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diff --git a/docs-xml/Samba3-HOWTO/TOSHARG-CUPS-printing.xml b/docs-xml/Samba3-HOWTO/TOSHARG-CUPS-printing.xml deleted file mode 100644 index 17ed170ac04..00000000000 --- a/docs-xml/Samba3-HOWTO/TOSHARG-CUPS-printing.xml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5173 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?> -<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//Samba-Team//DTD DocBook V4.2-Based Variant V1.0//EN" "http://www.samba.org/samba/DTD/samba-doc"> -<chapter id="CUPS-printing"> - -<chapterinfo> - - <author> - <firstname>Kurt</firstname><surname>Pfeifle</surname> - <affiliation> - <orgname>Danka Deutschland GmbH </orgname> - <address><email>kpfeifle@danka.de</email></address> - </affiliation> - </author> - <author> - <firstname>Ciprian</firstname><surname>Vizitiu</surname> - <affiliation> - <address><email>CVizitiu@gbif.org</email></address> - </affiliation> - <contrib>drawings</contrib> - </author> - - <author>&person.jelmer;<contrib>drawings</contrib></author> - - <pubdate> (27 Jan 2004) </pubdate> -</chapterinfo> - -<title>CUPS Printing Support</title> - -<sect1> - - <title>Introduction</title> - - <sect2> - <title>Features and Benefits</title> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>default printing</primary></indexterm> - The Common UNIX Print System (<ulink url="http://www.cups.org/">CUPS</ulink>) - has become quite popular. All major Linux distributions now ship it as their default printing - system. To many, it is still a mystical tool. Mostly, it just works. People tend to regard - it as a <quote>black box</quote> that they do not want to look into as long as it works. But once - there is a little problem, they have trouble finding out where to start debugging it. Refer to - <link linkend="classicalprinting">Classical Printing</link>, which contains much information - that is also relevant to CUPS. - </para> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>CUPS</primary></indexterm> - CUPS sports quite a few unique and powerful features. While its basic functions may be grasped quite - easily, they are also new. Because it is different from other, more traditional printing systems, it is best - not to try to apply any prior knowledge about printing to this new system. Rather, try to understand CUPS from - the beginning. This documentation will lead you to a complete understanding of CUPS. Let's start with the most - basic things first. - </para> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>Overview</title> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>print spooling system</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>CUPS</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>printer management system</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>IETF</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Internet Printing Protocol</primary><see>IPP</see></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Internet Engineering Task Force</primary><see>IETF</see></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>GUI</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>KDEPrint</primary></indexterm> - CUPS is more than just a print spooling system. It is a complete printer management system that - complies with the new Internet Printing Protocol (IPP). IPP is an industry and Internet Engineering Task Force - (IETF) standard for network printing. Many of its functions can be managed remotely (or locally) via a Web - browser (giving you platform-independent access to the CUPS print server). Additionally, it has the - traditional command line and several more modern GUI interfaces (GUI interfaces developed by third parties, - like KDE's overwhelming <ulink url="http://printing.kde.org/">KDEPrint</ulink>). - </para> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>raw printers</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>smart printers</primary></indexterm> - CUPS allows creation of <emphasis>raw</emphasis> printers (i.e., no print file format translation) as - well as <emphasis>smart</emphasis> printers (i.e., CUPS does file format conversion as required for the - printer). In many ways, this gives CUPS capabilities similar to the MS Windows print monitoring system. Of - course, if you are a CUPS advocate, you would argue that CUPS is better! In any case, let us now explore how - to configure CUPS for interfacing with MS Windows print clients via Samba. - </para> - - </sect2> - -</sect1> - -<sect1> - <title>Basic CUPS Support Configuration</title> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>CUPS</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>cupsd.conf</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>/etc/printcap</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Printcap</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PrintcapFormat</primary></indexterm> -Printing with CUPS in the most basic &smb.conf; setup in Samba requires just this parameter: <smbconfoption name="printing">cups</smbconfoption>. CUPS does not need a printcap file. However, the -<filename>cupsd.conf</filename> configuration file knows of two related directives that control how such a -file will be automatically created and maintained by CUPS for the convenience of third-party applications -(example: <parameter>Printcap /etc/printcap</parameter> and <parameter>PrintcapFormat BSD</parameter>). -Legacy programs often require the existence of a printcap file containing printer names or they will refuse to -print. Make sure CUPS is set to generate and maintain a printcap file. For details, see <command>man -cupsd.conf</command> and other CUPS-related documentation, like the wealth of documents regarding the CUPS -server itself available from the <ulink noescape="1" -url="http://localhost:631/documentation.html">CUPS</ulink> web site. - </para> - - <sect2> - <title>Linking smbd with libcups.so</title> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>libcups.so</primary></indexterm> - Samba has a special relationship to CUPS, and to use CUPS Samba must be compiled with CUPS library support. - Most recent installations have this support enabled. By default, CUPS linking is compiled - into smbd and other Samba binaries. The parameter - <smbconfoption name="printing">cups</smbconfoption> will only - be accepted if this is the case. - </para> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>Simple &smb.conf; Settings for CUPS</title> - - <para> - To summarize, <link linkend="cups-exam-simple">the Simplest Printing-Related - &smb.conf; file</link> shows the simplest printing-related setup for &smb.conf; to - enable basic CUPS support: - </para> - - <example id="cups-exam-simple"> - <title>Simplest Printing-Related smb.conf</title> - <smbconfblock> - <smbconfsection name="[global]"/> - <smbconfoption name="load printers">yes</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="printing">cups</smbconfoption> - - <smbconfsection name="[printers]"/> - <smbconfoption name="comment">All Printers</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="path">/var/spool/samba</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="browseable">no</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="guest ok">yes</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="writable">no</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="printable">yes</smbconfoption> - </smbconfblock> - </example> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>PDF</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>printer driver</primary></indexterm> - This is all you need for basic printing setup for CUPS. It will print all graphic, text, PDF, and PostScript - files submitted from Windows clients. However, most of your Windows users would not know how to send these - kinds of files to print without opening a GUI application. Windows clients tend to have local printer drivers - installed, and the GUI application's print buttons start a printer driver. Your users also rarely send files - from the command line. Unlike UNIX clients, they rarely submit graphic, text, or PDF formatted files directly - to the spooler. They nearly exclusively print from GUI applications with a <quote>printer driver</quote> - hooked between the application's native format and the print data stream. If the backend printer is not a - PostScript device, the print data stream is <quote>binary,</quote> sensible only for the target printer. Read - on to learn what problem this may cause and how to avoid it. - </para> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>More Complex CUPS &smb.conf; Settings</title> - - <para> - <link linkend="overridesettings">The Overriding Global CUPS Settings for One Printer example</link> - is a slightly more complex printing-related setup for &smb.conf;. It enables general CUPS printing - support for all printers, but defines one printer share, which is set up differently. - </para> - - <example id="overridesettings"> - <title>Overriding Global CUPS Settings for One Printer</title> - <smbconfblock> - <smbconfsection name="[global]"/> - <smbconfoption name="printing">cups</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="load printers">yes</smbconfoption> - - <smbconfsection name="[printers]"/> - <smbconfoption name="comment">All Printers</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="path">/var/spool/samba</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="guest