrypted over the wire. The best way to set up smbpasswd replication from
the PDC to the BDC is to use the utility rsync. rsync can use ssh as a transport.
Ssh itself can be set up to accept *only* rsync transfer without requiring the user
to type a password.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2877096"></a>Can I do this all with LDAP?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The simple answer is YES.  Samba's pdb_ldap code supports binding to a replica
LDAP server, and will also follow referrals and rebind to the master if it ever
needs to make a modification to the database. (Normally BDCs are read only, so
this will not occur often).
</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="domain-member"></a>Chapter 7. Domain Membership</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jeremy</span> <span class="surname">Allison</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jra@samba.org">jra@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Gerald</span> <span class="othername">(Jerry)</span> <span class="surname">Carter</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Andrew</span> <span class="surname">Tridgell</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2877621">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2877192">MS Windows Workstation/Server Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2877352">Manual Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2879134">Using NT4 Server Manager to Add Machine Accounts to the Domain</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2879331">&quot;On-the-Fly&quot; Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2879386">Making an MS Windows Workstation or Server a Domain Member</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2879531">Domain Member Server</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2879579">Joining an NT4 type Domain with Samba-3</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2882177">Why is this better than security = server?</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#ads-member">Samba ADS Domain Membership</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2882315">Setup your smb.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2882398">Setup your /etc/krb5.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#ads-create-machine-account">Create the computer account</a></dt><dt><a href="#ads-test-server">Test your server setup</a></dt><dt><a href="#ads-test-smbclient">Testing with smbclient</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2882740">Notes</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2882762">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2882784">Can Not Add Machine Back to Domain</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2882816">Adding Machine to Domain Fails</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
Domain Membership is a subject of vital concern, Samba must be able to
participate as a member server in a Microsoft Domain security context, and
Samba must be capable of providing Domain machine member trust accounts,
otherwise it would not be capable of offering a viable option for many users.
</p><p>
This chapter covers background information pertaining to domain membership,
Samba configuration for it, and MS Windows client procedures for joining a
domain.  Why is this necessary? Because both are areas in which there exists
within the current MS Windows networking world and particularly in the
Unix/Linux networking and administration world, a considerable level of
mis-information, incorrect understanding, and a lack of knowledge. Hopefully
this chapter will fill the voids.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2877621"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
MS Windows workstations and servers that want to participate in domain
security need to
be made Domain members. Participating in Domain security is often called 
<span class="emphasis"><em>Single Sign On</em></span> or <span class="acronym">SSO</span> for short. This
chapter describes the process that must be followed to make a workstation
(or another server - be it an <span class="application">MS Windows NT4 / 200x</span>
server) or a Samba server a member of an MS Windows Domain security context.
</p><p>
Samba-3 can join an MS Windows NT4 style domain as a native member server, an 
MS Windows Active Directory Domain as a native member server, or a Samba Domain
Control network.
</p><p>
Domain membership has many advantages:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	MS Windows workstation users get the benefit of SSO
	</p></li><li><p>
	Domain user access rights and file ownership / access controls can be set
	from the single Domain SAM (Security Accounts Management) database 
	(works with Domain member servers as well as with MS Windows workstations
	that are domain members)
	</p></li><li><p>
	Only <span class="application">MS Windows NT4 / 200x / XP Professional</span>
	workstations that are Domain members
	can use network logon facilities
	</p></li><li><p>
	Domain Member workstations can be better controlled through the use of
	Policy files (<tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt>) and Desktop Profiles.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Through the use of logon scripts users can be given transparent access to network
	applications that run off application servers
	</p></li><li><p>
	Network administrators gain better application and user access management
	abilities because there is no need to maintain user accounts on any network
	client or server, other than the central Domain database 
	(either NT4/Samba SAM style Domain, NT4 Domain that is back ended with an
	LDAP directory, or via an Active Directory infrastructure)
	</p></li></ul></div></div><div xmlns:ns7="" class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2877192"></a>MS Windows Workstation/Server Machine Trust Accounts</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A machine trust account is an account that is used to authenticate a client
machine
(rather than a user) to the Domain Controller server.  In Windows terminology,
this is known as a &quot;Computer Account.&quot;
</p><p>
The password of a machine trust account acts as the shared secret for
secure communication with the Domain Controller.  This is a security
feature to prevent an unauthorized machine with the same NetBIOS name
from joining the domain and gaining access to domain user/group
accounts.  Windows NT, 200x, XP Professional clients use machine trust
accounts, but Windows 9x / Me / XP Home clients do not.  Hence, a
Windows 9x / Me / XP Home  client is never a true member of a domain
because it does not possess a machine trust account, and thus has no
shared secret with the domain controller.
</p><p>
A Windows NT4 PDC stores each machine trust account in the Windows Registry.
The introduction of MS Windows 2000 saw the introduction of Active Directory,
the new repository for machine trust accounts.
</p><ns7:p>
A Samba PDC, however, stores each machine trust account in two parts,
as follows:

</ns7:p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	A Domain Security Account (stored in the 
	<i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i> that has been configured in the
	<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file. The precise nature of the account information that is
	stored depends on the type of backend database that has been chosen.
	</p><p>
	The older format of this data is the <tt class="filename">smbpasswd</tt> database
	which contains the unix login ID, the Unix user identifier (UID), and the
	LanMan and NT encrypted passwords. There is also some other information in
	this file that we do not need to concern ourselves with here.
	</p><p>
	The two newer database types are called <span class="emphasis"><em>ldapsam</em></span>,
	<span class="emphasis"><em>tdbsam</em></span>.  Both store considerably more data than the
	older <tt class="filename">smbpasswd</tt> file did. The extra information
	enables new user account controls to be used.
	</p></li><li><p>
	A corresponding Unix account, typically stored in
	<tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>.  Work is in progress to allow a
	simplified mode of operation that does not require Unix user accounts, but
	this may not be a feature of the early releases of Samba-3.
	</p></li></ul></div><ns7:p>
</ns7:p><p>
There are three ways to create machine trust accounts:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Manual creation from the Unix/Linux command line. Here, both the Samba and
	corresponding Unix account are created by hand.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Using the MS Windows NT4 Server Manager (either from an NT4 Domain member
	server, or using the Nexus toolkit available from the Microsoft web site.
	This tool can be run from any MS Windows machine so long as the user is
	logged on as the administrator account.
	</p></li><li><p>
	&quot;On-the-fly&quot; creation. The Samba machine trust account is automatically
	created by Samba at the time the client is joined to the domain.
	(For security, this is the recommended method.) The corresponding Unix
	account may be created automatically or manually. 
	</p></li></ul></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2877352"></a>Manual Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The first step in manually creating a machine trust account is to manually
create the corresponding Unix account in <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>. 
This can be done using <b class="command">vipw</b> or another 'add user' command
that is normally used to create new Unix accounts.  The following is an example for a Linux based Samba server:
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/usr/sbin/useradd -g 100 -d /dev/null -c <i class="replaceable"><tt>&quot;machine nickname&quot;</tt></i> -s /bin/false <i class="replaceable"><tt>machine_name</tt></i>$ </tt></b>
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>passwd -l <i class="replaceable"><tt>machine_name</tt></i>$</tt></b>
</p><p>
On *BSD systems, this can be done using the <b class="command">chpass</b> utility:
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chpass -a &quot;<i class="replaceable"><tt>machine_name</tt></i>$:*:101:100::0:0:Workstation <i class="replaceable"><tt>machine_name</tt></i>:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin&quot;</tt></b>
</p><p>
The <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> entry will list the machine name 
with a &quot;$&quot; appended, won't have a password, will have a null shell and no 
home directory. For example a machine named 'doppy' would have an 
<tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> entry like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
doppy$:x:505:501:<i class="replaceable"><tt>machine_nickname</tt></i>:/dev/null:/bin/false
</pre><p>
Above, <i class="replaceable"><tt>machine_nickname</tt></i> can be any
descriptive name for the client, i.e., BasementComputer.
<i class="replaceable"><tt>machine_name</tt></i> absolutely must be the NetBIOS
name of the client to be joined to the domain.  The &quot;$&quot; must be
appended to the NetBIOS name of the client or Samba will not recognize
this as a machine trust account.
</p><p>
Now that the corresponding Unix account has been created, the next step is to create 
the Samba account for the client containing the well-known initial 
machine trust account password.  This can be done using the <a href="smbpasswd.8.html" target="_top"><b class="command">smbpasswd(8)</b></a> command 
as shown here:
</p><ns7:p>
</ns7:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbpasswd -a -m <i class="replaceable"><tt>machine_name</tt></i></tt></b>
</pre><ns7:p>&gt;
</ns7:p><p>
where <i class="replaceable"><tt>machine_name</tt></i> is the machine's NetBIOS
name.  The RID of the new machine account is generated from the UID of 
the corresponding Unix account.
</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Join the client to the domain immediately</h3><p>
	Manually creating a machine trust account using this method is the 
	equivalent of creating a machine trust account on a Windows NT PDC using 
	the <span class="application">Server Manager</span>.  From the time at which the 
	account is created to the time which the client joins the domain and 
	changes the password, your domain is vulnerable to an intruder joining 
	your domain using a machine with the same NetBIOS name.  A PDC inherently 
	trusts members of the domain and will serve out a large degree of user 
	information to such clients.  You have been warned!
	</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2879134"></a>Using NT4 Server Manager to Add Machine Accounts to the Domain</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If the machine from which you are trying to manage the domain is an 
<span class="application">MS Windows NT4 workstation</span>
then the tool of choice is the package called <b class="command">SRVTOOLS.EXE</b>. 
When executed in the target directory this will unpack 
<b class="command">SrvMge.exe</b> and <b class="command">UsrMgr.exe</b> (both are 
Domain Management tools for MS Windows NT4 workstation.
</p><p>
If your workstation is any other MS Windows product you should download the
<b class="command">Nexus.exe</b> package from the Microsoft web site. When executed 
from the target directory this will unpack the same tools but for use on 
<span class="application">MS Windows 9x/Me/200x/XP</span>.
</p><p>
Launch the <b class="command">srvmgr.exe</b> (Server Manager for Domains) and follow these steps:
</p><div class="procedure"><p class="title"><b>Procedure 7.1. Server Manager Account Machine Account Management</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p>
	From the menu select <span class="guimenu">Computer</span>
	</p></li><li><p>
	Click on <span class="guimenuitem">Select Domain</span>
	</p></li><li><p>
	Click on the name of the domain you wish to administer in the
	<span class="guilabel">Select Domain</span> panel and then click 
	<span class="guibutton">OK</span>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Again from the menu select <span class="guimenu">Computer</span>
	</p></li><li><p>
	Select <span class="guimenuitem">Add to Domain</span>
	</p></li><li><p>
	In the dialog box, click on the radio button to 
	<span class="guilabel">Add NT Workstation of Server</span>, then
	enter the machine name in the field provided, then click the 
	<span class="guibutton">Add</span> button.
	</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2879331"></a>&quot;On-the-Fly&quot; Creation of Machine Trust Accounts</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The second (and recommended) way of creating machine trust accounts is
simply to allow the Samba server to create them as needed when the client
is joined to the domain.
</p><p>Since each Samba machine trust account requires a corresponding Unix account, a method
for automatically creating the Unix account is usually supplied; this requires configuration of the
<a href="smb.conf.5.html#ADDMACHINESCRIPT" target="_top">add machine script</a> option in
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. This method is not required, however; corresponding Unix
accounts may also be created manually.
</p><p>
Below is an example for a RedHat Linux system.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
[global]
   # &lt;...remainder of parameters...&gt;
   add machine script = /usr/sbin/useradd -d /dev/null -g 100 -s /bin/false -M %u 
</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2879386"></a>Making an MS Windows Workstation or Server a Domain Member</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The procedure for making an MS Windows workstation of server a member of the domain varies
with the version of Windows:
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2879399"></a>Windows 200x XP Professional</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	When the user elects to make the client a domain member, Windows 200x prompts for
	an account and password that has privileges to create  machine accounts in the domain.
	A Samba administrative account (i.e., a Samba account that has root privileges on the
	Samba server) must be entered here; the operation will fail if an ordinary user
	account is given. 
	</p><p>
	Note: For security reasons the password for this administrative account should be set
	to a password that is other than that used for the root user in the
	<tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>.
	</p><p>
	The name of the account that is used to create domain member machine accounts can be
	anything the network administrator may choose. If it is other than <span class="emphasis"><em>root</em></span>
	then this is easily mapped to root using the file pointed to be the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter
	<i class="parameter"><tt>username map = /etc/samba/smbusers</tt></i>.
	</p><p>
	The session key of the Samba administrative account acts as an
	encryption key for setting the password of the machine trust
	account. The machine trust account will be created on-the-fly, or
	updated if it already exists.
	</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2879467"></a>Windows NT4</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	If the machine trust account was created manually, on the
	Identification Changes menu enter the domain name, but do not
	check the box <span class="guilabel">Create a Computer Account in the Domain</span>.
	In this case, the existing machine trust account is used to join the machine 
	to the domain.
	</p><p>
	If the machine trust account is to be created
	on-the-fly, on the Identification Changes menu enter the domain
	name, and check the box <span class="guilabel">Create a Computer Account in the 
	Domain</span>.  In this case, joining the domain proceeds as above
	for Windows 2000 (i.e., you must supply a Samba administrative account when
	prompted).
	</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2879508"></a>Samba</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>Joining a samba client to a domain is documented in 
	the <a href="#domain-member" title="Chapter 7. Domain Membership">Domain Member</a> chapter.
	</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2879531"></a>Domain Member Server</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This mode of server operation involves the samba machine being made a member
of a domain security context. This means by definition that all user
authentication will be done from a centrally defined authentication regime. 
The authentication regime may come from an NT3/4 style (old domain technology)
server, or it may be provided from an Active Directory server (ADS) running on
MS Windows 2000 or later.
</p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>
Of course it should be clear that the authentication back end itself could be
from any distributed directory architecture server that is supported by Samba.
This can be LDAP (from OpenLDAP), or Sun's iPlanet, of NetWare Directory
Server, etc.
</em></span>
</p><p>
Please refer to the <a href="#samba-pdc" title="Chapter 5. Domain Control">Domain Control chapter</a>
for more information regarding how to create a domain
machine account for a domain member server as well as for information
regarding how to enable the samba domain member machine to join the domain and
to be fully trusted by it.
</p><div xmlns:ns8="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2879579"></a>Joining an NT4 type Domain with Samba-3</h3></div></div><div></div></div><ns8:p>
	</ns8:p><div class="table"><a name="id2879589"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 7.1. Assumptions</b></p><table summary="Assumptions" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left">NetBIOS name:</td><td align="left">SERV1</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Win2K/NT domain name:</td><td align="left">DOM</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Domain's PDC NetBIOS name:</td><td align="left">DOMPDC</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Domain's BDC NetBIOS names:</td><td align="left">DOMBDC1 and DOMBDC2</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ns8:p>
</ns8:p><p>
First, you must edit your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file to tell Samba it should
now use domain security.
</p><p>
Change (or add) your <a href="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITY" target="_top">
<i class="parameter"><tt>security</tt></i></a> line in the [global] section 
of your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> to read:
</p><ns8:p>
</ns8:p><pre class="programlisting">
security = domain
</pre><ns8:p>
</ns8:p><p>
Next change the <a href="smb.conf.5.html#WORKGROUP" target="_top"><i class="parameter"><tt>
workgroup</tt></i></a> line in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i>
section to read: 
</p><ns8:p>
</ns8:p><pre class="programlisting">
workgroup = DOM
</pre><ns8:p>
</ns8:p><p>
as this is the name of the domain we are joining.
</p><p>
You must also have the parameter <a href="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS" target="_top">
<i class="parameter"><tt>encrypt passwords</tt></i></a> set to <tt class="constant">yes
</tt> in order for your users to authenticate to the NT PDC.
</p><p>
Finally, add (or modify) a <a href="smb.conf.5.html#PASSWORDSERVER" target="_top">
<i class="parameter"><tt>password server</tt></i></a> line in the [global]
section to read: 
</p><ns8:p>
</ns8:p><pre class="programlisting">
password server = DOMPDC DOMBDC1 DOMBDC2
</pre><ns8:p>
</ns8:p><p>
These are the primary and backup domain controllers Samba 
will attempt to contact in order to authenticate users. Samba will 
try to contact each of these servers in order, so you may want to 
rearrange this list in order to spread out the authentication load 
among domain controllers.
</p><p>
Alternatively, if you want smbd to automatically determine 
the list of Domain controllers to use for authentication, you may 
set this line to be:
</p><ns8:p>
</ns8:p><pre class="programlisting">
password server = *
</pre><ns8:p>
</ns8:p><p>
This method, allows Samba to use exactly the same mechanism that NT does. This 
method either broadcasts or uses a WINS database in order to
find domain controllers to authenticate against.
</p><p>
In order to actually join the domain, you must run this command:
</p><ns8:p>
</ns8:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net join -S DOMPDC -U<i class="replaceable"><tt>Administrator%password</tt></i></tt></b>
</pre><ns8:p>
</ns8:p><p>
If the <tt class="option">-S DOMPDC</tt> argument is not given then
the domain name will be obtained from <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>.
</p><p>
As we are joining the domain DOM and the PDC for that domain 
(the only machine that has write access to the domain SAM database) 
is DOMPDC. The <i class="replaceable"><tt>Administrator%password</tt></i> is 
the login name and password for an account which has the necessary 
privilege to add machines to the domain.  If this is successful 
you will see the message:
</p><p>
<tt class="computeroutput">Joined domain DOM.</tt>
or <tt class="computeroutput">Joined 'SERV1' to realm 'MYREALM'</tt>
</p><p>
in your terminal window. See the <a href="net.8.html" target="_top">
net(8)</a> man page for more details.
</p><p>
This process joins the server to the domain without having to create the machine
trust account on the PDC beforehand.
</p><p>
This command goes through the machine account password 
change protocol, then writes the new (random) machine account 
password for this Samba server into a file in the same directory 
in which an smbpasswd file would be stored - normally :
</p><p>
<tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/private/secrets.tdb</tt>
</p><p>
This file is created and owned by root and is not 
readable by any other user. It is the key to the domain-level 
security for your system, and should be treated as carefully 
as a shadow password file.
</p><p>
Finally, restart your Samba daemons and get ready for 
clients to begin using domain security!
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2882177"></a>Why is this better than security = server?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Currently, domain security in Samba doesn't free you from 
having to create local Unix users to represent the users attaching 
to your server. This means that if domain user <tt class="constant">DOM\fred
</tt> attaches to your domain security Samba server, there needs 
to be a local Unix user fred to represent that user in the Unix 
filesystem. This is very similar to the older Samba security mode 
<a href="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYEQUALSSERVER" target="_top">security = server</a>, 
where Samba would pass through the authentication request to a Windows 
NT server in the same way as a Windows 95 or Windows 98 server would.
</p><p>
Please refer to the <a href="winbind.html" target="_top">Winbind 
paper</a> for information on a system to automatically
assign UNIX uids and gids to Windows NT Domain users and groups.
</p><p>
The advantage to domain-level security is that the 
authentication in domain-level security is passed down the authenticated 
RPC channel in exactly the same way that an NT server would do it. This 
means Samba servers now participate in domain trust relationships in 
exactly the same way NT servers do (i.e., you can add Samba servers into 
a resource domain and have the authentication passed on from a resource
domain PDC to an account domain PDC).
</p><p>
In addition, with <i class="parameter"><tt>security = server</tt></i> every Samba 
daemon on a server has to keep a connection open to the 
authenticating server for as long as that daemon lasts. This can drain 
the connection resources on a Microsoft NT server and cause it to run 
out of available connections. With <i class="parameter"><tt>security = domain</tt></i>, 
however, the Samba daemons connect to the PDC/BDC only for as long 
as is necessary to authenticate the user, and then drop the connection, 
thus conserving PDC connection resources.
</p><p>
And finally, acting in the same manner as an NT server 
authenticating to a PDC means that as part of the authentication 
reply, the Samba server gets the user identification information such 
as the user SID, the list of NT groups the user belongs to, etc. 
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Much of the text of this document 
was first published in the Web magazine 
<a href="http://www.linuxworld.com" target="_top">LinuxWorld</a> as the article <a href="http://www.linuxworld.com/linuxworld/lw-1998-10/lw-10-samba.html" target="_top">Doing 
the NIS/NT Samba</a>.
</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="ads-member"></a>Samba ADS Domain Membership</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This is a rough guide to setting up Samba 3.0 with kerberos authentication against a
Windows2000 KDC. 
</p><div xmlns:ns9="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2882315"></a>Setup your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You must use at least the following 3 options in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	realm = your.kerberos.REALM
	security = ADS
	encrypt passwords = yes
</pre><ns9:p>
In case samba can't figure out your ads server using your realm name, use the 
<i class="parameter"><tt>ads server</tt></i> option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>:
</ns9:p><pre class="programlisting">
	ads server = your.kerberos.server
</pre><ns9:p>
</ns9:p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
You do <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> need a smbpasswd file, and older clients will be authenticated as 
if <i class="parameter"><tt>security = domain</tt></i>, although it won't do any harm and 
allows you to have local users not in the domain. It is expected that the above 
required options will change soon when active directory integration will get 
better.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2882398"></a>Setup your <tt class="filename">/etc/krb5.conf</tt></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The minimal configuration for <tt class="filename">krb5.conf</tt> is:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	[realms]
	    YOUR.KERBEROS.REALM = {
		kdc = your.kerberos.server
	    }
</pre><p>
Test your config by doing a <b class="userinput"><tt>kinit
<i class="replaceable"><tt>USERNAME</tt></i>@<i class="replaceable"><tt>REALM</tt></i></tt></b> and
making sure that your password is accepted by the Win2000 KDC.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The realm must be uppercase or you will get <span class="errorname">Cannot find KDC for
requested realm while getting initial credentials</span> error
</p></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Time between the two servers must be synchronized.  You will get a
<span class="errorname">kinit(v5): Clock skew too great while getting initial credentials</span>
if the time difference is more than five minutes. 
</p></div><p>
You also must ensure that you can do a reverse DNS lookup on the IP
address of your KDC. Also, the name that this reverse lookup maps to
must either be the netbios name of the KDC (ie. the hostname with no
domain attached) or it can alternatively be the netbios name
followed by the realm. 
</p><p>
The easiest way to ensure you get this right is to add a 
<tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> entry mapping the IP address of your KDC to 
its netbios name. If you don't get this right then you will get a 
<span class="errorname">local error</span> when you try to join the realm.
</p><p>
If all you want is kerberos support in <span class="application">smbclient</span> then you can skip
straight to <a href="#ads-test-smbclient" title="Testing with smbclient">Test with <span class="application">smbclient</span></a> now. 
<a href="#ads-create-machine-account" title="Create the computer account">Creating a computer account</a> 
and <a href="#ads-test-server" title="Test your server setup">testing your servers</a>
is only needed if you want kerberos support for <span class="application">smbd</span> and <span class="application">winbindd</span>.
</p></div><div xmlns:ns10="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="ads-create-machine-account"></a>Create the computer account</h3></div></div><div></div></div><ns10:p>
As a user that has write permission on the Samba private directory
(usually root) run:
</ns10:p><pre class="programlisting">
	<b class="userinput"><tt>net join -U Administrator%password</tt></b>
</pre><ns10:p>
</ns10:p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2882589"></a>Possible errors</h4></div></div><div></div></div><ns10:p>
</ns10:p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><span class="errorname">ADS support not compiled in</span></span></dt><dd><p>Samba must be reconfigured (remove config.cache) and recompiled
	(make clean all install) after the kerberos libs and headers are installed.
	</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><span class="errorname">net join prompts for user name</span></span></dt><dd><p>You need to login to the domain using <b class="userinput"><tt>kinit
	<i class="replaceable"><tt>USERNAME</tt></i>@<i class="replaceable"><tt>REALM</tt></i></tt></b>.
	<i class="replaceable"><tt>USERNAME</tt></i> must be a user who has rights to add a machine
	to the domain.  </p></dd></dl></div><ns10:p>
</ns10:p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="ads-test-server"></a>Test your server setup</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If the join was successful, you will see a new computer account with the
NetBIOS name of your Samba server in Active Directory (in the &quot;Computers&quot;
folder under Users and Computers.
</p><p>
On a Windows 2000 client try <b class="userinput"><tt>net use * \\server\share</tt></b>. You should
be logged in with kerberos without needing to know a password. If
this fails then run <b class="userinput"><tt>klist tickets</tt></b>. Did you get a ticket for the
server? Does it have an encoding type of DES-CBC-MD5 ? 
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="ads-test-smbclient"></a>Testing with <span class="application">smbclient</span></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
On your Samba server try to login to a Win2000 server or your Samba
server using <span class="application">smbclient</span> and kerberos. Use <span class="application">smbclient</span> as usual, but
specify the <i class="parameter"><tt>-k</tt></i> option to choose kerberos authentication.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2882740"></a>Notes</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You must change administrator password at least once after DC 
install, to create the right encoding types
</p><p>
W2k doesn't seem to create the _kerberos._udp and _ldap._tcp in
their defaults DNS setup. Maybe fixed in service packs?
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2882762"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In the process of adding / deleting / re-adding domain member machine accounts there are
many traps for the unwary player and there are many &quot;little&quot; things that can go wrong.
It is particularly interesting how often subscribers on the samba mailing list have concluded
after repeated failed attempts to add a machine account that it is necessary to &quot;re-install&quot;
MS Windows on t he machine. In truth, it is seldom necessary to reinstall because of this type
of problem. The real solution is often very simple, and with understanding of how MS Windows
networking functions. easily overcome.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2882784"></a>Can Not Add Machine Back to Domain</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Problem:</em></span> A Windows workstation was reinstalled. The original domain machine
account was deleted and added immediately. The workstation will not join the domain if I use 
the same machine name. Attempts to add the machine fail with a message that the machine already
exists on the network - I know it doen't. Why is this failing?
</p><p>
The original name is still in the NetBIOS name cache and must expire after machine account
deletion BEFORE adding that same name as a domain member again. The best advice is to delete
the old account and then to add the machine with a new name.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2882816"></a>Adding Machine to Domain Fails</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Adding a Windows 200x or XP Professional machine to the Samba PDC Domain fails with a
message that, <span class="errorname">The machine could not be added at this time, there is a network problem.
Please try again later.</span> Why?
</p><p>
You should check that there is an <i class="parameter"><tt>add machine script</tt></i> in your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
file. If there is not, please add one that is appropriate for your OS platform. If a script
has been defined you will need to debug it's operation. Increase the <i class="parameter"><tt>log level</tt></i>
in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file to level 10, then try to rejoin the domain. Check the logs to see which
operation is failing.
</p><p>
Possible causes include:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	The script does not actually exist, or could not be located in the path specified.
	</p><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Corrective Action:</em></span> Fix it. Make sure that when run manually
	that the script will add both the Unix system account _and_ the Samba SAM account.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The machine could not be added to the Unix system accounts file <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>
	</p><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Corrective Action:</em></span> Check that the machine name is a legal Unix
	system account name. ie: If the Unix utility <b class="command">useradd</b> is called
	then make sure that the machine name you are trying to add can be added using this
	tool. <b class="command">Useradd</b> on some systems will not allow any upper case characters
	nor will it allow spaces in the name.
	</p></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="StandAloneServer"></a>Chapter 8. Stand-Alone Servers</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2884259">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884297">Background</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2884365">Example Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2882967">Reference Documentation Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883015">Central Print Serving</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2883221">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></div><p>
Stand-Alone servers are independant of Domain Controllers on the network.
They are NOT domain members and function more like workgroup servers. In many
cases a stand-alone server is configured with a minimum of security control
with the intent that all data served will be readilly accessible to all users.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2884259"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Stand-Alone servers can be as secure or as insecure as needs dictate. They can
have simple or complex configurations. Above all, despite the hoopla about
Domain security they remain a very common installation.
</p><p>
If all that is needed is a server for read-only files, or for
printers alone, it may not make sense to affect a complex installation.
For example: A drafting office needs to store old drawings and reference
standards. No-one can write files to the server as it is legislatively
important that all documents remain unaltered. A share mode read-only stand-alone
server is an ideal solution.
</p><p>
Another situation that warrants simplicity is an office that has many printers
that are queued off a single central server. Everyone needs to be able to print
to the printers, there is no need to affect any access controls and no files will
be served from the print server. Again a share mode stand-alone server makes
a great solution.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2884297"></a>Background</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The term <span class="emphasis"><em>stand-alone server</em></span> means that the server
will provide local authentication and access control for all resources
that are available from it. In general this means that there will be a
local user database. In more technical terms, it means that resources
on the machine will be made available in either SHARE mode or in
USER mode.
</p><p>
No special action is needed other than to create user accounts. Stand-alone
servers do NOT provide network logon services. This means that machines that
use this server do NOT perform a domain log onto it. Whatever logon facility
the workstations are subject to is independant of this machine. It is however
necessary to accomodate any network user so that the logon name they use will
be translated (mapped) locally on the stand-alone server to a locally known
user name. There are several ways this cane be done.
</p><p>
Samba tends to blur the distinction a little in respect of what is
a stand-alone server. This is because the authentication database may be
local or on a remote server, even if from the samba protocol perspective
the samba server is NOT a member of a domain security context.
</p><p>
Through the use of PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) and nsswitch
(the name service switcher) the source of authentication may reside on 
another server. We would be inclined to call this the authentication server.
This means that the samba server may use the local Unix/Linux system password database
(<tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> or <tt class="filename">/etc/shadow</tt>), may use a
local smbpasswd file, or may use
an LDAP back end, or even via PAM and Winbind another CIFS/SMB server
for authentication.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2884365"></a>Example Configuration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The following examples are designed to inspire simplicity. It is too easy to
attempt a high level of creativity and to introduce too much complexity in
server and network design.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2882967"></a>Reference Documentation Server</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Configuration of a read-only data server that EVERYONE can access is very simple.
Here is the smb.conf file that will do this. Assume that all the reference documents
are stored in the directory /export, that the documents are owned by a user other than
nobody. No home directories are shared, that are no users in the <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>
Unix system database. This is a very simple system to administer.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	# Global parameters
	[global]
		workgroup = MYGROUP
		netbios name = REFDOCS
		security = SHARE
		passdb backend = guest
		wins server = 192.168.1.1

	[data]
		comment = Data
		path = /export
		guest only = Yes
</pre><p>
In the above example the machine name is set to REFDOCS, the workgroup is set to the name
of the local workgroup so that the machine will appear in with systems users are familiar
with. The only password backend required is the &quot;guest&quot; backend so as to allow default
unprivilidged account names to be used. Given that there is a WINS server on this network
we do use it.
</p></div><div xmlns:ns13="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2883015"></a>Central Print Serving</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Configuration of a simple print server is very simple if you have all the right tools
on your system.
</p><div class="orderedlist"><p class="title"><b> Assumptions:</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p>
	The print server must require no administration
	</p></li><li><p>
	The print spooling and processing system on our print server will be CUPS.
	(Please refer to the chapter on printing for more information).
	</p></li><li><p>
	All printers will that the print server will service will be network
	printers. They will be correctly configured, by the administrator, 
	in the CUPS environment.
	</p></li><li><p>
	All workstations will be installed using postscript drivers. The printer
	of choice is the Apple Color LaserWriter.
	</p></li></ol></div><p>
In this example our print server will spool all incoming print jobs to
<tt class="filename">/var/spool/samba</tt> until the job is ready to be submitted by
samba to the CUPS print processor. Since all incoming connections will be as
the anonymous (guest) user two things will be required:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><p class="title"><b>Enablement for Anonymous Printing</b></p><ul type="disc"><li xmlns:ns11=""><ns11:p>
	The Unix/Linux system must have a <b class="command">guest</b> account.
	The default for this is usually the account <b class="command">nobody</b>.
	To find the correct name to use for your version of Samba do the 
	following:
	</ns11:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>testparm -s -v | grep &quot;guest account&quot;</tt></b>
	</pre><ns11:p>
	Then make sure that this account exists in your system password
	database (<tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>).
	</ns11:p></li><li xmlns:ns12=""><ns12:p>
	The directory into which Samba will spool the file must have write
	access for the guest account. The following commands will ensure that
	this directory is available for use:
	</ns12:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>mkdir /var/spool/samba</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chown nobody.nobody /var/spool/samba</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chmod a+rwt /var/spool/samba</tt></b>
	</pre><ns12:p>
	</ns12:p></li></ul></div><ns13:p>
</ns13:p><pre class="programlisting">
	# Global parameters
	[global]
		workgroup = MYGROUP
		netbios name = PTRSVR1
		security = SHARE
		passdb backend = guest
		wins server = 192.168.1.1

	[printers]
		comment = All Printers
		path = /var/spool/samba
		printer admin = root
		guest ok = Yes
		printable = Yes
		printing = cups
		use client driver = Yes
		browseable = No
</pre><ns13:p>
</ns13:p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2883221"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The greatest mistake so often made is to make a network configuration too complex.
It pays to use the simplest solution that will meet the needs of the moment.
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="ClientConfig"></a>Chapter 9. MS Windows Network Configuration Guide</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2883589">Note</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2883589"></a>Note</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This chapter did not make it into this release.
It is planned for the published release of this document.
</p></div></div></div><div class="part" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="optional"></a>Advanced Configuration</h1></div></div><div></div></div><div class="partintro" lang="en"><div><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="id2883617"></a>Valuable Nuts and Bolts Information</h1></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba has several features that you might want or might not want to use. The chapters in this part each cover specific Samba features.
</p><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt>10. <a href="#NetworkBrowsing">Samba / MS Windows Network Browsing Guide</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2883706">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883784">What is Browsing?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883967">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2883983">NetBIOS over TCP/IP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883290">TCP/IP - without NetBIOS</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883418">DNS and Active Directory</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2883554">How Browsing Functions</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2884860">Setting up WORKGROUP Browsing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2885066">Setting up DOMAIN Browsing</a></dt><dt><a href="#browse-force-master">Forcing samba to be the master</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2885332">Making samba the domain master</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2888727">Note about broadcast addresses</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2888744">Multiple interfaces</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2888773">Use of the Remote Announce parameter</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2888877">Use of the Remote Browse Sync parameter</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2888938">WINS - The Windows Internetworking Name Server</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2889089">Setting up a WINS server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2889284">WINS Replication</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2889309">Static WINS Entries</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2889340">Helpful Hints</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2889353">Windows Networking Protocols</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2889420">Name Resolution Order</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2889541">Technical Overview of browsing</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2889588">Browsing support in samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2889695">Problem resolution</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2889774">Browsing across subnets</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2890391">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2890406">How can one flush the Samba NetBIOS name cache without restarting samba?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2890435">My client reports &quot;This server is not configured to list shared resources&quot;</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>11. <a href="#passdb">Account Information Databases</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2890530">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2890854">Technical Information</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2890917">Important Notes About Security</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2891160">Mapping User Identifiers between MS Windows and Unix</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2891216">Account Management Tools</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2891247">The smbpasswd Command</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2891513">The pdbedit Command</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2891647">Password Backends</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2895859">Plain Text</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2895899">smbpasswd - Encrypted Password Database</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2896006">tdbsam</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2896034">ldapsam</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2897524">MySQL</a></dt><dt><a href="#XMLpassdb">XML</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2898328">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2898335">Users can not logon - Users not in Samba SAM</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2898350">Users are being added to the wrong backend database</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2898409">auth methods does not work</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>12. <a href="#groupmapping">Mapping MS Windows and Unix Groups</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2898582">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2898682">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2898871">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2898936">Configuration Scripts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2898950">Sample smb.conf add group script</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2899017">Script to configure Group Mapping</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2899091">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2899107">Adding Groups Fails</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2899167">Adding MS Windows Groups to MS Windows Groups Fails</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>13. <a href="#AccessControls">File, Directory and Share Access Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2902353">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2902478">File System Access Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2902496">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with Unix File Systems</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2899413">Managing Directories</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2899508">File and Directory Access Control</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2899915">Share Definition Access Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2899943">User and Group Based Controls</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900215">File and Directory Permissions Based Controls</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900461">Miscellaneous Controls</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2905044">Access Controls on Shares</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2905115">Share Permissions Management</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2905414">MS Windows Access Control Lists and Unix Interoperability</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2905422">Managing UNIX permissions Using NT Security Dialogs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2905460">Viewing File Security on a Samba Share</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2905539">Viewing file ownership</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2905661">Viewing File or Directory Permissions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2905889">Modifying file or directory permissions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2906041">Interaction with the standard Samba create mask 
		parameters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2906370">Interaction with the standard Samba file attribute 
		mapping</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2906446">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2906460">Users can not write to a public share</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2906838">I have set force user and samba still makes root the owner of all the files
			I touch!</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>14. <a href="#locking">File and Record Locking</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2908960">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2909016">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2906890">Opportunistic Locking Overview</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2907521">Samba Opportunistic Locking Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2907630">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2907890">MS Windows Opportunistic Locking and Caching Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2910326">Workstation Service Entries</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910353">Server Service Entries</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2910432">Persistent Data Corruption</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910463">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2910536">locking.tdb error messages</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2910566">Additional Reading</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>15. <a href="#securing-samba">Securing Samba</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2911991">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912024">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910684">Technical Discussion of Protective Measures and Issues</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2910702">Using host based protection</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910771">User based protection</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910822">Using interface protection</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910872">Using a firewall</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910929">Using a IPC$ share deny</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910994">NTLMv2 Security</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2911033">Upgrading Samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911056">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2911075">Smbclient works on localhost, but the network is dead</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911100">Why can users access home directories of other users?</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>16. <a href="#InterdomainTrusts">Interdomain Trust Relationships</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2911618">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911646">Trust Relationship Background</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911730">Native MS Windows NT4 Trusts Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2911742">NT4 as the Trusting Domain (ie. creating the trusted account)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913717">NT4 as the Trusted Domain (ie. creating trusted account's password)</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2913754">Configuring Samba NT-style Domain Trusts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2913781">Samba-3 as the Trusting Domain</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913908">Samba-3 as the Trusted Domain</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2911286">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2911301">Tell me about Trust Relationships using Samba</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>17. <a href="#msdfs">Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2911399">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912809">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>18. <a href="#printing">Classical Printing Support</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2914332">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2914396">Technical Introduction</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2914432">What happens if you send a Job from a Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2914502">Printing Related Configuration Parameters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917610">Parameters Recommended for Use</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912970">Parameters for Backwards Compatibility</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913079">Parameters no longer in use</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2913172">A simple Configuration to Print with Samba-3</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2915178">Verification of &quot;Settings in Use&quot; with testparm</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2915261">A little Experiment to warn you</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2915568">Extended Sample Configuration to Print with Samba-3</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2915660">Detailed Explanation of the Example's Settings</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2915673">The [global] Section</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925133">The [printers] Section</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925462">Any [my_printer_name] Section</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925683">Print Commands</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925734">Default Print Commands for various Unix Print Subsystems</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2926260">Setting up your own Print Commands</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2926537">Innovations in Samba Printing since 2.2</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2926691">Client Drivers on Samba Server for Point'n'Print</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2926842">The [printer$] Section is removed from Samba-3</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2926955">Creating the [print$] Share</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2927026">Parameters in the [print$] Section</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2927247">Subdirectory Structure in [print$]</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2927408">Installing Drivers into [print$]</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2927502">Setting Drivers for existing Printers with a Client GUI</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2927686">Setting Drivers for existing Printers with
rpcclient</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2929284">&quot;The Proof of the Pudding lies in the Eating&quot; (Client Driver Insta
Procedure)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2929305">The first Client Driver Installation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929502">IMPORTANT! Setting Device Modes on new Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929792">Further Client Driver Install Procedures</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929887">Always make first Client Connection as root or &quot;printer admin&quot;</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2930029">Other Gotchas</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2930062">Setting Default Print Options for the Client Drivers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930496">Supporting large Numbers of Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930798">Adding new Printers with the Windows NT APW</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931042">Weird Error Message Cannot connect under a
different Name</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931140">Be careful when assembling Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931411">Samba and Printer Ports</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931481">Avoiding the most common Misconfigurations of the Client Driver</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2931504">The Imprints Toolset</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2931549">What is Imprints?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931590">Creating Printer Driver Packages</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931609">The Imprints Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931634">The Installation Client</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2931786">Add Network Printers at Logon without User Interaction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932115">The addprinter command</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932160">Migration of &quot;Classical&quot; printing to Samba-3</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932329">Publishing Printer Information in Active Directory or LDAP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932343">Common Errors and Problems</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2932356">I give my root password but I don't get access</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932390">My printjobs get spooled into the spooling directory, but then get lost</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>19. <a href="#CUPS-printing">CUPS Printing Support in Samba 3.0</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2939414">Introduction</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2939421">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2939469">Overview</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2939521">Basic Configuration of CUPS support</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2939600">Linking of smbd with libcups.so</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932509">Simple smb.conf Settings for CUPS</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932572">More complex smb.conf Settings for
CUPS</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2932671">Advanced Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2932692">Central spooling vs. &quot;Peer-to-Peer&quot; printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932719">CUPS/Samba as a &quot;spooling-only&quot; Print Server; &quot;raw&quot; printing
with Vendor Drivers on Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932755">Driver Installation Methods on Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932814">Explicitly enable &quot;raw&quot; printing for
application/octet-stream!</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932975">Three familiar Methods for driver upload plus a new one</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2933068">Using CUPS/Samba in an advanced Way -- intelligent printing
with PostScript Driver Download</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2933143">GDI on Windows -- PostScript on Unix</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2933188">Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2933286">Unix Printfile Conversion and GUI Basics</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2933358">PostScript and Ghostscript</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2933454">Ghostscript -- the Software RIP for non-PostScript Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2933550">PostScript Printer Description (PPD) Specification</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946373">CUPS can use all Windows-formatted Vendor PPDs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946462">CUPS also uses PPDs for non-PostScript Printers</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2946485">The CUPS Filtering Architecture</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2946623">MIME types and CUPS Filters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946811">MIME type Conversion Rules</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946927">Filter Requirements</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947096">Prefilters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947181">pstops</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947284">pstoraster</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947440">imagetops and imagetoraster</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947495">rasterto [printerspecific]</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947580">CUPS Backends</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947894">cupsomatic/Foomatic -- how do they fit into the Picture?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947997">The Complete Picture</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948012">mime.convs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948065">&quot;Raw&quot; printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948120">&quot;application/octet-stream&quot; printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948335">PostScript Printer Descriptions (PPDs) for non-PS Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948562">Difference between cupsomatic/foomatic-rip and
native CUPS printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948719">Examples for filtering Chains</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948948">Sources of CUPS drivers / PPDs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949073">Printing with Interface Scripts</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2949135">Network printing (purely Windows)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2949151">From Windows Clients to an NT Print Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949190">Driver Execution on the Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949249">Driver Execution on the Server</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2949312">Network Printing (Windows clients -- UNIX/Samba Print
Servers)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2949333">From Windows Clients to a CUPS/Samba Print Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949493">Samba receiving Jobfiles and passing them to CUPS</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2949571">Network PostScript RIP: CUPS Filters on Server -- clients use
PostScript Driver with CUPS-PPDs</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2949626">PPDs for non-PS Printers on UNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949667">PPDs for non-PS Printers on Windows</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2949732">Windows Terminal Servers (WTS) as CUPS Clients</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2949750">Printer Drivers running in &quot;Kernel Mode&quot; cause many
Problems</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949784">Workarounds impose Heavy Limitations</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949805">CUPS: a &quot;Magical Stone&quot;?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949832">PostScript Drivers with no major problems -- even in Kernel
Mode</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2949866"> Setting up CUPS for driver Download</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2949885">cupsaddsmb: the unknown Utility</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949976">Prepare your smb.conf for
cupsaddsmb</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950023">CUPS Package of &quot;PostScript Driver for WinNT/2k/XP&quot;</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950220">Recognize the different Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950278">Acquiring the Adobe Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950311">ESP Print Pro Package of &quot;PostScript Driver for
WinNT/2k/XP&quot;</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950361">Caveats to be considered</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950582">What are the Benefits of using the &quot;CUPS PostScript Driver for
Windows NT/2k/XP&quot; as compared to the Adobe Driver?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950763">Run &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; (quiet Mode)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950864">Run &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; with verbose Output</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951007">Understanding cupsaddsmb</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951101">How to recognize if cupsaddsm completed successfully</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951188">cupsaddsmb with a Samba PDC</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951223">cupsaddsmb Flowchart</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951274">Installing the PostScript Driver on a Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951389">Avoiding critical PostScript Driver Settings on the
Client</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2951523">Installing PostScript Driver Files manually (using
rpcclient)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2951638">A Check of the rpcclient man Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951750">Understanding the rpcclient man Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951829">Producing an Example by querying a Windows Box</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951919">What is required for adddriver and setdriver to succeed</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2952081">Manual Commandline Driver Installation in 15 little Steps</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2952701">Troubleshooting revisited</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2952803">The printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2952906">Trivial DataBase Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2952976">Binary Format</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2953038">Losing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2953097">Using tdbbackup</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2953159">CUPS Print Drivers from Linuxprinting.org</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2953265">foomatic-rip and Foomatic explained</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2953893">foomatic-rip and Foomatic-PPD Download and Installation</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2954351">Page Accounting with CUPS</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2954382">Setting up Quotas</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954413">Correct and incorrect Accounting</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954454">Adobe and CUPS PostScript Drivers for Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954526">The page_log File Syntax</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954628">Possible Shortcomings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954699">Future Developments</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954747">Other Accounting Tools</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2954762">Additional Material</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954956">Auto-Deletion or Preservation of CUPS Spool Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2955001">CUPS Configuration Settings explained</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955083">Pre-conditions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955144">Manual Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2955162">When not to use Samba to print to
CUPS</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955180">In Case of Trouble.....</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2955214">Where to find Documentation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955227">How to ask for Help</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955240">Where to find Help</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2955254">Appendix</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2955261">Printing from CUPS to Windows attached
Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955455">More CUPS filtering Chains</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955709">Trouble Shooting Guidelines to fix typical Samba printing
Problems</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2956815">An Overview of the CUPS Printing Processes</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>20. <a href="#VFS">Stackable VFS modules</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2958218">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958235">Discussion</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958286">Included modules</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2956883">audit</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2956922">extd_audit</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957044">fake_perms</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957063">recycle</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957202">netatalk</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2957247">VFS modules available elsewhere</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957269">DatabaseFS</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957323">vscan</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2957352">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>21. <a href="#winbind">Integrated Logon Support using Winbind</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957847">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957875">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959857">What Winbind Provides</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2959916">Target Uses</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2959947">How Winbind Works</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2959975">Microsoft Remote Procedure Calls</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2960008">Microsoft Active Directory Services</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2960031">Name Service Switch</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957393">Pluggable Authentication Modules</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957465">User and Group ID Allocation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957499">Result Caching</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2957528">Installation and Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957555">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957630">Requirements</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958907">Testing Things Out</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2963255">Conclusion</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2963274">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>22. <a href="#AdvancedNetworkManagement">Advanced Network Manangement</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2964647">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2964678">Remote Server Administration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2963360">Remote Desktop Management</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2963377">Remote Management from NoMachines.Com</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2963579">Network Logon Script Magic</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2963774">Adding printers without user intervention</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2963806">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>23. <a href="#PolicyMgmt">System and Account Policies</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2964204">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2964256">Creating and Managing System Policies</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2964367">Windows 9x/Me Policies</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2963915">Windows NT4 Style Policy Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2964048">MS Windows 200x / XP Professional Policies</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2965490">Managing Account/User Policies</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2965591">Samba Editreg Toolset</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2965611">Windows NT4/200x</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2965631">Samba PDC</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2965676">System Startup and Logon Processing Overview</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2965823">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2965837">Policy Does Not Work</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>24. <a href="#ProfileMgmt">Desktop Profile Management</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2965940">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2965973">Roaming Profiles</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2966014">Samba Configuration for Profile Handling</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2971377">Windows Client Profile Configuration Information</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2972314">Sharing Profiles between W9x/Me and NT4/200x/XP workstations</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2972378">Profile Migration from Windows NT4/200x Server to Samba</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2972638">Mandatory profiles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2972696">Creating/Managing Group Profiles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2972742">Default Profile for Windows Users</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2972762">MS Windows 9x/Me</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2972910">MS Windows NT4 Workstation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2973464">MS Windows 200x/XP</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2973968">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2973980">How does one set up roaming profiles for just one (or a few) user/s or group/s?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2974043">Can NOT use Roaming Profiles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2974262">Changing the default profile</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>25. <a href="#pam">PAM based Distributed Authentication</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2975719">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2974574">Technical Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2974590">PAM Configuration Syntax</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2975256">Example System Configurations</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2977688">smb.conf PAM Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2977745">Remote CIFS Authentication using winbindd.so</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2977829">Password Synchronization using pam_smbpass.so</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2978196">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2978209">pam_winbind problem</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>26. <a href="#integrate-ms-networks">Integrating MS Windows networks with Samba</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2979952">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2979977">Background Information</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2980022">Name Resolution in a pure Unix/Linux world</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2980073">/etc/hosts</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2980198">/etc/resolv.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978348">/etc/host.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978390">/etc/nsswitch.conf</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2978479">Name resolution as used within MS Windows networking</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2978604">The NetBIOS Name Cache</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978648">The LMHOSTS file</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978762">HOSTS file</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978795">DNS Lookup</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978820">WINS Lookup</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2978890">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2978906">My Boomerang Won't Come Back</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978938">Very Slow Network Connections</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978989">Samba server name change problem</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>27. <a href="#unicode">Unicode/Charsets</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2979144">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2979186">What are charsets and unicode?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2979255">Samba and charsets</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2979355">Conversion from old names</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2979401">Japanese charsets</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>28. <a href="#Backup">Samba Backup Techniques</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2981995">Note</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2982016">Features and Benefits</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>29. <a href="#SambaHA">High Availability Options</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2981826">Note</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="NetworkBrowsing"></a>Chapter 10. Samba / MS Windows Network Browsing Guide</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">July 5, 1998</p></div><div><p class="pubdate">Updated: April 21, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2883706">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883784">What is Browsing?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883967">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2883983">NetBIOS over TCP/IP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883290">TCP/IP - without NetBIOS</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2883418">DNS and Active Directory</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2883554">How Browsing Functions</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2884860">Setting up WORKGROUP Browsing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2885066">Setting up DOMAIN Browsing</a></dt><dt><a href="#browse-force-master">Forcing samba to be the master</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2885332">Making samba the domain master</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2888727">Note about broadcast addresses</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2888744">Multiple interfaces</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2888773">Use of the Remote Announce parameter</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2888877">Use of the Remote Browse Sync parameter</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2888938">WINS - The Windows Internetworking Name Server</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2889089">Setting up a WINS server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2889284">WINS Replication</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2889309">Static WINS Entries</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2889340">Helpful Hints</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2889353">Windows Networking Protocols</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2889420">Name Resolution Order</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2889541">Technical Overview of browsing</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2889588">Browsing support in samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2889695">Problem resolution</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2889774">Browsing across subnets</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2890391">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2890406">How can one flush the Samba NetBIOS name cache without restarting samba?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2890435">My client reports &quot;This server is not configured to list shared resources&quot;</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
This document contains detailed information as well as a fast track guide to
implementing browsing across subnets and / or across workgroups (or domains).
WINS is the best tool for resolution of NetBIOS names to IP addesses. WINS is
NOT involved in browse list handling except by way of name to address resolution.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
MS Windows 2000 and later can be configured to operate with NO NetBIOS 
over TCP/IP. Samba-3 and later also supports this mode of operation.
When the use of NetBIOS over TCP/IP has been disabled then the primary
means for resolution of MS Windows machine names is via DNS and Active Directory.
The following information assumes that your site is running NetBIOS over TCP/IP.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2883706"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Someone once referred to the past in terms of: <span class="emphasis"><em>They were the worst of times,
they were the best of times. The more we look back, them more we long for what was and
hope it never returns!</em></span>.
</p><p>
For many MS Windows network administrators that statement sums up their feelings about
NetBIOS networking precisely. For those who mastered NetBIOS networking it's fickle
nature was just par for the course. For those who never quite managed to tame it's
lusty features NetBIOS is like Paterson's Curse.
</p><p>
For those not familiar with botanical problems in Australia: Paterson's curse,
Echium plantagineum, was introduced to Australia from Europe during the mid-nineteenth
century. Since then it has spread rapidly. The high seed production, with densities of
thousands of seeds per square metre, a seed longevity of more than seven years, and an
ability to germinate at any time of year, given the right conditions, are some of the
features which make it such a persistent weed.
</p><p>
In this chapter we explore vital aspects of SMB (Server Message Block) networking with
a particular focus on SMB as implmented through running NetBIOS (Network Basic
Input / Output System) over TCP/IP. Since Samba does NOT implement SMB or NetBIOS over
any other protocols we need to know how to configure our network environment and simply
remember to use nothing but TCP/IP on all our MS Windows network clients.
</p><p>
Samba provides the ability to implement a WINS (Windows Internetworking Name Server)
and implements extensions to Microsoft's implementation of WINS. These extensions
help Samba to affect stable WINS operations beyond the normal scope of MS WINS.
</p><p>
Please note that WINS is exclusively a service that applies only to those systems
that run NetBIOS over TCP/IP. MS Windows 200x / XP have the capacity to turn off
support for NetBIOS, in which case WINS is of no relevance. Samba-3 supports this also.
</p><p>
For those networks on which NetBIOS has been disabled (ie: WINS is NOT required)
the use of DNS is necessary for host name resolution.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2883784"></a>What is Browsing?</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To most people browsing means that they can see the MS Windows and Samba servers
in the Network Neighborhood, and when the computer icon for a particular server is
clicked, it opens up and shows the shares and printers available on the target server.
</p><p>
What seems so simple is in fact a very complex interaction of different technologies.
The technologies (or methods) employed in making all of this work includes:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>MS Windows machines register their presence to the network</td></tr><tr><td>Machines announce themselves to other machines on the network</td></tr><tr><td>One or more machine on the network collates the local announcements</td></tr><tr><td>The client machine finds the machine that has the collated list of machines</td></tr><tr><td>The client machine is able to resolve the machine names to IP addresses</td></tr><tr><td>The client machine is able to connect to a target machine</td></tr></table><p>
The samba application that controls/manages browse list management and name resolution is
called <tt class="filename">nmbd</tt>. The configuration parameters involved in nmbd's operation are:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
		
	Browsing options:
	-----------------
		* os level
		  lm announce
		  lm interval
		* preferred master
		* local master
		* domain master
		  browse list
		  enhanced browsing

	Name Resolution Method:
	-----------------------
		* name resolve order

	WINS options:
	-------------
		  dns proxy
		  wins proxy
		* wins server
		* wins support
		  wins hook
</pre><p>
For Samba the WINS Server and WINS Support are mutually exclusive options. Those marked with
an '*' are the only options that commonly MAY need to be modified. Even if not one of these
parameters is set nmbd will still do it's job.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2883967"></a>Discussion</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Firstly, all MS Windows networking uses SMB (Server Message Block) based messaging.
SMB messaging may be implemented with or without NetBIOS. MS Windows 200x supports
NetBIOS over TCP/IP for backwards compatibility. Microsoft are intent on phasing out NetBIOS
support.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2883983"></a>NetBIOS over TCP/IP</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba implements NetBIOS, as does MS Windows NT / 200x / XP, by encapsulating it over TCP/IP.
MS Windows products can do likewise. NetBIOS based networking uses broadcast messaging to
affect browse list management. When running NetBIOS over TCP/IP this uses UDP based messaging.
UDP messages can be broadcast or unicast.
</p><p>
Normally, only unicast UDP messaging can be forwarded by routers. The
<b class="command">remote announce</b> parameter to smb.conf helps to project browse announcements
to remote network segments via unicast UDP. Similarly, the 
<b class="command">remote browse sync</b> parameter of <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
implements browse list collation using unicast UDP.
</p><p>
Secondly, in those networks where Samba is the only SMB server technology
wherever possible <tt class="filename">nmbd</tt> should be configured on one (1) machine as the WINS
server. This makes it easy to manage the browsing environment. If each network
segment is configured with it's own Samba WINS server, then the only way to
get cross segment browsing to work is by using the 
<b class="command">remote announce</b> and the <b class="command">remote browse sync</b>
parameters to your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
</p><p>
If only one WINS server is used for an entire multi-segment network then
the use of the <b class="command">remote announce</b> and the 
<b class="command">remote browse sync</b> parameters should NOT be necessary.
</p><p>
As of Samba 3 WINS replication is being worked on. The bulk of the code has
been committed, but it still needs maturation. This is NOT a supported feature
of the Samba-3.0.0 release. Hopefully, this will become a supported feature
of one of the samba-3 release series.
</p><p>
Right now samba WINS does not support MS-WINS replication. This means that
when setting up Samba as a WINS server there must only be one <tt class="filename">nmbd</tt>
configured as a WINS server on the network. Some sites have used multiple Samba WINS
servers for redundancy (one server per subnet) and then used 
<b class="command">remote browse sync</b> and <b class="command">remote announce</b>
to affect browse list collation across all segments. Note that this means clients
will only resolve local names, and must be configured to use DNS to resolve names
on other subnets in order to resolve the IP addresses of the servers they can see
on other subnets. This setup is not recommended, but is mentioned as a practical
consideration (ie: an 'if all else fails' scenario).
</p><p>
Lastly, take note that browse lists are a collection of unreliable broadcast
messages that are repeated at intervals of not more than 15 minutes. This means
that it will take time to establish a browse list and it can take up to 45
minutes to stabilise, particularly across network segments.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2883290"></a>TCP/IP - without NetBIOS</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
All TCP/IP using systems use various forms of host name resolution. The primary
methods for TCP/IP hostname resolutions involves either a static file (<tt class="filename">/etc/hosts
</tt>) or DNS (the Domain Name System). DNS is the technology that makes
the Internet usable. DNS based host name resolution is supported by nearly all TCP/IP
enabled systems. Only a few embedded TCP/IP systems do not support DNS.
</p><p>
When an MS Windows 200x / XP system attempts to resolve a host name to an IP address
it follows a defined path:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	Checks the <tt class="filename">hosts</tt> file. It is located in
	<tt class="filename">C:\WinNT\System32\Drivers\etc</tt>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Does a DNS lookup
	</p></li><li><p>
	Checks the NetBIOS name cache
        </p></li><li><p>
	Queries the WINS server
        </p></li><li><p>
	Does a broadcast name lookup over UDP
        </p></li><li><p>
	Looks up entries in LMHOSTS. It is located in
        <tt class="filename">C:\WinNT\System32\Drivers\etc</tt>.
        </p></li></ol></div><p>
Windows 200x / XP can register it's host name with a Dynamic DNS server. You can
force register with a Dynamic DNS server in Windows 200x / XP using:
<b class="command">ipconfig /registerdns</b>
</p><p>
With Active Directory (ADS), a correctly functioning DNS server is absolutely
essential. In the absence of a working DNS server that has been correctly configured
MS Windows clients and servers will be totally unable to locate each other,
consequently network services will be severely impaired.
</p><p>
The use of Dynamic DNS is highly recommended with Active Directory, in which case
the use of BIND9 is preferred for it's ability to adequately support the SRV (service)
records that are needed for Active Directory.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2883418"></a>DNS and Active Directory</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Occasionally we hear from Unix network administrators who want to use a Unix based Dynamic
DNS server in place of the Microsoft DNS server. While this might be desirable to some, the
MS Windows 200x DNS server is auto-configured to work with Active Directory. It is possible
to use BIND version 8 or 9, but it will almost certainly be necessary to create service records
so that MS Active Directory clients can resolve host names to locate essential network services.
The following are some of the default service records that Active Directory requires:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>_ldap._tcp.pdc.ms-dcs.<span class="emphasis"><em>Domain</em></span></p><p>
		This provides the address of the Windows NT PDC for the Domain.
		</p></li><li><p>_ldap._tcp.pdc.ms-dcs.<span class="emphasis"><em>DomainTree</em></span></p><p>
		Resolves the addresses of Global Catalog servers in the domain.
                </p></li><li><p>_ldap._tcp.<span class="emphasis"><em>site</em></span>.sites.writable.ms-dcs.<span class="emphasis"><em>Domain</em></span></p><p>
		Provides list of domain controllers based on sites.
                </p></li><li><p>_ldap._tcp.writable.ms-dcs.<span class="emphasis"><em>Domain</em></span></p><p>
		Enumerates list of domain controllers that have the writable	
		copies of the Active Directory data store.
                </p></li><li><p>_ldap._tcp.<span class="emphasis"><em>GUID</em></span>.domains.ms-dcs.<span class="emphasis"><em>DomainTree</em></span></p><p>
		Entry used by MS Windows clients to locate machines using the
		Global Unique Identifier.
                </p></li><li><p>_ldap._tcp.<span class="emphasis"><em>Site</em></span>.gc.ms-dcs.<span class="emphasis"><em>DomainTree</em></span></p><p>
		Used by MS Windows clients to locate site configuration dependant
		Global Catalog server.
		</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2883554"></a>How Browsing Functions</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
MS Windows machines register their NetBIOS names 
(ie: the machine name for each service type in operation) on start 
up. The exact method by which this name registration 
takes place is determined by whether or not the MS Windows client/server 
has been given a WINS server address, whether or not LMHOSTS lookup 
is enabled, or if DNS for NetBIOS name resolution is enabled, etc.
</p><p>
In the case where there is no WINS server all name registrations as 
well as name lookups are done by UDP broadcast. This isolates name 
resolution to the local subnet, unless LMHOSTS is used to list all 
names and IP addresses. In such situations Samba provides a means by 
which the samba server name may be forcibly injected into the browse 
list of a remote MS Windows network (using the 
<b class="command">remote announce</b> parameter).
</p><p>
Where a WINS server is used, the MS Windows client will use UDP 
unicast to register with the WINS server. Such packets can be routed 
and thus WINS allows name resolution to function across routed networks.
</p><p>
During the startup process an election will take place to create a 
local master browser if one does not already exist. On each NetBIOS network 
one machine will be elected to function as the domain master browser. This 
domain browsing has nothing to do with MS security domain control. 
Instead, the domain master browser serves the role of contacting each local 
master browser (found by asking WINS or from LMHOSTS) and exchanging browse 
list contents. This way every master browser will eventually obtain a complete 
list of all machines that are on the network. Every 11-15 minutes an election 
is held to determine which machine will be the master browser. By the nature of 
the election criteria used, the machine with the highest uptime, or the 
most senior protocol version, or other criteria, will win the election 
as domain master browser.
</p><p>
Clients wishing to browse the network make use of this list, but also depend 
on the availability of correct name resolution to the respective IP 
address/addresses. 
</p><p>
Any configuration that breaks name resolution and/or browsing intrinsics 
will annoy users because they will have to put up with protracted 
inability to use the network services.
</p><p>
Samba supports a feature that allows forced synchonisation 
of browse lists across routed networks using the <b class="command">remote 
browse sync</b> parameter in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file. 
This causes Samba to contact the local master browser on a remote network and 
to request browse list synchronisation. This effectively bridges 
two networks that are separated by routers. The two remote 
networks may use either broadcast based name resolution or WINS 
based name resolution, but it should be noted that the <b class="command">remote 
browse sync</b> parameter provides browse list synchronisation - and 
that is distinct from name to address resolution, in other 
words, for cross subnet browsing to function correctly it is 
essential that a name to address resolution mechanism be provided. 
This mechanism could be via DNS, <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt>, 
and so on.
</p><div xmlns:ns14="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2884860"></a>Setting up WORKGROUP Browsing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To set up cross subnet browsing on a network containing machines
in up to be in a WORKGROUP, not an NT Domain you need to set up one
Samba server to be the Domain Master Browser (note that this is *NOT*
the same as a Primary Domain Controller, although in an NT Domain the
same machine plays both roles).  The role of a Domain master browser is
to collate the browse lists from local master browsers on all the
subnets that have a machine participating in the workgroup.  Without
one machine configured as a domain master browser each subnet would
be an isolated workgroup, unable to see any machines on any other
subnet.  It is the presense of a domain master browser that makes
cross subnet browsing possible for a workgroup.
</p><p>
In an WORKGROUP environment the domain master browser must be a
Samba server, and there must only be one domain master browser per
workgroup name.  To set up a Samba server as a domain master browser,
set the following option in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section 
of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file :
</p><ns14:p>
</ns14:p><pre class="programlisting">
	domain master = yes
</pre><ns14:p>
</ns14:p><p>
The domain master browser should also preferrably be the local master
browser for its own subnet.  In order to achieve this set the following
options in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file :
</p><ns14:p>
</ns14:p><pre class="programlisting">
	domain master = yes
	local master = yes
	preferred master = yes
	os level = 65
</pre><ns14:p>
</ns14:p><p>
The domain master browser may be the same machine as the WINS
server, if you require.
</p><p>
Next, you should ensure that each of the subnets contains a
machine that can act as a local master browser for the
workgroup.  Any MS Windows NT/2K/XP/2003  machine should be
able to do this, as will Windows 9x machines (although these
tend to get rebooted more often, so it's not such a good idea
to use these).  To make a Samba server a local master browser
set the following options in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of the
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file :
</p><ns14:p>
</ns14:p><pre class="programlisting">
	domain master = no
	local master = yes
	preferred master = yes
	os level = 65
</pre><ns14:p>
</ns14:p><p>
Do not do this for more than one Samba server on each subnet,
or they will war with each other over which is to be the local
master browser.
</p><p>
The <i class="parameter"><tt>local master</tt></i> parameter allows Samba to act as a
local master browser.  The <i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master</tt></i> causes nmbd
to force a browser election on startup and the <i class="parameter"><tt>os level</tt></i>
parameter sets Samba high enough so that it should win any browser elections.
</p><p>
If you have an NT machine on the subnet that you wish to
be the local master browser then you can disable Samba from
becoming a local master browser by setting the following
options in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of the 
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file :
</p><ns14:p>
</ns14:p><pre class="programlisting">
	domain master = no
	local master = no
	preferred master = no
	os level = 0
</pre><ns14:p>
</ns14:p></div><div xmlns:ns15="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2885066"></a>Setting up DOMAIN Browsing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you are adding Samba servers to a Windows NT Domain then
you must not set up a Samba server as a domain master browser.
By default, a Windows NT Primary Domain Controller for a Domain
name is also the Domain master browser for that name, and many
things will break if a Samba server registers the Domain master
browser NetBIOS name (<i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMAIN</tt></i>&lt;1B&gt;)
with WINS instead of the PDC.
</p><p>
For subnets other than the one containing the Windows NT PDC
you may set up Samba servers as local master browsers as
described.  To make a Samba server a local master browser set 
the following options in the <b class="command">[global]</b> section 
of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file :
</p><ns15:p>
</ns15:p><pre class="programlisting">
	domain master = no
	local master = yes
	preferred master = yes
	os level = 65
</pre><ns15:p>
</ns15:p><p>
If you wish to have a Samba server fight the election with machines
on the same subnet you may set the <i class="parameter"><tt>os level</tt></i> parameter
to lower levels.  By doing this you can tune the order of machines that
will become local master browsers if they are running.  For
more details on this see the section <a href="#browse-force-master" title="Forcing samba to be the master">
Forcing samba to be the master browser</a>
below.
</p><p>
If you have Windows NT machines that are members of the domain
on all subnets, and you are sure they will always be running then
you can disable Samba from taking part in browser elections and
ever becoming a local master browser by setting following options 
in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
file :
</p><ns15:p>
</ns15:p><pre class="programlisting">
        domain master = no
        local master = no
        preferred master = no
        os level = 0
</pre><ns15:p>
</ns15:p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="browse-force-master"></a>Forcing samba to be the master</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Who becomes the <i class="parameter"><tt>master browser</tt></i> is determined by an election
process using broadcasts.  Each election packet contains a number of parameters
which determine what precedence (bias) a host should have in the
election.  By default Samba uses a very low precedence and thus loses
elections to just about anyone else.
</p><p>
If you want Samba to win elections then just set the <i class="parameter"><tt>os level</tt></i> global
option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> to a higher number.  It defaults to 0.  Using 34
would make it win all elections over every other system (except other
samba systems!)
</p><p>
A <i class="parameter"><tt>os level</tt></i> of 2 would make it beat WfWg and Win95, but not MS Windows
NT/2K Server.  A MS Windows NT/2K Server domain controller uses level 32.
</p><p>The maximum os level is 255</p><p>
If you want samba to force an election on startup, then set the
<i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master</tt></i> global option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> to <tt class="constant">yes</tt>.  Samba will
then have a slight advantage over other potential master browsers
that are not preferred master browsers.  Use this parameter with
care, as if you have two hosts (whether they are windows 95 or NT or
samba) on the same local subnet both set with <i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master</tt></i> to
<tt class="constant">yes</tt>, then periodically and continually they will force an election
in order to become the local master browser.
</p><p>
	If you want samba to be a <i class="parameter"><tt>domain master browser</tt></i>, then it is
recommended that you also set <i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master</tt></i> to <tt class="constant">yes</tt>, because
samba will not become a domain master browser for the whole of your
LAN or WAN if it is not also a local master browser on its own
broadcast isolated subnet.
</p><p>
It is possible to configure two samba servers to attempt to become
the domain master browser for a domain.  The first server that comes
up will be the domain master browser.  All other samba servers will
attempt to become the domain master browser every 5 minutes.  They
will find that another samba server is already the domain master
browser and will fail.  This provides automatic redundancy, should
the current domain master browser fail.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2885332"></a>Making samba the domain master</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The domain master is responsible for collating the browse lists of
multiple subnets so that browsing can occur between subnets.  You can
make samba act as the domain master by setting <i class="parameter"><tt>domain master = yes</tt></i>
in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>.  By default it will not be a domain master.
</p><p>
Note that you should <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> set Samba to be the domain master for a
workgroup that has the same name as an NT Domain.
</p><p>
When samba is the domain master and the master browser it will listen
for master announcements (made roughly every twelve minutes) from local
master browsers on other subnets and then contact them to synchronise
browse lists.
</p><p>
If you want samba to be the domain master then I suggest you also set
the <i class="parameter"><tt>os level</tt></i> high enough to make sure it wins elections, and set
<i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master</tt></i> to <tt class="constant">yes</tt>, to get samba to force an election on
startup.
</p><p>
Note that all your servers (including samba) and clients should be
using a WINS server to resolve NetBIOS names.  If your clients are only
using broadcasting to resolve NetBIOS names, then two things will occur:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	your local master browsers will be unable to find a domain master
	browser, as it will only be looking on the local subnet.
	</p></li><li><p>
	if a client happens to get hold of a domain-wide browse list, and
	a user attempts to access a host in that list, it will be unable to
	resolve the NetBIOS name of that host.
	</p></li></ol></div><p>
If, however, both samba and your clients are using a WINS server, then:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	your local master browsers will contact the WINS server and, as long as
	samba has registered that it is a domain master browser with the WINS
	server, your local master browser will receive samba's ip address
	as its domain master browser.
	</p></li><li><p>
	when a client receives a domain-wide browse list, and a user attempts
	to access a host in that list, it will contact the WINS server to
	resolve the NetBIOS name of that host.  as long as that host has
	registered its NetBIOS name with the same WINS server, the user will
	be able to see that host.  
	</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2888727"></a>Note about broadcast addresses</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If your network uses a &quot;0&quot; based broadcast address (for example if it
ends in a 0) then you will strike problems.  Windows for Workgroups
does not seem to support a 0's broadcast and you will probably find
that browsing and name lookups won't work.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2888744"></a>Multiple interfaces</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba now supports machines with multiple network interfaces.  If you
have multiple interfaces then you will need to use the <b class="command">interfaces</b>
option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> to configure them. 
</p></div><div xmlns:ns16="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2888773"></a>Use of the Remote Announce parameter</h3></div></div><div></div></div><ns16:p>
The <i class="parameter"><tt>remote announce</tt></i> parameter of 
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> can be used to forcibly ensure
that all the NetBIOS names on a network get announced to a remote network.
The syntax of the <i class="parameter"><tt>remote announce</tt></i> parameter is:
</ns16:p><pre class="programlisting">
	remote announce = a.b.c.d [e.f.g.h] ...
</pre><ns16:p>
_or_
</ns16:p><pre class="programlisting">
	remote announce = a.b.c.d/WORKGROUP [e.f.g.h/WORKGROUP] ...
</pre><ns16:p>

where:
</ns16:p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><i class="replaceable"><tt>a.b.c.d</tt></i> and 
<i class="replaceable"><tt>e.f.g.h</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>is either the LMB (Local Master Browser) IP address
or the broadcst address of the remote network.
ie: the LMB is at 192.168.1.10, or the address
could be given as 192.168.1.255 where the netmask
is assumed to be 24 bits (255.255.255.0).
When the remote announcement is made to the broadcast
address of the remote network every host will receive
our announcements. This is noisy and therefore
undesirable but may be necessary if we do NOT know
the IP address of the remote LMB.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="replaceable"><tt>WORKGROUP</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>is optional and can be either our own workgroup
or that of the remote network. If you use the
workgroup name of the remote network then our
NetBIOS machine names will end up looking like
they belong to that workgroup, this may cause
name resolution problems and should be avoided.
</p></dd></dl></div><ns16:p>
</ns16:p></div><div xmlns:ns17="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2888877"></a>Use of the Remote Browse Sync parameter</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <i class="parameter"><tt>remote browse sync</tt></i> parameter of 
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> is used to announce to
another LMB that it must synchronise it's NetBIOS name list with our
Samba LMB. It works ONLY if the Samba server that has this option is
simultaneously the LMB on it's network segment.
</p><ns17:p>
The syntax of the <i class="parameter"><tt>remote browse sync</tt></i> parameter is:

</ns17:p><pre class="programlisting">
remote browse sync = <i class="replaceable"><tt>a.b.c.d</tt></i>
</pre><ns17:p>

where <i class="replaceable"><tt>a.b.c.d</tt></i> is either the IP address of the
remote LMB or else is the network broadcast address of the remote segment.
</ns17:p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2888938"></a>WINS - The Windows Internetworking Name Server</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Use of WINS (either Samba WINS _or_ MS Windows NT Server WINS) is highly
recommended. Every NetBIOS machine registers its name together with a
name_type value for each of of several types of service it has available.
eg: It registers its name directly as a unique (the type 0x03) name.
It also registers its name if it is running the lanmanager compatible
server service (used to make shares and printers available to other users)
by registering the server (the type 0x20) name.
</p><p>
All NetBIOS names are up to 15 characters in length. The name_type variable
is added to the end of the name - thus creating a 16 character name. Any
name that is shorter than 15 characters is padded with spaces to the 15th
character. ie: All NetBIOS names are 16 characters long (including the
name_type information).
</p><p>
WINS can store these 16 character names as they get registered. A client
that wants to log onto the network can ask the WINS server for a list
of all names that have registered the NetLogon service name_type. This saves
broadcast traffic and greatly expedites logon processing. Since broadcast
name resolution can not be used across network segments this type of
information can only be provided via WINS _or_ via statically configured
<tt class="filename">lmhosts</tt> files that must reside on all clients in the
absence of WINS.
</p><p>
WINS also serves the purpose of forcing browse list synchronisation by all
LMB's. LMB's must synchronise their browse list with the DMB (domain master
browser) and WINS helps the LMB to identify it's DMB. By definition this
will work only within a single workgroup. Note that the domain master browser
has NOTHING to do with what is referred to as an MS Windows NT Domain. The
later is a reference to a security environment while the DMB refers to the
master controller for browse list information only.
</p><p>
Use of WINS will work correctly only if EVERY client TCP/IP protocol stack
has been configured to use the WINS server/s. Any client that has not been
configured to use the WINS server will continue to use only broadcast based
name registration so that WINS may NEVER get to know about it. In any case,
machines that have not registered with a WINS server will fail name to address
lookup attempts by other clients and will therefore cause workstation access
errors.
</p><p>
To configure Samba as a WINS server just add 
<i class="parameter"><tt>wins support = yes</tt></i> to the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
file [globals] section.
</p><p>
To configure Samba to register with a WINS server just add
<i class="parameter"><tt>wins server = a.b.c.d</tt></i> to your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file <i class="parameter"><tt>[globals]</tt></i> section.
</p><div class="important" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Important</h3><p>
Never use both <i class="parameter"><tt>wins support = yes</tt></i> together
with <i class="parameter"><tt>wins server = a.b.c.d</tt></i>
particularly not using it's own IP address.
Specifying both will cause <span class="application">nmbd</span> to refuse to start!
</p></div><div xmlns:ns18="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2889089"></a>Setting up a WINS server</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Either a Samba machine or a Windows NT Server machine may be set up
as a WINS server.  To set a Samba machine to be a WINS server you must
add the following option to the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file on the selected machine :
in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[globals]</tt></i> section add the line 
</p><ns18:p>
</ns18:p><pre class="programlisting">
	wins support = yes
</pre><ns18:p>
</ns18:p><p>
Versions of Samba prior to 1.9.17 had this parameter default to
yes.  If you have any older versions of Samba on your network it is
strongly suggested you upgrade to a recent version, or at the very
least set the parameter to 'no' on all these machines.
</p><p>
Machines with <i class="parameter"><tt>wins support = yes</tt></i> will keep a list of 
all NetBIOS names registered with them, acting as a DNS for NetBIOS names.
</p><p>
You should set up only ONE wins server.  Do NOT set the
<i class="parameter"><tt>wins support = yes</tt></i> option on more than one Samba 
server.
</p><p>
To set up a Windows NT Server as a WINS server you need to set up
the WINS service - see your NT documentation for details.  Note that
Windows NT WINS Servers can replicate to each other, allowing more
than one to be set up in a complex subnet environment.  As Microsoft
refuse to document these replication protocols Samba cannot currently
participate in these replications.  It is possible in the future that
a Samba-&gt;Samba WINS replication protocol may be defined, in which
case more than one Samba machine could be set up as a WINS server
but currently only one Samba server should have the 
<i class="parameter"><tt>wins support = yes</tt></i> parameter set.
</p><p>
After the WINS server has been configured you must ensure that all
machines participating on the network are configured with the address
of this WINS server.  If your WINS server is a Samba machine, fill in
the Samba machine IP address in the <span class="guilabel">Primary WINS Server</span> field of
the <span class="guilabel">Control Panel-&gt;Network-&gt;Protocols-&gt;TCP-&gt;WINS Server</span> dialogs
in Windows 95 or Windows NT.  To tell a Samba server the IP address
of the WINS server add the following line to the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of
all <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> files :
</p><ns18:p>
</ns18:p><pre class="programlisting">
	wins server = &lt;name or IP address&gt;
</pre><ns18:p>
</ns18:p><p>
where &lt;name or IP address&gt; is either the DNS name of the WINS server
machine or its IP address.
</p><p>
Note that this line MUST NOT BE SET in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file of the Samba
server acting as the WINS server itself.  If you set both the
<i class="parameter"><tt>wins support = yes</tt></i> option and the 
<i class="parameter"><tt>wins server = &lt;name&gt;</tt></i> option then
nmbd will fail to start.
</p><p>
There are two possible scenarios for setting up cross subnet browsing.
The first details setting up cross subnet browsing on a network containing
Windows 95, Samba and Windows NT machines that are not configured as
part of a Windows NT Domain.  The second details setting up cross subnet
browsing on networks that contain NT Domains.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2889284"></a>WINS Replication</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba-3 permits WINS replication through the use of the <tt class="filename">wrepld</tt> utility.
This tool is not currently capable of being used as it is still in active development.
As soon as this tool becomes moderately functional we will prepare man pages and enhance this
section of the documentation to provide usage and technical details.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2889309"></a>Static WINS Entries</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
New to Samba-3 is a tool called <b class="command">winsedit</b> that may be used to add
static WINS entries to the WINS database. This tool can be used also to modify entries
existing in the WINS database.
</p><p>
The development of the winsedit tool was made necessary due to the migration
of the older style wins.dat file into a new tdb binary backend data store.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2889340"></a>Helpful Hints</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The following hints should be carefully considered as they are stumbling points
for many new network administrators.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2889353"></a>Windows Networking Protocols</h3></div></div><div></div></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
Do NOT use more than one (1) protocol on MS Windows machines
</p></div><p>
A very common cause of browsing problems results from installing more than
one protocol on an MS Windows machine.
</p><p>
Every NetBIOS machine takes part in a process of electing the LMB (and DMB)
every 15 minutes. A set of election criteria is used to determine the order
of precidence for winning this election process. A machine running Samba or
Windows NT will be biased so that the most suitable machine will predictably
win and thus retain it's role.
</p><p>
The election process is &quot;fought out&quot; so to speak over every NetBIOS network
interface. In the case of a Windows 9x machine that has both TCP/IP and IPX
installed and has NetBIOS enabled over both protocols the election will be
decided over both protocols. As often happens, if the Windows 9x machine is
the only one with both protocols then the LMB may be won on the NetBIOS
interface over the IPX protocol. Samba will then lose the LMB role as Windows
9x will insist it knows who the LMB is. Samba will then cease to function
as an LMB and thus browse list operation on all TCP/IP only machines will
fail.
</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>
Windows 95, 98, 98se, Me are referred to generically as Windows 9x.
The Windows NT4, 2000, XP and 2003 use common protocols. These are roughly
referred to as the WinNT family, but it should be recognised that 2000 and
XP/2003 introduce new protocol extensions that cause them to behave 
differently from MS Windows NT4. Generally, where a server does NOT support
the newer or extended protocol, these will fall back to the NT4 protocols.
</em></span></p><p>
The safest rule of all to follow it this - USE ONLY ONE PROTOCOL!
</p></div><div xmlns:ns19="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2889420"></a>Name Resolution Order</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Resolution of NetBIOS names to IP addresses can take place using a number
of methods. The only ones that can provide NetBIOS name_type information
are:</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>WINS: the best tool!</td></tr><tr><td>LMHOSTS: is static and hard to maintain.</td></tr><tr><td>Broadcast: uses UDP and can not resolve names across remote segments.</td></tr></table><p>
Alternative means of name resolution includes:</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt>: is static, hard to maintain, and lacks name_type info</td></tr><tr><td>DNS: is a good choice but lacks essential name_type info.</td></tr></table><ns19:p>
Many sites want to restrict DNS lookups and want to avoid broadcast name
resolution traffic. The &quot;name resolve order&quot; parameter is of great help here.
The syntax of the &quot;name resolve order&quot; parameter is:
</ns19:p><pre class="programlisting">
name resolve order = wins lmhosts bcast host
</pre><ns19:p>
_or_
</ns19:p><pre class="programlisting">
name resolve order = wins lmhosts  	(eliminates bcast and host)
</pre><ns19:p>
The default is:
</ns19:p><pre class="programlisting">
name  resolve order = host lmhost wins bcast
</pre><ns19:p>
where &quot;host&quot; refers the the native methods used by the Unix system
to implement the gethostbyname() function call. This is normally
controlled by <tt class="filename">/etc/host.conf</tt>, <tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> and <tt class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</tt>.
</ns19:p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2889541"></a>Technical Overview of browsing</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
SMB networking provides a mechanism by which clients can access a list
of machines in a network, a so-called <i class="parameter"><tt>browse list</tt></i>.  This list
contains machines that are ready to offer file and/or print services
to other machines within the network. Thus it does not include
machines which aren't currently able to do server tasks.  The browse
list is heavily used by all SMB clients.  Configuration of SMB
browsing has been problematic for some Samba users, hence this
document.
</p><p>
MS Windows 2000 and later, as with Samba 3 and later, can be
configured to not use NetBIOS over TCP/IP. When configured this way
it is imperative that name resolution (using DNS/LDAP/ADS) be correctly
configured and operative. Browsing will NOT work if name resolution
from SMB machine names to IP addresses does not function correctly.
</p><p>
Where NetBIOS over TCP/IP is enabled use of a WINS server is highly
recommended to aid the resolution of NetBIOS (SMB) names to IP addresses.
WINS allows remote segment clients to obtain NetBIOS name_type information
that can NOT be provided by any other means of name resolution.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2889588"></a>Browsing support in samba</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba facilitates browsing.  The browsing is supported by <span class="application">nmbd</span>
and is also controlled by options in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
Samba can act as a local browse master for a workgroup and the ability
to support domain logons and scripts is now available.
</p><p>
Samba can also act as a domain master browser for a workgroup.  This
means that it will collate lists from local browse masters into a
wide area network server list.  In order for browse clients to
resolve the names they may find in this list, it is recommended that
both samba and your clients use a WINS server.
</p><p>
Note that you should NOT set Samba to be the domain master for a
workgroup that has the same name as an NT Domain: on each wide area
network, you must only ever have one domain master browser per workgroup,
regardless of whether it is NT, Samba or any other type of domain master
that is providing this service.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Nmbd can be configured as a WINS server, but it is not
necessary to specifically use samba as your WINS server.  MS Windows
NT4, Server or Advanced Server 2000 or 2003 can be configured as
your WINS server.  In a mixed NT/2000/2003 server and samba environment on
a Wide Area Network, it is recommended that you use the Microsoft
WINS server capabilities.  In a samba-only environment, it is
recommended that you use one and only one Samba server as your WINS server.
</p></div><p>
To get browsing to work you need to run nmbd as usual, but will need
to use the <i class="parameter"><tt>workgroup</tt></i> option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
to control what workgroup Samba becomes a part of.
</p><p>
Samba also has a useful option for a Samba server to offer itself for
browsing on another subnet.  It is recommended that this option is only
used for 'unusual' purposes: announcements over the internet, for
example.  See <i class="parameter"><tt>remote announce</tt></i> in the 
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page.  
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2889695"></a>Problem resolution</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If something doesn't work then hopefully the log.nmb file will help
you track down the problem.  Try a debug level of 2 or 3 for finding
problems. Also note that the current browse list usually gets stored
in text form in a file called <tt class="filename">browse.dat</tt>.
</p><p>
Note that if it doesn't work for you, then you should still be able to
type the server name as <tt class="filename">\\SERVER</tt> in filemanager then
hit enter and filemanager should display the list of available shares.
</p><p>
Some people find browsing fails because they don't have the global
<i class="parameter"><tt>guest account</tt></i> set to a valid account.  Remember that the
IPC$ connection that lists the shares is done as guest, and thus you must
have a valid guest account.
</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>
MS Windows 2000 and upwards (as with Samba) can be configured to disallow
anonymous (ie: Guest account) access to the IPC$ share. In that case, the
MS Windows 2000/XP/2003 machine acting as an SMB/CIFS client will use the
name of the currently logged in user to query the IPC$ share. MS Windows
9X clients are not able to do this and thus will NOT be able to browse
server resources.
</em></span></p><p>
The other big problem people have is that their broadcast address,
netmask or IP address is wrong (specified with the &quot;interfaces&quot; option
in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>)
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2889774"></a>Browsing across subnets</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Since the release of Samba 1.9.17(alpha1) Samba has been
updated to enable it to support the replication of browse lists
across subnet boundaries.  New code and options have been added to
achieve this.  This section describes how to set this feature up
in different settings.
</p><p>
To see browse lists that span TCP/IP subnets (ie.  networks separated
by routers that don't pass broadcast traffic) you must set up at least
one WINS server.  The WINS server acts as a DNS for NetBIOS names, allowing
NetBIOS name to IP address translation to be done by doing a direct
query of the WINS server.  This is done via a directed UDP packet on
port 137 to the WINS server machine.  The reason for a WINS server is
that by default, all NetBIOS name to IP address translation is done
by broadcasts from the querying machine.  This means that machines
on one subnet will not be able to resolve the names of machines on
another subnet without using a WINS server.
</p><p>
Remember, for browsing across subnets to work correctly, all machines,
be they Windows 95, Windows NT, or Samba servers must have the IP address
of a WINS server given to them by a DHCP server, or by manual configuration 
(for Win95 and WinNT, this is in the TCP/IP Properties, under Network 
settings) for Samba this is in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
</p><div xmlns:ns20="" class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2889825"></a>How does cross subnet browsing work ?</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Cross subnet browsing is a complicated dance, containing multiple
moving parts.  It has taken Microsoft several years to get the code
that achieves this correct, and Samba lags behind in some areas.
Samba is capable of cross subnet browsing when configured correctly.
</p><p>
Consider a network set up as follows :
</p><ns20:p>
	
</ns20:p><pre class="programlisting">
                                   (DMB)
             N1_A      N1_B        N1_C       N1_D        N1_E
              |          |           |          |           |
          -------------------------------------------------------
            |          subnet 1                       |
          +---+                                      +---+
          |R1 | Router 1                  Router 2   |R2 |
          +---+                                      +---+
            |                                          |
            |  subnet 2              subnet 3          |
  --------------------------       ------------------------------------
  |     |     |      |               |        |         |           |
 N2_A  N2_B  N2_C   N2_D           N3_A     N3_B      N3_C        N3_D 
                    (WINS)
</pre><ns20:p>
</ns20:p><p>
Consisting of 3 subnets (1, 2, 3) connected by two routers
(R1, R2) - these do not pass broadcasts.  Subnet 1 has 5 machines
on it, subnet 2 has 4 machines, subnet 3 has 4 machines.  Assume
for the moment that all these machines are configured to be in the
same workgroup (for simplicity's sake).  Machine N1_C on subnet 1
is configured as Domain Master Browser (ie.  it will collate the
browse lists for the workgroup).  Machine N2_D is configured as
WINS server and all the other machines are configured to register
their NetBIOS names with it.
</p><p>
As all these machines are booted up, elections for master browsers
will take place on each of the three subnets.  Assume that machine
N1_C wins on subnet 1, N2_B wins on subnet 2, and N3_D wins on
subnet 3 - these machines are known as local master browsers for
their particular subnet.  N1_C has an advantage in winning as the
local master browser on subnet 1 as it is set up as Domain Master
Browser.
</p><p>
On each of the three networks, machines that are configured to 
offer sharing services will broadcast that they are offering
these services.  The local master browser on each subnet will
receive these broadcasts and keep a record of the fact that
the machine is offering a service.  This list of records is
the basis of the browse list.  For this case, assume that
all the machines are configured to offer services so all machines
will be on the browse list.
</p><p>
For each network, the local master browser on that network is
considered 'authoritative' for all the names it receives via
local broadcast.  This is because a machine seen by the local
master browser via a local broadcast must be on the same 
network as the local master browser and thus is a 'trusted'
and 'verifiable' resource.  Machines on other networks that
the local master browsers learn about when collating their
browse lists have not been directly seen - these records are
called 'non-authoritative'.
</p><p>
At this point the browse lists look as follows (these are 
the machines you would see in your network neighborhood if
you looked in it on a particular network right now).
</p><ns20:p>
</ns20:p><div class="table"><a name="id2889940"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 10.1. Browse subnet example 1</b></p><table summary="Browse subnet example 1" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Subnet</th><th align="left">Browse Master</th><th align="left">List</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Subnet1</td><td align="left">N1_C</td><td align="left">N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet2</td><td align="left">N2_B</td><td align="left">N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet3</td><td align="left">N3_D</td><td align="left">N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ns20:p>
</ns20:p><p>
Note that at this point all the subnets are separate, no
machine is seen across any of the subnets.
</p><p>
Now examine subnet 2.  As soon as N2_B has become the local
master browser it looks for a Domain master browser to synchronize
its browse list with.  It does this by querying the WINS server
(N2_D) for the IP address associated with the NetBIOS name 
WORKGROUP&lt;1B&gt;.  This name was registered by the Domain master
browser (N1_C) with the WINS server as soon as it was booted.
</p><p>
Once N2_B knows the address of the Domain master browser it
tells it that is the local master browser for subnet 2 by
sending a MasterAnnouncement packet as a UDP port 138 packet.
It then synchronizes with it by doing a NetServerEnum2 call.  This
tells the Domain Master Browser to send it all the server
names it knows about.  Once the domain master browser receives
the MasterAnnouncement packet it schedules a synchronization
request to the sender of that packet.  After both synchronizations
are done the browse lists look like :
</p><ns20:p>
</ns20:p><div class="table"><a name="id2890050"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 10.2. Browse subnet example 2</b></p><table summary="Browse subnet example 2" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Subnet</th><th align="left">Browse Master</th><th align="left">List</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Subnet1</td><td align="left">N1_C</td><td align="left">N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E, N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet2</td><td align="left">N2_B</td><td align="left">N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D, N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet3</td><td align="left">N3_D</td><td align="left">N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ns20:p>

Servers with a (*) after them are non-authoritative names.
</ns20:p><p>
At this point users looking in their network neighborhood on
subnets 1 or 2 will see all the servers on both, users on
subnet 3 will still only see the servers on their own subnet.
</p><p>
The same sequence of events that occured for N2_B now occurs
for the local master browser on subnet 3 (N3_D).  When it
synchronizes browse lists with the domain master browser (N1_A)
it gets both the server entries on subnet 1, and those on
subnet 2.  After N3_D has synchronized with N1_C and vica-versa
the browse lists look like.
</p><ns20:p>
</ns20:p><div class="table"><a name="id2890149"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 10.3. Browse subnet example 3</b></p><table summary="Browse subnet example 3" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Subnet</th><th align="left">Browse Master</th><th align="left">List</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Subnet1</td><td align="left">N1_C</td><td align="left">N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E, N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*), N3_A(*), N3_B(*), N3_C(*), N3_D(*)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet2</td><td align="left">N2_B</td><td align="left">N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D, N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet3</td><td align="left">N3_D</td><td align="left">N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D, N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*), N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ns20:p>

Servers with a (*) after them are non-authoritative names.
</ns20:p><p>
At this point users looking in their network neighborhood on
subnets 1 or 3 will see all the servers on all sunbets, users on
subnet 2 will still only see the servers on subnets 1 and 2, but not 3.
</p><p>
Finally, the local master browser for subnet 2 (N2_B) will sync again
with the domain master browser (N1_C) and will recieve the missing
server entries.  Finally - and as a steady state (if no machines
are removed or shut off) the browse lists will look like :
</p><ns20:p>
</ns20:p><div class="table"><a name="id2890249"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 10.4. Browse subnet example 4</b></p><table summary="Browse subnet example 4" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Subnet</th><th align="left">Browse Master</th><th align="left">List</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Subnet1</td><td align="left">N1_C</td><td align="left">N1_A, N1_B, N1_C, N1_D, N1_E, N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*), N3_A(*), N3_B(*), N3_C(*), N3_D(*)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet2</td><td align="left">N2_B</td><td align="left">N2_A, N2_B, N2_C, N2_D, N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*), N3_A(*), N3_B(*), N3_C(*), N3_D(*)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Subnet3</td><td align="left">N3_D</td><td align="left">N3_A, N3_B, N3_C, N3_D, N1_A(*), N1_B(*), N1_C(*), N1_D(*), N1_E(*), N2_A(*), N2_B(*), N2_C(*), N2_D(*)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ns20:p>
	
