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diff --git a/docs-xml/Samba3-HOWTO/TOSHARG-TheNetCommand.xml b/docs-xml/Samba3-HOWTO/TOSHARG-TheNetCommand.xml new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..b2b3ebd5b15 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs-xml/Samba3-HOWTO/TOSHARG-TheNetCommand.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1916 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?> +<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//Samba-Team//DTD DocBook V4.2-Based Variant V1.0//EN" "http://www.samba.org/samba/DTD/samba-doc"> + +<chapter id="NetCommand"> +<chapterinfo> + &author.jht; + &author.vl; + &author.gd; + <pubdate>May 9, 2005</pubdate> +</chapterinfo> + +<title>Remote and Local Management: The Net Command</title> + +<para> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>remote management</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>command-line</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>scripted control</primary></indexterm> +The <command>net</command> command is one of the new features of Samba-3 and is an attempt to provide a useful +tool for the majority of remote management operations necessary for common tasks. The <command>net</command> +tool is flexible by design and is intended for command-line use as well as for scripted control application. +</para> + +<para> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>network administrator's toolbox</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>smbgroupedit</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary></indexterm> +Originally introduced with the intent to mimic the Microsoft Windows command that has the same name, the +<command>net</command> command has morphed into a very powerful instrument that has become an essential part +of the Samba network administrator's toolbox. The Samba Team has introduced tools, such as +<command>smbgroupedit</command> and <command>rpcclient</command>, from which really useful capabilities have +been integrated into the <command>net</command>. The <command>smbgroupedit</command> command was absorbed +entirely into the <command>net</command>, while only some features of the <command>rpcclient</command> command +have been ported to it. Anyone who finds older references to these utilities and to the functionality they +provided should look at the <command>net</command> command before searching elsewhere. +</para> + +<para> +A Samba-3 administrator cannot afford to gloss over this chapter because to do so will almost certainly cause +the infliction of self-induced pain, agony, and desperation. Be warned: this is an important chapter. +</para> + + <sect1> + <title>Overview</title> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>standalone</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>domain member</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>PDC</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>BDC</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>DMS</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>authentication</primary></indexterm> + The tasks that follow the installation of a Samba-3 server, whether standalone or domain member, of a + domain controller (PDC or BDC) begins with the need to create administrative rights. Of course, the + creation of user and group accounts is essential for both a standalone server and a PDC. + In the case of a BDC or a Domain Member server (DMS), domain user and group accounts are obtained from + the central domain authentication backend. + </para> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>server type</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>local UNIX groups</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>mapped</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>domain global group</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>UID</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>GID</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>access rights</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary></indexterm> + Regardless of the type of server being installed, local UNIX groups must be mapped to the Windows + networking domain global group accounts. Do you ask why? Because Samba always limits its access to + the resources of the host server by way of traditional UNIX UID and GID controls. This means that local + groups must be mapped to domain global groups so that domain users who are members of the domain + global groups can be given access rights based on UIDs and GIDs local to the server that is hosting + Samba. Such mappings are implemented using the <command>net</command> command. + </para> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>PDC</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>BDC</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>DMS</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>security account</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>domain authentication</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>trust accounts</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary></indexterm> + UNIX systems that are hosting a Samba-3 server that is running as a member (PDC, BDC, or DMS) must have + a machine security account in the domain authentication database (or directory). The creation of such + security (or trust) accounts is also handled using the <command>net</command> command. + </para> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>interdomain trusts</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>administrative duties</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>user management</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>group management</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>share management</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>printer management</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>printer migration</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>SID management</primary></indexterm> + The establishment of interdomain trusts is achieved using the <command>net</command> command also, as + may a plethora of typical administrative duties such as user management, group management, share and + printer management, file and printer migration, security identifier management, and so on. + </para> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>man pages</primary></indexterm> + The overall picture should be clear now: the <command>net</command> command plays a central role + on the Samba-3 stage. This role will continue to be developed. The inclusion of this chapter is + evidence of its importance, one that has grown in complexity to the point that it is no longer considered + prudent to cover its use fully in the online UNIX man pages. + </para> + + </sect1> + + <sect1> + <title>Administrative Tasks and Methods</title> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>ADS</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>Distributed Computing Environment</primary><see>DCE</see></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>Remote Procedure Call</primary><see>RPC</see></indexterm> + The basic operations of the <command>net</command> command are documented here. This documentation is not + exhaustive, and thus it is incomplete. Since the primary focus is on migration from Windows servers to a Samba + server, the emphasis is on the use of the Distributed Computing Environment Remote Procedure Call (DCE RPC) + mode of operation. When used against a server that is a member of an Active Directory domain, it is preferable + (and often necessary) to use ADS mode operations. The <command>net</command> command supports both, but not + for every operation. For most operations, if the mode is not specified, <command>net</command> will + automatically fall back via the <constant>ads</constant>, <constant>rpc</constant>, and + <constant>rap</constant> modes. Please refer to the man page for a more comprehensive overview of the + capabilities of this utility. + </para> + + </sect1> + + <sect1> + <title>UNIX and Windows Group Management</title> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>Active Directory</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>ads</secondary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rap</secondary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>RAP</primary></indexterm> + As stated, the focus in most of this chapter is on use of the <command>net rpc</command> family of + operations that are supported by Samba. Most of them are supported by the <command>net ads</command> + mode when used in connection with Active Directory. The <command>net rap</command> operating mode is + also supported for some of these operations. RAP protocols are used by IBM OS/2 and by several + earlier SMB servers. + </para> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>user management</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>group management</primary></indexterm> + Samba's <command>net</command> tool implements sufficient capability to permit all common administrative + tasks to be completed from the command line. In this section each of the essential user and group management + facilities are explored. + </para> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>groups</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>domain</primary><secondary>groups</secondary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>local</primary><secondary>groups</secondary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>domain user accounts</primary></indexterm> + Samba-3 recognizes two types of groups: <emphasis>domain groups</emphasis> and <emphasis>local + groups</emphasis>. Domain groups can contain (have as members) only domain user accounts. Local groups + can contain local users, domain users, and domain groups as members. + </para> + + <para> + The purpose of a local group is to permit file permission to be set for a group account that, like the + usual UNIX/Linux group, is persistent across redeployment of a Windows file server. + </para> + + <sect2> + <title>Adding, Renaming, or Deletion of Group Accounts</title> + + <para> + Samba provides file and print services to Windows clients. The file system resources it makes available + to the Windows environment must, of necessity, be provided in a manner that is compatible with the + Windows networking environment. UNIX