ok">yes</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="writable">no</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="printable">yes</smbconfoption> - - <smbconfsection name="[special_printer]"/> - <smbconfoption name="comment">A special printer with his own settings</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="path">/var/spool/samba-special</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="printing">sysv</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="printcap">lpstat</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="print command">echo "NEW: `date`: printfile %f" >> /tmp/smbprn.log ; echo " `date`: p-%p s-%s f-%f" >> /tmp/smbprn.log ; echo " `date`: j-%j J-%J z-%z c-%c" >> /tmp/smbprn.log ; rm %f </smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="guest ok">no</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="writable">no</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="printable">yes</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="hosts deny">0.0.0.0</smbconfoption> - <smbconfoption name="hosts allow">turbo_xp, 10.160.50.23, 10.160.51.60</smbconfoption> - </smbconfblock> - </example> - - <para> - This special share is only for testing purposes. It does not write the print job to a file. It just logs the job parameters - known to Samba into the <filename>/tmp/smbprn.log</filename> file and deletes the job-file. Moreover, guest access is not - allowed, the share isn't published to the Network Neighborhood (so you need to know it is there), and it - allows access from only three hosts. To prevent CUPS from kicking in and taking over the print jobs for that share, we need to set - <smbconfoption name="printing">sysv</smbconfoption> and <smbconfoption name="printcap">lpstat</smbconfoption>. - </para> - - </sect2> - -</sect1> - -<sect1> - <title>Advanced Configuration</title> - - <para> - Before we delve into all the configuration options, let us clarify a few points. <emphasis>Network printing - needs to be organized and set up correctly</emphasis>. This frequently doesn't happen. Legacy systems or small - business LAN environments often lack design and good housekeeping. - </para> - - - <sect2> - <title>Central Spooling vs. <quote>Peer-to-Peer</quote> Printing</title> - - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>spooling</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>spooling</primary><secondary>central</secondary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>spooling</primary><secondary>peer-to-peer</secondary></indexterm> - Many small office or home networks, as well as badly organized larger environments, allow each client a direct - access to available network printers. This is generally a bad idea. It often blocks one client's access to the - printer when another client's job is printing. It might freeze the first client's application while it is - waiting to get rid of the job. Also, there are frequent complaints about various jobs being printed with their - pages mixed with each other. A better concept is the use of a print server: it routes all jobs through one - central system, which responds immediately, takes jobs from multiple concurrent clients, and transfers them to - the printer(s) in the correct order. - </para> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>Raw Print Serving: Vendor Drivers on Windows Clients</title> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>spooling-only</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>raw printing</primary></indexterm> - Most traditionally configured UNIX print servers acting on behalf of - Samba's Windows clients represented a really simple setup. Their only - task was to manage the <quote>raw</quote> spooling of all jobs handed to them by - Samba. This approach meant that the Windows clients were expected to - prepare the print job file that is ready to be sent to the printing - device. In this case, a native (vendor-supplied) Windows printer driver needs to - be installed on each and every client for the target device. - </para> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>render</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>vendor-provided drivers</primary></indexterm> - It is possible to configure CUPS, Samba, and your Windows clients in the - same traditional and simple way. When CUPS printers are configured - for raw print-through mode operation, it is the responsibility of the - Samba client to fully render the print job (file). The file must be - sent in a format that is suitable for direct delivery to the - printer. Clients need to run the vendor-provided drivers to do - this. In this case, CUPS will not do any print file format conversion - work. - </para> - - <para> - The easiest printing configuration possible is raw print-through. - This is achieved by installation of the printer as if it were physically - attached to the Windows client. You then redirect output to a raw network - print queue. This procedure may be followed to achieve this: - </para> - - <procedure> - <title>Configuration Steps for Raw CUPS Printing Support</title> - - <step><para> -<indexterm><primary>/etc/cups/mime.types</primary></indexterm> - Edit <filename>/etc/cups/mime.types</filename> to uncomment the line - near the end of the file that has: -<screen> -#application/octet-... -</screen> - </para></step> - - <step><para> -<indexterm><primary>/etc/cups/mime.convs</primary></indexterm> - Do the same for the file <filename>/etc/cups/mime.convs</filename>. - </para></step> - - <step><para> - Add a raw printer using the Web interface. Point your browser at - <constant>http://localhost:631</constant>. Enter Administration, and add - the printer following the prompts. Do not install any drivers for it. - Choose Raw. Choose queue name <constant>Raw Queue</constant>. - </para></step> - - <step><para> - In the &smb.conf; file <constant>[printers]</constant> section add - <smbconfoption name="use client driver">Yes</smbconfoption>, - and in the <constant>[global]</constant> section add - <smbconfoption name="printing">CUPS</smbconfoption>, plus - <smbconfoption name="printcap">CUPS</smbconfoption>. - </para></step> - - <step><para> - Install the printer as if it is a local printer, that is, Printing to <constant>LPT1:</constant>. - </para></step> - - <step><para> - Edit the configuration under the <guimenu>Detail</guimenu> tab and create a - <constant>local port</constant> that points to the raw printer queue that - you have configured above. Example: <constant>\\server\raw_q</constant>. - Here, the name <constant>raw_q</constant> is the name you gave the print - queue in the CUPS environment. - </para></step> - </procedure> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>Installation of Windows Client Drivers</title> - - <para> - The printer drivers on the Windows clients may be installed - in two functionally different ways: - </para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>Manually install the drivers locally on each client, - one by one; this yields the old LanMan style - printing and uses a <filename>\\sambaserver\printershare</filename> - type of connection.</para></listitem> - - - <listitem><para> - <indexterm><primary>point 'n' print</primary></indexterm> - Deposit and prepare the drivers (for later download) on - the print server (Samba); this enables the clients to use - <quote>Point'n'Print</quote> to get drivers semi-automatically installed the - first time they access the printer; with this method NT/200x/XP - clients use the <emphasis>SPOOLSS/MS-RPC</emphasis> - type printing calls.</para></listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para> - The second method is recommended for use over the first as it reduces the - administrative efforts and prevents that different versions of the drivers - are used accidentally. - </para> - </sect2> - - <sect2 id="cups-raw"> - <title>Explicitly Enable <quote>raw</quote> Printing for <emphasis>application/octet-stream</emphasis></title> - - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>application/octet-stream</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>raw printing</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>MIME</primary><secondary>raw</secondary></indexterm> - If you use the first option (drivers are installed on the client - side), there is one setting to take care of: CUPS needs to be told - that it should allow <quote>raw</quote> printing of deliberate (binary) file - formats. The CUPS files that need to be correctly set for raw mode - printers to work are: - </para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem><para><filename>/etc/cups/mime.types</filename></para></listitem> - <listitem><para><filename>/etc/cups/mime.convs</filename></para></listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para> - Both contain entries (at the end of the respective files) that must be uncommented to allow RAW mode - operation. In <filename>/etc/cups/mime.types</filename>, make sure this line is present: -<programlisting> -application/octet-stream -</programlisting> - <indexterm><primary>/etc/cups/mime.convs</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>/etc/cups/mime.types</primary></indexterm> - In <filename>/etc/cups/mime.convs</filename>, have this line: - <indexterm><primary>application/vnd.cups-raw</primary></indexterm> -<programlisting> -application/octet-stream application/vnd.cups-raw 0 - -</programlisting> - If these two files are not set up correctly for raw Windows client - printing, you may encounter the dreaded <computeroutput>Unable to - convert file 0</computeroutput> in your CUPS <filename>error_log</filename> file. - </para> - - <note><para> - Editing the <filename>mime.convs</filename> and the <filename>mime.types</filename> file does - not <emphasis>enforce</emphasis> <quote>raw</quote> printing, it only <emphasis>allows</emphasis> it. - </para></note> - - <formalpara><title>Background</title> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>application/octet-stream</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>MIME type</primary></indexterm> - That CUPS is a more security-aware printing system than traditional ones does not by default allow a user to - send deliberate (possibly binary) data to printing devices. This could be easily abused to launch a - <quote>Denial of Service</quote> attack on your printer(s), causing at least the loss of a lot of paper and - ink. <quote>Unknown</quote> data are tagged by CUPS as <parameter>MIME type: application/octet-stream</parameter> - and not allowed to go to the printer. By default, you can only send other (known) MIME types <quote>raw.