Servers with a (*) after them are non-authoritative names.
</ns20:p><p>
Synchronizations between the domain master browser and local
master browsers will continue to occur, but this should be a
steady state situation.
</p><p>
If either router R1 or R2 fails the following will occur:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	Names of computers on each side of the inaccessible network fragments
	will be maintained for as long as 36 minutes, in the network neighbourhood
	lists.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Attempts to connect to these inaccessible computers will fail, but the
	names will not be removed from the network neighbourhood lists.
	</p></li><li><p>
	If one of the fragments is cut off from the WINS server, it will only
	be able to access servers on its local subnet, by using subnet-isolated
	broadcast NetBIOS name resolution.  The effects are similar to that of
	losing access to a DNS server.
	</p></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2890391"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Many questions are sked on the mailing lists regarding browsing. The majority of browsing
problems originate out of incorrect configuration of NetBIOS name resolution. Some are of
particular note.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2890406"></a>How can one flush the Samba NetBIOS name cache without restarting samba?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba's nmbd process controls all browse list handling. Under normal circumstances it is
safe to restart nmbd. This will effectively flush the samba NetBIOS name cache and cause it
to be rebuilt. Note that this does NOT make certain that a rogue machine name will not re-appear
in the browse list. When nmbd is taken out of service another machine on the network will
become the browse master. This new list may still have the rogue entry in it. If you really
want to clear a rogue machine from the list then every machine on the network will need to be
shut down and restarted at after all machines are down. Failing a complete restart, the only
other thing you can do is wait until the entry times out and is then flushed from the list.
This may take a long time on some networks (months).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2890435"></a>My client reports &quot;This server is not configured to list shared resources&quot;</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Your guest account is probably invalid for some reason. Samba uses the
guest account for browsing in smbd.  Check that your guest account is
valid.
</p><p>See also <i class="parameter"><tt>guest account</tt></i> in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page.</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="passdb"></a>Chapter 11. Account Information Databases</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Gerald</span> <span class="othername">(Jerry)</span> <span class="surname">Carter</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jeremy</span> <span class="surname">Allison</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jra@samba.org">jra@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Olivier (lem)</span> <span class="surname">Lemaire</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">IDEALX<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:olem@IDEALX.org">olem@IDEALX.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">May 24, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2890530">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2890854">Technical Information</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2890917">Important Notes About Security</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2891160">Mapping User Identifiers between MS Windows and Unix</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2891216">Account Management Tools</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2891247">The smbpasswd Command</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2891513">The pdbedit Command</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2891647">Password Backends</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2895859">Plain Text</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2895899">smbpasswd - Encrypted Password Database</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2896006">tdbsam</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2896034">ldapsam</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2897524">MySQL</a></dt><dt><a href="#XMLpassdb">XML</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2898328">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2898335">Users can not logon - Users not in Samba SAM</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2898350">Users are being added to the wrong backend database</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2898409">auth methods does not work</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
Samba-3 implements a new capability to work concurrently with mulitple account backends.
The possible new combinations of password backends allows Samba-3 a degree of flexibility
and scalability that previously could be achieved only with MS Windows Active Directory.
This chapter describes the new functionality and how to get the most out of it.
</p><p>
In the course of development of Samba-3 a number of requests were received to provide the
ability to migrate MS Windows NT4 SAM accounts to Samba-3 without the need to provide
matching Unix/Linux accounts. We called this the <span class="emphasis"><em>Non Unix Accounts (NUA)</em></span>
capability. The intent was that an administrator could decide to use the <span class="emphasis"><em>tdbsam</em></span>
backend and by simply specifying <span class="emphasis"><em>&quot;passdb backend = tdbsam_nua, guest&quot;</em></span>
this would allow Samba-3 to implement a solution that did not use Unix accounts per se. Late
in the development cycle the team doing this work hit upon some obstacles that prevents this
solution from being used. Given the delays with Samba-3 release a decision was made to NOT
deliver this functionality until a better method of recognising NT Group SIDs from NT User
SIDs could be found. This feature may thus return during the life cycle for the Samba-3 series.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Samba-3.0.0 does NOT support Non-Unix Account (NUA) operation.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2890530"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba-3 provides for complete backwards compatibility with Samba-2.2.x functionality
as follows:
</p><div class="variablelist"><p class="title"><b>Backwards Compatibility Backends</b></p><dl><dt><span class="term">Plain Text:</span></dt><dd><p>
			This option uses nothing but the Unix/Linux <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>
			style back end. On systems that have PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)
			support all PAM modules are supported. The behaviour is just as it was with
			Samba-2.2.x, and the protocol limitations imposed by MS Windows clients
			apply likewise.
			</p></dd><dt><span class="term">smbpasswd:</span></dt><dd><p>
			This option allows continues use of the <tt class="filename">smbpasswd</tt>
			file that maintains a plain ASCII (text) layout that includes the MS Windows
			LanMan and NT encrypted passwords as well as a field that stores some
			account information. This form of password backend does NOT store any of
			the MS Windows NT/200x SAM (Security Account Manager) information needed to
			provide the extended controls that are needed for more comprehensive 
			interoperation with MS Windows NT4 / 200x servers.
			</p><p>
			This backend should be used only for backwards compatibility with older
			versions of Samba. It may be deprecated in future releases.
			</p></dd><dt><span class="term">ldapsam_compat (Samba-2.2 LDAP Compatibilty):</span></dt><dd><p>
			There is a password backend option that allows continued operation with
			a existing OpenLDAP backend that uses the Samba-2.2.x LDAP schema extension.
			This option is provided primarily as a migration tool, although there is
			no reason to force migration at this time. Note that this tool will eventually
			be deprecated.
			</p></dd></dl></div><p>
Samba-3 introduces the following new password backend capabilities:
</p><div class="variablelist"><p class="title"><b>New Backends</b></p><dl><dt><span class="term">guest:</span></dt><dd><p>
			This is <span class="emphasis"><em>always</em></span> required as the last backend specified.
			It provides the ability to handle guest account requirements for access to
			resources like <i class="parameter"><tt>IPC$</tt></i> which is used for browsing.
			</p></dd><dt><span class="term">tdbsam:</span></dt><dd><p>
			This backend provides a rich database backend for local servers. This
			backend is NOT suitable for multiple domain controller (ie: PDC + one
			or more BDC) installations.
			</p><p>
			The <span class="emphasis"><em>tdbsam</em></span> password backend stores the old <span class="emphasis"><em>
			smbpasswd</em></span> information PLUS the extended MS Windows NT / 200x
			SAM information into a binary format TDB (trivial database) file.
			The inclusion of the extended information makes it possible for Samba-3
			to implement the same account and system access controls that are possible
			with MS Windows NT4 and MS Windows 200x based systems.
			</p><p>
			The inclusion of the <span class="emphasis"><em>tdbsam</em></span> capability is a direct
			response to user requests to allow simple site operation without the overhead
			of the complexities of running OpenLDAP. It is recommended to use this only
			for sites that have fewer than 250 users. For larger sites or implementations
			the use of OpenLDAP or of Active Directory integration is strongly recommended.
			</p></dd><dt><span class="term">ldapsam:</span></dt><dd><p>
			This provides a rich directory backend for distributed account installation	
			</p><p>
			Samba-3 has a new and extended LDAP implementation that requires configuration
			of OpenLDAP with a new format samba schema. The new format schema file is
			included in the <tt class="filename">~samba/examples/LDAP</tt> directory.
			</p><p>
			The new LDAP implementation significantly expands the control abilities that
			were possible with prior versions of Samba. It is now possible to specify
			&quot;per user&quot; profile settings, home directories, account access controls, and
			much more. Corporate sites will see that the Samba-Team has listened to their
			requests both for capability and to allow greater scalability.
			</p></dd><dt><span class="term">mysqlsam (MySQL based backend):</span></dt><dd><p>
			It is expected that the MySQL based SAM will be very popular in some corners.
			This database backend will be on considerable interest to sites that want to
			leverage existing MySQL technology.
			</p></dd><dt><span class="term">xmlsam (XML based datafile):</span></dt><dd><p>
			Allows the account and password data to be stored in an XML format
			data file. This backend can not be used for normal operation, it can only 
			be used in conjunction with <b class="command">pdbedit</b>'s pdb2pdb 
			functionality. The DTD that is used might be subject to changes in the future.
			</p><p>
			The xmlsam option can be useful for account migration between database
			backends or backups. Use of this tool will allow the data to be edited before migration
			into another backend format.
			</p></dd><dt><span class="term">nisplussam:</span></dt><dd><p>
			The  NIS+ based passdb backend. Takes name NIS domain as an
	                optional argument. Only works with Sun NIS+ servers.
			</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2890854"></a>Technical Information</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Old windows clients send plain text passwords over the wire. Samba can check these
	passwords by crypting them and comparing them to the hash stored in the unix user database.
	</p><p>
	Newer windows clients send encrypted passwords (so-called Lanman and NT hashes) over 
	the wire, instead of plain text passwords. The newest clients will send only encrypted
	passwords and refuse to send plain text passwords, unless their registry is tweaked.
	</p><p>
	These passwords can't be converted to unix style encrypted passwords. Because of that
	you can't use the standard unix user database, and you have to store the Lanman and NT
	hashes somewhere else.
	</p><p>
	In addition to differently encrypted passwords, windows also stores certain data for each
	user that is not stored in a unix user database. e.g: workstations the user may logon from,
	the location where the users' profile is stored, and so on. Samba retrieves and stores this
	information using a <i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i>.  Commonly available backends are LDAP, plain text
	file, MySQL and nisplus.  For more information, see the man page for <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> regarding the 
	<i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i> parameter.
	</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2890917"></a>Important Notes About Security</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		The unix and SMB password encryption techniques seem similar on the surface. This
		similarity is, however, only skin deep. The unix scheme typically sends clear text
		passwords over the network when logging in. This is bad. The SMB encryption scheme
		never sends the cleartext password over the network but it does store the 16 byte 
		hashed values on disk. This is also bad. Why? Because the 16 byte hashed values
		are a &quot;password equivalent&quot;. You cannot derive the user's password from them, but
		they could potentially be used in a modified client to gain access to a server.
		This would require considerable technical knowledge on behalf of the attacker but
		is perfectly possible. You should thus treat the data stored in whatever passdb
		backend you use (smbpasswd file, ldap, mysql) as though it contained the cleartext
		passwords of all your users. Its contents must be kept secret, and the file should
		be protected accordingly.
		</p><p>
		Ideally we would like a password scheme that involves neither plain text passwords
		on the net nor on disk. Unfortunately this is not available as Samba is stuck with
		having to be compatible with other SMB systems (WinNT, WfWg, Win95 etc).
		</p><p>
		Windows NT 4.0 Service pack 3 changed the default setting so that plaintext passwords
		are disabled from being sent over the wire. This mandates either the use of encrypted
		password support or edit the Windows NT registry to re-enable plaintext passwords.
		</p><p>
		The following versions of MS Windows do not support full domain security protocols,
		although they may log onto a domain environment:
		</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>MS DOS Network client 3.0 with the basic network redirector installed</td></tr><tr><td>Windows 95 with the network redirector update installed</td></tr><tr><td>Windows 98 [se]</td></tr><tr><td>Windows Me</td></tr></table><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
 		MS Windows XP Home does not have facilities to become a domain member and it can
		not participate in domain logons.
		</p></div><p>
		The following versions of MS Windows fully support domain security protocols.
		</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>Windows NT 3.5x</td></tr><tr><td>Windows NT 4.0</td></tr><tr><td>Windows 2000 Professional</td></tr><tr><td>Windows 200x Server/Advanced Server</td></tr><tr><td>Windows XP Professional</td></tr></table><p>
		All current release of Microsoft SMB/CIFS clients support authentication via the
		SMB Challenge/Response mechanism described here. Enabling clear text authentication
		does not disable the ability of the client to participate in encrypted authentication.
		Instead, it allows the client to negotiate either plain text _or_ encrypted password
		handling.
		</p><p>
		MS Windows clients will cache the encrypted password alone. Where plain text passwords
		are re-enabled, through the appropriate registry change, the plain text password is NEVER
		cached. This means that in the event that a network connections should become disconnected
		(broken) only the cached (encrypted) password will be sent to the resource server to
		affect a auto-reconnect. If the resource server does not support encrypted passwords the
		auto-reconnect will fail. <span class="emphasis"><em>USE OF ENCRYPTED PASSWORDS IS STRONGLY ADVISED.</em></span>
		</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2891070"></a>Advantages of Encrypted Passwords</h4></div></div><div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Plain text passwords are not passed across 
				the network. Someone using a network sniffer cannot just 
				record passwords going to the SMB server.</p></li><li><p>Plain text passwords are not stored anywhere in
				memory or on disk.</p></li><li><p>WinNT doesn't like talking to a server 
				that does not support encrypted passwords. It will refuse 
				to browse the server if the server is also in user level 
				security mode. It will insist on prompting the user for the 
				password on each connection, which is very annoying. The
				only things you can do to stop this is to use SMB encryption.
				</p></li><li><p>Encrypted password support allows automatic share
				(resource) reconnects.</p></li><li><p>Encrypted passwords are essential for PDC/BDC
				operation.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2891124"></a>Advantages of non-encrypted passwords</h4></div></div><div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Plain text passwords are not kept 
				on disk, and are NOT cached in memory. </p></li><li><p>Uses same password file as other unix 
				services such as login and ftp</p></li><li><p>Use of other services (such as telnet and ftp) which
				send plain text passwords over the net, so sending them for SMB
				isn't such a big deal.</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2891160"></a>Mapping User Identifiers between MS Windows and Unix</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Every operation in Unix/Linux requires a user identifier (UID), just as in
	MS Windows NT4 / 200x this requires a Security Identifier (SID). Samba provides
	two means for mapping an MS Windows user to a Unix/Linux UID.
	</p><p>
	Firstly, all Samba SAM (Security Account Management database) accounts require
	a Unix/Linux UID that the account will map to. As users are added to the account
	information database samba-3 will call the <i class="parameter"><tt>add user script</tt></i>
	interface to add the account to the Samba host OS. In essence all accounts in
	the local SAM require a local user account.
	</p><p>
	The second way to affect Windows SID to Unix UID mapping is via the
	<span class="emphasis"><em>idmap uid, idmap gid</em></span> parameters in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>.
	Please refer to the man page for information about these parameters.
	These parameters are essential when mapping users from a remote SAM server.
	</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2891216"></a>Account Management Tools</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba-3 provides two (2) tools for management of User and machine accounts. These tools are
called <tt class="filename">smbpasswd</tt> and <b class="command">pdbedit</b>. A third tool is under
development but is NOT expected to ship in time for Samba-3.0.0. The new tool will be a TCL/TK
GUI tool that looks much like the MS Windows NT4 Domain User Manager - hopefully this will
be announced in time for samba-3.0.1 release timing.
</p><div xmlns:ns21="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2891247"></a>The <span class="emphasis"><em>smbpasswd</em></span> Command</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		The smbpasswd utility is a utility similar to the <b class="command">passwd</b>
		or <b class="command">yppasswd</b> programs.  It maintains the two 32 byte password
		fields in the passdb backend.
		</p><p>
		<b class="command">smbpasswd</b> works in a client-server mode where it contacts the
		local smbd to change the user's password on its behalf.This has enormous benefits
		as follows:
		</p><p>
		<b class="command">smbpasswd</b> has the capability to change passwords on Windows NT
		servers (this only works when the request is sent to the NT Primary Domain Controller
		if changing an NT Domain user's password).
		</p><p>
		<b class="command">smbpasswd</b> can be used to:
		</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><span class="emphasis"><em>add</em></span> user or machine accounts</td></tr><tr><td><span class="emphasis"><em>delete</em></span> user or machine accounts</td></tr><tr><td><span class="emphasis"><em>enable</em></span> user or machine accounts</td></tr><tr><td><span class="emphasis"><em>disable</em></span> user or machine accounts</td></tr><tr><td><span class="emphasis"><em>set to NULL</em></span> user passwords</td></tr><tr><td><span class="emphasis"><em>manage interdomain trust accounts</em></span></td></tr></table><p>
		To run smbpasswd as a normal user just type:
		</p><ns21:p>
		</ns21:p><pre class="screen">
		<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbpasswd</tt></b>
		<tt class="prompt">Old SMB password: </tt><b class="userinput"><tt><i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i></tt></b>
		</pre><ns21:p>
		For <i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i> type old value here - or hit return if
		there was no old password
		</ns21:p><pre class="screen">
		<tt class="prompt">New SMB Password: </tt><b class="userinput"><tt><i class="replaceable"><tt>new secret</tt></i></tt></b>
		<tt class="prompt">Repeat New SMB Password: </tt><b class="userinput"><tt><i class="replaceable"><tt>new secret</tt></i></tt></b>
		</pre><ns21:p>
		</ns21:p><p>
		If the old value does not match the current value stored for that user, or the two
		new values do not match each other, then the password will not be changed.
		</p><p>
		When invoked by an ordinary user it will only allow change of their own
		SMB password.
		</p><p>
		When run by root smbpasswd may take an optional argument, specifying
		the user name whose SMB password you wish to change. When run as root, smbpasswd
		does not prompt for or check the old password value, thus allowing root to set passwords 
		for users who have forgotten their passwords.
		</p><p>
		<b class="command">smbpasswd</b> is designed to work in the way familiar to UNIX
		users who use the <b class="command">passwd</b> or <b class="command">yppasswd</b> commands.
		While designed for administrative use, this tool provides essential user level
		password change capabilities.
		</p><p>
		For more details on using <b class="command">smbpasswd</b> refer to the man page (the
		definitive reference).
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2891513"></a>The <span class="emphasis"><em>pdbedit</em></span> Command</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		<b class="command">pdbedit</b> is a tool that can be used only by root. It is used to
		manage the passdb backend. <b class="command">pdbedit</b> can be used to:
		</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>add, remove or modify user accounts</td></tr><tr><td>listing user accounts</td></tr><tr><td>migrate user accounts</td></tr></table><p>
		The <b class="command">pdbedit</b> tool is the only one that can manage the account
		security and policy settings. It is capable of all operations that smbpasswd can
		do as well as a super set of them.
		</p><p>
		One particularly important purpose of the <b class="command">pdbedit</b> is to allow
		the migration of account information from one passdb backend to another. See the
		<a href="#XMLpassdb" title="XML">XML</a> password backend section of this chapter.
		</p><p>
		The following is an example of the user account information that is stored in
		a tdbsam password backend. This listing was produced by running:
		</p><pre class="screen">
		<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>pdbedit -Lv met</tt></b>
		Unix username:        met
		NT username:
		Account Flags:        [UX         ]
		User SID:             S-1-5-21-1449123459-1407424037-3116680435-2004
		Primary Group SID:    S-1-5-21-1449123459-1407424037-3116680435-1201
		Full Name:            Melissa E Terpstra
		Home Directory:       \\frodo\met\Win9Profile
		HomeDir Drive:        H:
		Logon Script:         scripts\logon.bat
		Profile Path:         \\frodo\Profiles\met
		Domain:               MIDEARTH
		Account desc:
		Workstations:         melbelle
		Munged dial:
		Logon time:           0
		Logoff time:          Mon, 18 Jan 2038 20:14:07 GMT
		Kickoff time:         Mon, 18 Jan 2038 20:14:07 GMT
		Password last set:    Sat, 14 Dec 2002 14:37:03 GMT
		Password can change:  Sat, 14 Dec 2002 14:37:03 GMT
		Password must change: Mon, 18 Jan 2038 20:14:07 GMT
		</pre></div></div><div xmlns:ns22="" class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2891647"></a>Password Backends</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba-3 offers the greatest flexibility in backend account database design of any SMB/CIFS server
technology available today. The flexibility is immediately obvious as one begins to explore this
capability.
</p><p>
It is possible to specify not only multiple different password backends, but even multiple
backends of the same type. For example, to use two different tdbsam databases:
</p><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><pre class="programlisting">
[globals]
		passdb backend = tdbsam:/etc/samba/passdb.tdb, \
		tdbsam:/etc/samba/old-passdb.tdb, guest
</pre><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2895859"></a>Plain Text</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		Older versions of samba retrieved user information from the unix user database 
		and eventually some other fields from the file <tt class="filename">/etc/samba/smbpasswd</tt>
		or <tt class="filename">/etc/smbpasswd</tt>. When password encryption is disabled, no 
		SMB specific data is stored at all. Instead all operations are conduected via the way
		that the samba host OS will access it's <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> database.
		eg: On Linux systems that is done via PAM.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2895899"></a>smbpasswd - Encrypted Password Database</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		Traditionally, when configuring <a href="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS" target="_top">&quot;encrypt
		passwords = yes&quot;</a> in Samba's <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file, user account
		information such as username, LM/NT password hashes, password change times, and account
		flags have been stored in the <tt class="filename">smbpasswd(5)</tt> file.  There are several
		disadvantages to this approach for sites with very large numbers of users (counted
		in the thousands).
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
		The first is that all lookups must be performed sequentially.  Given that
		there are approximately two lookups per domain logon (one for a normal
		session connection such as when mapping a network drive or printer), this
		is a performance bottleneck for large sites.  What is needed is an indexed approach
		such as is used in databases.
		</p></li><li><p>
		The second problem is that administrators who desire to replicate a smbpasswd file
		to more than one Samba server were left to use external tools such as
		<b class="command">rsync(1)</b> and <b class="command">ssh(1)</b> and wrote custom,
		in-house scripts.
		</p></li><li><p>
		And finally, the amount of information which is stored in an smbpasswd entry leaves
		no room for additional attributes such as a home directory, password expiration time,
		or even a Relative Identifier (RID).
		</p></li></ul></div><p>
		As a result of these deficiencies, a more robust means of storing user attributes
		used by smbd was developed.  The API which defines access to user accounts
		is commonly referred to as the samdb interface (previously this was called the passdb
		API, and is still so named in the Samba CVS trees). 
		</p><p>
		Samba-3 provides an enhanced set of passdb backends that overcome the deficiencies
		of the smbpasswd plain text database. These are tdbsam, ldapsam, and xmlsam.
		Of these ldapsam will be of most interest to large corporate or enterprise sites.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2896006"></a>tdbsam</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Samba can store user and machine account data in a &quot;TDB&quot; (Trivial Database).
		Using this backend doesn't require any additional configuration. This backend is
		recommended for new installations that do not require LDAP.
		</p><p>
		As a general guide the Samba-Team do NOT recommend using the tdbsam backend for sites
		that have 250 or more users. Additionally, tdbsam is not capable of scaling for use
		in sites that require PDB/BDC implmentations that requires replication of the account
		database. Clearly, for reason of scalability the use of ldapsam should be encouraged.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2896034"></a>ldapsam</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		There are a few points to stress that the ldapsam does not provide. The LDAP
		support referred to in the this documentation does not include:
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>A means of retrieving user account information from
			an Windows 200x Active Directory server.</p></li><li><p>A means of replacing /etc/passwd.</p></li></ul></div><p>
		The second item can be accomplished by using LDAP NSS and PAM modules.  LGPL
		versions of these libraries can be obtained from PADL Software
		(<a href="http://www.padl.com/" target="_top">http://www.padl.com/</a>). More
		information about the configuration of these packages may be found at &quot;LDAP,
		System Administration; Gerald Carter, O'Reilly; Chapter 6: Replacing NIS&quot;.
		Refer to <a href="http://safari.oreilly.com/?XmlId=1-56592-491-6" target="_top">
		http://safari.oreilly.com/?XmlId=1-56592-491-6</a> for those who might wish to know
                more about configuration and administration of an OpenLDAP server.
		</p><p>
		This document describes how to use an LDAP directory for storing Samba user
		account information traditionally stored in the smbpasswd(5) file.  It is
		assumed that the reader already has a basic understanding of LDAP concepts
		and has a working directory server already installed.  For more information
		on LDAP architectures and Directories, please refer to the following sites.
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>OpenLDAP - <a href="http://www.openldap.org/" target="_top">http://www.openldap.org/</a></p></li><li><p>iPlanet Directory Server -
			 <a href="http://iplanet.netscape.com/directory" target="_top">http://iplanet.netscape.com/directory</a></p></li></ul></div><p>
		Two additional Samba resources which may prove to be helpful are
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>The <a href="http://www.unav.es/cti/ldap-smb/ldap-smb-3-howto.html" target="_top">Samba-PDC-LDAP-HOWTO</a>
			maintained by Ignacio Coupeau.</p></li><li><p>The NT migration scripts from <a href="http://samba.idealx.org/" target="_top">IDEALX</a> that are
			geared to manage users and group in such a Samba-LDAP Domain Controller configuration.
			</p></li></ul></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2896172"></a>Supported LDAP Servers</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			The LDAP ldapsam code has been developed and tested using the OpenLDAP 2.0 and 2.1 server and
			client libraries.  The same code should work with Netscape's Directory Server and client SDK.
			However, there are bound to be compile errors and bugs. These should not be hard to fix.
			Please submit fixes via <a href="#bugreport" title="Chapter 35. Reporting Bugs">Bug reporting facility</a>.
			</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2896197"></a>Schema and Relationship to the RFC 2307 posixAccount</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			Samba 3.0 includes the necessary schema file for OpenLDAP 2.0 in
			<tt class="filename">examples/LDAP/samba.schema</tt>.  The sambaAccount objectclass is given here:
			</p><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><pre class="programlisting">
objectclass ( 1.3.6.1.4.1.7165.2.2.3 NAME 'sambaAccount' SUP top AUXILIARY
    DESC 'Samba Auxilary Account'
    MUST ( uid $ rid )
    MAY  ( cn $ lmPassword $ ntPassword $ pwdLastSet $ logonTime $
           logoffTime $ kickoffTime $ pwdCanChange $ pwdMustChange $ acctFlags $
           displayName $ smbHome $ homeDrive $ scriptPath $ profilePath $
           description $ userWorkstations $ primaryGroupID $ domain ))
</pre><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><p>
			The <tt class="filename">samba.schema</tt> file has been formatted for OpenLDAP 2.0/2.1.
			The OID's are owned by the Samba Team and as such is legal to be openly published.
			If you translate the schema to be used with Netscape DS, please
			submit the modified schema file as a patch to
			<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org" target="_top">jerry@samba.org</a>.
			</p><p>
			Just as the smbpasswd file is meant to store information which supplements a
			user's <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> entry, so is the sambaAccount object
			meant to supplement the UNIX user account information.  A sambaAccount is a
			<tt class="constant">STRUCTURAL</tt> objectclass so it can be stored individually
			in the directory.  However, there are several fields (e.g. uid) which overlap
			with the posixAccount objectclass outlined in RFC2307.  This is by design.
			</p><p>
			In order to store all user account information (UNIX and Samba) in the directory,
			it is necessary to use the sambaAccount and posixAccount objectclasses in
			combination.  However, smbd will still obtain the user's UNIX account
			information via the standard C library calls (e.g. getpwnam(), et. al.).
			This means that the Samba server must also have the LDAP NSS library installed
			and functioning correctly.  This division of information makes it possible to
			store all Samba account information in LDAP, but still maintain UNIX account
			information in NIS while the network is transitioning to a full LDAP infrastructure.
			</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2896306"></a>OpenLDAP configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			To include support for the sambaAccount object in an OpenLDAP directory
			server, first copy the samba.schema file to slapd's configuration directory.
			The samba.schema file can be found in the directory <tt class="filename">examples/LDAP</tt>
			in the samba source distribution.
			</p><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cp samba.schema /etc/openldap/schema/</tt></b>
</pre><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><p>
			Next, include the <tt class="filename">samba.schema</tt> file in <tt class="filename">slapd.conf</tt>.
			The sambaAccount object contains two attributes which depend upon other schema
			files.  The 'uid' attribute is defined in <tt class="filename">cosine.schema</tt> and
			the 'displayName' attribute is defined in the <tt class="filename">inetorgperson.schema</tt>
			file.  Both of these must be included before the <tt class="filename">samba.schema</tt> file.
			</p><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><pre class="programlisting">
## /etc/openldap/slapd.conf

## schema files (core.schema is required by default)
include	           /etc/openldap/schema/core.schema

## needed for sambaAccount
include            /etc/openldap/schema/cosine.schema
include            /etc/openldap/schema/inetorgperson.schema
include            /etc/openldap/schema/samba.schema
include            /etc/openldap/schema/nis.schema
....
</pre><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><p>
		It is recommended that you maintain some indices on some of the most usefull attributes,
		like in the following example, to speed up searches made on sambaAccount objectclasses
		(and possibly posixAccount and posixGroup as well).
		</p><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><pre class="screen">
# Indices to maintain
## required by OpenLDAP
index objectclass             eq

index cn                      pres,sub,eq
index sn                      pres,sub,eq
## required to support pdb_getsampwnam
index uid                     pres,sub,eq
## required to support pdb_getsambapwrid()
index displayName             pres,sub,eq

## uncomment these if you are storing posixAccount and
## posixGroup entries in the directory as well
##index uidNumber               eq
##index gidNumber               eq
##index memberUid               eq

index   sambaSID              eq
index   sambaPrimaryGroupSID  eq
index   sambaDomainName       eq
index   default               sub
</pre><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><p>
		Create the new index by executing:
		</p><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><pre class="screen">
./sbin/slapindex -f slapd.conf
</pre><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><p>
		Remember to restart slapd after making these changes:
		</p><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/etc/init.d/slapd restart</tt></b>
</pre><ns22:p>
</ns22:p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2896493"></a>Initialise the LDAP database</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		Before you can add accounts to the LDAP database you must create the account containers
		that they will be stored in. The following LDIF file should be modified to match your
		needs (ie: Your DNS entries, etc.).
		</p><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><pre class="screen">
# Organization for Samba Base
dn: dc=plainjoe,dc=org
objectclass: dcObject
objectclass: organization
dc: plainjoe
o: Terpstra Org Network
description: The Samba-3 Network LDAP Example

# Organizational Role for Directory Management
dn: cn=Manager,dc=plainjoe,dc=org
objectclass: organizationalRole
cn: Manager
description: Directory Manager

# Setting up container for users
dn: ou=People,dc=plainjoe,dc=org
objectclass: top
objectclass: organizationalUnit
ou: People

# Setting up admin handle for People OU
dn: cn=admin,ou=People,dc=plainjoe,dc=org
cn: admin
objectclass: top
objectclass: organizationalRole
objectclass: simpleSecurityObject
userPassword: {SSHA}c3ZM9tBaBo9autm1dL3waDS21+JSfQVz
</pre><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><p>
		The userPassword shown above should be generated using <b class="command">slappasswd</b>.
		</p><p>
		The following command will then load the contents of the LDIF file into the LDAP
		database.
		</p><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>slapadd -v -l initldap.dif</tt></b>
</pre><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><p>
		Do not forget to secure your LDAP server with an adequate access control list,
		as well as an admin password.
		</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><ns22:p>
		Before Samba can access the LDAP server you need to stoe the LDAP admin password
		into the Samba-3 <tt class="filename">secrets.tdb</tt> database by:
		</ns22:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt> <b class="userinput"><tt>smbpasswd -w <i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i></tt></b>
		</pre><ns22:p>
		</ns22:p></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2896622"></a>Configuring Samba</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			The following parameters are available in smb.conf only if your
			version of samba was built with LDAP support. Samba automatically builds with LDAP support if the
			LDAP libraries are found.
			</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><a href="smb.conf.5.html#PASSDBBACKEND" target="_top">passdb backend = ldapsam:url</a></p></li><li><p><a href="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPSSL" target="_top">ldap ssl</a></p></li><li><p><a href="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPADMINDN" target="_top">ldap admin dn</a></p></li><li><p><a href="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPSUFFIX" target="_top">ldap suffix</a></p></li><li><p><a href="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPFILTER" target="_top">ldap filter</a></p></li><li><p><a href="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPMACHINSUFFIX" target="_top">ldap machine suffix</a></p></li><li><p><a href="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPUSERSUFFIX" target="_top">ldap user suffix</a></p></li><li><p><a href="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPDELETEDN" target="_top">ldap delete dn</a></p></li><li><p><a href="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPPASSWDSYNC" target="_top">ldap passwd sync</a></p></li><li><p><a href="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPTRUSTIDS" target="_top">ldap trust ids</a></p></li></ul></div><p>
			These are described in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man
			page and so will not be repeated here.  However, a sample smb.conf file for
			use with an LDAP directory could appear as
			</p><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><pre class="programlisting">
## /usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf
[global]
     security = user
     encrypt passwords = yes

     netbios name = TASHTEGO
     workgroup = NARNIA

     # ldap related parameters

     # define the DN to use when binding to the directory servers
     # The password for this DN is not stored in smb.conf.  Rather it
     # must be set by using 'smbpasswd -w <i class="replaceable"><tt>secretpw</tt></i>' to store the
     # passphrase in the secrets.tdb file.  If the &quot;ldap admin dn&quot; values
     # change, this password will need to be reset.
     ldap admin dn = &quot;cn=Samba Manager,ou=people,dc=samba,dc=org&quot;

     # Define the SSL option when connecting to the directory
     # ('off', 'start tls', or 'on' (default))
     ldap ssl = start tls

     # syntax: passdb backend = ldapsam:ldap://server-name[:port]
     passdb backend = ldapsam:ldap://funball.samba.org, guest

     # smbpasswd -x delete the entire dn-entry
     ldap delete dn = no

     # the machine and user suffix added to the base suffix
     # wrote WITHOUT quotes. NULL siffixes by default
     ldap user suffix = ou=People
     ldap machine suffix = ou=Systems

     # Trust unix account information in LDAP
     #  (see the smb.conf manpage for details)
     ldap trust ids = Yes

     # specify the base DN to use when searching the directory
     ldap suffix = &quot;ou=people,dc=samba,dc=org&quot;

     # generally the default ldap search filter is ok
     # ldap filter = &quot;(&amp;(uid=%u)(objectclass=sambaAccount))&quot;
</pre><ns22:p>
</ns22:p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2896800"></a>Accounts and Groups management</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			As users accounts are managed thru the sambaAccount objectclass, you should
			modify your existing administration tools to deal with sambaAccount attributes.
			</p><p>
			Machines accounts are managed with the sambaAccount objectclass, just
			like users accounts. However, it's up to you to store thoses accounts
			in a different tree of your LDAP namespace: you should use
			&quot;ou=Groups,dc=plainjoe,dc=org&quot; to store groups and
			&quot;ou=People,dc=plainjoe,dc=org&quot; to store users. Just configure your
			NSS and PAM accordingly (usually, in the /etc/ldap.conf configuration
			file).
			</p><p>
			In Samba release 3.0, the group management system is based on posix
			groups. This means that Samba makes usage of the posixGroup objectclass.
			For now, there is no NT-like group system management (global and local
			groups).
			</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2896837"></a>Security and sambaAccount</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			There are two important points to remember when discussing the security
			of sambaAccount entries in the directory.
			</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Never</em></span> retrieve the lmPassword or
				ntPassword attribute values over an unencrypted LDAP session.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Never</em></span> allow non-admin users to
				view the lmPassword or ntPassword attribute values.</p></li></ul></div><p>
			These password hashes are clear text equivalents and can be used to impersonate
			the user without deriving the original clear text strings.  For more information
			on the details of LM/NT password hashes, refer to the
			<a href="#passdb" title="Chapter 11. Account Information Databases">Account Information Database</a> section of this chapter.
			</p><p>
			To remedy the first security issue, the &quot;ldap ssl&quot; smb.conf parameter defaults
			to require an encrypted session (<i class="parameter"><tt>ldap ssl = on</tt></i>) using
			the default port of <tt class="constant">636</tt>
			when contacting the directory server.  When using an OpenLDAP server, it
			is possible to use the use the StartTLS LDAP extended  operation in the place of
			LDAPS.  In either case, you are strongly discouraged to disable this security
			(<i class="parameter"><tt>ldap ssl = off</tt></i>).
			</p><p>
			Note that the LDAPS protocol is deprecated in favor of the LDAPv3 StartTLS
			extended operation.  However, the OpenLDAP library still provides support for
			the older method of securing communication between clients and servers.
			</p><p>
			The second security precaution is to prevent non-administrative users from
			harvesting password hashes from the directory.  This can be done using the
			following ACL in <tt class="filename">slapd.conf</tt>:
			</p><ns22:p>
</ns22:p><pre class="programlisting">
## allow the &quot;ldap admin dn&quot; access, but deny everyone else
access to attrs=lmPassword,ntPassword
     by dn=&quot;cn=Samba Admin,ou=people,dc=plainjoe,dc=org&quot; write
     by * none
</pre><ns22:p>
</ns22:p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2896958"></a>LDAP special attributes for sambaAccounts</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			The sambaAccount objectclass is composed of the following attributes:
			</p><ns22:p>
			</ns22:p><div class="table"><a name="id2896974"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 11.1. Attributes in the sambaAccount objectclass (LDAP)</b></p><table summary="Attributes in the sambaAccount objectclass (LDAP)" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">lmPassword</tt></td><td align="left">the LANMAN password 16-byte hash stored as a character
						representation of a hexidecimal string.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">ntPassword</tt></td><td align="left">the NT password hash 16-byte stored as a character
						representation of a hexidecimal string.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">pwdLastSet</tt></td><td align="left">The integer time in seconds since 1970 when the
				<tt class="constant">lmPassword</tt> and <tt class="constant">ntPassword</tt> attributes were last set.
				</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">acctFlags</tt></td><td align="left">string of 11 characters surrounded by square brackets []
						representing account flags such as U (user), W(workstation), X(no password expiration),
						I(Domain trust account), H(Home dir required), S(Server trust account),
						and D(disabled).</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">logonTime</tt></td><td align="left">Integer value currently unused</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">logoffTime</tt></td><td align="left">Integer value currently unused</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">kickoffTime</tt></td><td align="left">Integer value currently unused</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">pwdCanChange</tt></td><td align="left">Integer value currently unused</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">pwdMustChange</tt></td><td align="left">Integer value currently unused</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">homeDrive</tt></td><td align="left">specifies the drive letter to which to map the
				UNC path specified by homeDirectory. The drive letter must be specified in the form &quot;X:&quot;
				where X is the letter of the drive to map. Refer to the &quot;logon drive&quot; parameter in the
				smb.conf(5) man page for more information.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">scriptPath</tt></td><td align="left">The scriptPath property specifies the path of
				the user's logon script, .CMD, .EXE, or .BAT file. The string can be null. The path
				is relative to the netlogon share.  Refer to the &quot;logon script&quot; parameter in the
				smb.conf(5) man page for more information.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">profilePath</tt></td><td align="left">specifies a path to the user's profile.
				This value can be a null string, a local absolute path, or a UNC path.  Refer to the
				&quot;logon path&quot; parameter in the smb.conf(5) man page for more information.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">smbHome</tt></td><td align="left">The homeDirectory property specifies the path of
				the home directory for the user. The string can be null. If homeDrive is set and specifies
				a drive letter, homeDirectory should be a UNC path. The path must be a network
				UNC path of the form <tt class="filename">\\server\share\directory</tt>. This value can be a null string.
				Refer to the <b class="command">logon home</b> parameter in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page for more information.
				</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">userWorkstation</tt></td><td align="left">character string value currently unused.
				</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">rid</tt></td><td align="left">the integer representation of the user's relative identifier
				(RID).</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">primaryGroupID</tt></td><td align="left">the relative identifier (RID) of the primary group
				of the user.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><tt class="constant">domain</tt></td><td align="left">domain the user is part of.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ns22:p>
			</ns22:p><p>
			The majority of these parameters are only used when Samba is acting as a PDC of
			a domain (refer to the <a href="#samba-pdc" title="Chapter 5. Domain Control">Samba as a primary domain controller</a> chapter for details on
			how to configure Samba as a Primary Domain Controller). The following four attributes
			are only stored with the sambaAccount entry if the values are non-default values:
			</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>smbHome</td></tr><tr><td>scriptPath</td></tr><tr><td>logonPath</td></tr><tr><td>homeDrive</td></tr></table><p>
			These attributes are only stored with the sambaAccount entry if
			the values are non-default values.  For example, assume TASHTEGO has now been
			configured as a PDC and that <i class="parameter"><tt>logon home = \\%L\%u</tt></i> was defined in
			its <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file. When a user named &quot;becky&quot; logons to the domain,
			the <i class="parameter"><tt>logon home</tt></i> string is expanded to \\TASHTEGO\becky.
			If the smbHome attribute exists in the entry &quot;uid=becky,ou=people,dc=samba,dc=org&quot;,
			this value is used.  However, if this attribute does not exist, then the value
			of the <i class="parameter"><tt>logon home</tt></i> parameter is used in its place.  Samba
			will only write the attribute value to the directory entry if the value is
			something other than the default (e.g. <tt class="filename">\\MOBY\becky</tt>).
			</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2897322"></a>Example LDIF Entries for a sambaAccount</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			The following is a working LDIF with the inclusion of the posixAccount objectclass:
			</p><ns22:p>
	</ns22:p><pre class="programlisting">
	dn: uid=guest2, ou=people,dc=plainjoe,dc=org
	ntPassword: 878D8014606CDA29677A44EFA1353FC7
	pwdMustChange: 2147483647
	primaryGroupID: 1201
	lmPassword: 552902031BEDE9EFAAD3B435B51404EE
	pwdLastSet: 1010179124
	logonTime: 0
	objectClass: sambaAccount
	uid: guest2
	kickoffTime: 2147483647
	acctFlags: [UX         ]
	logoffTime: 2147483647
	rid: 19006
	pwdCanChange: 0
	</pre><ns22:p>
	</ns22:p><p>
			The following is an LDIF entry for using both the sambaAccount and
			posixAccount objectclasses:
			</p><ns22:p>
	</ns22:p><pre class="programlisting">
	dn: uid=gcarter, ou=people,dc=plainjoe,dc=org
	logonTime: 0
	displayName: Gerald Carter
	lmPassword: 552902031BEDE9EFAAD3B435B51404EE
	primaryGroupID: 1201
	objectClass: posixAccount
	objectClass: sambaAccount
	acctFlags: [UX         ]
	userPassword: {crypt}BpM2ej8Rkzogo
	uid: gcarter
	uidNumber: 9000
	cn: Gerald Carter
	loginShell: /bin/bash
	logoffTime: 2147483647
	gidNumber: 100
	kickoffTime: 2147483647
	pwdLastSet: 1010179230
	rid: 19000
	homeDirectory: /home/tashtego/gcarter
	pwdCanChange: 0
	pwdMustChange: 2147483647
	ntPassword: 878D8014606CDA29677A44EFA1353FC7
</pre><ns22:p>
	</ns22:p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2897383"></a>Password synchronisation</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		Since version 3.0 samba can update the non-samba (LDAP) password stored with an account. When
		using pam_ldap, this allows changing both unix and windows passwords at once.
		</p><p>The <i class="parameter"><tt>ldap passwd sync</tt></i> options can have the following values:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">yes</span></dt><dd><p>When the user changes his password, update
					       <tt class="constant">ntPassword</tt>, <tt class="constant">lmPassword</tt>
					       and the <tt class="constant">password</tt> fields.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">no</span></dt><dd><p>Only update <tt class="constant">ntPassword</tt> and <tt class="constant">lmPassword</tt>.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">only</span></dt><dd><p>Only update the LDAP password and let the LDAP server worry
					       about the other fields. This option is only available when
					       the LDAP library supports LDAP_EXOP_X_MODIFY_PASSWD. </p></dd></dl></div><p>More information can be found in the <a href="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPPASSWDSYNC" target="_top">smb.conf</a> manpage.
		</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2897495"></a>ldap trust ids</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		LDAP Performance can be improved by using the <b class="command">ldap trust ids</b> parameter.
		See the <a href="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPTRUSTIDS" target="_top">smb.conf</a> manpage for details.
		</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2897524"></a>MySQL</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Every so often someone will come along with a great new idea. Storing of user accounts in an
	SQL backend is one of them. Those who want to do this are in the best position to know what the
	specific benefits are to them. This may sound like a cop-out, but in truth we can not attempt
	to document every nitty little detail why certain things of marginal utility to the bulk of
	Samba users might make sense to the rest. In any case, the following instructions should help
	the determined SQL user to implement a working system.
	</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2897546"></a>Creating the database</h4></div></div><div></div></div><ns22:p>
			You either can set up your own table and specify the field names to pdb_mysql (see below
			for the column names) or use the default table. The file <tt class="filename">examples/pdb/mysql/mysql.dump</tt> 
			contains the correct queries to create the required tables. Use the command :

			</ns22:p><pre class="screen"><tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>mysql -u<i class="replaceable"><tt>username</tt></i> -h<i class="replaceable"><tt>hostname</tt></i> -p<i class="replaceable"><tt>password</tt></i> <i class="replaceable"><tt>databasename</tt></i> &gt; <tt class="filename">/path/to/samba/examples/pdb/mysql/mysql.dump</tt></tt></b></pre><ns22:p>
			</ns22:p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2897609"></a>Configuring</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>This plugin lacks some good documentation, but here is some short info:</p><ns22:p>Add a the following to the <i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i> variable in your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>:
			</ns22:p><pre class="programlisting">
			passdb backend = [other-plugins] mysql:identifier [other-plugins]
			</pre><ns22:p>
			</ns22:p><p>The identifier can be any string you like, as long as it doesn't collide with 
			the identifiers of other plugins or other instances of pdb_mysql. If you 
			specify multiple pdb_mysql.so entries in <i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backend</tt></i>, you also need to 
			use different identifiers!
			</p><p>
				Additional options can be given thru the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section.
			</p><ns22:p>
			</ns22:p><div class="table"><a name="id2897685"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 11.2. Basic smb.conf options for MySQL passdb backend</b></p><table summary="Basic smb.conf options for MySQL passdb backend" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Field</th><th align="left">Contents</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">identifier:mysql host</td><td align="left">host name, defaults to 'localhost'</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:mysql password</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:mysql user</td><td align="left">defaults to 'samba'</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:mysql database</td><td align="left">defaults to 'samba'</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:mysql port</td><td align="left">defaults to 3306</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:table</td><td align="left">Name of the table containing users</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ns22:p>
		</ns22:p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
			Since the password for the mysql user is stored in the 
			<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file, you should make the the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file 
			readable only to the user that runs samba. This is considered a security 
			bug and will be fixed soon.
			</p></div><p>Names of the columns in this table(I've added column types those columns should have first):</p><ns22:p>
			</ns22:p><div class="table"><a name="id2897810"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 11.3. MySQL field names for MySQL passdb backend</b></p><table summary="MySQL field names for MySQL passdb backend" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Field</th><th align="left">Type</th><th align="left">Contents</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">identifier:logon time column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:logoff time column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:kickoff time column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:pass last set time column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:pass can change time column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:pass must change time column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:username column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="left">unix username</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:domain column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="left">NT domain user is part of</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:nt username column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="left">NT username</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:fullname column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="left">Full name of user</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:home dir column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="left">Unix homedir path</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:dir drive column</td><td align="left">varchar(2)</td><td align="left">Directory drive path (eg: 'H:')</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:logon script column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="left">Batch file to run on client side when logging on</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:profile path column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="left">Path of profile</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:acct desc column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="left">Some ASCII NT user data</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:workstations column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="left">Workstations user can logon to (or NULL for all)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:unknown string column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="left">unknown string</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:munged dial column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="left">?</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:user sid column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="left">NT user SID</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:group sid column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="left">NT group ID</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:lanman pass column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="left">encrypted lanman password</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:nt pass column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="left">encrypted nt passwd</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:plain pass column</td><td align="left">varchar(255)</td><td align="left">plaintext password</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:acct control column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="left">nt user data</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:unknown 3 column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="left">unknown</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:logon divs column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="left">?</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:hours len column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="left">?</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:unknown 5 column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="left">unknown</td></tr><tr><td align="left">identifier:unknown 6 column</td><td align="left">int(9)</td><td align="left">unknown</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ns22:p>
		</ns22:p><p>
			Eventually, you can put a colon (:) after the name of each column, which 
			should specify the column to update when updating the table. You can also
			specify nothing behind the colon - then the data from the field will not be 
			updated. 
			</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2898192"></a>Using plaintext passwords or encrypted password</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			I strongly discourage the use of plaintext passwords, however, you can use them:
			</p><p>
			If you would like to use plaintext passwords, set
			'identifier:lanman pass column' and 'identifier:nt pass column' to
			'NULL' (without the quotes) and 'identifier:plain pass column' to the
			name of the column containing the plaintext passwords. 
			</p><p>
			If you use encrypted passwords, set the 'identifier:plain pass
			column' to 'NULL' (without the quotes). This is the default.
			</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2898222"></a>Getting non-column data from the table</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			It is possible to have not all data in the database and making some 'constant'.
			</p><p>
			For example, you can set 'identifier:fullname column' to : 
			<b class="command">CONCAT(First_name,' ',Sur_name)</b>
			</p><p>
			Or, set 'identifier:workstations column' to :
			<b class="command">NULL</b></p><p>See the MySQL documentation for more language constructs.</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="XMLpassdb"></a>XML</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>This module requires libxml2 to be installed.</p><p>The usage of pdb_xml is pretty straightforward. To export data, use:
		</p><p>
			<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>pdbedit -e xml:filename</tt></b>
		</p><p>
		(where filename is the name of the file to put the data in)
		</p><p>
		To import data, use:
		<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>pdbedit -i xml:filename</tt></b>
		</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2898328"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2898335"></a>Users can not logon - Users not in Samba SAM</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	People forget to put their users in their backend and then complain samba won't authorize them.
	</p></div><div xmlns:ns23="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2898350"></a>Users are being added to the wrong backend database</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	A few complaints have been recieved from users that just moved to samba-3. The following
	<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file entries were causing problems, new accounts were being added to the old
	smbpasswd file, not to the tdbsam passdb.tdb file:
	</p><ns23:p>
	</ns23:p><pre class="programlisting">
	[globals]
		...
		passdb backend = smbpasswd, tdbsam, guest
		...
	</pre><ns23:p>
	</ns23:p><p>
	Samba will add new accounts to the first entry in the <span class="emphasis"><em>passdb backend</em></span>
	parameter entry. If you want to update to the tdbsam, then change the entry to:
	</p><ns23:p>
	</ns23:p><pre class="programlisting">
	[globals]
		...
		passdb backend = tdbsam, smbpasswd, guest
		...
	</pre><ns23:p>
	</ns23:p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2898409"></a>auth methods does not work</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	If you explicitly set an 'auth methods' parameter, guest must be specified as the first
	entry on the line. Eg: <i class="parameter"><tt>auth methods = guest sam</tt></i>.
	</p><p>
	This is the exact opposite of the requirement for the <i class="parameter"><tt>passdb backed</tt></i>
	option, where it must be the <span class="emphasis"><em>LAST</em></span> parameter on the line.
	</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="groupmapping"></a>Chapter 12. Mapping MS Windows and Unix Groups</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jean François</span> <span class="surname">Micouleau</span></h3></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Gerald</span> <span class="othername">(Jerry)</span> <span class="surname">Carter</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2898582">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2898682">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2898871">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2898936">Configuration Scripts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2898950">Sample smb.conf add group script</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2899017">Script to configure Group Mapping</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2899091">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2899107">Adding Groups Fails</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2899167">Adding MS Windows Groups to MS Windows Groups Fails</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
	Starting with Samba-3, new group mapping functionality is available to create associations
	between Windows group SIDs and UNIX groups. The <i class="parameter"><tt>groupmap</tt></i> subcommand
	included with the <span class="application">net</span> tool can be used to manage these associations.
	</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
	The first immediate reason to use the group mapping on a Samba PDC, is that
	the <i class="parameter"><tt>domain admin group</tt></i> has been removed and should no longer
	be specified in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. This parameter was used to give the listed users membership
	in the <tt class="constant">Domain Admins</tt> Windows group which gave local admin rights on their workstations
	(in default configurations).
	</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2898582"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Samba allows the administrator to create MS Windows NT4 / 200x group accounts and to
	arbitrarily associate them with Unix/Linux group accounts.
	</p><p>
	Group accounts can be managed using the MS Windows NT4 or MS Windows 200x MMC tools
	so long as appropriate interface scripts have been provided to <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
	</p><p>
	Administrators should be aware that where <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> group interface scripts make
	direct calls to the Unix/Linux system tools (eg: the shadow utilities, <b class="command">groupadd</b>,
	<b class="command">groupdel</b>, <b class="command">groupmod</b>) then the resulting Unix/Linux group names will be subject
	to any limits imposed by these tools. If the tool does NOT allow upper case characters
	or space characters, then the creation of an MS Windows NT4 / 200x style group of
	<i class="parameter"><tt>Engineering Managers</tt></i> will attempt to create an identically named
	Unix/Linux group, an attempt that will of course fail!
	</p><p>
	There are several possible work-arounds for the operating system tools limitation. One
	method is to use a script that generates a name for the Unix/Linux system group that
	fits the operating system limits, and that then just passes the Unix/Linux group id (GID)
	back to the calling samba interface. This will provide a dynamic work-around solution.
	</p><p>
	Another work-around is to manually create a Unix/Linux group, then manually create the
	MS Windows NT4 / 200x group on the Samba server and then use the <b class="command">net groupmap</b>
	tool to connect the two to each other.
	</p></div><div xmlns:ns26="" class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2898682"></a>Discussion</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	When installing <span class="application">MS Windows NT4 / 200x</span> on a computer, the installation
	program creates default users and groups. Notably the <tt class="constant">Administrators</tt> group,
	and gives to that group privileges necessary privilidges to perform essential system tasks.
	eg: Ability to change the date and time or to kill any process (or close too) running on the
	local machine.
	</p><p>
	The 'Administrator' user is a member of the 'Administrators' group, and thus inherits
	'Administrators' group privileges. If a 'joe' user is created to be a member of the
	'Administrator' group, 'joe' has exactly the same rights as 'Administrator'.
	</p><p>
	When an MS Windows NT4 / W200x is made a domain member, the &quot;Domain Adminis&quot; group of the
	PDC is added to the local 'Administrators' group of the workstation. Every member of the
	'Domain Administrators' group inherits the rights of the local 'Administrators' group when
	logging on the workstation.
	</p><p>
	The following steps describe how to make samba PDC users members of the 'Domain Admins' group?
	</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
		create a unix group (usually in <tt class="filename">/etc/group</tt>), let's call it domadm
		</p></li><li xmlns:ns24=""><p>add to this group the users that must be Administrators. For example
		if you want joe,john and mary, your entry in <tt class="filename">/etc/group</tt> will
		look like:
		</p><pre class="programlisting">
		domadm:x:502:joe,john,mary
		</pre><ns24:p>
		</ns24:p></li><li xmlns:ns25=""><p>
		Map this domadm group to the &quot;Domain Admins&quot; group by running the command:
		</p><ns25:p>
		</ns25:p><pre class="screen">
		<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net groupmap add ntgroup=&quot;Domain Admins&quot; unixgroup=domadm</tt></b>
		</pre><ns25:p>
		</ns25:p><p>
		The quotes around &quot;Domain Admins&quot; are necessary due to the space in the group name.
		Also make sure to leave no whitespace surrounding the equal character (=).
		</p></li></ol></div><p>
	Now joe, john and mary are domain administrators!
	</p><p>
	It is possible to map any arbitrary UNIX group to any Windows NT4 / 200x group as well as
	making any UNIX group a Windows domain group.  For example, if you wanted to include a
	UNIX group (e.g. acct) in a ACL on a local file or printer on a domain member machine,
	you would flag that group as a domain group by running the following on the Samba PDC:
	</p><ns26:p>
	</ns26:p><pre class="screen">
	<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net groupmap add rid=1000 ntgroup=&quot;Accounting&quot; unixgroup=acct</tt></b>
	</pre><ns26:p>
	</ns26:p><p>
	Be aware that the RID parmeter is a unsigned 32 bit integer that should
	normally start at 1000.  However, this rid must not overlap with any RID assigned
	to a user.  Verifying this is done differently depending on on the passdb backend 
	you are using.  Future versions of the tools may perform the verification automatically,
	but for now the burden is on you.
	</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2898871"></a>Example Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		You can list the various groups in the mapping database by executing 
		<b class="command">net groupmap list</b>.  Here is an example:
		</p><ns26:p>
		</ns26:p><pre class="screen">
		<tt class="prompt">root# </tt> <b class="userinput"><tt>net groupmap list</tt></b>
		System Administrators (S-1-5-21-2547222302-1596225915-2414751004-1002) -&gt; sysadmin
		Domain Admins (S-1-5-21-2547222302-1596225915-2414751004-512) -&gt; domadmin
		Domain Users (S-1-5-21-2547222302-1596225915-2414751004-513) -&gt; domuser
		Domain Guests (S-1-5-21-2547222302-1596225915-2414751004-514) -&gt; domguest
		</pre><ns26:p>
		</ns26:p><p>
		For complete details on <b class="command">net groupmap</b>, refer to the net(8) man page.
		</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2898936"></a>Configuration Scripts</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Everyone needs tools. Some of us like to create our own, others prefer to use canned tools
	(ie: prepared by someone else for general use). 
	</p><div xmlns:ns27="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2898950"></a>Sample <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> add group script</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		A script to great complying group names for use by the samba group interfaces:
		</p><ns27:p>
</ns27:p><div class="example"><a name="id2898973"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 12.1. smbgrpadd.sh</b></p><pre class="programlisting">

#!/bin/bash

# Add the group using normal system groupadd tool.
groupadd smbtmpgrp00

thegid=`cat /etc/group | grep smbtmpgrp00 | cut -d &quot;:&quot; -f3`

# Now change the name to what we want for the MS Windows networking end
cat /etc/group | sed s/smbtmpgrp00/$1/g &gt; /etc/group

# Now return the GID as would normally happen.
echo $thegid
exit 0
</pre></div><ns27:p>
</ns27:p><ns27:p>
		The <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> entry for the above script would look like:
		</ns27:p><pre class="programlisting">
		add group script = /path_to_tool/smbgrpadd.sh %g
		</pre><ns27:p>
		</ns27:p></div><div xmlns:ns28="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2899017"></a>Script to configure Group Mapping</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	In our example we have created a Unix/Linux group called <i class="parameter"><tt>ntadmin</tt></i>.
	Our script will create the additional groups <i class="parameter"><tt>Engineers, Marketoids, Gnomes</tt></i>:
	</p><ns28:p>
</ns28:p><pre class="programlisting">
#!/bin/bash

net groupmap modify ntgroup=&quot;Domain Admins&quot; unixgroup=ntadmin
net groupmap modify ntgroup=&quot;Domain Users&quot; unixgroup=users
net groupmap modify ntgroup=&quot;Domain Guests&quot; unixgroup=nobody
net groupmap modify ntgroup=&quot;Administrators&quot; unixgroup=root
net groupmap modify ntgroup=&quot;Users&quot; unixgroup=users
net groupmap modify ntgroup=&quot;Guests&quot; unixgroup=nobody
net groupmap modify ntgroup=&quot;System Operators&quot; unixgroup=sys
net groupmap modify ntgroup=&quot;Account Operators&quot; unixgroup=root
net groupmap modify ntgroup=&quot;Backup Operators&quot; unixgroup=bin
net groupmap modify ntgroup=&quot;Print Operators&quot; unixgroup=lp
net groupmap modify ntgroup=&quot;Replicators&quot; unixgroup=daemon
net groupmap modify ntgroup=&quot;Power Users&quot; unixgroup=sys

#groupadd Engineers
#groupadd Marketoids
#groupadd Gnomes

#net groupmap add ntgroup=&quot;Engineers&quot;  unixgroup=Engineers    type=d
#net groupmap add ntgroup=&quot;Marketoids&quot; unixgroup=Marketoids   type=d
#net groupmap add ntgroup=&quot;Gnomes&quot;     unixgroup=Gnomes       type=d
</pre><ns28:p>
</ns28:p><p>
	Of course it is expected that the admininstrator will modify this to suit local needs.
	For information regarding the use of the <b class="command">net groupmap</b> tool please
	refer to the man page.
	</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2899091"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
At this time there are many little surprises for the unwary administrator. In a real sense
it is imperative that every step of automated control scripts must be carefully tested
manually before putting them into active service.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2899107"></a>Adding Groups Fails</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		This is a common problem when the <b class="command">groupadd</b> is called directly
		by the samba interface script for the <i class="parameter"><tt>add group script</tt></i> in
		the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
		</p><p>
		The most common cause of failure is an attempt to add an MS Windows group acocunt
		that has either an upper case character and/or a space character in it.
		</p><p>
		There are three possible work-arounds. Firstly, use only group names that comply
		with the limitations of the Unix/Linux <b class="command">groupadd</b> system tool.
		The second involves use of the script mentioned earlier in this chapter, and the
		third option is to manually create a Unix/Linux group account that can substitute
		for the MS Windows group name, then use the procedure listed above to map that group
		to the MS Windows group.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2899167"></a>Adding MS Windows Groups to MS Windows Groups Fails</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		Samba-3 does NOT support nested groups from the MS Windows control environment.
		</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="AccessControls"></a>Chapter 13. File, Directory and Share Access Controls</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jeremy</span> <span class="surname">Allison</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jra@samba.org">jra@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">May 10, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2902353">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2902478">File System Access Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2902496">MS Windows NTFS Comparison with Unix File Systems</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2899413">Managing Directories</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2899508">File and Directory Access Control</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2899915">Share Definition Access Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2899943">User and Group Based Controls</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900215">File and Directory Permissions Based Controls</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2900461">Miscellaneous Controls</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2905044">Access Controls on Shares</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2905115">Share Permissions Management</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2905414">MS Windows Access Control Lists and Unix Interoperability</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2905422">Managing UNIX permissions Using NT Security Dialogs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2905460">Viewing File Security on a Samba Share</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2905539">Viewing file ownership</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2905661">Viewing File or Directory Permissions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2905889">Modifying file or directory permissions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2906041">Interaction with the standard Samba create mask 
		parameters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2906370">Interaction with the standard Samba file attribute 
		mapping</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2906446">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2906460">Users can not write to a public share</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2906838">I have set force user and samba still makes root the owner of all the files
			I touch!</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
Advanced MS Windows users are frequently perplexed when file, directory and share manipulation of
resources shared via Samba do not behave in the manner they might expect. MS Windows network
adminstrators are often confused regarding network access controls and what is the best way to
provide users with the type of access they need while protecting resources from the consequences
of untoward access capabilities.
</p><p>
Unix administrators frequently are not familiar with the MS Windows environment and in particular
have difficulty in visualizing what the MS Windows user wishes to achieve in attempts to set file
and directory access permissions. 
</p><p>
The problem lies in the differences in how file and directory permissions and controls work
between the two environments. This difference is one that Samba can not completely hide, even
though it does try to make the chasm transparent.
</p><p>
POSIX Access Control List technology has been available (along with Extended Attributes)
for Unix for many years, yet there is little evidence today of any significant use. This
explains to some extent the slow adoption of ACLs into commercial Linux products. MS Windows
administrators are astounded at this given that ACLs were a foundational capability of the now
decade old MS Windows NT operating system.
</p><p>
The purpose of this chapter is to present each of the points of control that are possible with
Samba-3 in the hope that this will help the network administrator to find the optimum method
for delivering the best environment for MS Windows desktop users.
</p><p>
This is an opportune point to mention that it should be borne in mind that Samba was created to
provide a means of interoperability and interchange of data between two operating environments
that are quite different. It was never the intent to make Unix/Linux like MS Windows NT. Instead
the purpose was an is to provide a sufficient level of exchange of data between the two environments.
What is available today extends well beyond early plans and expections, yet the gap continues to
shrink.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2902353"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Samba offers a lot of flexibility in file system access management. These are the key access control
	facilities present in Samba today:
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><p class="title"><b>Samba Access Control Facilities</b></p><ul type="disc"><li><p>
		<span class="emphasis"><em>Unix File and Directory Permissions</em></span>
		</p><p>
			Samba honours and implements Unix file system access controls. Users
			who access a Samba server will do so as a particular MS Windows user.
			This information is passed to the Samba server as part of the logon or
			connection setup process. Samba uses this user identity to validate
			whether or not the user should be given access to file system resources
			(files and directories). This chapter provides an overview for those
			to whom the Unix permissions and controls are a little strange or unknown.
			</p></li><li><p>
		<span class="emphasis"><em>Samba Share Definitions</em></span>
		</p><p>
			In configuring share settings and controls in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file
			the network administrator can exercise over-rides to native file
			system permissions and behaviours. This can be handy and convenient
			to affect behaviour that is more like what MS Windows NT users expect
			but it is seldom the <span class="emphasis"><em>best</em></span> way to achieve this.
			The basic options and techniques are described herein.
			</p></li><li><p>
		<span class="emphasis"><em>Samba Share ACLs</em></span>
		</p><p>
			Just like it is possible in MS Windows NT to set ACLs on shares
			themselves, so it is possible to do this in Samba.
			Very few people make use of this facility, yet it remains on of the
			easiest ways to affect access controls (restrictions) and can often
			do so with minimum invasiveness compared with other methods.
			</p></li><li><p>
		<span class="emphasis"><em>MS Windows ACLs through Unix POSIX ACLs</em></span>
		</p><p>
			The use of POSIX ACLs on Unix/Linux is possible ONLY if the underlying
			operating system supports them. If not, then this option will not be
			available to you. Current Unix technology platforms have native support
			for POSIX ACLs. There are patches for the Linux kernel that provide
			this also. Sadly, few Linux paltforms ship today with native ACLs and
			Extended Attributes enabled. This chapter has pertinent information
			for users of platforms that support them.
			</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2902478"></a>File System Access Controls</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Perhaps the most important recognition to be made is the simple fact that MS Windows NT4 / 200x / XP
implement a totally divergent file system technology from what is provided in the Unix operating system
environment. Firstly we should consider what the most significant differences are, then we shall look
at how Samba helps to bridge the differences.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2902496"></a>MS Windows NTFS Comparison with Unix File Systems</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Samba operates on top of the Unix file system. This means it is subject to Unix file system conventions
	and permissions. It also means that if the MS Windows networking environment requires file system
	behaviour that differs from unix file system behaviour then somehow Samba is responsible for emulating
	that in a transparent and consistent manner.
	</p><p>
	It is good news that Samba does this to a very large extent and on top of that provides a high degree
	of optional configuration to over-ride the default behaviour. We will look at some of these over-rides,
	but for the greater part we will stay withing the bounds of default behaviour. Those wishing to explore
	to depths of control ability should review the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page.
	</p><div class="variablelist"><p class="title"><b>File System Feature Comparison</b></p><dl><dt><span class="term">Name Space</span></dt><dd><p>
		MS Windows NT4 / 200x/ XP files names may be up to 254 characters long, Unix file names
		may be 1023 characters long. In MS Windows file extensions indicate particular file types,
		in Unix this is not so rigorously observed as all names are considered arbitrary. 
		</p><p>
		What MS Windows calls a Folder, Unix calls a directory,
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Case Sensitivity</span></dt><dd><p>
		MS Windows file names are generally Upper Case if made up of 8.3 (ie: 8 character file name
		and 3 character extension. If longer than 8.3 file names are Case Preserving, and Case
		Insensitive.
		</p><p>
		Unix file and directory names are Case Sensitive and Case Preserving. Samba implements the
		MS Windows file name behaviour, but it does so as a user application. The Unix file system
		provides no mechanism to perform case insensitive file name lookups. MS Windows does this
		by default. This means that Samba has to carry the processing overhead to provide features
		that are NOT native to the Unix operating system environment.
		</p><p>
		Consider the following, all are unique Unix names but one single MS Windows file name:
		<tt class="computeroutput">
				MYFILE.TXT
				MyFile.txt
				myfile.txt
		</tt>
		So clearly, In an MS Windows file name space these three files CAN NOT co-exist! But in Unix 
		they can. So what should Samba do if all three are present? Answer, the one that is lexically
		first will be accessible to MS Windows users, the others are invisible and unaccessible - any
		other solution would be suicidal.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Directory Separators</span></dt><dd><p>
		MS Windows and DOS uses the back-slash '\' as a directory delimiter, Unix uses the forward-slash '/'
		as it's directory delimiter. This is transparently handled by Samba.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Drive Identification</span></dt><dd><p>
		MS Windows products support a notion of drive letters, like <b class="command">C:</b> to represent
		disk partitions. Unix has NO concept if separate identifiers for file partitions since each
		such file system is <tt class="filename">mounted</tt> to become part of the over-all directory tree.
		The Unix directory tree begins at '/', just like the root of a DOS drive is specified like
		<b class="command">C:\</b>.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">File Naming Conventions</span></dt><dd><p>
		MS Windows generally never experiences file names that begin with a '.', while in Unix these
		are commonly found in a user's home directory. Files that begin with a '.' are typically
		either start up files for various Unix applications, or they may be files that contain
		start-up configuration data.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Links and Short-Cuts</span></dt><dd><p>
		MS Windows make use of &quot;links and Short-Cuts&quot; that are actually special types of files that will
		redirect an attempt to execute the file to the real location of the file. Unix knows of file and directory
		links, but they are entirely different from what MS Windows users are used to.
		</p><p>
		Symbolic links are files in Unix that contain the actual location of the data (file OR directory). An
		operation (like read or write) will operate directly on the file referenced. Symbolic links are also
		referred to as 'soft links'. A hard link is something that MS Windows is NOT familiar with. It allows
		one physical file to be known simulataneously by more than one file name.
		</p></dd></dl></div><p>
	There are many other subtle differences that may cause the MS Windows administrator some temporary discomfort
	in the process of becoming familiar with Unix/Linux. These are best left for a text that is dedicated to the
	purpose of Unix/Linux training/education.
	</p></div><div xmlns:ns29="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2899413"></a>Managing Directories</h3></div></div><div></div></div><ns29:p>
	There are three basic operations for managing directories, <b class="command">create, delete, rename</b>.
	</ns29:p><div class="table"><a name="id2899431"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 13.1. Managing directories with unix and windows</b></p><table summary="Managing directories with unix and windows" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">Action</th><th align="center">MS Windows Command</th><th align="center">Unix Command</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">create</td><td align="center">md folder</td><td align="center">mkdir folder</td></tr><tr><td align="center">delete</td><td align="center">rd folder</td><td align="center">rmdir folder</td></tr><tr><td align="center">rename</td><td align="center">rename oldname newname</td><td align="center">mv oldname newname</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ns29:p>
	</ns29:p></div><div xmlns:ns30="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2899508"></a>File and Directory Access Control</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	The network administrator is strongly advised to read foundational training manuals and reference materials
	regarding file and directory permissions maintenance. Much can be achieved with the basic Unix permissions
	without having to resort to more complex facilities like POSIX Access Control Lists (ACLs) or Extended
	Attributes (EAs).
	</p><ns30:p>
	Unix/Linux file and directory access permissions invloves setting three (3) primary sets of data and one (1) control set.
	A Unix file listing looks as follows:-

	</ns30:p><pre class="screen">
	<tt class="prompt">jht@frodo:~/stuff&gt; </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls -la</tt></b>
	total 632
	drwxr-xr-x   13 jht   users      816 2003-05-12 22:56 .
	drwxr-xr-x   37 jht   users     3800 2003-05-12 22:29 ..
	d---------    2 jht   users       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado00
	d--x--x--x    2 jht   users       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado01
	dr-xr-xr-x    2 jht   users       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado02
	drwxrwxrwx    2 jht   users       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado03
	drw-rw-rw-    2 jht   users       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado04
	d-w--w--w-    2 jht   users       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado05
	dr--r--r--    2 jht   users       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado06
	drwxrwxrwt    2 jht   users       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado07
	drwsrwsrwx    2 jht   users       48 2003-05-12 22:29 muchado08
	----------    1 jht   users     1242 2003-05-12 22:31 mydata00.lst
	---x--x--x    1 jht   users     1674 2003-05-12 22:33 mydata01.lst
	--w--w--w-    1 jht   users     7754 2003-05-12 22:33 mydata02.lst
	--wx-wx-wx    1 jht   users   260179 2003-05-12 22:33 mydata03.lst
	-r--r--r--    1 jht   users    21017 2003-05-12 22:32 mydata04.lst
	-r-xr-xr-x    1 jht   users   206339 2003-05-12 22:32 mydata05.lst
	-rw-rw-rw-    1 jht   users    41105 2003-05-12 22:32 mydata06.lst
	-rwxrwxrwx    1 jht   users    19312 2003-05-12 22:32 mydata07.lst
	<tt class="prompt">jht@frodo:~/stuff&gt;</tt>
	</pre><ns30:p>
	</ns30:p><p>
	The columns above represent (from left to right): permissions, no blocks used, owner, group, size (bytes), access date, access time, file name.
	</p><ns30:p>
	The permissions field is made up of:

	</ns30:p><pre class="programlisting">
	<i><span class="comment"> JRV: Put this into a diagram of some sort</span></i>
	[ type  ] [ users ] [ group ] [ others ]   [File, Directory Permissions]
	[ d | l ] [ r w x ] [ r w x ] [ r w x  ]
	  |   |     | | |     | | |     | | |
	  |   |     | | |     | | |     | | |-----&gt; Can Execute, List files
	  |   |     | | |     | | |     | |-------&gt; Can Write,   Create files
	  |   |     | | |     | | |     |---------&gt; Can Read,    Read files
	  |   |     | | |     | | |---------------&gt; Can Execute, List files
	  |   |     | | |     | |-----------------&gt; Can Write,   Create files
	  |   |     | | |     |-------------------&gt; Can Read,    Read files
	  |   |     | | |-------------------------&gt; Can Execute, List files
	  |   |     | |---------------------------&gt; Can Write,   Create files
	  |   |     |-----------------------------&gt; Can Read,    Read files
	  |   |-----------------------------------&gt; Is a symbolic Link
	  |---------------------------------------&gt; Is a directory
	</pre><ns30:p>
	</ns30:p><ns30:p>
	Any bit flag may be unset. An unset bit flag is the equivalent of 'Can NOT' and is represented as a '-' character.

	</ns30:p><div class="example"><a name="id2899836"></a><p class="title"><b>Example 13.1. Example File</b></p><pre class="programlisting">
		-rwxr-x---   Means: The owner (user) can read, write, execute
		                    the group can read and execute
		                    everyone else can NOT do anything with it
		</pre></div><ns30:p>

	</ns30:p><p>
	Additional posibilities in the [type] field are: c = character device, b = block device, p = pipe device, s = Unix Domain Socket.
	</p><p>
	The letters `rwxXst' set permissions for the user, group and others as: read (r), write (w), execute (or access for directories) (x),r
	execute  only  if  the  file  is a directory or already has execute permission for some user (X), set user or group ID on execution (s),
	sticky (t).
	</p><p>
	When the sticky bit is set on a directory, files in that directory may be unlinked (deleted) or renamed only by root or their owner. 
	Without the sticky  bit, anyone able to write to the directory can delete or rename files. The sticky bit is commonly found on
	directories, such as /tmp, that are world-writable.
	</p><p>
	When the set user or group ID bit (s) is set on a directory, then all files created within it will be owned by the user and/or
	group whose 'set user or group' bit is set. This can be very helpful in setting up directories that for which it is desired that
	all users who are in a group should be able to write to and read from a file, particularly when it is undesirable for that file
	to be exclusively owned by a user who's primary group is not the group that all such users belong to.
	</p><p>
	When a directory is set <tt class="constant">drw-r-----</tt> this means that the owner can read and create (write) files in it, but because
	the (x) execute flags are not set files can not be listed (seen) in the directory by anyone. The group can read files in the
	directory but can NOT create new files. NOTE: If files in the directory are set to be readable and writable for the group, then
	group members will be able to write to (or delete) them.
	</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2899915"></a>Share Definition Access Controls</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The following parameters in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file sections that define a share control or affect access controls.
Before using any of the following options please refer to the man page for <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2899943"></a>User and Group Based Controls</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	User and group based controls can prove very useful. In some situations it is distinctly desirable to affect all
	file system operations as if a single user is doing this, the use of the <i class="parameter"><tt>force user</tt></i> and 
	<i class="parameter"><tt>force group</tt></i> behaviour will achieve this. In other situations it may be necessary to affect a
	paranoia level of control to ensure that only particular authorised persons will be able to access a share or
	it's contents, here the use of the <i class="parameter"><tt>valid users</tt></i> or the <i class="parameter"><tt>invalid users</tt></i> may
	be most useful.
	</p><p>
	As always, it is highly advisable to use the least difficult to maintain and the least ambiguous method for
	controlling access. Remember, that when you leave the scene someone else will need to provide assistance and
	if that person finds too great a mess, or if they do not understand what you have done then there is risk of
	Samba being removed and an alternative solution being adopted.
	</p><div class="table"><a name="id2900001"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 13.2. User and Group Based Controls</b></p><table summary="User and Group Based Controls" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">Control Parameter</th><th align="center">Description - Action - Notes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>admin users</td><td><p>
			List of users who will be granted administrative privileges on the share.
			They will do all file operations as the super-user (root).  
			Any user in this list will be able to do anything they like on the share,
			irrespective of file permissions.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>force group</td><td><p>
			Specifies a UNIX group name that will be assigned as the default primary group
			for all users connecting to this service.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>force user</td><td><p>
			Specifies a UNIX user name that will be assigned as the default user for all users connecting to this service.
			This is useful for sharing files. Incorrect use can cause security problems.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>guest ok</td><td><p>
			If this parameter is set for a service, then no password is required to connect to the service. Privileges will be 
			those of the  guest account.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>invalid users</td><td><p>
			List of users that should not be allowed to login to this service.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>only user</td><td><p>
			Controls whether connections with usernames not in the user list will be allowed.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>read list</td><td><p>
			List of users that are given read-only access to a service. Users in this list
			will not be given write access, no matter what the  read only  option is set to. 
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>username</td><td><p>
			Refer to the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page for more information - this is a complex and potentially misused parameter.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>valid users</td><td><p>
			List of users that should be allowed to login to this service.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>write list</td><td><p>
			List of users that are given read-write access to a service.
			</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2900215"></a>File and Directory Permissions Based Controls</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	The following file and directory permission based controls, if misused, can result in considerable difficulty to
	diagnose the cause of mis-configuration. Use them sparingly and carefully. By gradually introducing each one by one
	undesirable side-effects may be detected. In the event of a problem, always comment all of them out and then gradually
	re-instroduce them in a controlled fashion.
	</p><div class="table"><a name="id2900234"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 13.3. File and Directory Permission Based Controls</b></p><table summary="File and Directory Permission Based Controls" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">Control Parameter</th><th align="center">Description - Action - Notes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>create mask</td><td><p>
			Refer to the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>directory mask</td><td><p>
			The octal modes used when converting DOS modes to UNIX modes when creating UNIX directories.
			See also: directory security mask.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>dos filemode</td><td><p>
			Enabling this parameter allows a user who has write access to the file to modify the permissions on it.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>force create mode</td><td><p>
			This parameter specifies a set of UNIX mode bit permissions that will always be set on a file created by Samba.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>force directory mode</td><td><p>
			This parameter specifies a set of UNIX mode bit permissions that will always be set on a directory created by Samba.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>force directory security mode</td><td><p>
			Controls UNIX permission bits modified when a Windows NT client is manipulating UNIX permissions on a directory
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>force security mode</td><td><p>
			Controls UNIX permission bits modified when a Windows NT client manipulates UNIX permissions.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>hide unreadable</td><td><p>
			Prevents clients from seeing the existance of files that cannot be read.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>hide unwriteable files</td><td><p>
			Prevents clients from seeing the existance of files that cannot be written to. Unwriteable directories are shown as usual. 
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>nt acl support</td><td><p>
			This parameter controls whether smbd will attempt to map UNIX permissions into Windows NT access control lists.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>security mask</td><td><p>
			Controls UNIX permission bits modified when a Windows NT client is manipulating the UNIX permissions on a file.
			</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2900461"></a>Miscellaneous Controls</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	The following are documented because of the prevalence of administrators creating inadvertant barriers to file
	access by not understanding the full implications of <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file settings.
	</p><div class="table"><a name="id2900482"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 13.4. Other Controls</b></p><table summary="Other Controls" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">Control Parameter</th><th align="center">Description - Action - Notes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>case sensitive, default case, short preserve case</td><td><p>
			This means that all file name lookup will be done in a case sensitive manner. 
			Files will be created with the precise filename Samba received from the MS Windows client.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>csc policy</td><td><p>
			Client Side Caching Policy - parallels MS Windows client side file caching capabilities.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>dont descend</td><td><p>
			Allows to specify a comma-delimited list of directories that the server should always show as empty.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>dos filetime resolution</td><td><p>
			This option is mainly used as a compatibility option for Visual C++ when used against Samba shares.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>dos filetimes</td><td><p>
			DOS and Windows allows users to change file time stamps if they can write to the file. POSIX semantics prevent this.
			This options allows DOS and Windows behaviour.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>fake oplocks</td><td><p>
			Oplocks are the way that SMB clients get permission from a server to locally cache file operations. If a server grants an
			oplock then the client is free to assume that it is the only one accessing the file and it will aggressively cache file data.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>hide dot files, hide files, veto files</td><td><p>
			Note: MS Windows Explorer allows over-ride of files marked as hidden so they will still be visible.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>read only</td><td><p>
			If this parameter is yes, then users of a service may not create or modify files in the service's directory.
			</p></td></tr><tr><td>veto files</td><td><p>
			List of files and directories that are neither visible nor accessible.
			</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2905044"></a>Access Controls on Shares</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	This section deals with how to configure Samba per share access control restrictions.
	By default samba sets no restrictions on the share itself. Restrictions on the share itself
	can be set on MS Windows NT4/200x/XP shares. This can be a very effective way to limit who can
	connect to a share. In the absence of specific restrictions the default setting is to allow
	the global user <tt class="constant">Everyone</tt> Full Control (ie: Full control, Change and Read).
	</p><p>
	At this time Samba does NOT provide a tool for configuring access control setting on the Share
	itself. Samba does have the capacity to store and act on access control settings, but  the only
	way to create those settings is to use either the NT4 Server Manager or the Windows 200x MMC for
	Computer Management.
	</p><p>
	Samba stores the per share access control settings in a file called <tt class="filename">share_info.tdb</tt>.
	The location of this file on your system will depend on how samba was compiled. The default location
	for samba's tdb files is under <tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/var</tt>. If the <tt class="filename">tdbdump</tt>
	utility has been compiled and installed on your system then you can examine the contents of this file
	by: <b class="userinput"><tt>tdbdump share_info.tdb</tt></b>.
	</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2905115"></a>Share Permissions Management</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		The best tool for the task is platform dependant. Choose the best tool for your environmemt.
		</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2905128"></a>Windows NT4 Workstation/Server</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			The tool you need to use to manage share permissions on a Samba server is the NT Server Manager.
			Server Manager is shipped with Windows NT4 Server products but not with Windows NT4 Workstation.
			You can obtain the NT Server Manager for MS Windows NT4 Workstation from Microsoft - see details below.
			</p><div class="procedure"><p class="title"><b>Procedure 13.1. Instructions</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p>
			Launch the <span class="application">NT4 Server Manager</span>, click on the Samba server you want to administer, then from the menu
			select <span class="guimenu">Computer</span>, then click on the <span class="guimenuitem">Shared Directories</span> entry.
			</p></li><li><p>
			Now click on the share that you wish to manage, then click on the <span class="guilabel">Properties</span> tab, next click on
			the <span class="guilabel">Permissions</span> tab. Now you can add or change access control settings as you wish.
			</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2905210"></a>Windows 200x/XP</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			On <span class="application">MS Windows NT4/200x/XP</span> system access control lists on the share itself are set using native
			tools, usually from filemanager. For example, in Windows 200x: right click on the shared folder,
			then select <span class="guimenuitem">Sharing</span>, then click on <span class="guilabel">Permissions</span>. The default 
			Windows NT4/200x permission allows <span class="emphasis"><em>Everyone</em></span> Full Control on the Share.
			</p><p>
			MS Windows 200x and later all comes with a tool called the <span class="application">Computer Management</span> snap-in for the
			Microsoft Management Console (MMC). This tool is located by clicking on <tt class="filename">Control Panel -&gt;
			Administrative Tools -&gt; Computer Management</tt>.
			</p><div class="procedure"><p class="title"><b>Procedure 13.2. Instructions</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p>
				After launching the MMC with the Computer Management snap-in, click on the menu item <span class="guimenuitem">Action</span>,
				select <span class="guilabel">Connect to another computer</span>. If you are not logged onto a domain you will be prompted
				to enter a domain login user identifier and a password. This will authenticate you to the domain.
				If you where already logged in with administrative privilidge this step is not offered.
			</p></li><li><p>
			If the Samba server is not shown in the <span class="guilabel">Select Computer</span> box, then type in the name of the target
			Samba server in the field <span class="guilabel">Name:</span>. Now click on the <span class="guibutton">[+]</span> next to 
			<span class="guilabel">System Tools</span>, then on the <span class="guibutton">[+]</span> next to <span class="guilabel">Shared Folders</span> in the 
			left panel.
			</p></li><li><p>
			Now in the right panel, double-click on the share you wish to set access control permissions on.
			Then click on the tab <span class="guilabel">Share Permissions</span>. It is now possible to add access control entities
			to the shared folder. Do NOT forget to set what type of access (full control, change, read) you
			wish to assign for each entry.
			</p></li></ol></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
			Be careful. If you take away all permissions from the <tt class="constant">Everyone</tt> user without removing this user
			then effectively no user will be able to access the share. This is a result of what is known as
			ACL precedence. ie: Everyone with <span class="emphasis"><em>no access</em></span> means that MaryK who is part of the group 
			<tt class="constant">Everyone</tt> will have no access even if this user is given explicit full control access.
			</p></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2905414"></a>MS Windows Access Control Lists and Unix Interoperability</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2905422"></a>Managing UNIX permissions Using NT Security Dialogs</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Windows NT clients can use their native security settings 
		dialog box to view and modify the underlying UNIX permissions.</p><p>Note that this ability is careful not to compromise 
		the security of the UNIX host Samba is running on, and 
		still obeys all the file permission rules that a Samba 
		administrator can set.</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
		All access to Unix/Linux system file via Samba is controlled at
		the operating system file access control level. When trying to
		figure out file access problems it is vitally important to identify
		the identity of the Windows user as it is presented by Samba at
		the point of file access. This can best be determined from the
		Samba log files.
		</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2905460"></a>Viewing File Security on a Samba Share</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>From an NT4/2000/XP client, single-click with the right 
		mouse button on any file or directory in a Samba mounted 
		drive letter or UNC path. When the menu pops-up, click 
		on the <span class="guilabel">Properties</span> entry at the bottom of 
		the menu. This brings up the file properties dialog
		box. Click on the tab <span class="guilabel">Security</span> and you 
		will see three buttons, <span class="guibutton">Permissions</span>,	 
		<span class="guibutton">Auditing</span>, and <span class="guibutton">Ownership</span>. 
		The <span class="guibutton">Auditing</span> button will cause either 
		an error message <span class="errorname">A requested privilege is not held 
		by the client</span> to appear if the user is not the 
		NT Administrator, or a dialog which is intended to allow an 
		Administrator to add auditing requirements to a file if the 
		user is logged on as the NT Administrator. This dialog is 
		non-functional with a Samba share at this time, as the only 
		useful button, the <span class="guibutton">Add</span> button will not currently 
		allow a list of users to be seen.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2905539"></a>Viewing file ownership</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Clicking on the <span class="guibutton">Ownership</span> button 
		brings up a dialog box telling you who owns the given file. The 
		owner name will be of the form :</p><p><b class="command">&quot;SERVER\user (Long name)&quot;</b></p><p>Where <i class="replaceable"><tt>SERVER</tt></i> is the NetBIOS name of 
		the Samba server, <i class="replaceable"><tt>user</tt></i> is the user name of 
		the UNIX user who owns the file, and <i class="replaceable"><tt>(Long name)</tt></i>
		is the descriptive string identifying the user (normally found in the
		GECOS field of the UNIX password database). Click on the 
		<span class="guibutton">Close </span> button to remove this dialog.</p><p>If the parameter <i class="parameter"><tt>nt acl support</tt></i>
		is set to <tt class="constant">false</tt> then the file owner will 
		be shown as the NT user <tt class="constant">&quot;Everyone&quot;</tt>.</p><p>The <span class="guibutton">Take Ownership</span> button will not allow 
		you to change the ownership of this file to yourself (clicking on 
		it will display a dialog box complaining that the user you are 
		currently logged onto the NT client cannot be found). The reason 
		for this is that changing the ownership of a file is a privileged 
		operation in UNIX, available only to the <span class="emphasis"><em>root</em></span> 
		user. As clicking on this button causes NT to attempt to change 
		the ownership of a file to the current user logged into the NT 
		client this will not work with Samba at this time.</p><p>There is an NT chown command that will work with Samba 
		and allow a user with Administrator privilege connected 
		to a Samba server as root to change the ownership of 
		files on both a local NTFS filesystem or remote mounted NTFS 
		or Samba drive. This is available as part of the <span class="application">Seclib
		</span> NT security library written by Jeremy Allison of 
		the Samba Team, available from the main Samba ftp site.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2905661"></a>Viewing File or Directory Permissions</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>The third button is the <span class="guibutton">Permissions</span> 
		button. Clicking on this brings up a dialog box that shows both 
		the permissions and the UNIX owner of the file or directory. 
		The owner is displayed in the form :</p><p><b class="command">&quot;<i class="replaceable"><tt>SERVER</tt></i>\
				<i class="replaceable"><tt>user</tt></i> 
				<i class="replaceable"><tt>(Long name)</tt></i>&quot;</b></p><p>Where <i class="replaceable"><tt>SERVER</tt></i> is the NetBIOS name of 
		the Samba server, <i class="replaceable"><tt>user</tt></i> is the user name of 
		the UNIX user who owns the file, and <i class="replaceable"><tt>(Long name)</tt></i>
		is the descriptive string identifying the user (normally found in the
		GECOS field of the UNIX password database).</p><p>If the parameter <i class="parameter"><tt>nt acl support</tt></i>
		is set to <tt class="constant">false</tt> then the file owner will 
		be shown as the NT user <tt class="constant">&quot;Everyone&quot;</tt> and the 
		permissions will be shown as NT &quot;Full Control&quot;.</p><p>The permissions field is displayed differently for files 
		and directories, so I'll describe the way file permissions 
		are displayed first.</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2905752"></a>File Permissions</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>The standard UNIX user/group/world triple and 
			the corresponding &quot;read&quot;, &quot;write&quot;, &quot;execute&quot; permissions 
			triples are mapped by Samba into a three element NT ACL 
			with the 'r', 'w', and 'x' bits mapped into the corresponding 
			NT permissions. The UNIX world permissions are mapped into 
			the global NT group <tt class="constant">Everyone</tt>, followed 
			by the list of permissions allowed for UNIX world. The UNIX 
			owner and group permissions are displayed as an NT 
			<span class="guiicon">user</span> icon and an NT <span class="guiicon">local 
			group</span> icon respectively followed by the list 
			of permissions allowed for the UNIX user and group.</p><p>As many UNIX permission sets don't map into common 
			NT names such as <tt class="constant">read</tt>, <tt class="constant">
			&quot;change&quot;</tt> or <tt class="constant">full control</tt> then 
			usually the permissions will be prefixed by the words <tt class="constant">
			&quot;Special Access&quot;</tt> in the NT display list.</p><p>But what happens if the file has no permissions allowed 
			for a particular UNIX user group or world component ? In order 
			to  allow &quot;no permissions&quot; to be seen and modified then Samba 
			overloads the NT <b class="command">&quot;Take Ownership&quot;</b> ACL attribute 
			(which has no meaning in UNIX) and reports a component with 
			no permissions as having the NT <b class="command">&quot;O&quot;</b> bit set. 
			This was chosen of course to make it look like a zero, meaning 
			zero permissions. More details on the decision behind this will 
			be given below.</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2905844"></a>Directory Permissions</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>Directories on an NT NTFS file system have two 
			different sets of permissions. The first set of permissions 
			is the ACL set on the directory itself, this is usually displayed 
			in the first set of parentheses in the normal <tt class="constant">&quot;RW&quot;</tt> 
			NT style. This first set of permissions is created by Samba in 
			exactly the same way as normal file permissions are, described 
			above, and is displayed in the same way.</p><p>The second set of directory permissions has no real meaning 
			in the UNIX permissions world and represents the <tt class="constant">
			inherited</tt> permissions that any file created within 
			this directory would inherit.</p><p>Samba synthesises these inherited permissions for NT by 
			returning as an NT ACL the UNIX permission mode that a new file 
			created by Samba on this share would receive.</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2905889"></a>Modifying file or directory permissions</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Modifying file and directory permissions is as simple 
		as changing the displayed permissions in the dialog box, and 
		clicking the <span class="guibutton">OK</span> button. However, there are 
		limitations that a user needs to be aware of, and also interactions 
		with the standard Samba permission masks and mapping of DOS 
		attributes that need to also be taken into account.</p><p>If the parameter <i class="parameter"><tt>nt acl support</tt></i>
		is set to <tt class="constant">false</tt> then any attempt to set 
		security permissions will fail with an <span class="errorname">&quot;Access Denied&quot;
		</span> message.</p><p>The first thing to note is that the <span class="guibutton">&quot;Add&quot;</span> 
		button will not return a list of users in Samba (it will give 
		an error message of <span class="errorname">The remote procedure call failed 
		and did not execute</span>). This means that you can only 
		manipulate the current user/group/world permissions listed in 
		the dialog box. This actually works quite well as these are the 
		only permissions that UNIX actually has.</p><p>If a permission triple (either user, group, or world) 
		is removed from the list of permissions in the NT dialog box, 
		then when the <span class="guibutton">OK</span> button is pressed it will 
		be applied as &quot;no permissions&quot; on the UNIX side. If you then 
		view the permissions again the &quot;no permissions&quot; entry will appear 
		as the NT <b class="command">&quot;O&quot;</b> flag, as described above. This 
		allows you to add permissions back to a file or directory once 
		you have removed them from a triple component.</p><p>As UNIX supports only the &quot;r&quot;, &quot;w&quot; and &quot;x&quot; bits of 
		an NT ACL then if other NT security attributes such as &quot;Delete 
		access&quot; are selected then they will be ignored when applied on 
		the Samba server.</p><p>When setting permissions on a directory the second 
		set of permissions (in the second set of parentheses) is 
		by default applied to all files within that directory. If this 
		is not what you want you must uncheck the <span class="guilabel">Replace 
		permissions on existing files</span> checkbox in the NT 
		dialog before clicking <span class="guibutton">OK</span>.</p><p>If you wish to remove all permissions from a 
		user/group/world  component then you may either highlight the 
		component and click the <span class="guibutton">Remove</span> button, 
		or set the component to only have the special <tt class="constant">Take
		Ownership</tt> permission (displayed as <b class="command">&quot;O&quot;
		</b>) highlighted.</p></div><div xmlns:ns31="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2906041"></a>Interaction with the standard Samba create mask 
		parameters</h3></div></div><div></div></div><ns31:p>There are four parameters 
		to control interaction with the standard Samba create mask parameters.
		These are :

		</ns31:p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>security mask</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>force security mode</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>directory security mask</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>force directory security mode</tt></i></td></tr></table><ns31:p>

		</ns31:p><p>Once a user clicks <span class="guibutton">OK</span> to apply the 
		permissions Samba maps the given permissions into a user/group/world 
		r/w/x triple set, and then will check the changed permissions for a 
		file against the bits set in the <a href="smb.conf.5.html#SECURITYMASK" target="_top"> 
		<i class="parameter"><tt>security mask</tt></i></a> parameter. Any bits that 
		were changed that are not set to '1' in this parameter are left alone 
		in the file permissions.</p><p>Essentially, zero bits in the <i class="parameter"><tt>security mask</tt></i>
		mask may be treated as a set of bits the user is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> 
		allowed to change, and one bits are those the user is allowed to change.
		</p><p>If not set explicitly this parameter is set to the same value as 
		the <a href="smb.conf.5.html#CREATEMASK" target="_top"><i class="parameter"><tt>create mask
		</tt></i></a> parameter. To allow a user to modify all the
		user/group/world permissions on a file, set this parameter 
		to 0777.</p><p>Next Samba checks the changed permissions for a file against 
		the bits set in the <a href="smb.conf.5.html#FORCESECURITYMODE" target="_top">
		<i class="parameter"><tt>force security mode</tt></i></a> parameter. Any bits 
		that were changed that correspond to bits set to '1' in this parameter 
		are forced to be set.</p><p>Essentially, bits set in the <i class="parameter"><tt>force security mode
		</tt></i> parameter may be treated as a set of bits that, when 
		modifying security on a file, the user has always set to be 'on'.</p><p>If not set explicitly this parameter is set to the same value 
		as the <a href="smb.conf.5.html#FORCECREATEMODE" target="_top"><i class="parameter"><tt>force 
		create mode</tt></i></a> parameter.
		To allow a user to modify all the user/group/world permissions on a file
		with no restrictions set this parameter to 000.</p><p>The <i class="parameter"><tt>security mask</tt></i> and <i class="parameter"><tt>force 
		security mode</tt></i> parameters are applied to the change 
		request in that order.</p><p>For a directory Samba will perform the same operations as 
		described above for a file except using the parameter <i class="parameter"><tt>
		directory security mask</tt></i> instead of <i class="parameter"><tt>security 
		mask</tt></i>, and <i class="parameter"><tt>force directory security mode
		</tt></i> parameter instead of <i class="parameter"><tt>force security mode
		</tt></i>.</p><p>The <i class="parameter"><tt>directory security mask</tt></i> parameter 
		by default is set to the same value as the <i class="parameter"><tt>directory mask
		</tt></i> parameter and the <i class="parameter"><tt>force directory security 
		mode</tt></i> parameter by default is set to the same value as 
		the <i class="parameter"><tt>force directory mode</tt></i> parameter. </p><p>In this way Samba enforces the permission restrictions that 
		an administrator can set on a Samba share, whilst still allowing users 
		to modify the permission bits within that restriction.</p><p>If you want to set up a share that allows users full control
		in modifying the permission bits on their files and directories and
		doesn't force any particular bits to be set 'on', then set the following
		parameters in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file in that share specific section :
		</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>security mask = 0777</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>force security mode = 0</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>directory security mask = 0777</tt></i></td></tr><tr><td><i class="parameter"><tt>force directory security mode = 0</tt></i></td></tr></table></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2906370"></a>Interaction with the standard Samba file attribute 
		mapping</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Samba maps some of the DOS attribute bits (such as &quot;read 
		only&quot;) into the UNIX permissions of a file. This means there can 
		be a conflict between the permission bits set via the security 
		dialog and the permission bits set by the file attribute mapping.
		</p><p>One way this can show up is if a file has no UNIX read access
		for the owner it will show up as &quot;read only&quot; in the standard 
		file attributes tabbed dialog. Unfortunately this dialog is
		the same one that contains the security info in another tab.</p><p>What this can mean is that if the owner changes the permissions
		to allow themselves read access using the security dialog, clicks
		<span class="guibutton">OK</span> to get back to the standard attributes tab 
		dialog, and then clicks <span class="guibutton">OK</span> on that dialog, then 
		NT will set the file permissions back to read-only (as that is what 
		the attributes still say in the dialog). This means that after setting 
		permissions and clicking <span class="guibutton">OK</span> to get back to the 
		attributes dialog you should always hit <span class="guibutton">Cancel</span> 
		rather than <span class="guibutton">OK</span> to ensure that your changes 
		are not overridden.</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2906446"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
File, Directory and Share access problems are very common on the mailing list. The following
are examples taken from the mailing list in recent times.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2906460"></a>Users can not write to a public share</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	&#8220;<span class="quote">
	We are facing some troubles with file / directory permissions. I can log on the domain as admin user(root),
	and theres a public share, on which everyone needs to have permission to create / modify files, but only
	root can change the file, no one else can. We need to constantly go to server to
	<b class="userinput"><tt>chgrp -R users *</tt></b> and <b class="userinput"><tt>chown -R nobody *</tt></b> to allow others users to change the file.
	</span>&#8221;
	</p><p>
	There are many ways to solve this problem, here are a few hints:
	</p><div class="procedure"><p class="title"><b>Procedure 13.3. Example Solution:</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p>
			Go to the top of the directory that is shared
			</p></li><li xmlns:ns32=""><ns32:p>
			Set the ownership to what ever public owner and group you want
			</ns32:p><pre class="programlisting">
			find 'directory_name' -type d -exec chown user.group {}\;
			find 'directory_name' -type d -exec chmod 6775 'directory_name'
			find 'directory_name' -type f -exec chmod 0775 {} \;
			find 'directory_name' -type f -exec chown user.group {}\;
			</pre><ns32:p>
			</ns32:p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
			The above will set the 'sticky bit' on all directories. Read your
			Unix/Linux man page on what that does. It causes the OS to assign 
			to all files created in the directories the ownership of the 
			directory.
			</p></div></li><li xmlns:ns33=""><ns33:p>

			Directory is: <i class="replaceable"><tt>/foodbar</tt></i>
			</ns33:p><pre class="screen">
				<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chown jack.engr /foodbar</tt></b>
			</pre><ns33:p>
			</ns33:p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><ns33:p>
				</ns33:p><p>This is the same as doing:</p><ns33:p>
				</ns33:p><pre class="screen">
					<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chown jack /foodbar</tt></b>
					<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chgrp engr /foodbar</tt></b>
				</pre><ns33:p>
			</ns33:p></div></li><li xmlns:ns34=""><ns34:p>Now do: 

			</ns34:p><pre class="screen">
				<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chmod 6775 /foodbar</tt></b>
				<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls -al /foodbar/..</tt></b>
			</pre><ns34:p>

			</ns34:p><ns34:p>You should see:
			</ns34:p><pre class="screen">
				drwsrwsr-x  2 jack  engr    48 2003-02-04 09:55 foodbar
			</pre><ns34:p>
			</ns34:p></li><li xmlns:ns35=""><ns35:p>Now do:
			</ns35:p><pre class="screen">
				<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>su - jill</tt></b>
				<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cd /foodbar</tt></b>
				<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>touch Afile</tt></b>
				<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ls -al</tt></b>
			</pre><ns35:p>
		</ns35:p><ns35:p>
		You should see that the file <tt class="filename">Afile</tt> created by Jill will have ownership
		and permissions of Jack, as follows:
		</ns35:p><pre class="screen">
		-rw-r--r--  1 jack  engr     0 2003-02-04 09:57 Afile
		</pre><ns35:p>
		</ns35:p></li><li xmlns:ns36=""><ns36:p>
		Now in your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> for the share add:
		</ns36:p><pre class="programlisting">
		force create mode = 0775
		force direcrtory mode = 6775
		</pre><ns36:p>
		</ns36:p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
		The above are only needed <span class="emphasis"><em>if</em></span> your users are <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> members of the group
		you have used. ie: Within the OS do not have write permission on the directory.
		</p></div><ns36:p>
		An alternative is to set in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> entry for the share:
		</ns36:p><pre class="programlisting">
		force user = jack
		force group = engr
		</pre><ns36:p>
		</ns36:p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2906838"></a>I have set force user and samba still makes <span class="emphasis"><em>root</em></span> the owner of all the files
			I touch!</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			When you have a user in 'admin users', samba will always do file operations for
			this user as <span class="emphasis"><em>root</em></span>, even if <i class="parameter"><tt>force user</tt></i> has been set.
		</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="locking"></a>Chapter 14. File and Record Locking</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jeremy</span> <span class="surname">Allison</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jra@samba.org">jra@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Eric</span> <span class="surname">Roseme</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">HP Oplocks Usage Recommendations Whitepaper<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:eric.roseme@hp.com">eric.roseme@hp.com</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2908960">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2909016">Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2906890">Opportunistic Locking Overview</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2907521">Samba Opportunistic Locking Control</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2907630">Example Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2907890">MS Windows Opportunistic Locking and Caching Controls</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2910326">Workstation Service Entries</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910353">Server Service Entries</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2910432">Persistent Data Corruption</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910463">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2910536">locking.tdb error messages</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2910566">Additional Reading</a></dt></dl></div><p>
One area which causes trouble for many network administrators is locking.
The extent of the problem is readily evident from searches over the internet.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2908960"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba provides all the same locking semantics that MS Windows clients expect
and that MS Windows NT4 / 200x servers provide also.
</p><p>
The term <span class="emphasis"><em>locking</em></span> has exceptionally broad meaning and covers
a range of functions that are all categorized under this one term.
</p><p>
Opportunistic locking is a desirable feature when it can enhance the
perceived performance of applications on a networked client.  However, the
opportunistic locking protocol is not robust, and therefore can
encounter problems when invoked beyond a simplistic configuration, or
on extended, slow, or faulty networks.  In these cases, operating
system management of opportunistic locking and/or recovering from
repetitive errors can offset the perceived performance advantage that
it is intended to provide.
</p><p>
The MS Windows network administrator needs to be aware that file and record
locking semantics (behaviour) can be controlled either in Samba or by way of registry
settings on the MS Windows client.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Sometimes it is necessary to disable locking control settings BOTH on the Samba
server as well as on each MS Windows client!
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2909016"></a>Discussion</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are two types of locking which need to be performed by a SMB server.
The first is <span class="emphasis"><em>record locking</em></span> which allows a client to lock
a range of bytes in a open file.  The second is the <span class="emphasis"><em>deny modes</em></span>
that are specified when a file is open.
</p><p>
Record locking semantics under Unix is very different from record locking under
Windows. Versions of Samba before 2.2 have tried to use the native fcntl() unix
system call to implement proper record locking between different Samba clients.
This can not be fully correct due to several reasons. The simplest is the fact
that a Windows client is allowed to lock a byte range up to 2^32 or 2^64,
depending on the client OS. The unix locking only supports byte ranges up to 2^31.
So it is not possible to correctly satisfy a lock request above 2^31. There are
many more differences, too many to be listed here.
</p><p>
Samba 2.2 and above implements record locking completely independent of the
underlying unix system. If a byte range lock that the client requests happens
to fall into the range 0-2^31, Samba hands this request down to the Unix system.
All other locks can not be seen by unix anyway.
</p><p>
Strictly a SMB server should check for locks before every read and write call on
a file. Unfortunately with the way fcntl() works this can be slow and may overstress
the <b class="command">rpc.lockd</b>. It is also almost always unnecessary as clients are supposed to
independently make locking calls before reads and writes anyway if locking is
important to them. By default Samba only makes locking calls when explicitly asked
to by a client, but if you set <i class="parameter"><tt>strict locking = yes</tt></i> then it
will make lock checking calls on every read and write.
</p><p>
You can also disable by range locking completely using <i class="parameter"><tt>locking = no</tt></i>.
This is useful for those shares that don't support locking or don't need it
(such as cdroms). In this case Samba fakes the return codes of locking calls to
tell clients that everything is OK.
</p><p>
The second class of locking is the <i class="parameter"><tt>deny modes</tt></i>. These 
are set by an application when it opens a file to determine what types of
access should be allowed simultaneously with its open. A client may ask for
<tt class="constant">DENY_NONE</tt>, <tt class="constant">DENY_READ</tt>, 
<tt class="constant">DENY_WRITE</tt> or <tt class="constant">DENY_ALL</tt>. There are also special compatibility
modes called <tt class="constant">DENY_FCB</tt> and <tt class="constant">DENY_DOS</tt>.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2906890"></a>Opportunistic Locking Overview</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Opportunistic locking (Oplocks) is invoked by the Windows file system
(as opposed to an API) via registry entries (on the server AND client)
for the purpose of enhancing network performance when accessing a file
residing on a server. Performance is enhanced by caching the file
locally on the client which allows:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Read-ahead:</span></dt><dd><p>
		The client reads the local copy of the file, eliminating network latency
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Write caching:</span></dt><dd><p>
		The client writes to the local copy of the file, eliminating network latency
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Lock caching:</span></dt><dd><p>
		The client caches application locks locally, eliminating network latency
		</p></dd></dl></div><p>
The performance enhancement of oplocks is due to the opportunity of
exclusive access to the file - even if it is opened with deny-none -
because Windows monitors the file's status for concurrent access from
other processes.
</p><div class="variablelist"><p class="title"><b>Windows defines 4 kinds of Oplocks:</b></p><dl><dt><span class="term">Level1 Oplock:</span></dt><dd><p>
		The redirector sees that the file was opened with deny
                none (allowing concurrent access), verifies that no
                other process is accessing the file, checks that
                oplocks are enabled, then grants deny-all/read-write/ex-
                clusive access to the file.  The client now performs
                operations on the cached local file.
		</p><p>
		If a second process attempts to open the file, the open
                is deferred while the redirector &quot;breaks&quot; the original
                oplock.  The oplock break signals the caching client to
                write the local file back to the server, flush the
                local locks, and discard read-ahead data.  The break is
                then complete, the deferred open is granted, and the
                multiple processes can enjoy concurrent file access as
                dictated by mandatory or byte-range locking options.
                However, if the original opening process opened the
                file with a share mode other than deny-none, then the
                second process is granted limited or no access, despite
                the oplock break.
                </p></dd><dt><span class="term">Level2 Oplock:</span></dt><dd><p>
		Performs like a level1 oplock, except caching is only
                operative for reads. All other operations are performed
                on the server disk copy of the file.
                </p></dd><dt><span class="term">Filter Oplock:</span></dt><dd><p>
		Does not allow write or delete file access
                </p></dd><dt><span class="term">Batch Oplock:</span></dt><dd><p>
		Manipulates file openings and closings - allows caching
                of file attributes
                </p></dd></dl></div><p>
An important detail is that oplocks are invoked by the file system, not
an application API.  Therefore, an application can close an oplocked
file, but the file system does not relinquish the oplock.  When the
oplock break is issued, the file system then simply closes the file in
preparation for the subsequent open by the second process.
</p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Opportunistic Locking</em></span> is actually an improper name for this feature.
The true benefit of this feature is client-side data caching, and
oplocks is merely a notification mechanism for writing data back to the
networked storage disk.  The limitation of opportunistic locking is the
reliability of the mechanism to process an oplock break (notification)
between the server and the caching client.  If this exchange is faulty
(usually due to timing out for any number of reasons) then the
client-side caching benefit is negated.
</p><p>
The actual decision that a user or administrator should consider is
whether it is sensible to share amongst multiple users data that will
be cached locally on a client.  In many cases the answer is no.
Deciding when to cache or not cache data is the real question, and thus
&quot;opportunistic locking&quot; should be treated as a toggle for client-side
caching. Turn it &quot;ON&quot; when client-side caching is desirable and
reliable.  Turn it &quot;OFF&quot; when client-side caching is redundant,
unreliable, or counter-productive.
</p><p>
Opportunistic locking is by default set to &quot;on&quot; by Samba on all
configured shares, so careful attention should be given to each case to
determine if the potential benefit is worth the potential for delays.
The following recommendations will help to characterize the environment
where opportunistic locking may be effectively configured.
</p><p>
Windows Opportunistic Locking is a lightweight performance-enhancing
feature.  It is not a robust and reliable protocol.  Every
implementation of Opportunistic Locking should be evaluated as a
tradeoff between perceived performance and reliability.  Reliability
decreases as each successive rule above is not enforced.  Consider a
share with oplocks enabled, over a wide area network, to a client on a
South Pacific atoll, on a high-availability server, serving a
mission-critical multi-user corporate database, during a tropical
storm.  This configuration will likely encounter problems with oplocks.
</p><p>
Oplocks can be beneficial to perceived client performance when treated
as a configuration toggle for client-side data caching.  If the data
caching is likely to be interrupted, then oplock usage should be
reviewed.  Samba enables opportunistic locking by default on all
shares.  Careful attention should be given to the client usage of
shared data on the server, the server network reliability, and the
opportunistic locking configuration of each share.
n mission critical high availability environments, data integrity is
often a priority.  Complex and expensive configurations are implemented
to ensure that if a client loses connectivity with a file server, a
failover replacement will be available immediately to provide
continuous data availability.
</p><p>
Windows client failover behavior is more at risk of application
interruption than other platforms because it is dependant upon an
established TCP transport connection.  If the connection is interrupted
- as in a file server failover - a new session must be established.
It is rare for Windows client applications to be coded to recover
correctly from a transport connection loss, therefore most applications
will experience some sort of interruption - at worst, abort and
require restarting.
</p><p>
If a client session has been caching writes and reads locally due to
opportunistic locking, it is likely that the data will be lost when the
application restarts, or recovers from the TCP interrupt. When the TCP
connection drops, the client state is lost.  When the file server
recovers, an oplock break is not sent to the client.  In this case, the
work from the prior session is lost.  Observing this scenario with
oplocks disabled, and the client was writing data to the file server
real-time, then the failover will provide the data on disk as it
existed at the time of the disconnect.
</p><p>
In mission critical high availability environments, careful attention
should be given to opportunistic locking.  Ideally, comprehensive
testing should be done with all affected applications with oplocks
enabled and disabled.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2907180"></a>Exclusively Accessed Shares</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Opportunistic locking is most effective when it is confined to shares
that are exclusively accessed by a single user, or by only one user at
a time.  Because the true value of opportunistic locking is the local
client caching of data, any operation that interrupts the caching
mechanism will cause a delay.
</p><p>
Home directories are the most obvious examples of where the performance
benefit of opportunistic locking can be safely realized.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2907206"></a>Multiple-Accessed Shares or Files</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
As each additional user accesses a file in a share with opportunistic
locking enabled, the potential for delays and resulting perceived poor
performance increases.  When multiple users are accessing a file on a
share that has oplocks enabled, the management impact of sending and
receiving oplock breaks, and the resulting latency while other clients
wait for the caching client to flush data, offset the performance gains
of the caching user.
</p><p>
As each additional client attempts to access a file with oplocks set,
the potential performance improvement is negated and eventually results
in a performance bottleneck.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2907234"></a>Unix or NFS Client Accessed Files</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Local Unix and NFS clients access files without a mandatory
file locking mechanism.  Thus, these client platforms are incapable of
initiating an oplock break request from the server to a Windows client
that has a file cached. Local Unix or NFS file access can therefore
write to a file that has been cached by a Windows client, which
exposes the file to likely data corruption.
</p><p>
If files are shared between Windows clients, and either loca Unix 
or NFS users, then turn opportunistic locking off.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2907261"></a>Slow and/or Unreliable Networks</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The biggest potential performance improvement for opportunistic locking
occurs when the client-side caching of reads and writes delivers the
most differential over sending those reads and writes over the wire.
This is most likely to occur when the network is extremely slow,
congested, or distributed (as in a WAN).  However, network latency also
has a very high impact on the reliability of the oplock break
mechanism, and thus increases the likelihood of encountering oplock
problems that more than offset the potential perceived performance
gain. Of course, if an oplock break never has to be sent, then this is
the most advantageous scenario to utilize opportunistic locking.
</p><p>
If the network is slow, unreliable, or a WAN, then do not configure
opportunistic locking if there is any chance of multiple users
regularly opening the same file.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2907294"></a>Multi-User Databases</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Multi-user databases clearly pose a risk due to their very nature -
they are typically heavily accessed by numerous users at random
intervals.  Placing a multi-user database on a share with opportunistic
locking enabled will likely result in a locking management bottleneck
on the Samba server.  Whether the database application is developed
in-house or a commercially available product, ensure that the share
has opportunistic locking disabled.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2907315"></a>PDM Data Shares</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Process Data Management (PDM) applications such as IMAN, Enovia, and
Clearcase, are increasing in usage with Windows client platforms, and
therefore SMB data stores.  PDM applications manage multi-user
environments for critical data security and access.  The typical PDM
environment is usually associated with sophisticated client design
applications that will load data locally as demanded.  In addition, the
PDM application will usually monitor the data-state of each client.
In this case, client-side data caching is best left to the local
application and PDM server to negotiate and maintain.  It is
appropriate to eliminate the client OS from any caching tasks, and the
server from any oplock management, by disabling opportunistic locking on
the share.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2907342"></a>Beware of Force User</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba includes an <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter called <i class="parameter"><tt>force user</tt></i> that changes
the user accessing a share from the incoming user to whatever user is
defined by the smb.conf variable.  If opportunistic locking is enabled
on a share, the change in user access causes an oplock break to be sent
to the client, even if the user has not explicitly loaded a file.  In
cases where the network is slow or unreliable, an oplock break can
become lost without the user even accessing a file.  This can cause
apparent performance degradation as the client continually reconnects
to overcome the lost oplock break.
</p><p>
Avoid the combination of the following: 
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	<i class="parameter"><tt>force user</tt></i> in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> share configuration.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Slow or unreliable networks
	</p></li><li><p>
	Opportunistic Locking Enabled
	</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2907419"></a>Advanced Samba Opportunistic Locking Parameters</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba provides opportunistic locking parameters that allow the
administrator to adjust various properties of the oplock mechanism to
account for timing and usage levels.  These parameters provide good
versatility for implementing oplocks in environments where they would
likely cause problems.  The parameters are: 
<i class="parameter"><tt>oplock break wait time</tt></i>,
<i class="parameter"><tt>oplock contention limit</tt></i>.
</p><p>
For most users, administrators, and environments, if these parameters
are required, then the better option is to simply turn oplocks off.
The samba SWAT help text for both parameters reads &quot;DO NOT CHANGE THIS
PARAMETER UNLESS YOU HAVE READ AND UNDERSTOOD THE SAMBA OPLOCK CODE.&quot;
This is good advice.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2907462"></a>Mission Critical High Availability</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In mission critical high availability environments, data integrity is
often a priority.  Complex and expensive configurations are implemented
to ensure that if a client loses connectivity with a file server, a
failover replacement will be available immediately to provide
continuous data availability.
</p><p>
Windows client failover behavior is more at risk of application
interruption than other platforms because it is dependant upon an
established TCP transport connection.  If the connection is interrupted
- as in a file server failover - a new session must be established.
It is rare for Windows client applications to be coded to recover
correctly from a transport connection loss, therefore most applications
will experience some sort of interruption - at worst, abort and
require restarting.
</p><p>
If a client session has been caching writes and reads locally due to
opportunistic locking, it is likely that the data will be lost when the
application restarts, or recovers from the TCP interrupt. When the TCP
connection drops, the client state is lost.  When the file server
recovers, an oplock break is not sent to the client.  In this case, the
work from the prior session is lost.  Observing this scenario with
oplocks disabled, and the client was writing data to the file server
real-time, then the failover will provide the data on disk as it
existed at the time of the disconnect.
</p><p>
In mission critical high availability environments, careful attention
should be given to opportunistic locking.  Ideally, comprehensive
testing should be done with all affected applications with oplocks
enabled and disabled.
</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2907521"></a>Samba Opportunistic Locking Control</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Opportunistic Locking is a unique Windows file locking feature.  It is
not really file locking, but is included in most discussions of Windows
file locking, so is considered a defacto locking feature.
Opportunistic Locking is actually part of the Windows client file
caching mechanism.  It is not a particularly robust or reliable feature
when implemented on the variety of customized networks that exist in
enterprise computing.
</p><p>
Like Windows, Samba implements Opportunistic Locking as a server-side
component of the client caching mechanism.  Because of the lightweight
nature of the Windows feature design, effective configuration of
Opportunistic Locking requires a good understanding of its limitations,
and then applying that understanding when configuring data access for
each particular customized network and client usage state.
</p><p>
Opportunistic locking essentially means that the client is allowed to download and cache
a file on their hard drive while making changes; if a second client wants to access the
file, the first client receives a break and must synchronise the file back to the server.
This can give significant performance gains in some cases; some programs insist on
synchronising the contents of the entire file back to the server for a single change.
</p><p>
Level1 Oplocks (aka just plain &quot;oplocks&quot;) is another term for opportunistic locking.
</p><p>
Level2 Oplocks provids opportunistic locking for a file that will be treated as
<span class="emphasis"><em>read only</em></span>. Typically this is used on files that are read-only or
on files that the client has no initial intention to write to at time of opening the file.
</p><p>
Kernel Oplocks are essentially a method that allows the Linux kernel to co-exist with
Samba's oplocked files, although this has provided better integration of MS Windows network
file locking with the under lying OS, SGI IRIX and Linux are the only two OS's that are
oplock aware at this time.
</p><p>
Unless your system supports kernel oplocks, you should disable oplocks if you are
accessing the same files from both Unix/Linux and SMB clients. Regardless, oplocks should
always be disabled if you are sharing a database file (e.g., Microsoft Access) between
multiple clients, as any break the first client receives will affect synchronisation of
the entire file (not just the single record), which will result in a noticable performance
impairment and, more likely, problems accessing the database in the first place. Notably,
Microsoft Outlook's personal folders (*.pst) react very badly to oplocks. If in doubt,
disable oplocks and tune your system from that point.
</p><p>
If client-side caching is desirable and reliable on your network, you will benefit from
turning on oplocks. If your network is slow and/or unreliable, or you are sharing your
files among other file sharing mechanisms (e.g., NFS) or across a WAN, or multiple people
will be accessing the same files frequently, you probably will not benefit from the overhead
of your client sending oplock breaks and will instead want to disable oplocks for the share.
</p><p>
Another factor to consider is the perceived performance of file access. If oplocks provide no
measurable speed benefit on your network, it might not be worth the hassle of dealing with them.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2907630"></a>Example Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In the following we examine two destinct aspects of samba locking controls.
</p><div xmlns:ns37="" class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2907643"></a>Disabling Oplocks</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You can disable oplocks on a per-share basis with the following:
</p><ns37:p>
</ns37:p><pre class="programlisting">
[acctdata]
	oplocks = False
	level2 oplocks = False
</pre><ns37:p>
</ns37:p><p>
The default oplock type is Level1. Level2 Oplocks are enabled on a per-share basis
in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
</p><p>
Alternately, you could disable oplocks on a per-file basis within the share:
</p><ns37:p>
</ns37:p><pre class="programlisting">
	veto oplock files = /*.mdb/*.MDB/*.dbf/*.DBF/
</pre><ns37:p>
</ns37:p><p>
If you are experiencing problems with oplocks as apparent from Samba's log entries,
you may want to play it safe and disable oplocks and level2 oplocks.
</p></div><div xmlns:ns38="" class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2907706"></a>Disabling Kernel OpLocks</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Kernel OpLocks is an <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter that notifies Samba (if
the UNIX kernel has the capability to send a Windows client an oplock
break) when a UNIX process is attempting to open the file that is
cached.  This parameter addresses sharing files between UNIX and
Windows with Oplocks enabled on the Samba server: the UNIX process
can open the file that is Oplocked (cached) by the Windows client and
the smbd process will not send an oplock break, which exposes the file
to the risk of data corruption.  If the UNIX kernel has the ability to
send an oplock break, then the kernel oplocks parameter enables Samba
to send the oplock break.  Kernel oplocks are enabled on a per-server
basis in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
</p><ns38:p>
</ns38:p><pre class="programlisting">
[global]
kernel oplocks = yes
</pre><ns38:p>
The default is &quot;no&quot;.
</ns38:p><p>
Veto OpLocks is an <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter that identifies specific files for
which Oplocks are disabled.  When a Windows client opens a file that
has been configured for veto oplocks, the client will not be granted
the oplock, and all operations will be executed on the original file on
disk instead of a client-cached file copy.  By explicitly identifying
files that are shared with UNIX processes, and disabling oplocks for
those files, the server-wide Oplock configuration can be enabled to
allow Windows clients to utilize the performance benefit of file
caching without the risk of data corruption.  Veto Oplocks can be
enabled on a per-share basis, or globally for the entire server, in the
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file:
</p><ns38:p>
</ns38:p><pre class="programlisting"><font color="red">&lt;title&gt;Example Veto OpLock Settings&lt;/title&gt;</font>
[global]
        veto oplock files = /filename.htm/*.txt/