groups are created and deleted as required to serve operational + needs in the UNIX operating system and its file systems. + </para> + + <para> + In order to make available to the Windows environment, Samba has a facility by which UNIX groups can + be mapped to a logical entity, called a Windows (or domain) group. Samba supports two types of Windows + groups, local and global. Global groups can contain as members, global users. This membership is + affected in the normal UNIX manner, but adding UNIX users to UNIX groups. Windows user accounts consist + of a mapping between a user SambaSAMAccount (logical entity) and a UNIX user account. Therefore, + a UNIX user is mapped to a Windows user (i.e., is given a Windows user account and password) and the + UNIX groups to which that user belongs, is mapped to a Windows group account. The result is that in + the Windows account environment that user is also a member of the Windows group account by virtue + of UNIX group memberships. + </para> + + <para> + The following sub-sections that deal with management of Windows groups demonstrates the relationship + between the UNIX group account and its members to the respective Windows group accounts. It goes on to + show how UNIX group members automatically pass-through to Windows group membership as soon as a logical + mapping has been created. + </para> + + <sect3> + <title>Adding or Creating a New Group</title> + + <para> + Before attempting to add a Windows group account, the currently available groups can be listed as shown + here: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>group</tertiary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>group list</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc group list -Uroot%not24get +Password: +Domain Admins +Domain Users +Domain Guests +Print Operators +Backup Operators +Replicator +Domain Computers +Engineers +</screen> + </para> + +<?latex \newpage ?> + <para> + A Windows group account called <quote>SupportEngrs</quote> can be added by executing the following +command: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>group add</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc group add "SupportEngrs" -Uroot%not24get +</screen> + The addition will result in immediate availability of the new group account as validated by executing +this command: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc group list -Uroot%not24get +Password: +Domain Admins +Domain Users +Domain Guests +Print Operators +Backup Operators +Replicator +Domain Computers +Engineers +SupportEngrs +</screen> + </para> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>POSIX</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>smbldap-groupadd</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>getent</primary></indexterm> + The following demonstrates that the POSIX (UNIX/Linux system account) group has been created by calling + the <smbconfoption name="add group script">/opt/IDEALX/sbin/smbldap-groupadd -p "%g"</smbconfoption> interface + script: +<screen> +&rootprompt; getent group +... +Domain Admins:x:512:root +Domain Users:x:513:jht,lct,ajt,met +Domain Guests:x:514: +Print Operators:x:550: +Backup Operators:x:551: +Replicator:x:552: +Domain Computers:x:553: +Engineers:x:1002:jht +SupportEngrs:x:1003: +</screen> + The following demonstrates that the use of the <command>net</command> command to add a group account +results in immediate mapping of the POSIX group that has been created to the Windows group account as shown +here: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>groupmap</secondary><tertiary>list</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net groupmap list +Domain Admins (S-1-5-21-72630-4128915-11681869-512) -> Domain Admins +Domain Users (S-1-5-21-72630-4128915-11681869-513) -> Domain Users +Domain Guests (S-1-5-21-72630-4128915-11681869-514) -> Domain Guests +Print Operators (S-1-5-21-72630-4128915-11681869-550) -> Print Operators +Backup Operators (S-1-5-21-72630-4128915-11681869-551) -> Backup Operators +Replicator (S-1-5-21-72630-4128915-11681869-552) -> Replicator +Domain Computers (S-1-5-21-72630-4128915-11681869-553) -> Domain Computers +Engineers (S-1-5-21-72630-4128915-11681869-3005) -> Engineers +SupportEngrs (S-1-5-21-72630-4128915-11681869-3007) -> SupportEngrs +</screen> + </para> + + </sect3> + + <sect3> + <title>Mapping Windows Groups to UNIX Groups</title> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>mapped</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>Windows groups</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>system groups</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>access controls</primary></indexterm> + Windows groups must be mapped to UNIX system (POSIX) groups so that file system access controls + can be asserted in a manner that is consistent with the methods appropriate to the operating + system that is hosting the Samba server. + </para> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>access controls</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>UID</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>GID</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>locally known UID</primary></indexterm> + All file system (file and directory) access controls, within the file system of a UNIX/Linux server that is + hosting a Samba server, are implemented using a UID/GID identity tuple. Samba does not in any way override + or replace UNIX file system semantics. Thus it is necessary that all Windows networking operations that + access the file system provide a mechanism that maps a Windows user to a particular UNIX/Linux group + account. The user account must also map to a locally known UID. Note that the <command>net</command> + command does not call any RPC-functions here but directly accesses the passdb. + </para> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>default mappings</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>Domain Admins</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>Domain Users</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>Domain Guests</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>Windows group</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>UNIX group</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>mapping</primary></indexterm> + Samba depends on default mappings for the <constant>Domain Admins, Domain Users</constant>, and + <constant>Domain Guests</constant> global groups. Additional groups may be added as shown in the + examples just given. There are times when it is necessary to map an existing UNIX group account + to a Windows group. This operation, in effect, creates a Windows group account as a consequence + of creation of the mapping. + </para> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>groupmap</secondary><tertiary>modify</tertiary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>groupmap</secondary><tertiary>add</tertiary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>groupmap</secondary><tertiary>delete</tertiary></indexterm> + The operations that are permitted include: <constant>add</constant>, <constant>modify</constant>, + and <constant>delete</constant>. An example of each operation is shown here. + </para> + + <note><para> + Commencing with Samba-3.0.23 Windows Domain Groups must be explicitly created. By default, all + UNIX groups are exposed to Windows networking as Windows local groups. + </para></note> + + <para> + An existing UNIX group may be mapped to an existing Windows group by this example: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net groupmap modify ntgroup="Domain Users" unixgroup=users +</screen> + An existing UNIX group may be mapped to a new Windows group as shown here: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net groupmap add ntgroup="EliteEngrs" unixgroup=Engineers type=d +</screen> + Supported mapping types are 'd' (domain global) and 'l' (domain local). + A Windows group may be deleted, and then a new Windows group can be mapped to the UNIX group by + executing these commands: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net groupmap delete ntgroup=Engineers +&rootprompt; net groupmap add ntgroup=EngineDrivers unixgroup=Engineers type=d +</screen> + The deletion and addition operations affected only the logical entities known as Windows groups, or domain + groups. These operations are inert to UNIX system groups, meaning that they neither delete nor create UNIX + system groups. The mapping of a UNIX group to a Windows group makes the UNIX group available as Windows + groups so that files and folders on domain member clients (workstations and servers) can be given + domain-wide access controls for domain users and groups. + </para> + + <para> + Two types of Windows groups can be created: <constant>domain (global)</constant> and <constant>local</constant>. + In the previous examples the Windows groups created were of type <constant>domain</constant> or global. The + following command will create a Windows group of type <constant>local</constant>. +<screen> +&rootprompt; net groupmap add ntgroup=Pixies unixgroup=pixies type=l +</screen> + Supported mapping types are 'd' (domain global) and 'l' (domain local), a domain local group in Samba is + treated as local to the individual Samba server. Local groups can be used with Samba to enable multiple + nested group support. + </para> + + </sect3> + + <sect3> + <title>Deleting a Group Account</title> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>group delete</tertiary></indexterm> + A group account may be deleted by executing the following command: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc group delete SupportEngineers -Uroot%not24get +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + Validation of the deletion is advisable. The same commands may be executed as shown above. + </para> + + </sect3> + + <sect3> + <title>Rename Group Accounts</title> + + <note><para> + This command is not documented in the man pages; it is implemented in the source code, but it does not + work at this time. The example given documents, from the source code, how it should work. Watch the + release notes of a future release to see when this may have been fixed. + </para></note> + + <para> + Sometimes it is necessary to rename a group account. Good administrators know how painful some managers' + demands can be if this simple request is ignored. The following command