</quote> - Sending data <quote>raw</quote> means that CUPS does not try to convert them and passes them to the printer - untouched. - </para> - </formalpara> - - <para> - This is all you need to know to get the CUPS/Samba combo printing - <quote>raw</quote> files prepared by Windows clients, which have vendor drivers - locally installed. If you are not interested in background information about - more advanced CUPS/Samba printing, simply skip the remaining sections - of this chapter. - </para> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>Driver Upload Methods</title> - - <para> - This section describes three familiar methods, plus one new one, by which - printer drivers may be uploaded. - </para> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>point'n'print</primary></indexterm> - If you want to use the MS-RPC-type printing, you must upload the - drivers onto the Samba server first (<smbconfsection name="[print$]"/> - share). For a discussion on how to deposit printer drivers on the - Samba host (so the Windows clients can download and use them via - <quote>Point'n'Print</quote>), please refer to the <link linkend="classicalprinting">Classical Printing - chapter</link> of this book. There you will find a description or reference to - three methods of preparing the client drivers on the Samba server: - </para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem><para> - <indexterm><primary>add printer wizard</primary></indexterm> - The GUI, <quote>Add Printer Wizard</quote> <emphasis>upload-from-a-Windows-client</emphasis> method. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - The command line, <quote>smbclient/rpcclient</quote> upload-from-a-UNIX-workstation method. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - <indexterm><primary>imprints</primary></indexterm> - The Imprints tool set method. - </para></listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>cupsaddsmb</primary></indexterm> - These three methods apply to CUPS all the same. The <command>cupsaddsmb</command> utility is a new and more - convenient way to load the Windows drivers into Samba and is provided if you use CUPS. - </para> - - <para> - <command>cupsaddsmb</command> is discussed in much detail later in this chapter. But we first - explore the CUPS filtering system and compare the Windows and UNIX printing architectures. - </para> - - </sect2> - -</sect1> - -<sect1> - <title>Advanced Intelligent Printing with PostScript Driver Download</title> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary><seealso>Ghostscript</seealso></indexterm> - We now know how to set up a <quote>dump</quote> print server, that is, a server that spools - print jobs <quote>raw</quote>, leaving the print data untouched. - </para> - - <para> - You might need to set up CUPS in a smarter way. The reasons could be manifold: - </para> - -<indexterm><primary>print statistics</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>average print run</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>print quota</primary></indexterm> - <itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>Maybe your boss wants to get monthly statistics: Which - printer did how many pages? What was the average data size of a job? - What was the average print run per day? What are the typical hourly - peaks in printing? Which department prints how much?</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Maybe you are asked to set up a print quota system: - Users should not be able to print more jobs once they have surpassed - a given limit per period.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Maybe your previous network printing setup is a mess - and must be re-organized from a clean beginning.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Maybe you are experiencing too many <quote>blue screens</quote> - originating from poorly debugged printer drivers running in NT <quote>kernel mode</quote>?</para></listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para> - These goals cannot be achieved by a raw print server. To build a - server meeting these requirements, you'll first need to learn - how CUPS works and how you can enable its features. - </para> - - <para> - What follows is the comparison of some fundamental concepts for - Windows and UNIX printing, then a description of the - CUPS filtering system, how it works, and how you can tweak it. - </para> - - <sect2 id="gdipost"> - <title>GDI on Windows, PostScript on UNIX</title> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>GDI</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> - Network printing is one of the most complicated and error-prone - day-to-day tasks any user or administrator may encounter. This is - true for all OS platforms, and there are reasons it is so. - </para> - - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>PCL</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>PDL</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Adobe</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>page description languages</primary><see>PDL</see></indexterm> - You can't expect to throw just any file format at a printer and have it get printed. A file format conversion - must take place. The problem is that there is no common standard for print file formats across all - manufacturers and printer types. While PostScript (trademark held by Adobe) and, to an extent, PCL (trademark - held by Hewlett-Packard) have developed into semi-official <quote>standards</quote> by being the most widely - used page description languages (PDLs), there are still many manufacturers who <quote>roll their own</quote> - (their reasons may be unacceptable license fees for using printer-embedded PostScript interpreters, and so on). - </para> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>Windows Drivers, GDI, and EMF</title> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>GDI</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>EMF</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>WYSIWYG</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Enhanced MetaFile</primary><see>EMF</see></indexterm> - In Windows OS, the format conversion job is done by the printer drivers. On MS Windows OS platforms all - application programmers have at their disposal a built-in API, the graphical device interface (GDI), as part - and parcel of the OS itself to base themselves on. This GDI core is used as one common unified ground for all - Windows programs to draw pictures, fonts, and documents <emphasis>on screen</emphasis> as well as <emphasis>on - paper</emphasis> (print). Therefore, printer driver developers can standardize on a well-defined GDI output - for their own driver input. Achieving WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) is relatively easy, because the - on-screen graphic primitives, as well as the on-paper drawn objects, come from one common source. This source, - the GDI, often produces a file format called Enhanced MetaFile (EMF). The EMF is processed by the printer - driver and converted to the printer-specific file format. - </para> - - <note><para> - <indexterm><primary>PDF</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Xprint</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>core graphic engine</primary></indexterm> - To the GDI foundation in MS Windows, Apple has chosen to put paper and screen output on a common foundation - for its (BSD-UNIX-based, did you know?) Mac OS X and Darwin operating <indexterm><primary>X Window - System</primary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>PCL</primary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary>Xprint</primary></indexterm> systems. - Apple's <emphasis>core graphic engine</emphasis> uses a <emphasis>PDF</emphasis> derivative for all display work. - </para></note> - - <para> - The example in <link linkend="f1small">Windows Printing to a Local Printer</link> illustrates local Windows - printing. - </para> - - <figure id="f1small"> - <title>Windows Printing to a Local Printer.