[share_name]
        veto oplock files = /*.exe/filename.ext/
</pre><ns38:p>
</ns38:p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Oplock break wait time</em></span> is an <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter that adjusts the time
interval for Samba to reply to an oplock break request.  Samba
recommends &quot;DO NOT CHANGE THIS PARAMETER UNLESS YOU HAVE READ AND
UNDERSTOOD THE SAMBA OPLOCK CODE.&quot;  Oplock Break Wait Time can only be
configured globally in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file:
</p><ns38:p>
</ns38:p><pre class="programlisting">
[global]
          oplock break wait time =  0 (default)
</pre><ns38:p>
</ns38:p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Oplock break contention limit</em></span> is an <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameter that limits the
response of the Samba server to grant an oplock if the configured
number of contending clients reaches the limit specified by the
parameter.  Samba recommends &quot;DO NOT CHANGE THIS PARAMETER UNLESS YOU
HAVE READ AND UNDERSTOOD THE SAMBA OPLOCK CODE.&quot;  Oplock Break
Contention Limit can be enable on a per-share basis, or globally for
the entire server, in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file:
</p><ns38:p>
</ns38:p><pre class="programlisting">
[global]
          oplock break contention limit =  2 (default)

[share_name]
         oplock break contention limit =  2 (default)
</pre><ns38:p>
</ns38:p></div></div></div><div xmlns:ns39="" class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2907890"></a>MS Windows Opportunistic Locking and Caching Controls</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There is a known issue when running applications (like Norton Anti-Virus) on a Windows 2000/ XP
workstation computer that can affect any application attempting to access shared database files
across a network. This is a result of a default setting configured in the Windows 2000/XP
operating system known as <span class="emphasis"><em>Opportunistic Locking</em></span>. When a workstation
attempts to access shared data files located on another Windows 2000/XP computer,
the Windows 2000/XP operating system will attempt to increase performance by locking the
files and caching information locally. When this occurs, the application is unable to
properly function, which results in an <span class="errorname">Access Denied</span>
 error message being displayed during network operations.
</p><p>
All Windows operating systems in the NT family that act as database servers for data files
(meaning that data files are stored there and accessed by other Windows PCs) may need to
have opportunistic locking disabled in order to minimize the risk of data file corruption.
This includes Windows 9x/Me, Windows NT, Windows 200x and Windows XP.
</p><p>
If you are using a Windows NT family workstation in place of a server, you must also
disable opportunistic locking (oplocks) on that workstation. For example, if you use a
PC with the Windows NT Workstation operating system instead of Windows NT Server, and you
have data files located on it that are accessed from other Windows PCs, you may need to
disable oplocks on that system.
</p><p>
The major difference is the location in the Windows registry where the values for disabling
oplocks are entered. Instead of the LanManServer location, the LanManWorkstation location
may be used.
</p><p>
You can verify (or change or add, if necessary) this Registry value using the Windows
Registry Editor. When you change this registry value, you will have to reboot the PC
to ensure that the new setting goes into effect.
</p><p>
The location of the client registry entry for opportunistic locking has changed in
Windows 2000 from the earlier location in Microsoft Windows NT.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Windows 2000 will still respect the EnableOplocks registry value used to disable oplocks
in earlier versions of Windows.
</p></div><p>
You can also deny the granting of opportunistic locks by changing the following registry entries:
</p><ns39:p>
</ns39:p><pre class="programlisting">
	HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\
		CurrentControlSet\Services\MRXSmb\Parameters\

		OplocksDisabled REG_DWORD 0 or 1
		Default: 0 (not disabled)
</pre><ns39:p>
</ns39:p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The OplocksDisabled registry value configures Windows clients to either request or not
request opportunistic locks on a remote file. To disable oplocks, the value of
 OplocksDisabled must be set to 1.
</p></div><ns39:p>
</ns39:p><pre class="programlisting">
	HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\
		CurrentControlSet\Services\LanmanServer\Parameters

		EnableOplocks REG_DWORD 0 or 1
		Default: 1 (Enabled by Default)

		EnableOpLockForceClose REG_DWORD 0 or 1
		Default: 0 (Disabled by Default)
</pre><ns39:p>
</ns39:p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The EnableOplocks value configures Windows-based servers (including Workstations sharing
files) to allow or deny opportunistic locks on local files.
</p></div><p>
To force closure of open oplocks on close or program exit EnableOpLockForceClose must be set to 1.
</p><p>
An illustration of how level II oplocks work:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Station 1 opens the file, requesting oplock.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Since no other station has the file open, the server grants station 1 exclusive oplock.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Station 2 opens the file, requesting oplock.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Since station 1 has not yet written to the file, the server asks station 1 to Break
	to Level II Oplock.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Station 1 complies by flushing locally buffered lock information to the server.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Station 1 informs the server that it has Broken to Level II Oplock (alternatively,
	station 1 could have closed the file).
	</p></li><li><p>
	The server responds to station 2's open request, granting it level II oplock.
	Other stations can likewise open the file and obtain level II oplock.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Station 2 (or any station that has the file open) sends a write request SMB.
	The server returns the write response.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The server asks all stations that have the file open to Break to None, meaning no
	station holds any oplock on the file. Because the workstations can have no cached
	writes or locks at this point, they need not respond to the break-to-none advisory;
	all they need do is invalidate locally cashed read-ahead data.
	</p></li></ul></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2910326"></a>Workstation Service Entries</h3></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="programlisting">
	\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\
		CurrentControlSet\Services\LanmanWorkstation\Parameters

	UseOpportunisticLocking   REG_DWORD   0 or 1
	Default: 1 (true)
</pre><p>
Indicates whether the redirector should use opportunistic-locking (oplock) performance
enhancement. This parameter should be disabled only to isolate problems.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2910353"></a>Server Service Entries</h3></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="programlisting">
	\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\
		CurrentControlSet\Services\LanmanServer\Parameters

	EnableOplocks   REG_DWORD   0 or 1
	Default: 1 (true)
</pre><p>
Specifies whether the server allows clients to use oplocks on files. Oplocks are a
significant performance enhancement, but have the potential to cause lost cached
data on some networks, particularly wide-area networks.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	MinLinkThroughput   REG_DWORD   0 to infinite bytes per second
	Default: 0
</pre><p>
Specifies the minimum link throughput allowed by the server before it disables
raw and opportunistic locks for this connection.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	MaxLinkDelay   REG_DWORD   0 to 100,000 seconds
	Default: 60
</pre><p>
Specifies the maximum time allowed for a link delay. If delays exceed this number,
the server disables raw I/O and opportunistic locking for this connection.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	OplockBreakWait   REG_DWORD   10 to 180 seconds
	Default: 35
</pre><p>
Specifies the time that the server waits for a client to respond to an oplock break
request. Smaller values can allow detection of crashed clients more quickly but can
potentially cause loss of cached data.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2910432"></a>Persistent Data Corruption</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you have applied all of the settings discussed in this paper but data corruption problems
and other symptoms persist, here are some additional things to check out:
</p><p>
We have credible reports from developers that faulty network hardware, such as a single
faulty network card, can cause symptoms similar to read caching and data corruption.
If you see persistent data corruption even after repeated reindexing, you may have to
rebuild the data files in question. This involves creating a new data file with the
same definition as the file to be rebuilt and transferring the data from the old file
to the new one. There are several known methods for doing this that can be found in
our Knowledge Base.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2910463"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In some sites locking problems surface as soon as a server is installed, in other sites
locking problems may not surface for a long time. Almost without exeception, when a locking
problem does surface it will cause embarassment and potential data corruption.
</p><p>
Over the past few years there have been a number of complaints on the samba mailing lists
that have claimed that samba caused data corruption. Three causes have been identified
so far:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Incorrect configuration of opportunistic locking (incompatible with the application
	being used. This is a VERY common problem even where MS Windows NT4 or MS Windows 200x
	based servers were in use. It is imperative that the software application vendors'
	instructions for configuration of file locking should be followed. If in doubt,
	disable oplocks on both the server and the client. Disabling of all forms of file
	caching on the MS Windows client may be necessary also.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Defective network cards, cables, or HUBs / Switched. This is generally a more
	prevalent factor with low cost networking hardware, though occasionally there
	have been problems with incompatibilities in more up market hardware also.
	</p></li><li><p>
	There have been some random reports of samba log files being written over data
	files. This has been reported by very few sites (about 5 in the past 3 years)
	and all attempts to reproduce the problem have failed. The Samba-Team has been
	unable to catch this happening and thus has NOT been able to isolate any particular
	cause. Considering the millions of systems that use samba, for the sites that have
	been affected by this as well as for the Samba-Team this is a frustrating and
	a vexing challenge. If you see this type of thing happening please create a bug
	report on https://bugzilla.samba.org without delay. Make sure that you give as much
	information as you possibly can to help isolate the cause and to allow reproduction
	of the problem (an essential step in problem isolation and correction).
	</p></li></ul></div><div xmlns:ns40="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2910536"></a>locking.tdb error messages</h3></div></div><div></div></div><ns40:p>
	</ns40:p><pre class="screen">
	&gt; We are seeing lots of errors in the samba logs like:
	&gt;
	&gt;    tdb(/usr/local/samba_2.2.7/var/locks/locking.tdb): rec_read bad magic
	&gt; 0x4d6f4b61 at offset=36116
	&gt;
	&gt; What do these mean?
	</pre><ns40:p>
	</ns40:p><p>
	Corrupted tdb.  Stop all instancesd of smbd, delete locking.tdb, restart smbd.
	</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2910566"></a>Additional Reading</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You may want to check for an updated version of this white paper on our Web site from
time to time. Many of our white papers are updated as information changes. For those papers,
the Last Edited date is always at the top of the paper.
</p><p>
Section of the Microsoft MSDN Library on opportunistic locking: 
</p><p>
Opportunistic Locks, Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN), Windows Development &gt;
Windows Base Services &gt; Files and I/O &gt; SDK Documentation &gt; File Storage &gt; File Systems
&gt; About File Systems &gt; Opportunistic Locks, Microsoft Corporation.
<a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/fileio/storage_5yk3.asp" target="_top">http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/fileio/storage_5yk3.asp</a>
</p><p>
Microsoft Knowledge Base Article Q224992 &quot;Maintaining Transactional Integrity with OPLOCKS&quot;,
Microsoft Corporation, April 1999, <a href="http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q224992" target="_top">http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q224992</a>.
</p><p>
Microsoft Knowledge Base Article Q296264 &quot;Configuring Opportunistic Locking in Windows 2000&quot;,
Microsoft Corporation, April 2001, <a href="http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q296264" target="_top">http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q296264</a>.
</p><p>
Microsoft Knowledge Base Article Q129202 &quot;PC Ext: Explanation of Opportunistic Locking on Windows NT&quot;,
 Microsoft Corporation, April 1995, <a href="http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q129202" target="_top">http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q129202</a>.
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="securing-samba"></a>Chapter 15. Securing Samba</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Andrew</span> <span class="surname">Tridgell</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">May 26, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2911991">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912024">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910684">Technical Discussion of Protective Measures and Issues</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2910702">Using host based protection</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910771">User based protection</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910822">Using interface protection</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910872">Using a firewall</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910929">Using a IPC$ share deny</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2910994">NTLMv2 Security</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2911033">Upgrading Samba</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911056">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2911075">Smbclient works on localhost, but the network is dead</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911100">Why can users access home directories of other users?</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2911991"></a>Introduction</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This note was attached to the Samba 2.2.8 release notes as it contained an
important security fix.  The information contained here applies to Samba
installations in general.
</p><p>
A new apprentice reported for duty to the Chief Engineer of a boiler house. He said, &quot;Here I am,
if you will show me the boiler I'll start working on it.&quot; Then engineer replied, &quot;You're leaning
on it!&quot;
</p><p>
Security concerns are just like that: You need to know a little about the subject to appreciate
how obvious most of it really is. The challenge for most of us is to discover that first morsel
of knowledge with which we may unlock the secrets of the masters.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2912024"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are three level at which security principals must be observed in order to render a site
at least moderately secure. These are: the perimeter firewall, the configuration of the host
server that is running Samba, and Samba itself.
</p><p>
Samba permits a most flexible approach to network security. As far as possible Samba implements
the latest protocols to permit more secure MS Windows file and print operations.
</p><p>
Samba may be secured from connections that originate from outside the local network. This may be
done using <span class="emphasis"><em>host based protection</em></span> (using samba's implementation of a technology
known as &quot;tcpwrappers&quot;, or it may be done be using <span class="emphasis"><em>interface based exclusion</em></span>
so that <span class="application">smbd</span> will bind only to specifically permitted interfaces. It is also
possible to set specific share or resource based exclusions, eg: on the <i class="parameter"><tt>IPC$</tt></i>
auto-share. The <i class="parameter"><tt>IPC$</tt></i> share is used for browsing purposes as well as to establish
TCP/IP connections.
</p><p>
Another method by which Samba may be secured is by way of setting Access Control Entries in an Access 
Control List on the shares themselves. This is discussed in the chapter on File, Directory and Share Access
Control.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2910684"></a>Technical Discussion of Protective Measures and Issues</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The key challenge of security is the fact that protective measures suffice at best
only to close the door on known exploits and breach techniques. Never assume that
because you have followed these few measures that the Samba server is now an impenetrable
fortress! Given the history of information systems so far, it is only a matter of time
before someone will find yet another vulnerability.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2910702"></a>Using host based protection</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	In many installations of Samba the greatest threat comes for outside
	your immediate network. By default Samba will accept connections from
	any host, which means that if you run an insecure version of Samba on
	a host that is directly connected to the Internet you can be
	especially vulnerable.
	</p><p>
	One of the simplest fixes in this case is to use the <i class="parameter"><tt>hosts allow</tt></i> and
	<i class="parameter"><tt>hosts deny</tt></i> options in the Samba <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> configuration file to only
	allow access to your server from a specific range of hosts. An example
	might be:
	</p><pre class="programlisting">
		hosts allow = 127.0.0.1 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24
		hosts deny = 0.0.0.0/0
	</pre><p>
	The above will only allow SMB connections from 'localhost' (your own
	computer) and from the two private networks 192.168.2 and
	192.168.3. All other connections will be refused as soon
	as the client sends its first packet. The refusal will be marked as a
	<span class="errorname">not listening on called name</span> error.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2910771"></a>User based protection</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	If you want to restrict access to your server to valid users only then the following
	method may be of use. In the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> <i class="parameter"><tt>[globals]</tt></i> section put:
	</p><pre class="programlisting">
		valid users = @smbusers, jacko
	</pre><p>
	What this does is, it restricts all server access to either the user <span class="emphasis"><em>jacko</em></span>
	or to members of the system group <span class="emphasis"><em>smbusers</em></span>.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2910822"></a>Using interface protection</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	By default Samba will accept connections on any network interface that
	it finds on your system. That means if you have a ISDN line or a PPP
	connection to the Internet then Samba will accept connections on those
	links. This may not be what you want.
	</p><p>
	You can change this behaviour using options like the following:
	</p><pre class="programlisting">
		interfaces = eth* lo
		bind interfaces only = yes
	</pre><p>
	This tells Samba to only listen for connections on interfaces with a
	name starting with 'eth' such as eth0, eth1, plus on the loopback
	interface called 'lo'. The name you will need to use depends on what
	OS you are using, in the above I used the common name for Ethernet
	adapters on Linux.
	</p><p>
	If you use the above and someone tries to make a SMB connection to
	your host over a PPP interface called 'ppp0' then they will get a TCP
	connection refused reply. In that case no Samba code is run at all as
	the operating system has been told not to pass connections from that
	interface to any samba process.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2910872"></a>Using a firewall</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Many people use a firewall to deny access to services that they don't
	want exposed outside their network. This can be a very good idea,
	although I would recommend using it in conjunction with the above
	methods so that you are protected even if your firewall is not active
	for some reason.
	</p><p>
	If you are setting up a firewall then you need to know what TCP and
	UDP ports to allow and block. Samba uses the following:
	</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>UDP/137 - used by nmbd</td></tr><tr><td>UDP/138 - used by nmbd</td></tr><tr><td>TCP/139 - used by smbd</td></tr><tr><td>TCP/445 - used by smbd</td></tr></table><p>
	The last one is important as many older firewall setups may not be
	aware of it, given that this port was only added to the protocol in
	recent years. 
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2910929"></a>Using a IPC$ share deny</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	If the above methods are not suitable, then you could also place a
	more specific deny on the IPC$ share that is used in the recently
	discovered security hole. This allows you to offer access to other
	shares while denying access to IPC$ from potentially untrustworthy
	hosts.
	</p><p>
	To do that you could use:
	</p><pre class="programlisting">
[ipc$]
	hosts allow = 192.168.115.0/24 127.0.0.1
	hosts deny = 0.0.0.0/0
	</pre><p>
	this would tell Samba that IPC$ connections are not allowed from
	anywhere but the two listed places (localhost and a local
	subnet). Connections to other shares would still be allowed. As the
	IPC$ share is the only share that is always accessible anonymously
	this provides some level of protection against attackers that do not
	know a username/password for your host.
	</p><p>
	If you use this method then clients will be given a <span class="errorname">access denied</span>
	reply when they try to access the IPC$ share. That means that those
	clients will not be able to browse shares, and may also be unable to
	access some other resources. 
	</p><p>
	This is not recommended unless you cannot use one of the other
	methods listed above for some reason.
	</p></div><div xmlns:ns41="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2910994"></a>NTLMv2 Security</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	To configure NTLMv2 authentication the following registry keys are worth knowing about:
	</p><ns41:p>
	</ns41:p><pre class="screen">
		[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa]
		&quot;lmcompatibilitylevel&quot;=dword:00000003

		0x3 - Send NTLMv2 response only. Clients will use NTLMv2 authentication,
		use NTLMv2 session security if the server supports it. Domain
		controllers accept LM, NTLM and NTLMv2 authentication.

		[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa\MSV1_0]
		&quot;NtlmMinClientSec&quot;=dword:00080000

		0x80000 - NTLMv2 session security. If either NtlmMinClientSec or
		NtlmMinServerSec is set to 0x80000, the connection will fail if NTLMv2
		session security is not negotiated.
	</pre><ns41:p>
	</ns41:p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2911033"></a>Upgrading Samba</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Please check regularly on <a href="http://www.samba.org/" target="_top">http://www.samba.org/</a> for updates and
important announcements.  Occasionally security releases are made and 
it is highly recommended to upgrade Samba when a security vulnerability
is discovered.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2911056"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If all of samba and host platform configuration were really as intuitive as one might like then this
section would not be necessary. Security issues are often vexing for a support person to resolve, not
because of the complexity of the problem, but for reason that most admininstrators who post what turns
out to be a security problem request are totally convinced that the problem is with Samba.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2911075"></a>Smbclient works on localhost, but the network is dead</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	This is a very common problem. Red Hat Linux (as do others) will install a default firewall.
	With the default firewall in place only traffic on the loopback adapter (IP address 127.0.0.1)
	will be allowed through the firewall.
	</p><p>
	The solution is either to remove the firewall (stop it) or to modify the firewall script to
	allow SMB networking traffic through. See section above in this chapter.
	</p></div><div xmlns:ns42="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2911100"></a>Why can users access home directories of other users?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	&#8220;<span class="quote">
	We are unable to keep individual users from mapping to any other user's
	home directory once they have supplied a valid password! They only need
	to enter their own password. I have not found *any* method that I can
	use to configure samba to enforce that only a user may map their own
	home directory.
	</span>&#8221;
	</p><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
	User xyzzy can map his home directory. Once mapped user xyzzy can also map
	*anyone* elses home directory!
	</span>&#8221;</p><p>
	This is not a security flaw, it is by design. Samba allows
	users to have *exactly* the same access to the UNIX filesystem
	as they would if they were logged onto the UNIX box, except
	that it only allows such views onto the file system as are
	allowed by the defined shares.
	</p><p>
	This means that if your UNIX home directories are set up
	such that one user can happily cd into another users
	directory and do an ls, the UNIX security solution is to
	change the UNIX file permissions on the users home directories
	such that the cd and ls would be denied.
	</p><p>
	Samba tries very hard not to second guess the UNIX administrators
	security policies, and trusts the UNIX admin to set
	the policies and permissions he or she desires.
	</p><p>
	Samba does allow the setup you require when you have set the
	<i class="parameter"><tt>only user = yes</tt></i> option on the share, is that you have not set the
	valid users list for the share.
	</p><ns42:p>
	Note that only user works in conjunction with the users= list,
	so to get the behavior you require, add the line :
	</ns42:p><pre class="programlisting">
	users = %S
	</pre><ns42:p>
	this is equivalent to:
	</ns42:p><pre class="programlisting">
	valid users = %S
	</pre><ns42:p>
	to the definition of the <i class="parameter"><tt>[homes]</tt></i> share, as recommended in
	the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page.
	</ns42:p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="InterdomainTrusts"></a>Chapter 16. Interdomain Trust Relationships</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Rafal</span> <span class="surname">Szczesniak</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:mimir@samba.org">mimir@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">April 3, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2911618">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911646">Trust Relationship Background</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2911730">Native MS Windows NT4 Trusts Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2911742">NT4 as the Trusting Domain (ie. creating the trusted account)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913717">NT4 as the Trusted Domain (ie. creating trusted account's password)</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2913754">Configuring Samba NT-style Domain Trusts</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2913781">Samba-3 as the Trusting Domain</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913908">Samba-3 as the Trusted Domain</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2911286">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2911301">Tell me about Trust Relationships using Samba</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
Samba-3 supports NT4 style domain trust relationships. This is feature that many sites
will want to use if they migrate to Samba-3 from and NT4 style domain and do NOT want to
adopt Active Directory or an LDAP based authentication back end. This section explains
some background information regarding trust relationships and how to create them. It is now
possible for Samba-3 to NT4 trust (and vice versa), as well as Samba3 to Samba3 trusts.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2911618"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba-3 can participate in Samba-to-Samba as well as in Samba-to-MS Windows NT4 style
trust relationships. This imparts to Samba similar scalability as is possible with
MS Windows NT4.
</p><p>
Given that Samba-3 has the capability to function with a scalable backend authentication
database such as LDAP, and given it's ability to run in Primary as well as Backup Domain control
modes, the administrator would be well advised to consider alternatives to the use of
Interdomain trusts simplt because by the very nature of how this works it is fragile.
That was after all a key reason for the development and adoption of Microsoft Active Directory.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2911646"></a>Trust Relationship Background</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
MS Windows NT3.x/4.0 type security domains employ a non-hierarchical security structure.
The limitations of this architecture as it affects the scalability of MS Windows networking
in large organisations is well known. Additionally, the flat-name space that results from
this design significantly impacts the delegation of administrative responsibilities in
large and diverse organisations.
</p><p>
Microsoft developed Active Directory Service (ADS), based on Kerberos and LDAP, as a means
of circumventing the limitations of the older technologies. Not every organisation is ready
or willing to embrace ADS. For small companies the older NT4 style domain security paradigm
is quite adequate, there thus remains an entrenched user base for whom there is no direct
desire to go through a disruptive change to adopt ADS.
</p><p>
Microsoft introduced with MS Windows NT the ability to allow differing security domains
to affect a mechanism so that users from one domain may be given access rights and privileges
in another domain. The language that describes this capability is couched in terms of
<span class="emphasis"><em>Trusts</em></span>. Specifically, one domain will <span class="emphasis"><em>trust</em></span> the users
from another domain. The domain from which users are available to another security domain is
said to be a trusted domain. The domain in which those users have assigned rights and privileges
is the trusting domain. With NT3.x/4.0 all trust relationships are always in one direction only,
thus if users in both domains are to have privileges and rights in each others' domain, then it is
necessary to establish two (2) relationships, one in each direction.
</p><p>
In an NT4 style MS security domain, all trusts are non-transitive. This means that if there
are three (3) domains (let's call them RED, WHITE, and BLUE) where RED and WHITE have a trust
relationship, and WHITE and BLUE have a trust relationship, then it holds that there is no
implied trust between the RED and BLUE domains. ie: Relationships are explicit and not
transitive.
</p><p>
New to MS Windows 2000 ADS security contexts is the fact that trust relationships are two-way
by default. Also, all inter-ADS domain trusts are transitive. In the case of the RED, WHITE and BLUE
domains above, with Windows 2000 and ADS the RED and BLUE domains CAN trust each other. This is
an inherent feature of ADS domains. Samba-3 implements MS Windows NT4
style Interdomain trusts and interoperates with MS Windows 200x ADS
security domains in similar manner to MS Windows NT4 style domains.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2911730"></a>Native MS Windows NT4 Trusts Configuration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are two steps to creating an interdomain trust relationship.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2911742"></a>NT4 as the Trusting Domain (ie. creating the trusted account)</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
For MS Windows NT4, all domain trust relationships are configured using the 
<span class="application">Domain User Manager</span>. To affect a two way trust relationship it is 
necessary for each domain administrator to make available (for use by an external domain) it's 
security resources. This is done from the Domain User Manager Policies entry on the menu bar. 
From the <span class="guimenu">Policy</span> menu, select <span class="guimenuitem">Trust Relationships</span>, then
next to the lower box that is labelled <span class="guilabel">Permitted to Trust this Domain</span> are two 
buttons, <span class="guibutton">Add</span> and <span class="guibutton">Remove</span>. The <span class="guibutton">Add</span>
button will open a panel in which needs to be entered the remote domain that will be able to assign
user rights to your domain. In addition it is necessary to enter a password
that is specific to this trust relationship. The password needs to be
typed twice (for standard confirmation).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2913717"></a>NT4 as the Trusted Domain (ie. creating trusted account's password)</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A trust relationship will work only when the other (trusting) domain makes the appropriate connections
with the trusted domain. To consumate the trust relationship the administrator will launch the
Domain User Manager, from the menu select Policies, then select Trust Relationships, then click on the
<span class="guibutton">Add</span> button that is next to the box that is labelled 
<span class="guilabel">Trusted Domains</span>. A panel will open in which must be entered the name of the remote 
domain as well as the password assigned to that trust.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2913754"></a>Configuring Samba NT-style Domain Trusts</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This description is meant to be a fairly short introduction about how to set up a Samba server so
that it could participate in interdomain trust relationships. Trust relationship support in Samba
is in its early stage, so lot of things don't work yet.
</p><p>
Each of the procedures described below is treated as they were performed with Windows NT4 Server on
one end. The remote end could just as well be another Samba-3 domain. It can be clearly seen, after
reading this document, that combining Samba-specific parts of what's written below leads to trust
between domains in purely Samba environment.
</p><div xmlns:ns43="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2913781"></a>Samba-3 as the Trusting Domain</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In order to set the Samba PDC to be the trusted party of the relationship first you need
to create special account for the domain that will be the trusting party. To do that,
you can use the 'smbpasswd' utility. Creating the trusted domain account is very
similiar to creating a trusted machine account. Suppose, your domain is
called SAMBA, and the remote domain is called RUMBA. The first step
will be to issue this command from your favourite shell:
</p><ns43:p>
</ns43:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt> <b class="userinput"><tt>smbpasswd -a -i rumba</tt></b>
	New SMB password: XXXXXXXX
	Retype SMB password: XXXXXXXX
	Added user rumba$
</pre><ns43:p>

where <tt class="option">-a</tt> means to add a new account into the
passdb database and <tt class="option">-i</tt> means: ''create this
account with the InterDomain trust flag''
</ns43:p><p>
The account name will be 'rumba$' (the name of the remote domain)
</p><p>
After issuing this command you'll be asked to enter the password for
the account. You can use any password you want, but be aware that Windows NT will
not change this password until 7 days following account creation.
After the command returns successfully, you can look at the entry for the new account
(in the stardard way depending on your configuration) and see that account's name is
really RUMBA$ and it has 'I' flag in the flags field. Now you're ready to confirm
the trust by establishing it from Windows NT Server.
</p><p>
Open <span class="application">User Manager for Domains</span> and from menu
<span class="guimenu">Policies</span> select <span class="guimenuitem">Trust Relationships...</span>.
Right beside <span class="guilabel">Trusted domains</span> list box press the 
<span class="guimenu">Add...</span> button. You will be prompted for
the trusted domain name and the relationship password. Type in SAMBA, as this is
your domain name, and the password used at the time of account creation.
Press OK and, if everything went without incident, you will see 
<tt class="computeroutput">Trusted domain relationship successfully 
established</tt> message.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2913908"></a>Samba-3 as the Trusted Domain</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This time activities are somewhat reversed. Again, we'll assume that your domain
controlled by the Samba PDC is called SAMBA and NT-controlled domain is called RUMBA.
</p><p>
The very first thing requirement is to add an account for the SAMBA domain on RUMBA's PDC.
</p><p>
Launch the <span class="application">Domain User Manager</span>, then from the menu select
<span class="guimenu">Policies</span>, <span class="guimenuitem">Trust Relationships</span>.
Now, next to <span class="guilabel">Trusted Domains</span> box press the <span class="guibutton">Add</span>
button, and type in the name of the trusted domain (SAMBA) and password securing
the relationship.
</p><p>
The password can be arbitrarily chosen. It is easy to change the password
from the Samba server whenever you want. After confirming the password your account is
ready for use. Now it's Samba's turn.
</p><p>
Using your favourite shell while being logged in as root, issue this command:
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>net rpc trustdom establish rumba</tt></b>
</p><p>
You will be prompted for the password you just typed on your Windows NT4 Server box.
Do not worry if you see an error message that mentions a returned code of
<span class="errorname">NT_STATUS_NOLOGON_INTERDOMAIN_TRUST_ACCOUNT</span>. It means the
password you gave is correct and the NT4 Server says the account is
ready for interdomain connection and not for ordinary
connection. After that, be patient it can take a while (especially
in large networks), you should see the <tt class="computeroutput">Success</tt> message.
Congratulations! Your trust relationship has just been established.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Note that you have to run this command as root because you must have write access to
the <tt class="filename">secrets.tdb</tt> file.
</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2911286"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Interdomain trust relationships should NOT be attempted on networks that are unstable
or that suffer regular outages. Network stability and integrity are key concerns with
distributed trusted domains.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2911301"></a>Tell me about Trust Relationships using Samba</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Like many, I administer multiple LANs connected together using NT trust
	relationships.  This was implemented about 4 years ago.  I now have the
	occasion to consider performing this same task again, but this time, I
	would like to implement it solely through samba - no Microsoft PDCs
	anywhere.
	</p><p>
	I have read documentation on samba.org regarding NT-style trust
	relationships and am now wondering, can I do what I want to?  I already
	have successfully implemented 2 samba servers, but they are not PDCs.
	They merely act as file servers.  I seem to remember, and it appears to
	be true (according to samba.org) that trust relationships are a
	challenge.
	</p><p>
	Please provide any helpful feedback that you may have.
	</p><p>
	These are almost complete in Samba 3.0 snapshots.  The main catch
	is getting winbindd to be able to allocate uid/gid's for trusted
	users/groups.  See the updated Samba HOWTO collection for more
	details.
	</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="msdfs"></a>Chapter 17. Hosting a Microsoft Distributed File System tree on Samba</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Shirish</span> <span class="surname">Kalele</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team &amp; Veritas Software<br></span><div class="address"><p><br>
				<tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:samba@samba.org">samba@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt><br>
			</p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">12 Jul 2000</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2911399">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912809">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2911399"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	The Distributed File System (or DFS) provides a means of separating the logical
	view of files and directories that users see from the actual physical locations
	of these resources on the network. It allows for higher availability, smoother
	storage expansion, load balancing etc.
	</p><p>
	For information about DFS, refer to
	<a href="http://www.microsoft.com/NTServer/nts/downloads/winfeatures/NTSDistrFile/AdminGuide.asp" target="_top">
	Microsoft documentation at http://www.microsoft.com/NTServer/nts/downloads/winfeatures/NTSDistrFile/AdminGuide.asp</a>.
	</p><p>
	This document explains how to host a DFS tree on a Unix machine (for DFS-aware
	clients to browse) using Samba.
	</p><p>
	To enable SMB-based DFS for Samba, configure it with the <i class="parameter"><tt>--with-msdfs</tt></i>
	option. Once built, a Samba server can be made a DFS server by setting the global 
	boolean <a href="smb.conf.5.html#HOSTMSDFS" target="_top"><i class="parameter"><tt> host msdfs</tt></i></a>
	parameter in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf </tt> file. You designate a share as a DFS
	root using the share level boolean <a href="smb.conf.5.html#MSDFSROOT" target="_top"><i class="parameter"><tt>
	msdfs root</tt></i></a> parameter. A DFS root directory on Samba hosts DFS
	links in the form of symbolic links that point to other servers. For example, a symbolic link
	<tt class="filename">junction-&gt;msdfs:storage1\share1</tt> in the share directory acts
	as the DFS junction. When DFS-aware clients attempt to access the junction link,
	they are redirected to the storage location (in this case, \\storage1\share1).
	</p><p>
	DFS trees on Samba work with all DFS-aware clients ranging from Windows 95 to 200x.
	</p><p>
	Here's an example of setting up a DFS tree on a Samba server.
	</p><pre class="programlisting">
# The smb.conf file:
[global]
	netbios name = SMOKEY
	host msdfs   = yes

[dfs]
	path = /export/dfsroot
	msdfs root = yes
	</pre><p>In the /export/dfsroot directory we set up our dfs links to 
	other servers on the network.</p><pre class="screen">
	<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cd /export/dfsroot</tt></b>
	<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chown root /export/dfsroot</tt></b>
	<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>chmod 755 /export/dfsroot</tt></b>
	<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ln -s msdfs:storageA\\shareA linka</tt></b>
	<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ln -s msdfs:serverB\\share,serverC\\share linkb</tt></b>
	</pre><p>You should set up the permissions and ownership of 
	the directory acting as the DFS root such that only designated 
	users can create, delete or modify the msdfs links. Also note 
	that symlink names should be all lowercase. This limitation exists 
	to have Samba avoid trying all the case combinations to get at 
	the link name. Finally set up the symbolic links to point to the 
	network shares you want, and start Samba.</p><p>Users on DFS-aware clients can now browse the DFS tree 
	on the Samba server at \\samba\dfs. Accessing 
	links linka or linkb (which appear as directories to the client) 
	takes users directly to the appropriate shares on the network.</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2912809"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Windows clients need to be rebooted 
		if a previously mounted non-dfs share is made a dfs 
		root or vice versa. A better way is to introduce a 
		new share and make it the dfs root.</p></li><li><p>Currently there's a restriction that msdfs 
		symlink names should all be lowercase.</p></li><li><p>For security purposes, the directory 
		acting as the root of the DFS tree should have ownership 
		and permissions set so that only designated users can 
		modify the symbolic links in the directory.</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="printing"></a>Chapter 18. Classical Printing Support</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Kurt</span> <span class="surname">Pfeifle</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname"> Danka Deutschland GmbH <br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:kpfeifle@danka.de">kpfeifle@danka.de</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Gerald</span> <span class="othername">(Jerry)</span> <span class="surname">Carter</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">May 32, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2914332">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2914396">Technical Introduction</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2914432">What happens if you send a Job from a Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2914502">Printing Related Configuration Parameters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2917610">Parameters Recommended for Use</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2912970">Parameters for Backwards Compatibility</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2913079">Parameters no longer in use</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2913172">A simple Configuration to Print with Samba-3</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2915178">Verification of &quot;Settings in Use&quot; with testparm</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2915261">A little Experiment to warn you</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2915568">Extended Sample Configuration to Print with Samba-3</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2915660">Detailed Explanation of the Example's Settings</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2915673">The [global] Section</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925133">The [printers] Section</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925462">Any [my_printer_name] Section</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925683">Print Commands</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2925734">Default Print Commands for various Unix Print Subsystems</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2926260">Setting up your own Print Commands</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2926537">Innovations in Samba Printing since 2.2</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2926691">Client Drivers on Samba Server for Point'n'Print</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2926842">The [printer$] Section is removed from Samba-3</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2926955">Creating the [print$] Share</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2927026">Parameters in the [print$] Section</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2927247">Subdirectory Structure in [print$]</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2927408">Installing Drivers into [print$]</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2927502">Setting Drivers for existing Printers with a Client GUI</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2927686">Setting Drivers for existing Printers with
rpcclient</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2929284">&quot;The Proof of the Pudding lies in the Eating&quot; (Client Driver Insta
Procedure)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2929305">The first Client Driver Installation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929502">IMPORTANT! Setting Device Modes on new Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929792">Further Client Driver Install Procedures</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2929887">Always make first Client Connection as root or &quot;printer admin&quot;</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2930029">Other Gotchas</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2930062">Setting Default Print Options for the Client Drivers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930496">Supporting large Numbers of Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2930798">Adding new Printers with the Windows NT APW</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931042">Weird Error Message Cannot connect under a
different Name</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931140">Be careful when assembling Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931411">Samba and Printer Ports</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931481">Avoiding the most common Misconfigurations of the Client Driver</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2931504">The Imprints Toolset</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2931549">What is Imprints?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931590">Creating Printer Driver Packages</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931609">The Imprints Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2931634">The Installation Client</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2931786">Add Network Printers at Logon without User Interaction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932115">The addprinter command</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932160">Migration of &quot;Classical&quot; printing to Samba-3</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932329">Publishing Printer Information in Active Directory or LDAP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932343">Common Errors and Problems</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2932356">I give my root password but I don't get access</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932390">My printjobs get spooled into the spooling directory, but then get lost</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2914332"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Printing is often a mission-critical service for the users.  Samba can
provide this service reliably and seamlessly for a client network
consisting of Windows workstations.
</p><p>
A Samba-3.0 print service may be run on a Standalone or a Domain
member server, side by side with file serving functions, or on a
dedicated print server. It can be made as tight or as loosely secured
as needs dictate. Configurations may be simple or complex.  Available
authentication schemes are essentially the same as described for file
services in previous chapters. Overall, Samba's printing support is
now able to replace an NT or Windows 2000 print server full-square,
with additional benefits in many cases. Clients may download and
install drivers and printers through their familiar &quot;Point'n'Print&quot;
mechanism. Printer installations executed by &quot;Logon Scripts&quot; are no
problem. Administrators can upload and manage drivers to be used by
clients through the familiar &quot;Add Printer Wizard&quot;. As an additional
benefit, driver and printer management may be run from the commandline
or through scripts, making it more efficient in case of large numbers
of printers. If a central accounting of print jobs (tracking every
single page and supplying the raw data for all sorts of statistical
reports) is required, this is best supported by CUPS as the print
subsystem underneath the Samba hood.
</p><p>
This chapter deals with the foundations of Samba printing, as they
implemented by the more traditional UNIX (BSD- and System V-style)
printing systems. Many things apply to CUPS, the newer Common UNIX
Printing System, too; so if you use CUPS, you might be tempted to jump
to the next chapter -- but you will certainly miss a few things if you
do so. Better read this chapter too.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Most of the given examples have been verified on Windows XP
Professional clients. Where this document describes the responses to
commands given, bear in mind that Windows 2000 clients are very
similar, but may differ in details. Windows NT is somewhat different
again.
</p></div></div><div xmlns:ns44="" class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2914396"></a>Technical Introduction</h2></div></div><div></div></div><ns44:p>
Samba's printing support always relies on the installed print
subsystem of the Unix OS it runs on. Samba is a &quot;middleman&quot;. It takes
printfiles from Windows (or other SMB) clients and passes them to the
real printing system for further processing. Therefore it needs to
&quot;talk&quot; to two sides: to the Windows print clients and to the Unix
printing system. Hence we must differentiate between the various
client OS types each of which behave differently, as well as the
various UNIX print subsystems, which themselves have different
features and are accessed differently. This part of the Samba HOWTO
Collection deals with the &quot;traditional&quot; way of Unix printing first;
the next chapter covers in great detail the more modern
<span class="emphasis"><em>Common UNIX Printing System</em></span>
(CUPS).

</ns44:p><div class="important" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Important</h3><p>CUPS users, be warned: don't just jump on to the next
chapter. You might miss important information contained only
here!</p></div><ns44:p>
</ns44:p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2914432"></a>What happens if you send a Job from a Client</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To successfully print a job from a Windows client via a Samba
print server to a UNIX printer, there are 6 (potentially 7)
stages:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Windows opens a connection to the printershare</p></li><li><p>Samba must authenticate the user</p></li><li><p>Windows sends a copy of the printfile over the network
into Samba's spooling area</p></li><li><p>Windows closes the connection again</p></li><li><p>Samba invokes the print command to hand the file over
to the UNIX print subsystem's spooling area</p></li><li><p>The Unix print subsystem processes the print
job</p></li><li><p>The printfile may need to be explicitely deleted
from the Samba spooling area.</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2914502"></a>Printing Related Configuration Parameters</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are a number of configuration parameters in
 controlling Samba's printing
behaviour. Please also refer to the man page for smb.conf to
acquire an overview about these. As with other parameters, there are
Global Level (tagged with a &quot;<span class="emphasis"><em>G</em></span>&quot; in the listings) and
Service Level (&quot;<span class="emphasis"><em>S</em></span>&quot;) parameters.
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Service Level Parameters</span></dt><dd><p>These <span class="emphasis"><em>may</em></span> go into the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of
. In this case they define the default
behaviour of all individual or service level shares (provided those
don't have a different setting defined for the same parameter, thus
overriding the global default).</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Global Parameters</span></dt><dd><p>These <span class="emphasis"><em>may not</em></span> go into individual
shares.  If they go in by error, the &quot;testparm&quot; utility can discover
this (if you run it) and tell you so.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2917610"></a>Parameters Recommended for Use</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>The following <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameters directly
related to printing are used in Samba-3. See also the
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page for detailed explanations:
</p><ns44:p><b>List of printing related parameters in Samba-3. </b>
</ns44:p><div class="itemizedlist"><p class="title"><b>Global level parameters:</b></p><ul type="disc"><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>addprinter command (G)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>deleteprinter command (G)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>disable spoolss (G)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>enumports command (G)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>load printers (G)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>lpq cache time (G)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>os2 driver map (G)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap name (G), printcap (G)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>show add printer wizard (G)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>total print jobs (G)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>use client driver (G)</tt></i></p></li></ul></div><ns44:p>

</ns44:p><div class="itemizedlist"><p class="title"><b>Service level parameters:</b></p><ul type="disc"><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts allow (S)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts deny (S)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>lppause command (S)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>lpq command (S)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>lpresume command (S)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>lprm command (S)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>max print jobs (S)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>min print space (S)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>print command (S)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>printable (S), print ok (S)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>printer name (S), printer (S)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin (S)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = [cups|bsd|lprng...] (S)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>queuepause command (S)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>queueresume command (S)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>total print jobs (S)</tt></i></p></li></ul></div><ns44:p>
</ns44:p><p>
Samba's printing support implements the Microsoft Remote Procedure
Calls (MS-RPC) methods for printing. These are used by Windows NT (and
later) print servers. The old &quot;LanMan&quot; protocol is still supported as
a fallback resort, and for older clients to use.  More details will
follow further beneath.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2912970"></a>Parameters for Backwards Compatibility</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Two new parameters that were added in Samba 2.2.2, are still present
in Samba-3.0. Both of these options are described in the
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page and are disabled by
default. <span class="emphasis"><em>Use them with caution!</em></span>
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>disable spoolss(G)</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> This is
provided for better support of Samba 2.0.x backwards capability. It
will disable Samba's support for MS-RPC printing and yield identical
printing behaviour to Samba 2.0.x.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>use client driver (G)</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> was provided
for using local printer drivers on Windows NT/2000 clients. It does
not apply to Windows 95/98/ME clients.</p></dd></dl></div><ns44:p><b>Parameters &quot;for backward compatibility only&quot;, use with caution. </b>
</ns44:p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>disable spoolss (G)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>use client driver (S)</tt></i></p></li></ul></div><ns44:p>
</ns44:p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2913079"></a>Parameters no longer in use</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba users upgrading from 2.2.x to 3.0 need to be aware that some
previously available settings are no longer supported (as was
announced some time ago). Here is a list of them:
</p><ns44:p><b>&quot;old&quot; parameters, removed in Samba-3. </b>
The following <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameters have been
deprecated already in Samba 2.2 and are now completely removed from
Samba-3.  You cannot use them in new 3.0 installations:

</ns44:p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>printer driver file (G)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>total print jobs (G)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>postscript (S)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>printer driver (S)</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>printer driver location (S)</tt></i></p></li></ul></div><ns44:p>
</ns44:p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2913172"></a>A simple Configuration to Print with Samba-3</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Here is a very simple example configuration for print related settings
in the  file. If you compare it with your
own system's , you probably find some
additional parameters included there (as pre-configured by your OS
vendor). Further below is a discussion and explanation of the
parameters. Note, that this example doesn't use many parameters.
However, in many environments these are enough to provide a valid
 which enables all clients to print.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
 [global]
         printing = bsd
         load printers = yes

 [printers]
         path = /var/spool/samba
         printable = yes
         public = yes
         writable = no
</pre><p>
This is only an example configuration. Many settings, if not
explicitly set to a specific value, are used and set by Samba
implicitly to its own default, because these have been compiled in.
To see all settings, let root use the <b class="command">testparm</b>
utility. <b class="command">testparm</b> also gives warnings if you have
mis-configured certain things. Its complete output is easily 340 lines
and more. You may want to pipe it through a pager program.
</p><p>
The syntax for the configuration file is easy to grasp. You should
know that  is not very picky about its
syntax. It has been explained elsewhere in this document. A short
reminder: It even tolerates some spelling errors (like &quot;browsable&quot;
instead of &quot;browseable&quot;). Most spelling is case-insensitive. Also, you
can use &quot;Yes|No&quot; or &quot;True|False&quot; for boolean settings. Lists of names
may be separated by commas, spaces or tabs.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2915178"></a>Verification of &quot;Settings in Use&quot; with <b class="command">testparm</b></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To see all (or at least most) printing related settings in Samba,
including the implicitly used ones, try the command outlined below
(hit &quot;ENTER&quot; twice!). It greps for all occurrences of &quot;lp&quot;, &quot;print&quot;,
&quot;spool&quot;, &quot;driver&quot;, &quot;ports&quot; and &quot;[&quot; in testparm's output and gives you
a nice overview about the running smbd's print configuration. (Note
that this command does not show individually created printer shares,
or the spooling paths in each case). Here is the output of my Samba
setup, with exactly the same settings in 
as shown above:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>testparm -v | egrep &quot;(lp|print|spool|driver|ports|\[)&quot;</tt></b>
 Load smb config files from /etc/samba/smb.conf.simpleprinting
 Processing section &quot;[homes]&quot;
 Processing section &quot;[printers]&quot;
 
 [global]
        smb ports = 445 139
        lpq cache time = 10
        total print jobs = 0
        load printers = Yes
        printcap name = /etc/printcap
        disable spoolss = No
        enumports command =
        addprinter command = 
        deleteprinter command = 
        show add printer wizard = Yes
        os2 driver map =
        printer admin =
        min print space = 0
        max print jobs = 1000
        printable = No
        printing = bsd
        print command = lpr -r -P'%p' %s
        lpq command = lpq -P'%p'
        lprm command = lprm -P'%p' %j
        lppause command =
        lpresume command =
        printer name =
        use client driver = No

 [homes]

 [printers]
        path = /var/spool/samba
        printable = Yes

</pre><p>
You can easily verify which settings were implicitly added by Samba's
default behaviour. <span class="emphasis"><em>Don't forget about this point: it may
be important in your future dealings with Samba.</em></span>
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> testparm in Samba-3.0 behaves differently from 2.2.x: used
without the &quot;-v&quot; switch it only shows you the settings actually
written into ! To see the complete
configuration used, add the &quot;-v&quot; parameter to testparm.</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2915261"></a>A little Experiment to warn you</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Should you need to troubleshoot at any stage, please always come back
to this point first and verify if &quot;testparm&quot; shows the parameters you
expect! To give you an example from personal experience as a warning,
try to just &quot;comment out&quot; the <i class="parameter"><tt>load printers</tt></i>&quot;
parameter. If your 2.2.x system behaves like mine, you'll see this:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt>grep &quot;load printers&quot; /etc/samba/smb.conf
 #      load printers = Yes
        # This setting is commented ooouuuuut!!

<tt class="prompt">root# </tt>testparm -v /etc/samba/smb.conf | egrep &quot;(load printers)&quot;
        load printers = Yes

</pre><p>
Despite my imagination that the commenting out of this setting should
prevent Samba from publishing my printers, it still did! Oh Boy -- it
cost me quite some time to find out the reason. But I am not fooled
any more... at least not by this ;-)
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>grep -A1 &quot;load printers&quot; /etc/samba/smb.conf</tt></b>
        load printers = No
        # This setting is what I mean!!
 #      load printers = Yes
        # This setting is commented ooouuuuut!!

<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>testparm -v smb.conf.simpleprinting | egrep &quot;(load printers)&quot;</tt></b>
        load printers = No

</pre><p>
Only when setting the parameter explicitly to
&quot;<i class="parameter"><tt>load printers = No</tt></i>&quot;
would Samba recognize my intentions. So my strong advice is:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Never rely on &quot;commented out&quot; parameters!</p></li><li><p>Always set it up explicitly as you intend it to
behave.</p></li><li><p>Use <b class="command">testparm</b> to uncover hidden
settings which might not reflect your intentions.</p></li></ul></div><p>
You can have a working Samba print configuration with this
minimal :
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cat /etc/samba/smb.conf-minimal</tt></b>
        [printers]

</pre><p>
This example should show you that you can use testparm to test any
filename for fitness as a Samba configuration. Actually, we want to
encourage you <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> to change your
 on a working system (unless you know
exactly what you are doing)! Don't rely on an assumption that changes
will only take effect after you re-start smbd!  This is not the
case. Samba re-reads its  every 60
seconds and on each new client connection. You might have to face
changes for your production clients that you didn't intend to apply at
this time! You will now note a few more interesting things. Let's now
ask <b class="command">testparm</b> what the Samba print configuration
would be, if you used this minimalistic file as your real
:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt> testparm -v /etc/samba/smb.conf-minimal | egrep &quot;(print|lpq|spool|driver|ports|[)&quot;</tt></b>
 Processing section &quot;[printers]&quot;
 WARNING: [printers] service MUST be printable!
 No path in service printers - using /tmp

        lpq cache time = 10
        total print jobs = 0
        load printers = Yes
        printcap name = /etc/printcap
        disable spoolss = No
        enumports command =
        addprinter command =
        deleteprinter command =
        show add printer wizard = Yes
        os2 driver map =
        printer admin =
        min print space = 0
        max print jobs = 1000
        printable = No
        printing = bsd
        print command = lpr -r -P%p %s
        lpq command = lpq -P%p
        printer name =
        use client driver = No
 [printers]
        printable = Yes

</pre><p>
testparm issued 2 warnings:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>because we didn't specify the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i> section as printable,
and</p></li><li><p>because we didn't tell it which spool directory to
use.</p></li></ul></div><p>
However, this was not fatal, and Samba-3.0 will default to values that
will work here. But, please!, don't rely on this and don't use this
example! This was only meant to make you careful to design and specify
your setup to be what you really want it to be. The outcome on your
system may vary for some parameters, since you may have a Samba built
with a different compile-time configuration.
<span class="emphasis"><em>Warning:</em></span> don't put a comment sign <span class="emphasis"><em>at
the end</em></span> of a valid  line. It
will cause the parameter to be ignored (just as if you had put the
comment sign at the front). At first I regarded this as a bug in my
Samba version(s). But the man page states: &#8220;<span class="quote">Internal whitespace
in a parameter value is retained verbatim.</span>&#8221; This means that a
line consisting of, for example,
</p><pre class="screen">
printing =lprng     #This defines LPRng as the printing system&quot;
</pre><p>
will regard the whole of the string after the &quot;=&quot;
sign as the value you want to define. And this is an invalid value
that will be ignored, and a default value used instead.]
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2915568"></a>Extended Sample Configuration to Print with Samba-3</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Here we show a more verbose example configuration for print related
settings in an . Below is a discussion
and explanation of the various parameters. We chose to use BSD-style
printing here, because we guess it is still the most commonly used
system on legacy Linux installations (new installs now predominantly
have CUPS, which is discussed entirely in the next chapter of this
document). Note, that this example explicitly names many parameters
which don't need to be stated because they are set by default. You
might be able to do with a leaner .</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
if you read access it with the Samba Web Administration Tool (SWAT),
and then write it to disk again, it will be optimized in a way such
that it doesn't contain any superfluous parameters and comments. SWAT
organizes the file for best performance. Remember that each smbd
re-reads the Samba configuration once a minute, and that each
connection spawns an smbd process of its own, so it is not a bad idea
to optimize the  in environments with
hundreds or thousands of clients.</p></div><pre class="programlisting">
 [global]
         printing = bsd
         load printers = yes
         show add printer wizard = yes
         printcap name = /etc/printcap
         printer admin = @ntadmin, root
         total print jobs = 100
         lpq cache time = 20
         use client driver = no

 [printers]
         comment = All Printers
         printable = yes
         path = /var/spool/samba
         browseable = no
         guest ok = yes
         public = yes
         read only = yes
         writable = no       

 [my_printer_name]
         comment = Printer with Restricted Access
         path = /var/spool/samba_my_printer
         printer admin = kurt
         browseable = yes
         printable = yes
         writeable = no
         hosts allow = 0.0.0.0
         hosts deny = turbo_xp, 10.160.50.23, 10.160.51.60
         guest ok = no
</pre><p>
This <span class="emphasis"><em>also</em></span> is only an example configuration. You
may not find all the settings in your own
 (as pre-configured by your OS
vendor). Many configuration parameters, if not explicitly set to a
specific value, are used and set by Samba implicitly to its own
default, because these have been compiled in. To see all settings, let
root use the <b class="command">testparm</b>
utility. <b class="command">testparm</b> also gives warnings if you have
mis-configured certain things..
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2915660"></a>Detailed Explanation of the Example's Settings</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Following is a discussion of the settings from above shown example.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2915673"></a>The [global] Section</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section is one of 4 special
sections (along with [<i class="parameter"><tt>[homes]</tt></i>,
<i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i> and
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>...) It contains all parameters which
apply to the server as a whole. It is the place for parameters which
have only a &quot;global&quot; meaning (G). It may also contain service level
parameters (S) which then define default settings for all other
sections and shares. This way you can simplify the configuration and
avoid setting the same value repeatedly. (Within each individual
section or share you may however override these globally set &quot;share
level&quot; settings and specify other values).
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = bsd</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> this causes Samba to use default print commands
applicable for the BSD (a.k.a. RFC 1179 style or LPR/LPD) printing
system. In general, the &quot;printing&quot; parameter informs Samba about the
print subsystem it should expect. Samba supports CUPS, LPD, LPRNG,
SYSV, HPUX, AIX, QNX and PLP. Each of these systems defaults to a
different <i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i> (and other queue control
commands).</p><div class="caution" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Caution</h3><p>The <i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> parameter is
normally a service level parameter. Since it is included here in the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section, it will take effect for all
printer shares that are not defined differently. Samba-3.0 no longer
supports the SOFTQ printing system.</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>load printers = yes</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> this tells Samba to create automatically all
available printer shares. &quot;Available&quot; printer shares are discovered by
scanning the printcap file. All created printer shares are also loaded
for browsing. If you use this parameter, you do not need to specify
separate shares for each printer. Each automatically created printer
share will clone the configuration options found in the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i> section. (A <i class="parameter"><tt>load printers
= no</tt></i> setting will allow you to specify each UNIX printer
you want to share separately, leaving out some you don't want to be
publicly visible and available).  </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>show add printer wizard =
yes</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> this setting is normally
enabled by default (even if the parameter is not written into the
). It makes the <span class="guiicon">Add Printer Wizard</span> icon
show up in the <span class="guiicon">Printers</span> folder of the Samba host's
share listing (as shown in <span class="guiicon">Network Neighbourhood</span> or
by the <b class="command">net view</b> command). To disable it, you need to
explicitly set it to <tt class="constant">no</tt> (commenting it out
will not suffice!). The Add Printer Wizard lets you upload printer
drivers to the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share and associate it
with a printer (if the respective queue exists there before the
action), or exchange a printer's driver against any other previously
uploaded driver.  </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>total print jobs = 100</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> this setting sets the upper limit to 100 print jobs
being active on the Samba server at any one time. Should a client
submit a job which exceeds this number, a &#8220;<span class="quote">no more space
available on server</span>&#8221; type of error message will be returned by
Samba to the client. A setting of &quot;0&quot; (the default) means there is
<span class="emphasis"><em>no</em></span> limit at all!
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap name = /etc/printcap</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> this tells Samba where to look for a list of
available printer names. (If you use CUPS, make sure that a printcap
file is written: this is controlled by the &quot;Printcap&quot; directive of
<tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt>).
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin = @ntadmin</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> members of the ntadmin group should be able to add
drivers and set printer properties (&quot;ntadmin&quot; is only an example name,
it needs to be a valid UNIX group name); root is implicitly always a
<i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i>. The &quot;@&quot; sign precedes group names in
. A printer admin can do anything to
printers via the remote administration interfaces offered by MS-RPC
(see below).  Note that the <i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i>
parameter is normally a share level parameter, so you may associate
different groups to different printer shares in larger installations,
if you use the <i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i> parameter on the
share levels).
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>lpq cache time = 20</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> this controls the cache time for the results of the
lpq command. It prevents the lpq command being called too often and
reduces load on a heavily used print server.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>use client driver = no</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> if set to <tt class="constant">yes</tt>, this setting only 
takes effect for Win NT/2k/XP clients (and not for Win 95/98/ME). Its
default value is <tt class="constant">No</tt> (or <tt class="constant">False</tt>).
It must <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> be enabled on print shares 
(with a <tt class="constant">yes</tt> or <tt class="constant">true</tt> setting) which
have valid drivers installed on the Samba server! For more detailed
explanations see the man page of <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>.
</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2925133"></a>The [printers] Section</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This is the second special section. If a section with this name
appears in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>, users are able to
connect to any printer specified in the Samba host's printcap file,
because Samba on startup then creates a printer share for every
printername it finds in the printcap file. You could regard this
section as a general convenience shortcut to share all printers with
minimal configuration. It is also a container for settings which
should apply as default to all printers. (For more details see the
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> man page.) Settings inside this
container must be share level parameters (S).
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = All printers</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> the <i class="parameter"><tt>comment</tt></i> is shown next to
the share if a client queries the server, either via <span class="guiicon">Network
Neighbourhood</span> or with the <b class="command">net view</b> command to list
available shares.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>printable = yes</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> please note well, that the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i> service <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> be
declared as printable. If you specify otherwise, smbd will refuse to
load  at startup. This parameter allows
connected clients to open, write to and submit spool files into the
directory specified with the <i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i> parameter for
this service. It is used by Samba to differentiate printer shares from
file shares.  </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /var/spool/samba</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>this must point to a directory used by Samba to spool
incoming print files. <span class="emphasis"><em>It must not be the same as the spool
directory specified in the configuration of your UNIX print
subsystem!</em></span> The path would typically point to a directory
which is world writeable, with the &quot;sticky&quot; bit set to it.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable = no</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> this is always set to <tt class="constant">no</tt> if
<i class="parameter"><tt>printable = yes</tt></i>. It makes the 
<i class="parameter"><tt>[printer]</tt></i> share itself invisible in the
list of available shares in a <b class="command">net view</b> command or
in the Explorer browse list. (Note that you will of course see the
individual printers).
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = yes</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>
if set to <tt class="constant">yes</tt>, then no password is required to
connect to the printers service. Access will be granted with the
privileges of the <i class="parameter"><tt>guest account</tt></i>. On many systems the
guest account will map to a user named &quot;nobody&quot;. This user is in the UNIX
passwd file with an empty password, but with no valid UNIX login.
(Note: on some systems the guest account might not have the
privilege to be able to print. Test this by logging in as your
guest user using <b class="command">su - guest</b> and run a system print
command like
</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>lpr -P printername /etc/motd</tt></b></p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>public = yes</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> this is a synonym for <i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok =
yes</tt></i>. Since we have <i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = yes</tt></i>,
it really doesn't need to be here! (This leads to the interesting
question: &#8220;<span class="quote">What, if I by accident have to contradictory settings
for the same share?</span>&#8221; The answer is: the last one encountered by
Sambe wins. The &quot;winner&quot; is shown by testparm. Testparm doesn't
complain about different settings of the same parameter for the same
share! You can test this by setting up multiple lines for the &quot;guest
account&quot; parameter with different usernames, and then run testparm to
see which one is actually used by Samba.)
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>read only = yes</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>this normally (for other types of shares) prevents
users creating or modifying files in the service's directory. However,
in a &quot;printable&quot; service, it is <span class="emphasis"><em>always</em></span> allowed to
write to the directory (if user privileges allow the connection), but
only via print spooling operations. &quot;Normal&quot; write operations are not
allowed.  </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>writeable = no</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>
synonym for <i class="parameter"><tt>read only = yes</tt></i>
</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2925462"></a>Any [my_printer_name] Section</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If a section appears in the , which is
tagged as <i class="parameter"><tt>printable = yes</tt></i>, Samba presents it as
a printer share to its clients. Note, that Win95/98/ME clients may
have problems with connecting or loading printer drivers if the share
name has more than 8 characters! Also be very careful if you give a
printer the same name as an existing user or file share name: upon a
client's connection request to a certain sharename, Samba always tries
to find file shares with that name first; if it finds one, it will
connect to this and will never ultimately connect to a printer with
the same name!
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = Printer with Restricted Access</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> the comment says it all.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /var/spool/samba_my_printer</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> here we set the spooling area for this printer to
another directory than the default. It is not a requirement to set it
differently, but the option is available.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin = kurt</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> the printer admin definition is different for this
explicitly defined printer share from the general
<i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i> share. It is not a requirement; we
did it to show that it is possible if you want it.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable = yes</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> we also made this printer browseable (so that the
clients may conveniently find it when browsing the <span class="guiicon">Network
Neighbourhood</span>).
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>printable = yes</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>see explanation in last subsection.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>writeable = no</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>see explanation in last subsection.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts allow = 10.160.50.,10.160.51.</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>here we exercise a certain degree of access control
by using the <i class="parameter"><tt>hosts allow</tt></i> and <i class="parameter"><tt>hosts deny</tt></i> parameters. Note, that
this is not by any means a safe bet. It is not a way to secure your
printers. This line accepts all clients from a certain subnet in a
first evaluation of access control
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>hosts deny = turbo_xp,10.160.50.23,10.160.51.60
</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>all listed hosts are not allowed here (even if they
belong to the &quot;allowed subnets&quot;). As you can see, you could name IP
addresses as well as NetBIOS hostnames
here.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = no</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>this printer is not open for the guest account!
</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2925683"></a>Print Commands</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In each section defining a printer (or in the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i> section), a <i class="parameter"><tt>print
command</tt></i> parameter may be defined. It sets a command to
process the files which have been placed into the Samba print spool
directory for that printer. (That spool directory was, if you
remember, set up with the <i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i>
parameter). Typically, this command will submit the spool file to the
Samba host's print subsystem, using the suitable system print
command. But there is no requirement that this needs to be the
case. For debugging purposes or some other reason you may want to do
something completely different than &quot;print&quot; the file. An example is a
command that just copies the print file to a temporary location for
further investigation when you need to debug printing. If you craft
your own print commands (or even develop print command shell scripts),
make sure you pay attention to the need to remove the files from the
Samba spool directory. Otherwise your hard disk may soon suffer from
shortage of free space.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2925734"></a>Default Print Commands for various Unix Print Subsystems</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You learned earlier on, that Samba in most cases uses its built-in
settings for many parameters if it can not find an explicitly stated
one in its configuration file. The same is true for the
<i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i>. The default print command varies
depending on the <i class="parameter"><tt>printing =...</tt></i> parameter
setting. In the commands listed below, you will notice some parameters
of the form <span class="emphasis"><em>%X</em></span> where <span class="emphasis"><em>X</em></span> is
<span class="emphasis"><em>p, s, J</em></span> etc. These letters stand for
&quot;printername&quot;, &quot;spoolfile&quot; and &quot;job ID&quot; respectively.  They are
explained in more detail further below. Here is an overview (excluding
the special case of CUPS, which is discussed in the next chapter):
</p><div class="informaltable"><table border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">If this setting is active...</th><th align="left">...this is used in lieu of an explicit command:</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = bsd|aix|lprng|plp</tt></i></td><td align="left">print command is <b class="command">lpr -r -P%p %s</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = sysv|hpux</tt></i></td><td align="left">print command is <b class="command">lp -c -P%p %s; rm %s</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = qnx</tt></i></td><td align="left">print command is <b class="command">lp -r -P%p -s %s</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = bsd|aix|lprng|plp</tt></i></td><td align="left">lpq command is <b class="command">lpq -P%p</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = sysv|hpux</tt></i></td><td align="left">lpq command is <b class="command">lpstat -o%p</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = qnx</tt></i></td><td align="left">lpq command is <b class="command">lpq -P%p</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = bsd|aix|lprng|plp</tt></i></td><td align="left">lprm command is <b class="command">lprm -P%p %j</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = sysv|hpux</tt></i></td><td align="left">lprm command is <b class="command">cancel %p-%j</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = qnx</tt></i></td><td align="left">lprm command is <b class="command">cancel %p-%j</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = bsd|aix|lprng|plp</tt></i></td><td align="left">lppause command is <b class="command">lp -i %p-%j -H hold</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = sysv|hpux</tt></i></td><td align="left">lppause command   (...is empty)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = qnx</tt></i></td><td align="left">lppause command   (...is empty)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = bsd|aix|lprng|plp</tt></i></td><td align="left">lpresume command is <b class="command">lp -i %p-%j -H resume</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = sysv|hpux</tt></i></td><td align="left">lpresume command   (...is empty)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = qnx</tt></i></td><td align="left">lpresume command   (...is empty)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
We excluded the special CUPS case here, because it is discussed in the
next chapter. Just a short summary. For <i class="parameter"><tt>printing =
CUPS</tt></i>: If SAMBA is compiled against libcups, it uses the
CUPS API to submit jobs, etc. (It is a good idea also to set
<i class="parameter"><tt>printcap = cups</tt></i> in case your
<tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> is set to write its autogenerated
printcap file to an unusual place). Otherwise Samba maps to the System
V printing commands with the -oraw option for printing, i.e. it uses
<b class="command">lp -c -d%p -oraw; rm %s</b> With <i class="parameter"><tt>printing =
cups</tt></i> , and if SAMBA is compiled against libcups, any
manually set print command will be ignored!
</p><p>
Having listed the above mappings here, you should note that there used
to be a <span class="emphasis"><em>bug</em></span> in recent 2.2.x versions which
prevented the mapping from taking effect. It lead to the
&quot;bsd|aix|lprng|plp&quot; settings taking effect for all other systems, for
the most important commands (the <b class="command">print</b> command, the
<b class="command">lpq</b> command and the <b class="command">lprm</b>
command). The <b class="command">lppause</b> command and the
<b class="command">lpresume</b> command remained empty. Of course, these
commands worked on bsd|aix|lprng|plp but they didn't work on
sysv|hpux|qnx systems. To work around this bug, you need to
explicitly set the commands. Use <b class="command">testparm -v</b> to
check which command takes effect. Then check that this command is
adequate and actually works for your installed print subsystem. It is
always a good idea to explicitly set up your configuration files the
way you want them to work and not rely on any built-in defaults.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2926260"></a>Setting up your own Print Commands</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
After a print job has finished spooling to a service, the
<i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i> will be used by Samba via a
<span class="emphasis"><em>system()</em></span> call to process the spool file.  Usually
the command specified will submit the spool file to the host's
printing subsystem. But there is no requirement at all that this must
be the case. The print subsystem will probably not remove the spool
file on its own. So whatever command you specify on your own you
should ensure that the spool file is deleted after it has been
processed.
</p><p>
There is no difficulty with using your own customized print commands
with the traditional printing systems. However, if you don't wish to
&quot;roll your own&quot;, you should be well informed about the default
built-in commands that Samba uses for each printing subsystem (see the
table above).  In all the commands listed in the last paragraphs you
see parameters of the form <span class="emphasis"><em>%X</em></span> These are
<span class="emphasis"><em>macros</em></span>, or shortcuts, used as place holders for
the names of real objects. At the time of running a command with such
a placeholder, Samba will insert the appropriate value
automatically. Print commands can handle all Samba macro
substitutions. In regard to printing, the following ones do have
special relevance:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>%s, %f</tt></i> - the path to the spool
file name</p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>%p</tt></i> - the appropriate printer
name</p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>%J</tt></i> - the job name as
transmitted by the client.</p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>%c</tt></i> - the number of printed
pages of the spooled job (if known).</p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>%z</tt></i> - the size of the spooled
print job (in bytes)</p></li></ul></div><p>
The print command MUST contain at least one occurrence of
<i class="parameter"><tt>%s</tt></i> or <i class="parameter"><tt>%f</tt></i>. -- The
<i class="parameter"><tt>%p</tt></i> is optional. If no printer name is supplied,
the <i class="parameter"><tt>%p</tt></i> will be silently removed from the print
command. In this case the job is sent to the default printer.
</p><p>
If specified in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section, the print
command given will be used for any printable service that does not
have its own print command specified. If there is neither a specified
print command for a printable service nor a global print command,
spool files will be created but not processed! And (most importantly):
print files will not be removed, so they will start filling your Samba
hard disk.
</p><p>
Note that printing may fail on some UNIXes from the &quot;nobody&quot;
account. If this happens, create an alternative guest account and
supply it with the privilege to print. Set up this guest account in
the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section with the <i class="parameter"><tt>guest
account</tt></i> parameter.
</p><p>
You can form quite complex print commands. You need to realize that
print commands are just passed to a UNIX shell. The shell is able to
expand the included environment variables as usual. (The syntax to
include a UNIX environment variable <i class="parameter"><tt>$variable</tt></i>
in  or in the Samba print command is
<i class="parameter"><tt>%$variable</tt></i>.) To give you a working
<i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i> example, the following will log a
print job to <tt class="filename">/tmp/print.log</tt>, print the file, then
remove it. Note that ';' is the usual separator for commands in shell
scripts:
</p><pre class="programlisting">

 print command = echo Printing %s &gt;&gt; /tmp/print.log; lpr -P %p %s; rm %s

</pre><p>
You may have to vary your own command considerably from this example
depending on how you normally print files on your system.  The default
for the <i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i> parameter varies depending on the setting of
the <i class="parameter"><tt>printing</tt></i> parameter. Another example is:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
 print command = /usr/local/samba/bin/myprintscript %p %s
</pre></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2926537"></a>Innovations in Samba Printing since 2.2</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Before version 2.2.0, Samba's print server support for Windows clients
was limited to the level of <span class="emphasis"><em>LanMan</em></span> printing
calls. This is the same protocol level as Windows 9x PCs offer when
they share printers.  Beginning with the 2.2.0 release, Samba started
to support the native Windows NT printing mechanisms. These are
implemented via <span class="emphasis"><em>MS-RPC</em></span> (RPC = <span class="emphasis"><em>Remote
Procedure Calls</em></span> ). MS-RPCs use the
<span class="emphasis"><em>SPOOLSS</em></span> named pipe for all printing.
</p><p>
The additional functionality provided by the new SPOOLSS support includes:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Support for downloading printer driver files to Windows
95/98/NT/2000 clients upon demand (<span class="emphasis"><em>Point'n'Print</em></span>);
</p></li><li><p>Uploading of printer drivers via the Windows NT
<span class="emphasis"><em>Add Printer Wizard</em></span> (APW) or the
<span class="emphasis"><em>Imprints</em></span> tool set (refer to <a href="http://imprints.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">http://imprints.sourceforge.net</a>);
</p></li><li><p>Support for the native MS-RPC printing calls such as
StartDocPrinter, EnumJobs(), etc... (See the MSDN documentation
at <a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/" target="_top">http://msdn.microsoft.com/</a>
for more information on the Win32 printing API);</p></li><li><p>Support for NT <span class="emphasis"><em>Access Control
Lists</em></span> (ACL) on printer objects;</p></li><li><p>Improved support for printer queue manipulation
through the use of internal databases for spooled job information
(implemented by various <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt>
files).</p></li></ul></div><p>
One other benefit of an update is this: Samba-3 is able to publish
all its printers in Active Directory (or LDAP)!
</p><p>
One slight difference is here: it is possible on a Windows NT print
server to have printers listed in the Printers folder which are
<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> shared. Samba does not make this
distinction. By definition, the only printers of which Samba is aware
are those which are specified as shares in
. The reason is that Windows NT/2k/XPprof
clients do not normally need to use the standard SMB printer share;
rather they can print directly to any printer on another Windows NT
host using MS-RPC. This of course assumes that the printing client has
the necessary privileges on the remote host serving the printer. The
default permissions assigned by Windows NT to a printer gives the
&quot;Print&quot; permissions to the well-known <span class="emphasis"><em>Everyone</em></span>
group. (The older clients of type Win9x can only print to &quot;shared&quot;
printers).
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2926691"></a>Client Drivers on Samba Server for <span class="emphasis"><em>Point'n'Print</em></span></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There is still confusion about what all this means: <span class="emphasis"><em>Is it or
is it not a requirement for printer drivers to be installed on a Samba
host in order to support printing from Windows clients?</em></span> The
answer to this is: No, it is not a
<span class="emphasis"><em>requirement</em></span>. Windows NT/2000 clients can, of
course, also run their APW to install drivers
<span class="emphasis"><em>locally</em></span> (which then connect to a Samba served
print queue). This is the same method as used by Windows 9x
clients. (However, a <span class="emphasis"><em>bug</em></span> existed in Samba 2.2.0
which made Windows NT/2000 clients require that the Samba server
possess a valid driver for the printer. This was fixed in Samba
2.2.1).
</p><p>
But it is a new <span class="emphasis"><em>option</em></span> to install the printer
drivers into the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share of the Samba
server, and a big convenience too. Then <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span>
clients (including 95/98/ME) get the driver installed when they first
connect to this printer share. The <span class="emphasis"><em>uploading</em></span> or
<span class="emphasis"><em>depositing</em></span> of the driver into this
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share, and the following binding of
this driver to an existing Samba printer share can be achieved by
different means:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>running the <span class="emphasis"><em>APW</em></span> on an
NT/2k/XPprof client (this doesn't work from 95/98/ME
clients);</p></li><li><p>using the <span class="emphasis"><em>Imprints</em></span>
toolset;</p></li><li><p>using the <span class="emphasis"><em>smbclient</em></span> and
<span class="emphasis"><em>rpcclient</em></span> commandline tools;</p></li><li><p>using <span class="emphasis"><em>cupsaddsmb</em></span>(only works for
the CUPS printing system, not for LPR/LPD, LPRng
etc.).</p></li></ul></div><p>
Please take additional note of the following fact: <span class="emphasis"><em>Samba
does not use these uploaded drivers in any way to process spooled
files</em></span>. Drivers are utilized entirely by the clients, who
download and install them via the &quot;Point 'n'Print&quot; mechanism supported
by Samba. The clients use these drivers to generate print files in the
format the printer (or the Unix print system) requires. Print files
received by Samba are handed over to the Unix printing system, which
is responsible for all further processing, if needed.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2926842"></a>The [printer$] Section is removed from Samba-3</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p><b>
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> vs. <i class="parameter"><tt>[printer$]</tt></i>
. </b>
Versions of Samba prior to 2.2 made it possible to use a share
named <span class="emphasis"><em>[printer$]</em></span>. This name was taken from the
same named service created by Windows 9x clients when a printer was
shared by them. Windows 9x printer servers always have a
<i class="parameter"><tt>[printer$]</tt></i> service which provides read-only
access (with no password required) in order to support printer driver
downloads.  However, Samba's initial implementation allowed for a
parameter named <i class="parameter"><tt>printer driver location</tt></i> to be
used on a per share basis.  This specified the location of the driver
files associated with that printer. Another parameter named
<i class="parameter"><tt>printer driver</tt></i> provided a means of defining the
printer driver name to be sent to the client.  These parameters,
including the <i class="parameter"><tt>printer driver file</tt></i> parameter,
are now removed and can not be used in installations of Samba-3.0.
Now the share name <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> is used for the
location of downloadable printer drivers. It is taken from the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> service created by Windows NT PCs when
a printer is shared by them. Windows NT print servers always have a
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> service which provides read-write
access (in the context of its ACLs) in order to support printer driver
down- and uploads.  Don't fear -- this does not mean Windows 9x
clients are thrown aside now. They can use Samba's
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share support just fine.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2926955"></a>Creating the [print$] Share</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In order to support the up- and downloading of printer driver files,
you must first configure a file share named
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>. The &quot;public&quot; name of this share is
hard coded in Samba's internals (because it is hardcoded in the MS
Windows clients too). It cannot be renamed since Windows clients are
programmed to search for a service of exactly this name if they want
to retrieve printer driver files.
</p><p>
You should modify the server's  file to
add the global parameters and create the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> file share (of course, some of the
parameter values, such as 'path' are arbitrary and should be replaced
with appropriate values for your site):
</p><pre class="screen">
 [global]
      ; members of the ntadmin group should be able to add drivers and set
      ; printer properties. root is implicitly always a 'printer admin'.
      printer admin = @ntadmin
      [....]

 [printers]
      [....]

 [print$]
      comment = Printer Driver Download Area
      path = /etc/samba/drivers
      browseable = yes
      guest ok = yes
      read only = yes
      write list = @ntadmin, root
</pre><p>
Of course, you also need to ensure that the directory named by the
<i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i> parameter exists on the Unix file system.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2927026"></a>Parameters in the [print$] Section</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> is a special section in
. It contains settings relevant to
potential printer driver download and local installation by clients.
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>comment = Printer Driver
Download Area</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> the comment appears next to the share name if it is
listed in a share list (usually Windows clients won't see it often but
it will also appear up in a <b class="command">smbclient -L sambaserver
</b> output). </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>path = /etc/samba/printers</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> this is the path to the location of the Windows
driver file deposit from the UNIX point of
view.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>browseable = no</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p> this makes the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share
&quot;invisible&quot; in Network Neighbourhood to clients. However, you can
still &quot;mount&quot; it from any client using the <b class="command">net use
g:\\sambaserver\print$</b> command in a &quot;DOS box&quot; or the
&quot;Connect network drive&quot; menu from Windows
Explorer.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok = yes</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>this gives read only access to this share for all
guest users. Access may be used to download and install printer
drivers on clients. The requirement for <i class="parameter"><tt>guest ok =
yes</tt></i> depends upon how your site is configured. If users
will be guaranteed to have an account on the Samba host, then this is
a non-issue.</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> 
The non-issue is this: if all your Windows NT users are guaranteed to
be authenticated by the Samba server (for example if Samba
authenticates via an NT domain server and the NT user has already been
validated by the Domain Controller in order to logon to the Windows NT
session), then guest access is not necessary. Of course, in a
workgroup environment where you just want to be able to print without
worrying about silly accounts and security, then configure the share
for guest access. You'll probably want to add <i class="parameter"><tt>map to guest
= Bad User</tt></i> in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section
as well. Make sure you understand what this parameter does before
using it.
</p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>read only = yes</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>as we don't want everybody to upload driver files (or
even change driver settings) we tagged this share as not
writeable.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>write list = @ntadmin,root</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>since the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> was made
read only by the previous setting, we need to create a &quot;write list&quot;
also. UNIX groups (denoted with a leading &quot;@&quot; character) and users
listed here are allowed write access (as an exception to the general
public's &quot;read-only&quot; access), which they need to update files on the
share.  Normally you will want to only name administrative level user
accounts in this setting. Check the file system permissions to make
sure these accounts can copy files to the share. If this is a non-root
account, then the account should also be mentioned in the global
<i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin </tt></i> parameter.  See the
 man page for more information on
configuring file shares.  </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2927247"></a>Subdirectory Structure in [print$]</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In order for a Windows NT print server to support the downloading of
driver files by multiple client architectures, you must create several
subdirectories within the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> service
(i.e. the Unix directory named by the <i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i>
parameter). These correspond to each of the supported client
architectures. Samba follows this model as well. Just like the name of
the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share itself, the subdirectories
*must* be exactly the names listed below (you may leave out the
subdirectories of architectures you don't want to support).
</p><p>
Therefore, create a directory tree below the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share for each architecture you wish
to support.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
[print$]--+--
          |--W32X86           # serves drivers to &quot;Windows NT x86&quot;
          |--WIN40            # serves drivers to &quot;Windows 95/98&quot;
          |--W32ALPHA         # serves drivers to &quot;Windows NT Alpha_AXP&quot;
          |--W32MIPS          # serves drivers to &quot;Windows NT R4000&quot;
          |--W32PPC           # serves drivers to &quot;Windows NT PowerPC&quot;
</pre><div class="important" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Required permissions</h3><p>
In order to add a new driver to your Samba host, one of two conditions
must hold true:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>The account used to connect to the Samba host must
have a UID of 0 (i.e. a root account)</p></li><li><p>The account used to connect to the Samba host must be
named in the <span class="emphasis"><em>printer admin</em></span>list.</p></li></ul></div><p>
Of course, the connected account must still possess access to add
files to the subdirectories beneath
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>. Remember that all file shares are set
to 'read only' by default.
</p></div><p>
Once you have created the required <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
service and associated subdirectories, go to a Windows NT 4.0/2k/XP
client workstation. Open <span class="guiicon">Network Neighbourhood</span> or 
<span class="guiicon">My Network Places</span> and browse for the Samba host.
Once you have located the server, navigate to its <span class="guiicon">Printers and
Faxes</span> folder.  You should see an initial listing of printers
that matches the printer shares defined on your Samba host.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2927408"></a>Installing Drivers into [print$]</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You have successfully created the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
share in ?  And Samba has re-read its
configuration? Good. But you are not yet ready to take off. The
<span class="emphasis"><em>driver files</em></span> need to be present in this share,
too! So far it is still an empty share. Unfortunatly, it is not enough
to just copy the driver files over. They need to be <span class="emphasis"><em>set
up</em></span> too.  And that is a bit tricky, to say the least. We
will now discuss two alternative ways to install the drivers into
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>using the Samba commandline utility
<b class="command">rpcclient</b> with its various subcommands (here:
<b class="command">adddriver</b> and <b class="command">setdriver</b>) from
any UNIX workstation;</p></li><li><p>running a GUI (<span class="emphasis"><em>Printer
Properties</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>Add Printer Wizard</em></span>)
from any Windows NT/2k/XP client workstation.</p></li></ul></div><p>
The latter option is probably the easier one (even if the only
entrance to this realm seems a little bit weird at first).
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2927502"></a>Setting Drivers for existing Printers with a Client GUI</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The initial listing of printers in the Samba host's
<span class="guiicon">Printers</span> folder accessed from a client's Explorer
will have no real printer driver assigned to them. By default, in
Samba-3 (as in 2.2.1 and later) this driver name is set to a NULL
string. This must be changed now. The local <span class="emphasis"><em>Add Printer
Wizard</em></span>, run from NT/2000/XP clients, will help us in this
task.
</p><p>
However, the job to set a valid driver for the printer is not a
straightforward one: You must attempt to view the printer properties
for the printer to which you want the driver assigned. Open the
Windows Explorer, open Network Neighbourhood, browse to the Samba
host, open Samba's <span class="guiicon">Printers</span> folder, right-click the printer icon and
select <span class="guimenu">Properties...</span>. You are now trying to view printer and driver
properties for a queue which has this default <tt class="constant">NULL</tt> driver
assigned. This will result in an error message (this is normal here):
</p><p><span class="errorname"> Device settings cannot be displayed. The driver
for the specified printer is not installed, only spooler properties
will be displayed. Do you want to install the driver
now?</span></p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Important:</em></span>Don't click <span class="guibutton">Yes</span>!  Instead,
<span class="emphasis"><em>click <span class="guibutton">No</span></em></span> in the error dialog.
Only now you will be presented with the printer properties window. From here,
the way to assign a driver to a printer is open to us. You have now the choice
either:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>select a driver from the popup list of installed
drivers.  <span class="emphasis"><em>Initially this list will be empty.</em></span>
Or</p></li><li><p>use the <span class="guibutton">New Driver...</span> button to
install a new printer driver (which will in fact start up the
APW).</p></li></ul></div><p>
Once the APW is started, the procedure is exactly the same as the one
you are familiar with in Wiindows (we assume here that you are
familiar with the printer driver installations procedure on Windows
NT). Make sure your connection is in fact setup as a user with
<i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i> privileges (if in doubt, use
<b class="command">smbstatus</b> to check for this). If you wish to
install printer drivers for client operating systems other than
<span class="application">Windows NT x86</span>, you will need to use the
<span class="guilabel">Sharing</span> tab of the printer properties dialog.
</p><p>
Assuming you have connected with an administrative (or root) account
(as named by the <i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i> parameter),
you will also be able to modify other printer properties such as ACLs
and default device settings using this dialog. For the default device
settings, please consider the advice given further below.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2927686"></a>Setting Drivers for existing Printers with
<b class="command">rpcclient</b></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The second way to install printer drivers into
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> and set them up in a valid way can be
done from the UNIX command line.  This involves four distinct steps:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>gathering the info about the required driver files
and collecting the files together;</p></li><li><p>deposit the driver files into the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share's correct subdirectories
(possibly by using <b class="command">smbclient</b>);</p></li><li><p>running the <b class="command">rpcclient</b>
commandline utility once with the <b class="command">addriver</b>
subcommand,</p></li><li><p>running <b class="command">rpcclient</b> a second
time with the <b class="command">setdriver</b>
subcommand.</p></li></ol></div><p>
We will provide detailed hints for each of these steps in the next few
paragraphs.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2927794"></a>Identifying the Driver Files</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To find out about the driver files, you have two options: you could
investigate the driver CD which comes with your printer.  Study the
<tt class="filename">*.inf</tt> file on the CD, if it is contained. This
may not be the possible, since the *.inf file might be
missing. Unfortunately, many vendors have now started to use their own
installation programs. These installations packages are often some
sort of Windows platform archive format, plus, the files may get
re-named during the installation process. This makes it extremely
difficult to identify the driver files you need.
</p><p>
Then you only have the second option: install the driver first on a
Windows client *locally* and investigate which file names and paths it
uses after they are installed. (Note, that you need to repeat this
procedure for every client platform you want to support. We are going
to show it here for the <span class="application">W32X86</span> platform only, a
name used by Microsoft for all WinNT/2k/XP clients...)
</p><p>
A good method to recognize the driver files this is to print the test
page from the driver's <span class="guilabel">Properties</span> Dialog
(<span class="guilabel">General</span> tab). Then look at the list of driver
files named on the printout. You'll need to recognize what Windows
(and Samba) are calling the <span class="guilabel">Driver File</span> , the
<span class="guilabel">Data File</span>, the <span class="guilabel">Config File</span>,
the <span class="guilabel">Help File</span> and (optionally) the
<span class="guilabel">Dependent Driver Files</span> (this may vary slightly
for Windows NT).  You need to remember all names (or better take a
note) for the next steps.
</p><p>
Another method to quickly test the driver filenames and related paths
is provided by the <b class="command">rpcclient</b> utility. Run it with
<b class="command">enumdrivers</b> or with the
<b class="command">getdriver</b> subcommand, each in the
<span class="emphasis"><em>3</em></span> level. In the following example,
<span class="emphasis"><em>TURBO_XP</em></span> is the name of the Windows PC (in this
case it was a Windows XP Professional laptop, BTW). I had installed
the driver locally to TURBO_XP while <span class="emphasis"><em>kde-bitshop</em></span> is
the name of the Linux host from which I am working. We could run an
<span class="emphasis"><em>interactive</em></span> <b class="command">rpcclient</b> session;
then we'd get an <span class="emphasis"><em>rpcclient /&gt;</em></span> prompt and would
type the subcommands at this prompt. This is left as a good exercise
to the reader. For now we use <b class="command">rpcclient</b> with the
<tt class="option">-c</tt> parameter to execute a single subcommand
line and exit again. This is the method you would use if you want to
create scripts to automate the procedure for a large number of
printers and drivers. Note the different quotes used to overcome the
different spaces in between words:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U'Danka%xxxx' -c 'getdriver &quot;Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS)&quot; 3' TURBO_XP</tt></b>
  cmd = getdriver &quot;Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS)&quot; 3

  [Windows NT x86]
  Printer Driver Info 3:
          Version: [2]
          Driver Name: [Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS)]
          Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
          Driver Path: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\HDNIS01_de.DLL]
          Datafile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.ppd]
          Configfile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\HDNIS01U_de.DLL]
          Helpfile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\HDNIS01U_de.HLP]
  
          Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.DLL]
          Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.INI]
          Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL]
          Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.dat]
          Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.cat]
          Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.def]
          Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.hre]
          Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.vnd]
          Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.hlp]
          Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP]
          Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\HDNIS01Aux.dll]
          Dependentfiles: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\HDNIS01_de.NTF]
  
          Monitorname: []
          Defaultdatatype: []

</pre><p>
You may notice, that this driver has quite a big number of
<span class="guilabel">Dependentfiles</span> (I know worse cases however). Also,
strangely, the <span class="guilabel">Driver File</span> is here tagged as
<span class="guilabel">Driver Path</span>.... oh, well. Here we don't have yet
support for the so-called <span class="application">WIN40</span> architecture
installed. This name is used by Microsoft for the Win95/98/ME platforms.
If we want to support these, we need to install the Win95/98/ME driver
files in addition to those for <span class="application">W32X86</span>
(i.e. the WinNT72000/XP clients) onto a Windows PC. This PC
can also host the Win9x drivers, even if itself runs on Windows NT,
2000 or XP.
</p><p>
Since the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share is usually accessible
through the <span class="guiicon">Network Neighbourhood</span>, you can also use the UNC notation
from Windows Explorer to poke at it. The Win9x driver files will end
up in subdirectory &quot;0&quot; of the &quot;WIN40&quot; directory. The full path to
access them will be
<tt class="filename">\\WINDOWSHOST\print$\WIN40\0\</tt>.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> more recent drivers on Windows 2000 and Wndows XP are
installed into the &quot;3&quot; subdirectory instead of the &quot;2&quot;. The version 2
of drivers, as used in Windows NT, were running in Kernel Mode.
Windows 2000 changed this. While it still can use the Kernel Mode
drivers (if this is enabled by the Admin), its native mode for printer
drivers is User Mode execution. This requires drivers designed for
this. These type of drivers install into the &quot;3&quot; subdirectory.
</p></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2928122"></a>Collecting the Driver Files from a Windows Host's
[print$] Share</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Now we need to collect all the driver files we identified. in our
previous step. Where do we get them from? Well, why not retrieve them
from the very PC and the same <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share
which we investigated in our last step to identify the files? We can
use <b class="command">smbclient</b> to do this. We will use the paths and
names which were leaked to us by <b class="command">getdriver</b>. The
listing is edited to include linebreaks for readability:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient //TURBO_XP/print\$ -U'Danka%xxxx'	\ 
	-c 'cd W32X86/2;mget HD*_de.*             \
	hd*ppd Hd*_de.* Hddm*dll HDN*Aux.DLL'</tt></b>
  added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
  Got a positive name query response from 10.160.50.8 ( 10.160.50.8 )
  Domain=[DEVELOPMENT] OS=[Windows 5.1] Server=[Windows 2000 LAN Manager]
  <tt class="prompt">Get file Hddm91c1_de.ABD? </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>n</tt></b>
  <tt class="prompt">Get file Hddm91c1_de.def? </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>y</tt></b>
  getting file \W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.def of size 428 as Hddm91c1_de.def (22.0 kb/s) (average 22.0 kb/s)
  <tt class="prompt">Get file Hddm91c1_de.DLL? </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>y</tt></b>
  getting file \W32X86\2\Hddm91c1_de.DLL of size 876544 as Hddm91c1_de.DLL (737.3 kb/s) (average 737.3 kb/s)
  [...]