demonstrates how the Windows group + <quote>SupportEngrs</quote> can be renamed to <quote>CustomerSupport</quote>: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>group rename</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc group rename SupportEngrs \ + CustomerSupport -Uroot%not24get +</screen> + </para> + + </sect3> + + </sect2> + + <sect2 id="grpmemshipchg"> + <title>Manipulating Group Memberships</title> + + <para> + Three operations can be performed regarding group membership. It is possible to (1) add Windows users + to a Windows group, to (2) delete Windows users from Windows groups, and to (3) list the Windows users that are + members of a Windows group. + </para> + + <para> + To avoid confusion, it makes sense to check group membership before attempting to make any changes. + The <command>getent group</command> will list UNIX/Linux group membership. UNIX/Linux group members are + seen also as members of a Windows group that has been mapped using the <command>net groupmap</command> + command (see <link linkend="groupmapping"/>). The following list of UNIX/Linux group membership shows + that the user <constant>ajt</constant> is a member of the UNIX/Linux group <constant>Engineers</constant>. +<screen> +&rootprompt; getent group +... +Domain Admins:x:512:root +Domain Users:x:513:jht,lct,ajt,met,vlendecke +Domain Guests:x:514: +Print Operators:x:550: +Backup Operators:x:551: +Replicator:x:552: +Domain Computers:x:553: +Engineers:x:1000:jht,ajt +</screen> + The UNIX/Linux groups have been mapped to Windows groups, as is shown here: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net groupmap list +Domain Admins (S-1-5-21-72630-412605-116429-512) -> Domain Admins +Domain Users (S-1-5-21-72630-412605-116429-513) -> Domain Users +Domain Guests (S-1-5-21-72630-412605-116429-514) -> Domain Guests +Print Operators (S-1-5-21-72630-412605-116429-550) -> Print Operators +Backup Operators (S-1-5-21-72630-412605-116429-551) -> Backup Operators +Replicator (S-1-5-21-72630-412605-116429-552) -> Replicator +Domain Computers (S-1-5-21-72630-412605-116429-553) -> Domain Computers +Engineers (S-1-5-21-72630-412605-116429-3001) -> Engineers +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + Given that the user <constant>ajt</constant> is already a member of the UNIX/Linux group and, via the + group mapping, a member of the Windows group, an attempt to add this account again should fail. This is + demonstrated here: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>group addmem</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc group addmem "MIDEARTH\Engineers" ajt -Uroot%not24get +Could not add ajt to MIDEARTH\Engineers: NT_STATUS_MEMBER_IN_GROUP +</screen> + This shows that the group mapping between UNIX/Linux groups and Windows groups is effective and + transparent. + </para> + + <para> + To permit the user <constant>ajt</constant> to be added using the <command>net rpc group</command> utility, + this account must first be removed. The removal and confirmation of its effect is shown here: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>group delmem</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc group delmem "MIDEARTH\Engineers" ajt -Uroot%not24get +&rootprompt; getent group Engineers +Engineers:x:1000:jht +&rootprompt; net rpc group members Engineers -Uroot%not24get +MIDEARTH\jht +</screen> + In this example both at the UNIX/Linux system level, the group no longer has the <constant>ajt</constant> + as a member. The above also shows this to be the case for Windows group membership. + </para> + + <para> + The account is now added again, using the <command>net rpc group</command> utility: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc group addmem "MIDEARTH\Engineers" ajt -Uroot%not24get +&rootprompt; getent group Engineers +Engineers:x:1000:jht,ajt +&rootprompt; net rpc group members Engineers -Uroot%not24get +MIDEARTH\jht +MIDEARTH\ajt +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + In this example the members of the Windows <constant>Domain Users</constant> account are validated using + the <command>net rpc group</command> utility. Note the this contents of the UNIX/Linux group was shown + four paragraphs earlier. The Windows (domain) group membership is shown here: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>group members</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc group members "Domain Users" -Uroot%not24get +MIDEARTH\jht +MIDEARTH\lct +MIDEARTH\ajt +MIDEARTH\met +MIDEARTH\vlendecke +</screen> + This express example shows that Windows group names are treated by Samba (as with + MS Windows) in a case-insensitive manner: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc group members "DomAiN USerS" -Uroot%not24get +MIDEARTH\jht +MIDEARTH\lct +MIDEARTH\ajt +MIDEARTH\met +MIDEARTH\vlendecke +</screen> + </para> + + <note><para> + An attempt to specify the group name as <constant>MIDEARTH\Domain Users</constant> in place of + just simply <constant>Domain Users</constant> will fail. The default behavior of the net rpc group + is to direct the command at the local machine. The Windows group is treated as being local to the machine. + If it is necessary to query another machine, its name can be specified using the <constant>-S + servername</constant> parameter to the <command>net</command> command. + </para></note> + + </sect2> + + <sect2 id="nestedgrpmgmgt"> + <title>Nested Group Support</title> + + <para> + It is possible in Windows (and now in Samba also) to create a local group that has members (contains), + domain users, and domain global groups. Creation of the local group <constant>demo</constant> is + achieved by executing: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc group add demo -L -S MORDON -Uroot%not24get +</screen> + The -L switch means create a local group. Use the -S argument to direct the operation to a particular + server. The parameters to the -U argument should be for a user who has appropriate administrative right + and privileges on the machine. + </para> + + <para> + Addition and removal of group members can be achieved using the <constant>addmem</constant> and + <constant>delmem</constant> subcommands of <command>net rpc group</command> command. For example, + addition of <quote>DOM\Domain Users</quote> to the local group <constant>demo</constant> would be + done by executing: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc group addmem demo "DOM\Domain Users" -Uroot%not24get +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + The members of a nested group can be listed by executing the following: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc group members demo -Uroot%not24get +DOM\Domain Users +DOM\Engineers +DOM\jamesf +DOM\jht +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + Nested group members can be removed (deleted) as shown here: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc group delmem demo "DOM\jht" -Uroot%not24get +</screen> + </para> + + <sect3> + <title>Managing Nest Groups on Workstations from the Samba Server</title> + + <para> + Windows network administrators often ask on the Samba mailing list how it is possible to grant everyone + administrative rights on their own workstation. This is of course a very bad practice, but commonly done + to avoid user complaints. Here is how it can be done remotely from a Samba PDC or BDC: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>group addmem</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc group addmem "Administrators" "Domain Users" \ + -S WINPC032 -Uadministrator%secret +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + This can be scripted, and can therefore be performed as a user logs onto the domain from a Windows + workstation. Here is a simple example that shows how this can be done. + </para> + + <procedure> + <title>Automating User Addition to the Workstation Power Users Group</title> + + <step><para> + Create the script shown in <link linkend="autopoweruserscript"></link> and locate it in + the directory <filename>/etc/samba/scripts</filename>, named as <filename>autopoweruser.sh</filename>. +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>group addmem</tertiary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>autopoweruser.sh</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>/etc/samba/scripts</primary></indexterm> + </para></step> + +<example id="autopoweruserscript"> +<title>Script to Auto-add Domain Users to Workstation Power Users Group</title> +<screen> +#!/bin/bash + +/usr/bin/net rpc group addmem "Power Users" "DOMAIN_NAME\$1" \ + -UAdministrator%secret -S $2 + +exit 0 +</screen> +</example> + + <step><para> + Set the permissions on this script to permit it to be executed as part of the logon process: +<screen> +&rootprompt; chown root:root /etc/samba/autopoweruser.sh +&rootprompt; chmod 755 /etc/samba/autopoweruser.sh +</screen> + </para></step> + + <step><para> + Modify the &smb.conf; file so the <literal>NETLOGON</literal> stanza contains the parameters + shown in <link linkend="magicnetlogon">the Netlogon Example smb.conf file</link>. + </para></step> + +<example id="magicnetlogon"> +<title>A Magic Netlogon Share</title> +<smbconfblock> +<smbconfsection name="[netlogon]"/> +<smbconfoption name="comment">Netlogon Share</smbconfoption> +<smbconfoption name="path">/var/lib/samba/netlogon</smbconfoption> +<smbconfoption name="root preexec">/etc/samba/scripts/autopoweruser.sh %U %m</smbconfoption> +<smbconfoption name="read only">Yes</smbconfoption> +<smbconfoption name="guest ok">Yes</smbconfoption> +</smbconfblock> +</example> + + <step><para> + Ensure that every Windows workstation Administrator account has the same password that you + have used in the script shown in <link linkend="magicnetlogon">the Netlogon Example smb.conf + file</link> + </para></step> + +</procedure> + + <para> + This script will be executed every time a user logs on to the network. Therefore every user will + have local Windows workstation management rights. This could of course be assigned using a group, + in which case there is little justification for the use of this procedure. The key justification + for the use of this method is that it will guarantee that all users have appropriate rights on + the workstation. + </para> + + </sect3> + + </sect2> + + </sect1> + + <sect1> + <title>UNIX and Windows User Management</title> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>user