</title> - <imagefile>1small</imagefile> - </figure> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>UNIX Printfile Conversion and GUI Basics</title> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>X Window System</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>PCL</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>Xprint</primary></indexterm> - In UNIX and Linux, there is no comparable layer built into the OS kernel(s) or the X (screen display) server. - Every application is responsible for itself to create its print output. Fortunately, most use PostScript and - that at least gives some common ground. Unfortunately, there are many different levels of quality for this - PostScript. And worse, there is a huge difference (and no common root) in the way the same document is - displayed on screen and how it is presented on paper. WYSIWYG is more difficult to achieve. This goes back to - the time, decades ago, when the predecessors of X.org, designing the UNIX foundations and protocols for - graphical user interfaces, refused to take responsibility for <quote>paper output</quote>, as some had - demanded at the time, and restricted itself to <quote>on-screen only.</quote> (For some years now, the - <quote>Xprint</quote> project has been under development, attempting to build printing support into the X - framework, including a PostScript and a PCL driver, but it is not yet ready for prime time.) You can see this - unfavorable inheritance up to the present day by looking into the various <quote>font</quote> directories on - your system; there are separate ones for fonts used for X display and fonts to be used on paper. - </para> - - <formalpara> - <title>Background</title> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>color</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>linewidth</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>scale</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>distort</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rotate</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>shift</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>raster images</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>display PostScript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>graphical objects</primary></indexterm> - The PostScript programming language is an <quote>invention</quote> by Adobe, but its specifications have been - published extensively. Its strength lies in its powerful abilities to describe graphical objects (fonts, - shapes, patterns, lines, curves, and dots), their attributes (color, linewidth), and the way to manipulate - (scale, distort, rotate, shift) them. Because of its open specification, anybody with the skill can start - writing his or her own implementation of a PostScript interpreter and use it to display PostScript files on - screen or on paper. Most graphical output devices are based on the concept of <quote>raster images</quote> or - <quote>pixels</quote> (one notable exception is pen plotters). Of course, you can look at a PostScript file in - its textual form and you will be reading its PostScript code, the language instructions that need to be - interpreted by a rasterizer. Rasterizers produce pixel images, which may be displayed on screen by a viewer - program or on paper by a printer. - </para> - </formalpara> - </sect2> - - <sect2 id="post-and-ghost"> - <title>PostScript and Ghostscript</title> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>GhostScript</primary><seealso>PostScript</seealso></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary><secondary>RIP</secondary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PostScript interpreter</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>raster image processor</primary><see>RIP</see></indexterm> - So UNIX is lacking a common ground for printing on paper and displaying on screen. Despite this unfavorable - legacy for UNIX, basic printing is fairly easy if you have PostScript printers at your disposal. The reason is - that these devices have a built-in PostScript language <quote>interpreter,</quote> also called a raster image - processor (RIP), (which makes them more expensive than other types of printers; throw PostScript toward them, - and they will spit out your printed pages. The RIP does all the hard work of converting the PostScript drawing - commands into a bitmap picture as you see it on paper, in a resolution as done by your printer. This is no - different than PostScript printing a file from a Windows origin. - </para> - - <note><para> - <indexterm><primary>PPD</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PPD-aware</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PostScript Printer Description</primary><see>PPD</see></indexterm> - Traditional UNIX programs and printing systems &smbmdash; while using PostScript &smbmdash; are largely not - PPD-aware. PPDs are <quote>PostScript Printer Description</quote> files. They enable you to specify and - control all options a printer supports: duplexing, stapling, and punching. Therefore, UNIX users for a long - time couldn't choose many of the supported device and job options, unlike Windows or Apple users. But now - there is CUPS. as illustrated in <link linkend="f2small">Printing to a PostScript Printer</link>. - </para> - </note> - - <figure id="f2small"> - <title>Printing to a PostScript Printer.</title> - <imagefile>2small</imagefile> - </figure> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>PDL</primary></indexterm> - However, there are other types of printers out there. These do not know how to print PostScript. They use - their own PDL, often proprietary. To print to them is much more demanding. Since your UNIX applications mostly - produce PostScript, and since these devices do not understand PostScript, you need to convert the print files - to a format suitable for your printer on the host before you can send it away. - </para> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>Ghostscript: The Software RIP for Non-PostScript Printers</title> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>GhostScript</primary></indexterm> - Here is where Ghostscript kicks in. Ghostscript is the traditional (and quite powerful) PostScript interpreter - used on UNIX platforms. It is a RIP in software, capable of doing a <emphasis>lot</emphasis> of file format - conversions for a very broad spectrum of hardware devices as well as software file formats. Ghostscript - technology and drivers are what enable PostScript printing to non-PostScript hardware. This is shown in - <link linkend="f3small">Ghostscript as a RIP for Non-PostScript Printers</link>. - </para> - - <figure id="f3small"> - <title>Ghostscript as a RIP for Non-PostScript Printers.</title> - <imagefile>3small</imagefile> - </figure> - - <tip><para> -<indexterm><primary>PNG</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>AFPL</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>ESP</primary></indexterm> - Use the <quote>gs -h</quote> command to check for all built-in <quote>devices</quote> on your Ghostscript - version. If you specify a parameter of <parameter>-sDEVICE=png256</parameter> on your Ghostscript command - line, you are asking Ghostscript to convert the input into a PNG file. Naming a <quote>device</quote> on the - command line is the most important single parameter to tell Ghostscript exactly how it should render the - input. New Ghostscript versions are released at fairly regular intervals, now by artofcode LLC. They are - initially put under the <quote>AFPL</quote> license, but re-released under the GNU GPL as soon as the next - AFPL version appears. GNU Ghostscript is probably the version installed on most Samba systems. But it has some - deficiencies. <indexterm><primary>Ghostscript</primary><secondary>ESP</secondary><see>ESP - GhostScript</see></indexterm> Therefore, ESP Ghostscript was developed as an enhancement over GNU Ghostscript, - with lots of bug-fixes, additional devices, and improvements. It is jointly maintained by developers from - CUPS, Gutenprint, MandrakeSoft, SuSE, Red Hat, and Debian. It includes the <quote>cups</quote> device - (essential to print to non-PS printers from CUPS). - </para></tip> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>PostScript Printer Description (PPD) Specification</title> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>PPD</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PDL</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> - While PostScript in essence is a PDL to represent the page layout in a device-independent way, real-world - print jobs are always ending up being output on hardware with device-specific features. To take care of all - the differences in hardware and to allow for innovations, Adobe has specified a syntax and file format for - PostScript Printer Description (PPD) files. Every PostScript printer ships with one of these files. - </para> - - <para> - PPDs contain all the information about general and special features of the - given printer model: Which different resolutions can it handle? Does - it have a duplexing unit? How many paper trays are there? What media - types and sizes does it take? For each item, it also names the special - command string to be sent to the printer (mostly inside the PostScript - file) in order to enable it. - </para> - - <para> - Information from these PPDs is meant to be taken into account by the - printer drivers. Therefore, installed as part of the Windows - PostScript driver for a given printer is the printer's PPD. Where it - makes sense, the PPD features are presented in the drivers' UI dialogs - to display to the user a choice of print options. In the end, the - user selections are somehow written (in the form of special - PostScript, PJL, JCL, or vendor-dependent commands) into the PostScript - file created by the