</pre><p>
After this command is complete, the files are in our current local
directory. You probably have noticed that this time we passed several
commands to the <tt class="option">-c</tt> parameter, separated by semi-colons.  This
effects that all commands are executed in sequence on the remote
Windows server before smbclient exits again.
</p><p>
Don't forget to repeat the procedure for the <span class="application">WIN40</span>
architecture should you need to support Win95/98/XP clients.  Remember, the
files for these architectures are in the WIN40/0/ subdir. Once we are
complete, we can run <b class="command">smbclient ...  put</b> to store
the collected files on the Samba server's
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2928275"></a>Depositing the Driver Files into [print$]</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
So, now we are going to put the driver files into the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share. Remember, the UNIX path to this
share has been defined previously in your
. You also have created subdirectories
for the different Windows client types you want to support. Supposing
your <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share maps to the UNIX path
<tt class="filename">/etc/samba/drivers/</tt>, your driver files should now
go here:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>for all Windows NT, 2000 and XP clients into
<tt class="filename">/etc/samba/drivers/W32X86/</tt> <span class="emphasis"><em>but
*not*(yet) into the &quot;2&quot; subdir</em></span>!</p></li><li><p>for all Windows 95, 98 and ME clients into
<tt class="filename">/etc/samba/drivers/WIN40/</tt> -- <span class="emphasis"><em>but *not*
(yet) into the &quot;0&quot; subdir</em></span>!</p></li></ul></div><p>
We again use smbclient to transfer the driver files across the
network. We specify the same files and paths as were leaked to us by
running <b class="command">getdriver</b> against the original
<span class="emphasis"><em>Windows</em></span> install. However, now we are going to
store the files into a <span class="emphasis"><em>Samba/UNIX</em></span> print server's
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share...
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient //SAMBA-CUPS/print\$ -U'root%xxxx' -c 'cd W32X86; put HDNIS01_de.DLL; \
  put Hddm91c1_de.ppd; put HDNIS01U_de.DLL;        \
  put HDNIS01U_de.HLP; put Hddm91c1_de.DLL;        \
  put Hddm91c1_de.INI; put Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL;      \
  put Hddm91c1_de.dat; put Hddm91c1_de.dat;        \
  put Hddm91c1_de.def; put Hddm91c1_de.hre;        \
  put Hddm91c1_de.vnd; put Hddm91c1_de.hlp;        \
  put Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP; put HDNIS01Aux.dll;     \
  put HDNIS01_de.NTF'</tt></b>
 added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
 Got a positive name query response from 10.160.51.162 ( 10.160.51.162 )
 Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.7a]
 putting file HDNIS01_de.DLL as \W32X86\HDNIS01_de.DLL (4465.5 kb/s) (average 4465.5 kb/s)
 putting file Hddm91c1_de.ppd as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.ppd (12876.8 kb/s) (average 4638.9 kb/s)
 putting file HDNIS01U_de.DLL as \W32X86\HDNIS01U_de.DLL (20249.8 kb/s) (average 5828.3 kb/s)
 putting file HDNIS01U_de.HLP as \W32X86\HDNIS01U_de.HLP (9652.8 kb/s) (average 5899.8 kb/s)
 putting file Hddm91c1_de.DLL as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.DLL (23777.7 kb/s) (average 10400.6 kb/s)
 putting file Hddm91c1_de.INI as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.INI (98.6 kb/s) (average 10329.0 kb/s)
 putting file Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL as \W32X86\Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL (22931.5 kb/s) (average 10501.7 kb/s)
 putting file Hddm91c1_de.dat as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.dat (2462.8 kb/s) (average 10393.0 kb/s)
 putting file Hddm91c1_de.dat as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.dat (4925.3 kb/s) (average 10356.3 kb/s)
 putting file Hddm91c1_de.def as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.def (417.9 kb/s) (average 10290.1 kb/s)
 putting file Hddm91c1_de.hre as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.hre (22571.3 kb/s) (average 11338.5 kb/s)
 putting file Hddm91c1_de.vnd as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.vnd (3384.6 kb/s) (average 10754.3 kb/s)
 putting file Hddm91c1_de.hlp as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de.hlp (18406.8 kb/s) (average 10839.8 kb/s)
 putting file Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP as \W32X86\Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP (20278.3 kb/s) (average 11386.3 kb/s)
 putting file HDNIS01Aux.dll as \W32X86\HDNIS01Aux.dll (14994.6 kb/s) (average 11405.2 kb/s)
 putting file HDNIS01_de.NTF as \W32X86\HDNIS01_de.NTF (23390.2 kb/s) (average 13170.8 kb/s)

</pre><p>
Phewww -- that was a lot of typing! Most drivers are a lot smaller --
many only having 3 generic PostScript driver files plus 1 PPD. Note,
that while we did retrieve the files from the &quot;2&quot; subdirectory of the
&quot;W32X86&quot; directory from the Windows box, we <span class="emphasis"><em>don't</em></span>
put them (for now) in this same subdirectory of the Samba box! This
re-location will automatically be done by the
<b class="command">adddriver</b> command which we will run shortly (and
don't forget to also put the files for the Win95/98/ME architecture
into the <tt class="filename">WIN40/</tt> subdirectory should you need
them).
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2928478"></a>Check if the Driver Files are there (with smbclient)</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
For now we verify that our files are there. This can be done with
<b class="command">smbclient</b> too (but of course you can log in via SSH
also and do this through a standard UNIX shell access too):
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient //SAMBA-CUPS/print\$ -U 'root%xxxx' -c 'cd W32X86; pwd; dir; cd 2; pwd; dir'</tt></b>
 added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
 Got a positive name query response from 10.160.51.162 ( 10.160.51.162 )
 Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.7a]

  Current directory is \\SAMBA-CUPS\print$\W32X86\
  .                                   D        0  Sun May  4 03:56:35 2003
  ..                                  D        0  Thu Apr 10 23:47:40 2003
  2                                   D        0  Sun May  4 03:56:18 2003
  HDNIS01Aux.dll                      A    15356  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
  Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL                   A    46966  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
  HDNIS01_de.DLL                      A   434400  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
  HDNIS01_de.NTF                      A   790404  Sun May  4 03:56:35 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.DLL                     A   876544  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.INI                     A      101  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.dat                     A     5044  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.def                     A      428  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.hlp                     A    37699  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.hre                     A   323584  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.ppd                     A    26373  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.vnd                     A    45056  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
  HDNIS01U_de.DLL                     A   165888  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
  HDNIS01U_de.HLP                     A    19770  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
  Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP                 A   228417  Sun May  4 03:58:59 2003
                40976 blocks of size 262144. 709 blocks available

  Current directory is \\SAMBA-CUPS\print$\W32X86\2\
  .                                   D        0  Sun May  4 03:56:18 2003
  ..                                  D        0  Sun May  4 03:56:35 2003
  ADOBEPS5.DLL                        A   434400  Sat May  3 23:18:45 2003
  laserjet4.ppd                       A     9639  Thu Apr 24 01:05:32 2003
  ADOBEPSU.DLL                        A   109568  Sat May  3 23:18:45 2003
  ADOBEPSU.HLP                        A    18082  Sat May  3 23:18:45 2003
  PDFcreator2.PPD                     A    15746  Sun Apr 20 22:24:07 2003
                40976 blocks of size 262144. 709 blocks available

</pre><p>
Notice that there are already driver files present in the
<tt class="filename">2</tt> subdir (probably from a previous
installation). Once the files for the new driver are there too, you
are still a few steps away from being able to use them on the
clients. The only thing you could do *now* is to retrieve them from a
client just like you retrieve ordinary files from a file share, by
opening print$ in Windows Explorer. But that wouldn't install them per
Point'n'Print. The reason is: Samba doesn't know yet that these files
are something special, namely <span class="emphasis"><em>printer driver
files</em></span> and it doesn't know yet to which print queue(s) these
driver files belong.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2928594"></a>Running <b class="command">rpcclient</b> with
<b class="command">adddriver</b></h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
So, next you must tell Samba about the special category of the files
you just uploaded into the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share. This
is done by the <b class="command">adddriver</b> command. It will
prompt Samba to register the driver files into its internal TDB
database files. The following command and its output has been edited,
again, for readability:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'adddriver &quot;Windows NT x86&quot; &quot;dm9110:HDNIS01_de.DLL: \
  Hddm91c1_de.ppd:HDNIS01U_de.DLL:HDNIS01U_de.HLP:   \
  NULL:RAW:Hddm91c1_de.DLL,Hddm91c1_de.INI,          \
  Hddm91c1_de.dat,Hddm91c1_de.def,Hddm91c1_de.hre,   \
  Hddm91c1_de.vnd,Hddm91c1_de.hlp,Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL, \
  HDNIS01Aux.dll,HDNIS01_de.NTF,                     \
  Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP' SAMBA-CUPS</tt></b>

 cmd = adddriver &quot;Windows NT x86&quot; &quot;dm9110:HDNIS01_de.DLL:Hddm91c1_de.ppd:HDNIS01U_de.DLL:    \
  HDNIS01U_de.HLP:NULL:RAW:Hddm91c1_de.DLL,Hddm91c1_de.INI, \
  Hddm91c1_de.dat,Hddm91c1_de.def,Hddm91c1_de.hre,          \
  Hddm91c1_de.vnd,Hddm91c1_de.hlp,Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL,        \
  HDNIS01Aux.dll,HDNIS01_de.NTF,Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP&quot;

 Printer Driver dm9110 successfully installed.

</pre><p>
After this step the driver should be recognized by Samba on the print
server. You need to be very carefull when typing the command. Don't
exchange the order of the fields. Some changes would lead to a
<tt class="computeroutput">NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL</tt> error
message. These become obvious. Other changes might install the driver
files successfully, but render the driver unworkable. So take care!
Hints about the syntax of the adddriver command are in the man
page. The CUPS printing chapter of this HOWTO collection provides a
more detailed description, if you should need it.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2928693"></a>Check how Driver Files have been moved after
<b class="command">adddriver</b> finished</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
One indication for Samba's recognition of the files as driver files is
the <tt class="computeroutput">successfully installed</tt> message.
Another one is the fact, that our files have been moved by the
<b class="command">adddriver</b> command into the <tt class="filename">2</tt>
subdirectory. You can check this again with
<b class="command">smbclient</b>:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient //SAMBA-CUPS/print\$ -Uroot%xxxx -c 'cd W32X86;dir;pwd;cd 2;dir;pwd'</tt></b>
 added interface ip=10.160.51.162 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
 Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.7a]

  Current directory is \\SAMBA-CUPS\print$\W32X86\
  .                                   D        0  Sun May  4 04:32:48 2003
  ..                                  D        0  Thu Apr 10 23:47:40 2003
  2                                   D        0  Sun May  4 04:32:48 2003
                40976 blocks of size 262144. 731 blocks available 

  Current directory is \\SAMBA-CUPS\print$\W32X86\2\
  .                                   D        0  Sun May  4 04:32:48 2003
  ..                                  D        0  Sun May  4 04:32:48 2003
  DigiMaster.PPD                      A   148336  Thu Apr 24 01:07:00 2003
  ADOBEPS5.DLL                        A   434400  Sat May  3 23:18:45 2003
  laserjet4.ppd                       A     9639  Thu Apr 24 01:05:32 2003
  ADOBEPSU.DLL                        A   109568  Sat May  3 23:18:45 2003
  ADOBEPSU.HLP                        A    18082  Sat May  3 23:18:45 2003
  PDFcreator2.PPD                     A    15746  Sun Apr 20 22:24:07 2003
  HDNIS01Aux.dll                      A    15356  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL                   A    46966  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  HDNIS01_de.DLL                      A   434400  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  HDNIS01_de.NTF                      A   790404  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.DLL                     A   876544  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.INI                     A      101  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.dat                     A     5044  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.def                     A      428  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.hlp                     A    37699  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.hre                     A   323584  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.ppd                     A    26373  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1_de.vnd                     A    45056  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  HDNIS01U_de.DLL                     A   165888  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  HDNIS01U_de.HLP                     A    19770  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
  Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP                 A   228417  Sun May  4 04:32:18 2003
                40976 blocks of size 262144. 731 blocks available

</pre><p>
Another verification is that the timestamp of the printing TDB files
is now updated (and possibly their filesize has increased).
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2928817"></a>Check if the Driver is recognized by Samba</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Now the driver should be registered with Samba. We can easily verify
this, and will do so in a moment. However, this driver is
<span class="emphasis"><em>not yet</em></span> associated with a particular
<span class="emphasis"><em>printer</em></span>. We may check the driver status of the
files by at least three methods:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>from any Windows client browse Network Neighbourhood,
finde the Samba host and open the Samba <span class="guiicon">Printers and
Faxes</span> folder. Select any printer icon, right-click and
select the printer <span class="guimenuitem">Properties</span>. Click on the
<span class="guilabel">Advanced</span> tab. Here is a field indicating the
driver for that printer. A drop down menu allows you to change that
driver (be carefull to not do this unwittingly.).  You can use this
list to view all drivers know to Samba. Your new one should be amongst
them. (Each type of client will only see his own architecture's
list. If you don't have every driver installed for each platform, the
list will differ if you look at it from Windows95/98/ME or
WindowsNT/2000/XP.)</p></li><li><p>from a Windows 2000 or XP client (not WinNT) browse
<span class="guiicon">Network Neighbourhood</span>, search for the Samba
server and open the server's <span class="guiicon">Printers</span> folder,
right-click the white background (with no printer highlighted). Select
<span class="guimenuitem">Server Properties</span>. On the
<span class="guilabel">Drivers</span> tab you will see the new driver listed
now. This view enables you to also inspect the list of files belonging
to that driver<span class="emphasis"><em> (this doesn't work on Windows NT, but only on
Windows 2000 and Windows XP. WinNT doesn't provide the &quot;Drivers&quot;
tab).</em></span>. An alternative, much quicker method for Windows
2000/XP to start this dialog is by typing into a DOS box (you must of
course adapt the name to your Samba server instead of <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i>):
</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt> rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /s /t2 /n\\<i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i></tt></b></p></li><li><p>from a UNIX prompt run this command (or a variant
thereof), where <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i> is the name of the Samba
host and &quot;xxxx&quot; represents the actual Samba password assigned to root:
</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U'root%xxxx' -c 'enumdrivers' <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i></tt></b></p><p>
You will see a listing of all drivers Samba knows about. Your new one
should be amongst them. But it is only listed under the <i class="parameter"><tt>[Windows NT
x86]</tt></i> heading, not under <i class="parameter"><tt>[Windows 4.0]</tt></i>,
since we didn't install that part. Or did *you*? -- You will see a listing of
all drivers Samba knows about. Your new one should be amongst them. In our
example it is named <span class="emphasis"><em>dm9110</em></span>.  Note that the 3rd column
shows the other installed drivers twice, for each supported architecture one
time. Our new driver only shows up for 
<span class="application">Windows NT 4.0 or 2000</span>. To
have it present for <span class="application">Windows 95, 98 and ME</span> you'll
have to repeat the whole procedure with the WIN40 architecture and subdirectory.
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2929021"></a>A sidenote: you are not bound to specific driver names</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You can name the driver as you like. If you repeat the
<b class="command">adddriver</b> step, with the same files as before, but
with a different driver name, it will work the same:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx                                        \
      -c 'adddriver &quot;Windows NT x86&quot;                     \
      &quot;myphantasydrivername:HDNIS01_de.DLL:              \
      Hddm91c1_de.ppd:HDNIS01U_de.DLL:HDNIS01U_de.HLP:   \
      NULL:RAW:Hddm91c1_de.DLL,Hddm91c1_de.INI,          \
      Hddm91c1_de.dat,Hddm91c1_de.def,Hddm91c1_de.hre,   \
      Hddm91c1_de.vnd,Hddm91c1_de.hlp,Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL, \
      HDNIS01Aux.dll,HDNIS01_de.NTF,Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP' SAMBA-CUPS
  </tt></b>

 cmd = adddriver &quot;Windows NT x86&quot; 
                 &quot;myphantasydrivername:HDNIS01_de.DLL:Hddm91c1_de.ppd:HDNIS01U_de.DLL:\
                  HDNIS01U_de.HLP:NULL:RAW:Hddm91c1_de.DLL,Hddm91c1_de.INI,           \
                  Hddm91c1_de.dat,Hddm91c1_de.def,Hddm91c1_de.hre,                    \
                  Hddm91c1_de.vnd,Hddm91c1_de.hlp,Hddm91c1KMMin.DLL,                  \
                  HDNIS01Aux.dll,HDNIS01_de.NTF,Hddm91c1_de_reg.HLP&quot;

 Printer Driver myphantasydrivername successfully installed.

</pre><p>
You will also be able to bind that driver to any print queue (however,
you are responsible yourself that you associate drivers to queues
which make sense to the target printer). Note, that you can't run the
<b class="command">rpcclient</b> <b class="command">adddriver</b> command
repeatedly. Each run &quot;consumes&quot; the files you had put into the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share by moving them into the
respective subdirectories. So you <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> precede an
<b class="command">smbclient ... put</b> command before each
<b class="command">rpcclient ...  addriver</b>&quot; command.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2929132"></a>La Grande Finale: Running <b class="command">rpcclient</b> with
<b class="command">setdriver</b></h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba still needs to know <span class="emphasis"><em>which</em></span> printer's driver
this is.  It needs to create a mapping of the driver to a printer, and
store this info in its &quot;memory&quot;, the TDB files. The <b class="command">rpcclient
setdriver</b> command achieves exactly this:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U'root%xxxx' -c 'setdriver dm9110 myphantasydrivername' <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i></tt></b>
 cmd = setdriver dm9110 myphantasydrivername
 Successfully set dm9110 to driver myphantasydrivername.
</pre><p>
Ahhhhh -- no, I didn't want to do that. Repeat, this time with the
name I intended: 
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U'root%xxxx' -c 'setdriver dm9110 dm9110' <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i></tt></b>
 cmd = setdriver dm9110 dm9110
 Succesfully set dm9110 to driver dm9110.
</pre><p>
The syntax of the command is <b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient 
-U'root%<i class="replaceable"><tt>sambapassword</tt></i>' -c 'setdriver 
&quot;<i class="replaceable"><tt>printername</tt></i>&quot; 
&quot;<i class="replaceable"><tt>drivername</tt></i>' 
<i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-Hostname</tt></i></tt></b> . --
Now we have done *most* of the work. But not yet all....
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
the <b class="command">setdriver</b> command will only succeed if the printer is
known to
Samba already. A bug in 2.2.x prevented Samba from recognizing freshly
installed printers. You had to restart Samba, or at least send a HUP
signal to all running smbd processes to work around this:
<b class="userinput"><tt>kill -HUP `pidof smbd`</tt></b>.  </p></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2929284"></a>&quot;The Proof of the Pudding lies in the Eating&quot; (Client Driver Insta
Procedure)</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A famous philosopher said once: &#8220;<span class="quote">The Proof of the Pudding lies
in the Eating</span>&#8221;. The proof for our setup lies in the printing.
So let's install the printer driver onto the client PCs. This is not
as straightforward as it may seem. Read on.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929305"></a>The first Client Driver Installation</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Especially important is the installation onto the first client PC (for
each architectural platform separately). Once this is done correctly,
all further clients are easy to setup and shouldn't need further
attention. What follows is a description for the recommended first
procedure. You work now from a client workstation. First you should
guarantee that your connection is not unwittingly mapped to
<i class="parameter"><tt>bad user</tt></i> &quot;nobody&quot;. In a DOS box type:
</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>net use \\<i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-SERVER</tt></i>\print$ /user:root</tt></b></p><p>
Replace root, if needed, by another valid 
<i class="replaceable"><tt>printer admin</tt></i> user as given in the  definition.
Should you already be connected as a different user, you'll get an error
message. There is no easy way to get rid of that connection, because
Windows doesn't seem to know a concept of &quot;logging off&quot; from a share
connection (don't confuse this with logging off from the local
workstation; that is a different matter). You can try to close
<span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> Windows file explorer and Internet Explorer
windows. As a last resort, you may have to reboot. Make sure there is
no automatic re-connection set up. It may be easier to go to a
different workstation and try from there. After you have made sure you
are connected as a printer admin user (you can check this with the
<b class="command">smbstatus</b> command on Samba) do this from the
Windows workstation:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Open <span class="guiicon">Network
Neighbourhood</span></p></li><li><p>Browse to Samba server</p></li><li><p>Open its <span class="guiicon">Printers and
Faxes</span> folder</p></li><li><p>Highlight and right-click the printer</p></li><li><p>Select <span class="guimenuitem">Connect...</span> (for WinNT4/2K
it is possibly <span class="guimenuitem">Install...</span>)</p></li></ul></div><p>
A new printer (named <i class="replaceable"><tt>printername</tt></i> on
samba-server) should now have appeared in your
<span class="emphasis"><em>local</em></span> Printer folder (check <span class="guimenu">Start</span> --
<span class="guimenuitem">Settings</span> -- <span class="guimenuitem">Control Panel</span>
-- <span class="guiicon">Printers and Faxes</span>).
</p><p>
Most likely you are now tempted to try and print a test page.  After
all, you now can open the printer properties and on the &quot;General&quot; tab,
there is a button offering to do just that. But chances are that you
get an error message saying <span class="errorname">Unable to print Test
Page</span>. The reason might be that there is not yet a
valid Device Mode set for the driver, or that the &quot;Printer Driver
Data&quot; set is still incomplete.
</p><p>
You must now make sure that a valid &quot;Device Mode&quot; is set for the
driver. Don't fear -- we will explain now what that means.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929502"></a>IMPORTANT! Setting Device Modes on new Printers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In order for a printer to be truly usable by a Windows NT/2K/XP
client, it must possess:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>a valid <span class="emphasis"><em>Device Mode</em></span> generated by
the driver for the printer (defining things like paper size,
orientation and duplex settings), and</p></li><li><p>a complete set of
<span class="emphasis"><em>Printer Driver Data</em></span> generated by the
driver.</p></li></ul></div><p>
If either one of these is incomplete, the clients can produce less
than optimal output at best. In the worst cases, unreadable garbage or
nothing at all comes from the printer or they produce a harvest of
error messages when attempting to print. Samba stores the named values
and all printing related info in its internal TDB database files
<tt class="filename">(ntprinters.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">ntdrivers.tdb</tt>, <tt class="filename">printing.tdb</tt>
and <tt class="filename">ntforms.tdb</tt>).
</p><p>
What do these two words stand for? Basically, the Device Mode and the
set of Printer Driver Data is a collection of settings for all print
queue properties, initialized in a sensible way. Device Modes and
Printer Driver Data should initially be set on the print server (that is
here: the Samba host) to healthy values so that the clients can start
to use them immediately. How do we set these initial healthy values?
This can be achieved by accessing the drivers remotely from an NT (or
2k/XP) client, as is discussed in the next paragraphs.
</p><p>
Be aware, that a valid Device Mode can only be initiated by a
<i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i>, or root (the reason should be
obvious). Device Modes can only correctly be set by executing the
printer driver program itself. Since Samba can not execute this Win32
platform driver code, it sets this field initially to NULL (which is
not a valid setting for clients to use). Fortunately, most drivers
generate themselves the Printer Driver Data that is needed, when they
are uploaded to the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share with the
help of the APW or rpcclient.
</p><p>
The generation and setting of a first valid Device Mode however
requires some &quot;tickling&quot; from a client, to set it on the Samba
server. The easiest means of doing so is to simply change the page
orientation on the server's printer. This &quot;executes&quot; enough of the
printer driver program on the client for the desired effect to happen,
and feeds back the new Device Mode to our Samba server. You can use the
native Windows NT/2K/XP printer properties page from a Window client
for this:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Browse the <span class="guiicon">Network Neighbourhood</span></p></li><li><p>Find the Samba server</p></li><li><p>Open the Samba server's <span class="guiicon">Printers and
	Faxes</span> folder</p></li><li><p>Highlight the shared printer in question</p></li><li><p>Right-click the printer (you may already be here, if you
followed the last section's description)</p></li><li><p>At the bottom of the context menu select
<span class="guimenu">Properties....</span> (if the menu still offers the 
<span class="guimenuitem">Connect...</span> entry
further above, you need to click that one first to achieve the driver
installation as shown in the last section)</p></li><li><p>Go to the <span class="guilabel">Advanced</span> tab; click on 
<span class="guibutton">Printing Defaults...</span></p></li><li><p>Change the &quot;Portrait&quot; page setting to &quot;Landscape&quot; (and
back)</p></li><li><p>(Oh, and make sure to <span class="emphasis"><em>apply</em></span>
changes between swapping the page orientation to cause the change to
actually take effect...).</p></li><li><p>While you're at it, you may optionally also want to
set the desired printing defaults here, which then apply to all future
client driver installations on the remaining from now
on.</p></li></ul></div><p>
This procedure has executed the printer driver program on the client
platform and fed back the correct Device Mode to Samba, which now
stored it in its TDB files. Once the driver is installed on the
client, you can follow the analogous steps by accessing the
<span class="emphasis"><em>local</em></span> <span class="guiicon">Printers</span> folder too if you are
a Samba printer admin user. From now on printing should work as expected.
</p><p>
Samba also includes a service level parameter name <i class="parameter"><tt>default
devmode</tt></i> for generating a default Device Mode for a
printer. Some drivers will function well with Samba's default set of
properties. Others may crash the client's spooler service. So use this
parameter with caution. It is always better to have the client
generate a valid device mode for the printer and store it on the
server for you.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929792"></a>Further Client Driver Install Procedures</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Every further driver may be done by any user, along the lines
described above: Browse network, open printers folder on Samba server,
right-click printer and choose <span class="guimenuitem">Connect...</span>. Once
this completes (should be not more than a few seconds, but could also take
a minute, depending on network conditions), you should find the new printer in
your client workstation local <span class="guiicon">Printers and
Faxes</span> folder.
</p><p>
You can also open your local <span class="guiicon">Printers and Faxes</span> folder by
using this command on Windows 2000 and Windows XP Professional workstations:
</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>rundll32 shell32.dll,SHHelpShortcuts_RunDLL PrintersFolder
</tt></b></p><p>
or this command on Windows NT 4.0 workstations:
</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>
rundll32 shell32.dll,Control_RunDLL MAIN.CPL @2
</tt></b></p><p>
You can enter the commands either inside a <span class="guilabel">DOS box</span> window 
or in the <span class="guimenuitem">Run command...</span> field from the 
<span class="guimenu">Start</span> menu.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2929887"></a>Always make first Client Connection as root or &quot;printer admin&quot;</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
After you installed the driver on the Samba server (in its
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share, you should always make sure
that your first client installation completes correctly. Make it a habit for
yourself to build that the very first connection from a client as
<i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i>. This is to make sure that:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p> a first valid <span class="emphasis"><em>Device Mode</em></span> is
really initialized (see above for more explanation details), and
that</p></li><li><p> the default print settings of your printer for all
further client installations are as you want them</p></li></ul></div><p>
Do this by changing the orientation to landscape, click
<span class="emphasis"><em>Apply</em></span>, and then change it back again. Then modify
the other settings (for example, you don't want the default media size
set to <span class="emphasis"><em>Letter</em></span>, when you are all using
<span class="emphasis"><em>A4</em></span>, right? You may want to set the printer for
<span class="emphasis"><em>duplex</em></span> as the default; etc.).
</p><p>
To connect as root to a Samba printer, try this command from a Windows
2K/XP DOS box command prompt:
</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>runas /netonly /user:root &quot;rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /p /t3 /n \\<i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-SERVER</tt></i>\<i class="replaceable"><tt>printername</tt></i>&quot;</tt></b>
</p><p>
You will be prompted for root's Samba-password; type it, wait a few
seconds, click on <span class="guibutton">Printing Defaults...</span> and
proceed to set the job options as should be used as defaults by all
clients. Alternatively, instead of root you can name one other member
of the <i class="parameter"><tt>printer admins</tt></i> from the setting.
</p><p>
Now all the other users downloading and installing the driver
the same way (called <span class="emphasis"><em>Point'n'Print</em></span>) will
have the same defaults set for them. If you miss this step you'll
get a lot of helpdesk calls from your users. But maybe you like to
talk to people.... ;-)
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2930029"></a>Other Gotchas</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Your driver is installed. It is ready for
<span class="emphasis"><em>Point'n'Print</em></span> installation by the clients
now. You <span class="emphasis"><em>may</em></span> have tried to download and use it
onto your first client machine now. But wait... let's make you
acquainted first with a few tips and tricks you may find useful.  For
example, suppose you didn't manage to &quot;set the defaults&quot; on the
printer, as advised in the preceeding paragraphs? And your users
complain about various issues (such as &#8220;<span class="quote">We need to set the paper
size for each job from Letter to A4 and it won't store it!</span>&#8221;)
</p><div xmlns:ns48="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2930062"></a>Setting Default Print Options for the Client Drivers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The last sentence might be viewed with mixed feelings by some users and
admins. They have struggled for hours and hours and couldn't arrive at
a point were their settings seemed to be saved.  It is not their
fault. The confusing thing is this: in the multi-tabbed dialog that pops
up when you right-click the printer name and select 
<span class="guimenuitem">Properties...</span>, you can arrive at two identically
looking dialogs, each claiming that they help you to set printer options,
in three different ways. Here is the definite answer to the &quot;Samba
Default Driver Setting FAQ&quot;:
</p><ns48:p><b>&#8220;<span class="quote">I can't set and save default print options
for all users on Win2K/XP! Why not?</span>&#8221; </b>
How are you doing it? I bet the wrong way.... (it is not very
easy to find out, though). There are 3 different ways to bring you to
a dialog that <span class="emphasis"><em>seems</em></span> to set everything. All three
dialogs <span class="emphasis"><em>look</em></span> the same. Only one of them
<span class="emphasis"><em>does</em></span> what you intend.
<span class="emphasis"><em>Important:</em></span> you need to be Administrator or Print
Administrator to do this for all users. Here is how I reproduce it in
on XP Professional:

</ns48:p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="A"><li xmlns:ns45=""><ns45:p>The first &quot;wrong&quot; way:

</ns45:p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Open the <span class="guiicon">Printers</span>
folder.</p></li><li><p>Right-click on the printer
(<span class="emphasis"><em>remoteprinter on cupshost</em></span>) and
select in context menu <span class="guimenu">Printing
Preferences...</span></p></li><li><p>Look at this dialog closely and remember what it looks
like.</p></li></ol></div><ns45:p>
</ns45:p></li><li xmlns:ns46=""><ns46:p>The second &quot;wrong&quot; way:

</ns46:p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Open the <span class="guimenu">Printers</span>
folder.</p></li><li><p>Right-click on the printer (<span class="emphasis"><em>remoteprinter on
cupshost</em></span>) and select in the context menu
<span class="guimenuitem">Properties</span></p></li><li><p>Click on the <span class="guilabel">General</span>
tab</p></li><li><p>Click on the button <span class="guibutton">Printing
Preferences...</span></p></li><li><p>A new dialog opens. Keep this dialog open and go back
to the parent dialog.</p></li></ol></div><ns46:p>
</ns46:p></li><li xmlns:ns47=""><ns47:p>The third, the &quot;correct&quot; way: (should you do
this from the beginning, just carry out steps 1. and 2. from second
&quot;way&quot; above)

</ns47:p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Click on the <span class="guilabel">Advanced</span>
tab. (Hmmm... if everything is &quot;Grayed Out&quot;, then you are not logged
in as a user with enough privileges).</p></li><li><p>Click on the <span class="guibutton">Printing
Defaults...</span> button.</p></li><li><p>On any of the two new tabs, click on the
<span class="guilabel">Advanced...</span> button.</p></li><li><p>A new dialog opens. Compare this one to the other,
identical looking one from &quot;B.5&quot; or A.3&quot;.</p></li></ol></div><ns47:p>
</ns47:p></li></ol></div><ns48:p>

Do you see any difference in the two settings dialogs? I don't
either. However, only the last one, which you arrived at with steps
C.1.-6. will permanently save any settings which will then become the
defaults for new users. If you want all clients to have the same
defaults, you need to conduct these steps as administrator
(<i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i> in )
<span class="emphasis"><em>before</em></span> a client downloads the driver (the clients
can later set their own <span class="emphasis"><em>per-user defaults</em></span> by
following the procedures<span class="emphasis"><em>A.</em></span>
or<span class="emphasis"><em>B.</em></span> above...). (This is new: Windows 2000 and
Windows XP allow <span class="emphasis"><em>per-user</em></span> default settings and
the ones the administrator gives them, before they set up their own).
The &quot;parents&quot; of the identically looking dialogs have a slight
difference in their window names: one is called
<tt class="computeroutput">Default Print Values for Printer Foo on Server
Bar&quot;</tt> (which is the one you need) and the other is
called &quot;<tt class="computeroutput">Print Settings for Printer Foo on Server
Bar</tt>&quot;. The last one is the one you arrive at when you
right-click on the printer and select <span class="guimenuitem">Print
Settings...</span>. This is the one what you were
taught to use back in the days of Windows NT! So it is only natural to
try the same way with Win2k or WinXP. You wouldn't dream
that there is now a different &quot;clicking path&quot; to arrive at an
identically looking, but functionally different dialog to set defaults
for all users!
</ns48:p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>Try (on Win2000 and WinXP) to run this command (as a user
with the right privileges):
</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>
rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /p /t3 /n\\<i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-SERVER</tt></i>\<i class="replaceable"><tt>printersharename</tt></i>
</tt></b></p><p>
to see the tab with the <span class="guilabel">Printing Defaults...</span>
button (the one you need). Also run this command:
</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>
rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /p /t0 /n\\<i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-SERVER</tt></i>\<i class="replaceable"><tt>printersharename</tt></i>
</tt></b></p><p>
to see the tab with the <span class="guilabel">Printing Preferences...</span>
button (the one which doesn't set system-wide defaults). You can
start the commands from inside a DOS box&quot; or from the <span class="guimenu">Start</span>
-- <span class="guimenuitem">Run...</span> menu.
</p></div></div><div xmlns:ns49="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2930496"></a>Supporting large Numbers of Printers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
One issue that has arisen during the recent development phase of Samba
is the need to support driver downloads for 100's of printers. Using
Windows NT APW here is somewhat awkward (to say the least). If you
don't want to acquire RSS pains from such the printer installation
clicking orgy alone, you need to think about a non-interactive script.
</p><p>
If more than one printer is using the same driver, the
<b class="command">rpcclient setdriver</b> command can be used to set the
driver associated with an installed queue. If the driver is uploaded
to <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> once and registered with the
printing TDBs, it can be used by multiple print queues. In this case
you just need to repeat the <b class="command">setprinter</b> subcommand
of <b class="command">rpcclient</b> for every queue (without the need to
conduct the <b class="command">adddriver</b> again and again). The
following is an example of how this could be accomplished:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i> -U root%<i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i> -c 'enumdrivers'</tt></b>
 cmd = enumdrivers
 
 [Windows NT x86]
 Printer Driver Info 1:
   Driver Name: [infotec  IS 2075 PCL 6]
 
 Printer Driver Info 1:
   Driver Name: [DANKA InfoStream]
 
 Printer Driver Info 1:
   Driver Name: [Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS)]
 
 Printer Driver Info 1:
   Driver Name: [dm9110]

 Printer Driver Info 1:
   Driver Name: [myphantasydrivername]

 [....]
</pre><ns49:p>

</ns49:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i> -U root%<i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i> -c 'enumprinters'</tt></b>
 cmd = enumprinters
   flags:[0x800000]
   name:[\\SAMBA-CUPS\dm9110]
   description:[\\SAMBA-CUPS\dm9110,,110ppm HiVolume DANKA Stuttgart]
   comment:[110 ppm HiVolume DANKA Stuttgart]
 [....]
</pre><ns49:p>

</ns49:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i> -U root%<i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i> -c 'setdriver <i class="replaceable"><tt>dm9110</tt></i> &quot;<i class="replaceable"><tt>Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS)</tt></i>&quot;'</tt></b>
 cmd = setdriver dm9110 Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PPD)
 Successfully set dm9110 to driver Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS).
</pre><ns49:p>

</ns49:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i> -U root%<i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i> -c 'enumprinters'</tt></b>
 cmd = enumprinters
   flags:[0x800000]
   name:[\\SAMBA-CUPS\dm9110]
   description:[\\SAMBA-CUPS\dm9110,Heidelberg Digimaster 9110 (PS),110ppm HiVolume DANKA Stuttgart]
   comment:[110ppm HiVolume DANKA Stuttgart]
 [....]
</pre><ns49:p>

</ns49:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i> -U root%<i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i> -c 'setdriver <i class="replaceable"><tt>dm9110</tt></i> <i class="replaceable"><tt>myphantasydrivername</tt></i>'</tt></b>
 cmd = setdriver dm9110 myphantasydrivername
 Successfully set dm9110 to myphantasydrivername.
</pre><ns49:p>

</ns49:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient <i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-CUPS</tt></i> -U root%<i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i> -c 'enumprinters'</tt></b>
 cmd = enumprinters
   flags:[0x800000]
   name:[\\SAMBA-CUPS\dm9110]
   description:[\\SAMBA-CUPS\dm9110,myphantasydrivername,110ppm HiVolume DANKA Stuttgart]
   comment:[110ppm HiVolume DANKA Stuttgart]
 [....]
</pre><p>
It may be not easy to recognize: but the first call to
<b class="command">enumprinters</b> showed the &quot;dm9110&quot; printer with an
empty string where the driver should have been listed (between the 2
commas in the &quot;description&quot; field). After the
<b class="command">setdriver</b> command succeeded, all is well.  (The
CUPS Printing chapter has more info about the installation of printer
drivers with the help of <b class="command">rpccclient</b>).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2930798"></a>Adding new Printers with the Windows NT APW</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
By default, Samba exhibits all printer shares defined in
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> in the
<span class="guiicon">Printers...</span> folder. Also located in this folder
is the Windows NT Add Printer Wizard icon. The APW will be shown only
if:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>...the connected user is able to successfully execute
an <b class="command">OpenPrinterEx(\\server)</b> with administrative
privileges (i.e. root or <i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i>).
</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p> Try this from a Windows 2K/XP DOS box command prompt:
</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>
runas /netonly /user:root rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /p /t0 /n \\<i class="replaceable"><tt>SAMBA-SERVER</tt></i>\<i class="replaceable"><tt>printersharename</tt></i>
</tt></b></p><p>
and click on <span class="guibutton">Printing Preferences...</span>
</p></div></li><li><p>... contains the setting
<i class="parameter"><tt>show add printer wizard = yes</tt></i> (the
default).</p></li></ul></div><p>
The APW can do various things:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>upload a new driver to the Samba
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share;</p></li><li><p>associate an uploaded driver with an existing (but
still &quot;driverless&quot;) print queue;</p></li><li><p>exchange the currently used driver for an existing
print queue with one that has been uploaded before;</p></li><li><p>add an entirely new printer to the Samba host (only in
conjunction with a working <i class="parameter"><tt>add printer command</tt></i>;
a corresponding <i class="parameter"><tt>delete printer command</tt></i> for
removing entries from the <span class="guiicon">Printers...</span> folder
may be provided too)</p></li></ul></div><p>
The last one (add a new printer) requires more effort than the
previous ones. In order to use the APW to successfully add a printer
to a Samba server, the <i class="parameter"><tt>add printer command</tt></i> must
have a defined value. The program hook must successfully add the
printer to the Unix print system (i.e. to
<tt class="filename">/etc/printcap</tt>,
<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/printers.conf</tt> or other appropriate
files) and to  if necessary.
</p><p>
When using the APW from a client, if the named printer share does not
exist, smbd will execute the <i class="parameter"><tt>add printer
command</tt></i> and reparse to the 
to attempt to locate the new printer share. If the share is still not
defined, an error of <span class="errorname">Access Denied</span> is
returned to the client.  Note that the <i class="parameter"><tt>add printer
command</tt></i> is executed under the context of the connected
user, not necessarily a root account. A <i class="parameter"><tt>map to guest = bad
user</tt></i> may have connected you unwittingly under the wrong
privilege; you should check it by using the
<b class="command">smbstatus</b> command.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931042"></a>Weird Error Message <span class="errorname">Cannot connect under a
different Name</span></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Once you are connected with the wrong credentials, there is no means
to reverse the situation other than to close all Explorer windows, and
perhaps reboot.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>The <b class="command">net use \\SAMBA-SERVER\sharename
/user:root</b> gives you an error message: <tt class="computeroutput">Multiple
connections to a server or a shared resource by the same user
utilizing the several user names are not allowed. Disconnect all
previous connections to the server, resp. the shared resource, and try
again.</tt></p></li><li><p>Every attempt to &quot;connect a network drive&quot; to
<tt class="filename">\\SAMBASERVER\\print$</tt> to z: is countered by the
pertinacious message. <tt class="computeroutput">This network folder is currently
connected under different credentials (username and password).
Disconnect first any existing connection to this network share in
order to connect again under a different username and
password</tt>.</p></li></ul></div><p>
So you close all connections. You try again. You get the same
message. You check from the Samba side, using
<b class="command">smbstatus</b>. Yes, there are some more
connections. You kill them all. The client still gives you the same
error message. You watch the smbd.log file on a very high debug level
and try re-connect. Same error message, but not a single line in the
log. You start to wonder if there was a connection attempt at all. You
run ethereal and tcpdump while you try to connect. Result: not a
single byte goes on the wire. Windows still gives the error
message. You close all Explorer Windows and start it again. You try to
connect - and this times it works!  Windows seems to cache connection
info somewhere and doesn't keep it up to date (if you are unlucky you
might need to reboot to get rid of the error message).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931140"></a>Be careful when assembling Driver Files</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You need to be very careful when you take notes about the files and
belonging to a particular driver. Don't confuse the files for driver
version &quot;0&quot; (for Win95/98/ME, going into
<tt class="filename">[print$]/WIN/0/</tt>), driver version &quot;2&quot; (Kernel Mode
driver for WinNT, going into <tt class="filename">[print$]/W32X86/2/</tt>
<span class="emphasis"><em>may</em></span> be used on Win2K/XP too), and driver version
&quot;3&quot; (non-Kernel Mode driver going into
<tt class="filename">[print$]/W32X86/3/</tt> <span class="emphasis"><em>can not</em></span>
be used on WinNT). Very often these different driver versions contain
files carrying the same name; but still the files are very different!
Also, if you look at them from the Windows Explorer (they reside in
<tt class="filename">%WINDOWS%\system32\spool\drivers\W32X86\</tt>) you
will probably see names in capital letters, while an &quot;enumdrivers&quot;
command from Samba would show mixed or lower case letters. So it is
easy to confuse them. If you install them manually using
<b class="command">rpcclient</b> and subcommands, you may even succeed
without an error message. Only later, when you try install on a
client, you will encounter error messages like <tt class="computeroutput">This
server has no appropriate driver for the printer</tt>.
</p><p>
Here is an example. You are invited to look very closely at the
various files, compare their names and their spelling, and discover
the differences in the composition of the version-2 and -3 sets
Note: the version-0 set contained 40 (!)
<i class="parameter"><tt>Dependentfiles</tt></i>, so I left it out for space
reasons:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient -U 'Administrator%<i class="replaceable"><tt>secret</tt></i>' -c 'enumdrivers 3' 10.160.50.8 </tt></b>

 Printer Driver Info 3:
         Version: [3]
         Driver Name: [Canon iR8500 PS3]
         Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
         Driver Path: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cns3g.dll]
         Datafile: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\iR8500sg.xpd]
         Configfile: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cns3gui.dll]
         Helpfile: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cns3g.hlp]
 
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\aucplmNT.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\ucs32p.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\tnl32.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\aussdrv.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cnspdc.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\aussapi.dat]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cns3407.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\CnS3G.cnt]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\NBAPI.DLL]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\NBIPC.DLL]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcview.exe]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcdspl.exe]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcedit.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcqm.exe]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcspl.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cfine32.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcr407.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\Cpcqm407.hlp]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cpcqm407.cnt]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\3\cns3ggr.dll]
 
         Monitorname: []
         Defaultdatatype: []

 Printer Driver Info 3:
         Version: [2]
         Driver Name: [Canon iR5000-6000 PS3]
         Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
         Driver Path: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\cns3g.dll]
         Datafile: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\IR5000sg.xpd]
         Configfile: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\cns3gui.dll]
         Helpfile: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\cns3g.hlp]
 
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\AUCPLMNT.DLL]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\aussdrv.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\cnspdc.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\aussapi.dat]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\cns3407.dll]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\CnS3G.cnt]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\NBAPI.DLL]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\NBIPC.DLL]
         Dependentfiles: [\\10.160.50.8\print$\W32X86\2\cns3gum.dll]
 
         Monitorname: [CPCA Language Monitor2]
         Defaultdatatype: []

</pre><p>
If we write the &quot;version 2&quot; files and the &quot;version 3&quot; files
into different text files and compare the result, we see this
picture:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>sdiff 2-files 3-files</tt></b>


 cns3g.dll                     cns3g.dll
 iR8500sg.xpd                  iR8500sg.xpd
 cns3gui.dll                   cns3gui.dll
 cns3g.hlp                     cns3g.hlp
 AUCPLMNT.DLL                | aucplmNT.dll
                             &gt; ucs32p.dll
                             &gt; tnl32.dll
 aussdrv.dll                   aussdrv.dll
 cnspdc.dll                    cnspdc.dll
 aussapi.dat                   aussapi.dat
 cns3407.dll                   cns3407.dll
 CnS3G.cnt                     CnS3G.cnt
 NBAPI.DLL                     NBAPI.DLL
 NBIPC.DLL                     NBIPC.DLL
 cns3gum.dll                 | cpcview.exe
                             &gt; cpcdspl.exe 
                             &gt; cpcqm.exe
                             &gt; cpcspl.dll
                             &gt; cfine32.dll
                             &gt; cpcr407.dll
                             &gt; Cpcqm407.hlp
                             &gt; cpcqm407.cnt
                             &gt; cns3ggr.dll

</pre><p>
Don't be fooled though! Driver files for each version with identical
names may be different in their content, as you can see from this size
comparison:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>for i in cns3g.hlp cns3gui.dll cns3g.dll; do                  \
           smbclient //10.160.50.8/print\$ -U 'Administrator%xxxx' \
           -c &quot;cd W32X86/3; dir $i; cd .. ; cd 2; dir $i&quot;;      \
		   done</tt></b>

  CNS3G.HLP               A   122981  Thu May 30 02:31:00 2002
  CNS3G.HLP               A    99948  Thu May 30 02:31:00 2002

  CNS3GUI.DLL             A  1805824  Thu May 30 02:31:00 2002
  CNS3GUI.DLL             A  1785344  Thu May 30 02:31:00 2002

  CNS3G.DLL               A  1145088  Thu May 30 02:31:00 2002
  CNS3G.DLL               A    15872  Thu May 30 02:31:00 2002

</pre><p>
In my example were even more differences than shown here.  Conclusion:
you must be very careful to select the correct driver files for each
driver version. Don't rely on the names alone. Don't interchange files
belonging to different driver versions.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931411"></a>Samba and Printer Ports</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Windows NT/2000 print servers associate a port with each
printer. These normally take the form of <tt class="filename">LPT1:</tt>,
<tt class="filename">COM1:</tt>, <tt class="filename">FILE:</tt>, etc. Samba
must also support the concept of ports associated with a printer. By
default, only one printer port, named &quot;Samba Printer Port&quot;, exists on
a system. Samba does not really need such a &quot;port&quot; in order to print;
it rather is a requirement of Windows clients.  They insist on being
told about an available port when they request this info, otherwise
they throw an error message at you. So Samba fakes the port
information to keep the Windows clients happy.
</p><p>
Note that Samba does not support the concept of &quot;Printer Pooling&quot;
internally either. Printer Pooling assigns a logical printer to
multiple ports as a form of load balancing or fail over.
</p><p>
If you require that multiple ports be defined for some reason or
another (&#8220;<span class="quote">My users and my Boss should not know that they are
working with Samba</span>&#8221;),  possesses a
<i class="parameter"><tt>enumports command</tt></i> which can be used to define
an external program that generates a listing of ports on a system.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931481"></a>Avoiding the most common Misconfigurations of the Client Driver</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
So - printing works, but there are still problems. Most jobs print
well, some don't print at all. Some jobs have problems with fonts,
which don't look good at all. Some jobs print fast, and some are
dead-slow. We can't cover it all; but we want to encourage you to read
the little paragraph about &quot;Avoiding the wrong PostScript Driver
Settings&quot; in the CUPS Printing part of this document.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2931504"></a>The Imprints Toolset</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The Imprints tool set provides a UNIX equivalent of the
Windows NT Add Printer Wizard. For complete information, please
refer to the Imprints web site
at<a href="http://imprints.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">http://imprints.sourceforge.net/</a>
as well as the documentation included with the imprints source
distribution. This section will only provide a brief introduction
to the features of Imprints.
</p><p><b>Attention! Maintainer required. </b>
Unfortunately, the Imprints toolset is no longer maintained. As of
December, 2000, the project is in need of a new maintainer. The most
important skill to have is decent perl coding and an interest in
MS-RPC based printing using Samba. If you wish to volunteer, please
coordinate your efforts on the samba-technical mailing list. The
toolset is still in usable form; but only for a series of older
printer models, where there are prepared packages to use. Packages for
more up to date print devices are needed if Imprints should have a
future.</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931549"></a>What is Imprints?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Imprints is a collection of tools for supporting these goals:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Providing a central repository information regarding
Windows NT and 95/98 printer driver packages</p></li><li><p>Providing the tools necessary for creating the
Imprints printer driver packages.</p></li><li><p>Providing an installation client which will obtain
printer drivers from a central internet (or intranet) Imprints Server
repository and install them on remote Samba and Windows NT4 print
servers.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931590"></a>Creating Printer Driver Packages</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The process of creating printer driver packages is beyond the scope of
this document (refer to Imprints.txt also included with the Samba
distribution for more information). In short, an Imprints driver
package is a gzipped tarball containing the driver files, related INF
files, and a control file needed by the installation client.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931609"></a>The Imprints Server</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The Imprints server is really a database server that may be queried
via standard HTTP mechanisms. Each printer entry in the database has
an associated URL for the actual downloading of the package. Each
package is digitally signed via GnuPG which can be used to verify that
package downloaded is actually the one referred in the Imprints
database. It is strongly recommended that this security check
<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> be disabled.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2931634"></a>The Installation Client</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
More information regarding the Imprints installation client is
available in the <tt class="filename">Imprints-Client-HOWTO.ps</tt> file
included with the imprints source package.
</p><p>
The Imprints installation client comes in two forms.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>a set of command line Perl scripts</p></li><li><p>a GTK+ based graphical interface to the command line Perl
scripts</p></li></ul></div><p>
The installation client (in both forms) provides a means of querying
the Imprints database server for a matching list of known printer
model names as well as a means to download and install the drivers on
remote Samba and Windows NT print servers.
</p><p>
The basic installation process is in four steps and perl code is
wrapped around smbclient and rpcclient
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li xmlns:ns50=""><ns50:p>
	foreach (supported architecture for a given driver) 
	</ns50:p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>rpcclient: Get the appropriate upload directory on the remote server</p></li><li><p>smbclient: Upload the driver files</p></li><li><p>rpcclient: Issues an AddPrinterDriver() MS-RPC</p></li></ol></div><ns50:p>
	</ns50:p></li><li><p>rpcclient: Issue an AddPrinterEx() MS-RPC to actually create the printer</p></li></ul></div><p>
One of the problems encountered when implementing the Imprints tool
set was the name space issues between various supported client
architectures. For example, Windows NT includes a driver named &quot;Apple
LaserWriter II NTX v51.8&quot; and Windows 95 calls its version of this
driver &quot;Apple LaserWriter II NTX&quot;
</p><p>
The problem is how to know what client drivers have been uploaded for
a printer. An astute reader will remember that the Windows NT Printer
Properties dialog only includes space for one printer driver name. A
quick look in the Windows NT 4.0 system registry at
</p><p><tt class="filename">
 HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Print\Environment
</tt></p><p>
will reveal that Windows NT always uses the NT driver name.  This is
ok as Windows NT always requires that at least the Windows NT version
of the printer driver is present. However, Samba does not have the
requirement internally. Therefore, how can you use the NT driver name
if is has not already been installed?
</p><p>
The way of sidestepping this limitation is to require that all
Imprints printer driver packages include both the Intel Windows NT and
95/98 printer drivers and that NT driver is installed first.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2931786"></a>Add Network Printers at Logon without User Interaction</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The following MS Knowledge Base article may be of some help if you
need to handle Windows 2000 clients: <span class="emphasis"><em>How to Add Printers
with No User Interaction in Windows 2000.</em></span> ( <a href="http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;189105" target="_top">http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;189105</a>
). It also applies to Windows XP Professional clients.
</p><p>
The ideas sketched out below are inspired by this article. It
describes a commandline method which can be applied to install
network and local printers and their drivers. This is most useful
if integrated in Logon Scripts. You can see what options are
available by typing in a command prompt (&quot;DOS box&quot;) this:
</p><p><b class="userinput"><tt>rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /?</tt></b></p><p>
A window pops up which shows you all of the commandline switches
available. An extensive list of examples is also provided.  This is
only for Win 2k/XP. It doesn't work on WinNT. WinNT has probably some
other tools in the respective Resource Kit. Here is a suggestion about
what a client logon script might contain, with a short explanation of
what the lines actually do (it works if 2k/XP Windows clients access
printers via Samba, but works for Windows-based print servers too):
</p><pre class="screen">
<b class="userinput"><tt>rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /dn /n &quot;\\sambacupsserver\infotec2105-IPDS&quot; /q</tt></b>
<b class="userinput"><tt>rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /in /n &quot;\\sambacupsserver\infotec2105-PS&quot;</tt></b>
<b class="userinput"><tt>rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /y /n &quot;\\sambacupsserver\infotec2105-PS&quot;</tt></b>
</pre><p>
Here is a list of the used commandline parameters: 
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">/dn</span></dt><dd><p>deletes a network printer</p></dd><dt><span class="term">/q</span></dt><dd><p>quiet modus</p></dd><dt><span class="term">/n</span></dt><dd><p>names a printer</p></dd><dt><span class="term">/in</span></dt><dd><p>adds a network printer connection</p></dd><dt><span class="term">/y</span></dt><dd><p>sets printer as default printer</p></dd></dl></div><p>
I have tested this with a Samba 2.2.7a and a Samba-3alpha24
installation and Windows XP Professional clients. Note that this
specific command set works with network print queues (installing
local print queues requires different parameters, but this is of no
interest here).
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Line 1 deletes a possibly existing previous network
printer <span class="emphasis"><em>infotec2105-IPDS</em></span> (which had used native
Windows drivers with LPRng that were removed from the server which was
converted to CUPS). The <b class="command">/q</b> at the end eliminates
&quot;Confirm&quot; or error dialog boxes popping up. They should not be
presented to the user logging on.</p></li><li><p>Line 2 adds the new printer
<span class="emphasis"><em>infotec2105-PS</em></span> (which actually is same physical
device but is now run by the new CUPS printing system and associated
with the CUPS/Adobe PS drivers). The printer and its driver
<span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> have been added to Samba prior to the user
logging in (e.g. by a procedure as discussed earlier in this chapter,
or by running <b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b>). The driver is now
auto-downloaded to the client PC where the user is about to log
in.</p></li><li><p>Line 3 sets the default printer to this new network
printer (there might be several other printers installed with this
same method and some may be local as well -- so we deside for a
default printer). The default printer selection may of course be
different for different users.</p></li></ul></div><p>
Note that the second line only works if the printer
<span class="emphasis"><em>infotec2105-PS</em></span> has an already working printqueue
on &quot;sambacupsserver&quot;, and if the printer drivers have sucessfully been
uploaded (via <b class="command">APW</b> ,
<b class="command">smbclient/rpcclient</b> or
<b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b>) into the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> driver repository of Samba. Also, some
Samba versions prior to version 3.0 required a re-start of smbd after
the printer install and the driver upload, otherwise the script (or
any other client driver download) would fail.
</p><p>
Since there no easy way to test for the existence of an installed
network printer from the logon script, the suggestion is: don't bother
checking and just allow the deinstallation/reinstallation to occur
every time a user logs in; it's really quick anyway (1 to 2 seconds).
</p><p>
The additional benefits for this are:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>It puts in place any printer default setup changes
automatically at every user logon.</p></li><li><p>It allows for &quot;roaming&quot; users' login into the domain from
different workstations.</p></li></ul></div><p>
Since network printers are installed per user this much simplifies the
process of keeping the installation up-to-date. The extra few seconds
at logon time will not really be noticeable. Printers can be centrally
added, changed, and deleted at will on the server with no user
intervention required on the clients (you just need to keep the logon
scripts up to date).
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2932115"></a>The <b class="command">addprinter</b> command</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <b class="command">addprinter</b> command can be configured to be a
shell script or program executed by Samba. It is triggered by running
the APW from a client against the Samba print server. The APW asks the
user to fill in several fields (such as printer name, driver to be
used, comment, port monitor, etc.). These parameters are passed on to
Samba by the APW. If the addprinter command is designed in a way that
it can create a new printer (through writing correct printcap entries
on legacy systems, or execute the <b class="command">lpadmin</b> command
on more modern systems) and create the associated share in
, then the APW will in effect really
create a new printer on Samba and the UNIX print subsystem!
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2932160"></a>Migration of &quot;Classical&quot; printing to Samba-3</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The basic &quot;NT-style&quot; printer driver management has not changed
considerably in 3.0 over the 2.2.x releases (apart from many small
improvements). Here migration should be quite easy, especially if you
followed previous advice to stop using deprecated parameters in your
setup. For migrations from an existing 2.0.x setup, or if you
continued &quot;Win9x-style&quot; printing in your Samba 2.2 installations, it
is more of an effort. Please read the appropriate release notes and
the HOWTO Collection for 2.2. You can follow several paths.  Here are
possible scenarios for migration:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>You need to study and apply the new Windows NT printer
and driver support. Previously used parameters &quot;<i class="parameter"><tt>printer
driver file</tt></i>&quot;, &quot; <i class="parameter"><tt>printer driver</tt></i>&quot; and
&quot;<i class="parameter"><tt>printer driver location</tt></i>&quot; are no longer
supported.</p></li><li><p>If you want to take advantage of WinNT printer driver
support you also need to migrate theWin9x/ME drivers to the new
setup.</p></li><li><p>An existing <tt class="filename">printers.def</tt> file
(the one specified in the now removed parameter <i class="parameter"><tt>printer
driver file = ...</tt></i>) will work no longer with Samba-3.0. In
3.0, smbd attempts to locate a Win9x/ME driver files for the printer
in <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> and additional settings in the TDB
and only there; if it fails it will <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> (as 2.2.x
used to do) drop down to using a <tt class="filename">printers.def</tt>
(and all associated parameters). The make_printerdef tool is removed
and there is no backwards compatibility for this.</p></li><li><p>You need to install a Windows 9x driver into the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share for a printer on your Samba
host. The driver files will be stored in the &quot;WIN40/0&quot; subdirectory of
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>, and some other settings and info go
into the printing-related TDBs.</p></li><li><p>If you want to migrate an existing
<tt class="filename">printers.def</tt> file into the new setup, the current
only solution is to use the Windows NT APW to install the NT drivers
and the 9x drivers. This can be scripted using smbclient and
rpcclient. See the Imprints installation client at:
</p><p>
<a href="http://imprints.sourceforge.net/" target="_top"><span class="emphasis"><em>http://imprints.sourceforge.net/</em></span></a>
</p><p>
for an example. See also the discussion of rpcclient usage in the
&quot;CUPS Printing&quot; section.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2932329"></a>Publishing Printer Information in Active Directory or LDAP</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
We will publish an update to this section shortly.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2932343"></a>Common Errors and Problems</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Here are a few typical errors and problems people have
encountered. You can avoid them. Read on.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932356"></a>I give my root password but I don't get access</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Don't confuse the root password which is valid for the Unix system
(and in most cases stored in the form of a one-way hash in a file
named <tt class="filename">/etc/shadow</tt>) with the password used to
authenticate against Samba!. Samba doesn't know the UNIX password; for
root to access Samba resources via Samba-type access, a Samba account
for root must be created first. This is often done with the
<b class="command">smbpasswd</b> command.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932390"></a>My printjobs get spooled into the spooling directory, but then get lost</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Don't use the existing Unix print system spool directory for the Samba
spool directory. It may seem convenient and a saving of space, but it
only leads to problems. The two <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> be separate.
</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="CUPS-printing"></a>Chapter 19. CUPS Printing Support in Samba 3.0</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Kurt</span> <span class="surname">Pfeifle</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname"> Danka Deutschland GmbH <br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:kpfeifle@danka.de">kpfeifle@danka.de</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Ciprian</span> <span class="surname">Vizitiu</span></h3><span class="contrib">drawings</span><div class="affiliation"><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:CVizitiu@gbif.org">CVizitiu@gbif.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate"> (3 June 2003) </p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2939414">Introduction</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2939421">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2939469">Overview</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2939521">Basic Configuration of CUPS support</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2939600">Linking of smbd with libcups.so</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932509">Simple smb.conf Settings for CUPS</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932572">More complex smb.conf Settings for
CUPS</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2932671">Advanced Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2932692">Central spooling vs. &quot;Peer-to-Peer&quot; printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932719">CUPS/Samba as a &quot;spooling-only&quot; Print Server; &quot;raw&quot; printing
with Vendor Drivers on Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932755">Driver Installation Methods on Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932814">Explicitly enable &quot;raw&quot; printing for
application/octet-stream!</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2932975">Three familiar Methods for driver upload plus a new one</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2933068">Using CUPS/Samba in an advanced Way -- intelligent printing
with PostScript Driver Download</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2933143">GDI on Windows -- PostScript on Unix</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2933188">Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2933286">Unix Printfile Conversion and GUI Basics</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2933358">PostScript and Ghostscript</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2933454">Ghostscript -- the Software RIP for non-PostScript Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2933550">PostScript Printer Description (PPD) Specification</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946373">CUPS can use all Windows-formatted Vendor PPDs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946462">CUPS also uses PPDs for non-PostScript Printers</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2946485">The CUPS Filtering Architecture</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2946623">MIME types and CUPS Filters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946811">MIME type Conversion Rules</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2946927">Filter Requirements</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947096">Prefilters</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947181">pstops</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947284">pstoraster</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947440">imagetops and imagetoraster</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947495">rasterto [printerspecific]</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947580">CUPS Backends</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947894">cupsomatic/Foomatic -- how do they fit into the Picture?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2947997">The Complete Picture</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948012">mime.convs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948065">&quot;Raw&quot; printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948120">&quot;application/octet-stream&quot; printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948335">PostScript Printer Descriptions (PPDs) for non-PS Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948562">Difference between cupsomatic/foomatic-rip and
native CUPS printing</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948719">Examples for filtering Chains</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2948948">Sources of CUPS drivers / PPDs</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949073">Printing with Interface Scripts</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2949135">Network printing (purely Windows)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2949151">From Windows Clients to an NT Print Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949190">Driver Execution on the Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949249">Driver Execution on the Server</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2949312">Network Printing (Windows clients -- UNIX/Samba Print
Servers)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2949333">From Windows Clients to a CUPS/Samba Print Server</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949493">Samba receiving Jobfiles and passing them to CUPS</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2949571">Network PostScript RIP: CUPS Filters on Server -- clients use
PostScript Driver with CUPS-PPDs</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2949626">PPDs for non-PS Printers on UNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949667">PPDs for non-PS Printers on Windows</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2949732">Windows Terminal Servers (WTS) as CUPS Clients</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2949750">Printer Drivers running in &quot;Kernel Mode&quot; cause many
Problems</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949784">Workarounds impose Heavy Limitations</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949805">CUPS: a &quot;Magical Stone&quot;?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949832">PostScript Drivers with no major problems -- even in Kernel
Mode</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2949866"> Setting up CUPS for driver Download</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2949885">cupsaddsmb: the unknown Utility</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2949976">Prepare your smb.conf for
cupsaddsmb</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950023">CUPS Package of &quot;PostScript Driver for WinNT/2k/XP&quot;</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950220">Recognize the different Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950278">Acquiring the Adobe Driver Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950311">ESP Print Pro Package of &quot;PostScript Driver for
WinNT/2k/XP&quot;</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950361">Caveats to be considered</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950582">What are the Benefits of using the &quot;CUPS PostScript Driver for
Windows NT/2k/XP&quot; as compared to the Adobe Driver?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950763">Run &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; (quiet Mode)</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2950864">Run &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; with verbose Output</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951007">Understanding cupsaddsmb</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951101">How to recognize if cupsaddsm completed successfully</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951188">cupsaddsmb with a Samba PDC</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951223">cupsaddsmb Flowchart</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951274">Installing the PostScript Driver on a Client</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951389">Avoiding critical PostScript Driver Settings on the
Client</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2951523">Installing PostScript Driver Files manually (using
rpcclient)</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2951638">A Check of the rpcclient man Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951750">Understanding the rpcclient man Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951829">Producing an Example by querying a Windows Box</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2951919">What is required for adddriver and setdriver to succeed</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2952081">Manual Commandline Driver Installation in 15 little Steps</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2952701">Troubleshooting revisited</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2952803">The printing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2952906">Trivial DataBase Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2952976">Binary Format</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2953038">Losing *.tdb Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2953097">Using tdbbackup</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2953159">CUPS Print Drivers from Linuxprinting.org</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2953265">foomatic-rip and Foomatic explained</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2953893">foomatic-rip and Foomatic-PPD Download and Installation</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2954351">Page Accounting with CUPS</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2954382">Setting up Quotas</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954413">Correct and incorrect Accounting</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954454">Adobe and CUPS PostScript Drivers for Windows Clients</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954526">The page_log File Syntax</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954628">Possible Shortcomings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954699">Future Developments</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954747">Other Accounting Tools</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2954762">Additional Material</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2954956">Auto-Deletion or Preservation of CUPS Spool Files</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2955001">CUPS Configuration Settings explained</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955083">Pre-conditions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955144">Manual Configuration</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2955162">When not to use Samba to print to
CUPS</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955180">In Case of Trouble.....</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2955214">Where to find Documentation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955227">How to ask for Help</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955240">Where to find Help</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2955254">Appendix</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2955261">Printing from CUPS to Windows attached
Printers</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955455">More CUPS filtering Chains</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2955709">Trouble Shooting Guidelines to fix typical Samba printing
Problems</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2956815">An Overview of the CUPS Printing Processes</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2939414"></a>Introduction</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939421"></a>Features and Benefits</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			The Common Unix Print System (<a href="http://www.cups.org/" target="_top">CUPS</a>) has become very popular. All
			big Linux distributions now ship it as their default printing
			system. But to many it is still a very mystical tool.  Normally it
			&quot;just works&quot; (TM). People tend to regard it as a sort of &quot;black box&quot;,
			which they don't want to look into, as long as it works OK. But once
			there is a little problem, they are in trouble to find out where to
			start debugging it. Also, even the most recent and otherwise excellent
			printed Samba documentation has only limited attention paid to CUPS
			printing, leaving out important pieces or even writing plain wrong
			things about it. This demands rectification.  But before you dive into
			this chapter, make sure that you don't forget to refer to the
			&quot;Classical Printing&quot; chapter also. It contains a lot of information
			that is relevant for CUPS too.
		</p><p>
			CUPS sports quite a few unique and powerful features. While their
			basic functions may be grasped quite easily, they are also
			new. Because they are different from other, more traditional printing
			systems, it is best to try and not apply any prior knowledge about
			printing upon this new system. Rather try to start understand CUPS
			from the beginning. This documentation will lead you here to a
			complete understanding of CUPS, if you study all of the material
			contained. But lets start with the most basic things first. Maybe this
			is all you need for now. Then you can skip most of the other
			paragraphs.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939469"></a>Overview</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			CUPS is more than just a print spooling system. It is a complete
			printer management system that complies with the new IPP
			(<span class="emphasis"><em>Internet Printing Protocol</em></span>). IPP is an industry
			and IETF (<span class="emphasis"><em>Internet Engineering Task Force</em></span>)
			standard for network printing. Many of its functions can be managed
			remotely (or locally) via a web browser (giving you a
			platform-independent access to the CUPS print server). In addition it
			has the traditional commandline and several more modern GUI interfaces
			(GUI interfaces developed by 3rd parties, like KDE's
			overwhelming <a href="http://printing.kde.org/" target="_top">KDEPrint</a>).
		</p><p>
			CUPS allows creation of &quot;raw&quot; printers (ie: NO print file
			format translation) as well as &quot;smart&quot; printers (i.e. CUPS does
			file format conversion as required for the printer). In many ways
			this gives CUPS similar capabilities to the MS Windows print
			monitoring system. Of course, if you are a CUPS advocate, you would
			argue that CUPS is better! In any case, let us now move on to
			explore how one may configure CUPS for interfacing with MS Windows
			print clients via Samba.
		</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2939521"></a>Basic Configuration of CUPS support</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		Printing with CUPS in the most basic <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
		setup in Samba 3.0 (as was true for 2.2.x) only needs two
		settings: <i class="parameter"><tt>printing = cups</tt></i> and <i class="parameter"><tt>printcap
			= cups</tt></i>. CUPS itself doesn't need a printcap file
		anymore. However, the <tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> configuration
		file knows two related directives: they control if such a file should
		be automatically created and maintained by CUPS for the convenience of
		third party applications (example: <i class="parameter"><tt>Printcap
			/etc/printcap</tt></i> and <i class="parameter"><tt>PrintcapFormat
			BSD</tt></i>). These legacy programs often require the existence of
		printcap file containing printernames or they will refuse to
		print. Make sure CUPS is set to generate and maintain a printcap! For
		details see <b class="command">man cupsd.conf</b> and other CUPS-related
		documentation, like the wealth of documents on your CUPS server
		itself: <a href="http://localhost:631/documentation.html" target="_top">http://localhost:631/documentation.html</a>.
	</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2939600"></a>Linking of smbd with <tt class="filename">libcups.so</tt></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			Samba has a very special relationship to CUPS. The reason is: Samba
			can be compiled with CUPS library support. Most recent installations
			have this support enabled, and per default CUPS linking is compiled
			into smbd and other Samba binaries. Of course, you can use CUPS even
			if Samba is not linked against <tt class="filename">libcups.so</tt> -- but
			there are some differences in required or supported configuration
			then.
		</p><p>
			If SAMBA is compiled against libcups, then <i class="parameter"><tt>printcap =
				cups</tt></i> uses the CUPS API to list printers, submit jobs,
			query queues, etc.  Otherwise it maps to the System V commands with an
			additional <b class="command">-oraw</b> option for printing. On a Linux
			system, you can use the <b class="command">ldd</b> utility to find out
			details (ldd may not be present on other OS platforms, or its function
			may be embodied by a different command):
		</p><pre class="screen">
				transmeta:/home/kurt # ldd `which smbd`
				libssl.so.0.9.6 =&gt; /usr/lib/libssl.so.0.9.6 (0x4002d000)
				libcrypto.so.0.9.6 =&gt; /usr/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.6 (0x4005a000)
				libcups.so.2 =&gt; /usr/lib/libcups.so.2 (0x40123000)
				[....]
		</pre><p>
			The line <tt class="computeroutput">libcups.so.2 =&gt; /usr/lib/libcups.so.2
				(0x40123000)</tt> shows there is CUPS support compiled
			into this version of Samba. If this is the case, and printing = cups
			is set, then <span class="emphasis"><em>any otherwise manually set print command in
				<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> is ignored</em></span>. This is an
			important point to remember!
		</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p> Should you require -- for any reason -- to set your own
				print commands, you can still do this by setting <i class="parameter"><tt>printing =
					sysv</tt></i>. However, you'll loose all the benefits from the
				close CUPS/Samba integration. You are on your own then to manually
				configure the rest of the printing system commands (most important:
				<i class="parameter"><tt>print command</tt></i>; other commands are
				<i class="parameter"><tt>lppause command, lpresume command, lpq command, lprm
					command, queuepause command </tt></i> and <i class="parameter"><tt>queue resume
					command</tt></i>).</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932509"></a>Simple <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> Settings for CUPS</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			To summarize, here is the simplest printing-related setup
			for<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> to enable basic CUPS support:
		</p><pre class="screen">

				[global]
				load printers = yes
				printing = cups
				printcap name = cups

				[printers]
				comment = All Printers
				path = /var/spool/samba
				browseable = no
				public = yes
				guest ok = yes
				writable = no
				printable = yes
				printer admin = root, @ntadmins

		</pre><p>
			This is all you need for basic printing setup for CUPS. It will print
			all Graphic, Text, PDF and PostScript file submitted from Windows
			clients. However, most of your Windows users would not know how to
			send these kind of files to print without opening a GUI
			application. Windows clients tend to have local printer drivers
			installed. And the GUI application's print buttons start a printer
			driver. Your users also very rarely send files from the command
			line. Unlike UNIX clients, they hardly submit graphic, text or PDF
			formatted files directly to the spooler. They nearly exclusively print
			from GUI applications, with a &quot;printer driver&quot; hooked in between the
			applications native format and the print data stream.  If the backend
			printer is not a PostScript device, the print data stream is &quot;binary&quot;,
			sensible only for the target printer. Read on to learn which problem
			this may cause and how to avoid it.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932572"></a>More complex <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> Settings for
CUPS</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Here is a slightly more complex printing-related setup
for<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. It enables general CUPS printing
support for all printers, but defines one printer share which is set
up differently.
</p><pre class="screen">

 [global]
         printing = cups
         printcap name = cups
         load printers = yes

 [printers]
         comment = All Printers
         path = /var/spool/samba
         public = yes
         guest ok = yes
         writable = no
         printable = yes
         printer admin = root, @ntadmins
 
 [special_printer]
         comment = A special printer with his own settings
         path = /var/spool/samba-special
         printing = sysv
         printcap = lpstat
         print command = echo &quot;NEW: `date`: printfile %f&quot; &gt;&gt; /tmp/smbprn.log ;\
                         echo &quot;     `date`: p-%p s-%s f-%f&quot; &gt;&gt; /tmp/smbprn.log ;\
                         echo &quot;     `date`: j-%j J-%J z-%z c-%c&quot; &gt;&gt; /tmp/smbprn.log :\
                         rm %f
         public = no
         guest ok = no
         writeable = no
         printable = yes
         printer admin = kurt
         hosts deny = 0.0.0.0
         hosts allow = turbo_xp, 10.160.50.23, 10.160.51.60

</pre><p>
This special share is only there for my testing purposes. It doesn't
even write the printjob to a file. It just logs the job parameters
known to Samba into the <tt class="filename">/tmp/smbprn.log</tt> file and
deletes the jobfile. Moreover, the <i class="parameter"><tt>printer
admin</tt></i> of this share is &quot;kurt&quot; (not the &quot;@ntadmins&quot; group);
guest access is not allowed; the share isn't announced in Network
Neighbourhood (so you need to know it is there), and it is only
allowing access from three hosts. To prevent CUPS kicking in and
taking over the print jobs for that share, we need to set
<i class="parameter"><tt>printing = sysv</tt></i> and <i class="parameter"><tt>printcap =
lpstat</tt></i>.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2932671"></a>Advanced Configuration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Before we dive into all the configuration options, let's clarify a few
points. <span class="emphasis"><em>Network printing needs to be organized and setup
correctly</em></span>. Often this is not done correctly. Legacy systems
or small LANs in business environments often lack a clear design and
good housekeeping.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932692"></a>Central spooling vs. &quot;Peer-to-Peer&quot; printing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Many small office or home networks, as well as badly organized larger
environments, allow each client a direct access to available network
printers. Generally, this is a bad idea. It often blocks one client's
access to the printer when another client's job is printing. It also
might freeze the first client's application while it is waiting to get
rid of the job. Also, there are frequent complaints about various jobs
being printed with their pages mixed with each other. A better concept
is the usage of a &quot;print server&quot;: it routes all jobs through one
central system, which responds immediately, takes jobs from multiple
concurrent clients at the same time and in turn transfers them to the
printer(s) in the correct order.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932719"></a>CUPS/Samba as a &quot;spooling-only&quot; Print Server; &quot;raw&quot; printing
with Vendor Drivers on Windows Clients</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Most traditionally configured Unix print servers acting on behalf of
Samba's Windows clients represented a really simple setup. Their only
task was to manage the &quot;raw&quot; spooling of all jobs handed to them by
Samba. This approach meant that the Windows clients were expected to
prepare the printjob file in such a way that it became fit to be fed to
the printing device. Here a native (vendor-supplied) Windows printer
driver for the target device needed to be installed on each and every
client.
</p><p>
Of course you can setup CUPS, Samba and your Windows clients in the
same, traditional and simple way. When CUPS printers are configured
for RAW print-through mode operation it is the responsibility of the
Samba client to fully render the print job (file). The file must be
sent in a format that is suitable for direct delivery to the
printer. Clients need to run the vendor-provided drivers to do
this. In this case CUPS will NOT do any print file format conversion
work.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932755"></a>Driver Installation Methods on Windows Clients</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The printer drivers on the Windows clients may be installed
in two functionally different ways:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>manually install the drivers locally on each client,
one by one; this yields the old <span class="emphasis"><em>LanMan</em></span> style
printing; it uses a <tt class="filename">\\sambaserver\printershare</tt>
type of connection.</p></li><li><p>deposit and prepare the drivers (for later download) on
the print server (Samba); this enables the clients to use
&quot;Point'n'Print&quot; to get drivers semi-automatically installed the
first time they access the printer; with this method NT/2K/XP
clients use the <span class="emphasis"><em>SPOOLSS/MS-RPC</em></span>
type printing calls.</p></li></ul></div><p>
The second method is recommended for use over the first.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932814"></a>Explicitly enable &quot;raw&quot; printing for
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/octet-stream</em></span>!</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you use the first option (drivers are installed on the client
side), there is one setting to take care of: CUPS needs to be told
that it should allow &quot;raw&quot; printing of deliberate (binary) file
formats. The CUPS files that need to be correctly set for RAW mode
printers to work are:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>/etc/cups/mime.types
</p></li><li><p>/etc/cups/mime.convs</p></li></ul></div><p>
Both contain entries (at the end of the respective files) which must
be uncommented to allow RAW mode operation.
In<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt> make sure this line is
present:
</p><pre class="screen">

 application/octet-stream

</pre><p>
In <tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.convs</tt>,
have this line:
</p><pre class="screen">

 application/octet-stream   application/vnd.cups-raw   0   - 

</pre><p>
If these two files are not set up correctly for raw Windows client
printing, you may encounter the dreaded <tt class="computeroutput">Unable to
convert file 0</tt> in your CUPS error_log file. 
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>editing the <tt class="filename">mime.convs</tt> and the
<tt class="filename">mime.types</tt> file does not
<span class="emphasis"><em>enforce</em></span> &quot;raw&quot; printing, it only
<span class="emphasis"><em>allows</em></span> it.
</p></div><p><b>Background. </b>
CUPS being a more security-aware printing system than traditional ones
does not by default allow a user to send deliberate (possibly binary)
data to printing devices. This could be easily abused to launch a
&quot;Denial of Service&quot; attack on your printer(s), causing at the least
the loss of a lot of paper and ink. &quot;Unknown&quot; data are tagged by CUPS
as <span class="emphasis"><em>MIME type: application/octet-stream</em></span> and not
allowed to go to the printer. By default, you can only send other
(known) MIME types &quot;raw&quot;. Sending data &quot;raw&quot; means that CUPS does not
try to convert them and passes them to the printer untouched (see next
chapter for even more background explanations).
</p><p>
This is all you need to know to get the CUPS/Samba combo printing
&quot;raw&quot; files prepared by Windows clients, which have vendor drivers
locally installed. If you are not interested in background information about
more advanced CUPS/Samba printing, simply skip the remaining sections
of this chapter.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2932975"></a>Three familiar Methods for driver upload plus a new one</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you want to use the MS-RPC type printing, you must upload the
drivers onto the Samba server first (<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
share). For a discussion on how to deposit printer drivers on the
Samba host (so that the Windows clients can download and use them via
&quot;Point'n'Print&quot;) please also refer to the previous chapter of this
HOWTO Collection. There you will find a description or reference to
three methods of preparing the client drivers on the Samba server:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>the GUI, &quot;Add Printer Wizard&quot;
<span class="emphasis"><em>upload-from-a-Windows-client</em></span>
method;</p></li><li><p>the commandline, &quot;smbclient/rpcclient&quot;
<span class="emphasis"><em>upload-from-a-UNIX-workstation</em></span>
method;</p></li><li><p>the <span class="emphasis"><em>Imprints</em></span> Toolset
method.</p></li></ul></div><p>
These 3 methods apply to CUPS all the same. A new and more
convenient way to load the Windows drivers into Samba is provided
provided if you use CUPS:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>the <span class="emphasis"><em>cupsaddsmb</em></span>
utility.</p></li></ul></div><p>
cupsaddsmb is discussed in much detail further below. But we will
first explore the CUPS filtering system and compare the Windows and
UNIX printing architectures.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2933068"></a>Using CUPS/Samba in an advanced Way -- intelligent printing
with PostScript Driver Download</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Still reading on? Good. Let's go into more detail then. We now know
how to set up a &quot;dump&quot; printserver, that is, a server which is spooling
printjobs &quot;raw&quot;, leaving the print data untouched.
</p><p>
Possibly you need to setup CUPS in a more smart way. The reasons could
be manifold:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Maybe your boss wants to get monthly statistics: Which
printer did how many pages? What was the average data size of a job?
What was the average print run per day? What are the typical hourly
peaks in printing? Which departments prints how
much?</p></li><li><p>Maybe you are asked to setup a print quota system:
users should not be able to print more jobs, once they have surpassed
a given limit per period?</p></li><li><p>Maybe your previous network printing setup is a mess
and shall be re-organized from a clean beginning?</p></li><li><p>Maybe you have experiencing too many &quot;Blue Screens&quot;,
originating from poorly debugged printer drivers running in NT &quot;kernel
mode&quot;?</p></li></ul></div><p>
These goals cannot be achieved by a raw print server. To build a
server meeting these requirements, you'll first need to learn about
how CUPS works and how you can enable its features.
</p><p>
What follows is the comparison of some fundamental concepts for
Windows and Unix printing; then is the time for a description of the
CUPS filtering system, how it works and how you can tweak it.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2933143"></a>GDI on Windows -- PostScript on Unix</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Network printing is one of the most complicated and error-prone
day-to-day tasks any user or an administrator may encounter. This is
true for all OS platforms. And there are reasons for this.
</p><p>
You can't expect for most file formats to just throw them towards
printers and they get printed. There needs to be a file format
conversion in between. The problem is: there is no common standard for
print file formats across all manufacturers and printer types.  While
<span class="emphasis"><em>PostScript</em></span> (trademark held by Adobe), and to an
extend<span class="emphasis"><em>PCL</em></span> (trademark held by HP), have developed
into semi-official &quot;standards&quot;, by being the most widely used PDLs
(<span class="emphasis"><em>Page Description Languages</em></span>), there are still
many manufacturers who &quot;roll their own&quot; (their reasons may be
unacceptable license fees for using printer-embedded PostScript
interpreters, etc.).
</p></div><div xmlns:ns51="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2933188"></a>Windows Drivers, GDI and EMF</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In Windows OS, the format conversion job is done by the printer
drivers. On MS Windows OS platforms all application programmers have
at their disposal a built-in API, the GDI (<span class="emphasis"><em>Graphical Device
Interface</em></span>), as part and parcel of the OS itself, to base
themselves on. This GDI core is used as one common unified ground, for
all Windows programs, to draw pictures, fonts and documents
<span class="emphasis"><em>on screen</em></span> as well as <span class="emphasis"><em>on
paper</em></span> (=print). Therefore printer driver developers can
standardize on a well-defined GDI output for their own driver
input. Achieving WYSIWYG (&quot;What You See Is What You Get&quot;) is
relatively easy, because the on-screen graphic primitives, as well as
the on-paper drawn objects, come from one common source. This source,
the GDI, produces often a file format called EMF (<span class="emphasis"><em>Enhanced
MetaFile</em></span>). The EMF is processed by the printer driver and
converted to the printer-specific file format.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
To the GDI foundation in MS Windows, Apple has chosen to
put paper and screen output on a common foundation for their
(BSD-Unix-based, did you know??) Mac OS X and Darwin Operating
Systems.Their <span class="emphasis"><em>Core Graphic Engine</em></span> uses a
<span class="emphasis"><em>PDF</em></span> derivate for all display work.
</p></div><ns51:p>

</ns51:p><div class="figure"><a name="id2933252"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.1. Windows Printing to a local Printer</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/1small.png" alt="Windows Printing to a local Printer"></div></div><ns51:p>
</ns51:p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2933286"></a>Unix Printfile Conversion and GUI Basics</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In Unix and Linux, there is no comparable layer built into the OS
kernel(s) or the X (screen display) server. Every application is
responsible for itself to create its print output.  Fortunately, most
use PostScript. That gives at least some common ground. Unfortunately,
there are many different levels of quality for this PostScript. And
worse: there is a huge difference (and no common root) in the way how
the same document is displayed on screen and how it is presented on
paper. WYSIWYG is more difficult to achieve. This goes back to the
time decades ago, when the predecessors of <span class="emphasis"><em>X.org</em></span>,
designing the UNIX foundations and protocols for Graphical User
Interfaces refused to take over responsibility for &quot;paper output&quot;
also, as some had demanded at the time, and restricted itself to
&quot;on-screen only&quot;.  (For some years now, the &quot;Xprint&quot; project has been
under development, attempting to build printing support into the X
framework, including a PostScript and a PCL driver, but it is not yet
ready for prime time.) You can see this unfavorable inheritance up to
the present day by looking into the various &quot;font&quot; directories on your
system; there are separate ones for fonts used for X display and fonts
to be used on paper.
</p><p><b>Background. </b>
The PostScript programming language is an &quot;invention&quot; by Adobe Inc.,
but its specifications have been published to the full. Its strength
lies in its powerful abilities to describe graphical objects (fonts,
shapes, patterns, lines, curves, dots...), their attributes (color,
linewidth...) and the way to manipulate (scale, distort, rotate,
shift...) them.  Because of its open specification, anybody with the
skill can start writing his own implementation of a PostScript
interpreter and use it to display PostScript files on screen or on
paper. Most graphical output devices are based on the concept of
&quot;raster images&quot; or &quot;pixels&quot; (one notable exception are pen
plotters). Of course, you can look at a PostScript file in its textual
form and you will be reading its PostScript code, the language
instructions which need to be interpreted by a rasterizer. Rasterizers
produce pixel images, which may be displayed on screen by a viewer
program or on paper by a printer.
</p></div><div xmlns:ns52="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2933358"></a>PostScript and Ghostscript</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
So, Unix is lacking a common ground for printing on paper and
displaying on screen. Despite this unfavorable legacy for Unix, basic
printing is fairly easy: if you have PostScript printers at your
disposal! The reason is: these devices have a built-in PostScript
language &quot;interpreter&quot;, also called a <span class="emphasis"><em>Raster Image
Processor</em></span> (RIP), (which makes them more expensive than
other types of printers); throw PostScript towards them, and they will
spit out your printed pages. Their RIP is doing all the hard work of
converting the PostScript drawing commands into a bitmap picture as
you see it on paper, in a resolution as done by your printer. This is
no different to PostScript printing of a file from a Windows origin.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>Traditional Unix programs and printing systems -- while
using PostScript -- are largely not PPD-aware. PPDs are &quot;PostScript
Printer Description&quot; files. They enable you to specify and control all
options a printer supports: duplexing, stapling, punching... Therefore
Unix users for a long time couldn't choose many of the supported
device and job options, unlike Windows or Apple users. But now there
is CUPS.... ;-)
</p></div><ns52:p>
</ns52:p><div class="figure"><a name="id2933404"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.2. Printing to a Postscript Printer</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/2small.png" alt="Printing to a Postscript Printer"></div></div><ns52:p>
</ns52:p><p>
However, there are other types of printers out there. These don't know
how to print PostScript. They use their own <span class="emphasis"><em>Page Description
Language</em></span> (PDL, often proprietary). To print to them is much
more demanding. Since your Unix applications mostly produce
PostScript, and since these devices don't understand PostScript, you
need to convert the printfiles to a format suitable for your printer
on the host, before you can send it away.
</p></div><div xmlns:ns53="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2933454"></a>Ghostscript -- the Software RIP for non-PostScript Printers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Here is where<span class="emphasis"><em>Ghostscript</em></span> kicks in. Ghostscript is
the traditional (and quite powerful) PostScript interpreter used on
Unix platforms. It is a RIP in software, capable to do a
<span class="emphasis"><em>lot</em></span> of file format conversions, for a very broad
spectrum of hardware devices as well as software file formats.
Ghostscript technology and drivers is what enables PostScript printing
to non-PostScript hardware.
</p><ns53:p>
</ns53:p><div class="figure"><a name="id2933484"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.3. Ghostscript as a RIP for non-postscript printers</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/3small.png" alt="Ghostscript as a RIP for non-postscript printers"></div></div><ns53:p>
</ns53:p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
Use the &quot;gs -h&quot; command to check for all built-in &quot;devices&quot; of your
Ghostscript version. If you specify e.g. a parameter of
<i class="parameter"><tt>-sDEVICE=png256</tt></i> on your Ghostscript command
line, you are asking Ghostscript to convert the input into a PNG
file. Naming a &quot;device&quot; on the commandline is the most important
single parameter to tell Ghostscript how exactly it should render the
input. New Ghostscript versions are released at fairly regular
intervals, now by artofcode LLC. They are initially put under the
&quot;AFPL&quot; license, but re-released under the GNU GPL as soon as the next
AFPL version appears. GNU Ghostscript is probably the version
installed on most Samba systems. But it has got some
deficiencies. Therefore ESP Ghostscript was developed as an
enhancement over GNU Ghostscript, with lots of bug-fixes, additional
devices and improvements. It is jointly maintained by developers from
CUPS, Gimp-Print, MandrakeSoft, SuSE, RedHat and Debian. It includes
the &quot;cups&quot; device (essential to print to non-PS printers from CUPS).
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2933550"></a>PostScript Printer Description (PPD) Specification</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
While PostScript in essence is a <span class="emphasis"><em>Page Description
Language</em></span> (PDL) to represent the page layout in a
<span class="emphasis"><em>device independent</em></span> way, real world print jobs are
always ending up to be output on a hardware with device-specific
features. To take care of all the differences in hardware, and to
allow for innovations, Adobe has specified a syntax and file format
for <span class="emphasis"><em>PostScript Printer Description</em></span> (PPD)
files. Every PostScript printer ships with one of these files.
</p><p>
PPDs contain all information about general and special features of the
given printer model: Which different resolutions can it handle? Does
it have a Duplexing Unit? How many paper trays are there? What media
types and sizes does it take? For each item it also names the special
command string to be sent to the printer (mostly inside the PostScript
file) in order to enable it.
</p><p>
Information from these PPDs is meant to be taken into account by the
printer drivers. Therefore, installed as part of the Windows
PostScript driver for a given printer is the printer's PPD. Where it
makes sense, the PPD features are presented in the drivers' UI dialogs
to display to the user as choice of print options. In the end, the
user selections are somehow written (in the form of special
PostScript, PJL, JCL or vendor-dependent commands) into the PostScript
file created by the driver.
</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
A PostScript file that was created to contain device-specific commands
for achieving a certain print job output (e.g. duplexed, stapled and
punched) on a specific target machine, may not print as expected, or
may not be printable at all on other models; it also may not be fit
for further processing by software (e.g. by a PDF distilling program).
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2946373"></a>CUPS can use all Windows-formatted Vendor PPDs</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
CUPS can handle all spec-compliant PPDs as supplied by the
manufacturers for their PostScript models. Even if a
Unix/Linux-illiterate vendor might not have mentioned our favorite
OS in his manuals and brochures -- you can safely trust this:
<span class="emphasis"><em>if you get hold of the Windows NT version of the PPD, you
can use it unchanged in CUPS</em></span> and thus access the full
power of your printer just like a Windows NT user could!
</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
To check the spec compliance of any PPD online, go to <a href="http://www.cups.org/testppd.php" target="_top">http://www.cups.org/testppd.php</a>
and upload your PPD. You will see the results displayed
immediately. CUPS in all versions after 1.1.19 has a much more strict
internal PPD parsing and checking code enabled; in case of printing
trouble this online resource should be one of your first pitstops.
</p></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
For real PostScript printers <span class="emphasis"><em>don't</em></span> use the
<span class="emphasis"><em>Foomatic</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>cupsomatic</em></span>
PPDs from Linuxprinting.org. With these devices the original
vendor-provided PPDs are always the first choice!
</p></div><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
If you are looking for an original vendor-provided PPD of a specific
device, and you know that an NT4 box (or any other Windows box) on
your LAN has the PostScript driver installed, just use
<b class="command">smbclient //NT4-box/print\$ -U username</b> to
access the Windows directory where all printer driver files are
stored. First look in the <tt class="filename">W32X86/2</tt> subdir for
the PPD you are seeking.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2946462"></a>CUPS also uses PPDs for non-PostScript Printers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
CUPS also uses specially crafted PPDs to handle non-PostScript
printers. These PPDs are usually not available from the vendors (and
no, you can't just take the PPD of a Postscript printer with the same
model name and hope it works for the non-PostScript version too). To
understand how these PPDs work for non-PS printers we first need to
dive deeply into the CUPS filtering and file format conversion
architecture. Stay tuned.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2946485"></a>The CUPS Filtering Architecture</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The core of the CUPS filtering system is based on
<span class="emphasis"><em>Ghostscript</em></span>. In addition to Ghostscript, CUPS
uses some other filters of its own. You (or your OS vendor) may have
plugged in even more filters. CUPS handles all data file formats under
the label of various <span class="emphasis"><em>MIME types</em></span>. Every incoming
printfile is subjected to an initial
<span class="emphasis"><em>auto-typing</em></span>. The auto-typing determines its given
MIME type. A given MIME type implies zero or more possible filtering
chains relevant to the selected target printer. This section discusses
how MIME types recognition and conversion rules interact. They are
used by CUPS to automatically setup a working filtering chain for any
given input data format.
</p><p>
If CUPS rasterizes a PostScript file <span class="emphasis"><em>natively</em></span> to
a bitmap, this is done in 2 stages:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>the first stage uses a Ghostscript device named &quot;cups&quot;
(this is since version 1.1.15) and produces a generic raster format
called &quot;CUPS raster&quot;.
</p></li><li><p>the second stage uses a &quot;raster driver&quot; which converts
the generic CUPS raster to a device specific raster.</p></li></ul></div><p>
Make sure your Ghostscript version has the &quot;cups&quot; device compiled in
(check with <b class="command">gs -h | grep cups</b>).  Otherwise you
may encounter the dreaded <tt class="computeroutput">Unable to convert file
0</tt> in your CUPS error_log file. To have &quot;cups&quot; as a
device in your Ghostscript, you either need to <span class="emphasis"><em>patch GNU
Ghostscript</em></span> and re-compile or use <a href="http://www.cups.org/ghostscript.php" target="_top">ESP Ghostscript</a>. The
superior alternative is ESP Ghostscript: it supports not just CUPS,
but 300 other devices too (while GNU Ghostscript supports only about
180). Because of this broad output device support, ESP Ghostscript is
the first choice for non-CUPS spoolers too. It is now recommended by
Linuxprinting.org for all spoolers.
</p><p>
CUPS printers may be setup to use <span class="emphasis"><em>external</em></span>
rendering paths. One of the most common ones is provided by the
<span class="emphasis"><em>Foomatic/cupsomatic</em></span> concept, from <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/" target="_top">Linuxprinting.org</a>.  This
uses the classical Ghostscript approach, doing everything in one
step. It doesn't use the &quot;cups&quot; device, but one of the many
others. However, even for Foomatic/cupsomatic usage, best results and
broadest printer model support is provided by ESP Ghostscript (more
about cupsomatic/Foomatic, particularly the new version called now
<span class="emphasis"><em>foomatic-rip</em></span>, follows below).
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2946623"></a>MIME types and CUPS Filters</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
CUPS reads the file <tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt>
(and all other files carrying a <tt class="filename">*.types</tt> suffix
in the same directory) upon startup. These files contain the MIME
type recognition rules which are applied when CUPS runs its
auto-typing routines. The rule syntax is explained in the man page
for <tt class="filename">mime.types</tt> and in the comments section of the
<tt class="filename">mime.types</tt> file itself. A simple rule reads
like this:
</p><pre class="screen">

 application/pdf         pdf string(0,%PDF)

</pre><p>
This means: if a filename has either a
<tt class="filename">.pdf</tt> suffix, or if the magic
string <span class="emphasis"><em>%PDF</em></span> is right at the
beginning of the file itself (offset 0 from the start), then it is
a PDF file (<span class="emphasis"><em>application/pdf</em></span>).
Another rule is this: 
</p><pre class="screen">

 application/postscript  ai eps ps string(0,%!) string(0,&lt;04&gt;%!)