account</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>UNIX/Linux user account</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>UID</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>POSIX account</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>range</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>Windows user accounts</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>winbindd</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>account information</primary></indexterm> + Every Windows network user account must be translated to a UNIX/Linux user account. In actual fact, + the only account information the UNIX/Linux Samba server needs is a UID. The UID is available either + from a system (POSIX) account or from a pool (range) of UID numbers that is set aside for the purpose + of being allocated for use by Windows user accounts. In the case of the UID pool, the UID for a + particular user will be allocated by <command>winbindd</command>. + </para> + + <para> + Although this is not the appropriate place to discuss the <smbconfoption name="username map"/> facility, + this interface is an important method of mapping a Windows user account to a UNIX account that has a + different name. Refer to the man page for the &smb.conf; file for more information regarding this + facility. User name mappings cannot be managed using the <command>net</command> utility. + </para> + + <sect2 id="sbeuseraddn"> + <title>Adding User Accounts</title> + + <para> + The syntax for adding a user account via the <command>net</command> (according to the man page) is shown + here: +<screen> +net [<method>] user ADD <name> [-c container] [-F user flags] \ + [misc. options] [targets] +</screen> + The user account password may be set using this syntax: +<screen> +net rpc password <username> [<password>] -Uadmin_username%admin_pass +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + The following demonstrates the addition of an account to the server <constant>FRODO</constant>: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>user add</tertiary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>user password</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc user add jacko -S FRODO -Uroot%not24get +Added user jacko +</screen> + The account password can be set with the following methods (all show the same operation): +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc password jacko f4sth0rse -S FRODO -Uroot%not24get +&rootprompt; net rpc user password jacko f4sth0rse \ + -S FRODO -Uroot%not24get +</screen> + </para> + + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Deletion of User Accounts</title> + + <para> + Deletion of a user account can be done using the following syntax: +<screen> +net [<method>] user DELETE <name> [misc. options] [targets] +</screen> + The following command will delete the user account <constant>jacko</constant>: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>user delete</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc user delete jacko -Uroot%not24get +Deleted user account +</screen> + </para> + + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Managing User Accounts</title> + + <para> + Two basic user account operations are routinely used: change of password and querying which groups a user + is a member of. The change of password operation is shown in <link linkend="sbeuseraddn"/>. + </para> + + <para> + The ability to query Windows group membership can be essential. Here is how a remote server may be + interrogated to find which groups a user is a member of: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>user info</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc user info jacko -S SAURON -Uroot%not24get +net rpc user info jacko -S SAURON -Uroot%not24get +Domain Users +Domain Admins +Engineers +TorridGroup +BOP Shop +Emergency Services +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + It is also possible to rename user accounts: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>user rename</tertiary></indexterm>oldusername newusername + Note that this operation does not yet work against Samba Servers. It is, however, possible to rename useraccounts on + Windows Servers. + + </para> + + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>User Mapping</title> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>logon name</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>/etc/samba/smbusers</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>username map</primary></indexterm> + In some situations it is unavoidable that a user's Windows logon name will differ from the login ID + that user has on the Samba server. It is possible to create a special file on the Samba server that + will permit the Windows user name to be mapped to a different UNIX/Linux user name. The &smb.conf; + file must also be amended so that the <constant>[global]</constant> stanza contains the parameter: +<screen> +username map = /etc/samba/smbusers +</screen> + The content of the <filename>/etc/samba/smbusers</filename> file is shown here: +<screen> +parsonsw: "William Parsons" +marygee: geeringm +</screen> + In this example the Windows user account <quote>William Parsons</quote> will be mapped to the UNIX user + <constant>parsonsw</constant>, and the Windows user account <quote>geeringm</quote> will be mapped to the + UNIX user <constant>marygee</constant>. + </para> + + </sect2> + + </sect1> + + <sect1> + <title>Administering User Rights and Privileges</title> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>credentials</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>manage printers</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>manage shares</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>manage groups</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>manage users</primary></indexterm> + With all versions of Samba earlier than 3.0.11 the only account on a Samba server that could + manage users, groups, shares, printers, and such was the <constant>root</constant> account. This caused + problems for some users and was a frequent source of scorn over the necessity to hand out the + credentials for the most security-sensitive account on a UNIX/Linux system. + </para> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>delegate administrative privileges</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>normal user</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>rights and privilege</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>privilege management</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>groups of users</primary></indexterm> + New to Samba version 3.0.11 is the ability to delegate administrative privileges as necessary to either + a normal user or to groups of users. The significance of the administrative privileges is documented + in <link linkend="rights"/>. Examples of use of the <command>net</command> for user rights and privilege + management is appropriate to this chapter. + </para> + + <note><para> + When user rights and privileges are correctly set, there is no longer a need for a Windows + network account for the <constant>root</constant> user (nor for any synonym of it) with a UNIX UID=0. + Initial user rights and privileges can be assigned by any account that is a member of the <constant> + Domain Admins</constant> group. Rights can be assigned to user as well as group accounts. + </para></note> + + <para> + By default, no privileges and rights are assigned. This is demonstrated by executing the command + shown here: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc rights list accounts -U root%not24get +BUILTIN\Print Operators +No privileges assigned + +BUILTIN\Account Operators +No privileges assigned + +BUILTIN\Backup Operators +No privileges assigned + +BUILTIN\Server Operators +No privileges assigned + +BUILTIN\Administrators +No privileges assigned + +Everyone +No privileges assigned +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + The <command>net</command> command can be used to obtain the currently supported capabilities for rights + and privileges using this method: +<indexterm><primary>SeMachineAccountPrivilege</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>SePrintOperatorPrivilege</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>SeAddUsersPrivilege</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>SeRemoteShutdownPrivilege</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>SeDiskOperatorPrivilege</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>SeBackupPrivilege</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>SeRestorePrivilege</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>SeTakeOwnershipPrivilege</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>rights list</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc rights list -U root%not24get + SeMachineAccountPrivilege Add machines to domain + SePrintOperatorPrivilege Manage printers + SeAddUsersPrivilege Add users and groups to the domain + SeRemoteShutdownPrivilege Force shutdown from a remote system + SeDiskOperatorPrivilege Manage disk shares + SeBackupPrivilege Back up files and directories + SeRestorePrivilege Restore files and directories + SeTakeOwnershipPrivilege Take ownership of files or other objects +</screen> + Machine account privilege is necessary to permit a Windows NT4 or later network client to be added to the + domain. The disk operator privilege is necessary to permit the user to manage share ACLs and file and + directory ACLs for objects not owned by the user. + </para> + + <para> + In this example, all rights are assigned to the <constant>Domain Admins</constant> group. This is a good + idea since members of this group are generally expected to be all-powerful. This assignment makes that + the reality: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>rights grant</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc rights grant "MIDEARTH\Domain Admins" \ + SeMachineAccountPrivilege SePrintOperatorPrivilege \ + SeAddUsersPrivilege SeRemoteShutdownPrivilege \ + SeDiskOperatorPrivilege -U root%not24get +Successfully granted rights. +</screen> + Next, the domain user <constant>jht</constant> is given the privileges needed for day-to-day + administration: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc rights grant "MIDEARTH\jht" \ + SeMachineAccountPrivilege SePrintOperatorPrivilege \ + SeAddUsersPrivilege SeDiskOperatorPrivilege \ + -U