driver. - </para> - - <warning><para> - <indexterm><primary>PDF</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PDF distilling</primary></indexterm> - A PostScript file that was created to contain device-specific commands - for achieving a certain print job output (e.g., duplexed, stapled, and - punched) on a specific target machine may not print as expected, or - may not be printable at all on other models; it also may not be fit - for further processing by software (e.g., by a PDF distilling program). - </para></warning> - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>Using Windows-Formatted Vendor PPDs</title> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>CUPS</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PPDs</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> - CUPS can handle all spec-compliant PPDs as supplied by the manufacturers for their PostScript models. Even if - a vendor does not mention our favorite OS in his or her manuals and brochures, you can safely trust this: - <emphasis>If you get the Windows NT version of the PPD, you can use it unchanged in CUPS</emphasis> and thus - access the full power of your printer just like a Windows NT user could! - </para> - - <tip><para> - To check the spec compliance of any PPD online, go to <ulink noescape="1" - url="http://www.cups.org/testppd.php">http://www.cups.org/testppd.php</ulink> and upload your PPD. You will - see the results displayed immediately. CUPS in all versions after 1.1.19 has a much stricter internal PPD - parsing and checking code enabled; in case of printing trouble, this online resource should be one of your - first pit stops. - </para></tip> - - <warning><para> - <indexterm><primary>foomatic</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>cupsomatic</primary></indexterm> - For real PostScript printers, <emphasis>do not</emphasis> use the <emphasis>Foomatic</emphasis> or - <emphasis>cupsomatic</emphasis> PPDs from Linuxprinting.org. With these devices, the original vendor-provided - PPDs are always the first choice. - </para></warning> - - <tip><para> -<indexterm><primary>W32X86/2</primary></indexterm> - If you are looking for an original vendor-provided PPD of a specific device, and you know that an NT4 box (or - any other Windows box) on your LAN has the PostScript driver installed, just use <command>smbclient - //NT4-box/print\$ -U username</command> to access the Windows directory where all printer driver files are - stored. First look in the <filename>W32X86/2</filename> subdirectory for the PPD you are seeking. - </para></tip> - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>CUPS Also Uses PPDs for Non-PostScript Printers</title> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>non-PostScript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PPD</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>CUPS filtering</primary></indexterm> - CUPS also uses specially crafted PPDs to handle non-PostScript printers. These PPDs are usually not available - from the vendors (and no, you can't just take the PPD of a PostScript printer with the same model name and - hope it works for the non-PostScript version too). To understand how these PPDs work for non-PS printers, we - first need to dive deeply into the CUPS filtering and file format conversion architecture. Stay tuned. - </para> - - </sect2> - -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>The CUPS Filtering Architecture</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>CUPS filtering</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Ghostscript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>MIME type</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>MIME recognition</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>MIME conversion rules</primary></indexterm> -The core of the CUPS filtering system is based on Ghostscript. In addition to Ghostscript, CUPS uses some -other filters of its own. You (or your OS vendor) may have plugged in even more filters. CUPS handles all data -file formats under the label of various MIME types. Every incoming print file is subjected to an initial -autotyping. The autotyping determines its given MIME type. A given MIME type implies zero or more possible -filtering chains relevant to the selected target printer. This section discusses how MIME types recognition -and conversion rules interact. They are used by CUPS to automatically set up a working filtering chain for any -given input data format. -</para> - -<para> -If CUPS rasterizes a PostScript file natively to a bitmap, this is done in two stages: -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para> -<indexterm><primary>generic raster format</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>CUPS raster</primary></indexterm> - The first stage uses a Ghostscript device named <quote>cups</quote> - (this is since version 1.1.15) and produces a generic raster format - called <quote>CUPS raster</quote>. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> -<indexterm><primary>raster driver</primary></indexterm> - The second stage uses a <quote>raster driver</quote> that converts - the generic CUPS raster to a device-specific raster. - </para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>Ghostscript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>GNU Ghostscript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>ESP Ghostscript</primary></indexterm> -Make sure your Ghostscript version has the <quote>cups</quote> device compiled in (check with <command>gs -h | -grep cups</command>). Otherwise you may encounter the dreaded <computeroutput>Unable to convert file -0</computeroutput> in your CUPS error_log file. To have <quote>cups</quote> as a device in your Ghostscript, -you either need to patch GNU Ghostscript and recompile or use -<indexterm><primary>ESP</primary><secondary>Ghostscript</secondary></indexterm><ulink -url="http://www.cups.org/ghostscript.php">ESP Ghostscript</ulink>. The superior alternative is ESP -Ghostscript. It supports not just CUPS, but 300 other devices (while GNU Ghostscript supports only about 180). -Because of this broad output device support, ESP Ghostscript is the first choice for non-CUPS spoolers, too. -It is now recommended by Linuxprinting.org for all spoolers. -</para> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>cupsomatic</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>foomatic</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>foomatic-rip</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>ESP Ghostscript</primary></indexterm> -CUPS printers may be set up to use external rendering paths. One of the most common is provided by the -Foomatic/cupsomatic concept from <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/">Linuxprinting.org</ulink>. This -uses the classical Ghostscript approach, doing everything in one step. It does not use the -<quote>cups</quote> device, but one of the many others. However, even for Foomatic/cupsomatic usage, best -results and <indexterm><primary>ESP</primary><secondary>Ghostscript</secondary></indexterm> broadest printer -model support is provided by ESP Ghostscript (more about Foomatic/cupsomatic, particularly the new version -called now <emphasis>foomatic-rip</emphasis>, follows). -</para> - - <sect2> - <title>MIME Types and CUPS Filters</title> - - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>MIME</primary><secondary>filters</secondary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>MIME</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>mime.types</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>application/pdf</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>autotyping</primary></indexterm> - CUPS reads the file <filename>/etc/cups/mime.types</filename> (and all other files carrying a - <filename>*.types</filename> suffix in the same directory) upon startup. These files contain the MIME type - recognition rules that are applied when CUPS runs its autotyping routines. The rule syntax is explained in the - man page for <filename>mime.types</filename> and in the comments section of the - <filename>mime.types</filename> file itself. A simple rule reads like this: - <indexterm><primary>application/pdf</primary></indexterm> -<programlisting> -application/pdf pdf string(0,%PDF) -</programlisting> -<indexterm><primary>%PDF</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>.pdf</primary></indexterm> - This means if a filename has a <filename>.pdf</filename> suffix or if the magic string - <emphasis>%PDF</emphasis> is right at the beginning of the file itself (offset 0 from the start), then it is a - PDF file (<parameter>application/pdf</parameter>). Another rule is this: -<programlisting> -application/postscript ai eps ps string(0,%!) string(0,<04>%!) -</programlisting> -<indexterm><primary>suffixes</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>.ai</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>.eps</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>.ps</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>generic PostScript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>application/postscript</primary></indexterm> - If the filename has one of the suffixes <filename>.ai</filename>, <filename>.eps</filename>, - <filename>.ps</filename>, or if the file itself starts with one of the strings <emphasis>%!</emphasis> or - <emphasis><![CDATA[<04>%!]]