</pre><p>
Its meaning: if the filename has one of the suffixes
<tt class="filename">.ai</tt>, <tt class="filename">.eps</tt>,
<tt class="filename">.ps</tt> or if the file itself starts with one of the
strings <span class="emphasis"><em>%!</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>&lt;04&gt;%!</em></span>, it
is a generic PostScript file
(<span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span>).
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
There is a very important difference between two similar MIME type in
CUPS: one is <span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span>, the other is
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/vnd.cups-postscript</em></span>. While
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span> is meant to be device
independent (job options for the file are still outside the PS file
content, embedded in commandline or environment variables by CUPS),
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/vnd.cups-postscript</em></span> may have the job
options inserted into the PostScript data itself (were
applicable). The transformation of the generic PostScript
(application/postscript) to the device-specific version
(application/vnd.cups-postscript) is the responsibility of the
CUPS <span class="emphasis"><em>pstops</em></span> filter. pstops uses information
contained in the PPD to do the transformation.
</p></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
Don't confuse the other mime.types file your system might be using
with the one in the <tt class="filename">/etc/cups/</tt> directory.
</p></div><p>
CUPS can handle ASCII text, HP-GL, PDF, PostScript, DVI and a
lot of image formats (GIF. PNG, TIFF, JPEG, Photo-CD, SUN-Raster,
PNM, PBM, SGI-RGB and some more) and their associated MIME types
with its filters.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2946811"></a>MIME type Conversion Rules</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
CUPS reads the file <tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.convs</tt>
(and all other files named with a <tt class="filename">*.convs</tt>
suffix in the same directory) upon startup. These files contain
lines naming an input MIME type, an output MIME type, a format
conversion filter which can produce the output from the input type
and virtual costs associated with this conversion. One example line
reads like this:
</p><pre class="screen">

 application/pdf         application/postscript   33   pdftops

</pre><p>
This means that the <span class="emphasis"><em>pdftops</em></span> filter will take
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/pdf</em></span> as input and produce
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span> as output, the virtual
cost of this operation is 33 CUPS-$. The next filter is more
expensive, costing 66 CUPS-$:
</p><pre class="screen">

 application/vnd.hp-HPGL application/postscript   66   hpgltops

</pre><p>
This is the <span class="emphasis"><em>hpgltops</em></span>, which processes HP-GL
plotter files to PostScript.
</p><pre class="screen">

 application/octet-stream

</pre><p>
Here are two more examples: 
</p><pre class="screen">

 application/x-shell     application/postscript   33    texttops
 text/plain              application/postscript   33    texttops

</pre><p>
The last two examples name the <span class="emphasis"><em>texttops</em></span> filter
to work on &quot;text/plain&quot; as well as on &quot;application/x-shell&quot;. (Hint:
this differentiation is needed for the syntax highlighting feature of
&quot;texttops&quot;).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2946927"></a>Filter Requirements</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are many more combinations named in mime.convs.  However, you
are not limited to use the ones pre-defined there. You can plug in any
filter you like into the CUPS framework. It must meet, or must be made
to meet some minimal requirements. If you find (or write) a cool
conversion filter of some kind, make sure it complies to what CUPS
needs, and put in the right lines in <tt class="filename">mime.types</tt>
and <tt class="filename">mime.convs</tt>, then it will work seamlessly
inside CUPS!
</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
The mentioned &quot;CUPS requirements&quot; for filters are simple. Take
filenames or <tt class="filename">stdin</tt> as input and write to
<tt class="filename">stdout</tt>. They should take these 5 or 6 arguments:
<span class="emphasis"><em>printer job user title copies options [filename]</em></span>
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Printer</span></dt><dd><p>The name of the printer queue (normally this is the
name of the filter being run)</p></dd><dt><span class="term">job</span></dt><dd><p>The numeric job ID for the job being
printed</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Printer</span></dt><dd><p>The string from the originating-user-name
attribute</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Printer</span></dt><dd><p>The string from the job-name attribute</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Printer</span></dt><dd><p>The numeric value from the number-copies
attribute</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Printer</span></dt><dd><p>The job options</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Printer</span></dt><dd><p>(Optionally) The print request file (if missing,
filters expected data fed through <tt class="filename">stdin</tt>). In most
cases it is very easy to write a simple wrapper script around existing
filters to make them work with CUPS.</p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div xmlns:ns54="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2947096"></a>Prefilters</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
As was said, PostScript is the central file format to any Unix based
printing system. From PostScript, CUPS generates raster data to feed
non-PostScript printers.
</p><p>
But what is happening if you send one of the supported non-PS formats
to print? Then CUPS runs &quot;pre-filters&quot; on these input formats to
generate PostScript first. There are pre-filters to create PS from
ASCII text, PDF, DVI or HP-GL. The outcome of these filters is always
of MIME type <span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span> (meaning that
any device-specific print options are not yet embedded into the
PostScript by CUPS, and that the next filter to be called is
pstops). Another pre-filter is running on all supported image formats,
the <span class="emphasis"><em>imagetops</em></span> filter. Its outcome is always of
MIME type <span class="emphasis"><em>application/vnd.cups-postscript</em></span>
(<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> application/postscript), meaning it has the
print options already embedded into the file.
</p><ns54:p>
</ns54:p><div class="figure"><a name="id2947147"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.4. Prefiltering in CUPS to form Postscript</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/4small.png" alt="Prefiltering in CUPS to form Postscript"></div></div><ns54:p>
</ns54:p></div><div xmlns:ns55="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2947181"></a>pstops</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>pstops</em></span>is the filter to convert
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span> to
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/vnd.cups-postscript</em></span>. It was said
above that this filter inserts all device-specific print options
(commands to the printer to ask for the duplexing of output, or
stapling an punching it, etc.) into the PostScript file.
</p><ns55:p>
</ns55:p><div class="figure"><a name="id2947212"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.5. Adding Device-specific Print Options</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/5small.png" alt="Adding Device-specific Print Options"></div></div><ns55:p>
</ns55:p><p>
This is not all: other tasks performed by it are:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
selecting the range of pages to be printed (if you choose to
print only pages &quot;3, 6, 8-11, 16, 19-21&quot;, or only the odd numbered
ones)
</p></li><li><p>
putting 2 or more logical pages on one sheet of paper (the
so-called &quot;number-up&quot; function)
</p></li><li><p>counting the pages of the job to insert the accounting
information into the <tt class="filename">/var/log/cups/page_log</tt>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div xmlns:ns56="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2947284"></a>pstoraster</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>pstoraster</em></span> is at the core of the CUPS filtering
system. It is responsible for the first stage of the rasterization
process. Its input is of MIME type application/vnd.cups-postscript;
its output is application/vnd.cups-raster. This output format is not
yet meant to be printable. Its aim is to serve as a general purpose
input format for more specialized <span class="emphasis"><em>raster drivers</em></span>,
that are able to generate device-specific printer data.
</p><ns56:p>
</ns56:p><div class="figure"><a name="id2947314"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.6. Postscript to intermediate Raster format</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/6small.png" alt="Postscript to intermediate Raster format"></div></div><ns56:p>
</ns56:p><p>
CUPS raster is a generic raster format with powerful features. It is
able to include per-page information, color profiles and more to be
used by the following downstream raster drivers. Its MIME type is
registered with IANA and its specification is of course completely
open. It is designed to make it very easy and inexpensive for
manufacturers to develop Linux and Unix raster drivers for their
printer models, should they choose to do so. CUPS always takes care
for the first stage of rasterization so these vendors don't need to care
about Ghostscript complications (in fact, there is currently more
than one vendor financing the development of CUPS raster drivers).
</p><ns56:p>
</ns56:p><div class="figure"><a name="id2947366"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.7. CUPS-raster production using Ghostscript</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/7small.png" alt="CUPS-raster production using Ghostscript"></div></div><ns56:p>
</ns56:p><p>
CUPS versions before version 1.1.15 were shipping a binary (or source
code) standalone filter, named &quot;pstoraster&quot;. pstoraster was derived
from GNU Ghostscript 5.50, and could be installed besides and in
addition to any GNU or AFPL Ghostscript package without conflicting.
</p><p>
From version 1.1.15, this has changed. The functions for this has been
integrated back into Ghostscript (now based on GNU Ghostscript version
7.05). The &quot;pstoraster&quot; filter is now a simple shell script calling
<b class="command">gs</b> with the <b class="command">-sDEVICE=cups</b>
parameter. If your Ghostscript doesn't show a success on asking for
<b class="command">gs -h |grep cups</b>, you might not be able to
print. Update your Ghostscript then!
</p></div><div xmlns:ns57="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2947440"></a>imagetops and imagetoraster</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Above in the section about prefilters, we mentioned the prefilter
that generates PostScript from image formats. The imagetoraster
filter is used to convert directly from image to raster, without the
intermediate PostScript stage. It is used more often than the above
mentioned prefilters. Here is a summarizing flowchart of image file
filtering:
</p><ns57:p>
</ns57:p><div class="figure"><a name="id2947461"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.8. Image format to CUPS-raster format conversion</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/8small.png" alt="Image format to CUPS-raster format conversion"></div></div><ns57:p>
</ns57:p></div><div xmlns:ns58="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2947495"></a>rasterto [printerspecific]</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
CUPS ships with quite some different raster drivers processing CUPS
raster. On my system I find in /usr/lib/cups/filter/ these:
<i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoalps, rastertobj, rastertoepson, rastertoescp,
rastertopcl, rastertoturboprint, rastertoapdk, rastertodymo,
rastertoescp, rastertohp</tt></i> and
<i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoprinter</tt></i>. Don't worry if you have less
than this; some of these are installed by commercial add-ons to CUPS
(like <i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoturboprint</tt></i>), others (like
<i class="parameter"><tt>rastertoprinter</tt></i>) by 3rd party driver
development projects (such as Gimp-Print) wanting to cooperate as
closely as possible with CUPS.
</p><ns58:p>
</ns58:p><div class="figure"><a name="id2947546"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.9. Raster to Printer Specific formats</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/9small.png" alt="Raster to Printer Specific formats"></div></div><ns58:p>
</ns58:p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2947580"></a>CUPS Backends</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The last part of any CUPS filtering chain is a &quot;backend&quot;.  Backends
are special programs that send the print-ready file to the final
device. There is a separate backend program for any transfer
&quot;protocol&quot; of sending printjobs over the network, or for every local
interface. Every CUPS printqueue needs to have a CUPS &quot;device-URI&quot;
associated with it. The device URI is the way to encode the backend
used to send the job to its destination. Network device-URIs are using
two slashes in their syntax, local device URIs only one, as you can
see from the following list. Keep in mind that local interface names
may vary much from my examples, if your OS is not Linux:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">usb</span></dt><dd><p>
This backend sends printfiles to USB-connected printers. An
example for the CUPS device-URI to use is:
<tt class="filename">usb:/dev/usb/lp0</tt>
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">serial</span></dt><dd><p>
This backend sends printfiles to serially connected printers.
An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is:
<tt class="filename">serial:/dev/ttyS0?baud=11500</tt>
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">parallel</span></dt><dd><p>
This backend sends printfiles to printers connected to the
parallel port. An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is:
<tt class="filename">parallel:/dev/lp0</tt>
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">scsi</span></dt><dd><p>
This backend sends printfiles to printers attached to the
SCSI interface. An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is:
<tt class="filename">scsi:/dev/sr1</tt>
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">lpd</span></dt><dd><p>
This backend sends printfiles to LPR/LPD connected network
printers. An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is:
<tt class="filename">lpd://remote_host_name/remote_queue_name</tt>
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">AppSocket/HP JetDirect</span></dt><dd><p>
This backend sends printfiles to AppSocket (a.k.a. &quot;HP
JetDirect&quot;) connected network printers. An example for the CUPS
device-URI to use is:
<tt class="filename">socket://10.11.12.13:9100</tt>
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">ipp</span></dt><dd><p>
This backend sends printfiles to IPP connected network
printers (or to other CUPS servers). Examples for CUPS device-URIs
to use are:
<tt class="filename">ipp:://192.193.194.195/ipp</tt>
(for many HP printers) or
<tt class="filename">ipp://remote_cups_server/printers/remote_printer_name</tt>
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">http</span></dt><dd><p>
This backend sends printfiles to HTTP connected printers.
(The http:// CUPS backend is only a symlink to the ipp:// backend.)
Examples for the CUPS device-URIs to use are:
<tt class="filename">http:://192.193.194.195:631/ipp</tt>
(for many HP printers) or
<tt class="filename">http://remote_cups_server:631/printers/remote_printer_name</tt>
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">smb</span></dt><dd><p>
This backend sends printfiles to printers shared by a Windows
host. An example for CUPS device-URIs to use are:
<tt class="filename">smb://workgroup/server/printersharename</tt>
Or
<tt class="filename">Smb://server/printersharename</tt>
or
<tt class="filename">smb://username:password@workgroup/server/printersharename</tt>
or
<tt class="filename">smb://username:password@server/printersharename</tt>.
The smb:// backend is a symlink to the Samba utility
<span class="emphasis"><em>smbspool</em></span> (doesn't ship with CUPS). If the
symlink is not present in your CUPS backend directory, have your
root user create it: <b class="command">ln -s `which smbspool`
/usr/lib/cups/backend/smb</b>.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
It is easy to write your own backends as Shell or Perl scripts, if you
need any modification or extension to the CUPS print system. One
reason could be that you want to create &quot;special&quot; printers which send
the printjobs as email (through a &quot;mailto:/&quot; backend), convert them to
PDF (through a &quot;pdfgen:/&quot; backend) or dump them to &quot;/dev/null&quot; (In
fact I have the system-wide default printer set up to be connected to
a &quot;devnull:/&quot; backend: there are just too many people sending jobs
without specifying a printer, or scripts and programs which don't name
a printer. The system-wided default deletes the job and sends a polite
mail back to the $USER asking him to alsways specify a correct
printername).
</p><p>
Not all of the mentioned backends may be present on your system or
usable (depending on your hardware configuration). One test for all
available CUPS backends is provided by the <span class="emphasis"><em>lpinfo</em></span>
utility. Used with the <i class="parameter"><tt>-v</tt></i> parameter, it lists
all available backends:
</p><pre class="screen">

 lpinfo -v

</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2947894"></a>cupsomatic/Foomatic -- how do they fit into the Picture?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
&quot;cupsomatic&quot; filters may be the most widely used on CUPS
installations. You must be clear about the fact that these were not
developed by the CUPS people. They are a &quot;Third Party&quot; add-on to
CUPS. They utilize the traditional Ghostscript devices to render jobs
for CUPS. When troubleshooting, you should know about the
difference. Here the whole rendering process is done in one stage,
inside Ghostscript, using an appropriate &quot;device&quot; for the target
printer. cupsomatic uses PPDs which are generated from the &quot;Foomatic&quot;
Printer &amp; Driver Database at Linuxprinting.org.
</p><p>
You can recognize these PPDs from the line calling the
<span class="emphasis"><em>cupsomatic</em></span> filter:
</p><pre class="screen">

 *cupsFilter: &quot;application/vnd.cups-postscript  0  cupsomatic&quot;

</pre><p>
This line you may find amongst the first 40 or so lines of the PPD
file. If you have such a PPD installed, the printer shows up in the
CUPS web interface with a <span class="emphasis"><em>foomatic</em></span> namepart for
the driver description. cupsomatic is a Perlscript that runs
Ghostscript, with all the complicated commandline options
auto-constructed from the selected PPD and commandline options give to
the printjob.
</p><p>
However, cupsomatic is now deprecated. Its PPDs (especially the first
generation of them, still in heavy use out there) are not meeting the
Adobe specifications. You might also suffer difficulties when you try
to download them with &quot;Point'n'Print&quot; to Windows clients. A better,
and more powerful successor is now in a very stable Beta-version
available: it is called <span class="emphasis"><em>foomatic-rip</em></span>. To use
foomatic-rip as a filter with CUPS, you need the new-type PPDs.  These
have a similar, but different line:
</p><pre class="screen">

 *cupsFilter: &quot;application/vnd.cups-postscript  0  foomatic-rip&quot;

</pre><p>
The PPD generating engine at Linuxprinting.org has been revamped.
The new PPDs comply to the Adobe spec. On top, they also provide a
new way to specify different quality levels (hi-res photo, normal
color, grayscale, draft...) with a single click (whereas before you
could have required 5 or more different selections (media type,
resolution, inktype, dithering algorithm...). There is support for
custom-size media built in. There is support to switch
print-options from page to page, in the middle of a job. And the
best thing is: the new foomatic-rip now works seamlessly with all
legacy spoolers too (like LPRng, BSD-LPD, PDQ, PPR etc.), providing
for them access to use PPDs for their printing!
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2947997"></a>The Complete Picture</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you want to see an overview over all the filters and how they
relate to each other, the complete picture of the puzzle is at the end
of this document.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2948012"></a><tt class="filename">mime.convs</tt></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
CUPS auto-constructs all possible filtering chain paths for any given
MIME type, and every printer installed. But how does it decide in
favor or against a specific alternative?  (There may often be cases,
where there is a choice of two or more possible filtering chains for
the same target printer). Simple: you may have noticed the figures in
the 3rd column of the mime.convs file. They represent virtual costs
assigned to this filter. Every possible filtering chain will sum up to
a total &quot;filter cost&quot;. CUPS decides for the most &quot;inexpensive&quot; route.
</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
The setting of <i class="parameter"><tt>FilterLimit 1000</tt></i> in
<tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> will not allow more filters to
run concurrently than will consume a total of 1000 virtual filter
cost. This is a very efficient way to limit the load of any CUPS
server by setting an appropriate &quot;FilterLimit&quot; value. A FilterLimit of
200 allows roughly 1 job at a time, while a FilterLimit of 1000 allows
approximately 5 jobs maximum at a time.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2948065"></a>&quot;Raw&quot; printing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You can tell CUPS to print (nearly) any file &quot;raw&quot;. &quot;Raw&quot; means it
will not be filtered. CUPS will send the file to the printer &quot;as is&quot;
without bothering if the printer is able to digest it. Users need to
take care themselves that they send sensible data formats only. Raw
printing can happen on any queue if the &quot;-o raw&quot; option is specified
on the command line. You can also set up raw-only queues by simply not
associating any PPD with it. This command:
</p><pre class="screen">

 lpadmin -P rawprinter -v socket://11.12.13.14:9100 -E

</pre><p>
sets up a queue named &quot;rawprinter&quot;, connected via the &quot;socket&quot;
protocol (a.k.a. &quot;HP JetDirect&quot;) to the device at IP address
11.12.1.3.14, using port 9100. (If you had added a PPD with
<b class="command">-P /path/to/PPD</b> to this command line, you would
have installed a &quot;normal&quot; printqueue.
</p><p>
CUPS will automatically treat each job sent to a queue as a &quot;raw&quot; one,
if it can't find a PPD associated with the queue.  However, CUPS will
only send known MIME types (as defined in its own mime.types file) and
refuse others.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2948120"></a>&quot;application/octet-stream&quot; printing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Any MIME type with no rule in the
<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt> file is regarded as unknown
or <span class="emphasis"><em>application/octet-stream</em></span> and will not be
sent. Because CUPS refuses to print unknown MIME types per default,
you will probably have experienced the fact that printjobs originating
from Windows clients were not printed. You may have found an error
message in your CUPS logs like:
</p><pre class="screen">

 Unable to convert file 0 to printable format for job

</pre><p>
To enable the printing of &quot;application/octet-stream&quot; files, edit
these two files:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.convs</tt></p></li><li><p><tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt></p></li></ul></div><p>
Both contain entries (at the end of the respective files) which must
be uncommented to allow RAW mode operation for
application/octet-stream. In <tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt>
make sure this line is present:
</p><pre class="screen">

 application/octet-stream

</pre><p>
This line (with no specific auto-typing rule set) makes all files
not otherwise auto-typed a member of application/octet-stream. In
<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.convs</tt>, have this
line: 
</p><pre class="screen">

 application/octet-stream   application/vnd.cups-raw   0   -

</pre><p>
This line tells CUPS to use the <span class="emphasis"><em>Null Filter</em></span>
(denoted as &quot;-&quot;, doing... nothing at all) on
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/octet-stream</em></span>, and tag the result as
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/vnd.cups-raw</em></span>. This last one is
always a green light to the CUPS scheduler to now hand the file over
to the &quot;backend&quot; connecting to the printer and sending it over.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> Editing the <tt class="filename">mime.convs</tt> and the
<tt class="filename">mime.types</tt> file does not
<span class="emphasis"><em>enforce</em></span> &quot;raw&quot; printing, it only
<span class="emphasis"><em>allows</em></span> it.
</p></div><p><b>Background. </b>
CUPS being a more security-aware printing system than traditional ones
does not by default allow one to send deliberate (possibly binary)
data to printing devices.  (This could be easily abused to launch a
Denial of Service attack on your printer(s), causing at least the loss
of a lot of paper and ink...) &quot;Unknown&quot; data are regarded by CUPS
as<span class="emphasis"><em>MIME type</em></span>
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/octet-stream</em></span>. While you
<span class="emphasis"><em>can</em></span> send data &quot;raw&quot;, the MIME type for these must
be one that is known to CUPS and an allowed one. The file
<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt> defines the &quot;rules&quot; how CUPS
recognizes MIME types. The file
<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.convs</tt> decides which file
conversion filter(s) may be applied to which MIME types.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2948335"></a>PostScript Printer Descriptions (PPDs) for non-PS Printers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Originally PPDs were meant to be used for PostScript printers
only. Here, they help to send device-specific commands and settings
to the RIP which processes the jobfile. CUPS has extended this
scope for PPDs to cover non-PostScript printers too. This was not
very difficult, because it is a standardized file format. In a way
it was logical too: CUPS handles PostScript and uses a PostScript
RIP (=Ghostscript) to process the jobfiles. The only difference is:
a PostScript printer has the RIP built-in, for other types of
printers the Ghostscript RIP runs on the host computer.
</p><p>
PPDs for a non-PS printer have a few lines that are unique to
CUPS. The most important one looks similar to this:
</p><pre class="screen">

 *cupsFilter: application/vnd.cups-raster  66   rastertoprinter

</pre><p>
It is the last piece in the CUPS filtering puzzle. This line tells the
CUPS daemon to use as a last filter &quot;rastertoprinter&quot;.  This filter
should be served as input an &quot;application/vnd.cups-raster&quot; MIME type
file. Therefore CUPS should auto-construct a filtering chain, which
delivers as its last output the specified MIME type. This is then
taken as input to the specified &quot;rastertoprinter&quot; filter. After this
the last filter has done its work (&quot;rastertoprinter&quot; is a Gimp-Print
filter), the file should go to the backend, which sends it to the
output device.
</p><p>
CUPS by default ships only a few generic PPDs, but they are good for
several hundred printer models. You may not be able to control
different paper trays, or you may get larger margins than your
specific model supports):
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">deskjet.ppd</span></dt><dd><p>older HP inkjet printers and compatible
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">deskjet2.ppd</span></dt><dd><p>newer HP inkjet printers and compatible
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">dymo.ppd</span></dt><dd><p>label printers
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">epson9.ppd</span></dt><dd><p>Epson 24pin impact printers and compatible
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">epson24.ppd</span></dt><dd><p>Epson 24pin impact printers and compatible
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">okidata9.ppd</span></dt><dd><p>Okidata 9pin impact printers and compatible
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">okidat24.ppd</span></dt><dd><p>Okidata 24pin impact printers and compatible
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">stcolor.ppd</span></dt><dd><p>older Epson Stylus Color printers
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">stcolor2.ppd</span></dt><dd><p>newer Epson Stylus Color printers
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">stphoto.ppd</span></dt><dd><p>older Epson Stylus Photo printers
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">stphoto2.ppd</span></dt><dd><p>newer Epson Stylus Photo printers
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">laserjet.ppd</span></dt><dd><p>all PCL printersFurther below is a discussion
of several other driver/PPD-packages suitable fur use with CUPS.
</p></dd></dl></div></div><div xmlns:ns59="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2948562"></a>Difference between <span class="emphasis"><em>cupsomatic/foomatic-rip</em></span> and
<span class="emphasis"><em>native CUPS</em></span> printing</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Native CUPS rasterization works in two steps.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
First is the &quot;pstoraster&quot; step. It uses the special &quot;cups&quot;
device from ESP Ghostscript 7.05.x as its tool
</p></li><li><p>
Second comes the &quot;rasterdriver&quot; step. It uses various
device-specific filters; there are several vendors who provide good
quality filters for this step, some are Free Software, some are
Shareware/Non-Free, some are proprietary.</p></li></ul></div><p>
Often this produces better quality (and has several more
advantages) than other methods.
</p><ns59:p>
</ns59:p><div class="figure"><a name="id2948613"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.10. cupsomatic/foomatic processing versus Native CUPS</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/10small.png" alt="cupsomatic/foomatic processing versus Native CUPS"></div></div><ns59:p>
</ns59:p><p>
One other method is the <span class="emphasis"><em>cupsomatic/foomatic-rip</em></span>
way. Note that cupsomatic is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> made by the CUPS
developers. It is an independent contribution to printing development,
made by people from Linuxprinting.org (see also <a href="http://www.cups.org/cups-help.html" target="_top">http://www.cups.org/cups-help.html</a>).
cupsomatic is no longer developed and maintained and is no longer
supported. It has now been replaced by
<span class="emphasis"><em>foomatic-rip</em></span>. foomatic-rip is a complete re-write
of the old cupsomatic idea, but very much improved and generalized to
other (non-CUPS) spoolers. An upgrade to foomatic-rip is strongly
adviced, especially if you are upgrading to a recent version of CUPS
too.
</p><p>
Both the cupsomatic (old) and the foomatic-rip (new) methods from
Linuxprinting.org use the traditional Ghostscript print file
processing, doing everything in a single step. It therefore relies on
all the other devices built-in into Ghostscript. The quality is as
good (or bad) as Ghostscript rendering is in other spoolers. The
advantage is that this method supports many printer models not
supported (yet) by the more modern CUPS method.
</p><p>
Of course, you can use both methods side by side on one system (and
even for one printer, if you set up different queues), and find out
which works best for you.
</p><p>
cupsomatic &quot;kidnaps&quot; the printfile after the
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/vnd.cups-postscript</em></span> stage and
deviates it through the CUPS-external, systemwide Ghostscript
installation: Therefore the printfile bypasses the &quot;pstoraster&quot; filter
(and thus also bypasses the CUPS-raster-drivers
&quot;rastertosomething&quot;). After Ghostscript finished its rasterization,
cupsomatic hands the rendered file directly to the CUPS backend. The
flowchart above illustrates the difference between native CUPS
rendering and the Foomatic/cupsomatic method.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2948719"></a>Examples for filtering Chains</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Here are a few examples of commonly occurring filtering chains to
illustrate the workings of CUPS.
</p><p>
Assume you want to print a PDF file to a HP JetDirect-connected
PostScript printer, but you want to print the pages 3-5, 7, 11-13
only, and you want to print them &quot;2-up&quot; and &quot;duplex&quot;:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>your print options (page selection as required, 2-up,
duplex) are passed to CUPS on the commandline;</p></li><li><p>the (complete) PDF file is sent to CUPS and autotyped as
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/pdf</em></span>;</p></li><li><p>the file therefore first must pass the
<span class="emphasis"><em>pdftops</em></span> pre-filter, which produces PostScript
MIME type <span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span> (a preview here
would still show all pages of the original PDF);</p></li><li><p>the file then passes the <span class="emphasis"><em>pstops</em></span>
filter which applies the commandline options: it selects the pages
2-5, 7 and 11-13, creates and imposed layout &quot;2 pages on 1 sheet&quot; and
inserts the correct &quot;duplex&quot; command (as is defined in the printer's
PPD) into the new PostScript file; the file now is of PostScript MIME
type
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/vnd.cups-postscript</em></span>;</p></li><li><p>the file goes to the <span class="emphasis"><em>socket</em></span>
backend, which transfers the job to the printers.</p></li></ul></div><p>
The resulting filter chain therefore is:
</p><pre class="screen">
pdftops --&gt; pstops --&gt; socket
</pre><p>
Assume your want to print the same filter to an USB-connected
Epson Stylus Photo printer, installed with the CUPS
<tt class="filename">stphoto2.ppd</tt>. The first few filtering stages
are nearly the same:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>your print options (page selection as required, 2-up,
duplex) are passed to CUPS on the commandline;</p></li><li><p>the (complete) PDF file is sent to CUPS and autotyped as
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/pdf</em></span>;</p></li><li><p>the file therefore first must pass the
<span class="emphasis"><em>pdftops</em></span> pre-filter, which produces PostScript
MIME type <span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span> (a preview here
would still show all pages of the original PDF);</p></li><li><p>the file then passes the &quot;pstops&quot; filter which applies
the commandline options: it selects the pages 2-5, 7 and 11-13,
creates and imposed layout &quot;2 pages on 1 sheet&quot; and inserts the
correct &quot;duplex&quot; command... (OOoops -- this printer and his PPD
don't support duplex printing at all -- this option will be ignored
then) into the new PostScript file; the file now is of PostScript
MIME type 
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/vnd.cups-postscript</em></span>;</p></li><li><p>the file then passes the
<span class="emphasis"><em>pstoraster</em></span> stage and becomes MIME type
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/cups-raster</em></span>;</p></li><li><p>finally, the <span class="emphasis"><em>rastertoepson</em></span> filter
does its work (as is indicated in the printer's PPD), creating the
printer-specific raster data and embedding any user-selected
print-options into the print data stream;</p></li><li><p>the file goes to the <span class="emphasis"><em>usb</em></span> backend,
which transfers the job to the printers.</p></li></ul></div><p>
The resulting filter chain therefore is:
</p><pre class="screen">
pdftops --&gt; pstops --&gt; pstoraster --&gt; rastertoepson --&gt; usb
</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2948948"></a>Sources of CUPS drivers / PPDs</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
On the internet you can find now many thousand CUPS-PPD files
(with their companion filters), in many national languages,
supporting more than 1000 non-PostScript models.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><a href="http://wwwl.easysw.com/printpro/" target="_top">ESP
PrintPro (http://wwwl.easysw.com/printpro/)</a> (commercial,
non-Free) is packaged with more than 3000 PPDs, ready for
successful use &quot;out of the box&quot; on Linux, Mac OS X, IBM-AIX,
HP-UX, Sun-Solaris, SGI-IRIX, Compaq Tru64, Digital Unix and some
more commercial Unices (it is written by the CUPS developers
themselves and its sales help finance the further development of
CUPS, as they feed their creators).</p></li><li><p>the <a href="http://gimp-print.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">Gimp-Print-Project
(http://gimp-print.sourceforge.net/)</a> (GPL, Free Software)
provides around 140 PPDs (supporting nearly 400 printers, many driven
to photo quality output), to be used alongside the Gimp-Print CUPS
filters;</p></li><li><p><a href="http://www.turboprint.com/" target="_top">TurboPrint
(http://www.turboprint.com/)</a> (Shareware, non-Free) supports
roughly the same amount of printers in excellent
quality;</p></li><li><p><a href="http://www-124.ibm.com/developerworks/oss/linux/projects/omni/" target="_top">OMNI
(http://www-124.ibm.com/developerworks/oss/linux/projects/omni/)</a>
(LPGL, Free) is a package made by IBM, now containing support for more
than 400 printers, stemming from the inheritance of IBM OS/2 KnowHow
ported over to Linux (CUPS support is in a Beta-stage at
present);</p></li><li><p><a href="http://hpinkjet.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">HPIJS
(http://hpinkjet.sourceforge.net/)</a> (BSD-style licenses, Free)
supports around 150 of HP's own printers and is also providing
excellent print quality now (currently available only via the Foomatic
path);</p></li><li><p><a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/" target="_top">Foomatic/cupsomatic
(http://www.linuxprinting.org/)</a> (LPGL, Free) from
Linuxprinting.org are providing PPDs for practically every Ghostscript
filter known to the world (including Omni, Gimp-Print and
HPIJS).</p></li></ul></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The cupsomatic/Foomatic trick from Linuxprinting.org works
differently from the other drivers. This is explained elsewhere in this
document.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2949073"></a>Printing with Interface Scripts</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
CUPS also supports the usage of &quot;interface scripts&quot; as known from
System V AT&amp;T printing systems. These are often used for PCL
printers, from applications that generate PCL print jobs.  Interface
scripts are specific to printer models. They have a similar role as
PPDs for PostScript printers. Interface scripts may inject the Escape
sequences as required into the print data stream, if the user has
chosen to select a certain paper tray, or print landscape, or use A3
paper, etc. Interfaces scripts are practically unknown in the Linux
realm. On HP-UX platforms they are more often used. You can use any
working interface script on CUPS too. Just install the printer with
the <b class="command">-i</b> option:
</p><pre class="screen">

 lpadmin -p pclprinter -v socket://11.12.13.14:9100 -i /path/to/interface-script

</pre><p>
Interface scripts might be the &quot;unknown animal&quot; to many.  However,
with CUPS they provide the most easy way to plug in your own
custom-written filtering script or program into one specific print
queue (some information about the traditional usage of interface scripts is
to be found at <a href="http://playground.sun.com/printing/documentation/interface.html" target="_top">http://playground.sun.com/printing/documentation/interface.html</a>).
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2949135"></a>Network printing (purely Windows)</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Network printing covers a lot of ground. To understand what exactly
goes on with Samba when it is printing on behalf of its Windows
clients, let's first look at a &quot;purely Windows&quot; setup: Windows clients
with a Windows NT print server.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2949151"></a>From Windows Clients to an NT Print Server</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Windows clients printing to an NT-based print server have two
options. They may
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>execute the driver locally and render the GDI output
(EMF) into the printer specific format on their own,
or</p></li><li><p>send the GDI output (EMF) to the server, where the
driver is executed to render the printer specific
output.</p></li></ul></div><p>
Both print paths are shown in the flowcharts below.
</p></div><div xmlns:ns60="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2949190"></a>Driver Execution on the Client</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In the first case the print server must spool the file as &quot;raw&quot;,
meaning it shouldn't touch the jobfile and try to convert it in any
way. This is what traditional Unix-based print server can do too; and
at a better performance and more reliably than NT print server. This
is what most Samba administrators probably are familiar with. One
advantage of this setup is that this &quot;spooling-only&quot; print server may
be used even if no driver(s) for Unix are available it is sufficient
to have the Windows client drivers available and installed on the
clients.
</p><ns60:p>
</ns60:p><div class="figure"><a name="id2949215"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.11. Print Driver execution on the Client</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/11small.png" alt="Print Driver execution on the Client"></div></div><ns60:p>
</ns60:p></div><div xmlns:ns61="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2949249"></a>Driver Execution on the Server</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The other path executes the printer driver on the server. The clients
transfers print files in EMF format to the server. The server uses the
PostScript, PCL, ESC/P or other driver to convert the EMF file into
the printer-specific language. It is not possible for Unix to do the
same. Currently there is no program or method to convert a Windows
client's GDI output on a Unix server into something a printer could
understand.
</p><ns61:p>
</ns61:p><div class="figure"><a name="id2949271"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.12. Print Driver execution on the Server</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/12small.png" alt="Print Driver execution on the Server"></div></div><ns61:p>
</ns61:p><p>
However, there is something similar possible with CUPS. Read on...
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2949312"></a>Network Printing (Windows clients -- UNIX/Samba Print
Servers)</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Since UNIX print servers <span class="emphasis"><em>cannot</em></span> execute the Win32
program code on their platform, the picture is somewhat
different. However, this doesn't limit your options all that
much. In the contrary, you may have a way here to implement printing
features which are not possible otherwise.
</p><div xmlns:ns62="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2949333"></a>From Windows Clients to a CUPS/Samba Print Server</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Here is a simple recipe showing how you can take advantage of CUPS
powerful features for the benefit of your Windows network printing
clients:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Let the Windows clients send PostScript to the CUPS
server.</p></li><li><p>Let the CUPS server render the PostScript into device
specific raster format.</p></li></ul></div><p>
This requires the clients to use a PostScript driver (even if the
printer is a non-PostScript model. It also requires that you have a
&quot;driver&quot; on the CUPS server.
</p><p>
Firstly, to enable CUPS based printing through Samba the
following options should be set in your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file [globals]
section:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>printing = CUPS</tt></i></p></li><li><p><i class="parameter"><tt>printcap = CUPS</tt></i></p></li></ul></div><p>
When these parameters are specified, all manually set print directives
(like <i class="parameter"><tt>print command =...</tt></i>, or <i class="parameter"><tt>lppause
command =...</tt></i>) in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> (as well as
in samba itself) will be ignored. Instead, Samba will directly
interface with CUPS through it's application program interface (API) -
as long as Samba has been compiled with CUPS library (libcups)
support. If Samba has NOT been compiled with CUPS support, and if no
other print commands are set up, then printing will use the
<span class="emphasis"><em>System V</em></span> AT&amp;T command set, with the -oraw
option automatically passing through (if you want your own defined
print commands to work with a Samba that has CUPS support compiled in,
simply use <i class="parameter"><tt>printing = sysv</tt></i>).
</p><ns62:p>
</ns62:p><div class="figure"><a name="id2949459"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.13. Printing via CUPS/samba server</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/13small.png" alt="Printing via CUPS/samba server"></div></div><ns62:p>
</ns62:p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2949493"></a>Samba receiving Jobfiles and passing them to CUPS</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba<span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> use its own spool directory (it is set
by a line similar to <i class="parameter"><tt>path = /var/spool/samba</tt></i>,
in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i> or
<i class="parameter"><tt>[printername]</tt></i> section of
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>). Samba receives the job in its own
spool space and passes it into the spool directory of CUPS (the CUPS
spooling directory is set by the <i class="parameter"><tt>RequestRoot</tt></i>
directive, in a line that defaults to <i class="parameter"><tt>RequestRoot
/var/spool/cups</tt></i>).  CUPS checks the access rights of its
spool dir and resets it to healthy values with every re-start. We have
seen quite some people who had used a common spooling space for Samba
and CUPS, and were struggling for weeks with this &quot;problem&quot;.
</p><p>
A Windows user authenticates only to Samba (by whatever means is
configured). If Samba runs on the same host as CUPS, you only need to
allow &quot;localhost&quot; to print. If they run on different machines, you
need to make sure the Samba host gets access to printing on CUPS.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2949571"></a>Network PostScript RIP: CUPS Filters on Server -- clients use
PostScript Driver with CUPS-PPDs</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
PPDs can control all print device options. They are usually provided
by the manufacturer; if you own a PostScript printer, that is. PPD
files (PostScript Printer Descriptions) are always a component of
PostScript printer drivers on MS Windows or Apple Mac OS systems. They
are ASCII files containing user-selectable print options, mapped to
appropriate PostScript, PCL or PJL commands for the target
printer. Printer driver GUI dialogs translate these options
&quot;on-the-fly&quot; into buttons and drop-down lists for the user to select.
</p><p>
CUPS can load, without any conversions, the PPD file from any Windows
(NT is recommended) PostScript driver and handle the options. There is
a web browser interface to the print options (select <a href="http://localhost:631/printers/" target="_top">http://localhost:631/printers/</a>
and click on one <span class="emphasis"><em>Configure Printer</em></span> button to see
it), or a commandline interface (see <b class="command">man lpoptions</b>
or see if you have lphelp on your system). There are also some
different GUI frontends on Linux/UNIX, which can present PPD options
to users. PPD options are normally meant to be evaluated by the
PostScript RIP on the real PostScript printer.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2949626"></a>PPDs for non-PS Printers on UNIX</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
CUPS doesn't limit itself to &quot;real&quot; PostScript printers in its usage
of PPDs. The CUPS developers have extended the scope of the PPD
concept, to also describe available device and driver options for
non-PostScript printers through CUPS-PPDs.
</p><p>
This is logical, as CUPS includes a fully featured PostScript
interpreter (RIP). This RIP is based on Ghostscript. It can process
all received PostScript (and additionally many other file formats)
from clients. All CUPS-PPDs geared to non-PostScript printers contain
an additional line, starting with the keyword
<i class="parameter"><tt>*cupsFilter</tt></i> . This line tells the CUPS print
system which printer-specific filter to use for the interpretation of
the supplied PostScript. Thus CUPS lets all its printers appear as
PostScript devices to its clients, because it can act as a PostScript
RIP for those printers, processing the received PostScript code into a
proper raster print format.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2949667"></a>PPDs for non-PS Printers on Windows</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
CUPS-PPDs can also be used on Windows-Clients, on top of a
&quot;core&quot; PostScript driver (now recommended is the &quot;CUPS PostScript
Driver for WindowsNT/2K/XP&quot;; you can also use the Adobe one, with
limitations). This feature enables CUPS to do a few tricks no other
spooler can do:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>act as a networked PostScript RIP (Raster Image
Processor), handling printfiles from all client platforms in a uniform
way;</p></li><li><p>act as a central accounting and billing server, since
all files are passed through the pstops filter and are therefore
logged in the CUPS <tt class="filename">page_log</tt> file.
<span class="emphasis"><em>NOTE:</em></span> this can not happen with &quot;raw&quot; print jobs,
which always remain unfiltered per definition;</p></li><li><p>enable clients to consolidate on a single PostScript
driver, even for many different target printers.</p></li></ul></div><p>
Using CUPS PPDs on Windows clients enables these to control
all print job settings just as a UNIX client can do too.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2949732"></a>Windows Terminal Servers (WTS) as CUPS Clients</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This setup may be of special interest to people experiencing major
problems in WTS environments. WTS need often a multitude of
non-PostScript drivers installed to run their clients' variety of
different printer models. This often imposes the price of much
increased instability.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2949750"></a>Printer Drivers running in &quot;Kernel Mode&quot; cause many
Problems</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The reason is that in Win NT printer drivers run in &quot;Kernel
Mode&quot;, this introduces a high risk for the stability of the system
if the driver is not really stable and well-tested. And there are a
lot of bad drivers out there! Especially notorious is the example
of the PCL printer driver that had an additional sound module
running, to notify users via soundcard of their finished jobs. Do I
need to say that this one was also reliably causing &quot;Blue Screens
of Death&quot; on a regular basis?
</p><p>
PostScript drivers generally are very well tested. They are not known
to cause any problems, even though they run in Kernel Mode too. This
might be because there have so far only been 2 different PostScript
drivers the ones from Adobe and the one from Microsoft. Both are
very well tested and are as stable as you ever can imagine on
Windows. The CUPS driver is derived from the Microsoft one.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2949784"></a>Workarounds impose Heavy Limitations</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In many cases, in an attempt to work around this problem, site
administrators have resorted to restrict the allowed drivers installed
on their WTS to one generic PCL- and one PostScript driver. This
however restricts the clients in the amount of printer options
available for them; often they can't get out more than simplex
prints from one standard paper tray, while their devices could do much
better, if driven by a different driver! )
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2949805"></a>CUPS: a &quot;Magical Stone&quot;?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Using a PostScript driver, enabled with a CUPS-PPD, seems to be a very
elegant way to overcome all these shortcomings. There are, depending
on the version of Windows OS you use, up to 3 different PostScript
drivers available: Adobe, Microsoft and CUPS PostScript drivers. None
of them is known to cause major stability problems on WTS (even if
used with many different PPDs). The clients will be able to (again)
chose paper trays, duplex printing and other settings. However, there
is a certain price for this too: a CUPS server acting as a PostScript
RIP for its clients requires more CPU and RAM than when just acting as
a &quot;raw spooling&quot; device.  Plus, this setup is not yet widely tested,
although the first feedbacks look very promising.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2949832"></a>PostScript Drivers with no major problems -- even in Kernel
Mode</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
More recent printer drivers on W2K and XP don't run in Kernel mode
(unlike Win NT) any more. However, both operating systems can still
use the NT drivers, running in Kernel mode (you can roughly tell which
is which as the drivers in subdirectory &quot;2&quot; of &quot;W32X86&quot; are &quot;old&quot;
ones).  As was said before, the Adobe as well as the Microsoft
PostScript drivers are not known to cause any stability problems. The
CUPS driver is derived from the Microsoft one. There is a simple
reason for this: The MS DDK (Device Development Kit) for Win NT (which
used to be available at no cost to licensees of Visual Studio)
includes the source code of the Microsoft driver, and licensees of
Visual Studio are allowed to use and modify it for their own driver
development efforts. This is what the CUPS people have done. The
license doesn't allow them to publish the whole of the source code.
However, they have released the &quot;diff&quot; under the GPL, and if you are
owner of an &quot;MS DDK for Win NT&quot;, you can check the driver yourself.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2949866"></a> Setting up CUPS for driver Download</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
As we have said before: all previously known methods to prepare client
printer drivers on the Samba server for download and &quot;Point'n'Print&quot;
convenience of Windows workstations are working with CUPS too. These
methods were described in the previous chapter. In reality, this is a
pure Samba business, and only relates to the Samba/Win client
relationship.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2949885"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>cupsaddsmb</em></span>: the unknown Utility</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The cupsaddsmb utility (shipped with all current CUPS versions) is an
alternative method to transfer printer drivers into the Samba
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share. Remember, this share is where
clients expect drivers deposited and setup for download and
installation.  It makes the sharing of any (or all) installed CUPS
printers very easy. cupsaddsmb can use the Adobe PostScript driver as
well as the newly developed <span class="emphasis"><em>CUPS PostScript Driver for
WinNT/2K/XP</em></span>. Note, that cupsaddsmb does
<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> work with arbitrary vendor printer drivers,
but only with the <span class="emphasis"><em>exact</em></span> driver files that are
named in its man page.
</p><p>
The CUPS printer driver is available from the CUPS download site. Its
package name is <tt class="filename">cups-samba-[version].tar.gz</tt> . It
is prefered over the Adobe drivers since it has a number of
advantages:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>it supports a much more accurate page
accounting;</p></li><li><p>it supports banner pages, and page labels on all
printers;</p></li><li><p>it supports the setting of a number of job IPP
attributes (such as job-priority, page-label and
job-billing)</p></li></ul></div><p>
However, currently only Windows NT, 2000, and XP are supported by the
CUPS drivers. You will need to get the respective part of Adobe driver
too if you need to support Windows 95, 98, and ME clients.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2949976"></a>Prepare your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> for
cupsaddsmb</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Prior to running cupsaddsmb, you need the following settings in
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>:
</p><pre class="screen">

 [global]
         load printers = yes
         printing = cups
         printcap name = cups

 [printers]
         comment = All Printers
         path = /var/spool/samba
         browseable = no
         public = yes
         guest ok = yes           # setting depends on your requirements
         writable = no
         printable = yes
         printer admin = root

 [print$]
         comment = Printer Drivers
         path = /etc/samba/drivers
         browseable = yes
         guest ok = no
         read only = yes
         write list = root  

</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2950023"></a>CUPS Package of &quot;PostScript Driver for WinNT/2k/XP&quot;</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
CUPS users may get the exactly same packages from<a href="http://www.cups.org/software.html" target="_top"><span class="emphasis"><em>http://www.cups.org/software.html</em></span></a>.
It is a separate package from the CUPS base software files, tagged as
<span class="emphasis"><em>CUPS 1.1.x Windows NT/2k/XP Printer Driver for SAMBA
(tar.gz, 192k)</em></span>. The filename to download is
<tt class="filename">cups-samba-1.1.x.tar.gz</tt>. Upon untar-/unzip-ing,
it will reveal these files:
</p><pre class="screen">

# tar xvzf cups-samba-1.1.19.tar.gz 

   cups-samba.install
   cups-samba.license
   cups-samba.readme
   cups-samba.remove
   cups-samba.ss

</pre><p>
These have been packaged with the ESP meta packager software
&quot;EPM&quot;. The <tt class="filename">*.install</tt> and
<tt class="filename">*.remove</tt> files are simple shell scripts, which
untars the <tt class="filename">*.ss</tt> (the <tt class="filename">*.ss</tt> is
nothing else but a tar-archive, which can be untar-ed by &quot;tar&quot;
too). Then it puts the content into
<tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/drivers/</tt>. This content includes 3
files:
</p><pre class="screen">

# tar tv cups-samba.ss

    cupsdrvr.dll
    cupsui.dll
    cups.hlp  

</pre><p>
The <span class="emphasis"><em>cups-samba.install</em></span> shell scripts is easy to
handle:
</p><pre class="screen">

# ./cups-samba.install

   [....]
   Installing software...
   Updating file permissions...
   Running post-install commands...
   Installation is complete.        

</pre><p>
The script should automatically put the driver files into the
<tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/drivers/</tt> directory.
</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
Due to a bug, one recent CUPS release puts the
<tt class="filename">cups.hlp</tt> driver file
into<tt class="filename">/usr/share/drivers/</tt> instead of
<tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/drivers/</tt>. To work around this,
copy/move the file (after running the
<b class="command">./cups-samba.install</b> script) manually to the
right place.
</p></div><pre class="screen">

   cp /usr/share/drivers/cups.hlp /usr/share/cups/drivers/

</pre><p>
This new CUPS PostScript driver is currently binary-only, but free of
charge. No complete source code is provided (yet). The reason is this:
it has been developed with the help of the <span class="emphasis"><em>Microsoft Driver
Developer Kit</em></span> (DDK) and compiled with Microsoft Visual
Studio 6. Driver developers are not allowed to distribute the whole of
the source code as Free Software. However, CUPS developers released
the &quot;diff&quot; in source code under the GPL, so anybody with a license of
Visual Studio and a DDK will be able to compile for him/herself.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2950220"></a>Recognize the different Driver Files</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The CUPS drivers don't support the &quot;older&quot; Windows 95/98/ME, but only
the Windows NT/2000/XP client:
</p><pre class="screen">

 [Windows NT, 2000, and XP are supported by:]
         cups.hlp
         cupsdrvr.dll
         cupsui.dll

</pre><p>
Adobe drivers are available for the older Windows 95/98/ME as well as
the Windows NT/2000/XP clients. The set of files is different for the
different platforms.
</p><pre class="screen">

 [Windows 95, 98, and Me are supported by:]
         ADFONTS.MFM
         ADOBEPS4.DRV
         ADOBEPS4.HLP
         DEFPRTR2.PPD
         ICONLIB.DLL
         PSMON.DLL

 [Windows NT, 2000, and XP are supported by:]
         ADOBEPS5.DLL
         ADOBEPSU.DLL
         ADOBEPSU.HLP

</pre><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
If both, the Adobe driver files and the CUPS driver files for the
support of WinNT/2k/XP are present in , the Adobe ones will be ignored
and the CUPS ones will be used. If you prefer -- for whatever reason
-- to use Adobe-only drivers, move away the 3 CUPS driver files. The
Win95/98/ME clients use the Adobe drivers in any case.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2950278"></a>Acquiring the Adobe Driver Files</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Acquiring the Adobe driver files seems to be unexpectedly difficult
for many users. They are not available on the Adobe website as single
files and the self-extracting and/or self-installing Windows-exe is
not easy to locate either. Probably you need to use the included
native installer and run the installation process on one client
once. This will install the drivers (and one Generic PostScript
printer) locally on the client.  When they are installed, share the
Generic PostScript printer.  After this, the client's
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share holds the Adobe files, from
where you can get them with smbclient from the CUPS host. A more
detailed description about this is in the next (the CUPS printing)
chapter.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2950311"></a>ESP Print Pro Package of &quot;PostScript Driver for
WinNT/2k/XP&quot;</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Users of the ESP Print Pro software are able to install their &quot;Samba
Drivers&quot; package for this purpose with no problem. Retrieve the driver
files from the normal download area of the ESP Print Pro software
at<a href="http://www.easysw.com/software.html" target="_top">http://www.easysw.com/software.html</a>.
You need to locate the link labelled &quot;SAMBA&quot; amongst the
<span class="emphasis"><em>Download Printer Drivers for ESP Print Pro 4.x</em></span>
area and download the package. Once installed, you can prepare any
driver by simply highlighting the printer in the Printer Manager GUI
and select <span class="emphasis"><em>Export Driver...</em></span> from the menu. Of
course you need to have prepared Samba beforehand too to handle the
driver files; i.e.  mainly setup the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
share, etc. The ESP Print Pro package includes the CUPS driver files
as well as a (licensed) set of Adobe drivers for the Windows 95/98/ME
client family.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2950361"></a>Caveats to be considered</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Once you have run the install script (and possibly manually
moved the <tt class="filename">cups.hlp</tt> file to
<tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/drivers/</tt>), the driver is
ready to be put into Samba's <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share (which often maps to
<tt class="filename">/etc/samba/drivers/</tt> and contains a subdir
tree with <span class="emphasis"><em>WIN40</em></span> and
<span class="emphasis"><em>W32X86</em></span> branches): You do this by running
&quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; (see also <b class="command">man cupsaddsmb</b> for
CUPS since release 1.1.16).
</p><div class="tip" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
You may need to put root into the smbpasswd file by running
<b class="command">smbpasswd</b>; this is especially important if you
should run this whole procedure for the first time, and are not
working in an environment where everything is configured for
<span class="emphasis"><em>Single Sign On</em></span> to a Windows Domain Controller.
</p></div><p>
Once the driver files are in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share
and are initialized, they are ready to be downloaded and installed by
the Win NT/2k/XP clients.
</p><div xmlns:ns63="" class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><ns63:p>
</ns63:p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
Win 9x/ME clients won't work with the CUPS PostScript driver. For
these you'd still need to use the <tt class="filename">ADOBE*.*</tt>
drivers as previously.
</p></li><li><p>
It is not harmful if you still have the
<tt class="filename">ADOBE*.*</tt> driver files from previous
installations in the <tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/drivers/</tt>
directory. The new <span class="emphasis"><em>cupsaddsmb</em></span> (from 1.1.16) will
automatically prefer &quot;its own&quot; drivers if it finds both.
</p></li><li><p>
Should your Win clients have had the old <tt class="filename">ADOBE*.*</tt>
files for the Adobe PostScript driver installed, the download and
installation of the new CUPS PostScript driver for Windows NT/2k/XP
will fail at first. You need to wipe the old driver from the clients
first. It is not enough to &quot;delete&quot; the printer, as the driver files
will still be kept by the clients and re-used if you try to re-install
the printer. To really get rid of the Adobe driver files on the
clients, open the &quot;Printers&quot; folder (possibly via <span class="emphasis"><em>Start
--&gt; Settings --&gt; Control Panel --&gt; Printers</em></span>),
right-click onto the folder background and select <span class="emphasis"><em>Server
Properties</em></span>. When the new dialog opens, select the
<span class="emphasis"><em>Drivers</em></span> tab. On the list select the driver you
want to delete and click on the <span class="emphasis"><em>Delete</em></span>
button. This will only work if there is not one single printer left
which uses that particular driver. You need to &quot;delete&quot; all printers
using this driver in the &quot;Printers&quot; folder first. You will need
Administrator privileges to do this.
</p></li><li><p>
Once you have successfully downloaded the CUPS PostScript driver to a
client, you can easily switch all printers to this one by proceeding
as described elsewhere in the &quot;Samba HOWTO Collection&quot;: either change
a driver for an existing printer by running the &quot;Printer Properties&quot;
dialog, or use <b class="command">rpcclient</b> with the
<b class="command">setdriver</b> sub-command.
</p></li></ol></div><ns63:p>
</ns63:p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2950582"></a>What are the Benefits of using the &quot;CUPS PostScript Driver for
Windows NT/2k/XP&quot; as compared to the Adobe Driver?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You are interested in a comparison between the CUPS and the Adobe
PostScript drivers? For our purposes these are the most important
items which weigh in favor of the CUPS ones:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>no hassle with the Adobe EULA</p></li><li><p>no hassle with the question &#8220;<span class="quote">Where do I
get the ADOBE*.* driver files from?</span>&#8221;</p></li><li><p>the Adobe drivers (on request of the printer PPD
associated with them) often put a PJL header in front of the main
PostScript part of the print file. Thus the printfile starts with
<i class="parameter"><tt>&lt;1B &gt;%-12345X</tt></i> or
<i class="parameter"><tt>&lt;escape&gt;%-12345X</tt></i> instead
of <i class="parameter"><tt>%!PS</tt></i>). This leads to the
CUPS daemon auto-typing the incoming file as a print-ready file,
not initiating a pass through the &quot;pstops&quot; filter (to speak more
technically, it is not regarded as the generic MIME type 
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span>, but as
the more special MIME type
<span class="emphasis"><em>application/cups.vnd-postscript</em></span>),
which therefore also leads to the page accounting in
<span class="emphasis"><em>/var/log/cups/page_log</em></span> not
receiving the exact mumber of pages; instead the dummy page number
of &quot;1&quot; is logged in a standard setup)</p></li><li><p>the Adobe driver has more options to &quot;mis-configure&quot; the
PostScript generated by it (like setting it inadvertedly to
<span class="emphasis"><em>Optimize for Speed</em></span>, instead of
<span class="emphasis"><em>Optimize for Portability</em></span>, which
could lead to CUPS being unable to process it)</p></li><li><p>the CUPS PostScript driver output sent by Windows
clients to the CUPS server will be guaranteed to be auto-typed always
as generic MIME type <span class="emphasis"><em>application/postscript</em></span>,
thusly passing through the CUPS &quot;pstops&quot; filter and logging the
correct number of pages in the <tt class="filename">page_log</tt> for
accounting and quota purposes</p></li><li><p>the CUPS PostScript driver supports the sending of
additional standard (IPP) print options by Win NT/2k/XP clients.  Such
additional print options are: naming the CUPS standard
<span class="emphasis"><em>banner pages</em></span> (or the custom ones, should they be
installed at the time of driver download), using the CUPS
<span class="emphasis"><em>page-label</em></span> option, setting a
<span class="emphasis"><em>job-priority</em></span> and setting the <span class="emphasis"><em>scheduled
time of printing</em></span> (with the option to support additional
useful IPP job attributes in the future).</p></li><li><p>the CUPS PostScript driver supports the inclusion of
the new <span class="emphasis"><em>*cupsJobTicket</em></span> comments at the
beginning of the PostScript file (which could be used in the future
for all sort of beneficial extensions on the CUPS side, but which will
not disturb any other applications as they will regard it as a comment
and simply ignore it).</p></li><li><p>the CUPS PostScript driver will be the heart of the
fully fledged CUPS IPP client for Windows NT/2K/XP to be released soon
(probably alongside the first Beta release for CUPS
1.2).</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2950763"></a>Run &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; (quiet Mode)</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The cupsaddsmb command copies the needed files into your
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share. Additionally, the PPD
associated with this printer is copied from
<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/ppd/</tt> to
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>. There the files wait for convenient
Windows client installations via Point'n'Print. Before we can run the
command successfully, we need to be sure that we can authenticate
towards Samba. If you have a small network you are probably using user
level security (<i class="parameter"><tt>security = user</tt></i>). Probably your
root has already a Samba account. Otherwise, create it now, using
<b class="command">smbpasswd</b>:
</p><pre class="screen">

 #  smbpasswd -a root 
 New SMB password: [type in password 'secret']
 Retype new SMB password: [type in password 'secret']

</pre><p>
Here is an example of a successfully run cupsaddsmb command. 
</p><pre class="screen">

 #  cupsaddsmb -U root infotec_IS2027
 Password for root required to access localhost via SAMBA: [type in password 'secret']

</pre><p>
To share<span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> printers and drivers, use the
<i class="parameter"><tt>-a</tt></i> parameter instead of a printer name. Since
cupsaddsmb &quot;exports&quot; the printer drivers to Samba, it should be
obvious that it only works for queues with a CUPS driver associated.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2950864"></a>Run &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; with verbose Output</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Probably you want to see what's going on. Use the
<i class="parameter"><tt>-v</tt></i> parameter to get a more verbose output. The
output below was edited for better readability: all &quot;\&quot; at the end of
a line indicate that I inserted an artificial line break plus some
indentation here:
</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
You will see the root password for the Samba account printed on
screen. If you use remote access, the password will go over the wire
unencrypted!
</p></div><pre class="screen">

  # cupsaddsmb -U root -v infotec_2105
  Password for root required to access localhost via SAMBA:
  Running command: smbclient //localhost/print\$ -N -U'root%secret' -c 'mkdir W32X86;put   \
                   /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 W32X86/infotec_2105.ppd;put           \
                   /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsdrvr.dll W32X86/cupsdrvr.dll;put            \
                   /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsui.dll W32X86/cupsui.dll;put                \
                   /usr/share/cups/drivers/cups.hlp W32X86/cups.hlp'
  added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
  Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.7a]
  NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION making remote directory \W32X86
  putting file /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 as \W32X86/infotec_2105.ppd (2328.8 kb/s) \
               (average 2328.8 kb/s)
  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsdrvr.dll as \W32X86/cupsdrvr.dll (9374.3 kb/s)  \
               (average 5206.6 kb/s)
  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsui.dll as \W32X86/cupsui.dll (8107.2 kb/s)      \
               (average 5984.1 kb/s)
  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/cups.hlp as \W32X86/cups.hlp (3475.0 kb/s)          \
               (average 5884.7 kb/s)
  
  Running command: rpcclient localhost -N -U'root%secret' -c 'adddriver &quot;Windows NT x86&quot;   \
                   &quot;infotec_2105:cupsdrvr.dll:infotec_2105.ppd:cupsui.dll:cups.hlp:NULL:   \
                   RAW:NULL&quot;'
  cmd = adddriver &quot;Windows NT x86&quot; &quot;infotec_2105:cupsdrvr.dll:infotec_2105.ppd:cupsui.dll: \
                   cups.hlp:NULL:RAW:NULL&quot;
  Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully installed.
  
  Running command: smbclient //localhost/print\$ -N -U'root%secret' -c 'mkdir WIN40;put    \
                   /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 WIN40/infotec_2105.PPD; put           \
                   /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADFONTS.MFM WIN40/ADFONTS.MFM;put               \
                   /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.DRV WIN40/ADOBEPS4.DRV;put             \
                   /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.HLP WIN40/ADOBEPS4.HLP;put             \
                   /usr/share/cups/drivers/DEFPRTR2.PPD WIN40/DEFPRTR2.PPD;put             \
                   /usr/share/cups/drivers/ICONLIB.DLL
  WIN40/ICONLIB.DLL;put /usr/share/cups/drivers/PSMON.DLL WIN40/PSMON.DLL;'
  added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0
  Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[Unix] Server=[Samba 2.2.7a]
  NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION making remote directory \WIN40
  putting file /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 as \WIN40/infotec_2105.PPD (2328.8 kb/s)  \
               (average 2328.8 kb/s)
  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADFONTS.MFM as \WIN40/ADFONTS.MFM (9368.0 kb/s)     \
               (average 6469.6 kb/s)
  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.DRV as \WIN40/ADOBEPS4.DRV (9958.2 kb/s)   \
               (average 8404.3 kb/s)
  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.HLP as \WIN40/ADOBEPS4.HLP (8341.5 kb/s)   \
               (average 8398.6 kb/s)
  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/DEFPRTR2.PPD as \WIN40/DEFPRTR2.PPD (2195.9 kb/s)   \
               (average 8254.3 kb/s)
  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ICONLIB.DLL as \WIN40/ICONLIB.DLL (8239.9 kb/s)     \
               (average 8253.6 kb/s)
  putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/PSMON.DLL as \WIN40/PSMON.DLL (6222.2 kb/s)         \
               (average 8188.5 kb/s)
  
  Running command: rpcclient localhost -N -U'root%secret' -c 'adddriver &quot;Windows 4.0&quot;      \
                   &quot;infotec_2105:ADOBEPS4.DRV:infotec_2105.PPD:NULL:ADOBEPS4.HLP:          \
                   PSMON.DLL:RAW:ADOBEPS4.DRV,infotec_2105.PPD,ADOBEPS4.HLP,PSMON.DLL,     \
                   ADFONTS.MFM,DEFPRTR2.PPD,ICONLIB.DLL&quot;'
  cmd = adddriver &quot;Windows 4.0&quot; &quot;infotec_2105:ADOBEPS4.DRV:infotec_2105.PPD:NULL:          \
                   ADOBEPS4.HLP:PSMON.DLL:RAW:ADOBEPS4.DRV,infotec_2105.PPD,ADOBEPS4.HLP,  \
                   PSMON.DLL,ADFONTS.MFM,DEFPRTR2.PPD,ICONLIB.DLL&quot;
  Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully installed.
  
  Running command: rpcclient localhost -N -U'root%secret'                                  \
                             -c 'setdriver infotec_2105 infotec_2105'
  cmd = setdriver infotec_2105 infotec_2105
  Succesfully set infotec_2105 to driver infotec_2105.

</pre><p>
If you look closely, you'll discover your root password was transfered
unencrypted over the wire, so beware! Also, if you look further her,
you'll discover error messages like NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION in
between. They occur, because the directories WIN40 and W32X86 already
existed in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> driver download share
(from a previous driver installation). They are harmless here.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2951007"></a>Understanding cupsaddsmb</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
What has happened? What did cupsaddsmb do? There are five stages of
the procedure
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>call the CUPS server via IPP and request the
driver files and the PPD file for the named printer;</p></li><li><p>store the files temporarily in the local
TEMPDIR (as defined in
<tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt>);</p></li><li><p>connect via smbclient to the Samba server's
 <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share and put the files into the
 share's WIN40 (for Win95/98/ME) and W32X86/ (for WinNT/2k/XP) sub
 directories;</p></li><li><p>connect via rpcclient to the Samba server and
execute the &quot;adddriver&quot; command with the correct
parameters;</p></li><li><p>connect via rpcclient to the Samba server a second
time and execute the &quot;setdriver&quot; command.</p></li></ol></div><p>
Note, that you can run the cupsaddsmb utility with parameters to
specify one remote host as Samba host and a second remote host as CUPS
host. Especially if you want to get a deeper understanding, it is a
good idea try it and see more clearly what is going on (though in real
life most people will have their CUPS and Samba servers run on the
same host):
</p><pre class="screen">

 # cupsaddsmb -H sambaserver -h cupsserver -v printername

</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2951101"></a>How to recognize if cupsaddsm completed successfully</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> always check if the utility completed
successfully in all fields. You need as a minimum these 3 messages
amongst the output:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully
installed.</em></span> # (for the W32X86 == WinNT/2K/XP
architecture...)</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully
installed.</em></span> # (for the WIN40 == Win9x/ME
architecture...)</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Succesfully set [printerXPZ] to driver
[printerXYZ].</em></span></p></li></ol></div><p>
These messages probably not easily recognized in the general
output. If you run cupsaddsmb with the <i class="parameter"><tt>-a</tt></i>
parameter (which tries to prepare <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> active CUPS
printer drivers for download), you might miss if individual printers
drivers had problems to install properly. Here a redirection of the
output will help you analyze the results in retrospective.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
It is impossible to see any diagnostic output if you don't run
cupsaddsmb in verbose mode.  Therefore we strongly recommend to not
use the default quiet mode.  It will hide any problems from you which
might occur.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2951188"></a>cupsaddsmb with a Samba PDC</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You can't get the standard cupsaddsmb command to run on a Samba PDC?
You are asked for the password credential all over again and again and
the command just will not take off at all? Try one of these
variations:
</p><pre class="screen">

 # cupsaddsmb -U DOMAINNAME\\root -v printername
 # cupsaddsmb -H SAMBA-PDC -U DOMAINNAME\\root -v printername
 # cupsaddsmb -H SAMBA-PDC -U DOMAINNAME\\root -h cups-server -v printername

</pre><p>
(Note the two backslashes: the first one is required to
&quot;escape&quot; the second one).
</p></div><div xmlns:ns64="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2951223"></a>cupsaddsmb Flowchart</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Here is a chart about the procedures, commandflows and
dataflows of the &quot;cupaddsmb&quot; command. Note again: cupsaddsmb is
not intended to, and does not work with, &quot;raw&quot; queues!
</p><ns64:p>
</ns64:p><div class="figure"><a name="id2951240"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.14. cupsaddsmb flowchart</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/1small.png" alt="cupsaddsmb flowchart"></div></div><ns64:p>
</ns64:p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2951274"></a>Installing the PostScript Driver on a Client</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
After cupsaddsmb completed, your driver is prepared for the clients to
use. Here are the steps you must perform to download and install it
via &quot;Point'n'Print&quot;. From a Windows client, browse to the CUPS/Samba
server;
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>open the <span class="emphasis"><em>Printers</em></span>
share of Samba in Network Neighbourhood;</p></li><li><p>right-click on the printer in
question;</p></li><li><p>from the opening context-menu select
<span class="emphasis"><em>Install...</em></span> or 
<span class="emphasis"><em>Connect...</em></span> (depending on the Windows version you
use).</p></li></ul></div><p>
After a few seconds, there should be a new printer in your
client's <span class="emphasis"><em>local</em></span> &quot;Printers&quot; folder: On Windows
XP it will follow a naming convention of <span class="emphasis"><em>PrinterName on
SambaServer</em></span>. (In my current case it is &quot;infotec_2105 on
kde-bitshop&quot;). If you want to test it and send your first job from
an application like Winword, the new printer will appears in a
<tt class="filename">\\SambaServer\PrinterName</tt> entry in the
dropdown list of available printers.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
cupsaddsmb will only reliably work with CUPS version 1.1.15 or higher
and Samba from 2.2.4. If it doesn't work, or if the automatic printer
driver download to the clients doesn't succeed, you can still manually
install the CUPS printer PPD on top of the Adobe PostScript driver on
clients. Then point the client's printer queue to the Samba printer
share for a UNC type of connection:
</p></div><pre class="screen">

  net use lpt1: \\sambaserver\printershare /user:ntadmin

</pre><p>
should you desire to use the CUPS networked PostScript RIP
functions. (Note that user &quot;ntadmin&quot; needs to be a valid Samba user
with the required privileges to access the printershare) This would
set up the printer connection in the traditional
<span class="emphasis"><em>LanMan</em></span> way (not using MS-RPC).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2951389"></a>Avoiding critical PostScript Driver Settings on the
Client</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Soooo: printing works, but there are still problems. Most jobs print
well, some don't print at all. Some jobs have problems with fonts,
which don't look very good. Some jobs print fast, and some are
dead-slow. Many of these problems can be greatly reduced or even
completely eliminated if you follow a few guidelines. Remember, if
your print device is not PostScript-enabled, you are treating your
Ghostscript installation on your CUPS host with the output your client
driver settings produce. Treat it well:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Avoid the <span class="emphasis"><em>PostScript Output Option: Optimize
for Speed</em></span> settting. Rather use the <span class="emphasis"><em>Optimize for
Portability</em></span> instead (Adobe PostScript
driver).</p></li><li><p>Don't use the <span class="emphasis"><em>Page Independence:
NO</em></span> setting. Instead use <span class="emphasis"><em>Page Independence
YES</em></span> (CUPS PostScript Driver)</p></li><li><p>Recommended is the <span class="emphasis"><em>True Type Font
Downloading Option: Native True Type</em></span> over
<span class="emphasis"><em>Automatic</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>Outline</em></span>; you
should by all means avoid <span class="emphasis"><em>Bitmap</em></span> (Adobe
PostScript Driver)</p></li><li><p>Choose <span class="emphasis"><em>True Type Font: Download as Softfont
into Printer</em></span> over the default <span class="emphasis"><em>Replace by Device
Font</em></span> (for exotic fonts you may need to change it back to
get a printout at all) (Adobe)</p></li><li><p>Sometimes you can choose <span class="emphasis"><em>PostScript Language
Level</em></span>: in case of problems try <span class="emphasis"><em>2</em></span>
instead of <span class="emphasis"><em>3</em></span> (the latest ESP Ghostscript package
handels Level 3 PostScript very well) (Adobe).</p></li><li><p>Say <span class="emphasis"><em>Yes</em></span> to <span class="emphasis"><em>PostScript
Error Handler</em></span> (Adobe)</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2951523"></a>Installing PostScript Driver Files manually (using
rpcclient)</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Of course you can run all the commands which are embedded into the
cupsaddsmb convenience utility yourself, one by one, and hereby upload
and prepare the driver files for future client downloads.
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>prepare Samba (a CUPS printqueue with the name of the
printer should be there. We are providing the driver
now);</p></li><li><p>copy all files to
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]:</tt></i></p></li><li><p>run <b class="command">rpcclient adddriver</b>
(for each client architecture you want to support):</p></li><li><p>run <b class="command">rpcclient
setdriver.</b></p></li></ol></div><p>
We are going to do this now. First, read the man page on &quot;rpcclient&quot;
to get a first idea. Look at all the printing related
sub-commands. <b class="command">enumprinters</b>,
<b class="command">enumdrivers</b>, <b class="command">enumports</b>,
<b class="command">adddriver</b>, <b class="command">setdriver</b> are amongst
the most interesting ones. rpcclient implements an important part of
the MS-RPC protocol. You can use it to query (and command) a Win NT
(or 2K/XP) PC too. MS-RPC is used by Windows clients, amongst other
things, to benefit from the &quot;Point'n' Print&quot; features. Samba can now
mimic this too.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2951638"></a>A Check of the rpcclient man Page</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
First let's have a little check of the rpcclient man page. Here are
two relevant passages:
</p><p>
<b class="command">adddriver &lt;arch&gt; &lt;config&gt;</b> Execute an
AddPrinterDriver() RPC to install the printer driver information on
the server.  Note that the driver files should already exist in the
directory returned by <b class="command">getdriverdir</b>.  Possible
values for <i class="parameter"><tt>arch</tt></i> are the same as those for the
<b class="command">getdriverdir</b> command.  The
<i class="parameter"><tt>config</tt></i> parameter is defined as follows:
</p><pre class="screen">
Long Printer Name:\
Driver File Name:\
Data File Name:\
Config File Name:\
Help File Name:\
Language Monitor Name:\
Default Data Type:\
Comma Separated list of Files
</pre><p>Any empty fields should be enter as the string &quot;NULL&quot;. </p><p>Samba does not need to support the concept of Print Monitors
since these only apply to local printers whose driver can make use of
a bi-directional link for communication.  This field should be &quot;NULL&quot;.
On a remote NT print server, the Print Monitor for a driver must
already be installed prior to adding the driver or else the RPC will
fail
</p><p>
<b class="command">setdriver &lt;printername&gt; &lt;drivername&gt;</b>
Execute a <b class="command">SetPrinter()</b> command to update the
printer driver associated with an installed printer. The printer
driver must already be correctly installed on the print server.
</p><p> See also the enumprinters and enumdrivers commands for
obtaining a list of installed printers and drivers.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2951750"></a>Understanding the rpcclient man Page</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <span class="emphasis"><em>exact</em></span> format isn't made too clear by the man
page, since you have to deal with some parameters containing
spaces. Here is a better description for it. We have line-broken the
command and indicated the breaks with &quot;\&quot;. Usually you would type the
command in one line without the linebreaks:
</p><pre class="screen">

 adddriver &quot;Architecture&quot; \
           &quot;LongPrinterName:DriverFile:DataFile:ConfigFile:HelpFile:\
           LanguageMonitorFile:DataType:ListOfFiles,Comma-separated&quot;

</pre><p>
What the man pages denotes as a simple &lt;config&gt;
keyword, does in reality consist of 8 colon-separated fields. The
last field may take multiple (in some, very insane, cases, even
20 different additional files. This might sound confusing at first.
Note, that what the man pages names the &quot;LongPrinterName&quot; in
reality should rather be called the &quot;Driver Name&quot;. You can name it
anything you want, as long as you use this name later in the
<span class="emphasis"><em>rpcclient ... setdriver</em></span> command. For
practical reasons, many name the driver the same as the
printer.
</p><p>
True: it isn't simple at all. I hear you asking:
<span class="emphasis"><em>How do I know which files are &quot;Driver
File&quot;, &quot;Data File&quot;, &quot;Config File&quot;, &quot;Help File&quot; and &quot;Language
Monitor File&quot; in each case?</em></span> -- For an answer you may
want to have a look at how a Windows NT box with a shared printer
presents the files to us. Remember, that this whole procedure has
to be developed by the Samba Team by overhearing the traffic caused
by Windows computers on the wire. We may as well turn to a Windows
box now, and access it from a UNIX workstation. We will query it
with <b class="command">rpcclient</b> to see what it tells us and
try to understand the man page more clearly which we've read just
now.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2951829"></a>Producing an Example by querying a Windows Box</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
We could run <b class="command">rpcclient</b> with a
<b class="command">getdriver</b> or a <b class="command">getprinter</b>
subcommand (in level 3 verbosity) against it. Just sit down at UNIX or
Linux workstation with the Samba utilities installed. Then type the
following command:
</p><pre class="screen">

 rpcclient -U'USERNAME%PASSWORD' NT-SERVER-NAME -c 'getdriver printername 3'

</pre><p>
From the result it should become clear which is which. Here is an
example from my installation:
</p><pre class="screen">

# rpcclient -U'Danka%xxxx' W2KSERVER -c'getdriver &quot;DANKA InfoStream Virtual Printer&quot; 3'
 cmd = getdriver &quot;DANKA InfoStream Virtual Printer&quot; 3

 [Windows NT x86]
 Printer Driver Info 3:
         Version: [2]
         Driver Name: [DANKA InfoStream]
         Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
         Driver Path: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\PSCRIPT.DLL]
         Datafile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\INFOSTRM.PPD]
         Configfile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\PSCRPTUI.DLL]
         Helpfile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\PSCRIPT.HLP]
 
         Dependentfiles: []
         Dependentfiles: []
         Dependentfiles: []
         Dependentfiles: []
         Dependentfiles: []
         Dependentfiles: []
         Dependentfiles: []
 
         Monitorname: []
         Defaultdatatype: []

</pre><p>
Some printer drivers list additional files under the label
&quot;Dependentfiles&quot;: these would go into the last field
<span class="emphasis"><em>ListOfFiles,Comma-separated</em></span>. For the CUPS
PostScript drivers we don't need any (nor would we for the Adobe
PostScript driver): therefore the field will get a &quot;NULL&quot; entry.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2951919"></a>What is required for adddriver and setdriver to succeed</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
From the manpage (and from the quoted output
of<span class="emphasis"><em>cupsaddsmb</em></span>, above) it becomes clear that you
need to have certain conditions in order to make the manual uploading
and initializing of the driver files succeed. The two rpcclient
subcommands (<b class="command">adddriver</b> and
<b class="command">setdriver</b>) need to encounter the following
pre-conditions to complete successfully:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>you are connected as &quot;printer admin&quot;, or root (note,
that this is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> the &quot;Printer Operators&quot; group in
NT, but the <span class="emphasis"><em>printer admin</em></span> group, as defined in
the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>);</p></li><li><p>copy all required driver files to
<tt class="filename">\\sambaserver\print$\w32x86</tt> and
<tt class="filename">\\sambaserver\print$\win40</tt> as appropriate. They
will end up in the &quot;0&quot; respective &quot;2&quot; subdirectories later -- for now
<span class="emphasis"><em>don't</em></span> put them there, they'll be automatically
used by the <b class="command">adddriver</b> subcommand.! (if you use
&quot;smbclient&quot; to put the driver files into the share, note that you need
to escape the &quot;$&quot;: <b class="command">smbclient //sambaserver/print\$ -U
root</b>);</p></li><li><p>the user you're connecting as must be able to write to
the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share and create
subdirectories;</p></li><li><p>the printer you are going to setup for the Windows
clients, needs to be installed in CUPS already;</p></li><li><p>the CUPS printer must be known to Samba, otherwise the
<b class="command">setdriver</b> subcommand fails with an
NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL error. To check if the printer is known by
Samba you may use the <b class="command">enumprinters</b> subcommand to
rpcclient. A long-standing bug prevented a proper update of the
printer list until every smbd process had received a SIGHUP or was
restarted. Remember this in case you've created the CUPS printer just
shortly ago and encounter problems: try restarting
Samba.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2952081"></a>Manual Commandline Driver Installation in 15 little Steps</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
We are going to install a printer driver now by manually executing all
required commands. As this may seem a rather complicated process at
first, we go through the procedure step by step, explaining every
single action item as it comes up.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2952098"></a>First Step: Install the Printer on CUPS</h4></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="screen">

# lpadmin -p mysmbtstprn -v socket://10.160.51.131:9100 -E -P /home/kurt/canonIR85.ppd

</pre><p>
This installs printer with the name <span class="emphasis"><em>mysmbtstprn</em></span>
to the CUPS system. The printer is accessed via a socket
(a.k.a. JetDirect or Direct TCP/IP) connection. You need to be root
for this step
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2952128"></a>Second Step (optional): Check if the Printer is recognized by
Samba</h4></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="screen">

 # rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'enumprinters' localhost | grep -C2 mysmbtstprn

        flags:[0x800000]
        name:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn]
        description:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn,,mysmbtstprn]
        comment:[mysmbtstprn]

</pre><p>
This should show the printer in the list. If not, stop and re-start
the Samba daemon (smbd), or send a HUP signal: <b class="command">kill -HUP
`pidof smbd`</b>. Check again.  Troubleshoot and repeat until
success. Note the &quot;empty&quot; field between the two commas in the
&quot;description&quot; line. Here would the driver name appear if there was one
already. You need to know root's Samba password (as set by the
<b class="command">smbpasswd</b> command) for this step and most of the
following steps. Alternatively you can authenticate as one of the
users from the &quot;write list&quot; as defined in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> for
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2952191"></a>Third Step (optional): Check if Samba knows a Driver for the
Printer</h4></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="screen">

#  rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' localhost | grep driver
         drivername:[]
 
#  rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' localhost | grep -C4 driv
        servername:[\\kde-bitshop]
        printername:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn]
        sharename:[mysmbtstprn]
        portname:[Samba Printer Port]
        drivername:[]
        comment:[mysmbtstprn]
        location:[]
        sepfile:[]
        printprocessor:[winprint]
 
#  rpcclient -U root%xxxx -c 'getdriver mysmbtstprn' localhost
 result was WERR_UNKNOWN_PRINTER_DRIVER

</pre><p>
Neither method of the three commands shown above should show a driver.
This step was done for the purpose of demonstrating this condition. An
attempt to connect to the printer at this stage will prompt the
message along the lines: &quot;The server has not the required printer
driver installed&quot;.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2952229"></a>Fourth Step: Put all required Driver Files into Samba's
[print$]</h4></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="screen">

#  smbclient //localhost/print\$ -U 'root%xxxx'                        \ 
                              -c 'cd W32X86;                                             \
                                  put /etc/cups/ppd/mysmbtstprn.ppd mysmbtstprn.PPD;     \
                                  put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsui.dll cupsui.dll;     \
                                  put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsdrvr.dll cupsdrvr.dll; \
                                  put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cups.hlp cups.hlp'

</pre><p>
(Note that this command should be entered in one long single
line. Line-breaks and the line-end indicating &quot;\&quot; has been inserted
for readability reasons.) This step is <span class="emphasis"><em>required</em></span>
for the next one to succeed. It makes the driver files physically
present in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share. However, clients
would still not be able to install them, because Samba does not yet
treat them as driver files. A client asking for the driver would still
be presented with a &quot;not installed here&quot; message.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2952280"></a>Fifth Step: Verify where the Driver Files are now</h4></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="screen">

#  ls -l /etc/samba/drivers/W32X86/
 total 669
 drwxr-sr-x    2 root     ntadmin       532 May 25 23:08 2
 drwxr-sr-x    2 root     ntadmin       670 May 16 03:15 3
 -rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin     14234 May 25 23:21 cups.hlp
 -rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin    278380 May 25 23:21 cupsdrvr.dll
 -rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin    215848 May 25 23:21 cupsui.dll
 -rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin    169458 May 25 23:21 mysmbtstprn.PPD

</pre><p>
The driver files now are in the W32X86 architecture &quot;root&quot; of
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2952318"></a>Sixth Step: Tell Samba that these are
<span class="emphasis"><em>Driver</em></span> Files
(<b class="command">adddriver</b>)</h4></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="screen">

#  rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c `adddriver &quot;Windows NT x86&quot; &quot;mydrivername: \
                                          cupsdrvr.dll:mysmbtstprn.PPD:                  \
                                          cupsui.dll:cups.hlp:NULL:RAW[<span class="citation">:</span>]NULL&quot;             \
                                          localhost

 Printer Driver mydrivername successfully installed.

</pre><p>
Note that your cannot repeat this step if it fails. It could fail even
as a result of a simple typo. It will most likely have moved a part of
the driver files into the &quot;2&quot; subdirectory. If this step fails, you
need to go back to the fourth step and repeat it, before you can try
this one again. In this step you need to choose a name for your
driver. It is normally a good idea to use the same name as is used for
the printername; however, in big installations you may use this driver
for a number of printers which have obviously different names. So the
name of the driver is not fixed.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2952373"></a>Seventh Step: Verify where the Driver Files are now</h4></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="screen">

#  ls -l /etc/samba/drivers/W32X86/
 total 1
 drwxr-sr-x    2 root     ntadmin       532 May 25 23:22 2
 drwxr-sr-x    2 root     ntadmin       670 May 16 03:15 3

 
#  ls -l /etc/samba/drivers/W32X86/2
 total 5039
 [....]
 -rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin     14234 May 25 23:21 cups.hlp
 -rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin    278380 May 13 13:53 cupsdrvr.dll
 -rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin    215848 May 13 13:53 cupsui.dll
 -rwxr--r--    1 root     ntadmin    169458 May 25 23:21 mysmbtstprn.PPD

</pre><p>
Notice how step 6 did also move the driver files to the appropriate
subdirectory. Compare with the situation after step 5.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2952406"></a>Eighth Step (optional): Verify if Samba now recognizes the
Driver</h4></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="screen">

#  rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'enumdrivers 3' localhost | grep -B2 -A5 mydrivername

 Printer Driver Info 3:
        Version: [2]
        Driver Name: [mydrivername]
        Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
        Driver Path: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsdrvr.dll]
        Datafile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\mysmbtstprn.PPD]
        Configfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsui.dll]
        Helpfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cups.hlp]

</pre><p>
Remember, this command greps for the name you did choose for the
driver in step Six. This command must succeed before you can proceed.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2952439"></a>Ninth Step: Tell Samba which Printer should use these Driver
Files (<b class="command">setdriver</b>)</h4></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="screen">

#  rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'setdriver mysmbtstprn mydrivername' localhost
 
 Successfully set mysmbtstprn to driver mydrivername

</pre><p>
Since you can bind any printername (=printqueue) to any driver, this
is a very convenient way to setup many queues which use the same
driver. You don't need to repeat all the previous steps for the
setdriver command to succeed. The only pre-conditions are:
<b class="command">enumdrivers</b> must find the driver and
<b class="command">enumprinters</b> must find the printer.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2952490"></a>Tenth Step (optional): Verify if Samba has this Association
recognized</h4></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="screen">

#  rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' localhost | grep driver
       drivername:[mydrivername]
 
#  rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' localhost | grep -C4 driv
       servername:[\\kde-bitshop]
       printername:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn]
       sharename:[mysmbtstprn]
       portname:[Done]
       drivername:[mydrivername]
       comment:[mysmbtstprn]
       location:[]
       sepfile:[]
       printprocessor:[winprint]
 
#  rpcclient -U root%xxxx -c 'getdriver mysmbtstprn' localhost
 [Windows NT x86]
 Printer Driver Info 3:
       Version: [2]
       Driver Name: [mydrivername]
       Architecture: [Windows NT x86]
       Driver Path: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsdrvr.dll]
       Datafile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\mysmbtstprn.PPD]
       Configfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsui.dll]
       Helpfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cups.hlp]
       Monitorname: []
       Defaultdatatype: [RAW]
       Monitorname: []
       Defaultdatatype: [RAW]
 
#  rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'enumprinters' localhost | grep mysmbtstprn
       name:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn]
       description:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn,mydrivername,mysmbtstprn]
       comment:[mysmbtstprn]

</pre><p>
Compare these results with the ones from steps 2 and 3. Note that
every single of these commands show the driver is installed.  Even
the <b class="command">enumprinters</b> command now lists the driver
on the &quot;description&quot; line.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2952546"></a>Eleventh Step (optional): Tickle the Driver into a correct
Device Mode</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You certainly know how to install the driver on the client.  In case
you are not particularly familiar with Windows, here is a short
recipe: browse the Network Neighbourhood, go to the Samba server, look
for the shares. You should see all shared Samba printers.
Double-click on the one in question. The driver should get
installed, and the network connection set up. An alternative way is to
open the &quot;Printers (and Faxes)&quot; folder, right-click on the printer in
question and select &quot;Connect&quot; or &quot;Install&quot;. As a result, a new printer
should have appeared in your client's local &quot;Printers (and Faxes)&quot;
folder, named something like &quot;printersharename on Sambahostname&quot;.
</p><p>
It is important that you execute this step as a Samba printer admin
(as defined in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>). Here is another method
to do this on Windows XP. It uses a commandline, which you may type
into the &quot;DOS box&quot; (type root's smbpassword when prompted):
</p><pre class="screen">

 C:\&gt; runas /netonly /user:root &quot;rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /in /n \\sambacupsserver\mysmbtstprn&quot;

</pre><p>
Change any printer setting once (like <span class="emphasis"><em>&quot;portrait&quot;
--&gt; &quot;landscape&quot;</em></span>), click &quot;Apply&quot;; change the setting
back.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2952607"></a>Twelveth Step: Install the Printer on a Client
(&quot;Point'n'Print&quot;)</h4></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="screen">

 C:\&gt; rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /in /n &quot;\\sambacupsserver\mysmbtstprn&quot;

</pre><p>
If it doesn't work it could be a permission problem with the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i> share.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2952638"></a>Thirteenth Step (optional): Print a Test Page</h4></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="screen">

 C:\&gt; rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /p /n &quot;\\sambacupsserver\mysmbtstprn&quot;

</pre><p>
Then hit [TAB] 5 times, [ENTER] twice, [TAB] once and [ENTER] again
and march to the printer.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2952663"></a>Fourteenth Step (recommended): Study the Test Page</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Hmmm.... just kidding! By now you know everything about printer
installations and you don't need to read a word. Just put it in a
frame and bolt it to the wall with the heading &quot;MY FIRST
RPCCLIENT-INSTALLED PRINTER&quot; - why not just throw it away!
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2952681"></a>Fifteenth Step (obligatory): Enjoy. Jump. Celebrate your
Success</h4></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="screen">

# echo &quot;Cheeeeerioooooo! Success...&quot; &gt;&gt; /var/log/samba/log.smbd     

</pre></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2952701"></a>Troubleshooting revisited</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The setdriver command will fail, if in Samba's mind the queue is not
already there. You had promising messages about the:
</p><pre class="screen">

 Printer Driver ABC successfully installed.

</pre><p>
after the &quot;adddriver&quot; parts of the procedure?  But you are also seeing
a disappointing message like this one beneath?
</p><pre class="screen">

 result was NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL

</pre><p>
It is not good enough that <span class="emphasis"><em>you</em></span>
can see the queue <span class="emphasis"><em>in CUPS</em></span>, using
the <b class="command">lpstat -p ir85wm</b> command. A
bug in most recent versions of Samba prevents the proper update of
the queuelist. The recognition of newly installed CUPS printers
fails unless you re-start Samba or send a HUP to all smbd
processes. To verify if this is the reason why Samba doesn't
execute the setdriver command successfully, check if Samba &quot;sees&quot;
the printer: 
</p><pre class="screen">

# rpcclient transmeta -N -U'root%secret' -c 'enumprinters 0'| grep  ir85wm
        printername:[ir85wm]

</pre><p>
An alternative command could be this: 
</p><pre class="screen">

# rpcclient transmeta -N -U'root%secret' -c 'getprinter ir85wm' 
        cmd = getprinter ir85wm
        flags:[0x800000]
        name:[\\transmeta\ir85wm]
        description:[\\transmeta\ir85wm,ir85wm,DPD]
        comment:[CUPS PostScript-Treiber for WinNT/2K/XP]

</pre><p>
BTW, you can use these commands, plus a few more, of course,
to install drivers on remote Windows NT print servers too!
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2952803"></a>The printing <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> Files</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Some mystery is associated with the series of files with a
tdb-suffix appearing in every Samba installation. They are
<tt class="filename">connections.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">printing.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">share_info.tdb</tt> ,
<tt class="filename">ntdrivers.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">unexpected.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">brlock.tdb</tt> ,
<tt class="filename">locking.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">ntforms.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">messages.tdb</tt> ,
<tt class="filename">ntprinters.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">sessionid.tdb</tt> and
<tt class="filename">secrets.tdb</tt>. What is their purpose?
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2952906"></a>Trivial DataBase Files</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A Windows NT (Print) Server keeps track of all information needed to serve
its duty toward its clients by storing entries in the Windows
&quot;Registry&quot;. Client queries are answered by reading from the registry,
Administrator or user configuration settings are saved by writing into
the Registry. Samba and Unix obviously don't have such a kind of
Registry. Samba instead keeps track of all client related information in a
series of <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files. (TDB = Trivial Data
Base). These are often located in <tt class="filename">/var/lib/samba/</tt>
or <tt class="filename">/var/lock/samba/</tt> . The printing related files
are <tt class="filename">ntprinters.tdb</tt>,
<tt class="filename">printing.tdb</tt>,<tt class="filename">ntforms.tdb</tt> and
<tt class="filename">ntdrivers.tdb</tt>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2952976"></a>Binary Format</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files are not human readable. They are
written in a binary format. &quot;Why not ASCII?&quot;, you may ask. &quot;After all,
ASCII configuration files are a good and proofed tradition on UNIX.&quot;
-- The reason for this design decision by the Samba Team is mainly
performance. Samba needs to be fast; it runs a separate
<b class="command">smbd</b> process for each client connection, in some
environments many thousand of them. Some of these smbds might need to
write-access the same <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> file <span class="emphasis"><em>at the
same time</em></span>. The file format of Samba's
<tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files allows for this provision. Many smbd
processes may write to the same <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> file at the
same time. This wouldn't be possible with pure ASCII files.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2953038"></a>Losing <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> Files</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
It is very important that all <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files remain
consistent over all write and read accesses. However, it may happen
that these files <span class="emphasis"><em>do</em></span> get corrupted. (A
<b class="command">kill -9 `pidof smbd`</b> while a write access is in
progress could do the damage as well as a power interruption,
etc.). In cases of trouble, a deletion of the old printing-related
<tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files may be the only option. You need to
re-create all print related setup after that.  Or you have made a
backup of the <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files in time.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2953097"></a>Using <span class="emphasis"><em>tdbbackup</em></span></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba ships with a little utility which helps the root user of your
system to back up your <tt class="filename">*.tdb</tt> files. If you run it
with no argument, it prints a little usage message:
</p><pre class="screen">

# tdbbackup
 Usage: tdbbackup [options] &lt;fname...&gt;
 
 Version:3.0a
   -h            this help message
   -s suffix     set the backup suffix
   -v            veryify mode (restore if corrupt)

</pre><p>
Here is how I backed up my printing.tdb file:
</p><pre class="screen">

# ls 
 .           browse.dat       locking.tdb     ntdrivers.tdb   printing.tdb    share_info.tdb
 ..          connections.tdb  messages.tdb    ntforms.tdb     printing.tdbkp  unexpected.tdb
 brlock.tdb  gmon.out         namelist.debug  ntprinters.tdb  sessionid.tdb
 
 kde-bitshop:/var/lock/samba # tdbbackup -s .bak printing.tdb
 printing.tdb : 135 records
 
 kde-bitshop:/var/lock/samba # ls -l printing.tdb*
 -rw-------    1 root     root        40960 May  2 03:44 printing.tdb
 -rw-------    1 root     root        40960 May  2 03:44 printing.tdb.bak

</pre></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2953159"></a>CUPS Print Drivers from Linuxprinting.org</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
CUPS ships with good support for HP LaserJet type printers.  You can
install the generic driver as follows:
</p><pre class="screen">

lpadmin -p laserjet4plus -v parallel:/dev/lp0 -E -m laserjet.ppd

</pre><p>
The <i class="parameter"><tt>-m</tt></i> switch will retrieve the
<tt class="filename">laserjet.ppd</tt> from the standard repository for
not-yet-installed-PPDs, which CUPS typically stores in
<tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/model</tt>. Alternatively, you may use
<i class="parameter"><tt>-P /path/to/your.ppd</tt></i>.
</p><p>
The generic laserjet.ppd however does not support every special option
for every LaserJet-compatible model. It constitutes a sort of &quot;least
denominator&quot; of all the models. If for some reason it is ruled out to
you to pay for the commercially available ESP Print Pro drivers, your
first move should be to consult the database on <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi</a>.
Linuxprinting.org has excellent recommendations about which driver is
best used for each printer. Its database is kept current by the
tireless work of Till Kamppeter from MandrakeSoft, who is also the
principal author of the foomatic-rip utility.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The former &quot;cupsomatic&quot; concept is now be replaced by the new, much
more powerful &quot;foomatic-rip&quot;. foomatic-rip is the successor of
cupsomatic. cupsomatic is no longer maintained. Here is the new URL
to the Foomatic-3.0 database:<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/driver_list.cgi" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/driver_list.cgi</a>.
If you upgrade to foomatic-rip, don't forget to also upgrade to the
new-style PPDs for your foomatic-driven printers. foomatic-rip will
not work with PPDs generated for the old cupsomatic. The new-style
PPDs are 100% compliant to the Adobe PPD specification. They are
intended to be used by Samba and the cupsaddsmb utility also, to
provide the driver files for the Windows clients also!
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2953265"></a>foomatic-rip and Foomatic explained</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Nowadays most Linux distros rely on the utilities of Linuxprinting.org
to create their printing related software (which, BTW, works on all
UNIXes and on Mac OS X or Darwin too). It is not known as well as it
should be, that it also has a very end-user friendly interface which
allows for an easy update of drivers and PPDs, for all supported
models, all spoolers, all operatings systems and all package formats
(because there is none). Its history goes back a few years.
</p><p>
Recently Foomatic has achieved the astonishing milestone of <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi?make=Anyone" target="_top">1000
listed</a> printer models. Linuxprinting.org keeps all the
important facts about printer drivers, supported models and which
options are available for the various driver/printer combinations in
its <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic.html" target="_top">Foomatic</a>
database. Currently there are <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/driver_list.cgi" target="_top">245 drivers</a>
in the database: many drivers support various models, and many models
may be driven by different drivers; it's your choice!
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2953320"></a>690 &quot;perfect&quot; Printers</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
At present there are 690 devices dubbed as working &quot;perfectly&quot;, 181
&quot;mostly&quot;, 96 &quot;partially&quot; and 46 are &quot;Paperweights&quot;. Keeping in mind
that most of these are non-PostScript models (PostScript printers are
automatically supported supported by CUPS to perfection, by using
their own manufacturer-provided Windows-PPD...), and that a
multifunctional device never qualifies as working &quot;perfectly&quot; if it
doesn't also scan and copy and fax under GNU/Linux: then this is a
truely astonishing achievement. Three years ago the number was not
more than 500, and Linux or UNIX &quot;printing&quot; at the time wasn't
anywhere near the quality it is today!
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2953345"></a>How the &quot;Printing HOWTO&quot; started it all</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A few years ago <a href="http://www2.picante.com:81/~gtaylor/" target="_top">Grant Taylor</a>
started it all. The roots of today's Linuxprinting.org are in the
first <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/howto/" target="_top">Linux Printing
HOWTO</a> which he authored. As a side-project to this document,
which served many Linux users and admins to guide their first steps in
this complicated and delicate setup (to a scientist, printing is
&quot;applying a structured deposition of distinct patterns of ink or toner
particles on paper substrates&quot; <span class="emphasis"><em>;-)</em></span>, he started to
build in a little Postgres database with information about the
hardware and driver zoo that made up Linux printing of the time. This
database became the core component of today's Foomatic collection of
tools and data. In the meantime it has moved to an XML representation
of the data.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2953390"></a>Foomatic's strange Name</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
&quot;Why the funny name?&quot;, you ask. When it really took off, around spring
2000, CUPS was far less popular than today, and most systems used LPD,
LPRng or even PDQ to print. CUPS shipped with a few generic &quot;drivers&quot;
(good for a few hundred different printer models). These didn't
support many device-specific options. CUPS also shipped with its own
built-in rasterization filter (&quot;pstoraster&quot;, derived from
Ghostscript). On the other hand, CUPS provided brilliant support for
<span class="emphasis"><em>controlling</em></span> all printer options through
standardized and well-defined &quot;PPD files&quot; (PostScript Printers
Description files). Plus, CUPS was designed to be easily extensible.
</p><p>
Grant already had in his database a respectable compilation
of facts about a many more printers, and the Ghostscript &quot;drivers&quot;
they run with. His idea, to generate PPDs from the database info
and use them to make standard Ghostscript filters work within CUPS,
proved to work very well. It also &quot;killed several birds with one
stone&quot;:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>It made all current and future Ghostscript filter
developments available for CUPS;</p></li><li><p>It made available a lot of additional printer models
to CUPS users (because often the &quot;traditional&quot; Ghostscript way of
printing was the only one available);</p></li><li><p>It gave all the advanced CUPS options (web interface,
GUI driver configurations) to users wanting (or needing) to use
Ghostscript filters.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2953457"></a>cupsomatic, pdqomatic, lpdomatic, directomatic</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
CUPS worked through a quickly-hacked up filter script named <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download.cgi?filename=cupsomatic&amp;show=0" target="_top">cupsomatic</a>.
cupsomatic ran the printfile through Ghostscript, constructing
automatically the rather complicated command line needed. It just
required to be copied into the CUPS system to make it work. To
&quot;configure&quot; the way cupsomatic controls the Ghostscript rendering
process, it needs a CUPS-PPD. This PPD is generated directly from the
contents of the database. For CUPS and the respective printer/filter
combo another Perl script named &quot;CUPS-O-Matic&quot; did the PPD
generation. After that was working, Grant implemented within a few
days a similar thing for two other spoolers. Names chosen for the
config-generator scripts were <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download.cgi?filename=lpdomatic&amp;show=0" target="_top">PDQ-O-Matic</a>
(for PDQ) and <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download.cgi?filename=lpdomatic&amp;show=0" target="_top">LPD-O-Matic</a>
(for - you guessed it - LPD); the configuration here didn't use PPDs
but other spooler-specific files.
</p><p>
From late summer of that year, <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/till/" target="_top">Till Kamppeter</a>
started to put work into the database. Till had been newly employed by
<a href="http://www.mandrakesoft.com/" target="_top">MandrakeSoft</a> to
convert their printing system over to CUPS, after they had seen his
<a href="http://www.fltk.org/" target="_top">FLTK</a>-based <a href="http://cups.sourceforge.net/xpp/" target="_top">XPP</a> (a GUI frontend to
the CUPS lp-command). He added a huge amount of new information and new
printers. He also developed the support for other spoolers, like
<a href="http://ppr.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">PPR</a> (via ppromatic),
<a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/lpr/" target="_top">GNUlpr</a> and
<a href="http://www.lprng.org/" target="_top">LPRng</a> (both via an extended
lpdomatic) and &quot;spoolerless&quot; printing (<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download.cgi?filename=directomatic&amp;show=0" target="_top">directomatic</a>)....
</p><p>
So, to answer your question: &quot;Foomatic&quot; is the general name for all
the overlapping code and data behind the &quot;*omatic&quot; scripts.... --
Foomatic up to versions 2.0.x required (ugly) Perl data structures
attached the Linuxprinting.org PPDs for CUPS. It had a different
&quot;*omatic&quot; script for every spooler, as well as different printer
configuration files..
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2953589"></a>7.13.1.5.The <span class="emphasis"><em>Grand Unification</em></span>
achieved...</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This all has changed in Foomatic versions 2.9 (Beta) and released as
&quot;stable&quot; 3.0. This has now achieved the convergence of all *omatic
scripts: it is called the <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/download.cgi?filename=foomatic-rip&amp;show=0" target="_top">foomatic-rip</a>.
This single script is the unification of the previously different
spooler-specific *omatic scripts. foomatic-rip is used by all the
different spoolers alike. Because foomatic-rip can read PPDs (both the
original PostScript printer PPDs and the Linuxprinting.org-generated
ones), all of a sudden all supported spoolers can have the power of
PPDs at their disposal; users only need to plug &quot;foomatic-rip&quot; into
their system.... For users there is improved media type and source
support; paper sizes and trays are easier to configure.
</p><p>
Also, the New Generation of Linuxprinting.org PPDs doesn't contain
Perl data structures any more. If you are a distro maintainer and have
used the previous version of Foomatic, you may want to give the new
one a spin: but don't forget to generate a new-version set of PPDs,
via the new <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download/foomatic/foomatic-db-engine-3.0.0beta1.tar.gz" target="_top">foomatic-db-engine</a>!
Individual users just need to generate a single new PPD specific to
their model by <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/kpfeifle/LinuxKongress2002/Tutorial/II.Foomatic-User/II.tutorial-handout-foomatic-user.html" target="_top">following
the steps</a> outlined in the Foomatic tutorial or further
below. This new development is truly amazing.
</p><p>
foomatic-rip is a very clever wrapper around the need to run
Ghostscript with a different syntax, different options, different
device selections and/or different filters for each different printer
or different spooler. At the same time it can read the PPD associated
with a print queue and modify the print job according to the user
selections. Together with this comes the 100% compliance of the new
Foomatic PPDs with the Adobe spec. Some really innovative features of
the Foomatic concept will surprise users: it will support custom paper
sizes for many printers; and it will support printing on media drawn
from different paper trays within the same job (in both cases: even
where there is no support for this from Windows-based vendor printer
drivers).
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2953677"></a>Driver Development outside</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Most driver development itself does not happen within
Linuxprinting.org. Drivers are written by independent maintainers.
Linuxprinting.org just pools all the information, and stores it in its
database. In addition, it also provides the Foomatic glue to integrate
the many drivers into any modern (or legacy) printing system known to
the world.
</p><p>
Speaking of the different driver development groups: most of
the work is currently done in three projects. These are:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><a href="http://www-124.ibm.com/developerworks/oss/linux/projects/omni/" target="_top">Omni</a>
-- a Free Software project by IBM which tries to convert their printer
driver knowledge from good-ol' OS/2 times into a modern, modular,
universal driver architecture for Linux/Unix (still Beta).  This
currently supports 437 models.</p></li><li><p><a href="http://hpinkjet.sf.net/" target="_top">HPIJS</a> --
a Free Software project by HP to provide the support for their own
range of models (very mature, printing in most cases is perfect and
provides true photo quality). This currently supports 369
models.</p></li><li><p><a href="http://gimp-print.sf.net/" target="_top">Gimp-Print</a> -- a Free software
effort, started by Michael Sweet (also lead developer for CUPS), now
directed by Robert Krawitz, which has achieved an amazing level of
photo print quality (many Epson users swear that its quality is
better than the vendor drivers provided by Epson for the Microsoft
platforms). This currently supports 522 models.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2953755"></a>Forums, Downloads, Tutorials, Howtos -- also for Mac OS X and
commercial Unix</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Linuxprinting.org today is the one-stop &quot;shop&quot; to download printer
drivers. Look for printer information and <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org//kpfeifle/LinuxKongress2002/Tutorial/" target="_top">tutorials</a>
or solve printing problems in its popular <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/newsportal/" target="_top">forums</a>.  But
it's not just for GNU/Linux: users and admins of <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/macosx/" target="_top">commercial UNIX
systems</a> are also going there, and the relatively new <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/newsportal/thread.php3?name=linuxprinting.macosx.general" target="_top">Mac
OS X forum</a> has turned out to be one of the most frequented
fora after only a few weeks.
</p><p>
Linuxprinting.org and the Foomatic driver wrappers around Ghostscript
are now a standard toolchain for printing on all the important
distros. Most of them also have CUPS underneath. While in recent years
most printer data had been added by Till (who works at Mandrake), many
additional contributions came from engineers with SuSE, RedHat,
Connectiva, Debian and others. Vendor-neutrality is an important goal
of the Foomatic project.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Till Kamppeter from MandrakeSoft is doing an excellent job in his
spare time to maintain Linuxprinting.org and Foomatic. So if you use
it often, please send him a note showing your appreciation.
</p></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2953828"></a>Foomatic Database generated PPDs</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The Foomatic database is an amazing piece of ingenuity in itself. Not
only does it keep the printer and driver information, but it is
organized in a way that it can generate &quot;PPD&quot; files &quot;on the fly&quot; from
its internal XML-based datasets. While these PPDs are modelled to the
Adobe specification of &quot;PostScript Printer Descriptions&quot; (PPDs), the
Linuxprinting.org/Foomatic-PPDs don't normally drive PostScript
printers: they are used to describe all the bells and whistles you
could ring or blow on an Epson Stylus inkjet, or a HP Photosmart or
what-have-you. The main &quot;trick&quot; is one little additional line, not
envisaged by the PPD specification, starting with the &quot;*cupsFilter&quot;
keyword: it tells the CUPS daemon how to proceed with the PostScript
print file (old-style Foomatic-PPDs named the
<span class="emphasis"><em>cupsomatic</em></span> filter script, while the new-style
PPDs now call <span class="emphasis"><em>foomatic-rip</em></span>). This filter
script calls Ghostscript on the host system (the recommended variant
is ESP Ghostscript) to do the rendering work. foomatic-rip knows which
filter or internal device setting it should ask from Ghostscript to
convert the PostScript printjob into a raster format ready for the
target device. This usage of PPDs to describe the options of non-PS
printers was the invention of the CUPS developers. The rest is easy:
GUI tools (like KDE's marvellous <a href="http://printing.kde.org/overview/kprinter.phtml" target="_top">&quot;kprinter&quot;</a>,
or the GNOME <a href="http://gtklp.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">&quot;gtklp&quot;</a>, &quot;xpp&quot; and the CUPS
web interface) read the PPD too and use this information to present
the available settings to the user as an intuitive menu selection.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2953893"></a>foomatic-rip and Foomatic-PPD Download and Installation</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Here are the steps to install a foomatic-rip driven &quot;LaserJet 4 Plus&quot;
compatible printer in CUPS (note that recent distributions of SuSE,
UnitedLinux and Mandrake may ship with a complete package of
Foomatic-PPDs plus the foomatic-rip utility.  going directly to
Linuxprinting.org ensures you to get the latest driver/PPD files):
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Surf to <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi</a>
</p></li><li><p>Check the complete list of printers in the database:
<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi?make=Anyone" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi?make=Anyone</a>
</p></li><li><p>There select your model and click on the
link.</p></li><li><p>You'll arrive at a page listing all drivers working
with this model (for all printers, there will always be
<span class="emphasis"><em>one</em></span> recommended driver. Try this one
first).</p></li><li><p>In our case (&quot;HP LaserJet 4 Plus&quot;), we'll arrive here:
<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_printer.cgi?recnum=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_printer.cgi?recnum=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus</a>
</p></li><li><p>The recommended driver is &quot;ljet4&quot;.</p></li><li><p>There are several links provided here. You should
visit them all, if you are not familiar with the Linuxprinting.org
database.</p></li><li><p>There is a link to the database page for the &quot;ljet4&quot;:
<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_driver.cgi?driver=ljet4" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_driver.cgi?driver=ljet4</a>
On the driver's page, you'll find important and detailed information
about how to use that driver within the various available
spoolers.</p></li><li><p>Another link may lead you to the homepage of the
driver author or the driver.</p></li><li><p>Important links are the ones which provide hints with
setup instructions for CUPS (<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/cups-doc.html" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/cups-doc.html</a>),
PDQ (<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/pdq-doc.html" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/pdq-doc.html</a>),
LPD, LPRng and GNUlpr (<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/lpd-doc.html" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/lpd-doc.html</a>)
as well as PPR (<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppr-doc.html" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppr-doc.html)</a>
or &quot;spooler-less&quot; printing (<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/direct-doc.html" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/direct-doc.html</a>
).</p></li><li><p>You can view the PPD in your browser through this
link: <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppd-o-matic.cgi?driver=ljet4&amp;printer=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus&amp;show=1" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppd-o-matic.cgi?driver=ljet4&amp;printer=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus&amp;show=1</a>
</p></li><li><p>You can also (most importantly)
generate and download the PPD: <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppd-o-matic.cgi?driver=ljet4&amp;printer=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus&amp;show=0" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppd-o-matic.cgi?driver=ljet4&amp;printer=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus&amp;show=0</a>
</p></li><li><p>The PPD contains all the information needed to use our
model and the driver; this is, once installed, working transparently
for the user. Later you'll only need to choose resolution, paper size
etc. from the web-based menu, or from the print dialog GUI, or from
the commandline.</p></li><li><p>Should you have ended up on the driver's page (<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_driver.cgi?driver=ljet4" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_driver.cgi?driver=ljet4</a>),
you can choose to use the &quot;PPD-O-Matic&quot; online PPD generator
program.</p></li><li><p>Select the exact model and check either &quot;download&quot; or
&quot;display PPD file&quot; and click on &quot;Generate PPD file&quot;.</p></li><li><p>If you save the PPD file from the browser view, please
don't use &quot;cut'n'past&quot; (since it could possibly damage line endings
and tabs, which makes the PPD likely to fail its duty), but use &quot;Save
as...&quot; in your browser's menu. (Best is to use the &quot;download&quot; option
from the web page directly).</p></li><li><p>Another very interesting part on each driver page is
the <span class="emphasis"><em>Show execution details</em></span> button. If you
select your printer model and click that button, you will get
displayed a complete Ghostscript command line, enumerating all options
available for that driver/printermodel combo. This is a great way to
&quot;Learn Ghostscript By Doing&quot;. It is also an excellent &quot;cheat sheet&quot;
for all experienced users who need to re-construct a good command line
for that damn printing script, but can't remember the exact
syntax. ;-)</p></li><li><p>Some time during your visit to Linuxprinting.org, save
the PPD to a suitable place on your harddisk, say
<tt class="filename">/path/to/my-printer.ppd</tt> (if you prefer to install
your printers with the help of the CUPS web interface, save the PPD to
the <tt class="filename">/usr/share/cups/model/</tt> path and re-start
cupsd).</p></li><li><p>Then install the printer with a suitable commandline,
e.g.: 
</p><pre class="screen">

lpadmin -p laserjet4plus -v parallel:/dev/lp0 -E -P path/to/my-printer.ppd

</pre></li><li><p>Note again this: for all the new-style &quot;Foomatic-PPDs&quot;
from Linuxprinting.org, you also need a special &quot;CUPS filter&quot; named
&quot;foomatic-rip&quot;.Get the latest version of &quot;foomatic-rip&quot; from: <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/download.cgi?filename=foomatic-rip&amp;show=0" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/download.cgi?filename=foomatic-rip&amp;show=0</a>
</p></li><li><p>The foomatic-rip Perlscript itself also makes some
interesting reading (<a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/download.cgi?filename=foomatic-rip&amp;show=1" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/download.cgi?filename=foomatic-rip&amp;show=1</a>),
because it is very well documented by Till's inline comments (even
non-Perl hackers will learn quite a bit about printing by reading
it... ;-)</p></li><li><p>Save foomatic-rip either directly in
<tt class="filename">/usr/lib/cups/filter/foomatic-rip</tt> or somewhere in
your $PATH (and don't forget to make it world-executable). Again,
don't save by &quot;copy'n'paste&quot; but use the appropriate link, or the
&quot;Save as...&quot;  menu item in your browser.</p></li><li><p>If you save foomatic-rip in your $PATH, create a symlink:
<b class="command">cd /usr/lib/cups/filter/ ; ln -s `which
foomatic-rip`</b>. For CUPS to discover this new
available filter at startup, you need to re-start
cupsd.</p></li></ul></div><p>
Once you print to a printqueue set up with the Foomatic-PPD, CUPS will
insert the appropriate commands and comments into the resulting
PostScript jobfile. foomatic-rip is able to read and act upon
these. foomatic-rip uses some specially encoded Foomatic comments,
embedded in the jobfile. These in turn are used to construct
(transparently for you, the user) the complicated ghostscript command
line telling for the printer driver how exactly the resulting raster
data should look like and which printer commands to embed into the
data stream.
</p><p>
You need:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>A &quot;foomatic+something&quot; PPD -- but it this not enough
to print with CUPS (it is only <span class="emphasis"><em>one</em></span> important
component)</p></li><li><p>The &quot;foomatic-rip&quot; filter script (Perl) in
/usr/lib/cups/filters/</p></li><li><p>Perl to make foomatic-rip run</p></li><li><p>Ghostscript (because it is doing the main work,
controlled by the PPD/foomatic-rip combo) to produce the raster data
fit for your printermodel's consumption</p></li><li><p>Ghostscript <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> (depending on
the driver/model) contain support for a certain &quot;device&quot;, representing
the selected &quot;driver&quot; for your model (as shown by &quot;gs
-h&quot;)</p></li><li><p>foomatic-rip needs a new version of PPDs (PPD versions
produced for cupsomatic don't work with
foomatic-rip).</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2954351"></a>Page Accounting with CUPS</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Often there are questions regarding &quot;print quotas&quot; wherein Samba users
(that is, Windows clients) should not be able to print beyond a
certain amount of pages or data volume per day, week or month. This
feature is dependent on the real print subsystem you're using.
Samba's part is always to receive the job files from the clients
(filtered <span class="emphasis"><em>or</em></span> unfiltered) and hand it over to this
printing subsystem.
</p><p>
Of course one could &quot;hack&quot; things with one's own scripts. But then
there is CUPS. CUPS supports &quot;quotas&quot; which can be based on sizes of
jobs or on the number of pages or both, and are spanning any time
period you want.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2954382"></a>Setting up Quotas</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This is an example command how root would set a print quota in CUPS,
assuming an existing printer named &quot;quotaprinter&quot;:
</p><pre class="screen">

  lpadmin -p quotaprinter -o job-quota-period=604800 -o job-k-limit=1024 -o job-page-limit=100