root%not24get +Successfully granted rights. +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + The following step permits validation of the changes just made: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>rights list accounts</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc rights list accounts -U root%not24get +MIDEARTH\jht +SeMachineAccountPrivilege +SePrintOperatorPrivilege +SeAddUsersPrivilege +SeDiskOperatorPrivilege + +BUILTIN\Print Operators +No privileges assigned + +BUILTIN\Account Operators +No privileges assigned + +BUILTIN\Backup Operators +No privileges assigned + +BUILTIN\Server Operators +No privileges assigned + +BUILTIN\Administrators +No privileges assigned + +Everyone +No privileges assigned + +MIDEARTH\Domain Admins +SeMachineAccountPrivilege +SePrintOperatorPrivilege +SeAddUsersPrivilege +SeRemoteShutdownPrivilege +SeDiskOperatorPrivilege +</screen> + </para> + + </sect1> + + <sect1> + <title>Managing Trust Relationships</title> + + <para> + There are essentially two types of trust relationships: the first is between domain controllers and domain + member machines (network clients), the second is between domains (called interdomain trusts). All + Samba servers that participate in domain security require a domain membership trust account, as do like + Windows NT/200x/XP workstations. + </para> + + <sect2> + <title>Machine Trust Accounts</title> + + <para> + The net command looks in the &smb.conf; file to obtain its own configuration settings. Thus, the following + command 'knows' which domain to join from the &smb.conf; file. + </para> + + <para> + A Samba server domain trust account can be validated as shown in this example: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>testjoin</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc testjoin +Join to 'MIDEARTH' is OK +</screen> + Where there is no domain membership account, or when the account credentials are not valid, the following + results will be observed: +<screen> +net rpc testjoin -S DOLPHIN +Join to domain 'WORLDOCEAN' is not valid +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + The equivalent command for joining a Samba server to a Windows ADS domain is shown here: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>ads</secondary><tertiary>testjoin</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net ads testjoin +Using short domain name -- TAKEAWAY +Joined 'LEMONADE' to realm 'TAKEAWAY.BIZ' +</screen> + In the event that the ADS trust was not established, or is broken for one reason or another, the following + error message may be obtained: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net ads testjoin -UAdministrator%secret +Join to domain is not valid +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + The following demonstrates the process of creating a machine trust account in the target domain for the + Samba server from which the command is executed: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>join</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc join -S FRODO -Uroot%not24get +Joined domain MIDEARTH. +</screen> + The joining of a Samba server to a Samba domain results in the creation of a machine account. An example + of this is shown here: +<screen> +&rootprompt; pdbedit -Lw merlin\$ +merlin$:1009:9B4489D6B90461FD6A3EC3AB96147E16:\ +176D8C554E99914BDF3407DEA2231D80:[S ]:LCT-42891919: +</screen> + The S in the square brackets means this is a server (PDC/BDC) account. The domain join can be cast to join + purely as a workstation, in which case the S is replaced with a W (indicating a workstation account). The + following command can be used to affect this: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>join member</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc join member -S FRODO -Uroot%not24get +Joined domain MIDEARTH. +</screen> + Note that the command-line parameter <constant>member</constant> makes this join specific. By default + the type is deduced from the &smb.conf; file configuration. To specifically join as a PDC or BDC, the + command-line parameter will be <constant>[PDC | BDC]</constant>. For example: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>join bdc</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc join bdc -S FRODO -Uroot%not24get +Joined domain MIDEARTH. +</screen> + It is best to let Samba figure out the domain join type from the settings in the &smb.conf; file. + </para> + + <para> + The command to join a Samba server to a Windows ADS domain is shown here: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>ads</secondary><tertiary>join</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net ads join -UAdministrator%not24get +Using short domain name -- GDANSK +Joined 'FRANDIMITZ' to realm 'GDANSK.ABMAS.BIZ' +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + There is no specific option to remove a machine account from an NT4 domain. When a domain member that is a + Windows machine is withdrawn from the domain, the domain membership account is not automatically removed + either. Inactive domain member accounts can be removed using any convenient tool. If necessary, the + machine account can be removed using the following <command>net</command> command: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>user delete</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc user delete HERRING\$ -Uroot%not24get +Deleted user account. +</screen> + The removal is made possible because machine accounts are just like user accounts with a trailing $ + character. The account management operations treat user and machine accounts in like manner. + </para> + + <para> + A Samba-3 server that is a Windows ADS domain member can execute the following command to detach from the + domain: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>ads</secondary><tertiary>leave</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net ads leave +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + Detailed information regarding an ADS domain can be obtained by a Samba DMS machine by executing the + following: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>ads</secondary><tertiary>status</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net ads status +</screen> + The volume of information is extensive. Please refer to the book <quote>Samba-3 by Example</quote>, + Chapter 7 for more information regarding its use. This book may be obtained either in print or online from + the <ulink url="http://www.samba.org/samba/docs/Samba3-ByExample.pdf">Samba-3 by Example</ulink>. + </para> + + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Interdomain Trusts</title> + + <para> + Interdomain trust relationships form the primary mechanism by which users from one domain can be granted + access rights and privileges in another domain. + </para> + + <para> + To discover what trust relationships are in effect, execute this command: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>trustdom list</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc trustdom list -Uroot%not24get +Trusted domains list: + +none + +Trusting domains list: + +none +</screen> + There are no interdomain trusts at this time; the following steps will create them. + </para> + + <para> + It is necessary to create a trust account in the local domain. A domain controller in a second domain can + create a trusted connection with this account. That means that the foreign domain is being trusted + to access resources in the local domain. This command creates the local trust account: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>trustdom add</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc trustdom add DAMNATION f00db4r -Uroot%not24get +</screen> + The account can be revealed by using the <command>pdbedit</command> as shown here: +<screen> +&rootprompt; pdbedit -Lw DAMNATION\$ +DAMNATION$:1016:9AC1F121DF897688AAD3B435B51404EE: \ +7F845808B91BB9F7FEF44B247D9DC9A6:[I ]:LCT-428934B1: +</screen> + A trust account will always have an I in the field within the square brackets. + </para> + + <para> + If the trusting domain is not capable of being reached, the following command will fail: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>trustdom list</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc trustdom list -Uroot%not24get +Trusted domains list: + +none + +Trusting domains list: + +DAMNATION S-1-5-21-1385457007-882775198-1210191635 +</screen> + The above command executed successfully; a failure is indicated when the following response is obtained: +<screen> +net rpc trustdom list -Uroot%not24get +Trusted domains list: + +DAMNATION S-1-5-21-1385457007-882775198-1210191635 + +Trusting domains list: + +DAMNATION domain controller is not responding +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + Where a trust account has been created on a foreign domain, Samba is able to establish the trust (connect with) + the foreign account. In the process it creates a one-way trust to the resources on the remote domain. This + command achieves the objective of joining the trust relationship: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>trustdom establish</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc trustdom establish DAMNATION +Password: xxxxxxx == f00db4r +Could not connect to server TRANSGRESSION +Trust to domain DAMNATION established +</screen> + Validation of the two-way trust now established is possible as shown here: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc trustdom list -Uroot%not24get +Trusted domains list: + +DAMNATION S-1-5-21-1385457007-882775198-1210191635 + +Trusting domains list: + +DAMNATION S-1-5-21-1385457007-882775198-1210191635 +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + Sometimes it is necessary to remove the ability for local users to access a foreign domain. The trusting + connection can be revoked as shown here: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>trustdom revoke</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc trustdom revoke DAMNATION -Uroot%not24get +</screen> + At other times it becomes necessary to remove the ability for users from a foreign domain to be able to + access resources in the local domain. The command shown here will do that: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc trustdom del DAMNATION -Uroot%not24get +</screen> + + </para> + + </sect2> + + </sect1> + + <sect1> + <title>Managing Security Identifiers (SIDS)</title> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>security identifier</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>SID</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>desktop profiles</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>user encoded</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>group SID</primary></indexterm> + The basic security identifier that is used by all Windows networking operations is the Windows security + identifier (SID). All Windows network machines (servers and workstations), users, and groups are + identified by their respective SID. All desktop profiles are also encoded with user and group SIDs that + are specific to the SID of the domain to which the user belongs. + </para> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>machine SID</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>domain SID</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>SID</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>rejoin</primary></indexterm> + It is truly prudent to store the machine and/or domain SID in a file for safekeeping. Why? Because + a change in hostname or in the domain (workgroup) name may result in a change in the SID. When you + have the SID on hand, it is a simple matter to restore it. The alternative is to suffer the pain of + having to recover user desktop profiles and perhaps rejoin all member machines to the domain. + </para> + + <para> + First, do not forget to store the local SID in a file. It is a good idea to put this in the directory + in which the &smb.conf; file is also stored. Here is a simple action to achieve this: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>getlocalsid</secondary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net getlocalsid > /etc/samba/my-sid +</screen> + Good, there is now a safe copy of the local machine SID. On a PDC/BDC this is the domain SID also. + </para> + + <para> + The following command reveals what the former one should have placed into the file called + <filename>my-sid</filename>: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net getlocalsid +SID for domain MERLIN is: S-1-5-21-726309263-4128913605-1168186429 +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + If ever it becomes necessary to restore the SID that has been stored in the <filename>my-sid</filename> + file, simply copy the SID (the string of characters that begins with <constant>S-1-5-21</constant>) to + the command line shown here: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>setlocalsid</secondary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net setlocalsid S-1-5-21-1385457007-882775198-1210191635 +</screen> + Restoration of a machine SID is a simple operation, but the absence of a backup copy can be very + problematic. + </para> + + <para> + The following operation is useful only for machines that are being configured as a PDC or a BDC. + DMS and workstation clients should have their own machine SID to avoid + any potential namespace collision. Here is the way that the BDC SID can be synchronized to that + of the PDC (this is the default NT4 domain practice also): +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>getsid</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc getsid -S FRODO -Uroot%not24get +Storing SID S-1-5-21-726309263-4128913605-1168186429 \ + for Domain MIDEARTH in secrets.tdb +</screen> + Usually it is not necessary to specify the target server (-S FRODO) or the administrator account + credentials (-Uroot%not24get). + </para> + + </sect1> + + <sect1> + <title>Share Management</title> + + <para> + Share management is central to all file serving operations. Typical share operations include: + </para> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>Creation/change/deletion of shares</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>Setting/changing ACLs on shares</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>Moving shares from one server to another</para></listitem> + <listitem><para>Change of permissions of share contents</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + <para> + Each of these are dealt with here insofar as they involve the use of the <command>net</command> + command. Operations outside of this command are covered elsewhere in this document. + </para> + + <sect2> + <title>Creating, Editing, and Removing Shares</title> + + <para> + A share can be added using the <command>net rpc share</command> command capabilities. + The target machine may be local or remote and is specified by the -S option. It must be noted + that the addition and deletion of shares using this tool depends on the availability of a suitable + interface script. The interface scripts Sambas <command>smbd</command> uses are called + <smbconfoption name="add share command"/>, <smbconfoption name="delete share command"/> and + <smbconfoption name="change share command"/> A set of example scripts are provided in the Samba source + code tarball in the directory <filename>~samba/examples/scripts</filename>. + </para> + + <para> + The following steps demonstrate the use of the share management capabilities of the <command>net</command> + utility. In the first step a share called <constant>Bulge</constant> is added. The sharepoint within the + file system is the directory <filename>/data</filename>. The command that can be executed to perform the + addition of this share is shown here: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>share add</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc share add Bulge=/data -S MERLIN -Uroot%not24get +</screen> + Validation is an important process, and by executing the command <command>net rpc share</command> + with no other operators it is possible to obtain a listing of available shares, as shown here: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc share -S MERLIN -Uroot%not24get +profdata +archive +Bulge <--- This one was added +print$ +netlogon +profiles +IPC$ +kyocera +ADMIN$ +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + Often it is desirable also to permit a share to be removed using a command-line tool. + The following step permits the share that was previously added to be removed: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>share delete</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc share delete Bulge -S MERLIN -Uroot%not24get +</screen> + A simple validation shown here demonstrates that the share has been removed: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc share -S MERLIN -Uroot%not24get +profdata +archive +print$ +netlogon +profiles +IPC$ +ADMIN$ +kyocera +</screen> + </para> + + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Creating and Changing Share ACLs</title> + + <para> + At this time the <command>net</command> tool cannot be used to manage ACLs on Samba shares. In MS Windows + language this is called Share Permissions. + </para> + + <para> + It is possible to set ACLs on Samba shares using either the SRVTOOLS NT4 Domain Server Manager + or using the Computer Management MMC snap-in. Neither is covered here, + but see <link linkend="AccessControls"/>. + </para> + + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Share, Directory, and File Migration</title> + + <para> +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>vampire</tertiary></indexterm> + Shares and files can be migrated in the same manner as user, machine, and group accounts. + It is possible to preserve access control settings (ACLs) as well as security settings + throughout the migration process. The <command>net rpc vampire</command> facility is used + to migrate accounts from a Windows NT4 (or later) domain to a Samba server. This process + preserves passwords and account security settings and is a precursor to the migration + of shares and files. + </para> + + <para> + The <command>net rpc share</command> command may be used to migrate shares, directories, + files, and all relevant data from a Windows server to a Samba server. + </para> + + <para> + A set of command-line switches permit the creation of almost direct clones of Windows file + servers. For example, when migrating a fileserver, file ACLs and DOS file attributes from + the Windows server can be included in the migration process and will reappear, almost identically, + on the Samba server when the migration has been completed. + </para> + + <para> + The migration process can be completed only with the Samba server already being fully operational. + The user and group accounts must be migrated before attempting to migrate data + share, files, and printers. The migration of files and printer configurations involves the use + of both SMB and MS DCE RPC services. The benefit of the manner in which the migration process has + been implemented is that the possibility now exists to use a Samba server as a man-in-middle migration + service that affects a transfer of data from one server to another. For example, if the Samba + server is called MESSER, the source Windows NT4 server is called PEPPY, and the target Samba + server is called GONZALES, the machine MESSER can be used to effect the migration of all data + (files and shares) from PEPPY to GONZALES. If the target machine is not specified, the local + server is assumed by default - as net's general rule of thumb . + </para> + + <para> + The success of server migration requires a firm understanding of the structure of the source + server (or domain) as well as the processes on which the migration is critically dependant. + </para> + + <para> + There are two known limitations to the migration process: + </para> + + <orderedlist> + <listitem><para> + The <command>net</command> command requires that the user credentials provided exist on both + the migration source and the migration target. + </para></listitem> + + <listitem><para> + Printer settings may not be fully or may be incorrectly migrated. This might in particular happen + when migrating a Windows 2003 print server to Samba. + </para></listitem> + </orderedlist> + + <sect3> + <title>Share Migration</title> + + <para> + The <command>net rpc share migrate</command> command operation permits the migration of plain + share stanzas. A stanza contains the parameters within which a file or print share are defined. + The use of this migration method will create share stanzas that have as parameters the file + system directory path, an optional description, and simple security settings that permit write + access to files. One