></emphasis>, it is a generic PostScript file - (<parameter>application/postscript</parameter>). - </para> - - <warning><para> -<indexterm><primary>/etc/cups/</primary></indexterm> - Don't confuse the other mime.types files your system might be using - with the one in the <filename>/etc/cups/</filename> directory. - </para></warning> - - <note><para> -<indexterm><primary>application/postscript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>filter</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PPD</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>transformation</primary></indexterm> - There is an important difference between two similar MIME types in CUPS: one is - <parameter>application/postscript</parameter>, the other is - <parameter>application/vnd.cups-postscript</parameter>. While <parameter>application/postscript</parameter> is - meant to be device-independent, job options for the file are still outside the PS file content, embedded in - command line or environment variables by CUPS, <parameter>application/vnd.cups-postscript</parameter> may have - the job options inserted into the PostScript data itself (where applicable). The transformation of the generic - PostScript (<parameter>application/postscript</parameter>) to the device-specific version - (<parameter>application/vnd.cups-postscript</parameter>) is the responsibility of the CUPS - <parameter>pstops</parameter> filter. pstops uses information contained in the PPD to do the transformation. - </para></note> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>ASCII</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>HP-GL</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PDF</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>DVI</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>GIF</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PNG</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>TIFF</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>JPEG</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Photo-CD</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>SUN-Raster</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PNM</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PBM</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>SGI-RGB</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>MIME</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>filters</primary></indexterm> - CUPS can handle ASCII text, HP-GL, PDF, PostScript, DVI, and - many image formats (GIF, PNG, TIFF, JPEG, Photo-CD, SUN-Raster, - PNM, PBM, SGI-RGB, and more) and their associated MIME types - with its filters. - </para> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>MIME Type Conversion Rules</title> - - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>MIME</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>application/pdf</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>/etc/cups/mime.convs</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>application/pdf</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>application/postscript</primary></indexterm> - CUPS reads the file <filename>/etc/cups/mime.convs</filename> - (and all other files named with a <filename>*.convs</filename> - suffix in the same directory) upon startup. These files contain - lines naming an input MIME type, an output MIME type, a format - conversion filter that can produce the output from the input type, - and virtual costs associated with this conversion. One example line - reads like this: -<programlisting> -application/pdf application/postscript 33 pdftops -</programlisting> -<indexterm><primary>pdftops</primary></indexterm> - This means that the <parameter>pdftops</parameter> filter will take - <parameter>application/pdf</parameter> as input and produce - <parameter>application/postscript</parameter> as output; the virtual - cost of this operation is 33 CUPS-$. The next filter is more - expensive, costing 66 CUPS-$: - <indexterm><primary>pdf</primary></indexterm> -<programlisting> -application/vnd.hp-HPGL application/postscript 66 hpgltops -</programlisting> -<indexterm><primary>hpgltops</primary></indexterm> - This is the <parameter>hpgltops</parameter>, which processes HP-GL - plotter files to PostScript. - <indexterm><primary>application/octet-stream</primary></indexterm> -<programlisting> -application/octet-stream -</programlisting> - Here are two more examples: - <indexterm><primary>text/plain</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>application/x-shell</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>text/plain</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>texttops</primary></indexterm> -<programlisting> -application/x-shell application/postscript 33 texttops -text/plain application/postscript 33 texttops -</programlisting> -<indexterm><primary>application/x-shell</primary></indexterm> - The last two examples name the <parameter>texttops</parameter> filter to work on - <parameter>text/plain</parameter> as well as on <parameter>application/x-shell</parameter>. (Hint: This - differentiation is needed for the syntax highlighting feature of <parameter>texttops</parameter>). - </para> - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>Filtering Overview</title> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>MIME</primary></indexterm> - There are many more combinations named in <filename>mime.convs</filename>. However, you are not limited to use - the ones predefined there. You can plug in any filter you like to the CUPS framework. It must meet, or must be - made to meet, some minimal requirements. If you find (or write) a cool conversion filter of some kind, make - sure it complies with what CUPS needs and put in the right lines in <filename>mime.types</filename> and - <filename>mime.convs</filename>; then it will work seamlessly inside CUPS. - </para> - - <sect3> - <title>Filter Requirements</title> - - <para> - The <quote>CUPS requirements</quote> for filters are simple. Take filenames or <filename>stdin</filename> as - input and write to <filename>stdout</filename>. They should take these arguments: - </para> - - <variablelist> - <varlistentry><term>printer</term> - <listitem><para> - The name of the printer queue (normally this is the name of the filter being run). - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry><term>job</term> - <listitem><para> - The numeric job ID for the job being printed. - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry><term>user</term> - <listitem><para> - The string from the originating-user-name attribute. - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry><term>title</term> - <listitem><para> - The string from the job-name attribute. - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry><term>copies</term> - <listitem><para> - The numeric value from the number-copies attribute. - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry><term>options</term> - <listitem><para> - The job options. - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - - <varlistentry><term>filename</term> - <listitem><para> - (optionally) The print request file (if missing, filters expect data - fed through <filename>stdin</filename>). In most cases, it is easy to - write a simple wrapper script around existing filters to make them work with CUPS. - </para></listitem> - </varlistentry> - </variablelist> - - </sect3> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>Prefilters</title> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>non-PostScript printers</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>raster</primary></indexterm> - As previously stated, PostScript is the central file format to any UNIX-based - printing system. From PostScript, CUPS generates raster data to feed - non-PostScript printers. - </para> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>prefilters</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>ASCII text</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PDF</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>DVI</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>HP-GL.</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>MIME type</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>application/postscript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>pstops</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>application/vnd.cups-postscript</primary></indexterm> - But what happens if you send one of the supported non-PS formats to print? Then CUPS runs - <quote>prefilters</quote> on these input formats to generate PostScript first. There are prefilters to create - PostScript from ASCII text, PDF, DVI, or HP-GL. The outcome of these filters is always of MIME type - <parameter>application/postscript</parameter> (meaning that any device-specific print options are not yet - embedded into the PostScript by CUPS and that the next filter to be called is pstops). Another prefilter is - running on all supported image formats, the <parameter>imagetops</parameter> filter. Its outcome is always of - MIME type <parameter>application/vnd.cups-postscript</parameter> (not application/postscript), meaning it has - the print options already embedded into the file. This is shown in <link linkend="f4small">Prefiltering in - CUPS to Form PostScript</link>. - </para> - - <figure id="f4small"> - <title>Prefiltering in CUPS to Form PostScript.