</pre><p>
This would limit every single user to print 100 pages or 1024 KB of
data (whichever comes first) within the last 604,800 seconds ( = 1
week).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2954413"></a>Correct and incorrect Accounting</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
For CUPS to count correctly, the printfile needs to pass the CUPS
&quot;pstops&quot; filter, otherwise it uses a &quot;dummy&quot; count of &quot;1&quot;.  Some
printfiles don't pass it (eg: image files) but then those are mostly 1
page jobs anyway. This also means that proprietary drivers for the
target printer running on the client computers and CUPS/Samba, which
then spool these files as &quot;raw&quot; (i.e. leaving them untouched, not
filtering them), will be counted as &quot;1-pagers&quot; too!
</p><p>
You need to send PostScript from the clients (i.e. run a PostScript
driver there) to have the chance to get accounting done. If the
printer is a non-PostScript model, you need to let CUPS do the job to
convert the file to a print-ready format for the target printer. This
will be working for currently about 1,000 different printer models,
see <a href="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi" target="_top">http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi</a>).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2954454"></a>Adobe and CUPS PostScript Drivers for Windows Clients</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Before CUPS-1.1.16 your only option was to use the Adobe PostScript
Driver on the Windows clients. The output of this driver was not
always passed through the &quot;pstops&quot; filter on the CUPS/Samba side, and
therefore was not counted correctly (the reason is that it often,
depending on the &quot;PPD&quot; being used, wrote a &quot;PJL&quot;-header in front of
the real PostScript which caused CUPS to skip pstops and go directly
to the &quot;pstoraster&quot; stage).
</p><p>
From CUPS-1.1.16 onward you can use the &quot;CUPS PostScript Driver for
Windows NT/2K/XP clients&quot; (which is tagged in the download area of
http://www.cups.org/ as the &quot;cups-samba-1.1.16.tar.gz&quot; package). It does
<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> work for Win9x/ME clients. But it guarantees:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>to not write an PJL-header</p></li><li><p>to still read and support all PJL-options named in the
driver PPD with its own means</p></li><li><p> that the file will pass through the &quot;pstops&quot; filter
on the CUPS/Samba server</p></li><li><p>to page-count correctly the
printfile</p></li></ul></div><p>
You can read more about the setup of this combination in the manpage
for &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; (which is only present with CUPS installed, and only
current from CUPS 1.1.16).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2954526"></a>The page_log File Syntax</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
These are the items CUPS logs in the &quot;page_log&quot; for every
single <span class="emphasis"><em>page</em></span> of a job:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Printer name</p></li><li><p>User name</p></li><li><p>Job ID</p></li><li><p>Time of printing</p></li><li><p>the page number</p></li><li><p>the number of copies</p></li><li><p>a billing information string
(optional)</p></li><li><p>the host which sent the job (included since version
1.1.19)</p></li></ul></div><p>
Here is an extract of my CUPS server's page_log file to illustrate the
format and included items:
</p><pre class="screen">

        infotec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 1 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13
        infotec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 2 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13
        infotec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 3 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13
        infotec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 4 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13
        DigiMaster9110 boss 402 [22/Apr/2003:10:33:22 +0100] 1 440 finance-dep 10.160.51.33

</pre><p>
This was job ID &quot;401&quot;, printed on &quot;infotec_IS2027&quot; by user &quot;kurt&quot;, a
64-page job printed in 3 copies and billed to &quot;#marketing&quot;, sent
from IP address 10.160.50.13. The next job had ID &quot;402&quot;, was sent by
user &quot;boss&quot; from IP address 10.160.51.33,printed from one page 440
copies and is set to be billed to &quot;finance-dep&quot;.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2954628"></a>Possible Shortcomings</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
What flaws or shortcomings are there with this quota system?
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>the ones named above (wrongly logged job in case of
printer hardware failure, etc.)</p></li><li><p>in reality, CUPS counts the job pages that are being
processed in <span class="emphasis"><em>software</em></span> (that is, going through the
&quot;RIP&quot;) rather than the physical sheets successfully leaving the
printing device. Thus if there is a jam while printing the 5th sheet out
of 1000 and the job is aborted by the printer, the &quot;page count&quot; will
still show the figure of 1000 for that job</p></li><li><p>all quotas are the same for all users (no flexibility
to give the boss a higher quota than the clerk) no support for
groups</p></li><li><p>no means to read out the current balance or the
&quot;used-up&quot; number of current quota</p></li><li><p>a user having used up 99 sheets of 100 quota will
still be able to send and print a 1,000 sheet job</p></li><li><p>a user being denied a job because of a filled-up quota
doesn't get a meaningful error message from CUPS other than
&quot;client-error-not-possible&quot;.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2954699"></a>Future Developments</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This is the best system currently available, and there are huge
improvements under development for CUPS 1.2:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>page counting will go into the &quot;backends&quot; (these talk
directly to the printer and will increase the count in sync with the
actual printing process: thus a jam at the 5th sheet will lead to a
stop in the counting)</p></li><li><p>quotas will be handled more flexibly</p></li><li><p>probably there will be support for users to inquire
their &quot;accounts&quot; in advance</p></li><li><p>probably there will be support for some other tools
around this topic</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2954747"></a>Other Accounting Tools</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
PrintAnalyzer, pyKota, printbill, LogReport.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2954762"></a>Additional Material</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A printer queue with <span class="emphasis"><em>no</em></span> PPD associated to it is a
&quot;raw&quot; printer and all files will go directly there as received by the
spooler. The exceptions are file types &quot;application/octet-stream&quot;
which need &quot;passthrough feature&quot; enabled. &quot;Raw&quot; queues don't do any
filtering at all, they hand the file directly to the CUPS backend.
This backend is responsible for the sending of the data to the device
(as in the &quot;device URI&quot; notation: <tt class="filename">lpd://, socket://,
smb://, ipp://, http://, parallel:/, serial:/, usb:/</tt> etc.)
</p><p>
&quot;cupsomatic&quot;/Foomatic are <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> native CUPS drivers
and they don't ship with CUPS. They are a Third Party add-on,
developed at Linuxprinting.org. As such, they are a brilliant hack to
make all models (driven by Ghostscript drivers/filters in traditional
spoolers) also work via CUPS, with the same (good or bad!) quality as
in these other spoolers. &quot;cupsomatic&quot; is only a vehicle to execute a
ghostscript commandline at that stage in the CUPS filtering chain,
where &quot;normally&quot; the native CUPS &quot;pstoraster&quot; filter would kick
in. cupsomatic by-passes pstoraster, &quot;kidnaps&quot; the printfile from CUPS
away and re-directs it to go through Ghostscript. CUPS accepts this,
because the associated CUPS-O-Matic-/Foomatic-PPD specifies:
</p><pre class="screen">

   *cupsFilter:  &quot;application/vnd.cups-postscript 0 cupsomatic&quot;

</pre><p>
This line persuades CUPS to hand the file to cupsomatic, once it has
successfully converted it to the MIME type
&quot;application/vnd.cups-postscript&quot;. This conversion will not happen for
Jobs arriving from Windows which are auto-typed
&quot;application/octet-stream&quot;, with the according changes in
<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt> in place.
</p><p>
CUPS is widely configurable and flexible, even regarding its filtering
mechanism. Another workaround in some situations would be to have in
<tt class="filename">/etc/cups/mime.types</tt> entries as follows:
</p><pre class="screen">

   application/postscript           application/vnd.cups-raw  0  -
   application/vnd.cups-postscript  application/vnd.cups-raw  0  -

</pre><p>
This would prevent all Postscript files from being filtered (rather,
they will through the virtual <span class="emphasis"><em>nullfilter</em></span>
denoted with &quot;-&quot;).  This could only be useful for PS printers. If you
want to print PS code on non-PS printers (provided they support ASCII
text printing) an entry as follows could be useful:
</p><pre class="screen">

   */*           application/vnd.cups-raw  0  -

</pre><p>
and would effectively send <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> files to the
backend without further processing.
</p><p>
Lastly, you could have the following entry:
</p><pre class="screen">

   application/vnd.cups-postscript  application/vnd.cups-raw  0  my_PJL_stripping_filter

</pre><p>
You will need to write a <span class="emphasis"><em>my_PJL_stripping_filter</em></span>
(could be a shellscript) that parses the PostScript and removes the
unwanted PJL. This would need to conform to CUPS filter design
(mainly, receive and pass the parameters printername, job-id,
username, jobtitle, copies, print options and possibly the
filename). It would be installed as world executable into
<tt class="filename">/usr/lib/cups/filters/</tt> and will be called by CUPS
if it encounters a MIME type &quot;application/vnd.cups-postscript&quot;.
</p><p>
CUPS can handle <span class="emphasis"><em>-o job-hold-until=indefinite</em></span>.
This keeps the job in the queue &quot;on hold&quot;. It will only be printed
upon manual release by the printer operator. This is a requirement in
many &quot;central reproduction departments&quot;, where a few operators manage
the jobs of hundreds of users on some big machine, where no user is
allowed to have direct access (such as when the operators often need
to load the proper paper type before running the 10,000 page job
requested by marketing for the mailing, etc.).
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2954956"></a>Auto-Deletion or Preservation of CUPS Spool Files</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba print files pass through two &quot;spool&quot; directories. One is the
incoming directory managed by Samba, (set in the <span class="emphasis"><em>path =
/var/spool/samba</em></span> directive in the
<span class="emphasis"><em>[printers]</em></span> section of
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>). The other is the spool directory of
your UNIX print subsystem. For CUPS it is normally
<tt class="filename">/var/spool/cups/</tt>, as set by the cupsd.conf
directive <tt class="filename">RequestRoot /var/spool/cups</tt>.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2955001"></a>CUPS Configuration Settings explained</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Some important parameter settings in the CUPS configuration file
<tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> are:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">PreserveJobHistory Yes</span></dt><dd><p>
This keeps some details of jobs in cupsd's mind (well it keeps the
&quot;c12345&quot;, &quot;c12346&quot; etc. files in the CUPS spool directory, which do a
similar job as the old-fashioned BSD-LPD control files). This is set
to &quot;Yes&quot; as a default.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">PreserveJobFiles Yes</span></dt><dd><p>
This keeps the job files themselves in cupsd's mind
(well it keeps the &quot;d12345&quot;, &quot;d12346&quot; etc. files in the CUPS spool
directory...). This is set to &quot;No&quot; as the CUPS
default.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><span class="emphasis"><em>&quot;MaxJobs 500&quot;</em></span></span></dt><dd><p>
This directive controls the maximum number of jobs
that are kept in memory. Once the number of jobs reaches the limit,
the oldest completed job is automatically purged from the system to
make room for the new one. If all of the known jobs are still
pending or active then the new job will be rejected. Setting the
maximum to 0 disables this functionality. The default setting is
0.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
(There are also additional settings for &quot;MaxJobsPerUser&quot; and
&quot;MaxJobsPerPrinter&quot;...)
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2955083"></a>Pre-conditions</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
For everything to work as announced, you need to have three
things:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>a Samba-smbd which is compiled against &quot;libcups&quot; (Check
on Linux by running &quot;ldd `which smbd`&quot;)</p></li><li><p>a Samba-<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> setting of
&quot;printing = cups&quot;</p></li><li><p>another Samba-<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> setting of
&quot;printcap = cups&quot;</p></li></ul></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
In this case all other manually set printing-related commands (like
&quot;print command&quot;, &quot;lpq command&quot;, &quot;lprm command&quot;, &quot;lppause command&quot; or
&quot;lpresume command&quot;) are ignored and they should normally have no
influence what-so-ever on your printing.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2955144"></a>Manual Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you want to do things manually, replace the &quot;printing =
cups&quot; by &quot;printing = bsd&quot;. Then your manually set commands may work
(haven't tested this), and a &quot;print command = lp -d %P %s; rm %s&quot;
may do what you need.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2955162"></a>When <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> to use Samba to print to
CUPS</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
[TO BE DONE]
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2955180"></a>In Case of Trouble.....</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you have more problems, post the output of these commands
to the CUPS or Samba mailing lists (choose the one which seems more
relevant to your problem):
</p><pre class="screen">

   grep -v ^# /etc/cups/cupsd.conf | grep -v ^$
   grep -v ^# /etc/samba/smb.conf | grep -v ^$ | grep -v &quot;^;&quot;

</pre><p>
(adapt paths as needed). These commands leave out the empty
lines and lines with comments, providing the &quot;naked settings&quot; in a
compact way. Don't forget to name the CUPS and Samba versions you
are using! This saves bandwidth and makes for easier readability
for experts (and you are expecting experts to read them, right?
;-)
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2955214"></a>Where to find Documentation</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
[TO BE DONE]
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2955227"></a>How to ask for Help</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
[TO BE DONE]
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2955240"></a>Where to find Help</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
[TO BE DONE]
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2955254"></a>Appendix</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2955261"></a>Printing <span class="emphasis"><em>from</em></span> CUPS to Windows attached
Printers</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
From time to time the question arises, how you can print
<span class="emphasis"><em>to</em></span> a Windows attached printer
<span class="emphasis"><em>from</em></span> Samba. Normally the local connection
&quot;Windows host &lt;--&gt; printer&quot; would be done by USB or parallel
cable, but this doesn't matter to Samba. From here only an SMB
connection needs to be opened to the Windows host. Of course, this
printer must be &quot;shared&quot; first. As you have learned by now, CUPS uses
<span class="emphasis"><em>backends</em></span> to talk to printers and other
servers. To talk to Windows shared printers you need to use the
<span class="emphasis"><em>smb</em></span> (surprise, surprise!) backend. Check if this
is in the CUPS backend directory. This resides usually in
<tt class="filename">/usr/lib/cups/backend/</tt>. You need to find a &quot;smb&quot;
file there. It should be a symlink to <tt class="filename">smbspool</tt>
which file must exist and be executable:
</p><pre class="screen">

 # ls -l /usr/lib/cups/backend/   
 total 253
 drwxr-xr-x    3 root     root          720 Apr 30 19:04 .
 drwxr-xr-x    6 root     root          125 Dec 19 17:13 ..
 -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        10692 Feb 16 21:29 canon
 -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        10692 Feb 16 21:29 epson
 lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root            3 Apr 17 22:50 http -&gt; ipp
 -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        17316 Apr 17 22:50 ipp
 -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        15420 Apr 20 17:01 lpd
 -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root         8656 Apr 20 17:01 parallel
 -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root         2162 Mar 31 23:15 pdfdistiller
 lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root           25 Apr 30 19:04 ptal -&gt; /usr/local/sbin/ptal-cups
 -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root         6284 Apr 20 17:01 scsi
 lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root           17 Apr  2 03:11 smb -&gt; /usr/bin/smbspool
 -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root         7912 Apr 20 17:01 socket
 -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root         9012 Apr 20 17:01 usb

# ls -l `which smbspool`
 -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root       563245 Dec 28 14:49 /usr/bin/smbspool

</pre><p>
If this symlink doesn't exist, create it:
</p><pre class="screen">

# ln -s `which smbspool` /usr/lib/cups/backend/smb

</pre><p>
smbspool has been written by Mike Sweet from the CUPS folks.  It is
included and ships with Samba. It may also be used with print
subsystems other than CUPS, to spool jobs to Windows printer shares. To
set up printer &quot;winprinter&quot; on CUPS, you need to have a &quot;driver&quot; for
it. Essentially this means to convert the print data on the CUPS/Samba
host to a format that the printer can digest (the Windows host is
unable to convert any files you may send).  This also means you should
be able to print to the printer if it were hooked directly at your
Samba/CUPS host. For troubleshooting purposes, this is what you
should do, to determine if that part of the process chain is in
order. Then proceed to fix the network connection/authentication to
the Windows host, etc.
</p><p>
To install a printer with the smb backend on CUPS, use this command:
</p><pre class="screen">

# lpadmin -p winprinter -v smb://WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename -P /path/to/PPD

</pre><p>
The <span class="emphasis"><em>PPD</em></span> must be able to direct CUPS to generate
the print data for the target model. For PostScript printers just use
the PPD that would be used with the Windows NT PostScript driver. But
what can you do if the printer is only accessible with a password? Or
if the printer's host is part of another workgroup? This is provided
for: you can include the required parameters as part of the
<tt class="filename">smb://</tt> device-URI. Like this:
</p><pre class="screen">

 smb://WORKGROUP/WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename 
 smb://username:password@WORKGROUP/WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename
 smb://username:password@WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename

</pre><p>
Note that the device-URI will be visible in the process list of the
Samba server (e.g. when someone uses the <b class="command">ps -aux</b>
command on Linux), even if the username and passwords are sanitized
before they get written into the log files.  So this is an inherently
insecure option. However it is the only one. Don't use it if you want
to protect your passwords. Better share the printer in a way that
doesn't require a password! Printing will only work if you have a
working netbios name resolution up and running. Note that this is a
feature of CUPS and you don't necessarily need to have smbd running
(but who wants that? :-).
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2955455"></a>More CUPS filtering Chains</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The following diagrams reveal how CUPS handles print jobs.
</p><pre class="screen">
#########################################################################
#
# CUPS in and of itself has this (general) filter chain (CAPITAL
# letters are FILE-FORMATS or MIME types, other are filters (this is
# true for pre-1.1.15 of pre-4.3 versions of CUPS and ESP PrintPro):
#
# SOMETHNG-FILEFORMAT
#      |
#      V
#     somethingtops
#      |
#      V
# APPLICATION/POSTSCRIPT
#      |
#      V
#     pstops
#      |
#      V
# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-POSTSCRIPT
#      |
#      V
#     pstoraster   # as shipped with CUPS, independent from any Ghostscipt
#      |           # installation on the system
#      |  (= &quot;postscipt interpreter&quot;)
#      V
# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-RASTER
#      |
#      V
#     rastertosomething  (e.g. Gimp-Print filters may be plugged in here)
#      |   (= &quot;raster driver&quot;)
#      V
# SOMETHING-DEVICE-SPECIFIC
#      |
#      V
#     backend
#
#
# ESP PrintPro has some enhanced &quot;rastertosomething&quot; filters as compared to
# CUPS, and also a somewhat improved &quot;pstoraster&quot; filter.
#
# NOTE: Gimp-Print and some other 3rd-Party-Filters (like TurboPrint) to
#       CUPS and ESP PrintPro plug-in where rastertosomething is noted.
#
#########################################################################
</pre><pre class="screen">
#########################################################################
#
# This is how &quot;cupsomatic&quot; comes into play:
# =========================================
#
# SOMETHNG-FILEFORMAT
#      |
#      V
#    somethingtops
#      |
#      V
# APPLICATION/POSTSCRIPT
#      |
#      V
#    pstops
#      |
#      V
# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-POSTSCRIPT ----------------+
#      |                                          V
#      V                                         cupsomatic
#    pstoraster                                  (constructs complicated
#      |  (= &quot;postscipt interpreter&quot;)            Ghostscript commandline
#      |                                         to let the file be
#      V                                         processed by a
# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-RASTER                    &quot;-sDEVICE=s.th.&quot;
#      |                                         call...)
#      V                                          |
#    rastertosomething                            V
#      |    (= &quot;raster driver&quot;)     +-------------------------+
#      |                            | Ghostscript at work.... |
#      V                            |                         |
# SOMETHING-DEVICE-SPECIFIC         *-------------------------+
#      |                                          |
#      V                                          |
#    backend &lt;------------------------------------+
#      |
#      V
#    THE PRINTER
#
#
# Note, that cupsomatic &quot;kidnaps&quot; the printfile after the
# &quot;APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-POSTSCRPT&quot; stage and deviates it gh
# the CUPS-external, systemwide Ghostscript installation, bypassing the
# &quot;pstoraster&quot; filter (therefore also bypassing the CUPS-raster-drivers
# &quot;rastertosomething&quot;, and hands the rasterized file directly to the CUPS
# backend...
#
# cupsomatic is not made by the CUPS developers. It is an independent
# contribution to printing development, made by people from
# Linuxprinting.org. (see also http://www.cups.org/cups-help.html)
#
# NOTE: Gimp-Print and some other 3rd-Party-Filters (like TurboPrint) to
#       CUPS and ESP PrintPro plug-in where rastertosomething is noted.
#
#########################################################################
</pre><pre class="screen">
#########################################################################
#
# And this is how it works for ESP PrintPro from 4.3:
# ===================================================
#
# SOMETHNG-FILEFORMAT
#      |
#      V
#     somethingtops
#      |
#      V
# APPLICATION/POSTSCRIPT
#      |
#      V
#     pstops
#      |
#      V
# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-POSTSCRIPT
#      |
#      V
#     gsrip
#      |  (= &quot;postscipt interpreter&quot;)
#      V
# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-RASTER
#      |
#      V
#     rastertosomething  (e.g. Gimp-Print filters may be plugged in here)
#      |   (= &quot;raster driver&quot;)
#      V
# SOMETHING-DEVICE-SPECIFIC
#      |
#      V
#     backend
#
# NOTE: Gimp-Print and some other 3rd-Party-Filters (like TurboPrint) to
#       CUPS and ESP PrintPro plug-in where rastertosomething is noted.
#
#########################################################################
</pre><pre class="screen">
#########################################################################
#
# This is how &quot;cupsomatic&quot; would come into play with ESP PrintPro:
# ================================================================
#
#
# SOMETHNG-FILEFORMAT
#      |
#      V
#    somethingtops
#      |
#      V
# APPLICATION/POSTSCRIPT
#      |
#      V
#    pstops
#      |
#      V
# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-POSTSCRIPT ----------------+
#      |                                          V
#      V                                         cupsomatic
#    gsrip                                       (constructs complicated
#      |  (= &quot;postscipt interpreter&quot;)            Ghostscript commandline
#      |                                         to let the file be
#      V                                         processed by a
# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-RASTER                    &quot;-sDEVICE=s.th.&quot;
#      |                                         call...)
#      V                                          |
#    rastertosomething                            V
#      |   (= &quot;raster driver&quot;)      +-------------------------+
#      |                            | Ghostscript at work.... |
#      V                            |                         |
# SOMETHING-DEVICE-SPECIFIC         *-------------------------+
#      |                                          |
#      V                                          |
#    backend &lt;------------------------------------+
#      |
#      V
#    THE PRINTER
#
# NOTE: Gimp-Print and some other 3rd-Party-Filters (like TurboPrint) to
#       CUPS and ESP PrintPro plug-in where rastertosomething is noted.
#
#########################################################################
</pre><pre class="screen">
#########################################################################
#
# And this is how it works for CUPS from 1.1.15:
# ==============================================
#
# SOMETHNG-FILEFORMAT
#      |
#      V
#     somethingtops
#      |
#      V
# APPLICATION/POSTSCRIPT
#      |
#      V
#     pstops
#      |
#      V
# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-POSTSCRIPT-----+
#                  +------------------v------------------------------+
#                  | Ghostscript                                     |
#                  | at work...                                      |
#                  | (with                                           |
#                  | &quot;-sDEVICE=cups&quot;)                                |
#                  |                                                 |
#                  |         (= &quot;postscipt interpreter&quot;)             |
#                  |                                                 |
#                  +------------------v------------------------------+
#                                     |
# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-RASTER &gt;-------+
#      |
#      V
#     rastertosomething
#      |   (= &quot;raster driver&quot;)
#      V
# SOMETHING-DEVICE-SPECIFIC
#      |
#      V
#     backend
#
#
# NOTE: since version 1.1.15 CUPS &quot;outsourced&quot; the pstoraster process to
#       Ghostscript. GNU Ghostscript needs to be patched to handle the
#       CUPS requirement; ESP Ghostscript has this builtin. In any case,
#       &quot;gs -h&quot; needs to show up a &quot;cups&quot; device. pstoraster is now a
#       calling an appropriate &quot;gs -sDEVICE=cups...&quot; commandline to do
#       the job. It will output &quot;application/vnd.cup-raster&quot;, which will
#       be finally processed by a CUPS raster driver &quot;rastertosomething&quot;
#       Note the difference to &quot;cupsomatic&quot;, which will <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> output
#       CUPS-raster, but a final version of the printfile, ready to be
#       sent to the printer. cupsomatic also doesn't use the &quot;cups&quot;
#       devicemode in Ghostscript, but one of the classical devicemodes....
#
# NOTE: Gimp-Print and some other 3rd-Party-Filters (like TurboPrint) to
#       CUPS and ESP PrintPro plug-in where rastertosomething is noted.
#
#########################################################################
</pre><pre class="screen">
#########################################################################
#
# And this is how it works for CUPS from 1.1.15, with cupsomatic included:
# ========================================================================
#
# SOMETHNG-FILEFORMAT
#      |
#      V
#     somethingtops
#      |
#      V
# APPLICATION/POSTSCRIPT
#      |
#      V
#     pstops
#      |
#      V
# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-POSTSCRIPT-----+
#                  +------------------v------------------------------+
#                  | Ghostscript        . Ghostscript at work....    |
#                  | at work...         . (with &quot;-sDEVICE=           |
#                  | (with              .            s.th.&quot;          |
#                  | &quot;-sDEVICE=cups&quot;)   .                            |
#                  |                    .                            |
#                  | (CUPS standard)    .      (cupsomatic)          |
#                  |                    .                            |
#                  |          (= &quot;postscript interpreter&quot;)           |
#                  |                    .                            |
#                  +------------------v--------------v---------------+
#                                     |              |
# APPLICATION/VND.CUPS-RASTER &gt;-------+              |
#      |                                             |
#      V                                             |
#     rastertosomething                              |
#      |   (= &quot;raster driver&quot;)                       |
#      V                                             |
# SOMETHING-DEVICE-SPECIFIC &gt;------------------------+
#      |
#      V
#     backend
#
#
# NOTE: Gimp-Print and some other 3rd-Party-Filters (like TurboPrint) to
#       CUPS and ESP PrintPro plug-in where rastertosomething is noted.
#
##########################################################################
</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2955709"></a>Trouble Shooting Guidelines to fix typical Samba printing
Problems</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This is a short description of how to debug printing problems
with Samba. This describes how to debug problems with printing from
a SMB client to a Samba server, not the other way around.
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Win9x client can't install driver</span></dt><dd><p>For Win9x clients require the printer names to be 8
chars (or &quot;8 plus 3 chars suffix&quot;) max; otherwise the driver files
won't get transferred when you want to download them from
Samba.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">testparm</span></dt><dd><p>Run <b class="command">testparm</b>: It will tell you if
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> parameters are in the wrong
section. Many people have had the &quot;printer admin&quot; parameter in the
<i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i> section and experienced
problems. &quot;testparm&quot; will tell you if it sees
this.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">&quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; keeps asking for a root password in a
neverending loop</span></dt><dd><p>Have you <i class="parameter"><tt>security = user</tt></i>? Have
you used <b class="command">smbpasswd</b> to give root a Samba account?
You can do 2 things: open another terminal and execute
<b class="command">smbpasswd -a root</b> to create the account, and
continue with entering the password into the first terminal. Or break
out of the loop by hitting ENTER twice (without trying to type a
password).</p></dd><dt><span class="term">&quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; gives &quot;No PPD file for printer...&quot;
message (but I swear there is one!)</span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Have you enabled printer sharing on CUPS? This means:
do you have a <i class="parameter"><tt>&lt;Location
/printers&gt;....&lt;/Location&gt;</tt></i> section in CUPS
server's <tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> which doesn't deny access to
the host you run &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot; from?  It <span class="emphasis"><em>could</em></span> be
an issue if you use cupsaddsmb remotely, or if you use it with a
<i class="parameter"><tt>-h</tt></i> parameter: <b class="command">cupsaddsmb -H
sambaserver -h cupsserver -v printername</b>.
</p></li><li><p>Is your
&quot;TempDir&quot; directive in
<span class="emphasis"><em>cupsd.conf</em></span>
set to a valid value and is it writeable?
</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term">I can't connect client to Samba printer.</span></dt><dd><p>Use <b class="command">smbstatus</b> to check which user
you are from Samba's point of view. Do you have the privileges to
write into the <i class="parameter"><tt>[print$]</tt></i>
share?</p></dd><dt><span class="term">I can't reconnect to Samba under a new account
from Win2K/XP</span></dt><dd><p>Once you are connected as the &quot;wrong&quot; user (for
example as &quot;nobody&quot;, which often occurs if you have <i class="parameter"><tt>map to
guest = bad user</tt></i>), Windows Explorer will not accept an
attempt to connect again as a different user. There won't be any byte
transfered on the wire to Samba, but still you'll see a stupid error
message which makes you think that Samba has denied access. Use
<b class="command">smbstatus</b> to check for active connections. Kill the
PIDs. You still can't re-connect and get the dreaded
<tt class="computeroutput">You can't connect with a second account from the same
machine</tt> message, as soon as you are trying? And you
don't see any single byte arriving at Samba (see logs; use &quot;ethereal&quot;)
indicating a renewed connection attempt? Shut all Explorer Windows.
This makes Windows forget what it has cached in its memory as
established connections. Then re-connect as the right user. Best
method is to use a DOS terminal window and <span class="emphasis"><em>first</em></span>
do <b class="command">net use z: \\SAMBAHOST\print$ /user:root</b>. Check
with <b class="command">smbstatus</b> that you are connected under a
different account. Now open the &quot;Printers&quot; folder (on the Samba server
in the <span class="emphasis"><em>Network Neighbourhood</em></span>), right-click the
printer in question and select
<span class="emphasis"><em>Connect...</em></span></p></dd><dt><span class="term">Avoid being connected to the Samba server as the
&quot;wrong&quot; user</span></dt><dd><p>You see per <b class="command">smbstatus</b> that you are
connected as user &quot;nobody&quot;; while you wanted to be &quot;root&quot; or
&quot;printeradmin&quot;? This is probably due to <i class="parameter"><tt>map to guest = bad
user</tt></i>, which silently connects you under the guest account,
when you gave (maybe by accident) an incorrect username. Remove
<i class="parameter"><tt>map to guest</tt></i>, if you want to prevent
this.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Upgrading to CUPS drivers from Adobe drivers on
NT/2K/XP clients gives problems</span></dt><dd><p>First delete all &quot;old&quot; Adobe-using printers. Then
delete all &quot;old&quot; Adobe drivers. (On Win2K/XP, right-click in
background of &quot;Printers&quot; folder, select &quot;Server Properties...&quot;, select
tab &quot;Drivers&quot; and delete here).</p></dd><dt><span class="term">I can't use &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot;on a Samba server which is
a PDC</span></dt><dd><p>Do you use the &quot;naked&quot; root user name? Try to do it
this way: <span class="emphasis"><em>cupsaddsmb -U DOMAINNAME\\root -v
printername</em></span> (note the two backslashes: the first one is
required to &quot;escape&quot; the second one).</p></dd><dt><span class="term">I deleted a printer on Win2K; but I still see
its driver</span></dt><dd><p>Deleting a printer on the client won't delete the
driver too (to verify, right-click on the white background of the
&quot;Printers&quot; folder, select &quot;Server Properties&quot; and click on the
&quot;Drivers&quot; tab). These same old drivers will be re-used when you try to
install a printer with the same name. If you want to update to a new
driver, delete the old ones first. Deletion is only possible if no
other printer uses the same driver.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Win2K/XP &quot;Local Security
Policies&quot;</span></dt><dd><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Local Security Policies</em></span> may not
allow the installation of unsigned drivers. &quot;Local Security Policies&quot;
may not allow the installation of printer drivers at
all.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">WinXP clients: &quot;Administrator can not install
printers for all local users&quot;</span></dt><dd><p>Windows XP handles SMB printers on a &quot;per-user&quot; basis.
This means every user needs to install the printer himself. To have a
printer available for everybody, you might want to use the built-in
IPP client capabilities of WinXP. Add a printer with the print path of
<span class="emphasis"><em>http://cupsserver:631/printers/printername</em></span>.
Still looking into this one: maybe a &quot;logon script&quot; could
automatically install printers for all
users.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">&quot;Print Change Notify&quot; functions on
NT-clients</span></dt><dd><p>For &quot;print change notify&quot; functions on NT++ clients,
these need to run the &quot;Server&quot; service first (re-named to
<span class="emphasis"><em>File &amp; Print Sharing for MS Networks</em></span> in
XP).</p></dd><dt><span class="term">WinXP-SP1</span></dt><dd><p>WinXP-SP1 introduced a <span class="emphasis"><em>Point and Print
Restriction Policy</em></span> (this restriction doesn't apply to
&quot;Administrator&quot; or &quot;Power User&quot; groups of users).  In Group Policy
Object Editor: go to <span class="emphasis"><em>User Configuration --&gt;
Administrative Templates --&gt; Control Panel --&gt;
Printers</em></span>. The policy is automatically set to
<span class="emphasis"><em>Enabled</em></span> and the <span class="emphasis"><em>Users can only Point
and Print to machines in their Forest</em></span> . You probably need
to change it to <span class="emphasis"><em>Disabled</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>Users can
only Point and Print to these servers</em></span> in order to make
driver downloads from Samba possible.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">I can't set and save default print options for all
users on Win2K/XP</span></dt><dd><p>How are you doing it? I bet the wrong way (it is not
very easy to find out, though). There are 3 different ways to bring
you to a dialog that <span class="emphasis"><em>seems</em></span> to set everything. All
three dialogs <span class="emphasis"><em>look</em></span> the same. Only one of them
<span class="emphasis"><em>does</em></span> what you intend. You need to be
Administrator or Print Administrator to do this for all users.  Here
is how I do in on XP:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="A"><li xmlns:ns65=""><ns65:p>The first &quot;wrong&quot; way:

</ns65:p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Open the <span class="emphasis"><em>Printers</em></span>
folder.</p></li><li><p>Right-click on the printer
(<span class="emphasis"><em>remoteprinter on cupshost</em></span>) and
select in context menu <span class="emphasis"><em>Printing
Preferences...</em></span></p></li><li><p>Look at this dialog closely and remember what it looks
like.</p></li></ol></div><ns65:p>
</ns65:p></li><li xmlns:ns66=""><ns66:p>The second &quot;wrong&quot; way:

</ns66:p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Open the <span class="emphasis"><em>Printers</em></span>
folder.</p></li><li><p>Right-click on the printer (<span class="emphasis"><em>remoteprinter on
cupshost</em></span>) and select in the context menu
<span class="emphasis"><em>Properties</em></span></p></li><li><p>Click on the <span class="emphasis"><em>General</em></span>
tab</p></li><li><p>Click on the button <span class="emphasis"><em>Printing
Preferences...</em></span></p></li><li><p>A new dialog opens. Keep this dialog open and go back
to the parent dialog.</p></li></ol></div><ns66:p>
</ns66:p></li><li xmlns:ns67=""><ns67:p>The third, the &quot;correct&quot; way: (should you do
this from the beginning, just carry out steps 1. and 2. from second
&quot;way&quot; above)

</ns67:p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Click on the <span class="emphasis"><em>Advanced</em></span>
tab. (Hmmm... if everything is &quot;Grayed Out&quot;, then you are not logged
in as a user with enough privileges).</p></li><li><p>Click on the <span class="emphasis"><em>Printing
Defaults...</em></span> button.</p></li><li><p>On any of the two new tabs, click on the
<span class="emphasis"><em>Advanced...</em></span>
button.</p></li><li><p>A new dialog opens. Compare this one to the other,
identical looking one from &quot;B.5&quot; or A.3&quot;.</p></li></ol></div><ns67:p>
</ns67:p></li></ol></div><p>
Do you see any difference? I don't either... However, only the last
one, which you arrived at with steps &quot;C.1.-6.&quot; will save any settings
permanently and be the defaults for new users. If you want all clients
to get the same defaults, you need to conduct these steps <span class="emphasis"><em>as
Administrator</em></span> (<i class="parameter"><tt>printer admin</tt></i> in
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>) <span class="emphasis"><em>before</em></span> a client
downloads the driver (the clients can later set their own
<span class="emphasis"><em>per-user defaults</em></span> by following the
procedures <span class="emphasis"><em>A.</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>B.</em></span>
above).</p></dd><dt><span class="term">What are the most common blunders in driver
settings on Windows clients?</span></dt><dd><p>Don't use <span class="emphasis"><em>Optimize for
Speed</em></span>: use <span class="emphasis"><em>Optimize for
Portability</em></span> instead (Adobe PS Driver) Don't use
<span class="emphasis"><em>Page Independence: No</em></span>: always
settle with  <span class="emphasis"><em>Page Independence:
Yes</em></span> (Microsoft PS Driver and CUPS PS Driver for
WinNT/2K/XP) If there are problems with fonts: use
<span class="emphasis"><em>Download as Softfont into
printer</em></span> (Adobe PS Driver). For
<span class="emphasis"><em>TrueType Download Options</em></span>
choose <span class="emphasis"><em>Outline</em></span>. Use PostScript
Level 2, if you are having trouble with a non-PS printer, and if
there is a choice.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">I can't make <b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> work
with newly installed printer</span></dt><dd><p>Symptom: the last command of
<b class="command">cupsaddsmb</b> doesn't complete successfully:
<b class="command">cmd = setdriver printername printername</b> result was
NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL then possibly the printer was not yet
&quot;recognized&quot; by Samba. Did it show up in <span class="emphasis"><em>Network
Neighbourhood</em></span>? Did it show up in <b class="command">rpcclient
hostname -c 'enumprinters'</b>? Restart smbd (or send a
<b class="command">kill -HUP</b> to all processes listed by
<b class="command">smbstatus</b> and try
again.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">My permissions on
<tt class="filename">/var/spool/samba/</tt> get reset after each
reboot</span></dt><dd><p>Have you by accident set the CUPS spool directory to
the same location? (<i class="parameter"><tt>RequestRoot
/var/spool/samba/</tt></i> in <tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> or
the other way round: <tt class="filename">/var/spool/cups/</tt> is set as
<i class="parameter"><tt>path</tt></i> in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i>
section). These <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> be different. Set
<i class="parameter"><tt>RequestRoot /var/spool/cups/</tt></i> in
<tt class="filename">cupsd.conf</tt> and <i class="parameter"><tt>path =
/var/spool/samba</tt></i> in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[printers]</tt></i>
section of <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. Otherwise cupsd will
sanitize permissions to its spool directory with each restart, and
printing will not work reliably.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">My printers work fine: just the printer named &quot;lp&quot;
intermittently swallows jobs and spits out completely different
ones</span></dt><dd><p>It is a very bad idea to name any printer &quot;lp&quot;. This
is the traditional Unix name for the default printer. CUPS may be set
up to do an automatic creation of &quot;Implicit Classes&quot;. This means, to
group all printers with the same name to a pool of devices, and
loadbalancing the jobs across them in a round-robin fashion.  Chances
are high that someone else has an &quot;lp&quot; named printer too.  You may
receive his jobs and send your own to his device unwittingly. To have
tight control over the printer names, set <i class="parameter"><tt>BrowseShortNames
No</tt></i>. It will present any printer as &quot;printername@cupshost&quot;
then, giving you a better control over what may happen in a large
networked environment.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">How do I &quot;watch&quot; my Samba server?</span></dt><dd><p>You can use <b class="command">tail -f
/var/log/samba/log.smbd</b> (you may need a different path) to
see a live scrolling of all log messages.  <b class="command">smbcontrol smbd
debuglevel</b> tells you which verbosity goes into the
logs. <b class="command">smbcontrol smbd debug 3</b> sets the verbosity to
a quite high level (you can choose from 0 to 10 or 100). This works
&quot;on the fly&quot;, without the need to restart the smbd daemon. Don't use
more than 3 initially; or you'll drown in an ocean of
messages.</p></dd><dt><span class="term">I can't use Samba from my WinXP Home box, while
access from WinXP Prof works flawlessly</span></dt><dd><p>You have our condolences! WinXP home has been
completely neutered by Microsoft as compared to WinXP Prof: you can
not log into a WinNT domain. It cannot join a Win NT domain as a
member server. While it is possible to access domain resources, users
don't have &quot;single sign-on&quot;. They need to supply username and password
each time they connect to a resource. Logon scripts and roaming
profiles are not supported. It can serve file and print shares; but
only in &quot;share-mode security&quot; level. It can not use &quot;user-mode
security&quot; (what Windows 95/98/ME still can
do).</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Where do I find the Adobe PostScript driver files
I need for &quot;cupsaddsmb&quot;?</span></dt><dd><p>Use <b class="command">smbclient</b> to connect to any
Windows box with a shared PostScript printer: <b class="command">smbclient
//windowsbox/print\$ -U guest</b>. You can navigate to the
<tt class="filename">W32X86/2</tt> subdir to <b class="command">mget ADOBE*</b>
and other files or to <tt class="filename">WIN40/0</tt> to do the same. --
Another option is to download the <tt class="filename">*.exe</tt> packaged
files from the Adobe website.</p></dd></dl></div></div><div xmlns:ns68="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2956815"></a>An Overview of the CUPS Printing Processes</h3></div></div><div></div></div><ns68:p>
</ns68:p><div class="figure"><a name="id2956826"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 19.15. CUPS Printing Overview</b></p><div class="mediaobject"><img src="projdoc/imagefiles/a_small.png" alt="CUPS Printing Overview"></div></div><ns68:p>
</ns68:p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="VFS"></a>Chapter 20. Stackable VFS modules</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Alexander</span> <span class="surname">Bokovoy</span></h3></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Tim</span> <span class="surname">Potter</span></h3></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Simo</span> <span class="surname">Sorce</span></h3></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2958218">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958235">Discussion</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958286">Included modules</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2956883">audit</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2956922">extd_audit</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957044">fake_perms</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957063">recycle</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957202">netatalk</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2957247">VFS modules available elsewhere</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957269">DatabaseFS</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957323">vscan</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2957352">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2958218"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Since Samba-3, there is support for stackable VFS(Virtual File System) modules.  
Samba passes each request to access the unix file system thru the loaded VFS modules. 
This chapter covers all the modules that come with the samba source and references to 
some external modules.
</p></div><div xmlns:ns69="" class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2958235"></a>Discussion</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If not supplied with your platform distribution binary Samba package you may have problems
to compile these modules, as shared libraries are compiled and linked in different ways
on different systems.  They currently have been tested against GNU/Linux and IRIX.
</p><ns69:p>
To use the VFS modules, create a share similar to the one below.  The
important parameter is the <i class="parameter"><tt>vfs object</tt></i> parameter which must point to
the exact pathname of the shared library objects. For example, to log all access 
to files and use a recycle bin:

</ns69:p><pre class="programlisting">
[audit]
	comment = Audited /data directory
    path = /data
    vfs object = /path/to/audit.so /path/to/recycle.so
    writeable = yes
    browseable = yes
</pre><ns69:p>
</ns69:p><p>
The modules are used in the order they are specified.
</p><p>
Further documentation on writing VFS modules for Samba can be found in
the Samba Developers Guide.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2958286"></a>Included modules</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div xmlns:ns70="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2956883"></a>audit</h3></div></div><div></div></div><ns70:p>
		A simple module to audit file access to the syslog
		facility.  The following operations are logged:
		</ns70:p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>share</td></tr><tr><td>connect/disconnect</td></tr><tr><td>directory opens/create/remove</td></tr><tr><td>file open/close/rename/unlink/chmod</td></tr></table><ns70:p>
		</ns70:p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2956922"></a>extd_audit</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		This module is identical with the <span class="emphasis"><em>audit</em></span> module above except
		that it sends audit logs to both syslog as well as the smbd log file/s. The 
		loglevel for this module is set in the smb.conf file.
		</p><p>
		The logging information that will be written to the smbd log file is controlled by
		the <i class="parameter"><tt>log level</tt></i> parameter in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. The
		following information will be recorded:
		</p><div class="table"><a name="id2956961"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 20.1. Extended Auditing Log Information</b></p><table summary="Extended Auditing Log Information" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">Log Level</th><th align="center">Log Details - File and Directory Operations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">0</td><td align="left">Creation / Deletion</td></tr><tr><td align="center">1</td><td align="left">Create / Delete / Rename / Permission Changes</td></tr><tr><td align="center">2</td><td align="left">Create / Delete / Rename / Perm Change / Open / Close</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2957044"></a>fake_perms</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		This module was created to allow Roaming Profile files and directories to be set (on the Samba server
		under Unix) as read only. This module will if installed on the Profiles share will report to the client
		that the Profile files and directories are writable. This satisfies the client even though the files
		will never be overwritten as the client logs out or shuts down.
		</p></div><div xmlns:ns71="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2957063"></a>recycle</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		A recycle-bin like module. When used any unlink call
		will be intercepted and files moved to the recycle
		directory instead of being deleted.
		</p><ns71:p>Supported options:
		</ns71:p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">vfs_recycle_bin:repository</span></dt><dd><p>FIXME</p></dd><dt><span class="term">vfs_recycle_bin:keeptree</span></dt><dd><p>FIXME</p></dd><dt><span class="term">vfs_recycle_bin:versions</span></dt><dd><p>FIXME</p></dd><dt><span class="term">vfs_recycle_bin:touch</span></dt><dd><p>FIXME</p></dd><dt><span class="term">vfs_recycle_bin:maxsize</span></dt><dd><p>FIXME</p></dd><dt><span class="term">vfs_recycle_bin:exclude</span></dt><dd><p>FIXME</p></dd><dt><span class="term">vfs_recycle_bin:exclude_dir</span></dt><dd><p>FIXME</p></dd><dt><span class="term">vfs_recycle_bin:noversions</span></dt><dd><p>FIXME</p></dd></dl></div><ns71:p>
		</ns71:p></div><div xmlns:ns72="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2957202"></a>netatalk</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		A netatalk module, that will ease co-existence of samba and
		netatalk file sharing services.
		</p><ns72:p>Advantages compared to the old netatalk module:
		</ns72:p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>it doesn't care about creating of .AppleDouble forks, just keeps them in sync</td></tr><tr><td>if a share in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> doesn't contain .AppleDouble item in hide or veto list, it will be added automatically</td></tr></table><ns72:p>
		</ns72:p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2957247"></a>VFS modules available elsewhere</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This section contains a listing of various other VFS modules that 
have been posted but don't currently reside in the Samba CVS 
tree for one reason or another (e.g. it is easy for the maintainer 
to have his or her own CVS tree).
</p><p>
No statements about the stability or functionality of any module
should be implied due to its presence here.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2957269"></a>DatabaseFS</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		URL: <a href="http://www.css.tayloru.edu/~elorimer/databasefs/index.php" target="_top">http://www.css.tayloru.edu/~elorimer/databasefs/index.php</a>
		</p><p>By <a href="mailto:elorimer@css.tayloru.edu" target="_top">Eric Lorimer</a>.</p><p>
		I have created a VFS module which implements a fairly complete read-only
		filesystem.  It presents information from a database as a filesystem in
		a modular and generic way to allow different databases to be used
		(originally designed for organizing MP3s under directories such as
		&quot;Artists,&quot; &quot;Song Keywords,&quot; etc... I have since applied it to a student
		roster database very easily).  The directory structure is stored in the
		database itself and the module makes no assumptions about the database
		structure beyond the table it requires to run.
		</p><p>
		Any feedback would be appreciated: comments, suggestions, patches,
		etc...  If nothing else, hopefully it might prove useful for someone
		else who wishes to create a virtual filesystem.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2957323"></a>vscan</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>URL: <a href="http://www.openantivirus.org/" target="_top">http://www.openantivirus.org/</a></p><p>
		samba-vscan is a proof-of-concept module for Samba, which
		uses the VFS (virtual file system) features of Samba 2.2.x/3.0
		alphaX. Of couse, Samba has to be compiled with VFS support. 
		samba-vscan supports various virus scanners and is maintained 
		by Rainer Link.
		</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2957352"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There must be some gotchas we should record here! Jelmer???
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="winbind"></a>Chapter 21. Integrated Logon Support using Winbind</h2></div><div><div class="authorgroup"><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Tim</span> <span class="surname">Potter</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:tpot@linuxcare.com.au">tpot@linuxcare.com.au</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Andrew</span> <span class="surname">Tridgell</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Naag</span> <span class="surname">Mummaneni</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:getnag@rediffmail.com">getnag@rediffmail.com</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">27 June 2002</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2957847">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957875">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2959857">What Winbind Provides</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2959916">Target Uses</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2959947">How Winbind Works</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2959975">Microsoft Remote Procedure Calls</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2960008">Microsoft Active Directory Services</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2960031">Name Service Switch</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957393">Pluggable Authentication Modules</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957465">User and Group ID Allocation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957499">Result Caching</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2957528">Installation and Configuration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2957555">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2957630">Requirements</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2958907">Testing Things Out</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2963255">Conclusion</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2963274">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2957847"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>Integration of UNIX and Microsoft Windows NT through 
	a unified logon has been considered a &quot;holy grail&quot; in heterogeneous 
	computing environments for a long time. We present 
	<span class="emphasis"><em>winbind</em></span>, a component of the Samba suite 
	of programs as a solution to the unified logon problem. Winbind 
	uses a UNIX implementation 
	of Microsoft RPC calls, Pluggable Authentication Modules, and the Name 
	Service Switch to allow Windows NT domain users to appear and operate 
	as UNIX users on a UNIX machine. This paper describes the winbind 
	system, explaining the functionality it provides, how it is configured, 
	and how it works internally.</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2957875"></a>Introduction</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>It is well known that UNIX and Microsoft Windows NT have 
	different models for representing user and group information and 
	use different technologies for implementing them. This fact has 
	made it difficult to integrate the two systems in a satisfactory 
	manner.</p><p>One common solution in use today has been to create 
	identically named user accounts on both the UNIX and Windows systems 
	and use the Samba suite of programs to provide file and print services 
	between the two. This solution is far from perfect however, as 
	adding and deleting users on both sets of machines becomes a chore 
	and two sets of passwords are required both of which
	can lead to synchronization problems between the UNIX and Windows 
	systems and confusion for users.</p><p>We divide the unified logon problem for UNIX machines into 
	three smaller problems:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Obtaining Windows NT user and group information
		</p></li><li><p>Authenticating Windows NT users
		</p></li><li><p>Password changing for Windows NT users
		</p></li></ul></div><p>Ideally, a prospective solution to the unified logon problem 
	would satisfy all the above components without duplication of 
	information on the UNIX machines and without creating additional 
	tasks for the system administrator when maintaining users and 
	groups on either system. The winbind system provides a simple 
	and elegant solution to all three components of the unified logon 
	problem.</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2959857"></a>What Winbind Provides</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>Winbind unifies UNIX and Windows NT account management by 
	allowing a UNIX box to become a full member of a NT domain. Once 
	this is done the UNIX box will see NT users and groups as if 
	they were native UNIX users and groups, allowing the NT domain 
	to be used in much the same manner that NIS+ is used within 
	UNIX-only environments.</p><p>The end result is that whenever any 
	program on the UNIX machine asks the operating system to lookup 
	a user or group name, the query will be resolved by asking the 
	NT domain controller for the specified domain to do the lookup.
	Because Winbind hooks into the operating system at a low level 
	(via the NSS name resolution modules in the C library) this 
	redirection to the NT domain controller is completely 
	transparent.</p><p>Users on the UNIX machine can then use NT user and group 
	names as they would use &quot;native&quot; UNIX names. They can chown files 
	so that they are owned by NT domain users or even login to the 
	UNIX machine and run a UNIX X-Window session as a domain user.</p><p>The only obvious indication that Winbind is being used is 
	that user and group names take the form DOMAIN\user and 
	DOMAIN\group. This is necessary as it allows Winbind to determine 
	that redirection to a domain controller is wanted for a particular 
	lookup and which trusted domain is being referenced.</p><p>Additionally, Winbind provides an authentication service 
	that hooks into the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) system 
	to provide authentication via a NT domain to any PAM enabled 
	applications. This capability solves the problem of synchronizing 
	passwords between systems since all passwords are stored in a single 
	location (on the domain controller).</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2959916"></a>Target Uses</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Winbind is targeted at organizations that have an 
		existing NT based domain infrastructure into which they wish 
		to put UNIX workstations or servers. Winbind will allow these 
		organizations to deploy UNIX workstations without having to 
		maintain a separate account infrastructure. This greatly 
		simplifies the administrative overhead of deploying UNIX 
		workstations into a NT based organization.</p><p>Another interesting way in which we expect Winbind to 
		be used is as a central part of UNIX based appliances. Appliances 
		that provide file and print services to Microsoft based networks 
		will be able to use Winbind to provide seamless integration of 
		the appliance into the domain.</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2959947"></a>How Winbind Works</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>The winbind system is designed around a client/server 
	architecture. A long running <b class="command">winbindd</b> daemon 
	listens on a UNIX domain socket waiting for requests
	to arrive. These requests are generated by the NSS and PAM 
	clients and processed sequentially.</p><p>The technologies used to implement winbind are described 
	in detail below.</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2959975"></a>Microsoft Remote Procedure Calls</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Over the last few years, efforts have been underway 
		by various Samba Team members to decode various aspects of 
		the Microsoft Remote Procedure Call (MSRPC) system. This 
		system is used for most network related operations between 
		Windows NT machines including remote management, user authentication
		and print spooling. Although initially this work was done 
		to aid the implementation of Primary Domain Controller (PDC) 
		functionality in Samba, it has also yielded a body of code which 
		can be used for other purposes.</p><p>Winbind uses various MSRPC calls to enumerate domain users 
		and groups and to obtain detailed information about individual 
		users or groups. Other MSRPC calls can be used to authenticate 
		NT domain users and to change user passwords. By directly querying 
		a Windows PDC for user and group information, winbind maps the 
		NT account information onto UNIX user and group names.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2960008"></a>Microsoft Active Directory Services</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
                Since late 2001, Samba has gained the ability to
                interact with Microsoft Windows 2000 using its 'Native
                Mode' protocols, rather than the NT4 RPC services.
                Using LDAP and Kerberos, a domain member running
                winbind can enumerate users and groups in exactly the
                same way as a Win2k client would, and in so doing
                provide a much more efficient and
                effective winbind implementation.  
                </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2960031"></a>Name Service Switch</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>The Name Service Switch, or NSS, is a feature that is 
		present in many UNIX operating systems. It allows system 
		information such as hostnames, mail aliases and user information 
		to be resolved from different sources. For example, a standalone 
		UNIX workstation may resolve system information from a series of 
		flat files stored on the local filesystem. A networked workstation 
		may first attempt to resolve system information from local files, 
		and then consult a NIS database for user information or a DNS server 
		for hostname information.</p><p>The NSS application programming interface allows winbind 
		to present itself as a source of system information when 
		resolving UNIX usernames and groups.  Winbind uses this interface, 
		and information obtained from a Windows NT server using MSRPC 
		calls to provide a new source of account enumeration.  Using standard 
		UNIX library calls, one can enumerate the users and groups on
		a UNIX machine running winbind and see all users and groups in 
		a NT domain plus any trusted domain as though they were local 
		users and groups.</p><p>The primary control file for NSS is 
		<tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt>. 
		When a UNIX application makes a request to do a lookup 
		the C library looks in <tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> 
		for a line which matches the service type being requested, for 
		example the &quot;passwd&quot; service type is used when user or group names 
		are looked up. This	config line species which implementations 
		of that service should be tried and in what order. If the passwd 
		config line is:</p><pre class="programlisting">
passwd: files example
		</pre><p>then the C library will first load a module called 
		<tt class="filename">/lib/libnss_files.so</tt> followed by
		the module <tt class="filename">/lib/libnss_example.so</tt>. The 
		C library will dynamically load each of these modules in turn 
		and call resolver functions within the modules to try to resolve 
		the request. Once the request is resolved the C library returns the
		result to the application.</p><p>This NSS interface provides a very easy way for Winbind 
		to hook into the operating system. All that needs to be done 
		is to put <tt class="filename">libnss_winbind.so</tt> in <tt class="filename">/lib/</tt> 
		then add &quot;winbind&quot; into <tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> at 
		the appropriate place. The C library will then call Winbind to 
		resolve user and group names.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2957393"></a>Pluggable Authentication Modules</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Pluggable Authentication Modules, also known as PAM, 
		is a system for abstracting authentication and authorization 
		technologies. With a PAM module it is possible to specify different 
		authentication methods for different system applications without 
		having to recompile these applications. PAM is also useful
		for implementing a particular policy for authorization. For example, 
		a system administrator may only allow console logins from users 
		stored in the local password file but only allow users resolved from 
		a NIS database to log in over the network.</p><p>Winbind uses the authentication management and password 
		management PAM interface to integrate Windows NT users into a 
		UNIX system. This allows Windows NT users to log in to a UNIX 
		machine and be authenticated against a suitable Primary Domain 
		Controller. These users can also change their passwords and have 
		this change take effect directly on the Primary Domain Controller.
		</p><p>PAM is configured by providing control files in the directory 
		<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/</tt> for each of the services that 
		require authentication. When an authentication request is made 
		by an application the PAM code in the C library looks up this
		control file to determine what modules to load to do the 
		authentication check and in what order. This interface makes adding 
		a new authentication service for Winbind very easy, all that needs 
		to be done is that the <tt class="filename">pam_winbind.so</tt> module 
		is copied to <tt class="filename">/lib/security/</tt> and the PAM 
		control files for relevant services are updated to allow 
		authentication via winbind. See the PAM documentation
		for more details.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2957465"></a>User and Group ID Allocation</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>When a user or group is created under Windows NT 
		is it allocated a numerical relative identifier (RID). This is 
		slightly different to UNIX which has a range of numbers that are 
		used to identify users, and the same range in which to identify 
		groups. It is winbind's job to convert RIDs to UNIX id numbers and
		vice versa.  When winbind is configured it is given part of the UNIX 
		user id space and a part of the UNIX group id space in which to 
		store Windows NT users and groups. If a Windows NT user is 
		resolved for the first time, it is allocated the next UNIX id from 
		the range. The same process applies for Windows NT groups. Over 
		time, winbind will have mapped all Windows NT users and groups
		to UNIX user ids and group ids.</p><p>The results of this mapping are stored persistently in 
		an ID mapping database held in a tdb database). This ensures that 
		RIDs are mapped to UNIX IDs in a consistent way.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2957499"></a>Result Caching</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>An active system can generate a lot of user and group 
		name lookups. To reduce the network cost of these lookups winbind 
		uses a caching scheme based on the SAM sequence number supplied 
		by NT domain controllers.  User or group information returned 
		by a PDC is cached by winbind along with a sequence number also 
		returned by the PDC. This sequence number is incremented by 
		Windows NT whenever any user or group information is modified. If 
		a cached entry has expired, the sequence number is requested from 
		the PDC and compared against the sequence number of the cached entry. 
		If the sequence numbers do not match, then the cached information 
		is discarded and up to date information is requested directly 
		from the PDC.</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2957528"></a>Installation and Configuration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Many thanks to John Trostel <a href="mailto:jtrostel@snapserver.com" target="_top">jtrostel@snapserver.com</a>
for providing the HOWTO for this section.
</p><p>
This HOWTO describes how to get winbind services up and running 
to control access and authenticate users on your Linux box using 
the winbind services which come with SAMBA 3.0.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2957555"></a>Introduction</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This section describes the procedures used to get winbind up and 
running on a RedHat 7.1 system.  Winbind is capable of providing access 
and authentication control for Windows Domain users through an NT 
or Win2K PDC for 'regular' services, such as telnet a nd ftp, as
well for SAMBA services.
</p><p>
This HOWTO has been written from a 'RedHat-centric' perspective, so if 
you are using another distribution, you may have to modify the instructions 
somewhat to fit the way your distribution works.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Why should I to this?</em></span>
	</p><p>This allows the SAMBA administrator to rely on the 
	authentication mechanisms on the NT/Win2K PDC for the authentication 
	of domain members.  NT/Win2K users no longer need to have separate 
	accounts on the SAMBA server.
	</p></li><li><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Who should be reading this document?</em></span>
	</p><p>
	This HOWTO is designed for system administrators.  If you are 
	implementing SAMBA on a file server and wish to (fairly easily) 
	integrate existing NT/Win2K users from your PDC onto the
	SAMBA server, this HOWTO is for you.  That said, I am no NT or PAM 
	expert, so you may find a better or easier way to accomplish 
	these tasks.
	</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2957630"></a>Requirements</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you have a samba configuration file that you are currently 
using... <span class="emphasis"><em>BACK IT UP!</em></span>  If your system already uses PAM, 
<span class="emphasis"><em>back up the <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d</tt> directory 
contents!</em></span> If you haven't already made a boot disk, 
<span class="emphasis"><em>MAKE ONE NOW!</em></span>
</p><p>
Messing with the pam configuration files can make it nearly impossible 
to log in to yourmachine. That's why you want to be able to boot back 
into your machine in single user mode and restore your 
<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d</tt> back to the original state they were in if 
you get frustrated with the way things are going.  ;-)
</p><p>
The latest version of SAMBA (version 3.0 as of this writing), now 
includes a functioning winbindd daemon.  Please refer to the 
<a href="http://samba.org/" target="_top">main SAMBA web page</a> or, 
better yet, your closest SAMBA mirror site for instructions on 
downloading the source code.
</p><p>
To allow Domain users the ability to access SAMBA shares and 
files, as well as potentially other services provided by your 
SAMBA machine, PAM (pluggable authentication modules) must
be setup properly on your machine.  In order to compile the 
winbind modules, you should have at least the pam libraries resident 
on your system.  For recent RedHat systems (7.1, for instance), that 
means <tt class="filename">pam-0.74-22</tt>.  For best results, it is helpful to also
install the development packages in <tt class="filename">pam-devel-0.74-22</tt>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2958907"></a>Testing Things Out</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Before starting, it is probably best to kill off all the SAMBA 
related daemons running on your server.  Kill off all <span class="application">smbd</span>, 
<span class="application">nmbd</span>, and <span class="application">winbindd</span> processes that may 
be running.  To use PAM, you will want to make sure that you have the 
standard PAM package (for RedHat) which supplies the <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d</tt> 
directory structure, including the pam modules are used by pam-aware 
services, several pam libraries, and the <tt class="filename">/usr/doc</tt> 
and <tt class="filename">/usr/man</tt> entries for pam.  Winbind built better 
in SAMBA if the pam-devel package was also installed.  This package includes 
the header files needed to compile pam-aware applications. 
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2958968"></a>Configure and compile SAMBA</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The configuration and compilation of SAMBA is pretty straightforward.
The first three steps may not be necessary depending upon
whether or not you have previously built the Samba binaries.
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="command">autoconf</b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="command">make clean</b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="command">rm config.cache</b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="command">./configure</b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="command">make</b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="command">make install</b>
</pre><p>
This will, by default, install SAMBA in <tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba</tt>.
See the main SAMBA documentation if you want to install SAMBA somewhere else.
It will also build the winbindd executable and libraries. 
</p></div><div xmlns:ns73="" class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2959080"></a>Configure <tt class="filename">nsswitch.conf</tt> and the 
winbind libraries on Linux and Solaris</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The libraries needed to run the <span class="application">winbindd</span> daemon 
through nsswitch need to be copied to their proper locations, so
</p><ns73:p>
</ns73:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cp ../samba/source/nsswitch/libnss_winbind.so /lib</tt></b>
</pre><ns73:p>
</ns73:p><p>
I also found it necessary to make the following symbolic link:
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt> <b class="userinput"><tt>ln -s /lib/libnss_winbind.so /lib/libnss_winbind.so.2</tt></b>
</p><p>And, in the case of Sun solaris:</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ln -s /usr/lib/libnss_winbind.so /usr/lib/libnss_winbind.so.1</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ln -s /usr/lib/libnss_winbind.so /usr/lib/nss_winbind.so.1</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ln -s /usr/lib/libnss_winbind.so /usr/lib/nss_winbind.so.2</tt></b>
</pre><p>
Now, as root you need to edit <tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> to 
allow user and group entries to be visible from the <span class="application">winbindd</span>
daemon.  My <tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> file look like 
this after editing:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	passwd:     files winbind
	shadow:     files 
	group:      files winbind
</pre><p>	
The libraries needed by the winbind daemon will be automatically 
entered into the <b class="command">ldconfig</b> cache the next time 
your system reboots, but it 
is faster (and you don't need to reboot) if you do it manually:
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/sbin/ldconfig -v | grep winbind</tt></b>
</p><p>
This makes <tt class="filename">libnss_winbind</tt> available to winbindd 
and echos back a check to you.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2959288"></a>NSS Winbind on AIX</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>(This section is only for those running AIX)</p><p>
The winbind AIX identification module gets built as libnss_winbind.so in the
nsswitch directory of the samba source.  This file can be copied to
/usr/lib/security, and the AIX naming convention would indicate that it
should be named WINBIND.  A stanza like the following:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
WINBIND:
        program = /usr/lib/security/WINBIND
        options = authonly
</pre><p>can then be added to
<tt class="filename">/usr/lib/security/methods.cfg</tt>.  This module only
supports identification, but there have been success reports using the
standard winbind pam module for authentication.  Use caution configuring
loadable authentication modules as it is possible to make it impossible
to logon to the system.  More information about the AIX authentication
module API can be found at &quot;Kernel Extensions and Device Support
Programming Concepts for AIX&quot;: <a href="http://publibn.boulder.ibm.com/doc_link/en_US/a_doc_lib/aixprggd/kernextc/sec_load_mod.htm" target="_top">
Chapter 18. Loadable Authentication Module Programming Interface</a> 
and more information on administering the  modules at <a href="http://publibn.boulder.ibm.com/doc_link/en_US/a_doc_lib/aixbman/baseadmn/iandaadmin.htm" target="_top">
&quot;System Management Guide: Operating System and Devices&quot;</a>.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2959359"></a>Configure smb.conf</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Several parameters are needed in the smb.conf file to control 
the behavior of <span class="application">winbindd</span>. Configure 
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> These are described in more detail in 
the <a href="winbindd.8.html"><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">winbindd</span>(8)</span></a> man page.  My 
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file was modified to
include the following entries in the [global] section:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
[global]
     &lt;...&gt;
     # separate domain and username with '+', like DOMAIN+username
     <a href="winbindd.8.html#WINBINDSEPARATOR" target="_top">winbind separator</a> = +
     # use uids from 10000 to 20000 for domain users
     <a href="winbindd.8.html#WINBINDUID" target="_top">winbind uid</a> = 10000-20000
     # use gids from 10000 to 20000 for domain groups
     <a href="winbindd.8.html#WINBINDGID" target="_top">winbind gid</a> = 10000-20000
     # allow enumeration of winbind users and groups
     <a href="winbindd.8.html#WINBINDENUMUSERS" target="_top">winbind enum users</a> = yes
     <a href="winbindd.8.html#WINBINDENUMGROUP" target="_top">winbind enum groups</a> = yes
     # give winbind users a real shell (only needed if they have telnet access)
     <a href="winbindd.8.html#TEMPLATEHOMEDIR" target="_top">template homedir</a> = /home/winnt/%D/%U
     <a href="winbindd.8.html#TEMPLATESHELL" target="_top">template shell</a> = /bin/bash
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2959473"></a>Join the SAMBA server to the PDC domain</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Enter the following command to make the SAMBA server join the 
PDC domain, where <i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMAIN</tt></i> is the name of 
your Windows domain and <i class="replaceable"><tt>Administrator</tt></i> is 
a domain user who has administrative privileges in the domain.
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/usr/local/samba/bin/net join -S PDC -U Administrator</tt></b>
</p><p>
The proper response to the command should be: &quot;Joined the domain 
<i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMAIN</tt></i>&quot; where <i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMAIN</tt></i> 
is your DOMAIN name.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2962315"></a>Start up the winbindd daemon and test it!</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Eventually, you will want to modify your smb startup script to 
automatically invoke the winbindd daemon when the other parts of 
SAMBA start, but it is possible to test out just the winbind
portion first.  To start up winbind services, enter the following 
command as root:
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd</tt></b>
</p><p>
Winbindd can now also run in 'dual daemon mode'. This will make it 
run as 2 processes. The first will answer all requests from the cache,
thus making responses to clients faster. The other will
update the cache for the query that the first has just responded.
Advantage of this is that responses stay accurate and are faster. 
You can enable dual daemon mode by adding <tt class="option">-B</tt> to the commandline:
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd -B</tt></b>
</p><p>
I'm always paranoid and like to make sure the daemon 
is really running...
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>ps -ae | grep winbindd</tt></b>
</p><p>
This command should produce output like this, if the daemon is running
</p><pre class="screen">
3025 ?        00:00:00 winbindd
</pre><p>
Now... for the real test, try to get some information about the 
users on your PDC
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/usr/local/samba/bin/wbinfo -u</tt></b>
</p><p>	
This should echo back a list of users on your Windows users on 
your PDC.  For example, I get the following response:
</p><pre class="screen">
	CEO+Administrator
	CEO+burdell
	CEO+Guest
	CEO+jt-ad
	CEO+krbtgt
	CEO+TsInternetUser
</pre><p>
Obviously, I have named my domain 'CEO' and my <i class="parameter"><tt>winbind
separator</tt></i> is '+'.
</p><p>
You can do the same sort of thing to get group information from 
the PDC:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/usr/local/samba/bin/wbinfo -g</tt></b>
	CEO+Domain Admins
	CEO+Domain Users
	CEO+Domain Guests
	CEO+Domain Computers
	CEO+Domain Controllers
	CEO+Cert Publishers
	CEO+Schema Admins
	CEO+Enterprise Admins
	CEO+Group Policy Creator Owners
</pre><p>
The function 'getent' can now be used to get unified 
lists of both local and PDC users and groups.
Try the following command:
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>getent passwd</tt></b>
</p><p>
You should get a list that looks like your <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> 
list followed by the domain users with their new uids, gids, home 
directories and default shells.
</p><p>
The same thing can be done for groups with the command
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>getent group</tt></b>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2962555"></a>Fix the init.d startup scripts</h4></div></div><div></div></div><div xmlns:ns74="" class="sect4" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="id2962563"></a>Linux</h5></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <span class="application">winbindd</span> daemon needs to start up after the 
<span class="application">smbd</span> and <span class="application">nmbd</span> daemons are running.  
To accomplish this task, you need to modify the startup scripts of your system.
They are located at <tt class="filename">/etc/init.d/smb</tt> in RedHat and 
<tt class="filename">/etc/init.d/samba</tt> in Debian.
script to add commands to invoke this daemon in the proper sequence.  My 
startup script starts up <span class="application">smbd</span>, <span class="application">nmbd</span>, and <span class="application">winbindd</span> from the 
<tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/bin</tt> directory directly.  The 'start' 
function in the script looks like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
start() {
        KIND=&quot;SMB&quot;
        echo -n $&quot;Starting $KIND services: &quot;
        daemon /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd $SMBDOPTIONS
        RETVAL=$?
        echo
        KIND=&quot;NMB&quot;
        echo -n $&quot;Starting $KIND services: &quot;
        daemon /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd $NMBDOPTIONS
        RETVAL2=$?
        echo
        KIND=&quot;Winbind&quot;
        echo -n $&quot;Starting $KIND services: &quot;
        daemon /usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd
        RETVAL3=$?
        echo
        [ $RETVAL -eq 0 -a $RETVAL2 -eq 0 -a $RETVAL3 -eq 0 ] &amp;&amp; \
		touch /var/lock/subsys/smb || RETVAL=1
        return $RETVAL
}
</pre><ns74:p>If you would like to run winbindd in dual daemon mode, replace 
the line 
</ns74:p><pre class="programlisting">
        daemon /usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd
</pre><ns74:p>

in the example above with:

</ns74:p><pre class="programlisting">
        daemon /usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd -B
</pre><ns74:p>.
</ns74:p><p>
The 'stop' function has a corresponding entry to shut down the 
services and looks like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
stop() {
        KIND=&quot;SMB&quot;
        echo -n $&quot;Shutting down $KIND services: &quot;
        killproc smbd
        RETVAL=$?
        echo
        KIND=&quot;NMB&quot;
        echo -n $&quot;Shutting down $KIND services: &quot;
        killproc nmbd
        RETVAL2=$?
        echo
        KIND=&quot;Winbind&quot;
        echo -n $&quot;Shutting down $KIND services: &quot;
        killproc winbindd
        RETVAL3=$?
        [ $RETVAL -eq 0 -a $RETVAL2 -eq 0 -a $RETVAL3 -eq 0 ] &amp;&amp; \
		 rm -f /var/lock/subsys/smb
        echo &quot;&quot;
        return $RETVAL
}
</pre></div><div xmlns:ns75="" class="sect4" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="id2962708"></a>Solaris</h5></div></div><div></div></div><p>Winbind doesn't work on solaris 9, see the <a href="#winbind-solaris9" title="Winbind on Solaris 9">Portability</a> chapter for details.</p><p>On solaris, you need to modify the 
<tt class="filename">/etc/init.d/samba.server</tt> startup script. It usually 
only starts smbd and nmbd but should now start winbindd too. If you 
have samba installed in <tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/bin</tt>, 
the file could contains something like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	##
	## samba.server
	##

	if [ ! -d /usr/bin ]
	then                    # /usr not mounted
		exit
	fi

	killproc() {            # kill the named process(es)
		pid=`/usr/bin/ps -e |
		     /usr/bin/grep -w $1 |
		     /usr/bin/sed -e 's/^  *//' -e 's/ .*//'`
		[ &quot;$pid&quot; != &quot;&quot; ] &amp;&amp; kill $pid
	}
	 
	# Start/stop processes required for samba server

	case &quot;$1&quot; in

	'start')
	#
	# Edit these lines to suit your installation (paths, workgroup, host)
	#
	echo Starting SMBD
	   /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd -D -s \
		/usr/local/samba/smb.conf

	echo Starting NMBD
	   /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd -D -l \
		/usr/local/samba/var/log -s /usr/local/samba/smb.conf

	echo Starting Winbind Daemon
	   /usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd
	   ;;

	'stop')
	   killproc nmbd
	   killproc smbd
	   killproc winbindd
	   ;;

	*)
	   echo &quot;Usage: /etc/init.d/samba.server { start | stop }&quot;
	   ;;
	esac
</pre><ns75:p>
Again, if you would like to run samba in dual daemon mode, replace 
</ns75:p><pre class="programlisting">
	/usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd
</pre><ns75:p>

in the script above with:

</ns75:p><pre class="programlisting">
	/usr/local/samba/bin/winbindd -B
</pre><ns75:p>
</ns75:p></div><div class="sect4" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="id2962797"></a>Restarting</h5></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you restart the <span class="application">smbd</span>, <span class="application">nmbd</span>, and <span class="application">winbindd</span> daemons at this point, you
should be able to connect to the samba server as a domain member just as
if you were a local user.
</p></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2962833"></a>Configure Winbind and PAM</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you have made it this far, you know that winbindd and samba are working
together.  If you want to use winbind to provide authentication for other 
services, keep reading.  The pam configuration files need to be altered in
this step.  (Did you remember to make backups of your original 
<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d</tt> files? If not, do it now.)
</p><p>
You will need a pam module to use winbindd with these other services.  This 
module will be compiled in the <tt class="filename">../source/nsswitch</tt> directory
by invoking the command
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>make nsswitch/pam_winbind.so</tt></b>
</p><p>
from the <tt class="filename">../source</tt> directory.  The
<tt class="filename">pam_winbind.so</tt> file should be copied to the location of
your other pam security modules.  On my RedHat system, this was the
<tt class="filename">/lib/security</tt> directory. On Solaris, the pam security 
modules reside in <tt class="filename">/usr/lib/security</tt>.
</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>cp ../samba/source/nsswitch/pam_winbind.so /lib/security</tt></b>
</p><div xmlns:ns76="" class="sect4" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="id2962940"></a>Linux/FreeBSD-specific PAM configuration</h5></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/samba</tt> file does not need to be changed. I 
just left this fileas it was:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	auth    required        /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
	account required        /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
</pre><p>
The other services that I modified to allow the use of winbind 
as an authentication service were the normal login on the console (or a terminal 
session), telnet logins, and ftp service.  In order to enable these 
services, you may first need to change the entries in 
<tt class="filename">/etc/xinetd.d</tt> (or <tt class="filename">/etc/inetd.conf</tt>).  
RedHat 7.1 uses the new xinetd.d structure, in this case you need 
to change the lines in <tt class="filename">/etc/xinetd.d/telnet</tt> 
and <tt class="filename">/etc/xinetd.d/wu-ftp</tt> from 
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	enable = no
</pre><p>
to
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	enable = yes
</pre><p>	
For ftp services to work properly, you will also need to either 
have individual directories for the domain users already present on 
the server, or change the home directory template to a general
directory for all domain users.  These can be easily set using 
the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> global entry 
<i class="parameter"><tt>template homedir</tt></i>.
</p><p>
The <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/ftp</tt> file can be changed 
to allow winbind ftp access in a manner similar to the
samba file.  My <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/ftp</tt> file was 
changed to look like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	auth       required     /lib/security/pam_listfile.so item=user sense=deny \
		 file=/etc/ftpusers onerr=succeed
	auth       sufficient   /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
	auth       required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
	auth       required     /lib/security/pam_shells.so
	account    sufficient   /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
	account    required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
	session    required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
</pre><p>
The <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/login</tt> file can be changed nearly the 
same way.  It now looks like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	auth       required     /lib/security/pam_securetty.so
	auth       sufficient   /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
	auth       sufficient   /lib/security/pam_unix.so use_first_pass
	auth       required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
	auth       required     /lib/security/pam_nologin.so
	account    sufficient   /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
	account    required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
	password   required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
	session    required     /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
	session    optional     /lib/security/pam_console.so
</pre><ns76:p>
In this case, I added the </ns76:p><pre class="programlisting">auth sufficient /lib/security/pam_winbind.so</pre><ns76:p> 
lines as before, but also added the </ns76:p><pre class="programlisting">required pam_securetty.so</pre><ns76:p>
above it, to disallow root logins over the network.  I also added a 
<b class="command">sufficient /lib/security/pam_unix.so use_first_pass</b>
line after the <b class="command">winbind.so</b> line to get rid of annoying 
double prompts for passwords.
</ns76:p></div><div class="sect4" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a name="id2963163"></a>Solaris-specific configuration</h5></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The /etc/pam.conf needs to be changed. I changed this file so that my Domain
users can logon both locally as well as telnet.The following are the changes
that I made.You can customize the pam.conf file as per your requirements,but
be sure of those changes because in the worst case it will leave your system
nearly impossible to boot.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	#
	#ident	&quot;@(#)pam.conf	1.14	99/09/16 SMI&quot;
	#
	# Copyright (c) 1996-1999, Sun Microsystems, Inc.
	# All Rights Reserved.
	#
	# PAM configuration
	#
	# Authentication management
	#
	login   auth required   /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
	login	auth required 	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 try_first_pass 
	login	auth required 	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_dial_auth.so.1 try_first_pass 
	#
	rlogin  auth sufficient /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
	rlogin  auth sufficient /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_rhosts_auth.so.1
	rlogin	auth required 	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 try_first_pass
	#
	dtlogin auth sufficient /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
	dtlogin	auth required 	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 try_first_pass
	#
	rsh	auth required	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_rhosts_auth.so.1
	other   auth sufficient /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
	other	auth required	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 try_first_pass
	#
	# Account management
	#
	login   account sufficient      /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
	login	account requisite	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_roles.so.1 
	login	account required	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 
	#
	dtlogin account sufficient      /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
	dtlogin	account requisite	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_roles.so.1 
	dtlogin	account required	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 
	#
	other   account sufficient      /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
	other	account requisite	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_roles.so.1 
	other	account required	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 
	#
	# Session management
	#
	other	session required	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 
	#
	# Password management
	#
	#other   password sufficient     /usr/lib/security/pam_winbind.so
	other	password required	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1 
	dtsession auth required	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_unix.so.1
	#
	# Support for Kerberos V5 authentication (uncomment to use Kerberos)
	#
	#rlogin	auth optional	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1 try_first_pass
	#login	auth optional	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1 try_first_pass
	#dtlogin	auth optional	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1 try_first_pass
	#other	auth optional	/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1 try_first_pass
	#dtlogin	account optional /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1
	#other	account optional /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1
	#other	session optional /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1
	#other	password optional /usr/lib/security/$ISA/pam_krb5.so.1 try_first_pass
</pre><p>
I also added a try_first_pass line after the winbind.so line to get rid of
annoying double prompts for passwords.
</p><p>
Now restart your Samba and try connecting through your application that you
configured in the pam.conf.
</p></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2963255"></a>Conclusion</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>The winbind system, through the use of the Name Service 
	Switch, Pluggable Authentication Modules, and appropriate 
	Microsoft RPC calls have allowed us to provide seamless 
	integration of Microsoft Windows NT domain users on a
	UNIX system. The result is a great reduction in the administrative 
	cost of running a mixed UNIX and NT network.</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2963274"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>Winbind has a number of limitations in its current 
	released version that we hope to overcome in future 
	releases:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Winbind is currently only available for 
		the Linux, Solaris and IRIX operating systems, although ports to other operating 
		systems are certainly possible. For such ports to be feasible, 
		we require the C library of the target operating system to 
		support the Name Service Switch and Pluggable Authentication
		Modules systems. This is becoming more common as NSS and 
		PAM gain support among UNIX vendors.</p></li><li><p>The mappings of Windows NT RIDs to UNIX ids 
		is not made algorithmically and depends on the order in which 
		unmapped users or groups are seen by winbind. It may be difficult 
		to recover the mappings of rid to UNIX id mapping if the file 
		containing this information is corrupted or destroyed.</p></li><li><p>Currently the winbind PAM module does not take 
		into account possible workstation and logon time restrictions 
		that may be been set for Windows NT users, this is
		instead up to the PDC to enforce.</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="AdvancedNetworkManagement"></a>Chapter 22. Advanced Network Manangement</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">April 3 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2964647">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2964678">Remote Server Administration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2963360">Remote Desktop Management</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2963377">Remote Management from NoMachines.Com</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2963579">Network Logon Script Magic</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2963774">Adding printers without user intervention</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2963806">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></div><p>
This section documents peripheral issues that are of great importance to network
administrators who want to improve network resource access control, to automate the user
environment, and to make their lives a little easier.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2964647"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Often the difference between a working network environment and a well appreciated one can
best be measured by the <span class="emphasis"><em>little things</em></span> that makes everything work more
harmoniously. A key part of every network environment solution is the ability to remotely
manage MS Windows workstations, to remotely access the Samba server, to provide customised
logon scripts, as well as other house keeping activities that help to sustain more reliable
network operations.
</p><p>
This chapter presents information on each of these area. They are placed here, and not in
other chapters, for ease of reference.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2964678"></a>Remote Server Administration</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>How do I get 'User Manager' and 'Server Manager'?</em></span>
</p><p>
	Since I don't need to buy an <span class="application">NT4 Server</span>, how do I get the 'User Manager for Domains',
the 'Server Manager'?
</p><p>
Microsoft distributes a version of these tools called nexus for installation 
on <span class="application">Windows 9x / Me</span> systems.  The tools set includes:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>Server Manager</td></tr><tr><td>User Manager for Domains</td></tr><tr><td>Event Viewer</td></tr></table><p>
Click here to download the archived file <a href="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/NEXUS.EXE" target="_top">ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/NEXUS.EXE</a>
</p><p>
The <span class="application">Windows NT 4.0</span> version of the 'User Manager for 
Domains' and 'Server Manager' are available from Microsoft via ftp 
from <a href="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/SRVTOOLS.EXE" target="_top">ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/SRVTOOLS.EXE</a>
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2963360"></a>Remote Desktop Management</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are a number of possible remote desktop management solutions that range from free
through costly. Do not let that put you off. Sometimes the most costly solutions is the
most cost effective. In any case, you will need to draw your own conclusions as to which
is the best tool in your network environment.
</p><div xmlns:ns77="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2963377"></a>Remote Management from NoMachines.Com</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	The following information was posted to the Samba mailing list at Apr 3 23:33:50 GMT 2003.
	It is presented in slightly edited form (with author details omitted for privacy reasons).
	The entire answer is reproduced below with some comments removed.
	</p><ns77:p>
</ns77:p><pre class="screen">
&gt; I have a wounderfull linux/samba server running as pdc for a network.
&gt; Now I would like to add remote desktop capabilites so that
&gt; users outside could login to the system and get their desktop up from
&gt; home or another country..
&gt;
&gt; Is there a way to acomplish this? Do I need a windows terminal server?
&gt; Do I need to configure it so that it is a member of the domain or a
&gt; BDC,PDC? Are there any hacks for MS Windows XP to enable remote login
&gt; even if the computer is in a domain?
&gt;
&gt; Any ideas/experience would be appreciated :)
</pre><ns77:p>
</ns77:p><p>
	Answer provided: Check out the new offer from NoMachine, &quot;NX&quot; software:
	<a href="http://www.nomachine.com/" target="_top">http://www.nomachine.com/</a>.
	</p><p>
	It implements a very easy-to-use interface to the remote X protocol as
	well as incorporating VNC/RFB and rdesktop/RDP into it, but at a speed
	performance much better than anything you may have ever seen...
	</p><p>
	Remote X is not new at all -- but what they did achieve successfully is
	a new way of compression and caching technologies which makes the thing
	fast enough to run even over slow modem/ISDN connections.
	</p><p>
	I could testdrive their (public) RedHat machine in Italy, over a loaded
	internet connection, with enabled thumbnail previews in KDE konqueror
	which popped up immediately on &quot;mouse-over&quot;. From inside that (remote X)
	session I started a rdesktop session on another, a Windows XP machine.
	To test the performance, I played Pinball. I am proud to announce here
	that my score was 631750 points at first try...
	</p><p>
	NX performs better on my local LAN than any of the other &quot;pure&quot;
	connection methods I am using from time to time: TightVNC, rdesktop or
	remote X. It is even faster than a direct crosslink connection between
	two nodes.
	</p><p>
	I even got sound playing from the remote X app to my local boxes, and
	had a working &quot;copy'n'paste&quot; from an NX  window (running a KDE session
	in Italy) to my Mozilla mailing agent... These guys are certainly doing
	something right!
	</p><p>
	I recommend to testdrive NX to anybody with a only a remote interest
	in remote computing
	<a href="http://www.nomachine.com/testdrive.php" target="_top">http://www.nomachine.com/testdrive.php</a>.
	</p><p>
	Just download the free of charge client software (available for RedHat,
	SuSE, Debian and Windows) and be up and running within 5 minutes (they
	need to send you your account data, though, because you are assigned
	a real Unix account on their testdrive.nomachine.com box...
	</p><p>
	They plan to get to the point were you can have NX application servers
	running as a cluster of nodes, and users simply start an NX session locally,
	and can select applications to run transparently (apps may even run on
	another NX node, but pretend to be on the same as used for initial login,
	because it displays in the same window.... well, you also can run it
	fullscreen, and after a short time you forget that it is a remote session
	at all).
	</p><p>
	Now the best thing at the end: all the core compression and caching
	technologies are released under the GPL and available as source code
	to anybody who wants to build on it! These technolgies are working,
	albeit started from the command line only (and very inconvenient to
	use in order to get a fully running remote X session up and running....)
	</p><p>
	To answer your questions:
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
		You don't need to install a terminal server; XP has RDP support built in.
		</p></li><li><p>
		NX is much cheaper than Citrix -- and comparable in performance, probably faster
		</p></li><li><p>
		You don't need to hack XP -- it just works
		</p></li><li><p>
		You log into the XP box from remote transparently (and I think there is no
		need to change anything to get a connection, even if authentication is against a domain)
		</p></li><li><p>
		The NX core technologies are all Open Source and released under the GPL --
		you can today use a (very inconvenient) commandline to use it at no cost,
		but you can buy a comfortable (proprietary) NX GUI frontend for money
		</p></li><li><p>
		NoMachine are encouraging and offering help to OSS/Free Software implementations
		for such a frontend too, even if it means competition to them (they have written
		to this effect even to the LTSP, KDE and GNOME developer mailing lists)
		</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div xmlns:ns78="" class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2963579"></a>Network Logon Script Magic</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This section needs work. Volunteer contributions most welcome. Please send your patches or updates
to <a href="mailto:jht@samba.org" target="_top">John Terpstra</a>.
</p><p>
There are several opportunities for creating a custom network startup configuration environment.
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>No Logon Script</td></tr><tr><td>Simple universal Logon Script that applies to all users</td></tr><tr><td>Use of a conditional Logon Script that applies per user or per group attirbutes</td></tr><tr><td>Use of Samba's Preexec and Postexec functions on access to the NETLOGON share to create
	a custom Logon Script and then execute it.</td></tr><tr><td>User of a tool such as KixStart</td></tr></table><p>
The Samba source code tree includes two logon script generation/execution tools.
See <tt class="filename">examples</tt> directory <tt class="filename">genlogon</tt> and
<tt class="filename">ntlogon</tt> subdirectories.
</p><p>
The following listings are from the genlogon directory.
</p><ns78:p>
This is the <tt class="filename">genlogon.pl</tt> file:

</ns78:p><pre class="programlisting">
	#!/usr/bin/perl
	#
	# genlogon.pl
	#
	# Perl script to generate user logon scripts on the fly, when users
	# connect from a Windows client.  This script should be called from smb.conf
	# with the %U, %G and %L parameters. I.e:
	#
	#       root preexec = genlogon.pl %U %G %L
	#
	# The script generated will perform
	# the following:
	#
	# 1. Log the user connection to /var/log/samba/netlogon.log
	# 2. Set the PC's time to the Linux server time (which is maintained
	#    daily to the National Institute of Standard's Atomic clock on the
	#    internet.
	# 3. Connect the user's home drive to H: (H for Home).
	# 4. Connect common drives that everyone uses.
	# 5. Connect group-specific drives for certain user groups.
	# 6. Connect user-specific drives for certain users.
	# 7. Connect network printers.