of the first steps necessary following migration is to review the share + stanzas to ensure that the settings are suitable for use. + </para> + + <para> + The shares are created on the fly as part of the migration process. The <command>smbd</command> + application does this by calling on the operating system to execute the script specified by the + &smb.conf; parameter <parameter>add share command</parameter>. + </para> + + <para> + There is a suitable example script for the <parameter>add share command</parameter> in the + <filename>$SAMBA_SOURCES/examples/scripts</filename> directory. It should be noted that + the account that is used to drive the migration must, of necessity, have appropriate file system + access privileges and have the right to create shares and to set ACLs on them. Such rights are + conferred by these rights: <parameter>SeAddUsersPrivilege</parameter> and <parameter>SeDiskOperatorPrivilege</parameter>. + For more information regarding rights and privileges please refer to <link linkend="rights"/>. + </para> + + <para> + The syntax of the share migration command is shown here: +<screen> +net rpc share MIGRATE SHARES <share-name> -S <source> + [--destination=localhost] [--exclude=share1,share2] [-v] +</screen> + When the parameter <share-name> is omitted, all shares will be migrated. The potentially + large list of available shares on the system that is being migrated can be limited using the + <parameter>--exclude</parameter> switch. For example: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>share migrate</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc share migrate shares myshare\ + -S win2k -U administrator%secret" +</screen> + This will migrate the share <constant>myshare</constant> from the server <constant>win2k</constant> + to the Samba Server using the permissions that are tied to the account <constant>administrator</constant> + with the password <constant>secret</constant>. The account that is used must be the same on both the + migration source server and the target Samba server. The use of the <command>net rpc + vampire</command>, prior to attempting the migration of shares, will ensure that accounts will be + identical on both systems. One precaution worth taking before commencement of migration of shares is + to validate that the migrated accounts (on the Samba server) have the needed rights and privileges. + This can be done as shown here: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>right list accounts</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc right list accounts -Uroot%not24get +</screen> + The steps taken so far perform only the migration of shares. Directories and directory contents + are not migrated by the steps covered up to this point. + </para> + + </sect3> + + <sect3> + <title>File and Directory Migration</title> + + <para> + Everything covered to this point has been done in preparation for the migration of file and directory + data. For many people preparation is potentially boring and the real excitement only begins when file + data can be used. The next steps demonstrate the techniques that can be used to transfer (migrate) + data files using the <command>net</command> command. + </para> + + <para> + Transfer of files from one server to another has always been a challenge for MS Windows + administrators because Windows NT and 200X servers do not always include the tools needed. The + <command>xcopy</command> from Windows NT is not capable of preserving file and directory ACLs, + it does so only with Windows 200x. Microsoft does provide a + utility that can copy ACLs (security settings) called <command>scopy</command>, but it is provided only + as part of the Windows NT or 200X Server Resource Kit. + </para> + + <para> + There are several tools, both commercial and freeware, that can be used from a Windows server to copy files + and directories with full preservation of security settings. One of the best known of the free tools is + called <command>robocopy</command>. + </para> + + <para> + The <command>net</command> utility can be used to copy files and directories with full preservation of + ACLs as well as DOS file attributes. Note that including ACLs makes sense only where the destination + system will operate within the same security context as the source system. This applies both to a + DMS and to domain controllers that result from a vampired domain. + Before file and directory migration, all shares must already exist. + </para> + + <para> + The syntax for the migration commands is shown here: +<screen> +net rpc share MIGRATE FILES <share-name> -S <source> + [--destination=localhost] [--exclude=share1,share2] + [--acls] [--attrs] [--timestamps] [-v] +</screen> + If the <share-name> parameter is omitted, all shares will be migrated. The potentially large + list of shares on the source system can be restricted using the <parameter>--exclude</parameter> command + switch. + </para> + + <para> + Where it is necessary to preserve all file ACLs, the <parameter>--acls</parameter> switch should be added + to the above command line. Original file timestamps can be preserved by specifying the + <parameter>--timestamps</parameter> switch, and the DOS file attributes (i.e., hidden, archive, etc.) can + be preserved by specifying the <parameter>--attrs</parameter> switch. + </para> + + <note><para> + The ability to preserve ACLs depends on appropriate support for ACLs as well as the general file system + semantics of the host operating system on the target server. A migration from one Windows file server to + another will perfectly preserve all file attributes. Because of the difficulty of mapping Windows ACLs + onto a POSIX ACLs-supporting system, there can be no perfect migration of Windows ACLs to a Samba server. + </para></note> + + <para> + The ACLs that result on a Samba server will most probably not match the originating ACLs. Windows supports + the possibility of files that are owned only by a group. Group-alone file ownership is not possible under + UNIX/Linux. Errors in migrating group-owned files can be avoided by using the &smb.conf; file + <smbconfoption name="force unknown acl user">yes</smbconfoption> parameter. This facility will + automatically convert group-owned files into correctly user-owned files on the Samba server. + </para> + + <para> + An example for migration of files from a machine called <constant>nt4box</constant> to the Samba server + from which the process will be handled is shown here: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>share migrate files</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc share migrate files -S nt4box --acls \ + --attrs -U administrator%secret +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + This command will migrate all files and directories from all file shares on the Windows server called + <constant>nt4box</constant> to the Samba server from which migration is initiated. Files that are group-owned + will be owned by the user account <constant>administrator</constant>. + </para> + + </sect3> + + <sect3> + <title>Share-ACL Migration</title> + <para> + It is possible to have share-ACLs (security descriptors) that won't allow you, even as Administrator, to + copy any files or directories into it. Therefor the migration of the share-ACLs has been put into a separate + function: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>share migrate security</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc share migrate security -S nt4box -U administrator%secret +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + This command will only copy the share-ACL of each share on nt4box to your local samba-system. + </para> + </sect3> + + <sect3> + <title>Simultaneous Share and File Migration</title> + + <para> + The operating mode shown here is just a combination of the previous three. It first migrates + share definitions and then all shared files and directories and finally migrates the share-ACLs: +<screen> +net rpc share MIGRATE ALL <share-name> -S <source> + [--exclude=share1, share2] [--acls] [--attrs] [--timestamps] [-v] +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + An example of simultaneous migration is shown here: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>share migrate all</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc share migrate all -S w2k3server -U administrator%secret +</screen> + This will generate a complete server clone of the <parameter>w2k3server</parameter> server. + </para> + + </sect3> + + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Printer Migration</title> + + <para> + The installation of a new server, as with the migration to a new network environment, often is similar to + building a house; progress is very rapid from the laying of foundations up to the stage at which + the house can be locked up, but the finishing off appears to take longer and longer as building + approaches completion. + </para> + + <para> + Printing needs vary greatly depending on the network environment and may be very simple or complex. If + the need is very simple, the best solution to the implementation of printing support may well be to + re-install everything from a clean slate instead of migrating older configurations. On the other hand, + a complex network that is integrated with many international offices and a multiplexity of local branch + offices, each of which form an inter-twined maze of printing possibilities, the ability to migrate all + printer configurations is decidedly beneficial. To manually re-establish a complex printing network + will take much time and frustration. Often it will not be possible to find driver files that are + currently in use, necessitating the installation of newer drivers. Newer drivers often implement + printing features that will necessitate a change in the printer usage. Additionally, with very complex + printer configurations it becomes almost impossible to re-create the same environment &smbmdash; no matter + how extensively it has been documented. + </para> + + <para> + The migration of an existing printing architecture involves the following: + </para> + + <itemizedlist> + <listitem><para>Establishment of print queues.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Installation of printer drivers (both for the print server and for Windows clients.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Configuration of printing forms.