</title> - <imagefile scale="25">4small</imagefile> - </figure> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>pstops</title> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>pstops</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>application/postscript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>application/vnd.cups-postscript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>output duplexing</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>stapling</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>punching</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> - <emphasis>pstops</emphasis> is a filter that is used to convert <parameter>application/postscript</parameter> to - <parameter>application/vnd.cups-postscript</parameter>. As stated earlier, this filter inserts all - device-specific print options (commands to the printer to ask for the duplexing of output, or stapling and - punching it, and so on) into the PostScript file. An example is illustrated in <link - linkend="f5small">Adding Device-Specific Print Options</link>. - </para> - - <figure id="f5small"> - <title>Adding Device-Specific Print Options.</title> - <imagefile scale="25">5small</imagefile> - </figure> - - <para> - This is not all. Other tasks performed by it are: - </para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem><para> - Selecting the range of pages to be printed (e.g., you can choose to - print only pages <quote>3, 6, 8-11, 16, and 19-21</quote>, or only odd-numbered - pages). - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - Putting two or more logical pages on one sheet of paper (the - so-called <quote>number-up</quote> function). - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Counting the pages of the job to insert the accounting - information into the <filename>/var/log/cups/page_log</filename>. - </para></listitem> - </itemizedlist> - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>pstoraster</title> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>pstoraster</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rasterization</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>raster drivers</primary></indexterm> - <parameter>pstoraster</parameter> is at the core of the CUPS filtering system. It is responsible for the first - stage of the rasterization process. Its input is of MIME type application/vnd.cups-postscript; its output is - application/vnd.cups-raster. This output format is not yet meant to be printable. Its aim is to serve as a - general-purpose input format for more specialized <emphasis>raster drivers</emphasis> that are able to - generate device-specific printer data. This is shown in <link linkend="cups-raster">the PostScript to - Intermediate Raster Format diagram</link>. - </para> - - <figure id="cups-raster"> - <title>PostScript to Intermediate Raster Format.</title> - <imagefile scale="25">6small</imagefile> - </figure> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>CUPS raster</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>generic raster</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>IANA</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>raster drivers</primary></indexterm> - CUPS raster is a generic raster format with powerful features. It is able to include per-page information, - color profiles, and more, to be used by the downstream raster drivers. Its MIME type is registered with IANA - and its specification is, of course, completely open. It is designed to make it quite easy and inexpensive for - manufacturers to develop Linux and UNIX raster drivers for their printer models should they choose to do so. - CUPS always takes care of the first stage of rasterization so these vendors do not need to care about - Ghostscript complications (in fact, there are currently more than one vendor financing the development of CUPS - raster drivers). This is illustrated in <link linkend="cups-raster2">the CUPS-Raster Production Using - Ghostscript illustration</link>. - </para> - - <figure id="cups-raster2"> - <title>CUPS-Raster Production Using Ghostscript.</title> - <imagefile>7small</imagefile> - </figure> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>pstoraster</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>GNU Ghostscript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>AFPL Ghostscript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>standalone filter</primary></indexterm> - CUPS versions before version 1.1.15 shipped a binary (or source code) standalone filter, named - <parameter>pstoraster</parameter>. <parameter>pstoraster</parameter>, which was derived from GNU Ghostscript - 5.50 and could be installed instead of and in addition to any GNU or AFPL Ghostscript package without - conflicting. - </para> - - <para> - Since version 1.1.15, this feature has changed. The functions for this filter have been integrated back - into Ghostscript (now based on GNU Ghostscript version 7.05). The <parameter>pstoraster</parameter> filter is - now a simple shell script calling <command>gs</command> with the <command>-sDEVICE=cups</command> parameter. - If your Ghostscript fails when this command is executed: <command>gs -h |grep cups</command>, you might not - be able to print, update your Ghostscript. - </para> - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>imagetops and imagetoraster</title> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>prefilter</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>imagetoraster</primary></indexterm> - In the section about prefilters, we mentioned the prefilter - that generates PostScript from image formats. The <parameter>imagetoraster</parameter> - filter is used to convert directly from image to raster, without the - intermediate PostScript stage. It is used more often than the previously - mentioned prefilters. We summarize in a flowchart the image file - filtering in <link linkend="small8">the Image Format to CUPS-Raster Format Conversion illustration</link>. - </para> - - <figure id="small8"> - <title>Image Format to CUPS-Raster Format Conversion.</title> - <imagefile>8small</imagefile> - </figure> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>rasterto [printers specific]</title> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>rastertoalps</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rastertobj</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rastertoepson</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rastertoescp</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rastertopcl</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rastertoturboprint</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rastertoescp</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rastertohp</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rastertoprinter</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rastertoprinter</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Gutenprint</primary></indexterm> - CUPS ships with quite a variety of raster drivers for processing CUPS raster. On my system, I find in - /usr/lib/cups/filter/ the following: <parameter>rastertoalps</parameter>, <parameter>rastertobj</parameter>, - <parameter>rastertoepson</parameter>, <parameter>rastertoescp</parameter>, <parameter>rastertopcl</parameter>, - <parameter>rastertoturboprint</parameter>, <parameter>rastertoapdk</parameter>, - <parameter>rastertodymo</parameter>, <parameter>rastertoescp</parameter>, <parameter>rastertohp</parameter>, - and <parameter>rastertoprinter</parameter>. Don't worry if you have fewer drivers than this; some of these are - installed by commercial add-ons to CUPS (like <parameter>rastertoturboprint</parameter>), and others (like - <parameter>rastertoprinter</parameter>) by third-party driver development projects (such as Gutenprint) - wanting to cooperate as closely as possible with CUPS. See <link linkend="small9">the Raster to - Printer-Specific Formats illustration</link>. - </para> - - <figure id="small9"> - <title>Raster to Printer-Specific Formats.</title> - <imagefile>9small</imagefile> - </figure> - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>CUPS Backends</title> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>CUPS filtering chain</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>print queue</primary></indexterm> - The last part of any CUPS filtering chain is a backend. Backends - are special programs that send the print-ready file to the final - device. There is a separate backend program for any transfer - protocol for sending print jobs over the network, and one for every local - interface. Every CUPS print queue needs to have a CUPS <quote>device-URI</quote> - associated with it. The device URI is the way to encode the backend - used to send the job to its destination. Network device-URIs use - two slashes in their syntax, local device URIs only one, as you can - see from the following list. Keep in mind that local interface names - may vary greatly from my examples, if your OS is not Linux: - </para> - - <variablelist> - <varlistentry><term>usb</term> - <listitem><para> - This backend sends print files to USB-connected printers. An - example for the CUPS device-URI to use is - <filename>usb:/dev/usb/lp0</filename>. - </para></listitem></varlistentry> - - <varlistentry><term>serial</term> - <listitem><para> - This backend sends print files to serially connected printers. - An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is - <filename>serial:/dev/ttyS0?baud=11500</filename>. - </para></listitem></varlistentry> - - <varlistentry><term>parallel</term> - <listitem><para> - This backend sends print files to printers connected to the - parallel