	# Log client connection
	#($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday,$isdst) = localtime(time);
	($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday,$yday,$isdst) = localtime(time);
	open LOG, &quot;&gt;&gt;/var/log/samba/netlogon.log&quot;;
	print LOG &quot;$mon/$mday/$year $hour:$min:$sec - User $ARGV[0] logged into $ARGV[1]\n&quot;;
	close LOG;

	# Start generating logon script
	open LOGON, &quot;&gt;/shared/netlogon/$ARGV[0].bat&quot;;
	print LOGON &quot;\@ECHO OFF\r\n&quot;;

	# Connect shares just use by Software Development group
	if ($ARGV[1] eq &quot;SOFTDEV&quot; || $ARGV[0] eq &quot;softdev&quot;)
	{
		print LOGON &quot;NET USE M: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\SOURCE\r\n&quot;;
	}

	# Connect shares just use by Technical Support staff
	if ($ARGV[1] eq &quot;SUPPORT&quot; || $ARGV[0] eq &quot;support&quot;)
	{
		print LOGON &quot;NET USE S: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\SUPPORT\r\n&quot;;
	}

	# Connect shares just used by Administration staff
	If ($ARGV[1] eq &quot;ADMIN&quot; || $ARGV[0] eq &quot;admin&quot;)
	{
		print LOGON &quot;NET USE L: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\ADMIN\r\n&quot;;
		print LOGON &quot;NET USE K: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\MKTING\r\n&quot;;
	}

	# Now connect Printers.  We handle just two or three users a little
	# differently, because they are the exceptions that have desktop
	# printers on LPT1: - all other user's go to the LaserJet on the
	# server.
	if ($ARGV[0] eq 'jim'
	    || $ARGV[0] eq 'yvonne')
	{
		print LOGON &quot;NET USE LPT2: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\LJET3\r\n&quot;;
		print LOGON &quot;NET USE LPT3: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\FAXQ\r\n&quot;;
	}
	else
	{
		print LOGON &quot;NET USE LPT1: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\LJET3\r\n&quot;;
		print LOGON &quot;NET USE LPT3: \\\\$ARGV[2]\\FAXQ\r\n&quot;;
	}

	# All done! Close the output file.
	close LOGON;
</pre><ns78:p>
</ns78:p><p>
Those wishing to use more elaborate or capable logon processing system should check out the following sites:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><a href="http://www.craigelachie.org/rhacer/ntlogon" target="_top">http://www.craigelachie.org/rhacer/ntlogon</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://www.kixtart.org" target="_top">http://www.kixtart.org</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="http://support.microsoft.com/default.asp?scid=kb;en-us;189105" target="_top">http://support.microsoft.com/default.asp?scid=kb;en-us;189105</a></td></tr></table><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2963774"></a>Adding printers without user intervention</h3></div></div><div></div></div><ns78:p>
Printers may be added automatically during logon script processing through the use of:

</ns78:p><pre class="programlisting">
	rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /?
</pre><ns78:p>

See the documentation in the <a href="http://support.microsoft.com/default.asp?scid=kb;en-us;189105" target="_top">Microsoft knowledgebase article no: 189105</a>.
</ns78:p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2963806"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The information provided in this chapter has been reproduced from postings on the samba@samba.org
mailing list. No implied endorsement or recommendation is offered. Administrators should conduct 
their own evaluation of alternatives and are encouraged to draw their own conclusions.
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="PolicyMgmt"></a>Chapter 23. System and Account Policies</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">April 3 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2964204">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2964256">Creating and Managing System Policies</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2964367">Windows 9x/Me Policies</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2963915">Windows NT4 Style Policy Files</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2964048">MS Windows 200x / XP Professional Policies</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2965490">Managing Account/User Policies</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2965591">Samba Editreg Toolset</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2965611">Windows NT4/200x</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2965631">Samba PDC</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2965676">System Startup and Logon Processing Overview</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2965823">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2965837">Policy Does Not Work</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
This chapter summarises the current state of knowledge derived from personal
practice and knowledge from samba mailing list subscribers. Before reproduction
of posted information effort has been made to validate the information provided.
Where additional information was uncovered through this validation it is provided
also.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2964204"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
When MS Windows NT3.5 was introduced the hot new topic was the ability to implmement
Group Policies for users and group. Then along came MS Windows NT4 and a few sites
started to adopt this capability. How do we know that? By way of the number of &quot;booboos&quot;
(or mistakes) administrators made and then requested help to resolve.
</p><p>
By the time that MS Windows 2000 and Active Directory was released, administrators
got the message: Group Policies are a good thing! They can help reduce administrative
costs and actually can help to create happier users. But adoption of the true
potential of MS Windows 200x Active Directory and Group Policy Objects (GPOs) for users
and machines were picked up on rather slowly. This was very obvious from the samba
mailing list as in 2000 and 2001 there were very few postings regarding GPOs and
how to replicate them in a Samba environment.
</p><p>
Judging by the traffic volume since mid 2002, GPOs have become a standard part of
the deployment in many sites. This chapter reviews techniques and methods that can
be used to exploit opportunities for automation of control over user desktops and
network client workstations.
</p><p>
A tool new to Samba-3 may become an important part of the future Samba Administrators'
arsenal. The <b class="command">editreg</b> tool is described in this document.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2964256"></a>Creating and Managing System Policies</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Under MS Windows platforms, particularly those following the release of MS Windows
NT4 and MS Windows 95) it is possible to create a type of file that would be placed
in the NETLOGON share of a domain controller. As the client logs onto the network
this file is read and the contents initiate changes to the registry of the client
machine. This file allows changes to be made to those parts of the registry that
affect users, groups of users, or machines.
</p><p>
For MS Windows 9x/Me this file must be called <tt class="filename">Config.POL</tt> and may
be generated using a tool called <tt class="filename">poledit.exe</tt>, better known as the
Policy Editor. The policy editor was provided on the Windows 98 installation CD, but
dissappeared again with the introduction of MS Windows Me (Millenium Edition). From
comments from MS Windows network administrators it would appear that this tool became
a part of the MS Windows Me Resource Kit.
</p><p>
MS Windows NT4 Server products include the <span class="emphasis"><em>System Policy Editor</em></span>
under the <tt class="filename">Start -&gt; Programs -&gt; Administrative Tools</tt> menu item.
For MS Windows NT4 and later clients this file must be called <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt>.
</p><p>
New with the introduction of MS Windows 2000 was the Microsoft Management Console
or MMC.  This tool is the new wave in the ever changing landscape of Microsoft
methods for management of network access and security. Every new Microsoft product
or technology seems to obsolete the old rules and to introduce newer and more
complex tools and methods. To Microsoft's credit though, the MMC does appear to
be a step forward, but improved functionality comes at a great price.
</p><p>
Before embarking on the configuration of network and system policies it is highly
advisable to read the documentation available from Microsoft's web site regarding
<a href="http://www.microsoft.com/ntserver/management/deployment/planguide/prof_policies.asp" target="_top">
Implementing Profiles and Policies in Windows NT 4.0 from http://www.microsoft.com/ntserver/management/deployment/planguide/prof_policies.asp</a> available from Microsoft.
There are a large number of documents in addition to this old one that should also
be read and understood. Try searching on the Microsoft web site for &quot;Group Policies&quot;.
</p><p>
What follows is a very brief discussion with some helpful notes. The information provided
here is incomplete - you are warned.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2964367"></a>Windows 9x/Me Policies</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	You need the Win98 Group Policy Editor to set Group Profiles up under Windows 9x/Me.
	It can be found on the Original full product Win98 installation CD under
	<tt class="filename">tools/reskit/netadmin/poledit</tt>.  Install this using the
	Add/Remove Programs facility and then click on the 'Have Disk' tab.
	</p><p>
	Use the Group Policy Editor to create a policy file that specifies the location of
	user profiles and/or the <tt class="filename">My Documents</tt> etc. Then save these
	settings in a file called <tt class="filename">Config.POL</tt> that needs to be placed in the
	root of the <i class="parameter"><tt>[NETLOGON]</tt></i> share. If Win98 is configured to log onto
	the Samba Domain, it will automatically read this file and update the Win9x/Me registry
	of the machine as it logs on.
	</p><p>
	Further details are covered in the Win98 Resource Kit documentation.
	</p><p>
	If you do not take the right steps, then every so often Win9x/Me will check the
	integrity of the registry and will restore it's settings from the back-up
	copy of the registry it stores on each Win9x/Me machine. Hence, you will
	occasionally notice things changing back to the original settings.
	</p><p>
	Install the group policy handler for Win9x to pick up group policies. Look on the
	Win98 CD in <tt class="filename">\tools\reskit\netadmin\poledit</tt>.
	Install group policies on a Win9x client by double-clicking
	<tt class="filename">grouppol.inf</tt>. Log off and on again a couple of times and see
	if Win98 picks up group policies.  Unfortunately this needs to be done on every
	Win9x/Me machine that uses group policies.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2963915"></a>Windows NT4 Style Policy Files</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	To create or edit <tt class="filename">ntconfig.pol</tt> you must use the NT Server
	Policy Editor, <b class="command">poledit.exe</b> which is included with NT4 Server
	but <span class="emphasis"><em>not NT Workstation</em></span>. There is a Policy Editor on a NT4
	Workstation but it is not suitable for creating <span class="emphasis"><em>Domain Policies</em></span>.
	Further, although the Windows 95 Policy Editor can be installed on an NT4
	Workstation/Server, it will not work with NT clients. However, the files from
	the NT Server will run happily enough on an NT4 Workstation.
	</p><p>
	You need <tt class="filename">poledit.exe</tt>, <tt class="filename">common.adm</tt> and <tt class="filename">winnt.adm</tt>.
	It is convenient to put the two *.adm files in  the <tt class="filename">c:\winnt\inf</tt> 
	directory which is where the binary will look for them unless told otherwise. Note also that that
	directory is normally 'hidden'.
	</p><p>
	The Windows NT policy editor is also included with the Service Pack 3 (and
	later) for Windows NT 4.0. Extract the files using <b class="command">servicepackname /x</b>,
	i.e. that's <b class="command">Nt4sp6ai.exe /x</b> for service pack 6a.  The policy editor,
	<b class="command">poledit.exe</b> and the associated template files (*.adm) should
	be extracted as well.  It is also possible to downloaded the policy template
	files for Office97 and get a copy of the policy editor.  Another possible
	location is with the Zero Administration Kit available for download from Microsoft.
	</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2964024"></a>Registry Spoiling</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
			With NT4 style registry based policy changes, a large number of settings are not
			automatically reversed as the user logs off. Since the settings that were in the
			NTConfig.POL file were applied to the client machine registry and that apply to the
			hive key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE are permanent until explicitly reversed. This is known
			as tattooing. It can have serious consequences down-stream and the administrator must
			be extremely careful not to lock out the ability to manage the machine at a later date.
			</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2964048"></a>MS Windows 200x / XP Professional Policies</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Windows NT4 System policies allows setting of registry parameters specific to
	users, groups and computers (client workstations) that are members of the NT4
	style domain. Such policy file will work with MS Windows 2000 / XP clients also.
	</p><p>
	New to MS Windows 2000 Microsoft introduced a new style of group policy that confers
	a superset of capabilities compared with NT4 style policies. Obviously, the tool used
	to create them is different, and the mechanism for implementing them is much changed.
	</p><p>
	The older NT4 style registry based policies are known as <span class="emphasis"><em>Administrative Templates</em></span>
	in MS Windows 2000/XP Group Policy Objects (GPOs). The later includes ability to set various security
	configurations, enforce Internet Explorer browser settings, change and redirect aspects of the
	users' desktop (including: the location of <tt class="filename">My Documents</tt> files (directory), as
	well as intrinsics of where menu items will appear in the Start menu). An additional new
	feature is the ability to make available particular software Windows applications to particular
	users and/or groups.
	</p><p>
	Remember: NT4 policy files are named <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt> and are stored in the root
	of the NETLOGON share on the domain controllers. A Windows NT4 user enters a username, a password
	and selects the domain name to which the logon will attempt to take place. During the logon
	process the client machine reads the NTConfig.POL file from the NETLOGON share on the authenticating
	server, modifies the local registry values according to the settings in this file.
	</p><p>
	Windows 2K GPOs are very feature rich. They are NOT stored in the NETLOGON share, rather part of
	a Windows 200x policy file is stored in the Active Directory itself and the other part is stored
	in a shared (and replicated) volume called the SYSVOL folder. This folder is present on all Active
	Directory domain controllers. The part that is stored in the Active Directory itself is called the
	group policy container (GPC), and the part that is stored in the replicated share called SYSVOL is
	known as the group policy template (GPT).
	</p><p>
	With NT4 clients the policy file is read and executed upon only as each user logs onto the network.
	MS Windows 200x policies are much more complex - GPOs are processed and applied at client machine
	startup (machine specific part) and when the user logs onto the network the user specific part
	is applied. In MS Windows 200x style policy management each machine and/or user may be subject
	to any number of concurently applicable (and applied) policy sets (GPOs). Active Directory allows
	the administrator to also set filters over the policy settings. No such equivalent capability
	exists with NT4 style policy files.
	</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2964149"></a>Administration of Win2K / XP Policies</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
		Instead of using the tool called <span class="application">The System Policy Editor</span>, commonly called Poledit (from the
		executable name <b class="command">poledit.exe</b>), <span class="acronym">GPOs</span> are created and managed using a 
		<span class="application">Microsoft Management Console</span> <span class="acronym">(MMC)</span> snap-in as follows:</p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p>
		Go to the Windows 200x / XP menu <span class="guimenu">Start-&gt;Programs-&gt;Administrative Tools</span>
		and select the MMC snap-in called <span class="guimenuitem">Active Directory Users and Computers</span>
		</p></li><li><p>
		Select the domain or organizational unit (OU) that you wish to manage, then right click
		to open the context menu for that object, select the properties item.
		</p></li><li><p>
		Now left click on the <span class="guilabel">Group Policy</span> tab, then left click on the New tab. Type a name
		for the new policy you will create.
		</p></li><li><p>
		Now left click on the <span class="guilabel">Edit</span> tab to commence the steps needed to create the GPO.
		</p></li></ol></div><p>
		All policy configuration options are controlled through the use of policy administrative
		templates. These files have a .adm extension, both in NT4 as well as in Windows 200x / XP.
		Beware however, since the .adm files are NOT interchangible across NT4 and Windows 200x.
		The later introduces many new features as well as extended definition capabilities. It is
		well beyond the scope of this documentation to explain how to program .adm files, for that
		the adminsitrator is referred to the Microsoft Windows Resource Kit for your particular
		version of MS Windows.
		</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
		The MS Windows 2000 Resource Kit contains a tool called gpolmig.exe. This tool can be used
		to migrate an NT4 NTConfig.POL file into a Windows 200x style GPO. Be VERY careful how you
		use this powerful tool. Please refer to the resource kit manuals for specific usage information.
		</p></div></div></div></div><div xmlns:ns79="" class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2965490"></a>Managing Account/User Policies</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Policies can define a specific user's settings or the settings for a group of users. The resulting
policy file contains the registry settings for all users, groups, and computers that will be using
the policy file. Separate policy files for each user, group, or computer are not not necessary.
</p><p>
If you create a policy that will be automatically downloaded from validating domain controllers,
you should name the file NTconfig.POL. As system administrator, you have the option of renaming the
policy file and, by modifying the Windows NT-based workstation, directing the computer to update
the policy from a manual path. You can do this by either manually changing the registry or by using
the System Policy Editor. This path can even be a local path such that each machine has its own policy file,
but if a change is necessary to all machines, this change must be made individually to each workstation.
</p><p>
When a Windows NT4/200x/XP machine logs onto the network the NETLOGON share on the authenticating domain 
controller for the presence of the NTConfig.POL file. If one exists it is downloaded, parsed and then
applied to the user's part of the registry.
</p><p>
MS Windows 200x/XP clients that log onto an MS Windows Active Directory security domain may additionally,
acquire policy settings through Group Policy Objects (GPOs) that are defined and stored in Active Directory
itself. The key benefit of using AS GPOs is that they impose no registry <span class="emphasis"><em>spoiling</em></span> effect.
This has considerable advanage compared with the use of NTConfig.POL (NT4) style policy updates.
</p><p>
In addition to user access controls that may be imposed or applied via system and/or group policies
in a manner that works in conjunction with user profiles, the user management environment under
MS Windows NT4/200x/XP allows per domain as well as per user account restrictions to be applied.
Common restrictions that are frequently used includes:
</p><ns79:p>
</ns79:p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>Logon Hours</td></tr><tr><td>Password Aging</td></tr><tr><td>Permitted Logon from certain machines only</td></tr><tr><td>Account type (Local or Global)</td></tr><tr><td>User Rights</td></tr></table><ns79:p>
</ns79:p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2965591"></a>Samba Editreg Toolset</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Describe in detail the benefits of <b class="command">editreg</b> and how to use it.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2965611"></a>Windows NT4/200x</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	The tools that may be used to configure these types of controls from the MS Windows environment are:
	The NT4 User Manager for domains, the NT4 System and Group Policy Editor, the registry editor (regedt32.exe).
	Under MS Windows 200x/XP this is done using the Microsoft Managment Console (MMC) with approapriate
	&quot;snap-ins&quot;, the registry editor, and potentially also the NT4 System and Group Policy Editor.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2965631"></a>Samba PDC</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	With a Samba Domain Controller, the new tools for managing of user account and policy information includes:
	<b class="command">smbpasswd</b>, <b class="command">pdbedit</b>, <b class="command">net</b>, <b class="command">rpcclient</b>. 
	The administrator should read the
	man pages for these tools and become familiar with their use.
	</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2965676"></a>System Startup and Logon Processing Overview</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The following attempts to document the order of processing of system and user policies following a system
reboot and as part of the user logon:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	Network starts, then Remote Procedure Call System Service (RPCSS) and Multiple Universal Naming
	Convention Provider (MUP) start
	</p></li><li xmlns:ns80=""><ns80:p>
	Where Active Directory is involved, an ordered list of Group Policy Objects (GPOs) is downloaded
	and applied. The list may include GPOs that:
</ns80:p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>Apply to the location of machines in a Directory</td></tr><tr><td>Apply only when settings have changed</td></tr><tr><td>Depend on configuration of scope of applicability: local, site, domain, organizational unit, etc.</td></tr></table><ns80:p>
	No desktop user interface is presented until the above have been processed.
	</ns80:p></li><li><p>
	Execution of start-up scripts (hidden and synchronous by defaut).
	</p></li><li><p>
	A keyboard action to affect start of logon (Ctrl-Alt-Del).
	</p></li><li><p>
	User credentials are validated, User profile is loaded (depends on policy settings).
	</p></li><li xmlns:ns81=""><ns81:p>
	An ordered list of User GPOs is obtained. The list contents depends on what is configured in respsect of:

</ns81:p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>Is user a domain member, thus subject to particular policies</td></tr><tr><td>Loopback enablement, and the state of the loopback policy (Merge or Replace)</td></tr><tr><td>Location of the Active Directory itself</td></tr><tr><td>Has the list of GPOs changed. No processing is needed if not changed.</td></tr></table><ns81:p>
	</ns81:p></li><li><p>
	User Policies are applied from Active Directory. Note: There are several types.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Logon scripts are run. New to Win2K and Active Directory, logon scripts may be obtained based on Group
	Policy objects (hidden and executed synchronously). NT4 style logon scripts are then run in a normal
	window.
	</p></li><li><p>
	The User Interface as determined from the GPOs is presented. Note: In a Samba domain (like and NT4
	Domain) machine (system) policies are applied at start-up, User policies are applied at logon.
	</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2965823"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Policy related problems can be very difficult to diagnose and even more difficult to rectify. The following
collection demonstrates only basic issues.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2965837"></a>Policy Does Not Work</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Question: We have created the <tt class="filename">config.pol</tt> file and put it in the <span class="emphasis"><em>NETLOGON</em></span> share.
It has made no difference to our Win XP Pro machines, they just don't see it. IT worked fine with Win 98 but does not
work any longer since we upgraded to Win XP Pro. Any hints?
</p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>ANSWER:</em></span> Policy files are NOT portable between Windows 9x / Me and MS Windows NT4 / 200x / XP based
platforms. You need to use the NT4 Group Policy Editor to create a file called <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt> so that
it is in the correct format for your MS Windows XP Pro clients.
</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="ProfileMgmt"></a>Chapter 24. Desktop Profile Management</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">April 3 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2965940">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2965973">Roaming Profiles</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2966014">Samba Configuration for Profile Handling</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2971377">Windows Client Profile Configuration Information</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2972314">Sharing Profiles between W9x/Me and NT4/200x/XP workstations</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2972378">Profile Migration from Windows NT4/200x Server to Samba</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2972638">Mandatory profiles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2972696">Creating/Managing Group Profiles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2972742">Default Profile for Windows Users</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2972762">MS Windows 9x/Me</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2972910">MS Windows NT4 Workstation</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2973464">MS Windows 200x/XP</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2973968">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2973980">How does one set up roaming profiles for just one (or a few) user/s or group/s?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2974043">Can NOT use Roaming Profiles</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2974262">Changing the default profile</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2965940"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Roaming Profiles are feared by some, hated by a few, loved by many, and a Godsend for
some administrators.
</p><p>
Roaming Profiles allow an administrator to make available a consistent user desktop
as the user moves from one machine to another. This chapter provides much information
regarding how to configure and manage Roaming Profiles.
</p><p>
While Roaming Profiles might sound like nirvana to some, they are a real and tangible
problem to others. In particular, users of mobile computing tools, where often there may not
be a sustained network connection, are often better served by purely Local Profiles.
This chapter provides information to help the Samba administrator to deal with those
situations also.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2965973"></a>Roaming Profiles</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
Roaming profiles support is different for Win9x / Me and Windows NT4/200x.
</p></div><p>
Before discussing how to configure roaming profiles, it is useful to see how
Windows 9x / Me and Windows NT4/200x clients implement these features.
</p><p>
Windows 9x / Me clients send a NetUserGetInfo request to the server to get the user's
profiles location. However, the response does not have room for a separate
profiles location field, only the user's home share. This means that Win9X/Me
profiles are restricted to being stored in the user's home directory.
</p><p>
Windows NT4/200x  clients send a NetSAMLogon RPC request, which contains many fields,
including a separate field for the location of the user's profiles.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2966014"></a>Samba Configuration for Profile Handling</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This section documents how to configure Samba for MS Windows client profile support.
</p><div xmlns:ns82="" class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2966027"></a>NT4/200x User Profiles</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To support Windowns NT4/200x clients, in the [global] section of smb.conf set the
following (for example):
</p><ns82:p>
</ns82:p><pre class="programlisting">
	logon path = \\profileserver\profileshare\profilepath\%U\moreprofilepath
</pre><ns82:p>

	This is typically implemented like:

</ns82:p><pre class="programlisting">
		logon path = \\%L\Profiles\%u
</pre><ns82:p>
where %L translates to the name of the Samba server and %u translates to the user name
</ns82:p><p>
The default for this option is <tt class="filename">\\%N\%U\profile</tt>, 
namely <tt class="filename">\\sambaserver\username\profile</tt>. 
The <tt class="filename">\\N%\%U</tt> service is created automatically by the [homes] service.  If you are using
a samba server for the profiles, you _must_ make the share specified in the logon path
browseable. Please refer to the man page for <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> in respect of the different
symantics of %L and %N, as well as %U and %u.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
MS Windows NT/2K clients at times do not disconnect a connection to a server
between logons. It is recommended to NOT use the <i class="parameter"><tt>homes</tt></i>
meta-service name as part of the profile share path.
</p></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2966116"></a>Windows 9x / Me User Profiles</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	To support Windows 9x / Me clients, you must use the <i class="parameter"><tt>logon home</tt></i> parameter. Samba has
now been fixed so that <b class="userinput"><tt>net use /home</tt></b> now works as well, and it, too, relies
on the <b class="command">logon home</b> parameter.
</p><p>
By using the logon home parameter, you are restricted to putting Win9x / Me
profiles in the user's home directory.   But wait! There is a trick you
can use. If you set the following in the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i> section of your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	logon home = \\%L\%U\.profiles
</pre><p>
then your Windows 9x / Me clients will dutifully put their clients in a subdirectory
of your home directory called <tt class="filename">.profiles</tt> (thus making them hidden).
</p><p>
Not only that, but <b class="userinput"><tt>net use /home</tt></b> will also work, because of a feature in
Windows 9x / Me. It removes any directory stuff off the end of the home directory area
and only uses the server and share portion. That is, it looks like you
specified <tt class="filename">\\%L\%U</tt> for <i class="parameter"><tt>logon home</tt></i>.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2971192"></a>Mixed Windows 9x / Me and Windows NT4/200x User Profiles</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You can support profiles for both Win9X and WinNT clients by setting both the
<i class="parameter"><tt>logon home</tt></i> and <i class="parameter"><tt>logon path</tt></i> parameters. For example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	logon home = \\%L\%u\.profiles
	logon path = \\%L\profiles\%u
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2971228"></a>Disabling Roaming Profile Support</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	A question often asked is &#8220;<span class="quote">How may I enforce use of local profiles?</span>&#8221; or
	&#8220;<span class="quote">How do I disable Roaming Profiles?</span>&#8221;
</p><p>
There are three ways of doing this:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">In <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt></span></dt><dd xmlns:ns83=""><ns83:p>
		Affect the following settings and ALL clients
		will be forced to use a local profile:
		</ns83:p><pre class="programlisting">
			logon home =
			logon path =
		</pre><ns83:p>
		</ns83:p></dd><dt><span class="term">MS Windows Registry:</span></dt><dd xmlns:ns84=""><ns84:p>
		By using the Microsoft Management Console gpedit.msc to instruct your MS Windows XP machine to use only a local profile. This of course modifies registry settings. The full path to the option is:
		
	</ns84:p><pre class="programlisting">
	Local Computer Policy\
		Computer Configuration\
			Administrative Templates\
				System\
					User Profiles\

	Disable:	Only Allow Local User Profiles
	Disable:	Prevent Roaming Profile Change from Propogating to the Server
	</pre><ns84:p>
		</ns84:p></dd><dt><span class="term">Change of Profile Type:</span></dt><dd><p>
		From the start menu right click on the
		My Computer icon, select <span class="guimenuitem">Properties</span>, click on the <span class="guilabel">User Profiles</span>
		tab, select the profile you wish to change from Roaming type to Local, click <span class="guibutton">Change Type</span>.
		</p></dd></dl></div><p>
Consult the MS Windows registry guide for your particular MS Windows version for more
information about which registry keys to change to enforce use of only local user
profiles.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The specifics of how to convert a local profile to a roaming profile, or a roaming profile
to a local one vary according to the version of MS Windows you are running. Consult the
Microsoft MS Windows Resource Kit for your version of Windows for specific information.
</p></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2971377"></a>Windows Client Profile Configuration Information</h3></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2971385"></a>Windows 9x / Me Profile Setup</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
When a user first logs in on Windows 9X, the file user.DAT is created,
as are folders <tt class="filename">Start Menu</tt>, <tt class="filename">Desktop</tt>, 
<tt class="filename">Programs</tt> and <tt class="filename">Nethood</tt>.
These directories and their contents will be merged with the local
versions stored in <tt class="filename">c:\windows\profiles\username</tt> on subsequent logins,
taking the most recent from each.  You will need to use the <i class="parameter"><tt>[global]</tt></i>
options <i class="parameter"><tt>preserve case = yes</tt></i>, <i class="parameter"><tt>short preserve case = yes</tt></i> and
<i class="parameter"><tt>case sensitive = no</tt></i> in order to maintain capital letters in shortcuts
in any of the profile folders.
</p><p>
The user.DAT file contains all the user's preferences.  If you wish to
enforce a set of preferences, rename their user.DAT file to user.MAN,
and deny them write access to this file.
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
		On the Windows 9x / Me machine, go to <span class="guimenu">Control Panel</span> -&gt; <span class="guimenuitem">Passwords</span> and
		select the <span class="guilabel">User Profiles</span> tab.  Select the required level of
		roaming preferences.  Press <span class="guibutton">OK</span>, but do _not_ allow the computer
        to reboot.
        </p></li><li><p>
			On the Windows 9x / Me machine, go to <span class="guimenu">Control Panel</span> -&gt; <span class="guimenuitem">Network</span> -&gt;
			<span class="guimenuitem">Client for Microsoft Networks</span> -&gt; <span class="guilabel">Preferences</span>.  Select <span class="guilabel">Log on to
				NT Domain</span>.  Then, ensure that the Primary Logon is <span class="guilabel">Client for
				Microsoft Networks</span>.  Press <span class="guibutton">OK</span>, and this time allow the computer
        to reboot.
        </p></li></ol></div><p>
Under Windows 9x / Me Profiles are downloaded from the Primary Logon.
If you have the Primary Logon as 'Client for Novell Networks', then
the profiles and logon script will be downloaded from your Novell
Server.  If you have the Primary Logon as 'Windows Logon', then the
profiles will be loaded from the local machine - a bit against the
concept of roaming profiles, it would seem!
</p><p>
You will now find that the Microsoft Networks Login box contains
[user, password, domain] instead of just [user, password].  Type in
the samba server's domain name (or any other domain known to exist,
but bear in mind that the user will be authenticated against this
domain and profiles downloaded from it, if that domain logon server
supports it), user name and user's password.
</p><p>
Once the user has been successfully validated, the Windows 9x / Me machine
will inform you that <tt class="computeroutput">The user has not logged on before' and asks you
	if you wish to save the user's preferences?</tt>  Select <span class="guibutton">yes</span>.
</p><p>
Once the Windows 9x / Me client comes up with the desktop, you should be able
to examine the contents of the directory specified in the <i class="parameter"><tt>logon path</tt></i>
on the samba server and verify that the <tt class="filename">Desktop</tt>, <tt class="filename">Start Menu</tt>,
<tt class="filename">Programs</tt> and <tt class="filename">Nethood</tt> folders have been created.
</p><p>
These folders will be cached locally on the client, and updated when
the user logs off (if you haven't made them read-only by then).
You will find that if the user creates further folders or short-cuts,
that the client will merge the profile contents downloaded with the
contents of the profile directory already on the local client, taking
the newest folders and short-cuts from each set.
</p><p>
If you have made the folders / files read-only on the samba server,
then you will get errors from the Windows 9x / Me machine on logon and logout, as
it attempts to merge the local and the remote profile.  Basically, if
you have any errors reported by the Windows 9x / Me machine, check the Unix file
permissions and ownership rights on the profile directory contents,
on the samba server.
</p><p>
If you have problems creating user profiles, you can reset the user's
local desktop cache, as shown below.  When this user then next logs in,
they will be told that they are logging in &quot;for the first time&quot;.
</p><div class="orderedlist"><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
        Before deleting the contents of the
        directory listed in the ProfilePath (this is likely to be
	<tt class="filename">c:\windows\profiles\username)</tt>, ask them if they
	have any important files stored on their desktop or in their start menu. 
	Delete the contents of the directory ProfilePath (making a backup if any
	of the files are needed).
        </p><p>
	This will have the effect of removing the local (read-only hidden
	system file) user.DAT in their profile directory, as well as the
	local &quot;desktop&quot;, &quot;nethood&quot;, &quot;start menu&quot; and &quot;programs&quot; folders.
        </p></div><ol type="1"><li><p>
        instead of logging in under the [user, password, domain] dialog,
		press <span class="guibutton">escape</span>.
        </p></li><li><p>
			run the <b class="command">regedit.exe</b> program, and look in:
        </p><p>
			<tt class="filename">HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Windows\CurrentVersion\ProfileList</tt>
        </p><p>
        you will find an entry, for each user, of ProfilePath.  Note the
		contents of this key (likely to be <tt class="filename">c:\windows\profiles\username</tt>),
        then delete the key ProfilePath for the required user.
		</p><p>[Exit the registry editor].</p></li><li><p>
			search for the user's .PWL password-caching file in the <tt class="filename">c:\windows</tt>
        directory, and delete it.
        </p></li><li><p>
        log off the windows 9x / Me client.
        </p></li><li><p>
			check the contents of the profile path (see <i class="parameter"><tt>logon path</tt></i> described
			above), and delete the <tt class="filename">user.DAT</tt> or <tt class="filename">user.MAN</tt> file for the user,
        making a backup if required.
        </p></li></ol></div><p>
If all else fails, increase samba's debug log levels to between 3 and 10,
and / or run a packet trace program such as ethereal or <b class="command">netmon.exe</b>, and
look for error messages.
</p><p>
If you have access to an Windows NT4/200x server, then first set up roaming profiles
and / or netlogons on the Windows NT4/200x server.  Make a packet trace, or examine
the example packet traces provided with Windows NT4/200x server, and see what the
differences are with the equivalent samba trace.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2967586"></a>Windows NT4 Workstation</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
When a user first logs in to a Windows NT Workstation, the profile
NTuser.DAT is created.  The profile location can be now specified
through the <i class="parameter"><tt>logon path</tt></i> parameter.
</p><p>
There is a parameter that is now available for use with NT Profiles:
<i class="parameter"><tt>logon drive</tt></i>.  This should be set to <tt class="filename">H:</tt> or any other drive, and
should be used in conjunction with the new &quot;logon home&quot; parameter.
</p><p>
The entry for the NT4 profile is a _directory_ not a file.  The NT
help on profiles mentions that a directory is also created with a .PDS
extension.  The user, while logging in, must have write permission to
create the full profile path (and the folder with the .PDS extension
for those situations where it might be created.)
</p><p>
In the profile directory, Windows NT4 creates more folders than Windows 9x / Me. 
It creates <tt class="filename">Application Data</tt> and others, as well as <tt class="filename">Desktop</tt>, <tt class="filename">Nethood</tt>,
<tt class="filename">Start Menu</tt> and <tt class="filename">Programs</tt>.  The profile itself is stored in a file
<tt class="filename">NTuser.DAT</tt>.  Nothing appears to be stored in the .PDS directory, and
its purpose is currently unknown.
</p><p>
You can use the <span class="application">System Control Panel</span> to copy a local profile onto
a samba server (see NT Help on profiles: it is also capable of firing
up the correct location in the <span class="application">System Control Panel</span> for you).  The
NT Help file also mentions that renaming <tt class="filename">NTuser.DAT</tt> to <tt class="filename">NTuser.MAN</tt>
turns a profile into a mandatory one.
</p><p>
The case of the profile is significant.  The file must be called
<tt class="filename">NTuser.DAT</tt> or, for a mandatory profile, <tt class="filename">NTuser.MAN</tt>.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2967744"></a>Windows 2000/XP Professional</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You must first convert the profile from a local profile to a domain
profile on the MS Windows workstation as follows:
</p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	Log on as the <span class="emphasis"><em>LOCAL</em></span> workstation administrator.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Right click on the <span class="guiicon">My Computer</span> Icon, select <span class="guimenuitem">Properties</span>
	</p></li><li><p>
	Click on the <span class="guilabel">User Profiles</span> tab
	</p></li><li><p>
	Select the profile you wish to convert (click on it once)
	</p></li><li><p>
	Click on the button <span class="guibutton">Copy To</span>
	</p></li><li><p>
	In the <span class="guilabel">Permitted to use</span> box, click on the <span class="guibutton">Change</span> button.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Click on the 'Look in&quot; area that lists the machine name, when you click
	here it will open up a selection box. Click on the domain to which the
	profile must be accessible.
	</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>You will need to log on if a logon box opens up. Eg: In the connect
	as: <i class="replaceable"><tt>MIDEARTH</tt></i>\root, password: <i class="replaceable"><tt>mypassword</tt></i>.</p></div></li><li><p>
	To make the profile capable of being used by anyone select 'Everyone'
	</p></li><li><p>
	Click <span class="guibutton">OK</span>. The Selection box will close.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Now click on the <span class="guibutton">Ok</span> button to create the profile in the path you
	nominated.
	</p></li></ol></div><p>
Done. You now have a profile that can be editted using the samba-3.0.0
<b class="command">profiles</b> tool.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Under NT/2K the use of mandotory profiles forces the use of MS Exchange
storage of mail data. That keeps desktop profiles usable.
</p></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p>
This is a security check new to Windows XP (or maybe only
Windows XP service pack 1).  It can be disabled via a group policy in
Active Directory.  The policy is:</p><p><tt class="filename">Computer Configuration\Administrative Templates\System\User
Profiles\Do not check for user ownership of Roaming Profile Folders</tt></p><p>...and it should be set to <tt class="constant">Enabled</tt>.
Does the new version of samba have an Active Directory analogue?  If so,
then you may be able to set the policy through this.
</p><p>
If you cannot set group policies in samba, then you may be able to set
the policy locally on each machine.  If you want to try this, then do
the following (N.B. I don't know for sure that this will work in the
same way as a domain group policy):
</p></li><li><p>
On the XP workstation log in with an Administrator account.
</p></li><li><p>Click: <span class="guimenu">Start</span>, <span class="guimenuitem">Run</span></p></li><li><p>Type: <b class="userinput"><tt>mmc</tt></b></p></li><li><p>Click: <span class="guibutton">OK</span></p></li><li><p>A Microsoft Management Console should appear.</p></li><li><p>Click: <span class="guimenu">File</span>, <span class="guimenuitem">Add/Remove Snap-in...</span>, <span class="guimenuitem">Add</span></p></li><li><p>Double-Click: <span class="guiicon">Group Policy</span></p></li><li><p>Click: <span class="guibutton">Finish</span>, <span class="guibutton">Close</span></p></li><li><p>Click: <span class="guibutton">OK</span></p></li><li><p>In the &quot;Console Root&quot; window:</p></li><li><p>Expand: <span class="guiicon">Local Computer Policy</span>, <span class="guiicon">Computer Configuration</span>, 
			<span class="guiicon">Administrative Templates</span>, <span class="guiicon">System</span>, <span class="guiicon">User Profiles</span></p></li><li><p>Double-Click: <span class="guilabel">Do not check for user ownership of Roaming Profile Folders</span></p></li><li><p>Select: <span class="guilabel">Enabled</span></p></li><li><p>Click: <span class="guibutton">OK</span></p></li><li><p>Close the whole console.  You do not need to save the settings (this
	refers to the console settings rather than the policies you have
	changed).</p></li><li><p>Reboot</p></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2972314"></a>Sharing Profiles between W9x/Me and NT4/200x/XP workstations</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Sharing of desktop profiles between Windows versions is NOT recommended.
Desktop profiles are an evolving phenomenon and profiles for later versions
of MS Windows clients add features that may interfere with earlier versions
of MS Windows clients. Probably the more salient reason to NOT mix profiles
is that when logging off an earlier version of MS Windows the older format
of profile contents may overwrite information that belongs to the newer
version resulting in loss of profile information content when that user logs
on again with the newer version of MS Windows.
</p><p>
If you then want to share the same Start Menu / Desktop with W9x/Me, you will
need to specify a common location for the profiles. The smb.conf parameters
that need to be common are <i class="parameter"><tt>logon path</tt></i> and
<i class="parameter"><tt>logon home</tt></i>.
</p><p>
If you have this set up correctly, you will find separate <tt class="filename">user.DAT</tt> and
<tt class="filename">NTuser.DAT</tt> files in the same profile directory.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2972378"></a>Profile Migration from Windows NT4/200x Server to Samba</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There is nothing to stop you specifying any path that you like for the
location of users' profiles.  Therefore, you could specify that the
profile be stored on a samba server, or any other SMB server, as long as
that SMB server supports encrypted passwords.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2972395"></a>Windows NT4 Profile Management Tools</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Unfortunately, the Resource Kit information is specific to the version of MS Windows
NT4/200x. The correct resource kit is required for each platform.
</p><p>
Here is a quick guide:
</p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p>
On your NT4 Domain Controller, right click on <span class="guiicon">My Computer</span>, then
select the tab labelled <span class="guilabel">User Profiles</span>.
</p></li><li><p>
Select a user profile you want to migrate and click on it.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>I am using the term &quot;migrate&quot; lossely. You can copy a profile to
create a group profile. You can give the user 'Everyone' rights to the
profile you copy this to. That is what you need to do, since your samba
domain is not a member of a trust relationship with your NT4 PDC.</p></div></li><li><p>Click the <span class="guibutton">Copy To</span> button.</p></li><li><p>In the box labelled <span class="guilabel">Copy Profile to</span> add your new path, eg:
	<tt class="filename">c:\temp\foobar</tt></p></li><li><p>Click on the button <span class="guibutton">Change</span> in the <span class="guilabel">Permitted to use</span> box.</p></li><li><p>Click on the group 'Everyone' and then click <span class="guibutton">OK</span>. This closes the
	'choose user' box.</p></li><li><p>Now click <span class="guibutton">OK</span>.</p></li></ol></div><p>
Follow the above for every profile you need to migrate.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2972559"></a>Side bar Notes</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You should obtain the SID of your NT4 domain. You can use smbpasswd to do
this. Read the man page.</p><p>
With Samba-3.0.0 alpha code you can import all you NT4 domain accounts
using the net samsync method. This way you can retain your profile
settings as well as all your users.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2972580"></a>moveuser.exe</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The W2K professional resource kit has moveuser.exe. moveuser.exe changes
the security of a profile from one user to another.  This allows the account
domain to change, and/or the user name to change.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2972597"></a>Get SID</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You can identify the SID by using GetSID.exe from the Windows NT Server 4.0
Resource Kit.
</p><p>
Windows NT 4.0 stores the local profile information in the registry under
the following key:
<tt class="filename">HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\ProfileList</tt>
</p><p>
Under the ProfileList key, there will be subkeys named with the SIDs of the
users who have logged on to this computer. (To find the profile information
for the user whose locally cached profile you want to move, find the SID for
the user with the GetSID.exe utility.) Inside of the appropriate user's
subkey, you will see a string value named ProfileImagePath.
</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2972638"></a>Mandatory profiles</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A Mandatory Profile is a profile that the user does NOT have the ability to overwrite.
During the user's session it may be possible to change the desktop environment, but
as the user logs out all changes made will be lost. If it is desired to NOT allow the
user any ability to change the desktop environment then this must be done through
policy settings. See previous chapter.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Under NO circumstances should the profile directory (or it's contents) be made read-only
as this may render the profile un-usable.
</p></div><p>
For MS Windows NT4/200x/XP the above method can be used to create mandatory profiles
also. To convert a group profile into a mandatory profile simply locate the NTUser.DAT
file in the copied profile and rename it to NTUser.MAN.
</p><p>
For MS Windows 9x / Me it is the <tt class="filename">User.DAT</tt> file that must be renamed to <tt class="filename">User.MAN</tt> to
affect a mandatory profile.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2972696"></a>Creating/Managing Group Profiles</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Most organisations are arranged into departments. There is a nice benenfit in
this fact since usually most users in a department will require the same desktop
applications and the same desktop layout. MS Windows NT4/200x/XP will allow the
use of Group Profiles. A Group Profile is a profile that is created firstly using
a template (example) user. Then using the profile migration tool (see above) the
profile is assigned access rights for the user group that needs to be given access
to the group profile.
</p><p>
The next step is rather important. <span class="emphasis"><em>Please note:</em></span> Instead of assigning a group profile
to users (ie: Using User Manager) on a &quot;per user&quot; basis, the group itself is assigned
the now modified profile.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
	Be careful with group profiles, if the user who is a member of a group also
	has a personal profile, then the result will be a fusion (merge) of the two.
	</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2972742"></a>Default Profile for Windows Users</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
MS Windows 9x / Me and NT4/200x/XP will use a default profile for any user for whom
a profile does not already exist. Armed with a knowledge of where the default profile
is located on the Windows workstation, and knowing which registry keys affect the path
from which the default profile is created, it is possible to modify the default profile
to one that has been optimised for the site. This has significant administrative 
advantages.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2972762"></a>MS Windows 9x/Me</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To enable default per use profiles in Windows 9x / Me you can either use the <span class="application">Windows 98 System
Policy Editor</span> or change the registry directly.
</p><p>
To enable default per user profiles in Windows 9x / Me, launch the <span class="application">System Policy Editor</span>, then
select <span class="guimenu">File</span> -&gt; <span class="guimenuitem">Open Registry</span>, then click on the 
<span class="guiicon">Local Computer</span> icon, click on <span class="guilabel">Windows 98 System</span>,
select <span class="guilabel">User Profiles</span>, click on the enable box. Do not forget to save the registry changes.
</p><p>
To modify the registry directly, launch the <span class="application">Registry Editor</span> (<b class="command">regedit.exe</b>), select the hive
<tt class="filename">HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Network\Logon</tt>. Now add a DWORD type key with the name
&quot;User Profiles&quot;, to enable user profiles set the value to 1, to disable user profiles set it to 0.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2972859"></a>How User Profiles Are Handled in Windows 9x / Me?</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
When a user logs on to a Windows 9x / Me machine, the local profile path, 
<tt class="filename">HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\ProfileList</tt>, is checked
for an existing entry for that user:
</p><p>
If the user has an entry in this registry location, Windows 9x / Me checks for a locally cached
version of the user profile. Windows 9x / Me also checks the user's home directory (or other
specified directory if the location has been modified) on the server for the User Profile.
If a profile exists in both locations, the newer of the two is used. If the User Profile exists
on the server, but does not exist on the local machine, the profile on the server is downloaded
and used. If the User Profile only exists on the local machine, that copy is used.
</p><p>
If a User Profile is not found in either location, the Default User Profile from the Windows 9x / Me
machine is used and is copied to a newly created folder for the logged on user. At log off, any
changes that the user made are written to the user's local profile. If the user has a roaming
profile, the changes are written to the user's profile on the server.
</p></div></div><div xmlns:ns85="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2972910"></a>MS Windows NT4 Workstation</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
On MS Windows NT4 the default user profile is obtained from the location
<tt class="filename">%SystemRoot%\Profiles</tt> which in a default installation will translate to
<tt class="filename">C:\WinNT\Profiles</tt>. Under this directory on a clean install there will be
three (3) directories: <tt class="filename">Administrator</tt>, <tt class="filename">All Users</tt>, <tt class="filename">Default User</tt>.
</p><p>
The <tt class="filename">All Users</tt> directory contains menu settings that are common across all 
system users. The <tt class="filename">Default User</tt> directory contains menu entries that are
customisable per user depending on the profile settings chosen/created.
</p><p>
When a new user first logs onto an MS Windows NT4 machine a new profile is created from:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>All Users settings</td></tr><tr><td>Default User settings (contains the default NTUser.DAT file)</td></tr></table><p>
When a user logs onto an MS Windows NT4 machine that is a member of a Microsoft security domain
the following steps are followed in respect of profile handling:
</p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	The users' account information which is obtained during the logon process contains
	the location of the users' desktop profile. The profile path may be local to the
	machine or it may be located on a network share. If there exists a profile at the location
	of the path from the user account, then this profile is copied to the location
	<tt class="filename">%SystemRoot%\Profiles\%USERNAME%</tt>. This profile then inherits the
	settings in the <tt class="filename">All Users</tt> profile in the <tt class="filename">%SystemRoot%\Profiles</tt>
	location.
	</p></li><li><p>
	If the user account has a profile path, but at it's location a profile does not exist,
	then a new profile is created in the <tt class="filename">%SystemRoot%\Profiles\%USERNAME%</tt>
	directory from reading the <tt class="filename">Default User</tt> profile.
	</p></li><li><p>
	If the NETLOGON share on the authenticating server (logon server) contains a policy file
	(<tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt>) then it's contents are applied to the <tt class="filename">NTUser.DAT</tt>
	which is applied to the <tt class="filename">HKEY_CURRENT_USER</tt> part of the registry. 
	</p></li><li><p>
	When the user logs out, if the profile is set to be a roaming profile it will be written
	out to the location of the profile. The <tt class="filename">NTuser.DAT</tt> file is then
	re-created from the contents of the <tt class="filename">HKEY_CURRENT_USER</tt> contents.
	Thus, should there not exist in the NETLOGON share an <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt> at the
	next logon, the effect of the provious <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt> will still be held
	in the profile. The effect of this is known as <span class="emphasis"><em>tatooing</em></span>.
	</p></li></ol></div><p>
MS Windows NT4 profiles may be <span class="emphasis"><em>Local</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>Roaming</em></span>. A Local profile
will stored in the <tt class="filename">%SystemRoot%\Profiles\%USERNAME%</tt> location. A roaming profile will
also remain stored in the same way, unless the following registry key is created:
</p><ns85:p>
</ns85:p><pre class="programlisting">
	HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\winlogon\
	&quot;DeleteRoamingCache&quot;=dword:00000001
</pre><ns85:p>

In which case, the local copy (in <tt class="filename">%SystemRoot%\Profiles\%USERNAME%</tt>) will be
deleted on logout.
</ns85:p><p>
Under MS Windows NT4 default locations for common resources (like <tt class="filename">My Documents</tt>
may be redirected to a network share by modifying the following registry keys. These changes may be affected
via use of the System Policy Editor (to do so may require that you create your owns template extension
for the policy editor to allow this to be done through the GUI. Another way to do this is by way of first
creating a default user profile, then while logged in as that user, run regedt32 to edit the key settings.
</p><p>
The Registry Hive key that affects the behaviour of folders that are part of the default user profile
are controlled by entries on Windows NT4 is:
</p><p>
<tt class="filename">HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\User Shell Folders\</tt>
</p><p>
The above hive key contains a list of automatically managed folders. The default entries are:
</p><ns85:p>
</ns85:p><div class="table"><a name="id2973257"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 24.1. User Shell Folder registry keys default values</b></p><table summary="User Shell Folder registry keys default values" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Default Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>AppData</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Application Data</td></tr><tr><td>Desktop</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Desktop</td></tr><tr><td>Favorites</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Favorites</td></tr><tr><td>NetHood</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\NetHood</td></tr><tr><td>PrintHood</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\PrintHood</td></tr><tr><td>Programs</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Start Menu\Programs</td></tr><tr><td>Recent</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Recent</td></tr><tr><td>SendTo</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\SendTo</td></tr><tr><td>Start Menu </td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Start Menu</td></tr><tr><td>Startup</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Start Menu\Programs\Startup</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ns85:p>
</ns85:p><p>
The registry key that contains the location of the default profile settings is:
</p><p>
<tt class="filename">HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\User Shell Folders</tt>
</p><ns85:p>
The default entries are:

</ns85:p><div class="table"><a name="id2973402"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 24.2. Defaults of profile settings registry keys</b></p><table summary="Defaults of profile settings registry keys" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>Common Desktop</td><td>%SystemRoot%\Profiles\All Users\Desktop</td></tr><tr><td>Common Programs</td><td>%SystemRoot%\Profiles\All Users\Programs</td></tr><tr><td>Common Start Menu</td><td>%SystemRoot%\Profiles\All Users\Start Menu</td></tr><tr><td>Common Startup</td><td>%SystemRoot%\Profiles\All Users\Start Menu\Progams\Startup</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ns85:p>
</ns85:p></div><div xmlns:ns86="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2973464"></a>MS Windows 200x/XP</h3></div></div><div></div></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
	MS Windows XP Home Edition does use default per user profiles, but can not participate
	in domain security, can not log onto an NT/ADS style domain, and thus can obtain the profile
	only from itself. While there are benefits in doing this the beauty of those MS Windows
	clients that CAN participate in domain logon processes allows the administrator to create
	a global default profile and to enforce it through the use of Group Policy Objects (GPOs).
	</p></div><p>
When a new user first logs onto MS Windows 200x/XP machine the default profile is obtained from
<tt class="filename">C:\Documents and Settings\Default User</tt>. The administrator can modify (or change
the contents of this location and MS Windows 200x/XP will gladly use it. This is far from the optimum
arrangement since it will involve copying a new default profile to every MS Windows 200x/XP client
workstation. 
</p><p>
When MS Windows 200x/XP participate in a domain security context, and if the default user
profile is not found, then the client will search for a default profile in the NETLOGON share
of the authenticating server. ie: In MS Windows parlance:
<tt class="filename">%LOGONSERVER%\NETLOGON\Default User</tt> and if one exits there it will copy this
to the workstation to the <tt class="filename">C:\Documents and Settings\</tt> under the Windows
login name of the user.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
	This path translates, in Samba parlance, to the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> <i class="parameter"><tt>[NETLOGON]</tt></i> share. The directory
	should be created at the root of this share and must be called <tt class="filename">Default Profile</tt>.
	</p></div><p>
If a default profile does not exist in this location then MS Windows 200x/XP will use the local
default profile.
</p><p>
On loging out, the users' desktop profile will be stored to the location specified in the registry
settings that pertain to the user. If no specific policies have been created, or passed to the client
during the login process (as Samba does automatically), then the user's profile will be written to
the local machine only under the path <tt class="filename">C:\Documents and Settings\%USERNAME%</tt>.
</p><p>
Those wishing to modify the default behaviour can do so through three methods:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Modify the registry keys on the local machine manually and place the new default profile in the
	NETLOGON share root - NOT recommended as it is maintenance intensive.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Create an NT4 style NTConfig.POL file that specified this behaviour and locate this file
	in the root of the NETLOGON share along with the new default profile.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Create a GPO that enforces this through Active Directory, and place the new default profile
	in the NETLOGON share.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
The Registry Hive key that affects the behaviour of folders that are part of the default user profile
are controlled by entries on Windows 200x/XP is:
</p><p>
<tt class="filename">HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\User Shell Folders\</tt>
</p><p>
The above hive key contains a list of automatically managed folders. The default entries are:
</p><ns86:p>
</ns86:p><div class="table"><a name="id2973656"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 24.3. Defaults of default user profile paths registry keys</b></p><table summary="Defaults of default user profile paths registry keys" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Name</th><th>Default Value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>AppData</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Application Data</td></tr><tr><td>Cache</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\Temporary Internet Files</td></tr><tr><td>Cookies</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Cookies</td></tr><tr><td>Desktop</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Desktop</td></tr><tr><td>Favorites</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Favorites</td></tr><tr><td>History</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\History</td></tr><tr><td>Local AppData</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\Application Data</td></tr><tr><td>Local Settings</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Local Settings</td></tr><tr><td>My Pictures</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\My Documents\My Pictures</td></tr><tr><td>NetHood</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\NetHood</td></tr><tr><td>Personal</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\My Documents</td></tr><tr><td>PrintHood</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\PrintHood</td></tr><tr><td>Programs</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Start Menu\Programs</td></tr><tr><td>Recent</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Recent</td></tr><tr><td>SendTo</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\SendTo</td></tr><tr><td>Start Menu</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Start Menu</td></tr><tr><td>Startup</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Start Menu\Programs\Startup</td></tr><tr><td>Templates</td><td>%USERPROFILE%\Templates</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ns86:p>
</ns86:p><p>
There is also an entry called &quot;Default&quot; that has no value set. The default entry is of type <tt class="constant">REG_SZ</tt>, all
the others are of type <tt class="constant">REG_EXPAND_SZ</tt>.
</p><p>
It makes a huge difference to the speed of handling roaming user profiles if all the folders are
stored on a dedicated location on a network server. This means that it will NOT be necessary to
write the Outlook PST file over the network for every login and logout.
</p><p>
To set this to a network location you could use the following examples:
</p><p><tt class="filename">%LOGONSERVER%\%USERNAME%\Default Folders</tt></p><p>
This would store the folders in the user's home directory under a directory called <tt class="filename">Default Folders</tt>
You could also use:
</p><p><tt class="filename">\\<i class="replaceable"><tt>SambaServer</tt></i>\<i class="replaceable"><tt>FolderShare</tt></i>\%USERNAME%</tt></p><p>
	in which case the default folders will be stored in the server named <i class="replaceable"><tt>SambaServer</tt></i>
in the share called <i class="replaceable"><tt>FolderShare</tt></i> under a directory that has the name of the MS Windows
user as seen by the Linux/Unix file system.
</p><p>
Please note that once you have created a default profile share, you MUST migrate a user's profile
(default or custom) to it.
</p><p>
MS Windows 200x/XP profiles may be <span class="emphasis"><em>Local</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>Roaming</em></span>.
A roaming profile will be cached locally unless the following registry key is created:
</p><p><tt class="filename">HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\winlogon\&quot;DeleteRoamingCache&quot;=dword:00000001</tt></p><p>
In which case, the local cache copy will be deleted on logout.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2973968"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
THe following are some typical errors/problems/questions that have been asked.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2973980"></a>How does one set up roaming profiles for just one (or a few) user/s or group/s?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
With samba-2.2.x the choice you have is to enable or disable roaming
profiles support. It is a global only setting. The default is to have
roaming profiles and the default path will locate them in the user's home
directory.
</p><p>
If disabled globally then no-one will have roaming profile ability.
If enabled and you want it to apply only to certain machines, then on
those machines on which roaming profile support is NOT wanted it is then
necessary to disable roaming profile handling in the registry of each such
machine.
</p><p>
With samba-3.0.0 (soon to be released) you can have a global profile
setting in smb.conf _AND_ you can over-ride this by per-user settings
using the Domain User Manager (as with MS Windows NT4/ Win 2Kx).
</p><p>
In any case, you can configure only one profile per user. That profile can
be either:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>A profile unique to that user</td></tr><tr><td>A mandatory profile (one the user can not change)</td></tr><tr><td>A group profile (really should be mandatory ie:unchangable)</td></tr></table></div><div xmlns:ns88="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2974043"></a>Can NOT use Roaming Profiles</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
&#8220;<span class="quote">
 I dont want Roaming profile to be implemented, I just want to give users
 local profiles only.
...
 Please help me I am totally lost with this error from past two days I tried
 everything and googled around quite a bit but of no help. Please help me.
</span>&#8221;</p><ns88:p>
Your choices are:


</ns88:p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Local profiles</span></dt><dd><p>
			I know of no registry keys that will allow auto-deletion of LOCAL profiles on log out
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Roaming profiles</span></dt><dd xmlns:ns87=""><ns87:p>
			</ns87:p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>can use auto-delete on logout option</td></tr><tr><td>requires a registry key change on workstation</td></tr></table><ns87:p>

			Your choices are:

			</ns87:p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Personal Roaming profiles</span></dt><dd><p>
						- should be preserved on a central server
						- workstations 'cache' (store) a local copy
                        - used in case the profile can not be downloaded
                        at next logon
					</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Group profiles</span></dt><dd><p>- loaded from a cetral place</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Mandatory profiles</span></dt><dd><p>
						- can be personal or group
						- can NOT be changed (except by an administrator
					</p></dd></dl></div><ns87:p>
		</ns87:p></dd></dl></div><ns88:p>

</ns88:p><p>
A WinNT4/2K/XP profile can vary in size from 130KB to off the scale.
Outlook PST files are most often part of the profile and can be many GB in
size. On average (in a well controlled environment) roaming profie size of
2MB is a good rule of thumb to use for planning purposes. In an
undisciplined environment I have seen up to 2GB profiles. Users tend to
complain when it take an hour to log onto a workstation but they harvest
the fuits of folly (and ignorance).
</p><p>
The point of all the above is to show that roaming profiles and good
controls of how they can be changed as well as good discipline make up for
a problem free site.
</p><p>
Microsoft's answer to the PST problem is to store all email in an MS
Exchange Server back-end. But this is another story ...!
</p><ns88:p>
So, having LOCAL profiles means:

</ns88:p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>If lots of users user each machine - lot's of local disk storage needed for local profiles</td></tr><tr><td>Every workstation the user logs into has it's own profile - can be very different from machine to machine</td></tr></table><ns88:p>

On the other hand, having roaming profiles means:
</ns88:p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>The network administrator can control EVERY aspect of user profiles</td></tr><tr><td>With the use of mandatory profiles - a drastic reduction in network management overheads</td></tr><tr><td>User unhappiness about not being able to change their profiles soon fades as they get used to being able to work reliably</td></tr></table><ns88:p>

</ns88:p><p>
I have managed and installed MANY NT/2K networks and have NEVER found one
where users who move from machine to machine are happy with local
profiles. In the long run local profiles bite them.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2974262"></a>Changing the default profile</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
When the client tries to logon to the PDC it looks for a profile to download
where do I put this default profile.
</span>&#8221;</p><p>
Firstly, your samba server need to be configured as a domain controller.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	server = user
    os level = 32 (or more)
	domain logons = Yes
</pre><p>
Plus you need to have a <i class="parameter"><tt>[netlogon]</tt></i> share that is world readable.
It is a good idea to add a logon script to pre-set printer and
drive connections. There is also a facility for automatically
synchronizing the workstation time clock with that of the logon
server (another good thing to do).
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
To invoke auto-deletion of roaming profile from the local
workstation cache (disk storage) you need to use the <span class="application">Group Policy Editor</span>
to create a file called <tt class="filename">NTConfig.POL</tt> with the appropriate entries. This
file needs to be located in the <i class="parameter"><tt>netlogon</tt></i> share root directory.</p></div><p>
Oh, of course the windows clients need to be members of the domain.
Workgroup machines do NOT do network logons - so they never see domain
profiles.
</p><p>
Secondly, for roaming profiles you need:

        logon path = \\%N\profiles\%U   (with some such path)
        logon drive = H:                (Z: is the default)

        Plus you need a PROFILES share that is world writable.
</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="pam"></a>Chapter 25. PAM based Distributed Authentication</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Stephen</span> <span class="surname">Langasek</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:vorlon@netexpress.net">vorlon@netexpress.net</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">May 31, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2975719">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2974574">Technical Discussion</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2974590">PAM Configuration Syntax</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2975256">Example System Configurations</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2977688">smb.conf PAM Configuration</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2977745">Remote CIFS Authentication using winbindd.so</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2977829">Password Synchronization using pam_smbpass.so</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2978196">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2978209">pam_winbind problem</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
This chapter you should help you to deploy winbind based authentication on any PAM enabled
Unix/Linux system. Winbind can be used to enable user level application access authentication
from any MS Windows NT Domain, MS Windows 200x Active Directory based domain, or any Samba
based domain environment. It will also help you to configure PAM based local host access
controls that are appropriate to your Samba configuration.
</p><p>
In addition to knowing how to configure winbind into PAM, you will learn generic PAM managment
possibilities and in particular how to deploy tools like pam_smbpass.so to your adavantage.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The use of Winbind require more than PAM configuration alone. Please refer to <a href="#winbind" title="Chapter 21. Integrated Logon Support using Winbind">the Winbind chapter</a>.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2975719"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A number of Unix systems (eg: Sun Solaris), as well as the xxxxBSD family and Linux,
now utilize the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) facility to provide all authentication, 
authorization and resource control services. Prior to the introduction of PAM, a decision
to use an alternative to the system password database (<tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>) 
would require the provision of alternatives for all programs that provide security services.
Such a choice would involve provision of alternatives to such programs as: <b class="command">login</b>, 
<b class="command">passwd</b>, <b class="command">chown</b>, etc.
</p><p>
PAM provides a mechanism that disconnects these security programs from the underlying
authentication/authorization infrastructure.  PAM is configured either through one file
<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.conf</tt> (Solaris), or by editing individual files that are
located in <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d</tt>.
</p><p>
On PAM enabled Unix/Linux systems it is an easy matter to configure the system to use any
authentication backend, so long as the appropriate dynamically loadable library modules
are available for it. The backend may be local to the system, or may be centralised on a
remote server.
</p><p>
PAM support modules are available for:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt></span></dt><dd><p>-</p><p>
		There are several PAM modules that interact with this standard Unix user
		database. The most common are called: pam_unix.so, pam_unix2.so, pam_pwdb.so
		and pam_userdb.so.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Kerberos</span></dt><dd><p>-</p><p>
		The pam_krb5.so module allows the use of any Kerberos compliant server.
		This tool is used to access MIT Kerberos, Heimdal Kerberos, and potentially
		Microsoft Active Directory (if enabled).
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">LDAP</span></dt><dd><p>-</p><p>
		The pam_ldap.so module allows the use of any LDAP v2 or v3 compatible backend
		server. Commonly used LDAP backend servers include: OpenLDAP v2.0 and v2.1,
		Sun ONE iDentity server, Novell eDirectory server, Microsoft Active Directory.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">NetWare Bindery</span></dt><dd><p>-</p><p>
		The pam_ncp_auth.so module allows authentication off any bindery enabled
		NetWare Core Protocol based server.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">SMB Password</span></dt><dd><p>-</p><p>
		This module, called pam_smbpass.so, will allow user authentication off
		the passdb backend that is configured in the Samba <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">SMB Server</span></dt><dd><p>-</p><p>
		The pam_smb_auth.so module is the original MS Windows networking authentication
		tool. This module has been somewhat outdated by the Winbind module.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">Winbind</span></dt><dd><p>-</p><p>
		The pam_winbind.so module allows Samba to obtain authentication from any
		MS Windows Domain Controller. It can just as easily be used to authenticate
		users for access to any PAM enabled application.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">RADIUS</span></dt><dd><p>-</p><p>
		There is a PAM RADIUS (Remote Access Dial-In User Service) authentication
		module. In most cases the administrator will need to locate the source code
		for this tool and compile and install it themselves. RADIUS protocols are
		used by many routers and terminal servers.
		</p></dd></dl></div><p>
Of the above, Samba provides the pam_smbpasswd.so and the pam_winbind.so modules alone.
</p><p>
Once configured, these permit a remarkable level of flexibility in the location and use
of distributed samba domain controllers that can provide wide are network bandwidth
efficient authentication services for PAM capable systems. In effect, this allows the
deployment of centrally managed and maintained distributed authentication from a single
user account database.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2974574"></a>Technical Discussion</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
PAM is designed to provide the system administrator with a great deal of flexibility in
configuration of the privilege granting applications of their system. The local
configuration of system security controlled by PAM is contained in one of two places:
either the single system file, /etc/pam.conf; or the /etc/pam.d/ directory.
</p><div xmlns:ns89="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2974590"></a>PAM Configuration Syntax</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In this section we discuss the correct syntax of and generic options respected by entries to these files.
PAM specific tokens in the configuration file are case insensitive. The module paths, however, are case
sensitive since they indicate a file's name and reflect the case dependence of typical file-systems.
The case-sensitivity of the arguments to any given module is defined for each module in turn.
</p><p>
In addition to the lines described below, there are two special characters provided for the convenience
of the system administrator: comments are preceded by a `#' and extend to the next end-of-line; also,
module specification lines may be extended with a `\' escaped newline. 
</p><p>
If the PAM authentication module (loadable link library file) is located in the
default location then it is not necessary to specify the path. In the case of
Linux, the default location is <tt class="filename">/lib/security</tt>. If the module
is located outside the default then the path must be specified as:
</p><ns89:p>
</ns89:p><pre class="screen">
auth  required  /other_path/pam_strange_module.so
</pre><ns89:p>
</ns89:p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2974646"></a>Anatomy of <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d</tt> Entries</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The remaining information in this subsection was taken from the documentation of the Linux-PAM
project. For more information on PAM, see 
<a href="http://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/" target="_top">
http://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam</a> The Official Linux-PAM home page.
</p><p>
A general configuration line of the /etc/pam.conf file has the following form:
</p><ns89:p>
</ns89:p><pre class="screen">
service-name   module-type   control-flag   module-path   args
</pre><ns89:p>
</ns89:p><p>
Below, we explain the meaning of each of these tokens. The second (and more recently adopted)
way of configuring Linux-PAM is via the contents of the <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/</tt> directory.
Once we have explained the meaning of the above tokens, we will describe this method.
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">service-name</span></dt><dd><p>-</p><p>
		The name of the service associated with this entry. Frequently the service name is the conventional
		name of the given application. For example, `ftpd', `rlogind' and `su', etc. .
		</p><p>
		There is a special service-name, reserved for defining a default authentication mechanism. It has
		the name `OTHER' and may be specified in either lower or upper case characters. Note, when there
		is a module specified for a named service, the `OTHER' entries are ignored.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">module-type</span></dt><dd><p>-</p><p>
		One of (currently) four types of module. The four types are as follows:
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
			<span class="emphasis"><em>auth:</em></span> this module type provides two aspects of authenticating the user.
			Firstly, it establishes that the user is who they claim to be, by instructing the application
			to prompt the user for a password or other means of identification. Secondly, the module can
			grant group membership (independently of the <tt class="filename">/etc/groups</tt> file discussed
			above) or other privileges through its credential granting properties.
			</p></li><li><p>
			<span class="emphasis"><em>account:</em></span> this module performs non-authentication based account management.
			It is typically used to restrict/permit access to a service based on the time of day, currently
		 	available system resources (maximum number of users) or perhaps the location of the applicant
			user `root' login only on the console.
			</p></li><li><p>
			<span class="emphasis"><em>session:</em></span> primarily, this module is associated with doing things that need
			to be done for the user before/after they can be given service. Such things include the loggin
			of information concerning the opening/closing of some data exchange with a user, mountin
			directories, etc.
			</p></li><li><p>
			<span class="emphasis"><em>password:</em></span> this last module type is required for updating the authentication
			token associated with the user. Typically, there is one module for each `challenge/response'
			based authentication (auth) module-type.
			</p></li></ul></div></dd><dt><span class="term">control-flag</span></dt><dd><p>-</p><p>
		The control-flag is used to indicate how the PAM library will react to the success or failure of the
		module it is associated with. Since modules can be stacked (modules of the same type execute in series,
		one after another), the control-flags determine the relative importance of each module. The application
		is not made aware of the individual success or failure of modules listed in the
		<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.conf</tt> file. Instead, it receives a summary success or fail response from
		the Linux-PAM library. The order of execution of these modules is that of the entries in the
		<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.conf</tt> file; earlier entries are executed before later ones.
		As of Linux-PAM v0.60, this control-flag can be defined with one of two syntaxes.
		</p><p>
		The simpler (and historical) syntax for the control-flag is a single keyword defined to indicate the
		severity of concern associated with the success or failure of a specific module. There are four such
		<span class="emphasis"><em>keywords: required, requisite, sufficient and optional</em></span>.
		</p><p>
		The Linux-PAM library interprets these keywords in the following manner:
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
			<span class="emphasis"><em>required:</em></span> this indicates that the success of the module is required for the
			module-type facility to succeed. Failure of this module will not be apparent to the user until all
			of the remaining modules (of the same module-type) have been executed.
			</p></li><li><p>
			<span class="emphasis"><em>requisite:</em></span> like required, however, in the case that such a module returns a
			failure, control is directly returned to the application. The return value is that associated with
			the first required or requisite module to fail. Note, this flag can be used to protect against the
			possibility of a user getting the opportunity to enter a password over an unsafe medium. It is
			conceivable that such behavior might inform an attacker of valid accounts on a system. This
			possibility should be weighed against the not insignificant concerns of exposing a sensitive
			password in a hostile environment.
			</p></li><li><p>
                        <span class="emphasis"><em>sufficient:</em></span> the success of this module is deemed `sufficient' to satisfy
			the Linux-PAM library that this module-type has succeeded in its purpose. In the event that no
			previous required module has failed, no more `stacked' modules of this type are invoked. (Note,
			in this case subsequent required modules are not invoked.). A failure of this module is not deemed
			as fatal to satisfying the application that this module-type has succeeded.
			</p></li><li><p>
                        <span class="emphasis"><em>optional:</em></span> as its name suggests, this control-flag marks the module as not
			being critical to the success or failure of the user's application for service. In general,
			Linux-PAM ignores such a module when determining if the module stack will succeed or fail.
			However, in the absence of any definite successes or failures of previous or subsequent stacked
			modules this module will determine the nature of the response to the application. One example of
			this latter case, is when the other modules return something like PAM_IGNORE.
			</p></li></ul></div><p>
		The more elaborate (newer) syntax is much more specific and gives the administrator a great deal of control
		over how the user is authenticated. This form of the control flag is delimeted with square brackets and
		consists of a series of value=action tokens:
		</p><pre class="screen">
		[value1=action1 value2=action2 ...]
		</pre><p>
		Here, valueI is one of the following return values: success; open_err; symbol_err; service_err;
		system_err; buf_err; perm_denied; auth_err; cred_insufficient; authinfo_unavail; user_unknown; maxtries;
		new_authtok_reqd; acct_expired; session_err; cred_unavail; cred_expired; cred_err; no_module_data; conv_err;
		authtok_err; authtok_recover_err; authtok_lock_busy; authtok_disable_aging; try_again; ignore; abort;
		authtok_expired; module_unknown; bad_item; and default. The last of these (default) can be used to set
		the action for those return values that are not explicitly defined.
		</p><p>
		The actionI can be a positive integer or one of the following tokens: ignore; ok; done; bad; die; and reset.
		A positive integer, J, when specified as the action, can be used to indicate that the next J modules of the
		current module-type will be skipped. In this way, the administrator can develop a moderately sophisticated
		stack of modules with a number of different paths of execution. Which path is taken can be determined by the
		reactions of individual modules.
		</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
			<span class="emphasis"><em>ignore:</em></span> when used with a stack of modules, the module's return status will not
			contribute to the return code the application obtains.
			</p></li><li><p>
                        <span class="emphasis"><em>bad:</em></span> this action indicates that the return code should be thought of as indicative
			of the module failing. If this module is the first in the stack to fail, its status value will be used
			for that of the whole stack.
			</p></li><li><p>
                        <span class="emphasis"><em>die:</em></span> equivalent to bad with the side effect of terminating the module stack and
			PAM immediately returning to the application.
			</p></li><li><p>
                        <span class="emphasis"><em>ok:</em></span> this tells PAM that the administrator thinks this return code should
			contribute directly to the return code of the full stack of modules. In other words, if the former
			state of the stack would lead to a return of PAM_SUCCESS, the module's return code will override
			this value. Note, if the former state of the stack holds some value that is indicative of a modules
			failure, this 'ok' value will not be used to override that value.
			</p></li><li><p>
                        <span class="emphasis"><em>done:</em></span> equivalent to ok with the side effect of terminating the module stack and
			PAM immediately returning to the application.
                        </p></li><li><p>
                        <span class="emphasis"><em>reset:</em></span> clear all memory of the state of the module stack and start again with
			the next stacked module.
			</p></li></ul></div><p>
		Each of the four keywords: required; requisite; sufficient; and optional, have an equivalent expression in
		terms of the [...] syntax. They are as follows:
		</p><ns89:p>
		</ns89:p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
			required is equivalent to [success=ok new_authtok_reqd=ok ignore=ignore default=bad]
			</p></li><li><p>
			requisite is equivalent to [success=ok new_authtok_reqd=ok ignore=ignore default=die]
			</p></li><li><p>
			sufficient is equivalent to [success=done new_authtok_reqd=done default=ignore]
			</p></li><li><p>
			optional is equivalent to [success=ok new_authtok_reqd=ok default=ignore]
			</p></li></ul></div><ns89:p>
		</ns89:p><p>
		Just to get a feel for the power of this new syntax, here is a taste of what you can do with it. With Linux-PAM-0.63,
		the notion of client plug-in agents was introduced. This is something that makes it possible for PAM to support
		machine-machine authentication using the transport protocol inherent to the client/server application. With the
		<span class="emphasis"><em>[ ... value=action ... ]</em></span> control syntax, it is possible for an application to be configured
		to support binary prompts with compliant clients, but to gracefully fall over into an alternative authentication
		mode for older, legacy, applications.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term">module-path</span></dt><dd><p>-</p><p>
		The path-name of the dynamically loadable object file; the pluggable module itself. If the first character of the
		module path is `/', it is assumed to be a complete path. If this is not the case, the given module path is appended
		to the default module path: <tt class="filename">/lib/security</tt> (but see the notes above).
		</p><p>
		The args are a list of tokens that are passed to the module when it is invoked. Much like arguments to a typical
		Linux shell command. Generally, valid arguments are optional and are specific to any given module. Invalid arguments
		are ignored by a module, however, when encountering an invalid argument, the module is required to write an error
		to syslog(3). For a list of generic options see the next section.
		</p><p>
		Note, if you wish to include spaces in an argument, you should surround that argument with square brackets. For example:
		</p><pre class="screen">
squid auth required pam_mysql.so user=passwd_query passwd=mada \
        db=eminence [query=select user_name from internet_service where \
                     user_name='%u' and password=PASSWORD('%p') and \
                     service='web_proxy']
</pre><p>
		Note, when using this convention, you can include `[' characters inside the string, and if you wish to include a `]'
		character inside the string that will survive the argument parsing, you should use `\['. In other words:
		</p><pre class="screen">
[..[..\]..]    --&gt;   ..[..]..
</pre><p>
		Any line in (one of) the configuration file(s), that is not formatted correctly, will generally tend (erring on the
		side of caution) to make the authentication process fail. A corresponding error is written to the system log files
		with a call to syslog(3). 
		</p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2975256"></a>Example System Configurations</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The following is an example <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/login</tt> configuration file. 
This example had all options been uncommented is probably not usable 
as it stacks many conditions before allowing successful completion 
of the login process. Essentially all conditions can be disabled 
by commenting them out except the calls to <tt class="filename">pam_pwdb.so</tt>.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2975286"></a>PAM: original login config</h4></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="screen">
#%PAM-1.0
# The PAM configuration file for the `login' service
#
auth         required    pam_securetty.so
auth         required    pam_nologin.so
# auth       required    pam_dialup.so
# auth       optional    pam_mail.so
auth         required    pam_pwdb.so shadow md5
# account    requisite   pam_time.so
account      required    pam_pwdb.so
session      required    pam_pwdb.so
# session    optional    pam_lastlog.so
# password   required    pam_cracklib.so retry=3
password     required    pam_pwdb.so shadow md5
</pre></div><div xmlns:ns90="" class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2975313"></a>PAM: login using pam_smbpass</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
PAM allows use of replacable modules. Those available on a sample system include:
</p><ns90:p><tt class="prompt">$</tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/bin/ls /lib/security</tt></b>
</ns90:p><pre class="screen">
pam_access.so    pam_ftp.so          pam_limits.so     
pam_ncp_auth.so  pam_rhosts_auth.so  pam_stress.so     
pam_cracklib.so  pam_group.so        pam_listfile.so   
pam_nologin.so   pam_rootok.so       pam_tally.so      
pam_deny.so      pam_issue.so        pam_mail.so       
pam_permit.so    pam_securetty.so    pam_time.so       
pam_dialup.so    pam_lastlog.so      pam_mkhomedir.so  
pam_pwdb.so      pam_shells.so       pam_unix.so       
pam_env.so       pam_ldap.so         pam_motd.so       
pam_radius.so    pam_smbpass.so      pam_unix_acct.so  
pam_wheel.so     pam_unix_auth.so    pam_unix_passwd.so
pam_userdb.so    pam_warn.so         pam_unix_session.so
</pre><p>
The following example for the login program replaces the use of 
the <tt class="filename">pam_pwdb.so</tt> module which uses the system 
password database (<tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>,
<tt class="filename">/etc/shadow</tt>, <tt class="filename">/etc/group</tt>) with 
the module <tt class="filename">pam_smbpass.so</tt> which uses the Samba 
database which contains the Microsoft MD4 encrypted password 
hashes. This database is stored in either 
<tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/private/smbpasswd</tt>, 
<tt class="filename">/etc/samba/smbpasswd</tt>, or in 
<tt class="filename">/etc/samba.d/smbpasswd</tt>, depending on the 
Samba implementation for your Unix/Linux system. The 
<tt class="filename">pam_smbpass.so</tt> module is provided by 
Samba version 2.2.1 or later. It can be compiled by specifying the 
<tt class="option">--with-pam_smbpass</tt> options when running Samba's
<b class="command">configure</b> script.  For more information
on the <tt class="filename">pam_smbpass</tt> module, see the documentation
in the <tt class="filename">source/pam_smbpass</tt> directory of the Samba 
source distribution.
</p><pre class="screen">
#%PAM-1.0
# The PAM configuration file for the `login' service
#
auth        required    pam_smbpass.so nodelay
account     required    pam_smbpass.so nodelay
session     required    pam_smbpass.so nodelay
password    required    pam_smbpass.so nodelay
</pre><p>
The following is the PAM configuration file for a particular 
Linux system. The default condition uses <tt class="filename">pam_pwdb.so</tt>.
</p><pre class="screen">
#%PAM-1.0
# The PAM configuration file for the `samba' service
#
auth       required     pam_pwdb.so nullok nodelay shadow audit
account    required     pam_pwdb.so audit nodelay
session    required     pam_pwdb.so nodelay
password   required     pam_pwdb.so shadow md5
</pre><p>
In the following example the decision has been made to use the 
smbpasswd database even for basic samba authentication. Such a 
decision could also be made for the passwd program and would 
thus allow the smbpasswd passwords to be changed using the passwd 
program.
</p><pre class="screen">
#%PAM-1.0
# The PAM configuration file for the `samba' service
#
auth       required     pam_smbpass.so nodelay
account    required     pam_pwdb.so audit nodelay
session    required     pam_pwdb.so nodelay
password   required     pam_smbpass.so nodelay smbconf=/etc/samba.d/smb.conf
</pre><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>PAM allows stacking of authentication mechanisms. It is 
also possible to pass information obtained within one PAM module through 
to the next module in the PAM stack. Please refer to the documentation for 
your particular system implementation for details regarding the specific 
capabilities of PAM in this environment. Some Linux implmentations also 
provide the <tt class="filename">pam_stack.so</tt> module that allows all 
authentication to be configured in a single central file. The 
<tt class="filename">pam_stack.so</tt> method has some very devoted followers 
on the basis that it allows for easier administration. As with all issues in 
life though, every decision makes trade-offs, so you may want examine the 
PAM documentation for further helpful information.
</p></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2977688"></a>smb.conf PAM Configuration</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There is an option in smb.conf called <a href="smb.conf.5.html#OBEYPAMRESTRICTIONS" target="_top">obey pam restrictions</a>. 
The following is from the on-line help for this option in SWAT;
</p><p>
When Samba-3 is configured to enable PAM support (i.e. 
<tt class="option">--with-pam</tt>), this parameter will 
control whether or not Samba should obey PAM's account 
and session management directives. The default behavior 
is to use PAM for clear text authentication only and to 
ignore any account or session management. Note that Samba always 
ignores PAM for authentication in the case of 
<a href="smb.conf.5.html#ENCRYPTPASSWORDS" target="_top">encrypt passwords = yes</a>. 
The reason is that PAM modules cannot support the challenge/response 
authentication mechanism needed in the presence of SMB 
password encryption. 
</p><p>Default: <i class="parameter"><tt>obey pam restrictions = no</tt></i></p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2977745"></a>Remote CIFS Authentication using winbindd.so</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
All operating systems depend on the provision of users credentials accecptable to the platform.
Unix requires the provision of a user identifier (UID) as well as a group identifier (GID).
These are both simple integer type numbers that are obtained from a password backend such
as <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt>.
</p><p>
Users and groups on a Windows NT server are assigned a relative id (rid) which is unique for
the domain when the user or group is created. To convert the Windows NT user or group into
a  unix user or group, a mapping between rids and unix user and group ids is required. This
is one of the jobs that winbind performs.
</p><p>
As winbind users and groups are resolved from a server, user and group ids are allocated
from a specified range. This is done on a first come, first served basis, although all
existing users and groups will be mapped as soon as a client performs a user or  group 
enumeration command.  The allocated unix ids are stored in a database file under the Samba
lock directory and will be remembered.
</p><p>
The astute administrator will realize from this that the combination of <tt class="filename">pam_smbpass.so</tt>, 
<b class="command">winbindd</b>, and a distributed passdb backend, such as ldap, will allow the establishment of a
centrally managed, distributed user/password database that can also be used by all PAM (eg: Linux) aware
programs and applications. This arrangement can have particularly potent advantages compared with the use of
Microsoft Active Directory Service (ADS) in so far as reduction of wide area network authentication traffic.
</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
The rid to unix id database is the only location where the user and group  mappings are 
stored by winbindd.  If this file is deleted or corrupted, there is no way for winbindd
to determine which user and group ids correspond to Windows NT user and group rids.
</p></div></div><div xmlns:ns91="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2977829"></a>Password Synchronization using pam_smbpass.so</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
pam_smbpass is a PAM module which can be used on conforming systems to
keep the smbpasswd (Samba password) database in sync with the unix
password file. PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) is an API supported
under some Unices, such as Solaris, HPUX and Linux, that provides a
generic interface to authentication mechanisms.
</p><p>
This module authenticates a local smbpasswd user database.  If you require
support for authenticating against a remote SMB server, or if you're
concerned about the presence of suid root binaries on your system, it is
recommended that you use pam_winbind instead.
</p><ns91:p>
Options recognized by this module are as follows:
</ns91:p><div class="table"><a name="id2977860"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 25.1. Options recognized by pam_smbpass</b></p><table summary="Options recognized by pam_smbpass" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left">debug</td><td align="left">log more debugging info</td></tr><tr><td align="left">audit</td><td align="left">like debug, but also logs unknown usernames</td></tr><tr><td align="left">use_first_pass</td><td align="left">don't prompt the user for passwords; take them from PAM_ items instead</td></tr><tr><td align="left">try_first_pass</td><td align="left">try to get the password from a previous PAM module, fall back to prompting the user</td></tr><tr><td align="left">use_authtok</td><td align="left">like try_first_pass, but *fail* if the new PAM_AUTHTOK has not been previously set. (intended for stacking password modules only)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">not_set_pass</td><td align="left">don't make passwords used by this module available to other modules.</td></tr><tr><td align="left">nodelay</td><td align="left">don't insert ~1 second delays on authentication failure.</td></tr><tr><td align="left">nullok</td><td align="left">null passwords are allowed.</td></tr><tr><td align="left">nonull</td><td align="left">null passwords are not allowed. Used to override the Samba configuration.</td></tr><tr><td align="left">migrate</td><td align="left">only meaningful in an &quot;auth&quot; context; used to update smbpasswd file with a password used for successful authentication.</td></tr><tr><td align="left">smbconf=<i class="replaceable"><tt>file</tt></i></td><td align="left">specify an alternate path to the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ns91:p>
</ns91:p><ns91:p>
Thanks go to the following people:
</ns91:p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><a href="mailto:morgan@transmeta.com" target="_top">Andrew Morgan</a>, for providing the Linux-PAM
	framework, without which none of this would have happened</td></tr><tr><td><a href="gafton@redhat.com" target="_top">Christian Gafton</a> and Andrew Morgan again, for the
	pam_pwdb module upon which pam_smbpass was originally based</td></tr><tr><td><a href="lkcl@switchboard.net" target="_top">Luke Leighton</a> for being receptive to the idea,
	and for the occasional good-natured complaint about the project's status
	that keep me working on it :)</td></tr></table><ns91:p>.
</ns91:p><p>
The following are examples of the use of pam_smbpass.so in the format of Linux
<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/</tt> files structure. Those wishing to implement this
tool on other platforms will need to adapt this appropriately.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2978061"></a>Password Synchronisation Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A sample PAM configuration that shows the use of pam_smbpass to make
sure private/smbpasswd is kept in sync when /etc/passwd (/etc/shadow)
is changed.  Useful when an expired password might be changed by an
application (such as ssh).
</p><pre class="screen">
#%PAM-1.0
# password-sync
#
auth       requisite    pam_nologin.so
auth       required     pam_unix.so
account    required     pam_unix.so
password   requisite    pam_cracklib.so retry=3
password   requisite    pam_unix.so shadow md5 use_authtok try_first_pass
password   required     pam_smbpass.so nullok use_authtok try_first_pass
session    required     pam_unix.so
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2978094"></a>Password Migration Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A sample PAM configuration that shows the use of pam_smbpass to migrate
from plaintext to encrypted passwords for Samba.  Unlike other methods,
this can be used for users who have never connected to Samba shares:
password migration takes place when users ftp in, login using ssh, pop
their mail, etc.
</p><pre class="screen">
#%PAM-1.0
# password-migration
#
auth       requisite   pam_nologin.so
# pam_smbpass is called IF pam_unix succeeds.
auth       requisite   pam_unix.so
auth       optional    pam_smbpass.so migrate
account    required    pam_unix.so
password   requisite   pam_cracklib.so retry=3
password   requisite   pam_unix.so shadow md5 use_authtok try_first_pass
password   optional    pam_smbpass.so nullok use_authtok try_first_pass
session    required    pam_unix.so
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2978129"></a>Mature Password Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A sample PAM configuration for a 'mature' smbpasswd installation.
private/smbpasswd is fully populated, and we consider it an error if
the smbpasswd doesn't exist or doesn't match the Unix password.
</p><pre class="screen">
#%PAM-1.0
# password-mature
#
auth       requisite    pam_nologin.so
auth       required     pam_unix.so
account    required     pam_unix.so
password   requisite    pam_cracklib.so retry=3
password   requisite    pam_unix.so shadow md5 use_authtok try_first_pass
password   required     pam_smbpass.so use_authtok use_first_pass
session    required     pam_unix.so
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2978161"></a>Kerberos Password Integration Configuration</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A sample PAM configuration that shows pam_smbpass used together with
pam_krb5.  This could be useful on a Samba PDC that is also a member of
a Kerberos realm.
</p><pre class="screen">
#%PAM-1.0
# kdc-pdc
#
auth       requisite   pam_nologin.so
auth       requisite   pam_krb5.so
auth       optional    pam_smbpass.so migrate
account    required    pam_krb5.so
password   requisite   pam_cracklib.so retry=3
password   optional    pam_smbpass.so nullok use_authtok try_first_pass
password   required    pam_krb5.so use_authtok try_first_pass
session    required    pam_krb5.so
</pre></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2978196"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
PAM can be a very fickle and sensitive to configuration glitches. Here we look at a few cases from
the Samba mailing list.
</p><div xmlns:ns92="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2978209"></a>pam_winbind problem</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	I have the following PAM configuration:
	</p><ns92:p>
</ns92:p><pre class="screen">
auth required /lib/security/pam_securetty.so
auth sufficient /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
auth sufficient /lib/security/pam_unix.so use_first_pass nullok
auth required /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
auth required /lib/security/pam_nologin.so
account required /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
account required /lib/security/pam_winbind.so
password required /lib/security/pam_stack.so service=system-auth
</pre><ns92:p>
</ns92:p><p>
	When I open a new console with [ctrl][alt][F1], then I cant log in with my user &quot;pitie&quot;.
	I've tried with user &quot;scienceu+pitie&quot; also.
	</p><p>
	Answer: The problem may lie with your inclusion of <i class="parameter"><tt>pam_stack.so
	service=system-auth</tt></i>. That file often contains a lot of stuff that may
	duplicate what you're already doing. Try commenting out the pam_stack lines
	for auth and account and see if things work. If they do, look at
	<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/system-auth</tt> and copy only what you need from it into your
	<tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/login</tt> file.  Alternatively, if you want all services to use
	winbind, you can put the winbind-specific stuff in <tt class="filename">/etc/pam.d/system-auth</tt>.
	</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="integrate-ms-networks"></a>Chapter 26. Integrating MS Windows networks with Samba</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate"> (Jan 01 2001) </p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2979952">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2979977">Background Information</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2980022">Name Resolution in a pure Unix/Linux world</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2980073">/etc/hosts</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2980198">/etc/resolv.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978348">/etc/host.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978390">/etc/nsswitch.conf</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2978479">Name resolution as used within MS Windows networking</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2978604">The NetBIOS Name Cache</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978648">The LMHOSTS file</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978762">HOSTS file</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978795">DNS Lookup</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978820">WINS Lookup</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2978890">Common Errors</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2978906">My Boomerang Won't Come Back</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978938">Very Slow Network Connections</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2978989">Samba server name change problem</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
This section deals with NetBIOS over TCP/IP name to IP address resolution. If
your MS Windows clients are NOT configured to use NetBIOS over TCP/IP then this
section does not apply to your installation. If your installation involves use of
NetBIOS over TCP/IP then this section may help you to resolve networking problems.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
	NetBIOS over TCP/IP has nothing to do with NetBEUI. NetBEUI is NetBIOS
	over Logical Link Control (LLC). On modern networks it is highly advised
	to NOT run NetBEUI at all. Note also that there is NO such thing as
	NetBEUI over TCP/IP - the existence of such a protocol is a complete
	and utter mis-apprehension.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2979952"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Many MS Windows network administrators have never been exposed to basic TCP/IP
networking as it is implemented in a Unix/Linux operating system. Likewise, many Unix and
Linux adminsitrators have not been exposed to the intricacies of MS Windows TCP/IP based
networking (and may have no desire to be either).
</p><p>
This chapter gives a short introduction to the basics of how a name can be resolved to 
it's IP address for each operating system environment.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2979977"></a>Background Information</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Since the introduction of MS Windows 2000 it is possible to run MS Windows networking
without the use of NetBIOS over TCP/IP. NetBIOS over TCP/IP uses UDP port 137 for NetBIOS
name resolution and uses TCP port 139 for NetBIOS session services. When NetBIOS over
TCP/IP is disabled on MS Windows 2000 and later clients then only TCP port 445 will be
used and UDP port 137 and TCP port 139 will not.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
When using Windows 2000 or later clients, if NetBIOS over TCP/IP is NOT disabled, then
the client will use UDP port 137 (NetBIOS Name Service, also known as the Windows Internet
Name Service or WINS), TCP port 139 AND TCP port 445 (for actual file and print traffic).
</p></div><p>
When NetBIOS over TCP/IP is disabled the use of DNS is essential. Most installations that
disable NetBIOS over TCP/IP today use MS Active Directory Service (ADS). ADS requires
Dynamic DNS with Service Resource Records (SRV RR) and with Incremental Zone Transfers (IXFR).
Use of DHCP with ADS is recommended as a further means of maintaining central control
over client workstation network configuration.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2980022"></a>Name Resolution in a pure Unix/Linux world</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The key configuration files covered in this section are:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt></p></li><li><p><tt class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</tt></p></li><li><p><tt class="filename">/etc/host.conf</tt></p></li><li><p><tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt></p></li></ul></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2980073"></a><tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Contains a static list of IP Addresses and names.
eg:
</p><pre class="screen">
	127.0.0.1	localhost localhost.localdomain
	192.168.1.1	bigbox.caldera.com	bigbox	alias4box
</pre><p>
The purpose of <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> is to provide a 
name resolution mechanism so that uses do not need to remember 
IP addresses.
</p><p>
Network packets that are sent over the physical network transport 
layer communicate not via IP addresses but rather using the Media 
Access Control address, or MAC address. IP Addresses are currently 
32 bits in length and are typically presented as four (4) decimal 
numbers that are separated by a dot (or period). eg: 168.192.1.1.
</p><p>
MAC Addresses use 48 bits (or 6 bytes) and are typically represented 
as two digit hexadecimal numbers separated by colons. eg: 
40:8e:0a:12:34:56
</p><p>
Every network interface must have an MAC address. Associated with 
a MAC address there may be one or more IP addresses. There is NO 
relationship between an IP address and a MAC address, all such assignments 
are arbitary or discretionary in nature. At the most basic level all 
network communications takes place using MAC addressing. Since MAC 
addresses must be globally unique, and generally remains fixed for 
any particular interface, the assignment of an IP address makes sense 
from a network management perspective. More than one IP address can 
be assigned per MAC address. One address must be the primary IP address, 
this is the address that will be returned in the ARP reply.
</p><p>
When a user or a process wants to communicate with another machine 
the protocol implementation ensures that the &quot;machine name&quot; or &quot;host 
name&quot; is resolved to an IP address in a manner that is controlled 
by the TCP/IP configuration control files. The file 
<tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> is one such file.
</p><p>
When the IP address of the destination interface has been 
determined a protocol called ARP/RARP is used to identify 
the MAC address of the target interface. ARP stands for Address 
Resolution Protocol, and is a broadcast oriented method that 
uses UDP (User Datagram Protocol) to send a request to all 
interfaces on the local network segment using the all 1's MAC 
address. Network interfaces are programmed to respond to two 
MAC addresses only; their own unique address and the address 
ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff. The reply packet from an ARP request will 
contain the MAC address and the primary IP address for each 
interface.
</p><p>
The <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> file is foundational to all 
Unix/Linux TCP/IP installations and as a minumum will contain 
the localhost and local network interface IP addresses and the 
primary names by which they are known within the local machine. 
This file helps to prime the pump so that a basic level of name 
resolution can exist before any other method of name resolution 
becomes available.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2980198"></a><tt class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</tt></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This file tells the name resolution libraries:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>The name of the domain to which the machine 
	belongs
	</p></li><li><p>The name(s) of any domains that should be 
	automatically searched when trying to resolve unqualified 
	host names to their IP address
	</p></li><li><p>The name or IP address of available Domain 
	Name Servers that may be asked to perform name to address 
	translation lookups
	</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2978348"></a><tt class="filename">/etc/host.conf</tt></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
<tt class="filename">/etc/host.conf</tt> is the primary means by 
which the setting in /etc/resolv.conf may be affected. It is a 
critical configuration file.  This file controls the order by 
which name resolution may procede. The typical structure is:
</p><pre class="screen">
	order hosts,bind
	multi on
</pre><p>
then both addresses should be returned. Please refer to the 
man page for host.conf for further details.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2978390"></a><tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt></h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This file controls the actual name resolution targets. The 
file typically has resolver object specifications as follows:
</p><pre class="screen">
	# /etc/nsswitch.conf
	#
	# Name Service Switch configuration file.
	#

	passwd:		compat
	# Alternative entries for password authentication are:
	# passwd:	compat files nis ldap winbind
	shadow:		compat
	group:		compat

	hosts:		files nis dns
	# Alternative entries for host name resolution are:
	# hosts:	files dns nis nis+ hesoid db compat ldap wins
	networks:	nis files dns

	ethers:		nis files
	protocols:	nis files
	rpc:		nis files
	services:	nis files
</pre><p>
Of course, each of these mechanisms requires that the appropriate 
facilities and/or services are correctly configured.
</p><p>
It should be noted that unless a network request/message must be 
sent, TCP/IP networks are silent. All TCP/IP communications assumes a 
principal of speaking only when necessary.
</p><p>
Starting with version 2.2.0 samba has Linux support for extensions to 
the name service switch infrastructure so that linux clients will 
be able to obtain resolution of MS Windows NetBIOS names to IP 
Addresses. To gain this functionality Samba needs to be compiled 
with appropriate arguments to the make command (ie: <b class="userinput"><tt>make 
nsswitch/libnss_wins.so</tt></b>). The resulting library should 
then be installed in the <tt class="filename">/lib</tt> directory and 
the &quot;wins&quot; parameter needs to be added to the &quot;hosts:&quot; line in 
the <tt class="filename">/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt> file. At this point it 
will be possible to ping any MS Windows machine by it's NetBIOS 
machine name, so long as that machine is within the workgroup to 
which both the samba machine and the MS Windows machine belong.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2978479"></a>Name resolution as used within MS Windows networking</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
MS Windows networking is predicated about the name each machine 
is given. This name is known variously (and inconsistently) as 
the &quot;computer name&quot;, &quot;machine name&quot;, &quot;networking name&quot;, &quot;netbios name&quot;, 
&quot;SMB name&quot;. All terms mean the same thing with the exception of 
&quot;netbios name&quot; which can apply also to the name of the workgroup or the 
domain name. The terms &quot;workgroup&quot; and &quot;domain&quot; are really just a 
simply name with which the machine is associated. All NetBIOS names 
are exactly 16 characters in length. The 16th character is reserved. 
It is used to store a one byte value that indicates service level 
information for the NetBIOS name that is registered. A NetBIOS machine 
name is therefore registered for each service type that is provided by 
the client/server.
</p><p>
The following are typical NetBIOS name/service type registrations:
</p><pre class="screen">
	Unique NetBIOS Names:
		MACHINENAME&lt;00&gt;	= Server Service is running on MACHINENAME
		MACHINENAME&lt;03&gt; = Generic Machine Name (NetBIOS name)
		MACHINENAME&lt;20&gt; = LanMan Server service is running on MACHINENAME
		WORKGROUP&lt;1b&gt; = Domain Master Browser

	Group Names:
		WORKGROUP&lt;03&gt; = Generic Name registered by all members of WORKGROUP
		WORKGROUP&lt;1c&gt; = Domain Controllers / Netlogon Servers
		WORKGROUP&lt;1d&gt; = Local Master Browsers
		WORKGROUP&lt;1e&gt; = Internet Name Resolvers
</pre><p>
It should be noted that all NetBIOS machines register their own 
names as per the above. This is in vast contrast to TCP/IP 
installations where traditionally the system administrator will 
determine in the /etc/hosts or in the DNS database what names 
are associated with each IP address.
</p><p>
One further point of clarification should be noted, the <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> 
file and the DNS records do not provide the NetBIOS name type information 
that MS Windows clients depend on to locate the type of service that may 
be needed. An example of this is what happens when an MS Windows client 
wants to locate a domain logon server. It finds this service and the IP 
address of a server that provides it by performing a lookup (via a 
NetBIOS broadcast) for enumeration of all machines that have 
registered the name type *&lt;1c&gt;. A logon request is then sent to each 
IP address that is returned in the enumerated list of IP addresses. Which 
ever machine first replies then ends up providing the logon services.
</p><p>
The name &quot;workgroup&quot; or &quot;domain&quot; really can be confusing since these 
have the added significance of indicating what is the security 
architecture of the MS Windows network. The term &quot;workgroup&quot; indicates 
that the primary nature of the network environment is that of a 
peer-to-peer design. In a WORKGROUP all machines are responsible for 
their own security, and generally such security is limited to use of 
just a password (known as SHARE MODE security). In most situations 
with peer-to-peer networking the users who control their own machines 
will simply opt to have no security at all. It is possible to have 
USER MODE security in a WORKGROUP environment, thus requiring use 
of a user name and a matching password.
</p><p>
MS Windows networking is thus predetermined to use machine names 
for all local and remote machine message passing. The protocol used is 
called Server Message Block (SMB) and this is implemented using 
the NetBIOS protocol (Network Basic Input Output System). NetBIOS can 
be encapsulated using LLC (Logical Link Control) protocol - in which case 
the resulting protocol is called NetBEUI (Network Basic Extended User 
Interface). NetBIOS can also be run over IPX (Internetworking Packet 
Exchange) protocol as used by Novell NetWare, and it can be run 
over TCP/IP protocols - in which case the resulting protocol is called 
NBT or NetBT, the NetBIOS over TCP/IP.
</p><p>
MS Windows machines use a complex array of name resolution mechanisms. 
Since we are primarily concerned with TCP/IP this demonstration is 
limited to this area.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2978604"></a>The NetBIOS Name Cache</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
All MS Windows machines employ an in memory buffer in which is 
stored the NetBIOS names and IP addresses for all external 
machines that that machine has communicated with over the 
past 10-15 minutes. It is more efficient to obtain an IP address 
for a machine from the local cache than it is to go through all the 
configured name resolution mechanisms.
</p><p>
If a machine whose name is in the local name cache has been shut 
down before the name had been expired and flushed from the cache, then 
an attempt to exchange a message with that machine will be subject 
to time-out delays. i.e.: Its name is in the cache, so a name resolution 
lookup will succeed, but the machine can not respond. This can be 
frustrating for users - but it is a characteristic of the protocol.
</p><p>
The MS Windows utility that allows examination of the NetBIOS 
name cache is called &quot;nbtstat&quot;. The Samba equivalent of this 
is called <b class="command">nmblookup</b>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2978648"></a>The LMHOSTS file</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This file is usually located in MS Windows NT 4.0 or 
2000 in <tt class="filename">C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC</tt> and contains 
the IP Address and the machine name in matched pairs. The 
<tt class="filename">LMHOSTS</tt> file performs NetBIOS name 
to IP address mapping.
</p><p>
It typically looks like:
</p><pre class="screen">
	# Copyright (c) 1998 Microsoft Corp.
	#
	# This is a sample LMHOSTS file used by the Microsoft Wins Client (NetBIOS
	# over TCP/IP) stack for Windows98
	#
	# This file contains the mappings of IP addresses to NT computernames
	# (NetBIOS) names.  Each entry should be kept on an individual line.
	# The IP address should be placed in the first column followed by the
	# corresponding computername. The address and the comptername
	# should be separated by at least one space or tab. The &quot;#&quot; character
	# is generally used to denote the start of a comment (see the exceptions
	# below).
	#
	# This file is compatible with Microsoft LAN Manager 2.x TCP/IP lmhosts
	# files and offers the following extensions:
	#
	#      #PRE
	#      #DOM:&lt;domain&gt;
	#      #INCLUDE &lt;filename&gt;
	#      #BEGIN_ALTERNATE
	#      #END_ALTERNATE
	#      \0xnn (non-printing character support)
	#
	# Following any entry in the file with the characters &quot;#PRE&quot; will cause
	# the entry to be preloaded into the name cache. By default, entries are
	# not preloaded, but are parsed only after dynamic name resolution fails.
	#
	# Following an entry with the &quot;#DOM:&lt;domain&gt;&quot; tag will associate the
	# entry with the domain specified by &lt;domain&gt;. This affects how the
	# browser and logon services behave in TCP/IP environments. To preload
	# the host name associated with #DOM entry, it is necessary to also add a
	# #PRE to the line. The &lt;domain&gt; is always preloaded although it will not
	# be shown when the name cache is viewed.
	#
	# Specifying &quot;#INCLUDE &lt;filename&gt;&quot; will force the RFC NetBIOS (NBT)
	# software to seek the specified &lt;filename&gt; and parse it as if it were
	# local. &lt;filename&gt; is generally a UNC-based name, allowing a
	# centralized lmhosts file to be maintained on a server.
	# It is ALWAYS necessary to provide a mapping for the IP address of the
	# server prior to the #INCLUDE. This mapping must use the #PRE directive.
	# In addtion the share &quot;public&quot; in the example below must be in the
	# LanManServer list of &quot;NullSessionShares&quot; in order for client machines to
	# be able to read the lmhosts file successfully. This key is under
	# \machine\system\currentcontrolset\services\lanmanserver\parameters\nullsessionshares
	# in the registry. Simply add &quot;public&quot; to the list found there.
	#
	# The #BEGIN_ and #END_ALTERNATE keywords allow multiple #INCLUDE
	# statements to be grouped together. Any single successful include
	# will cause the group to succeed.
	#
	# Finally, non-printing characters can be embedded in mappings by
	# first surrounding the NetBIOS name in quotations, then using the
	# \0xnn notation to specify a hex value for a non-printing character.
	#
	# The following example illustrates all of these extensions:
	#
	# 102.54.94.97     rhino         #PRE #DOM:networking  #net group's DC
	# 102.54.94.102    &quot;appname  \0x14&quot;                    #special app server
	# 102.54.94.123    popular            #PRE             #source server
	# 102.54.94.117    localsrv           #PRE             #needed for the include
	#
	# #BEGIN_ALTERNATE
	# #INCLUDE \\localsrv\public\lmhosts
	# #INCLUDE \\rhino\public\lmhosts
	# #END_ALTERNATE
	#
	# In the above example, the &quot;appname&quot; server contains a special
	# character in its name, the &quot;popular&quot; and &quot;localsrv&quot; server names are
	# preloaded, and the &quot;rhino&quot; server name is specified so it can be used
	# to later #INCLUDE a centrally maintained lmhosts file if the &quot;localsrv&quot;
	# system is unavailable.
	#
	# Note that the whole file is parsed including comments on each lookup,
	# so keeping the number of comments to a minimum will improve performance.
	# Therefore it is not advisable to simply add lmhosts file entries onto the
	# end of this file.
</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2978762"></a>HOSTS file</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This file is usually located in MS Windows NT 4.0 or 2000 in 
<tt class="filename">C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC</tt> and contains 
the IP Address and the IP hostname in matched pairs. It can be 
used by the name resolution infrastructure in MS Windows, depending 
on how the TCP/IP environment is configured. This file is in 
every way the equivalent of the Unix/Linux <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> file.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2978795"></a>DNS Lookup</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This capability is configured in the TCP/IP setup area in the network 
configuration facility. If enabled an elaborate name resolution sequence 
is followed the precise nature of which is dependant on what the NetBIOS 
Node Type parameter is configured to. A Node Type of 0 means use 
NetBIOS broadcast (over UDP broadcast) is first used if the name 
that is the subject of a name lookup is not found in the NetBIOS name 
cache. If that fails then DNS, HOSTS and LMHOSTS are checked. If set to 
Node Type 8, then a NetBIOS Unicast (over UDP Unicast) is sent to the 
WINS Server to obtain a lookup before DNS, HOSTS, LMHOSTS, or broadcast 
lookup is used.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2978820"></a>WINS Lookup</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
A WINS (Windows Internet Name Server) service is the equivaent of the 
rfc1001/1002 specified NBNS (NetBIOS Name Server). A WINS server stores 
the names and IP addresses that are registered by a Windows client 
if the TCP/IP setup has been given at least one WINS Server IP Address.
</p><p>
To configure Samba to be a WINS server the following parameter needs 
to be added to the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file:
</p><pre class="screen">
	wins support = Yes
</pre><p>
To configure Samba to use a WINS server the following parameters are 
needed in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file:
</p><pre class="screen">
	wins support = No
	wins server = xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
</pre><p>
where <i class="replaceable"><tt>xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx</tt></i> is the IP address 
of the WINS server.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2978890"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
TCP/IP network configuration problems find every network administrator sooner or later.
The cause can be anything from keybaord mishaps, forgetfulness, simple mistakes, and
carelessness. Of course, noone is every deliberately careless!
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2978906"></a>My Boomerang Won't Come Back</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	Well, the real complaint said, &quot;I can ping my samba server from Windows, but I can
	not ping my Windows machine from the samba server.&quot;
	</p><p>
	The Windows machine was at IP Address 192.168.1.2 with netmask 255.255.255.0, the
	Samba server (Linux) was at IP Address 192.168.1.130 with netmast 255.255.255.128.
	The machines were on a local network with no external connections.
	</p><p>
	Due to inconsistent netmasks, the Windows machine was on network 192.168.1.0/24, while
	the Samba server was on network 192.168.1.128/25 - logically a different network.
	</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2978938"></a>Very Slow Network Connections</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	A common causes of slow network response includes:
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Client is configured to use DNS and DNS server is down</p></li><li><p>Client is configured to use remote DNS server, but remote connection is down</p></li><li><p>Client is configured to use a WINS server, but there is no WINS server</p></li><li><p>Client is NOT configured to use a WINS server, but there is a WINS server</p></li><li><p>Firewall is filtering our DNS or WINS traffic</p></li></ul></div></div><div xmlns:ns93="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2978989"></a>Samba server name change problem</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	The name of the samba server was changed, samba was restarted, samba server can not be
	pinged by new name from MS Windows NT4 Workstation, but it does still respond to ping using
	the old name. Why?
	</p><p>
	From this description three (3) things are rather obvious:
	</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>WINS is NOT in use, only broadcast based name resolution is used</p></li><li><p>The samba server was renamed and restarted within the last 10-15 minutes</p></li><li><p>The old samba server name is still in the NetBIOS name cache on the MS Windows NT4 Workstation</p></li></ul></div><p>
	To find what names are present in the NetBIOS name cache on the MS Windows NT4 machine,
	open a cmd shell, then:
	</p><ns93:p>
	</ns93:p><pre class="screen">
	C:\temp\&gt;nbtstat -n

	              NetBIOS Local Name Table

	   Name                 Type          Status
	------------------------------------------------
	SLACK            &lt;03&gt;  UNIQUE      Registered
	ADMININSTRATOR   &lt;03&gt;  UNIQUE      Registered
	SLACK            &lt;00&gt;  UNIQUE      Registered
	SARDON           &lt;00&gt;  GROUP       Registered
	SLACK            &lt;20&gt;  UNIQUE      Registered
	SLACK            &lt;1F&gt;  UNIQUE      Registered


	C:\Temp\&gt;nbtstat -c

	             NetBIOS Remote Cache Name Table

	   Name                 Type       Host Address     Life [sec]
	--------------------------------------------------------------
	FRODO            &lt;20&gt;  UNIQUE      192.168.1.1          240