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Implementation of security settings.</para></listitem> + + <listitem><para>Configuration of printer settings.</para></listitem> + </itemizedlist> + + <para> + The Samba <command>net</command> utility permits printer migration from one Windows print server + to another. When this tool is used to migrate printers to a Samba server <command>smbd</command>, + the application that receives the network requests to create the necessary services must call out + to the operating system in order to create the underlying printers. The call-out is implemented + by way of an interface script that can be specified by the &smb.conf; file parameter + <smbconfoption id="add printer script"/>. This script is essential to the migration process. + A suitable example script may be obtained from the <filename>$SAMBA_SOURCES/examples/scripts</filename> + directory. Take note that this script must be customized to suit the operating system environment + and may use its tools to create a print queue. + </para> + + <para> + Each of the components listed above can be completed separately, or they can be completed as part of an + automated operation. Many network administrators prefer to deal with migration issues in a manner that + gives them the most control, particularly when things go wrong. The syntax for each operation is now + briefly described. + </para> + + <para> + Printer migration from a Windows print server (NT4 or 200x) is shown. This instruction causes the + printer share to be created together with the underlying print queue: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>printer migrate printers</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +net rpc printer MIGRATE PRINTERS [printer] [misc. options] [targets] +</screen> + Printer drivers can be migrated from the Windows print server to the Samba server using this + command-line instruction: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>printer migrate drivers</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +net rpc printer MIGRATE DRIVERS [printer] [misc. options] [targets] +</screen> + Printer forms can be migrated with the following operation: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>printer migrate forms</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +net rpc printer MIGRATE FORMS [printer] [misc. options] [targets] +</screen> + Printer security settings (ACLs) can be migrated from the Windows server to the Samba server using this command: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>printer migrate security</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +net rpc printer MIGRATE SECURITY [printer] [misc. options] [targets] +</screen> + Printer configuration settings include factors such as paper size and default paper orientation. + These can be migrated from the Windows print server to the Samba server with this command: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>printer migrate settings</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +net rpc printer MIGRATE SETTINGS [printer] [misc. options] [targets] +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + Migration of printers including the above-mentioned sets of information may be completed + with a single command using this syntax: +<screen> +net rpc printer MIGRATE ALL [printer] [misc. options] [targets] +</screen> + </para> + + </sect2> + + </sect1> + + <sect1> + <title>Controlling Open Files</title> + + <para> + The man page documents the <command>net file</command> function suite, which provides the tools to + close open files using either RAP or RPC function calls. Please refer to the man page for specific + usage information. + </para> + + </sect1> + + <sect1> + <title>Session and Connection Management</title> + + <para> + The session management interface of the <command>net session</command> command uses the old RAP + method to obtain the list of connections to the Samba server, as shown here: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rap</secondary><tertiary>session</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rap session -S MERLIN -Uroot%not24get +Computer User name Client Type Opens Idle time +------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +\\merlin root Unknown Client 0 00:00:00 +\\marvel jht Unknown Client 0 00:00:00 +\\maggot jht Unknown Client 0 00:00:00 +\\marvel jht Unknown Client 0 00:00:00 +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + A session can be closed by executing a command as shown here: +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rap session close marvel -Uroot%not24get +</screen> + </para> + + </sect1> + + <sect1> + <title>Printers and ADS</title> + + <para> + When Samba-3 is used within an MS Windows ADS environment, printers shared via Samba will not be browseable + until they have been published to the ADS domain. Information regarding published printers may be obtained + from the ADS server by executing the <command>net ads print info</command> command following this syntax: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>ads</secondary><tertiary>printer info</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +net ads printer info <printer_name> <server_name> -Uadministrator%secret +</screen> + If the asterisk (*) is used in place of the printer_name argument, a list of all printers will be + returned. + </para> + + <para> + To publish (make available) a printer to ADS, execute the following command: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>ads</secondary><tertiary>printer publish</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +net ads printer publish <printer_name> -Uadministrator%secret +</screen> + This publishes a printer from the local Samba server to ADS. + </para> + + <para> + Removal of a Samba printer from ADS is achieved by executing this command: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>ads</secondary><tertiary>printer remove</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +net ads printer remove <printer_name> -Uadministrator%secret +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + A generic search (query) can also be made to locate a printer across the entire ADS domain by executing: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>ads</secondary><tertiary>printer search</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +net ads printer search <printer_name> -Uadministrator%secret +</screen> + </para> + + </sect1> + + <sect1> + <title>Manipulating the Samba Cache</title> + + <para> + Please refer to the <command>net</command> command man page for information regarding cache management. + </para> + + </sect1> + + <sect1> + <title>Managing IDMAP UID/SID Mappings</title> + + <para> + The IDMAP UID to SID, and SID to UID, mappings that are created by <command>winbindd</command> can be + backed up to a text file. The text file can be manually edited, although it is highly recommended that + you attempt this only if you know precisely what you are doing. + </para> + + <para> + An IDMAP text dump file can be restored (or reloaded). There are two situations that may necessitate + this action: a) The existing IDMAP file is corrupt, b) It is necessary to install an editted version + of the mapping information. + </para> + + <para> + Winbind must be shut down to dump the IDMAP file. Before restoring a dump file, shut down + <command>winbindd</command> and delete the old <filename>winbindd_idmap.tdb</filename> file. + </para> + + <sect2> + <title>Creating an IDMAP Database Dump File</title> + + <para> + The IDMAP database can be dumped to a text file as shown here: +<screen> +net idmap dump <full_path_and_tdb_filename> > dumpfile.txt +</screen> + Where a particular build of Samba the run-time tdb files are stored in the + <filename>/var/lib/samba</filename> directory the following commands to create the dump file will suffice: +<screen> +net idmap dump /var/lib/samba/winbindd_idmap.tdb > idmap_dump.txt +</screen> + </para> + + </sect2> + + <sect2> + <title>Restoring the IDMAP Database Dump File</title> + + <para> + The IDMAP dump file can be restored using the following command: +<screen> +net idmap restore <full_path_and_tdb_filename> < dumpfile.txt +</screen> + Where the Samba run-time tdb files are stored in the <filename>/var/lib/samba</filename> directory + the following command can be used to restore the data to the tdb file: +<screen> +net idmap restore /var/lib/samba/winbindd_idmap.tdb < idmap_dump.txt +</screen> + </para> + + </sect2> + + </sect1> + + <sect1 id="netmisc1"> + <title>Other Miscellaneous Operations</title> + + <para> + The following command is useful for obtaining basic statistics regarding a Samba domain. This command does + not work with current Windows XP Professional clients. +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>rpc</secondary><tertiary>info</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net rpc info +Domain Name: RAPIDFLY +Domain SID: S-1-5-21-399034208-633907489-3292421255 +Sequence number: 1116312355 +Num users: 720 +Num domain groups: 27 +Num local groups: 6 +</screen> + </para> + + <para> + Another useful tool is the <command>net time</command> tool set. This tool may be used to query the + current time on the target server as shown here: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>time</secondary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net time -S SAURON +Tue May 17 00:50:43 2005 +</screen> + In the event that it is the intent to pass the time information obtained to the UNIX + <command>/bin/time</command>, it is a good idea to obtain the time from the target server in a format + that is ready to be passed through. This may be done by executing: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>time</secondary><tertiary>system</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net time system -S FRODO +051700532005.16 +</screen> + The time can be set on a target server by executing: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>time</secondary><tertiary>set</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net time set -S MAGGOT -U Administrator%not24get +Tue May 17 00:55:30 MDT 2005 +</screen> + It is possible to obtain the time zone of a server by executing the following command against it: +<indexterm><primary>net</primary><secondary>time</secondary><tertiary>zone</tertiary></indexterm> +<screen> +&rootprompt; net time zone -S SAURON +-0600 +</screen> + </para> + + </sect1> + +</chapter> |