	C:\Temp\&gt;
	</pre><ns93:p>
	</ns93:p><p>
	In the above example, FRODO is the Samba server and SLACK is the MS Windows NT4 Workstation.
	The first listing shows the contents of the Local Name Table (ie: Identity information on
	the MS Windows workstation), the second shows the NetBIOS name in the NetBIOS name cache.
	The name cache contains the remote machines known to this workstation.
	</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="unicode"></a>Chapter 27. Unicode/Charsets</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">TAKAHASHI</span> <span class="surname">Motonobu</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:monyo@home.monyo.com">monyo@home.monyo.com</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">25 March 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2979144">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2979186">What are charsets and unicode?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2979255">Samba and charsets</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2979355">Conversion from old names</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2979401">Japanese charsets</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2979144"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Every industry eventually matures. One of the great areas of maturation is in
the focus that has been given over the past decade to make it possible for anyone
anywhere to use a computer. It has not always been that way, in fact, not so long
ago it was common for software to be written for exclusive use in the country of
origin.
</p><p>
Of all the effort that has been brought to bear on providing native language support
for all computer users, the efforts of the Openi18n organisation is deserving of
special mention. For more information about Openi18n please refer to: 
<a href="#">http://www.openi18n.org/</a>.
</p><p>
Samba-2.x supported a single locale through a mechanism called 
<span class="emphasis"><em>codepages</em></span>. Samba-3 is destined to become a truely trans-global
file and printer sharing platform.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2979186"></a>What are charsets and unicode?</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Computers communicate in numbers. In texts, each number will be 
translated to a corresponding letter. The meaning that will be assigned 
to a certain number depends on the <span class="emphasis"><em>character set(charset)
</em></span> that is used. 
A charset can be seen as a table that is used to translate numbers to 
letters. Not all computers use the same charset (there are charsets 
with German umlauts, Japanese characters, etc). Usually a charset contains 
256 characters, which means that storing a character with it takes 
exactly one byte. </p><p>
There are also charsets that support even more characters, 
but those need twice(or even more) as much storage space. These 
charsets can contain <b class="command">256 * 256 = 65536</b> characters, which
is more then all possible characters one could think of. They are called 
multibyte charsets (because they use more then one byte to 
store one character). 
</p><p>
A standardised multibyte charset is unicode, info is available at 
<a href="http://www.unicode.org/" target="_top">www.unicode.org</a>. 
A big advantage of using a multibyte charset is that you only need one; no 
need to make sure two computers use the same charset when they are 
communicating.
</p><p>Old windows clients used to use single-byte charsets, named 
'codepages' by microsoft. However, there is no support for 
negotiating the charset to be used in the smb protocol. Thus, you 
have to make sure you are using the same charset when talking to an old client.
Newer clients (Windows NT, 2K, XP) talk unicode over the wire.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2979255"></a>Samba and charsets</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
As of samba 3.0, samba can (and will) talk unicode over the wire. Internally, 
samba knows of three kinds of character sets: 
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>unix charset</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>
		This is the charset used internally by your operating system. 
		The default is <tt class="constant">ASCII</tt>, which is fine for most 
		systems.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>display charset</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>This is the charset samba will use to print messages
		on your screen. It should generally be the same as the <b class="command">unix charset</b>.
		</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><i class="parameter"><tt>dos charset</tt></i></span></dt><dd><p>This is the charset samba uses when communicating with 
		DOS and Windows 9x clients. It will talk unicode to all newer clients.
		The default depends on the charsets you have installed on your system.
		Run <b class="command">testparm -v | grep &quot;dos charset&quot;</b> to see 
		what the default is on your system. 
		</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2979355"></a>Conversion from old names</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>Because previous samba versions did not do any charset conversion, 
characters in filenames are usually not correct in the unix charset but only 
for the local charset used by the DOS/Windows clients.</p><p>The following script from Steve Langasek converts all 
filenames from CP850 to the iso8859-15 charset.</p><p>
<tt class="prompt">#</tt><b class="userinput"><tt>find <i class="replaceable"><tt>/path/to/share</tt></i> -type f -exec bash -c 'CP=&quot;{}&quot;; ISO=`echo -n &quot;$CP&quot; | iconv -f cp850 \
  -t iso8859-15`; if [ &quot;$CP&quot; != &quot;$ISO&quot; ]; then mv &quot;$CP&quot; &quot;$ISO&quot;; fi' \;
</tt></b>
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2979401"></a>Japanese charsets</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>Samba doesn't work correctly with Japanese charsets yet. Here are
points of attention when setting it up:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>You should set <i class="parameter"><tt>mangling method =
hash</tt></i></p></li><li><p>There are various iconv() implementations around and not
all of  them work equally well. glibc2's iconv() has a critical problem
in CP932.  libiconv-1.8 works with CP932 but still has some problems and
does not  work with EUC-JP.</p></li><li><p>You should set <i class="parameter"><tt>dos charset = CP932</tt></i>, not
Shift_JIS, SJIS...</p></li><li><p>Currently only <i class="parameter"><tt>unix charset = CP932</tt></i>
will work (but still has some problems...) because of iconv() issues.
<i class="parameter"><tt>unix charset = EUC-JP</tt></i> doesn't work well because of
iconv() issues.</p></li><li><p>Currently Samba 3.0 does not support <i class="parameter"><tt>unix charset
= UTF8-MAC/CAP/HEX/JIS*</tt></i></p></li></ul></div><p>More information (in Japanese) is available at: <a href="http://www.atmarkit.co.jp/flinux/special/samba3/samba3a.html" target="_top">http://www.atmarkit.co.jp/flinux/special/samba3/samba3a.html</a>.</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="Backup"></a>Chapter 28. Samba Backup Techniques</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2981995">Note</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2982016">Features and Benefits</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2981995"></a>Note</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This chapter did not make it into this release.
It is planned for the published release of this document.
If you have something to contribute for this section please email it to
<a href="#">jht@samba.org</a>/
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2982016"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
We need feedback from people who are backing up samba servers.
We would like to know what software tools you are using to backup
your samba server/s.
</p><p>
In particular, if you have any success and / or failure stories you could
share with other users this would be appreciated.
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="SambaHA"></a>Chapter 29. High Availability Options</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2981826">Note</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2981826"></a>Note</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This chapter did not make it into this release.
It is planned for the published release of this document.
</p></div></div></div><div class="part" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="migration"></a>Migration and Updating</h1></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt>30. <a href="#upgrading-to-3.0">Upgrading from Samba-2.x to Samba-3.0.0</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2983161">Charsets</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2983184">Obsolete configuration options</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2983238">Password Backend</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>31. <a href="#NT4Migration">Migration from NT4 PDC to Samba-3 PDC</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2982481">Planning and Getting Started</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2982505">Objectives</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2981433">Steps In Migration Process</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2983650">Migration Options</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2983731">Planning for Success</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2983972">Samba Implementation Choices</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>32. <a href="#SWAT">SWAT - The Samba Web Administration Tool</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2984279">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2984129">Enabling SWAT for use</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985018">Securing SWAT through SSL</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985131">The SWAT Home Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985194">Global Settings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985300">Share Settings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985365">Printers Settings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985429">The SWAT Wizard</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985477">The Status Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985529">The View Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985552">The Password Change Page</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="upgrading-to-3.0"></a>Chapter 30. Upgrading from Samba-2.x to Samba-3.0.0</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">25 October 2002</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2983161">Charsets</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2983184">Obsolete configuration options</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2983238">Password Backend</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2983161"></a>Charsets</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>You might experience problems with special characters 
when communicating with old DOS clients. Codepage 
support has changed in samba 3.0. Read the chapter
<a href="#unicode" title="Chapter 27. Unicode/Charsets">Unicode support</a> for details.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2983184"></a>Obsolete configuration options</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In 3.0, the following configuration options have been removed.
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>printer driver (replaced by new driver procedures) </td></tr><tr><td>printer driver file (replaced by new driver procedures)</td></tr><tr><td>printer driver location (replaced by new driver procedures)</td></tr><tr><td>use rhosts</td></tr><tr><td>postscript</td></tr><tr><td>client code page (replaced by dos charset)</td></tr><tr><td>vfs path</td></tr><tr><td>vfs options</td></tr></table></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2983238"></a>Password Backend</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Effective with the release of samba-3 it is now imperative that the password backend
be correctly defined in smb.conf.
</p><p>
Those migrating from samba-2.x with plaintext password support need the following:
<span class="emphasis"><em>passdb backend = guest</em></span>.
</p><p>
Those migrating from samba-2.x with encrypted password support should add to smb.conf
<span class="emphasis"><em>passdb backend = smbpasswd, guest</em></span>.
</p><p>
LDAP using Samba-2.x systems can continue to operate with the following entry
<span class="emphasis"><em>passdb backend = ldapsam_compat, guest</em></span>.
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="NT4Migration"></a>Chapter 31. Migration from NT4 PDC to Samba-3 PDC</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">April 3, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2982481">Planning and Getting Started</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2982505">Objectives</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2981433">Steps In Migration Process</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2983650">Migration Options</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2983731">Planning for Success</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2983972">Samba Implementation Choices</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
This is a rough guide to assist those wishing to migrate from NT4 domain control to
Samba-3 based domain control.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2982481"></a>Planning and Getting Started</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In the IT world there is often a saying that all problems are encountered because of
poor planning. The corrollary to this saying is that not all problems can be anticpated
and planned for. Then again, good planning will anticpate most show stopper type situations.
</p><p>
Those wishing to migrate from MS Windows NT4 domain control to a Samba-3 domain control
environment would do well to develop a detailed migration plan. So here are a few pointers to
help migration get under way.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2982505"></a>Objectives</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The key objective for most organisations will be to make the migration from MS Windows NT4 
to Samba-3 domain control as painless as possible. One of the challenges you may experience
in your migration process may well be one of convincing management that the new environment
should remain in place. Many who have introduced open source technologies have experienced
pressure to return to a Microsoft based platform solution at the first sign of trouble. 
</p><p>
It is strongly advised that before attempting a migration to a Samba-3 controlled network
that every possible effort be made to gain all-round commitment to the change. Firstly, you
should know precisely <span class="emphasis"><em>why</em></span> the change is important for the organisation.
Possible motivations to make a change include:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>Improve network manageability</td></tr><tr><td>Obtain better user level functionality</td></tr><tr><td>Reduce network operating costs</td></tr><tr><td>Reduce exposure caused by Microsoft withdrawal of NT4 support</td></tr><tr><td>Avoid MS License 6 implications</td></tr><tr><td>Reduce organisation's dependency on Microsoft</td></tr></table><p>
It is vital that it be well recognised that Samba-3 is NOT MS Windows NT4. Samba-3 offers
an alternative solution that is both different from MS Windows NT4 and that offers some
advantages compared with it. It should also be recognised that Samba-3 lacks many of the
features that Microsoft has promoted as core values in migration from MS Windows NT4 to 
MS Windows 2000 and beyond (with or without Active Directory services).
</p><p>
What are the features that Samba-3 can NOT provide?
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>Active Directory Server</td></tr><tr><td>Group Policy Objects (in Active Direcrtory)</td></tr><tr><td>Machine Policy objects</td></tr><tr><td>Logon Scripts in Active Directorty</td></tr><tr><td>Software Application and Access Controls in Active Directory</td></tr></table><p>
The features that Samba-3 DOES provide and that may be of compelling interest to your site
includes:
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>Lower Cost of Ownership</td></tr><tr><td>Global availability of support with no strings attached</td></tr><tr><td>Dynamic SMB Servers (ie:Can run more than one server per Unix/Linux system)</td></tr><tr><td>Creation of on-the-fly logon scripts</td></tr><tr><td>Creation of on-the-fly Policy Files</td></tr><tr><td>Greater Stability, Reliability, Performance and Availability</td></tr><tr><td>Manageability via an ssh connection</td></tr><tr><td>Flexible choices of back-end authentication technologies (tdbsam, ldapsam, mysqlsam)</td></tr><tr><td>Ability to implement a full single-signon architecture</td></tr><tr><td>Ability to distribute authentication systems for absolute minimum wide area network bandwidth demand</td></tr></table><p>
Before migrating a network from MS Windows NT4 to Samba-3 it is vital that all necessary factors are
considered. Users should be educated about changes they may experience so that the change will be a
welcome one and not become an obstacle to the work they need to do. The following are some of the
factors that will go into a successful migration:
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2981206"></a>Domain Layout</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba-3 can be configured as a domain controller, a back-up domain controller (probably best called
a secondary controller), a domain member, or as a stand-alone server. The Windows network security
domain context should be sized and scoped before implementation. Particular attention needs to be
paid to the location of the primary domain controller (PDC) as well as backup controllers (BDCs).
It should be noted that one way in which Samba-3 differs from Microsoft technology is that if one
chooses to use an LDAP authentication backend then the same database can be used by several different
domains. This means that in a complex organisation there can be a single LDAP database, that itself
can be distributed, that can simultaneously serve multiple domains (that can also be widely distributed).
</p><p>
It is recommended that from a design perspective, the number of users per server, as well as the number
of servers, per domain should be scaled according to needs and should also consider server capacity
and network bandwidth.
</p><p>
A physical network segment may house several domains, each of which may span multiple network segments.
Where domains span routed network segments it is most advisable to consider and test the performance
implications of the design and layout of a network. A Centrally located domain controller that is being
designed to serve mulitple routed network segments may result in severe performance problems if the
response time (eg: ping timing) between the remote segment and the PDC is more than 100 ms. In situations
where the delay is too long it is highly recommended to locate a backup controller (BDC) to serve as
the local authentication and access control server.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2981260"></a>Server Share and Directory Layout</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are few cardinal rules to effective network design that can be broken with impunity.
The most important rule of effective network management is that simplicity is king in every
well controlled network. Every part of the infrastructure must be managed, the more complex
it is, the greater will be the demand of keeping systems secure and functional.
</p><p>
The nature of the data that must be stored needs to be born in mind when deciding how many
shares must be created. The physical disk space layout should also be taken into account
when designing where share points will be created. Keep in mind that all data needs to be
backed up, thus the simpler the disk layout the easier it will be to keep track of what must
be backed up to tape or other off-line storage medium. Always plan and implement for minimum
maintenance. Leave nothing to chance in your design, above all, do not leave backups to chance:
Backup and test, validate every backup, create a disaster recovery plan and prove that it works.
</p><p>
Users should be grouped according to data access control needs. File and directory access 
is best controlled via group permissions and the use of the &quot;sticky bit&quot; on group controlled
directories may substantially avoid file access complaints from samba share users.
</p><p>
Many network administrators who are new to the game will attempt to use elaborate techniques
to set access controls, on files, directories, shares, as well as in share definitions.
There is the ever present danger that that administrator's successor will not understand the
complex mess that has been inherited. Remember, apparent job security through complex design
and implementation may ultimately cause loss of operations and downtime to users as the new
administrator learns to untangle your web. Keep access controls simple and effective and
make sure that users will never be interrupted by the stupidity of complexity.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2981321"></a>Logon Scripts</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Please refer to the section of this document on Advanced Network Adminsitration for information
regarding the network logon script options for Samba-3. Logon scripts can help to ensure that
all users gain share and printer connections they need.
</p><p>
Logon scripts can be created on-the-fly so that all commands executed are specific to the
rights and privilidges granted to the user. The preferred controls should be affected through
group membership so that group information can be used to custom create a logong script using
the <i class="parameter"><tt>root preexec</tt></i> parameters to the <tt class="filename">NETLOGON</tt> share.
</p><p>
Some sites prefer to use a tool such as <b class="command">kixstart</b> to establish a controlled
user environment. In any case you may wish to do a google search for logon script process controls.
In particular, you may wish to explore the use of the Microsoft knowledgebase article KB189105 that
deals with how to add printers without user intervention via the logon script process.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2981379"></a>Profile Migration/Creation</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
User and Group Profiles may be migrated using the tools described in the section titled Desktop Profile
Management.
</p><p>
Profiles may also be managed using the Samba-3 tool <b class="command">profiles</b>. This tool allows
the MS Windows NT style security identifiers (SIDs) that are stored inside the profile NTuser.DAT file
to be changed to the SID of the Samba-3 domain.
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2981408"></a>User and Group Accounts</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
It is possible to migrate all account settings from an MS Windows NT4 domain to Samba-3. Before
attempting to migrate user and group accounts it is STRONGLY advised to create in Samba-3 the
groups that are present on the MS Windows NT4 domain <span class="emphasis"><em>AND</em></span> to connect these to
suitable Unix/Linux groups. Following this simple advice will mean that all user and group attributes
should migrate painlessly.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2981433"></a>Steps In Migration Process</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The approximate migration process is described below.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
You will have an NT4 PDC that has the users, groups, policies and profiles to be migrated
</p></li><li><p>
Samba-3 set up as a DC with netlogon share, profile share, etc.
</p></li></ul></div><div class="procedure"><p class="title"><b>Procedure 31.1. The Account Migration Process</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p>Create a BDC account for the samba server using NT Server Manager</p><ol type="a"><li><p>Samba must NOT be running</p></li></ol></li><li><p><b class="userinput"><tt>rpcclient <i class="replaceable"><tt>NT4PDC</tt></i> -U Administrator%<i class="replaceable"><tt>passwd</tt></i></tt></b></p><ol type="a"><li><p>lsaquery</p></li><li><p>Note the SID returned</p></li></ol></li><li><p><b class="userinput"><tt>net getsid -S <i class="replaceable"><tt>NT4PDC</tt></i> -w <i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMNAME</tt></i> -U Administrator%<i class="replaceable"><tt>passwd</tt></i></tt></b></p><ol type="a"><li><p>Note the SID</p></li></ol></li><li><p><b class="userinput"><tt>net getlocalsid</tt></b></p><ol type="a"><li><p>Note the SID, now check that all three SIDS reported are the same!</p></li></ol></li><li><p><b class="userinput"><tt>net rpc join -S <i class="replaceable"><tt>NT4PDC</tt></i> -w <i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMNAME</tt></i> -U Administrator%<i class="replaceable"><tt>passwd</tt></i></tt></b></p></li><li><p><b class="userinput"><tt>net rpc vampire -S <i class="replaceable"><tt>NT4PDC</tt></i> -U administrator%<i class="replaceable"><tt>passwd</tt></i></tt></b></p></li><li><p><b class="userinput"><tt>pdbedit -L</tt></b></p><ol type="a"><li><p>Note - did the users migrate?</p></li></ol></li><li><p><b class="userinput"><tt>initGrps.sh <i class="replaceable"><tt>DOMNAME</tt></i></tt></b></p></li><li><p><b class="userinput"><tt>net groupmap list</tt></b></p><ol type="a"><li><p>Now check that all groups are recognised</p></li></ol></li><li><p><b class="userinput"><tt>net rpc campire -S <i class="replaceable"><tt>NT4PDC</tt></i> -U administrator%<i class="replaceable"><tt>passwd</tt></i></tt></b></p></li><li><p><b class="userinput"><tt>pdbedit -Lv</tt></b></p><ol type="a"><li><p>Note - check that all group membership has been migrated</p></li></ol></li></ol></div><p>
Now it is time to migrate all the profiles, then migrate all policy files.
More later.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2983650"></a>Migration Options</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Based on feedback from many sites as well as from actual installation and maintenance
experience sites that wish to migrate from MS Windows NT4 Domain Control to a Samba
based solution fit into three basic categories.
</p><div class="table"><a name="id2983665"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 31.1. The 3 Major Site Types</b></p><table summary="The 3 Major Site Types" border="1"><colgroup><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Number of Users</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>&lt; 50</td><td><p>Want simple conversion with NO pain</p></td></tr><tr><td>50 - 250</td><td><p>Want new features, can manage some in-house complexity</p></td></tr><tr><td>&gt; 250</td><td><p>Solution/Implementation MUST scale well, complex needs. Cross departmental decision process. Local expertise in most areas</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2983731"></a>Planning for Success</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are three basic choices for sites that intend to migrate from MS Windwows NT4
to Samba-3.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Simple Conversion (total replacement)
	</p></li><li><p>
	Upgraded Conversion (could be one of integration)
	</p></li><li><p>
	Complete Redesign (completely new solution)
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
No matter what choice you make, the following rules will minimise down-stream problems:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	Take sufficient time
	</p></li><li><p>
	Avoid Panic
	</p></li><li><p>
	Test ALL assumptions
	</p></li><li><p>
	Test full roll-out program, including workstation deployment
	</p></li></ul></div><div class="table"><a name="id2983801"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 31.2. Nature of the Conversion Choices</b></p><table summary="Nature of the Conversion Choices" border="1"><colgroup><col><col><col></colgroup><thead><tr><th>Simple</th><th>Upgraded</th><th>Redesign</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><p>Make use of minimal OS specific features</p></td><td><p>Translate NT4 features to new host OS features</p></td><td><p>Decide:</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>Suck all accounts from NT4 into Samba-3</p></td><td><p>Copy and improve:</p></td><td><p>Authentication Regime (database location and access)</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>Make least number of operational changes</p></td><td><p>Make progressive improvements</p></td><td><p>Desktop Management Methods</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>Take least amount of time to migrate</p></td><td><p>Minimise user impact</p></td><td><p>Better Control of Desktops / Users</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>Live versus Isolated Conversion</p></td><td><p>Maximise functionality</p></td><td><p>Identify Needs for: Manageability, Scalability, Security, Availability</p></td></tr><tr><td><p>Integrate Samba-3 then migrate while users are active, then Change of control (ie: swap out)</p></td><td><p>Take advantage of lower maintenance opportunity</p></td><td><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div xmlns:ns94="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2983972"></a>Samba Implementation Choices</h3></div></div><div></div></div><pre class="programlisting">
Authentication database back end
	Winbind (external Samba or NT4/200x server)
	Can use pam_mkhomedir.so to auto-create home dirs
	External server could use Active Directory or NT4 Domain

Database type
	smbpasswd, tdbsam, ldapsam, MySQLsam

Access Control Points
	On the Share itself (Use NT4 Server Manager)
	On the file system
	Unix permissions on files and directories
	Posix ACLs enablement in file system?
	Through Samba share parameters
		Not recommended - except as only resort

Policies (migrate or create new ones)
	Group Policy Editor (NT4)
	Watch out for Tattoo effect

User and Group Profiles
	Platform specific so use platform tool to change from a Local
	to a Roaming profile Can use new profiles tool to change SIDs
	(NTUser.DAT)

Logon Scripts (Know how they work)

User and Group mapping to Unix/Linux
	username map facility may be needed
	Use 'net groupmap' to connect NT4 groups to Unix groups
	Use pdbedit to set/change user configuration
NOTE:
If migrating to LDAP back end it may be easier to dump initial LDAP database
to LDIF, then edit, then reload into LDAP

	OS specific scripts / programs may be needed
		Add / delete Users
			Note OS limits on size of name (Linux 8 chars)
				NT4 up to 254 chars
		Add / delete machines
			Applied only to domain members (note up to 16 chars)
		Add / delete Groups
			Note OS limits on size and nature
				Linux limit is 16 char,
				no spaces and no upper case chars (groupadd)

Migration Tools
	Domain Control (NT4 Style)
	Profiles, Policies, Access Controls, Security

Migration Tools
	Samba: net, rpcclient, smbpasswd, pdbedit, profiles
	Windows: NT4 Domain User Manager, Server Manager (NEXUS)

Authentication
	New SAM back end (smbpasswd, tdbsam, ldapsam, mysqlsam)
</pre><ns94:p>
</ns94:p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="SWAT"></a>Chapter 32. SWAT - The Samba Web Administration Tool</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">April 21, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2984279">Features and Benefits</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2984129">Enabling SWAT for use</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985018">Securing SWAT through SSL</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985131">The SWAT Home Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985194">Global Settings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985300">Share Settings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985365">Printers Settings</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985429">The SWAT Wizard</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985477">The Status Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985529">The View Page</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985552">The Password Change Page</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
There are many and varied opinions regarding the usefulness or otherwise of SWAT.
No matter how hard one tries to produce the perfect configuration tool it remains
an object of personal taste. SWAT is a tool that will allow web based configuration
of samba. It has a wizard that may help to get samba configured quickly, it has context
sensitive help on each smb.conf parameter, it provides for monitoring of current state
of connection information, and it allows network wide MS Windows network password
management.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2984279"></a>Features and Benefits</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are network administrators who believe that it is a good idea to write systems
documentation inside configuration files, for them SWAT will aways be a nasty tool. SWAT
does not store the configuration file in any intermediate form, rather, it stores only the
parameter settings, so when SWAT writes the smb.conf file to disk it will write only
those parameters that are at other than the default settings. The result is that all comments
will be lost from the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file. Additionally, the parameters will be written back in
internal ordering.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
So before using SWAT please be warned - SWAT will completely replace your smb.conf with
a fully optimised file that has been stripped of all comments you might have placed there
and only non-default settings will be written to the file.
</p></div><div xmlns:ns95="" class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2984129"></a>Enabling SWAT for use</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
SWAT should be installed to run via the network super daemon. Depending on which system
your Unix/Linux system has you will have either an <b class="command">inetd</b> or
<b class="command">xinetd</b> based system.
</p><p>
The nature and location of the network super-daemon varies with the operating system
implementation. The control file (or files) can be located in the file 
<tt class="filename">/etc/inetd.conf</tt> or in the directory <tt class="filename">/etc/[x]inet.d</tt>
or similar.
</p><p>
The control entry for the older style file might be:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	# swat is the Samba Web Administration Tool
	swat stream tcp nowait.400 root /usr/sbin/swat swat
</pre><p>
A control file for the newer style xinetd could be:
</p><ns95:p>
</ns95:p><pre class="programlisting">
	# default: off
	# description: SWAT is the Samba Web Admin Tool. Use swat \
	#              to configure your Samba server. To use SWAT, \
	#              connect to port 901 with your favorite web browser.
	service swat
	{
		port    = 901
		socket_type     = stream
		wait    = no
		only_from = localhost
		user    = root
		server  = /usr/sbin/swat
		log_on_failure  += USERID
		disable = yes
	}
</pre><ns95:p>

</ns95:p><p>
Both the above examples assume that the <b class="command">swat</b> binary has been
located in the <tt class="filename">/usr/sbin</tt> directory. In addition to the above
SWAT will use a directory access point from which it will load it's help files
as well as other control information. The default location for this on most Linux
systems is in the directory <tt class="filename">/usr/share/samba/swat</tt>. The default
location using samba defaults will be <tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/swat</tt>.
</p><p>
Access to SWAT will prompt for a logon. If you log onto SWAT as any non-root user
the only permission allowed is to view certain aspects of configuration as well as
access to the password change facility. The buttons that will be exposed to the non-root
user are: <span class="guibutton">HOME</span>, <span class="guibutton">STATUS</span>, <span class="guibutton">VIEW</span>, 
<span class="guibutton">PASSWORD</span>. The only page that allows
change capability in this case is <span class="guibutton">PASSWORD</span>.
</p><p>
So long as you log onto SWAT as the user <span class="emphasis"><em>root</em></span> you should obtain
full change and commit ability. The buttons that will be exposed includes:
<span class="guibutton">HOME</span>, <span class="guibutton">GLOBALS</span>, <span class="guibutton">SHARES</span>, <span class="guibutton">PRINTERS</span>, 
<span class="guibutton">WIZARD</span>, <span class="guibutton">STATUS</span>, <span class="guibutton">VIEW</span>, <span class="guibutton">PASSWORD</span>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2985018"></a>Securing SWAT through SSL</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Lots of people have asked about how to setup SWAT with SSL to allow for secure remote
administration of Samba. Here is a method that works, courtesy of Markus Krieger
</p><p>
Modifications to the swat setup are as following: 
</p><div class="procedure"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	install OpenSSL 
	</p></li><li xmlns:ns96=""><ns96:p>
	generate certificate and private key

	</ns96:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>/usr/bin/openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -nodes -config \
 	/usr/share/doc/packages/stunnel/stunnel.cnf \
	-out /etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem -keyout /etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem</tt></b>
	</pre></li><li><p>
	remove swat-entry from [x]inetd 
	</p></li><li xmlns:ns97=""><ns97:p>
	start stunnel

	</ns97:p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>stunnel -p /etc/stunnel/stunnel.pem -d 901 \
	 -l /usr/local/samba/bin/swat swat </tt></b>
	</pre></li></ol></div><p>
afterwards simply contact to swat by using the URL <a href="https://myhost:901" target="_top">https://myhost:901</a>, accept the certificate
and the SSL connection is up.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2985131"></a>The SWAT Home Page</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The SWAT title page provides access to the latest Samba documentation. The manual page for
each samba component is accessible from this page as are the Samba-HOWTO-Collection (this 
document) as well as the O'Reilly book &quot;Using Samba&quot;.
</p><p>
Administrators who wish to validate their samba configuration may obtain useful information
from the man pages for the diganostic utilities. These are available from the SWAT home page
also. One diagnostic tool that is NOT mentioned on this page, but that is particularly
useful is <b class="command">ethereal</b>, available from <a href="http://www.ethereal.com" target="_top">
http://www.ethereal.com</a>.
</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>
SWAT can be configured to run in <span class="emphasis"><em>demo</em></span> mode. This is NOT recommended
as it runs SWAT without authentication and with full administrative ability. ie: Allows
changes to smb.conf as well as general operation with root privilidges. The option that
creates this ability is the <tt class="option">-a</tt> flag to swat. <span class="emphasis"><em>Do not use this in any 
production environment.</em></span>
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2985194"></a>Global Settings</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The Globals button will expose a page that allows configuration of the global parameters
in smb.conf. There are three levels of exposure of the parameters:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Basic</em></span> - exposes common configuration options.
	</p></li><li><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Advanced</em></span> - exposes  configuration options needed in more 
	complex environments.
	</p></li><li><p>
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Developer</em></span> - exposes configuration options that only the brave
	will want to tamper with.
	</p></li></ul></div><p>
To switch to other than <span class="emphasis"><em>Basic</em></span> editing ability click on either the
<span class="emphasis"><em>Advanced</em></span> or the <span class="emphasis"><em>Developer</em></span> dial, then click the
<span class="guibutton">Commit Changes</span> button.
</p><p>
After making any changes to configuration parameters make sure that you click on the 
<span class="guibutton">Commit Changes</span> button before moving to another area otherwise
your changes will be immediately lost.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
SWAT has context sensitive help. To find out what each parameter is for simply click the
<span class="guibutton">Help</span> link to the left of the configurartion parameter.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2985300"></a>Share Settings</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To affect a currenly configured share, simply click on the pull down button between the
<span class="guibutton">Choose Share</span> and the <span class="guibutton">Delete Share</span> buttons,
select the share you wish to operate on, then to edit the settings click on the
<span class="guibutton">Choose Share</span> button, to delete the share simply press the
<span class="guibutton">Delete Share</span> button.
</p><p>
To create a new share, next to the button labelled <span class="guibutton">Create Share</span> enter
into the text field the name of the share to be created, then click on the 
<span class="guibutton">Create Share</span> button.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2985365"></a>Printers Settings</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
To affect a currenly configured printer, simply click on the pull down button between the
<span class="guibutton">Choose Printer</span> and the <span class="guibutton">Delete Printer</span> buttons,
select the printer you wish to operate on, then to edit the settings click on the
<span class="guibutton">Choose Printer</span> button, to delete the share simply press the
<span class="guibutton">Delete Printer</span> button.
</p><p>
To create a new printer, next to the button labelled <span class="guibutton">Create Printer</span> enter
into the text field the name of the share to be created, then click on the 
<span class="guibutton">Create Printer</span> button.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2985429"></a>The SWAT Wizard</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The purpose if the SWAT Wizard is to help the Microsoft knowledgable network administrator
to configure Samba with a minimum of effort.
</p><p>
The Wizard page provides a tool for rewiting the smb.conf file in fully optimised format.
This will also happen if you press the commit button. The two differ in the the rewrite button
ignores any changes that may have been made, while the Commit button causes all changes to be
affected.
</p><p>
The <span class="guibutton">Edit</span> button permits the editing (setting) of the minimal set of
options that may be necessary to create a working samba server.
</p><p>
Finally, there are a limited set of options that will determine what type of server samba
will be configured for, whether it will be a WINS server, participate as a WINS client, or
operate with no WINS support. By clicking on one button you can elect to epose (or not) user
home directories.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2985477"></a>The Status Page</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The status page serves a limited purpose. Firstly, it allows control of the samba daemons.
The key daemons that create the samba server environment are: <span class="application">smbd</span>, <span class="application">nmbd</span>, <span class="application">winbindd</span>.
</p><p>
The daemons may be controlled individually or as a total group. Additionally, you may set
an automatic screen refresh timing. As MS Windows clients interact with Samba new smbd processes
will be continually spawned. The auto-refresh facility will allow you to track the changing
conditions with minimal effort.
</p><p>
Lastly, the Status page may be used to terminate specific smbd client connections in order to
free files that may be locked.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2985529"></a>The View Page</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This page allows the administrator to view the optimised <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file and if you are
particularly massochistic will permit you also to see all possible global configuration
parameters and their settings.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2985552"></a>The Password Change Page</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The Password Change page is a popular tool. This tool allows the creation, deletion, deactivation
and reactivation of MS Windows networking users on the local machine. Alternatively, you can use
this tool to change a local password for a user account.
</p><p>
When logged in as a non-root account the user will have to provide the old password as well as
the new password (twice). When logged in as <span class="emphasis"><em>root</em></span> only the new password is
required.
</p><p>
One popular use for this tool is to change user passwords across a range of remote MS Windows
servers.
</p></div></div></div></div><div class="part" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="troubleshooting"></a>Troubleshooting</h1></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt>33. <a href="#diagnosis">The samba checklist</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2985673">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985707">Assumptions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985879">The tests</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2989430">Still having troubles?</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>34. <a href="#problems">Analysing and solving samba problems</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2990823">Diagnostics tools</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2989549">Installing 'Network Monitor' on an NT Workstation or a Windows 9x box</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2989832">Useful URL's</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2989876">Getting help from the mailing lists</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2990029">How to get off the mailinglists</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>35. <a href="#bugreport">Reporting Bugs</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2992343">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2992402">General info</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2992438">Debug levels</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2990534">Internal errors</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2990642">Attaching to a running process</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2990144">Patches</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="diagnosis"></a>Chapter 33. The samba checklist</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Andrew</span> <span class="surname">Tridgell</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:tridge@samba.org">tridge@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">Wed Jan 15</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2985673">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985707">Assumptions</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2985879">The tests</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2989430">Still having troubles?</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2985673"></a>Introduction</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This file contains a list of tests you can perform to validate your
Samba server. It also tells you what the likely cause of the problem
is if it fails any one of these steps. If it passes all these tests
then it is probably working fine.
</p><p>
You should do ALL the tests, in the order shown. We have tried to
carefully choose them so later tests only use capabilities verified in
the earlier tests.  However, do not stop at the first error as there
have been some instances when continuing with the tests has helped
to solve a problem.
</p><p>
If you send one of the samba mailing lists  an email saying &quot;it doesn't work&quot;
and you have not followed this test procedure then you should not be surprised
if your email is ignored.
</p></div><div xmlns:ns98="" class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2985707"></a>Assumptions</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In all of the tests it is assumed you have a Samba server called 
BIGSERVER and a PC called ACLIENT both in workgroup TESTGROUP.
</p><p>
The procedure is similar for other types of clients.
</p><p>
It is also assumed you know the name of an available share in your
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. I will assume this share is called <i class="replaceable"><tt>tmp</tt></i>.
You can add a <i class="replaceable"><tt>tmp</tt></i> share like this by adding the
following to <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">

[tmp]
 comment = temporary files 
 path = /tmp
 read only = yes

</pre><ns98:p>
</ns98:p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
These tests assume version 3.0 or later of the samba suite.
Some commands shown did not exist in earlier versions. 
</p></div><p>
Please pay attention to the error messages you receive. If any error message
reports that your server is being unfriendly you should first check that your
IP name resolution is correctly set up. eg: Make sure your <tt class="filename">/etc/resolv.conf</tt>
file points to name servers that really do exist.
</p><p>
Also, if you do not have DNS server access for name resolution please check
that the settings for your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file results in <b class="command">dns proxy = no</b>. The
best way to check this is with <b class="userinput"><tt>testparm smb.conf</tt></b>.
</p><p>
It is helpful to monitor the log files during testing by using the
<b class="command">tail -F <i class="replaceable"><tt>log_file_name</tt></i></b> in a separate
terminal console (use ctrl-alt-F1 through F6 or multiple terminals in X). 
Relevant log files can be found (for default installations) in
<tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/var</tt>.  Also, connection logs from
machines can be found here or possibly in <tt class="filename">/var/log/samba</tt>
depending on how or if you specified logging in your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
</p><p>
If you make changes to your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file while going through these test,
don't forget to restart <span class="application">smbd</span> and <span class="application">nmbd</span>.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2985879"></a>The tests</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="procedure"><p class="title"><b>Procedure 33.1. Diagnosing your samba server</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p>
In the directory in which you store your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file, run the command
<b class="userinput"><tt>testparm smb.conf</tt></b>. If it reports any errors then your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
configuration file is faulty.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file may be located in: <tt class="filename">/etc/samba</tt>
Or in:   <tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/lib</tt>
</p></div></li><li><p>
Run the command <b class="userinput"><tt>ping BIGSERVER</tt></b> from the PC and 
<b class="userinput"><tt>ping ACLIENT</tt></b> from
the unix box. If you don't get a valid response then your TCP/IP
software is not correctly installed. 
</p><p>
Note that you will need to start a &quot;dos prompt&quot; window on the PC to
run ping.
</p><p>
If you get a message saying <span class="errorname">host not found</span> or similar then your DNS
software or <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> file is not correctly setup.
It is possible to
run samba without DNS entries for the server and client, but I assume
you do have correct entries for the remainder of these tests. 
</p><p>
Another reason why ping might fail is if your host is running firewall 
software. You will need to relax the rules to let in the workstation
in question, perhaps by allowing access from another subnet (on Linux
this is done via the <span class="application">ipfwadm</span> program.)
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Modern Linux distributions install ipchains/iptables by default. 
This is a common problem that is often overlooked.
</p></div></li><li><p>
Run the command <b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient -L BIGSERVER</tt></b> on the unix box. You
should get a list of available shares back. 
</p><p>
If you get a error message containing the string &quot;Bad password&quot; then
you probably have either an incorrect <b class="command">hosts allow</b>, 
<b class="command">hosts deny</b> or <b class="command">valid users</b> line in your 
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>, or your guest account is not
valid. Check what your guest account is using <span class="application">testparm</span> and
temporarily remove any <b class="command">hosts allow</b>, <b class="command">hosts deny</b>, <b class="command">valid users</b> or <b class="command">invalid users</b> lines.
</p><p>
If you get a <span class="errorname">connection refused</span> response then the smbd server may
not be running. If you installed it in inetd.conf then you probably edited
that file incorrectly. If you installed it as a daemon then check that
it is running, and check that the netbios-ssn port is in a LISTEN
state using <b class="userinput"><tt>netstat -a</tt></b>.
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Some Unix / Linux systems use <b class="command">xinetd</b> in place of
<b class="command">inetd</b>. Check your system documentation for the location
of the control file/s for your particular system implementation of
this network super daemon.
</p></div><p>
If you get a <span class="errorname">session request failed</span> then the server refused the
connection. If it says &quot;Your server software is being unfriendly&quot; then
its probably because you have invalid command line parameters to <span class="application">smbd</span>,
or a similar fatal problem with the initial startup of <span class="application">smbd</span>. Also
check your config file (<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>) for syntax errors with <span class="application">testparm</span>
and that the various directories where samba keeps its log and lock
files exist.
</p><p>
There are a number of reasons for which smbd may refuse or decline
a session request. The most common of these involve one or more of
the following <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file entries:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	hosts deny = ALL
	hosts allow = xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/yy
	bind interfaces only = Yes
</pre><p>
In the above, no allowance has been made for any session requests that
will automatically translate to the loopback adaptor address 127.0.0.1.
To solve this problem change these lines to:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	hosts deny = ALL
	hosts allow = xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/yy 127.
</pre><p>
Do <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> use the <b class="command">bind interfaces only</b> parameter where you 
may wish to
use the samba password change facility, or where <span class="application">smbclient</span> may need to
access a local service for name resolution or for local resource
connections. (Note: the <b class="command">bind interfaces only</b> parameter deficiency
where it will not allow connections to the loopback address will be
fixed soon).
</p><p>
Another common cause of these two errors is having something already running 
on port <tt class="constant">139</tt>, such as Samba 
(ie: <span class="application">smbd</span> is running from <span class="application">inetd</span> already) or
something like Digital's Pathworks. Check your <tt class="filename">inetd.conf</tt> file before trying
to start <span class="application">smbd</span> as a daemon, it can avoid a lot of frustration!
</p><p>
And yet another possible cause for failure of this test is when the subnet mask
and / or broadcast address settings are incorrect. Please check that the
network interface IP Address / Broadcast Address / Subnet Mask settings are
correct and that Samba has correctly noted these in the <tt class="filename">log.nmb</tt> file.
</p></li><li><p>
Run the command <b class="userinput"><tt>nmblookup -B BIGSERVER __SAMBA__</tt></b>. You should get the
IP address of your Samba server back.
</p><p>
If you don't then nmbd is incorrectly installed. Check your <tt class="filename">inetd.conf</tt>
if you run it from there, or that the daemon is running and listening
to udp port 137.
</p><p>
One common problem is that many inetd implementations can't take many
parameters on the command line. If this is the case then create a
one-line script that contains the right parameters and run that from
inetd.
</p></li><li><p>run the command <b class="userinput"><tt>nmblookup -B ACLIENT '*'</tt></b></p><p>
You should get the PCs IP address back. If you don't then the client
software on the PC isn't installed correctly, or isn't started, or you
got the name of the PC wrong. 
</p><p>
If ACLIENT doesn't resolve via DNS then use the IP address of the
client in the above test.
</p></li><li><p>
Run the command <b class="userinput"><tt>nmblookup -d 2 '*'</tt></b>
</p><p>
This time we are trying the same as the previous test but are trying
it via a broadcast to the default broadcast address. A number of
Netbios/TCPIP hosts on the network should respond, although Samba may
not catch all of the responses in the short time it listens. You
should see <span class="errorname">got a positive name query response</span>
messages from several hosts.
</p><p>
If this doesn't give a similar result to the previous test then
nmblookup isn't correctly getting your broadcast address through its
automatic mechanism. In this case you should experiment with the
<b class="command">interfaces</b> option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> to manually configure your IP
address, broadcast and netmask. 
</p><p>
If your PC and server aren't on the same subnet then you will need to
use the <i class="parameter"><tt>-B</tt></i> option to set the broadcast address to that of the PCs
subnet.
</p><p>
This test will probably fail if your subnet mask and broadcast address are
not correct. (Refer to TEST 3 notes above).
</p></li><li><p>
Run the command <b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient //BIGSERVER/TMP</tt></b>. You should 
then be prompted for a password. You should use the password of the account
you are logged into the unix box with. If you want to test with
another account then add the <i class="parameter"><tt>-U <i class="replaceable"><tt>accountname</tt></i></tt></i> option to the end of
the command line.  eg: 
<b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient //bigserver/tmp -Ujohndoe</tt></b>
</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
It is possible to specify the password along with the username
as follows:
<b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient //bigserver/tmp -Ujohndoe%secret</tt></b>
</p></div><p>
Once you enter the password you should get the <tt class="prompt">smb&gt;</tt> prompt. If you
don't then look at the error message. If it says <span class="errorname">invalid network
name</span> then the service <span class="emphasis"><em>&quot;tmp&quot;</em></span> is not correctly setup in your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>.
</p><p>
If it says <span class="errorname">bad password</span> then the likely causes are:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	you have shadow passords (or some other password system) but didn't
	compile in support for them in <span class="application">smbd</span>
	</p></li><li><p>
	your <b class="command">valid users</b> configuration is incorrect
	</p></li><li><p>
	you have a mixed case password and you haven't enabled the <b class="command">password
	level</b> option at a high enough level
	</p></li><li><p>
	the <b class="command">path =</b> line in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> is incorrect. Check it with <span class="application">testparm</span>
	</p></li><li><p>
	you enabled password encryption but didn't map unix to samba users
	</p></li></ol></div><p>
Once connected you should be able to use the commands 
<b class="command">dir</b> <b class="command">get</b> <b class="command">put</b> etc. 
Type <b class="command">help <i class="replaceable"><tt>command</tt></i></b> for instructions. You should
especially check that the amount of free disk space shown is correct
when you type <b class="command">dir</b>.
</p></li><li><p>
On the PC, type the command <b class="userinput"><tt>net view \\BIGSERVER</tt></b>. You will 
need to do this from within a &quot;dos prompt&quot; window. You should get back a 
list of available shares on the server.
</p><p>
If you get a <span class="errorname">network name not found</span> or similar error then netbios
name resolution is not working. This is usually caused by a problem in
nmbd. To overcome it you could do one of the following (you only need
to choose one of them):
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
	fixup the <span class="application">nmbd</span> installation
</p></li><li><p>
	add the IP address of BIGSERVER to the <b class="command">wins server</b> box in the
	advanced tcp/ip setup on the PC.
</p></li><li><p>
	enable windows name resolution via DNS in the advanced section of
	the tcp/ip setup
</p></li><li><p>
	add BIGSERVER to your lmhosts file on the PC.
</p></li></ol></div><p>
If you get a <span class="errorname">invalid network name</span> or <span class="errorname">bad password error</span> then the
same fixes apply as they did for the <b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient -L</tt></b> test above. In
particular, make sure your <b class="command">hosts allow</b> line is correct (see the man
pages)
</p><p>
Also, do not overlook that fact that when the workstation requests the
connection to the samba server it will attempt to connect using the 
name with which you logged onto your Windows machine. You need to make
sure that an account exists on your Samba server with that exact same
name and password.
</p><p>
If you get <span class="errorname">specified computer is not receiving requests</span> or similar
it probably means that the host is not contactable via tcp services.
Check to see if the host is running tcp wrappers, and if so add an entry in
the <tt class="filename">hosts.allow</tt> file for your client (or subnet, etc.)
</p></li><li><p>
Run the command <b class="userinput"><tt>net use x: \\BIGSERVER\TMP</tt></b>. You should 
be prompted for a password then you should get a <tt class="computeroutput">command completed 
successfully</tt> message. If not then your PC software is incorrectly 
installed or your smb.conf is incorrect. make sure your <b class="command">hosts allow</b>
and other config lines in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> are correct.
</p><p>
It's also possible that the server can't work out what user name to
connect you as. To see if this is the problem add the line <i class="parameter"><tt>user =
<i class="replaceable"><tt>username</tt></i></tt></i> to the <i class="parameter"><tt>[tmp]</tt></i> section of 
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> where <i class="replaceable"><tt>username</tt></i> is the
username corresponding to the password you typed. If you find this
fixes things you may need the username mapping option. 
</p><p>
It might also be the case that your client only sends encrypted passwords 
and you have <i class="parameter"><tt>encrypt passwords = no</tt></i> in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>
Turn it back on to fix.
</p></li><li><p>
Run the command <b class="userinput"><tt>nmblookup -M <i class="replaceable"><tt>testgroup</tt></i></tt></b> where 
<i class="replaceable"><tt>testgroup</tt></i> is the name of the workgroup that your Samba server and 
Windows PCs belong to. You should get back the IP address of the 
master browser for that workgroup.
</p><p>
If you don't then the election process has failed. Wait a minute to
see if it is just being slow then try again. If it still fails after
that then look at the browsing options you have set in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. Make
sure you have <i class="parameter"><tt>preferred master = yes</tt></i> to ensure that 
an election is held at startup.
</p></li><li><p>
&gt;From file manager try to browse the server. Your samba server should
appear in the browse list of your local workgroup (or the one you
specified in smb.conf). You should be able to double click on the name
of the server and get a list of shares. If you get a &quot;invalid
password&quot; error when you do then you are probably running WinNT and it
is refusing to browse a server that has no encrypted password
capability and is in user level security mode. In this case either set
<i class="parameter"><tt>security = server</tt></i> AND 
<i class="parameter"><tt>password server = Windows_NT_Machine</tt></i> in your
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file, or make sure <i class="parameter"><tt>encrypted passwords</tt></i> is
set to &quot;yes&quot;.
</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2989430"></a>Still having troubles?</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>Read the chapter on 
<a href="#problems" title="Chapter 34. Analysing and solving samba problems">Analysing and Solving Problems</a>.
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="problems"></a>Chapter 34. Analysing and solving samba problems</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Gerald</span> <span class="othername">(Jerry)</span> <span class="surname">Carter</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jerry@samba.org">jerry@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">David</span> <span class="surname">Bannon</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:dbannon@samba.org">dbannon@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">8 Apr 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2990823">Diagnostics tools</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2989549">Installing 'Network Monitor' on an NT Workstation or a Windows 9x box</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2989832">Useful URL's</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2989876">Getting help from the mailing lists</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2990029">How to get off the mailinglists</a></dt></dl></div><p>
There are many sources of information available in the form 
of mailing lists, RFC's and documentation.  The docs that come 
with the samba distribution contain very good explanations of 
general SMB topics such as browsing.</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2990823"></a>Diagnostics tools</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
One of the best diagnostic tools for debugging problems is Samba itself.  
You can use the <tt class="option">-d option</tt> for both <span class="application">smbd</span> and <span class="application">nmbd</span> to specify what 
<i class="parameter"><tt>debug level</tt></i> at which to run.  See the man pages on smbd, nmbd  and 
smb.conf for more information on debugging options.  The debug 
level can range from 1 (the default) to 10 (100 for debugging passwords).
</p><p>
Another helpful method of debugging is to compile samba using the 
<b class="userinput"><tt>gcc -g </tt></b> flag.   This will include debug 
information in the binaries and allow you to attach gdb to the 
running smbd / nmbd process.  In order to attach gdb to an smbd 
process for an NT workstation, first get the workstation to make the 
connection. Pressing ctrl-alt-delete and going down to the domain box 
is sufficient (at least, on the first time you join the domain) to 
generate a 'LsaEnumTrustedDomains'. Thereafter, the workstation 
maintains an open connection, and therefore there will be an smbd 
process running (assuming that you haven't set a really short smbd 
idle timeout)  So, in between pressing ctrl alt delete, and actually 
typing in your password, you can attach gdb and continue.
</p><p>
Some useful samba commands worth investigating:
</p><pre class="screen">
	<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>testparam | more</tt></b>
	<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>smbclient -L //{netbios name of server}</tt></b>
</pre><p>
An SMB enabled version of tcpdump is available from 
<a href="http://www.tcpdump.org/" target="_top">http://www.tcpdup.org/</a>.
Ethereal, another good packet sniffer for Unix and Win32
hosts, can be downloaded from <a href="http://www.ethereal.com/" target="_top">http://www.ethereal.com</a>.
</p><p>
For tracing things on the Microsoft Windows NT, Network Monitor 
(aka. netmon) is available on the Microsoft Developer Network CD's, 
the Windows NT Server install CD and the SMS CD's.  The version of 
netmon that ships with SMS allows for dumping packets between any two 
computers (i.e. placing the network interface in promiscuous mode).  
The version on the NT Server install CD will only allow monitoring 
of network traffic directed to the local NT box and broadcasts on the 
local subnet.  Be aware that Ethereal can read and write netmon 
formatted files.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2989549"></a>Installing 'Network Monitor' on an NT Workstation or a Windows 9x box</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Installing netmon on an NT workstation requires a couple 
of steps.  The following are for installing Netmon V4.00.349, which comes 
with Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0, on Microsoft Windows NT 
Workstation 4.0.  The process should be similar for other versions of 
Windows NT / Netmon.  You will need both the Microsoft Windows 
NT Server 4.0 Install CD and the Workstation 4.0 Install CD.
</p><p>
Initially you will need to install <span class="application">Network Monitor Tools and Agent</span>
on the NT Server.  To do this 
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Goto <span class="guibutton">Start</span> - <span class="guibutton">Settings</span> - <span class="guibutton">Control Panel</span> - 
	<span class="guibutton">Network</span> - <span class="guibutton">Services</span> - <span class="guibutton">Add</span> </p></li><li><p>Select the <span class="guilabel">Network Monitor Tools and Agent</span> and 
			click on <span class="guibutton">OK</span>.</p></li><li><p>Click <span class="guibutton">OK</span> on the Network Control Panel.
	</p></li><li><p>Insert the Windows NT Server 4.0 install CD 
	when prompted.</p></li></ul></div><p>
At this point the Netmon files should exist in 
<tt class="filename">%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\netmon\*.*</tt>.    
Two subdirectories exist as well, <tt class="filename">parsers\</tt> 
which contains the necessary DLL's for parsing the netmon packet 
dump, and <tt class="filename">captures\</tt>.
</p><p>
In order to install the Netmon tools on an NT Workstation, you will 
first need to install the 'Network  Monitor Agent' from the Workstation 
install CD.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Goto <span class="guibutton">Start</span> - <span class="guibutton">Settings</span> - <span class="guibutton">Control Panel</span> - 
			<span class="guibutton">Network</span> - <span class="guibutton">Services</span> - <span class="guibutton">Add</span></p></li><li><p>Select the <span class="guilabel">Network Monitor Agent</span> and click 
			on <span class="guibutton">OK</span>.</p></li><li><p>Click <span class="guibutton">OK</span> on the Network Control Panel.
	</p></li><li><p>Insert the Windows NT Workstation 4.0 install 
	CD when prompted.</p></li></ul></div><p>
Now copy the files from the NT Server in <tt class="filename">%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\netmon\*.*</tt>
to <tt class="filename">%SYSTEMROOT%\System32\netmon\*.*</tt> on the Workstation and set 
permissions as you deem appropriate for your site. You will need 
administrative rights on the NT box to run netmon.
</p><p>
To install Netmon on a Windows 9x box install the network monitor agent 
from the Windows 9x CD (<tt class="filename">\admin\nettools\netmon</tt>).  There is a readme 
file located with the netmon driver files on the CD if you need 
information on how to do this.  Copy the files from a working 
Netmon installation.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2989832"></a>Useful URL's</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>See how Scott Merrill simulates a BDC behavior at 
       <a href="http://www.skippy.net/linux/smb-howto.html" target="_top">
       http://www.skippy.net/linux/smb-howto.html</a>. </p></li><li><p>FTP site for older SMB specs: 
       <a href="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/developr/drg/CIFS/" target="_top">
       ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/developr/drg/CIFS/</a></p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2989876"></a>Getting help from the mailing lists</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are a number of Samba related mailing lists. Go to <a href="http://samba.org" target="_top">http://samba.org</a>, click on your nearest mirror
and then click on <b class="command">Support</b> and then click on <b class="command">
Samba related mailing lists</b>.
</p><p>
For questions relating to Samba TNG go to
<a href="http://www.samba-tng.org/" target="_top">http://www.samba-tng.org/</a> 
It has been requested that you don't post questions about Samba-TNG to the
main stream Samba lists.</p><p>
If you post a message to one of the lists please observe the following guide lines :
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p> Always remember that the developers are volunteers, they are 
not paid and they never guarantee to produce a particular feature at 
a particular time. Any time lines are 'best guess' and nothing more.
</p></li><li><p> Always mention what version of samba you are using and what 
operating system its running under. You should probably list the
relevant sections of your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file, at least the options 
in [global] that affect PDC support.</p></li><li><p>In addition to the version, if you obtained Samba via
CVS mention the date when you last checked it out.</p></li><li><p> Try and make your question clear and brief, lots of long, 
convoluted questions get deleted before	they are completely read ! 
Don't post html encoded messages (if you can select colour or font 
size its html).</p></li><li><p> If you run one of those nifty 'I'm on holidays' things when 
you are away, make sure its configured	to not answer mailing lists.
</p></li><li><p> Don't cross post. Work out which is the best list to post to 
and see what happens, i.e. don't post to both samba-ntdom and samba-technical.
Many people active on the lists subscribe to more 
than one list and get annoyed to see the same message two or more times. 
Often someone will see a message and thinking it would be better dealt 
with on another, will forward it on for you.</p></li><li><p>You might include <span class="emphasis"><em>partial</em></span>
log files written at a debug level set to as much as 20.  
Please don't send the entire log but enough to give the context of the 
error messages.</p></li><li><p>(Possibly) If you have a complete netmon trace ( from the opening of 
the pipe to the error ) you can send the *.CAP file as well.</p></li><li><p>Please think carefully before attaching a document to an email.
Consider pasting the relevant parts into the body of the message. The samba
mailing lists go to a huge number of people, do they all need a copy of your 
smb.conf in their attach directory?</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2990029"></a>How to get off the mailinglists</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>To have your name removed from a samba mailing list, go to the
same place you went to to get on it. Go to <a href="http://lists.samba.org/" target="_top">http://lists.samba.org</a>, 
click on your nearest mirror and then click on <b class="command">Support</b> and 
then click on <b class="command"> Samba related mailing lists</b>. Or perhaps see 
<a href="http://lists.samba.org/mailman/roster/samba-ntdom" target="_top">here</a>
</p><p>
Please don't post messages to the list asking to be removed, you will just
be referred to the above address (unless that process failed in some way...)
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="bugreport"></a>Chapter 35. Reporting Bugs</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="surname">Someone; Tridge or Karl Auer perhaps?</span></h3></div></div><div><p class="pubdate"> 27 June 1997 </p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2992343">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2992402">General info</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2992438">Debug levels</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2990534">Internal errors</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2990642">Attaching to a running process</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2990144">Patches</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2992343"></a>Introduction</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>Please report bugs using
	<a href="https://bugzilla.samba.org/" target="_top">bugzilla</a>.</p><p>
Please take the time to read this file before you submit a bug
report. Also, please see if it has changed between releases, as we
may be changing the bug reporting mechanism at some time.
</p><p>
Please also do as much as you can yourself to help track down the
bug. Samba is maintained by a dedicated group of people who volunteer
their time, skills and efforts. We receive far more mail about it than
we can possibly answer, so you have a much higher chance of an answer
and a fix if you send us a &quot;developer friendly&quot; bug report that lets
us fix it fast. 
</p><p>
Do not assume that if you post the bug to the comp.protocols.smb
newsgroup or the mailing list that we will read it. If you suspect that your 
problem is not a bug but a configuration problem then it is better to send 
it to the Samba mailing list, as there are (at last count) 5000 other users on
that list that may be able to help you.
</p><p>
You may also like to look though the recent mailing list archives,
which are conveniently accessible on the Samba web pages
at <a href="http://samba.org/samba/" target="_top">http://samba.org/samba/</a>.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2992402"></a>General info</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Before submitting a bug report check your config for silly
errors. Look in your log files for obvious messages that tell you that
you've misconfigured something and run testparm to test your config
file for correct syntax.
</p><p>
Have you run through the <a href="#diagnosis" title="Chapter 33. The samba checklist">diagnosis</a>? 
This is very important.
</p><p>
If you include part of a log file with your bug report then be sure to
annotate it with exactly what you were doing on the client at the
time, and exactly what the results were.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2992438"></a>Debug levels</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If the bug has anything to do with Samba behaving incorrectly as a
server (like refusing to open a file) then the log files will probably
be very useful. Depending on the problem a log level of between 3 and
10 showing the problem may be appropriate. A higher level givesmore
detail, but may use too much disk space.
</p><p>
To set the debug level use the <i class="parameter"><tt>log level</tt></i> in your 
<tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. You may also find it useful to set the log 
level higher for just one machine and keep separate logs for each machine. 
To do this use:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
log level = 10
log file = /usr/local/samba/lib/log.%m
include = /usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf.%m
</pre><p>
then create a file 
<tt class="filename">/usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf.<i class="replaceable"><tt>machine</tt></i></tt> where
<i class="replaceable"><tt>machine</tt></i> is the name of the client you wish to debug. In that file
put any <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> commands you want, for example 
<i class="parameter"><tt>log level</tt></i> may be useful. This also allows you to 
experiment with different security systems, protocol levels etc on just 
one machine.
</p><p>
The <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> entry <i class="parameter"><tt>log level</tt></i> 
is synonymous with the parameter <i class="parameter"><tt>debuglevel</tt></i> that has
been used in older versions of Samba and is being retained for backwards 
compatibility of <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> files.
</p><p>
As the <i class="parameter"><tt>log level</tt></i> value is increased you will record 
a significantly increasing level of debugging information. For most 
debugging operations you may not need a setting higher than 
<tt class="constant">3</tt>. Nearly 
all bugs can be tracked at a setting of <tt class="constant">10</tt>, but be 
prepared for a VERY large volume of log data.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2990534"></a>Internal errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you get a <span class="errorname">INTERNAL ERROR</span> message in your log files 
it means that Samba got an unexpected signal while running. It is probably a
segmentation fault and almost certainly means a bug in Samba (unless
you have faulty hardware or system software).
</p><p>
If the message came from smbd then it will probably be accompanied by
a message which details the last SMB message received by smbd. This
info is often very useful in tracking down the problem so please
include it in your bug report.
</p><p>
You should also detail how to reproduce the problem, if
possible. Please make this reasonably detailed.
</p><p>
You may also find that a core file appeared in a <tt class="filename">corefiles</tt>
subdirectory of the directory where you keep your samba log
files. This file is the most useful tool for tracking down the bug. To
use it you do this:
</p><pre class="screen">
	<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>gdb smbd core</tt></b>
</pre><p>
adding appropriate paths to smbd and core so gdb can find them. If you
don't have gdb then try <b class="userinput"><tt>dbx</tt></b>. Then within the debugger
use the command <b class="command">where</b> to give a stack trace of where the
problem occurred. Include this in your report.
</p><p>
If you know any assembly language then do a 
<b class="command">disass</b> of the routine
where the problem occurred (if its in a library routine then
disassemble the routine that called it) and try to work out exactly
where the problem is by looking at the surrounding code. Even if you
don't know assembly then incuding this info in the bug report can be
useful. 
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2990642"></a>Attaching to a running process</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Unfortunately some unixes (in particular some recent linux kernels)
refuse to dump a core file if the task has changed uid (which smbd
does often). To debug with this sort of system you could try to attach
to the running process using
<b class="userinput"><tt>gdb smbd <i class="replaceable"><tt>PID</tt></i></tt></b> where you get
<i class="replaceable"><tt>PID</tt></i> from <span class="application">smbstatus</span>.
Then use <b class="command">c</b> to continue and try to cause the core dump
using the client. The debugger should catch the fault and tell you
where it occurred.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2990144"></a>Patches</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The best sort of bug report is one that includes a fix! If you send us
patches please use <b class="userinput"><tt>diff -u</tt></b> format if your version of 
diff supports it, otherwise use <b class="userinput"><tt>diff -c4</tt></b>. Make sure 
you do the diff against a clean version of the source and let me know 
exactly what version you used. 
</p></div></div></div><div class="part" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a name="Appendixes"></a>Appendixes</h1></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt>36. <a href="#compiling">How to compile SAMBA</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2990261">Access Samba source code via CVS</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2990268">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2990297">CVS Access to samba.org</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2991766">Accessing the samba sources via rsync and ftp</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2991814">Verifying Samba's PGP signature</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2991949">Building the Binaries</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2992086">Compiling samba with Active Directory support</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2992982">Starting the smbd and nmbd</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2993073">Starting from inetd.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2993277">Alternative: starting it as a daemon</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2993372">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>37. <a href="#Portability">Portability</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2994651">HPUX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2994736">SCO Unix</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2994764">DNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2994934">RedHat Linux Rembrandt-II</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2994978">AIX</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2994984">Sequential Read Ahead</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2995010">Solaris</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2995017">Locking improvements</a></dt><dt><a href="#winbind-solaris9">Winbind on Solaris 9</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>38. <a href="#Other-Clients">Samba and other CIFS clients</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2995794">Macintosh clients?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995866">OS2 Client</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2995873">How can I configure OS/2 Warp Connect or 
		OS/2 Warp 4 as a client for Samba?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995488">How can I configure OS/2 Warp 3 (not Connect), 
		OS/2 1.2, 1.3 or 2.x for Samba?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995548">How do I get printer driver download working 
		for OS/2 clients?</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2995645">Windows for Workgroups</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2995107">Use latest TCP/IP stack from Microsoft</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995197">Delete .pwl files after password change</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995227">Configure WfW password handling</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995273">Case handling of passwords</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995303">Use TCP/IP as default protocol</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995320">Speed improvement</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2995367">Windows '95/'98</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2996396">Speed improvement</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2996420">Windows 2000 Service Pack 2</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2996531">Windows NT 3.1</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>39. <a href="#speed">Samba Performance Tuning</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2996649">Comparisons</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2996693">Socket options</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2996767">Read size</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2996811">Max xmit</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2996864">Log level</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2996886">Read raw</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2997829">Write raw</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2997871">Slow Logins</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2997892">LDAP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2997917">Client tuning</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2997940">Samba performance problem due changing kernel</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2997973">Corrupt tdb Files</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>40. <a href="#DNSDHCP">DNS and DHCP Configuration Guide</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2998691">Note</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>41. <a href="#Further-Resources">Further Resources</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2998110">Websites</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2998494">Related updates from microsoft</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2998561">Books</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="compiling"></a>Chapter 36. How to compile SAMBA</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="surname">Someone; Jerry perhaps?</span></h3></div></div><div><p class="pubdate"> 22 May 2001 </p></div><div><p class="pubdate"> 18 March 2003 </p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2990261">Access Samba source code via CVS</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2990268">Introduction</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2990297">CVS Access to samba.org</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2991766">Accessing the samba sources via rsync and ftp</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2991814">Verifying Samba's PGP signature</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2991949">Building the Binaries</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2992086">Compiling samba with Active Directory support</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2992982">Starting the smbd and nmbd</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2993073">Starting from inetd.conf</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2993277">Alternative: starting it as a daemon</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2993372">Common Errors</a></dt></dl></div><p>
You can obtain the samba source from the
<a href="http://samba.org/" target="_top">samba website</a>. To obtain a development version, 
you can download samba from CVS or using rsync.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2990261"></a>Access Samba source code via CVS</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2990268"></a>Introduction</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Samba is developed in an open environment.  Developers use CVS
(Concurrent Versioning System) to &quot;checkin&quot; (also known as 
&quot;commit&quot;) new source code.  Samba's various CVS branches can
be accessed via anonymous CVS using the instructions
detailed in this chapter.
</p><p>
This chapter is a modified version of the instructions found at
<a href="http://samba.org/samba/cvs.html" target="_top">http://samba.org/samba/cvs.html</a>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2990297"></a>CVS Access to samba.org</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The machine samba.org runs a publicly accessible CVS 
repository for access to the source code of several packages, 
including samba, rsync, distcc, ccache and jitterbug. There are two main ways
of accessing the CVS server on this host.
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2990313"></a>Access via CVSweb</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You can access the source code via your 
favourite WWW browser. This allows you to access the contents of 
individual files in the repository and also to look at the revision 
history and commit logs of individual files. You can also ask for a diff 
listing between any two versions on the repository.
</p><p>
Use the URL : <a href="http://samba.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb" target="_top">http://samba.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb</a>
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2990343"></a>Access via cvs</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>
You can also access the source code via a 
normal cvs client.  This gives you much more control over what you can 
do with the repository and allows you to checkout whole source trees 
and keep them up to date via normal cvs commands. This is the 
preferred method of access if you are a developer and not
just a casual browser.
</p><p>
To download the latest cvs source code, point your
browser at the URL :
<a href="http://www.cyclic.com/" target="_top">http://www.cyclic.com/</a>.
and click on the 'How to get cvs' link. CVS is free software under 
the GNU GPL (as is Samba).  Note that there are several graphical CVS clients
which provide a graphical interface to the sometimes mundane CVS commands.
Links to theses clients are also available from the Cyclic website.
</p><p>
To gain access via anonymous cvs use the following steps. 
For this example it is assumed that you want a copy of the 
samba source code. For the other source code repositories 
on this system just substitute the correct package name
</p><div class="procedure"><p class="title"><b>Procedure 36.1. Retrieving samba using CVS</b></p><ol type="1"><li><p>
	Install a recent copy of cvs. All you really need is a 
	copy of the cvs client binary. 
	</p></li><li><p>
	Run the command 
	</p><p>
	<b class="userinput"><tt>cvs -d :pserver:cvs@samba.org:/cvsroot login</tt></b>
	</p></li><li><p>
	When it asks you for a password type <b class="userinput"><tt>cvs</tt></b>.
	</p></li><li><p>
	Run the command 
	</p><p>
	<b class="userinput"><tt>cvs -d :pserver:cvs@samba.org:/cvsroot co samba</tt></b>
	</p><p>
	This will create a directory called samba containing the 
	latest samba source code (i.e. the HEAD tagged cvs branch). This 
	currently corresponds to the 3.0 development tree. 
	</p><p>
	CVS branches other then HEAD can be obtained by using the
	<tt class="option">-r</tt> and defining a tag name.  A list of branch tag names 
	can be found on the &quot;Development&quot; page of the samba web site.  A common
	request is to obtain the latest 3.0 release code.  This could be done by 
	using the following userinput.
	</p><p>
	<b class="userinput"><tt>cvs -d :pserver:cvs@samba.org:/cvsroot co -r SAMBA_3_0 samba</tt></b>
	</p></li><li><p>
	Whenever you want to merge in the latest code changes use 
	the following command from within the samba directory: 
	</p><p>
	<b class="userinput"><tt>cvs update -d -P</tt></b>
	</p></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2991766"></a>Accessing the samba sources via rsync and ftp</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
	pserver.samba.org also exports unpacked copies of most parts of the CVS
	tree at <a href="ftp://pserver.samba.org/pub/unpacked" target="_top">ftp://pserver.samba.org/pub/unpacked</a> and also via anonymous rsync at 
	<a href="rsync://pserver.samba.org/ftp/unpacked/" target="_top">rsync://pserver.samba.org/ftp/unpacked/</a>. I recommend using rsync rather than ftp.
	See <a href="http://rsync.samba.org/" target="_top">the rsync homepage</a> for more info on rsync.                       
	</p><p>
	The disadvantage of the unpacked trees is that they do not support automatic
	merging of local changes like CVS does.  rsync access is most convenient 
	for an initial install.                       
	</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2991814"></a>Verifying Samba's PGP signature</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
In these days of insecurity, it's strongly recommended that you verify the PGP
signature for any source file before installing it. Even if you're not 
downloading from a mirror site, verifying PGP signatures should be a
standard reflex.
</p><p>
With that said, go ahead and download the following files:
</p><pre class="screen">
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt> wget http://us1.samba.org/samba/ftp/samba-2.2.8a.tar.asc</tt></b>
<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt> wget http://us1.samba.org/samba/ftp/samba-pubkey.asc</tt></b>
</pre><p>
The first file is the PGP signature for the Samba source file; the other is the Samba public
PGP key itself. Import the public PGP key with:
</p><pre class="screen">
	<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>gpg --import samba-pubkey.asc</tt></b>
</pre><p>
And verify the Samba source code integrity with:
</p><pre class="screen">
	<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>gzip -d samba-2.2.8a.tar.gz</tt></b>
	<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>gpg --verify samba-2.2.8a.tar.asc</tt></b>
</pre><p>
If you receive a message like, &quot;Good signature from Samba Distribution 
Verification Key...&quot;
then all is well. The warnings about trust relationships can be ignored. An
example of what you would not want to see would be:
</p><tt class="computeroutput">
     gpg: BAD signature from &quot;Samba Distribution Verification Key&quot;
</tt></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2991949"></a>Building the Binaries</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>To do this, first run the program <b class="userinput"><tt>./configure
	</tt></b> in the source directory. This should automatically 
	configure Samba for your operating system. If you have unusual 
	needs then you may wish to run</p><p><tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>./configure --help
	</tt></b></p><p>first to see what special options you can enable.
	Then executing</p><p><tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>make</tt></b></p><p>will create the binaries. Once it's successfully 
	compiled you can use </p><p><tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>make install</tt></b></p><p>to install the binaries and manual pages. You can 
	separately install the binaries and/or man pages using</p><p><tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>make installbin
	</tt></b></p><p>and</p><p><tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>make installman
	</tt></b></p><p>Note that if you are upgrading for a previous version 
	of Samba you might like to know that the old versions of 
	the binaries will be renamed with a &quot;.old&quot; extension. You 
	can go back to the previous version with</p><p><tt class="prompt">root# </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>make revert
	</tt></b></p><p>if you find this version a disaster!</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2992086"></a>Compiling samba with Active Directory support</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>In order to compile samba with ADS support, you need to have installed
	on your system:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>the MIT kerberos development libraries
	    (either install from the sources or use a package). The
	    heimdal libraries will not work.</p></li><li><p>the OpenLDAP development libraries.</p></li></ul></div><p>If your kerberos libraries are in a non-standard location then
		remember to add the configure option 
		<tt class="option">--with-krb5=<i class="replaceable"><tt>DIR</tt></i></tt>.</p><p>After you run configure make sure that 
		<tt class="filename">include/config.h</tt> it generates contains lines like 
		this:</p><pre class="programlisting">
#define HAVE_KRB5 1
#define HAVE_LDAP 1
</pre><p>If it doesn't then configure did not find your krb5 libraries or
	your ldap libraries. Look in <tt class="filename">config.log</tt> to figure
	out why and fix it.</p><div xmlns:ns99="" class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2992896"></a>Installing the required packages for Debian</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>On Debian you need to install the following packages:</p><ns99:p>
		</ns99:p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>libkrb5-dev</td></tr><tr><td>krb5-user</td></tr></table><ns99:p>
	</ns99:p></div><div xmlns:ns100="" class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a name="id2992929"></a>Installing the required packages for RedHat</h4></div></div><div></div></div><p>On RedHat this means you should have at least: </p><ns100:p>
		</ns100:p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>krb5-workstation (for kinit)</td></tr><tr><td>krb5-libs (for linking with)</td></tr><tr><td>krb5-devel (because you are compiling from source)</td></tr></table><ns100:p>
	</ns100:p><p>in addition to the standard development environment.</p><p>Note that these are not standard on a RedHat install, and you may need
	to get them off CD2.</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2992982"></a>Starting the <span class="application">smbd</span> and <span class="application">nmbd</span></h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>You must choose to start <span class="application">smbd</span> and <span class="application">nmbd</span> either
	as daemons or from <span class="application">inetd</span>Don't try
	to do both!  Either you can put them in <tt class="filename">
	inetd.conf</tt> and have them started on demand
	by <span class="application">inetd</span>, or you can start them as
	daemons either from the command line or in <tt class="filename">
	/etc/rc.local</tt>. See the man pages for details
	on the command line options. Take particular care to read
	the bit about what user you need to be in order to start
	Samba.  In many cases you must be root.</p><p>The main advantage of starting <span class="application">smbd</span>
	and <span class="application">nmbd</span> using the recommended daemon method
	is that they will respond slightly more quickly to an initial connection
	request.</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2993073"></a>Starting from inetd.conf</h3></div></div><div></div></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>The following will be different if 
		you use NIS, NIS+ or LDAP to distribute services maps.</p></div><p>Look at your <tt class="filename">/etc/services</tt>. 
		What is defined at port 139/tcp. If nothing is defined 
		then add a line like this:</p><pre class="programlisting">netbios-ssn     139/tcp</pre><p>similarly for 137/udp you should have an entry like:</p><pre class="programlisting">netbios-ns	137/udp</pre><p>Next edit your <tt class="filename">/etc/inetd.conf</tt> 
		and add two lines something like this:</p><pre class="programlisting">
		netbios-ssn stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/samba/bin/smbd smbd 
		netbios-ns dgram udp wait root /usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd nmbd 
		</pre><p>The exact syntax of <tt class="filename">/etc/inetd.conf</tt> 
		varies between unixes. Look at the other entries in inetd.conf 
		for a guide.</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>Some unixes already have entries like netbios_ns 
		(note the underscore) in <tt class="filename">/etc/services</tt>. 
		You must either edit <tt class="filename">/etc/services</tt> or
		<tt class="filename">/etc/inetd.conf</tt> to make them consistent.
		</p></div><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>On many systems you may need to use the 
		<i class="parameter"><tt>interfaces</tt></i> option in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> to specify the IP
		address and netmask of your interfaces. Run 
		<span class="application">ifconfig</span> 
		as root if you don't know what the broadcast is for your
		net. <span class="application">nmbd</span> tries to determine it at run 
		time, but fails on some unixes. 
		</p></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Many unixes only accept around 5 
		parameters on the command line in <tt class="filename">inetd.conf</tt>. 
		This means you shouldn't use spaces between the options and 
		arguments, or you should use a script, and start the script 
		from <b class="command">inetd</b>.</p></div><p>Restart <span class="application">inetd</span>, perhaps just send 
			it a HUP. If you have installed an earlier version of <span class="application">nmbd</span> then
			you may need to kill <span class="application">nmbd</span> as well.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2993277"></a>Alternative: starting it as a daemon</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>To start the server as a daemon you should create 
		a script something like this one, perhaps calling 
		it <tt class="filename">startsmb</tt>.</p><pre class="programlisting">
		#!/bin/sh
		/usr/local/samba/bin/smbd -D 
		/usr/local/samba/bin/nmbd -D 
		</pre><p>then make it executable with <b class="command">chmod 
		+x startsmb</b></p><p>You can then run <b class="command">startsmb</b> by 
		hand or execute it from <tt class="filename">/etc/rc.local</tt>
		</p><p>To kill it send a kill signal to the processes 
			<span class="application">nmbd</span> and <span class="application">smbd</span>.</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>If you use the SVR4 style init system then 
		you may like to look at the <tt class="filename">examples/svr4-startup</tt>
		script to make Samba fit into that system.</p></div></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2993372"></a>Common Errors</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>&#8220;<span class="quote">
I'm using gcc 3 and I've compiled Samba-3 from the CVS and the 
binaries are very large files (40 Mb and 20 Mb). I've the same result with
<tt class="option">--enable-shared</tt>  ?
</span>&#8221;
</p><p>
The dwarf format used by GCC 3 for storing debugging symbols is very inefficient.	
Strip the binaries, don't compile with -g or compile with -gstabs.
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="Portability"></a>Chapter 37. Portability</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2994651">HPUX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2994736">SCO Unix</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2994764">DNIX</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2994934">RedHat Linux Rembrandt-II</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2994978">AIX</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2994984">Sequential Read Ahead</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2995010">Solaris</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2995017">Locking improvements</a></dt><dt><a href="#winbind-solaris9">Winbind on Solaris 9</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>Samba works on a wide range of platforms but the interface all the 
platforms provide is not always compatible. This chapter contains 
platform-specific information about compiling and using samba.</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2994651"></a>HPUX</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
HP's implementation of supplementary groups is, er, non-standard (for
hysterical reasons).  There are two group files, <tt class="filename">/etc/group</tt> and
<tt class="filename">/etc/logingroup</tt>; the system maps UIDs to numbers using the former, but
initgroups() reads the latter.  Most system admins who know the ropes
symlink <tt class="filename">/etc/group</tt> to <tt class="filename">/etc/logingroup</tt>
(hard link doesn't work for reasons too stupid to go into here).  initgroups() will complain if one of the
groups you're in in <tt class="filename">/etc/logingroup</tt> has what it considers to be an invalid
ID, which means outside the range <tt class="constant">[0..UID_MAX]</tt>, where <tt class="constant">UID_MAX</tt> is (I think)
60000 currently on HP-UX.  This precludes -2 and 65534, the usual <tt class="constant">nobody</tt>
GIDs.
</p><p>
If you encounter this problem, make sure that the programs that are failing 
to initgroups() be run as users not in any groups with GIDs outside the 
allowed range.
</p><p>This is documented in the HP manual pages under setgroups(2) and passwd(4).
</p><p>
On HPUX you must use gcc or the HP Ansi compiler. The free compiler
that comes with HP-UX is not Ansi compliant and cannot compile
Samba.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2994736"></a>SCO Unix</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p> 
If you run an old version of SCO Unix then you may need to get important 
TCP/IP patches for Samba to work correctly. Without the patch, you may 
encounter corrupt data transfers using samba.
</p><p>
The patch you need is UOD385 Connection Drivers SLS. It is available from
SCO (<a href="ftp://ftp.sco.com/" target="_top">ftp.sco.com</a>, directory SLS,
files uod385a.Z and uod385a.ltr.Z).
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2994764"></a>DNIX</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
DNIX has a problem with seteuid() and setegid(). These routines are
needed for Samba to work correctly, but they were left out of the DNIX
C library for some reason.
</p><p>
For this reason Samba by default defines the macro NO_EID in the DNIX
section of includes.h. This works around the problem in a limited way,
but it is far from ideal, some things still won't work right.
</p><p> 
To fix the problem properly you need to assemble the following two
functions and then either add them to your C library or link them into
Samba.
</p><p> 
put this in the file <tt class="filename">setegid.s</tt>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
        .globl  _setegid
_setegid:
        moveq   #47,d0
        movl    #100,a0
        moveq   #1,d1
        movl    4(sp),a1
        trap    #9
        bccs    1$
        jmp     cerror
1$:
        clrl    d0
        rts
</pre><p>
put this in the file <tt class="filename">seteuid.s</tt>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
        .globl  _seteuid
_seteuid:
        moveq   #47,d0
        movl    #100,a0
        moveq   #0,d1
        movl    4(sp),a1
        trap    #9
        bccs    1$
        jmp     cerror
1$:
        clrl    d0
        rts
</pre><p>
after creating the above files you then assemble them using
</p><pre class="screen">
	<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>as seteuid.s</tt></b>
	<tt class="prompt">$ </tt><b class="userinput"><tt>as setegid.s</tt></b>
</pre><p>
that should produce the files <tt class="filename">seteuid.o</tt> and 
<tt class="filename">setegid.o</tt>
</p><p>
then you need to add these to the LIBSM line in the DNIX section of
the Samba Makefile. Your LIBSM line will then look something like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
LIBSM = setegid.o seteuid.o -ln
</pre><p> 
You should then remove the line:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#define NO_EID
</pre><p>from the DNIX section of <tt class="filename">includes.h</tt></p></div><div xmlns:ns101="" class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2994934"></a>RedHat Linux Rembrandt-II</h2></div></div><div></div></div><ns101:p>
By default RedHat Rembrandt-II during installation adds an
entry to <tt class="filename">/etc/hosts</tt> as follows:
</ns101:p><pre class="programlisting">
	127.0.0.1 loopback &quot;hostname&quot;.&quot;domainname&quot;
</pre><ns101:p>
</ns101:p><p>
This causes Samba to loop back onto the loopback interface.
The result is that Samba fails to communicate correctly with
the world and therefor may fail to correctly negotiate who
is the master browse list holder and who is the master browser.
</p><p>
Corrective Action:	Delete the entry after the word loopback
	in the line starting 127.0.0.1
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2994978"></a>AIX</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2994984"></a>Sequential Read Ahead</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Disabling Sequential Read Ahead using <b class="userinput"><tt>vmtune -r 0</tt></b> improves 
samba performance significally.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2995010"></a>Solaris</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2995017"></a>Locking improvements</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Some people have been experiencing problems with F_SETLKW64/fcntl 
when running samba on solaris. The built in file locking mechanism was
not scalable. Performance would degrade to the point where processes would
get into loops of trying to lock a file. It woul try a lock, then fail,
then try again. The lock attempt was failing before the grant was
occurring. So the visible manifestation of this would be a handful of
processes stealing all of the CPU, and when they were trussed they would
be stuck if F_SETLKW64 loops.
</p><p>
Sun released patches for Solaris 2.6, 8, and 9. The patch for Solaris 7
has not been released yet.
</p><p>
The patch revision for 2.6 is 105181-34
for 8 is 108528-19 and for 9 is 112233-04
</p><p>
After the install of these patches it is recommended to reconfigure
and rebuild samba.
</p><p>Thanks to Joe Meslovich for reporting</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="winbind-solaris9"></a>Winbind on Solaris 9</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Nsswitch on Solaris 9 refuses to use the winbind nss module.  This behavior
is fixed by Sun in patch 113476-05 which as of March 2003 is not in any
roll-up packages.
</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="Other-Clients"></a>Chapter 38. Samba and other CIFS clients</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jim</span> <span class="surname">McDonough</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">IBM<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jmcd@us.ibm.com">jmcd@us.ibm.com</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">5 Mar 2001</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2995794">Macintosh clients?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995866">OS2 Client</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2995873">How can I configure OS/2 Warp Connect or 
		OS/2 Warp 4 as a client for Samba?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995488">How can I configure OS/2 Warp 3 (not Connect), 
		OS/2 1.2, 1.3 or 2.x for Samba?</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995548">How do I get printer driver download working 
		for OS/2 clients?</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2995645">Windows for Workgroups</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2995107">Use latest TCP/IP stack from Microsoft</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995197">Delete .pwl files after password change</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995227">Configure WfW password handling</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995273">Case handling of passwords</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995303">Use TCP/IP as default protocol</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2995320">Speed improvement</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2995367">Windows '95/'98</a></dt><dd><dl><dt><a href="#id2996396">Speed improvement</a></dt></dl></dd><dt><a href="#id2996420">Windows 2000 Service Pack 2</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2996531">Windows NT 3.1</a></dt></dl></div><p>This chapter contains client-specific information.</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2995794"></a>Macintosh clients?</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Yes. <a href="http://www.thursby.com/" target="_top">Thursby</a> now have a CIFS Client / Server called <a href="http://www.thursby.com/products/dave.html" target="_top">DAVE</a>
</p><p>
They test it against Windows 95, Windows NT and samba for
compatibility issues.  At the time of writing, DAVE was at version
1.0.1. The 1.0.0 to 1.0.1 update is available as a free download from
the Thursby web site (the speed of finder copies has been greatly
enhanced, and there are bug-fixes included).
</p><p> 
Alternatives - There are two free implementations of AppleTalk for
several kinds of UNIX machnes, and several more commercial ones.
These products allow you to run file services and print services
natively to Macintosh users, with no additional support required on
the Macintosh.  The two free omplementations are 
<a href="http://www.umich.edu/~rsug/netatalk/" target="_top">Netatalk</a>, and 
<a href="http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/appletalk/atalk.html" target="_top">CAP</a>.  
What Samba offers MS
Windows users, these packages offer to Macs.  For more info on these
packages, Samba, and Linux (and other UNIX-based systems) see
<a href="http://www.eats.com/linux_mac_win.html" target="_top">http://www.eats.com/linux_mac_win.html</a>
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2995866"></a>OS2 Client</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2995873"></a>How can I configure OS/2 Warp Connect or 
		OS/2 Warp 4 as a client for Samba?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>A more complete answer to this question can be 
		found on <a href="http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/warp.html" target="_top">
		http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/samba/warp.html</a>.</p><p>Basically, you need three components:</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>The File and Print Client ('IBM Peer')</td></tr><tr><td>TCP/IP ('Internet support') </td></tr><tr><td>The &quot;NetBIOS over TCP/IP&quot; driver ('TCPBEUI')</td></tr></table><p>Installing the first two together with the base operating 
		system on a blank system is explained in the Warp manual. If Warp 
		has already been installed, but you now want to install the 
		networking support, use the &quot;Selective Install for Networking&quot; 
		object in the &quot;System Setup&quot; folder.</p><p>Adding the &quot;NetBIOS over TCP/IP&quot; driver is not described 
		in the manual and just barely in the online documentation. Start 
		MPTS.EXE, click on OK, click on &quot;Configure LAPS&quot; and click 
		on &quot;IBM OS/2 NETBIOS OVER TCP/IP&quot; in  'Protocols'.  This line 
		is then moved to 'Current Configuration'. Select that line, 
		click on &quot;Change number&quot; and increase it from 0 to 1. Save this
		configuration.</p><p>If the Samba server(s) is not on your local subnet, you 
		can optionally add IP names and addresses of these servers 
		to the &quot;Names List&quot;, or specify a  WINS server ('NetBIOS 
		Nameserver' in IBM and RFC terminology). For Warp Connect you 
		may need to download an update for 'IBM Peer' to bring it on 
		the same level as Warp 4. See the webpage mentioned above.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2995488"></a>How can I configure OS/2 Warp 3 (not Connect), 
		OS/2 1.2, 1.3 or 2.x for Samba?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>You can use the free Microsoft LAN Manager 2.2c Client 
		for OS/2 from 
		<a href="ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/BusSys/Clients/LANMAN.OS2/" target="_top">
		ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/BusSys/Clients/LANMAN.OS2/</a>.
   	See <a href="http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/lanman.html" target="_top">
		http://carol.wins.uva.nl/~leeuw/lanman.html</a> for 
		more information on how to install and use this client. In 
		a nutshell, edit the file \OS2VER in the root directory of 
		the OS/2 boot partition and add the lines:</p><pre class="programlisting">
		20=setup.exe
		20=netwksta.sys
		20=netvdd.sys
		</pre><p>before you install the client. Also, don't use the 
		included NE2000 driver because it is buggy. Try the NE2000 
		or NS2000 driver from 
		<a href="ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/network/ndis/" target="_top">
 		ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/network/ndis/</a> instead.
		</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2995548"></a>How do I get printer driver download working 
		for OS/2 clients?</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>First, create a share called <i class="parameter"><tt>[PRINTDRV]</tt></i> that is 
		world-readable.  Copy your OS/2 driver files there.  Note 
		that the .EA_ files must still be separate, so you will need 
		to use the original install files, and not copy an installed 
		driver from an OS/2 system.</p><p>Install the NT driver first for that printer.  Then, 
		add to your <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> a parameter, <i class="parameter"><tt>os2 driver map = 
		<i class="replaceable"><tt>filename</tt></i></tt></i>.  Then, in the file 
		specified by <i class="replaceable"><tt>filename</tt></i>, map the 
		name of the NT driver name to the OS/2 driver name as 
		follows:</p><p><i class="parameter"><tt><i class="replaceable"><tt>nt driver name</tt></i> = <i class="replaceable"><tt>os2 driver name</tt></i>.<i class="replaceable"><tt>device name</tt></i></tt></i>, e.g.:</p><p><i class="parameter"><tt>
		HP LaserJet 5L = LASERJET.HP LaserJet 5L</tt></i></p><p>You can have multiple drivers mapped in this file.</p><p>If you only specify the OS/2 driver name, and not the 
		device name, the first attempt to download the driver will 
		actually download the files, but the OS/2 client will tell 
		you the driver is not available.  On the second attempt, it 
		will work.  This is fixed simply by adding the device name
  		 to the mapping, after which it will work on the first attempt.
		</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2995645"></a>Windows for Workgroups</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2995107"></a>Use latest TCP/IP stack from Microsoft</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Use the latest TCP/IP stack from microsoft if you use Windows
for workgroups. 
</p><p>The early TCP/IP stacks had lots of bugs.</p><p> 
Microsoft has released an incremental upgrade to their TCP/IP 32-Bit
VxD drivers.  The latest release can be found on their ftp site at
ftp.microsoft.com, located in <tt class="filename">/peropsys/windows/public/tcpip/wfwt32.exe</tt>.
There is an update.txt file there that describes the problems that were
fixed.  New files include <tt class="filename">WINSOCK.DLL</tt>, 
<tt class="filename">TELNET.EXE</tt>, 
<tt class="filename">WSOCK.386</tt>, 
<tt class="filename">VNBT.386</tt>,
<tt class="filename">WSTCP.386</tt>, 
<tt class="filename">TRACERT.EXE</tt>, 
<tt class="filename">NETSTAT.EXE</tt>, and 
<tt class="filename">NBTSTAT.EXE</tt>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2995197"></a>Delete .pwl files after password change</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
WfWg does a lousy job with passwords. I find that if I change my
password on either the unix box or the PC the safest thing to do is to
delete the .pwl files in the windows directory. The PC will complain about not finding the files, but will soon get over it, allowing you to enter the new password.
</p><p> 
If you don't do this you may find that WfWg remembers and uses the old
password, even if you told it a new one.
</p><p> 
Often WfWg will totally ignore a password you give it in a dialog box.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2995227"></a>Configure WfW password handling</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There is a program call admincfg.exe
on the last disk (disk 8) of the WFW 3.11 disk set.  To install it
type <b class="userinput"><tt>EXPAND A:\ADMINCFG.EX_ C:\WINDOWS\ADMINCFG.EXE</tt></b>.
Then add an icon
for it via the <span class="application">Program Manager</span> <span class="guimenu">New</span> Menu. 
This program allows you to control how WFW handles passwords.  ie disable Password Caching etc
for use with <i class="parameter"><tt>security = user</tt></i>
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2995273"></a>Case handling of passwords</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>Windows for Workgroups uppercases the password before sending it to the server. Unix passwords can be case-sensitive though. Check the <a href="smb.conf.5.html" target="_top">smb.conf(5)</a> information on <i class="parameter"><tt>password level</tt></i> to specify what characters samba should try to uppercase when checking.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2995303"></a>Use TCP/IP as default protocol</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>To support print queue reporting you may find
that you have to use TCP/IP as the default protocol under
WfWg. For some reason if you leave Netbeui as the default
it may break the print queue reporting on some systems.
It is presumably a WfWg bug.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2995320"></a>Speed improvement</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Note that some people have found that setting <i class="parameter"><tt>DefaultRcvWindow</tt></i> in
the <i class="parameter"><tt>[MSTCP]</tt></i> section of the 
<tt class="filename">SYSTEM.INI</tt> file under WfWg to 3072 gives a
big improvement. I don't know why.
</p><p>
My own experience wth DefaultRcvWindow is that I get much better
performance with a large value (16384 or larger). Other people have
reported that anything over 3072 slows things down enourmously. One
person even reported a speed drop of a factor of 30 when he went from
3072 to 8192. I don't know why.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2995367"></a>Windows '95/'98</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
When using Windows 95 OEM SR2 the following updates are recommended where Samba
is being used. Please NOTE that the above change will affect you once these
updates  have been installed.
</p><p> 
There are more updates than the ones mentioned here. You are referred to the
Microsoft Web site for all currently available updates to your specific version
of Windows 95.
</p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td>Kernel Update: KRNLUPD.EXE</td></tr><tr><td>Ping Fix: PINGUPD.EXE</td></tr><tr><td>RPC Update: RPCRTUPD.EXE</td></tr><tr><td>TCP/IP Update: VIPUPD.EXE</td></tr><tr><td>Redirector Update: VRDRUPD.EXE</td></tr></table><p>
Also, if using <span class="application">MS OutLook</span> it is desirable to 
install the <b class="command">OLEUPD.EXE</b> fix. This
fix may stop your machine from hanging for an extended period when exiting
OutLook and you may also notice a significant speedup when accessing network
neighborhood services.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="id2996396"></a>Speed improvement</h3></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Configure the win95 TCPIP registry settings to give better
performance. I use a program called <b class="command">MTUSPEED.exe</b> which I got off the
net. There are various other utilities of this type freely available.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2996420"></a>Windows 2000 Service Pack 2</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p> 
There are several annoyances with Windows 2000 SP2. One of which
only appears when using a Samba server to host user profiles
to Windows 2000 SP2 clients in a Windows domain.  This assumes
that Samba is a member of the domain, but the problem will
likely occur if it is not.
</p><p> 
In order to serve profiles successfully to Windows 2000 SP2 
clients (when not operating as a PDC), Samba must have 
<i class="parameter"><tt>nt acl support = no</tt></i>
added to the file share which houses the roaming profiles.
If this is not done, then the Windows 2000 SP2 client will
complain about not being able to access the profile (Access 
Denied) and create multiple copies of it on disk (DOMAIN.user.001,
DOMAIN.user.002, etc...).  See the 
<a href="smb.conf.5.html" target="_top">smb.conf(5)</a> man page
for more details on this option.  Also note that the 
<i class="parameter"><tt>nt acl support</tt></i> parameter was formally a global parameter in
releases prior to Samba 2.2.2.
</p><p> 
The following is a minimal profile share:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
	[profile]
		path = /export/profile
		create mask = 0600
		directory mask = 0700
		nt acl support = no
		read only = no
</pre><p>
The reason for this bug is that the Win2k SP2 client copies
the security descriptor for the profile which contains
the Samba server's SID, and not the domain SID.  The client
compares the SID for SAMBA\user and realizes it is
different that the one assigned to DOMAIN\user.  Hence the reason
for the <span class="errorname">access denied</span> message.
</p><p>
By disabling the <i class="parameter"><tt>nt acl support</tt></i> parameter, Samba will send
the Win2k client a response to the QuerySecurityDescriptor
trans2 call which causes the client to set a default ACL
for the profile. This default ACL includes 
</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>DOMAIN\user 	&quot;Full Control&quot;</em></span>&gt;</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>This bug does not occur when using winbind to
create accounts on the Samba host for Domain users.</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2996531"></a>Windows NT 3.1</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>If you have problems communicating across routers with Windows 
NT 3.1 workstations, read <a href="http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;%5BLN%5D;Q103765" target="_top">this Microsoft Knowledge Base article</a>.

</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="speed"></a>Chapter 39. Samba Performance Tuning</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Paul</span> <span class="surname">Cochrane</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Dundee Limb Fitting Centre<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:paulc@dth.scot.nhs.uk">paulc@dth.scot.nhs.uk</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2996649">Comparisons</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2996693">Socket options</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2996767">Read size</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2996811">Max xmit</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2996864">Log level</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2996886">Read raw</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2997829">Write raw</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2997871">Slow Logins</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2997892">LDAP</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2997917">Client tuning</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2997940">Samba performance problem due changing kernel</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2997973">Corrupt tdb Files</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2996649"></a>Comparisons</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The Samba server uses TCP to talk to the client. Thus if you are
trying to see if it performs well you should really compare it to
programs that use the same protocol. The most readily available
programs for file transfer that use TCP are ftp or another TCP based
SMB server.
</p><p>
If you want to test against something like a NT or WfWg server then
you will have to disable all but TCP on either the client or
server. Otherwise you may well be using a totally different protocol
(such as Netbeui) and comparisons may not be valid.
</p><p>
Generally you should find that Samba performs similarly to ftp at raw
transfer speed. It should perform quite a bit faster than NFS,
although this very much depends on your system.
</p><p>
Several people have done comparisons between Samba and Novell, NFS or
WinNT. In some cases Samba performed the best, in others the worst. I
suspect the biggest factor is not Samba vs some other system but the
hardware and drivers used on the various systems. Given similar
hardware Samba should certainly be competitive in speed with other
systems.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2996693"></a>Socket options</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
There are a number of socket options that can greatly affect the
performance of a TCP based server like Samba.
</p><p>
The socket options that Samba uses are settable both on the command
line with the <tt class="option">-O</tt> option, or in the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> file.
</p><p>
The <i class="parameter"><tt>socket options</tt></i> section of the <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt> manual page describes how
to set these and gives recommendations.
</p><p>
Getting the socket options right can make a big difference to your
performance, but getting them wrong can degrade it by just as
much. The correct settings are very dependent on your local network.
</p><p>
The socket option TCP_NODELAY is the one that seems to make the
biggest single difference for most networks. Many people report that
adding <i class="parameter"><tt>socket options = TCP_NODELAY</tt></i> doubles the read 
performance of a Samba drive. The best explanation I have seen for this is
that the Microsoft TCP/IP stack is slow in sending tcp ACKs.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2996767"></a>Read size</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The option <i class="parameter"><tt>read size</tt></i> affects the overlap of disk
reads/writes with network reads/writes. If the amount of data being
transferred in several of the SMB commands (currently SMBwrite, SMBwriteX and
SMBreadbraw) is larger than this value then the server begins writing
the data before it has received the whole packet from the network, or
in the case of SMBreadbraw, it begins writing to the network before
all the data has been read from disk.
</p><p>
This overlapping works best when the speeds of disk and network access
are similar, having very little effect when the speed of one is much
greater than the other.
</p><p>
The default value is 16384, but very little experimentation has been
done yet to determine the optimal value, and it is likely that the best
value will vary greatly between systems anyway. A value over 65536 is
pointless and will cause you to allocate memory unnecessarily.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2996811"></a>Max xmit</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
At startup the client and server negotiate a <i class="parameter"><tt>maximum transmit</tt></i> size,
which limits the size of nearly all SMB commands. You can set the
maximum size that Samba will negotiate using the <i class="parameter"><tt>max xmit = </tt></i> option
in <tt class="filename">smb.conf</tt>. Note that this is the maximum size of SMB requests that 
Samba will accept, but not the maximum size that the *client* will accept.
The client maximum receive size is sent to Samba by the client and Samba
honours this limit.
</p><p>
It defaults to 65536 bytes (the maximum), but it is possible that some
clients may perform better with a smaller transmit unit. Trying values
of less than 2048 is likely to cause severe problems.
</p><p>
In most cases the default is the best option.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2996864"></a>Log level</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
If you set the log level (also known as <i class="parameter"><tt>debug level</tt></i>) higher than 2
then you may suffer a large drop in performance. This is because the
server flushes the log file after each operation, which can be very
expensive. 
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2996886"></a>Read raw</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <i class="parameter"><tt>read raw</tt></i> operation is designed to be an optimised, low-latency
file read operation. A server may choose to not support it,
however. and Samba makes support for <i class="parameter"><tt>read raw</tt></i> optional, with it
being enabled by default.
</p><p>
In some cases clients don't handle <i class="parameter"><tt>read raw</tt></i> very well and actually
get lower performance using it than they get using the conventional
read operations. 
</p><p>
So you might like to try <i class="parameter"><tt>read raw = no</tt></i> and see what happens on your
network. It might lower, raise or not affect your performance. Only
testing can really tell.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2997829"></a>Write raw</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
The <i class="parameter"><tt>write raw</tt></i> operation is designed to be an optimised, low-latency
file write operation. A server may choose to not support it,
however. and Samba makes support for <i class="parameter"><tt>write raw</tt></i> optional, with it
being enabled by default.
</p><p>
Some machines may find <i class="parameter"><tt>write raw</tt></i> slower than normal write, in which
case you may wish to change this option.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2997871"></a>Slow Logins</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Slow logins are almost always due to the password checking time. Using
the lowest practical <i class="parameter"><tt>password level</tt></i> will improve things. 
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2997892"></a>LDAP</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
LDAP can be vastly improved by using the
<a href="smb.conf.5.html#LDAPTRUSTIDS" target="_top"><i class="parameter"><tt>ldap trust ids</tt></i></a> parameter.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2997917"></a>Client tuning</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Often a speed problem can be traced to the client. The client (for
example Windows for Workgroups) can often be tuned for better TCP
performance. Check the sections on the various clients in 
<a href="#Other-Clients" title="Chapter 38. Samba and other CIFS clients">Samba and Other Clients</a>.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2997940"></a>Samba performance problem due changing kernel</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Hi everyone. I am running Gentoo on my server and samba 2.2.8a. Recently
I changed kernel version from linux-2.4.19-gentoo-r10 to
linux-2.4.20-wolk4.0s. And now I have performance issue with samba. Ok
many of you will probably say that move to vanilla sources...well I ried
it too and it didn't work. I have 100mb LAN and two computers (linux +
Windows2000). Linux server shares directory with DivX files, client
(windows2000) plays them via LAN. Before when I was running 2.4.19 kernel
everything was fine, but now movies freezes and stops...I tried moving
files between server and Windows and it's trerribly slow.
</p><p>
Grab mii-tool and check the duplex settings on the NIC.
My guess is that it is a link layer issue, not an application
layer problem.  Also run ifconfig and verify that the framing
error, collisions, etc... look normal for ethernet.
</p></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2997973"></a>Corrupt tdb Files</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
Well today it happend, our first major problem using samba.
Our samba PDC server has been hosting 3 TB of data to our 500+ users
[Windows NT/XP]  for the last 3 years using samba, no problem.
But today all shares went SLOW; very slow. Also the main smbd kept
spawning new processes so we had 1600+ running smbd's (normally we avg. 250).
It crashed the SUN E3500 cluster twice. After alot of searching I
decided to <b class="command">rm /var/locks/*.tbl</b>. Happy again.
</p><p>
Q1) Is there any method of keeping the *.tbl files in top condition or
how to early detect corruption?
</p><p>
A1) Yes, run <b class="command">tdbbackup</b> each time after stoping nmbd and before starting nmbd.
</p><p>
Q2) What I also would like to mention is that the service latency seems
alot lower then before the locks cleanup, any ideas on keeping it top notch?
</p><p>
A2) Yes! Samba answer as for Q1!
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="DNSDHCP"></a>Chapter 40. DNS and DHCP Configuration Guide</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="othername">H.</span> <span class="surname">Terpstra</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jht@samba.org">jht@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2998691">Note</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2998691"></a>Note</h2></div></div><div></div></div><p>
This chapter did not make it into this release.
It is planned for the published release of this document.
</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="Further-Resources"></a>Chapter 41. Further Resources</h2></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Jelmer</span> <span class="othername">R.</span> <span class="surname">Vernooij</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">The Samba Team<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:jelmer@samba.org">jelmer@samba.org</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">David</span> <span class="surname">Lechnyr</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Unofficial HOWTO<br></span><div class="address"><p><tt class="email">&lt;<a href="mailto:david@lechnyr.com">david@lechnyr.com</a>&gt;</tt></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="pubdate">May 1, 2003</p></div></div><div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><a href="#id2998110">Websites</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2998494">Related updates from microsoft</a></dt><dt><a href="#id2998561">Books</a></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2998110"></a>Websites</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	<a href="http://hr.uoregon.edu/davidrl/cifs.txt" target="_top">
	<span class="emphasis"><em>CIFS: Common Insecurities Fail Scrutiny</em></span> by &quot;Hobbit&quot;</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://afr.com/it/2002/10/01/FFXDF43AP6D.html" target="_top">
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Doing the Samba on Windows</em></span> by Financial Review
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://ubiqx.org/cifs/" target="_top">
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Implementing CIFS</em></span> by Christopher R. Hertel
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://samba.anu.edu.au/cifs/docs/what-is-smb.html" target="_top">
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Just What Is SMB?</em></span> by Richard Sharpe
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-05/samba_01.html" target="_top">
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Opening Windows Everywhere</em></span> by Mike Warfield
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/SMB-HOWTO.html" target="_top">
	<span class="emphasis"><em>SMB HOWTO</em></span> by David Wood
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://www.phrack.org/phrack/60/p60-0x0b.txt" target="_top">
	<span class="emphasis"><em>SMB/CIFS by The Root</em></span> by &quot;ledin&quot;
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://www.linux-mag.com/1999-09/samba_01.html" target="_top">
	<span class="emphasis"><em>The Story of Samba</em></span> by Christopher R. Hertel
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://hr.uoregon.edu/davidrl/samba/" target="_top">
	<span class="emphasis"><em>The Unofficial Samba HOWTO</em></span> by David Lechnyr
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://www.linux-mag.com/2001-05/smb_01.html" target="_top">
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Understanding the Network Neighborhood</em></span> by Christopher R. Hertel
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://www.linux-mag.com/2002-02/samba_01.html" target="_top">
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Using Samba as a PDC</em></span> by Andrew Bartlett
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://ru.samba.org/samba/ftp/docs/Samba24Hc13.pdf" target="_top">
	<span class="emphasis"><em>PDF version of the Troubleshooting Techniques chapter</em></span>
	from the second edition of Sam's Teach Yourself Samba in 24 Hours
	(publishing date of Dec. 12, 2001)</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://ru.samba.org/samba/ftp/slides/" target="_top">
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Slide presentations</em></span> by Samba Team members
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://www.atmarkit.co.jp/flinux/special/samba3/samba3a.html" target="_top">
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Introduction to Samba 3.0</em></span> by Motonobu Takahashi 
	(written in Japanese). </a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://www.linux-mag.com/2001-05/smb_01.html" target="_top">
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Understanding the Network Neighborhood</em></span>, by team member
	Chris Hertel. This article appeared in the May 2001 issue of 
	Linux Magazine. 
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="ftp://ftp.stratus.com/pub/vos/customers/samba/" target="_top">
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Samba 2.0.x Troubleshooting guide</em></span> from Paul Green
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://samba.org/samba/docs/10years.html" target="_top">
	<span class="emphasis"><em>Ten Years of Samba</em></span>
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Samba-Authenticated-Gateway-HOWTO.html" target="_top">
		<span class="emphasis"><em>Samba Authenticated Gateway HOWTO</em></span>
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://samba.org/samba/docs/SambaIntro.html" target="_top">
		<span class="emphasis"><em>An Introduction to Samba</em></span>
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://www.samba.org/cifs/" target="_top">
		<span class="emphasis"><em>What is CIFS?</em></span>
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q92/5/88.asp" target="_top">
		<span class="emphasis"><em>WFWG: Password Caching and How It Affects LAN Manager
			Security</em></span> at Microsoft Knowledge Base
	</a>
	</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2998494"></a>Related updates from microsoft</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
	<a href="http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q92/5/88.asp" target="_top">
		<span class="emphasis"><em>Enhanced Encryption for Windows 95 Password Cache</em></span> 
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q136/4/18.asp" target="_top">
		<span class="emphasis"><em>Windows '95 File Sharing Updates</em></span>
	</a>
	</p></li><li><p>
	<a href="http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q136/4/18.asp" target="_top">
		<span class="emphasis"><em>Windows for Workgroups Sharing Updates</em></span>
	</a>
	</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="id2998561"></a>Books</h2></div></div><div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="index"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a name="id2998572"></a>Index</h2></div></div><div></div></div><div class="index"></div></div></div></body></html>
View Lorry Controller Status