port. An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is - <filename>parallel:/dev/lp0</filename>. - </para></listitem></varlistentry> - - <varlistentry><term>SCSI</term> - <listitem><para> - This backend sends print files to printers attached to the - SCSI interface. An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is - <filename>scsi:/dev/sr1</filename>. - </para></listitem></varlistentry> - - <varlistentry><term>lpd</term> - <listitem><para> - This backend sends print files to LPR/LPD-connected network - printers. An example for the CUPS device-URI to use is - <filename>lpd://remote_host_name/remote_queue_name</filename>. - </para></listitem></varlistentry> - - <varlistentry><term>AppSocket/HP JetDirect</term> - <listitem><para> - This backend sends print files to AppSocket (a.k.a., HP - JetDirect) connected network printers. An example for the CUPS - device-URI to use is - <filename>socket://10.11.12.13:9100</filename>. - </para></listitem></varlistentry> - - <varlistentry><term>ipp</term> - <listitem><para> - This backend sends print files to IPP-connected network - printers (or to other CUPS servers). Examples for CUPS device-URIs - to use are - <filename>ipp:://192.193.194.195/ipp</filename> - (for many HP printers) and - <filename>ipp://remote_cups_server/printers/remote_printer_name</filename>. - </para></listitem></varlistentry> - - <varlistentry><term>http</term> - <listitem><para> - This backend sends print files to HTTP-connected printers. - (The http:// CUPS backend is only a symlink to the ipp:// backend.) - Examples for the CUPS device-URIs to use are - <filename>http:://192.193.194.195:631/ipp</filename> - (for many HP printers) and - <filename>http://remote_cups_server:631/printers/remote_printer_name</filename>. - </para></listitem></varlistentry> - - <varlistentry><term>smb</term> - <listitem><para> - This backend sends print files to printers shared by a Windows - host. Examples of CUPS device-URIs that may be used includes: - </para> - - <para> - <simplelist> - <member><filename>smb://workgroup/server/printersharename</filename></member> - <member><filename>smb://server/printersharename</filename></member> - <member><filename>smb://username:password@workgroup/server/printersharename</filename></member> - <member><filename>smb://username:password@server/printersharename</filename></member> - </simplelist> - </para> - - <para> - The smb:// backend is a symlink to the Samba utility - <parameter>smbspool</parameter> (does not ship with CUPS). If the - symlink is not present in your CUPS backend directory, have your - root user create it: <command>ln -s `which smbspool' - /usr/lib/cups/backend/smb</command>. - </para></listitem></varlistentry> - </variablelist> - - <para> - It is easy to write your own backends as shell or Perl scripts if you - need any modification or extension to the CUPS print system. One - reason could be that you want to create <quote>special</quote> printers that send - the print jobs as email (through a <quote>mailto:/</quote> backend), convert them to - PDF (through a <quote>pdfgen:/</quote> backend) or dump them to <quote>/dev/null</quote>. (In - fact, I have the systemwide default printer set up to be connected to - a devnull:/ backend: there are just too many people sending jobs - without specifying a printer, and scripts and programs that do not name - a printer. The systemwide default deletes the job and sends a polite - email back to the $USER asking him or her to always specify the correct - printer name.) - </para> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>lpinfo</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>CUPS backends</primary></indexterm> - Not all of the mentioned backends may be present on your system or - usable (depending on your hardware configuration). One test for all - available CUPS backends is provided by the <emphasis>lpinfo</emphasis> - utility. Used with the <option>-v</option> parameter, it lists - all available backends: - </para> - - <para><screen> - &prompt;<userinput>lpinfo -v</userinput> - </screen></para> - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>The Role of <parameter>cupsomatic/foomatic</parameter></title> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>cupsomatic</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>foomatic</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PPDs</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Foomatic Printer</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Linuxprinting.org</primary></indexterm> - <parameter>cupsomatic</parameter> filters may be the most widely used on CUPS - installations. You must be clear that these were not - developed by the CUPS people. They are a third-party add-on to - CUPS. They utilize the traditional Ghostscript devices to render jobs - for CUPS. When troubleshooting, you should know about the - difference. Here the whole rendering process is done in one stage, - inside Ghostscript, using an appropriate device for the target - printer. <parameter>cupsomatic</parameter> uses PPDs that are generated from the Foomatic - Printer & Driver Database at Linuxprinting.org. - </para> - - <para> - You can recognize these PPDs from the line calling the - <parameter>cupsomatic</parameter> filter: -<programlisting> -*cupsFilter: "application/vnd.cups-postscript 0 cupsomatic" -</programlisting> - You may find this line among the first 40 or so lines of the PPD - file. If you have such a PPD installed, the printer shows up in the - CUPS Web interface with a <parameter>foomatic</parameter> namepart for - the driver description. <parameter>cupsomatic</parameter> is a Perl script that runs - Ghostscript with all the complicated command line options - autoconstructed from the selected PPD and command line options given to - the print job. - </para> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>point'n'print</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>foomatic-rip</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Adobe specifications</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>hi-res photo</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>normal color</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>grayscale</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>draft</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>media type</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>resolution</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>inktype</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>dithering algorithm</primary></indexterm> - However, <parameter>cupsomatic</parameter> is now deprecated. Its PPDs (especially the first - generation of them, still in heavy use out there) are not meeting the - Adobe specifications. You might also suffer difficulties when you try - to download them with <quote>Point'n'Print</quote> to Windows clients. A better - and more powerful successor is now available: it is called <parameter>foomatic-rip</parameter>. To use - <parameter>foomatic-rip</parameter> as a filter with CUPS, you need the new type of PPDs, which - have a similar but different line: -<programlisting> -*cupsFilter: "application/vnd.cups-postscript 0 foomatic-rip" -</programlisting> - The PPD-generating engine at Linuxprinting.org has been revamped. - The new PPDs comply with the Adobe spec. They also provide a - new way to specify different quality levels (hi-res photo, normal - color, grayscale, and draft) with a single click, whereas before you - could have required five or more different selections (media type, - resolution, inktype, and dithering algorithm). There is support for - custom-size media built in. There is support to switch - print options from page to page in the middle of a job. And the - best thing is that the new <constant>foomatic-rip</constant> works seamlessly with all - legacy spoolers too (like LPRng, BSD-LPD, PDQ, PPR, and so on), providing - for them access to use PPDs for their printing. - </para> - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>The Complete Picture</title> - - <para> - If you want to see an overview of all the filters and how they - relate to each other, the complete picture of the puzzle is at the end - of this chapter. - </para> - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title><filename>mime.convs</filename></title> - - <para> - CUPS autoconstructs all possible filtering chain paths for any given - MIME type and every printer installed. But how does it decide in - favor of or against a specific alternative? (There may be cases - where there is a choice of two or more possible filtering chains for - the same target printer.) Simple. You may have noticed the figures in - the third column of the mime.convs file. They represent virtual costs - assigned to this filter. Every possible filtering chain will sum up to - a total <quote>filter cost.</quote> CUPS decides for the most <quote>inexpensive</quote> route. - </para> - - <tip><para> -<indexterm><primary>cupsd.conf</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>FilterLimit</primary></indexterm> - Setting <parameter>FilterLimit 1000</parameter> in - <filename>cupsd.conf</filename> will not allow more filters to - run concurrently than will consume a total of 1000 virtual filter - cost. This is an efficient way to limit the load of any CUPS - server by setting an appropriate <quote>FilterLimit</quote> value. A FilterLimit of - 200 allows roughly one job at a time, while a FilterLimit of 1000 allows - approximately five jobs maximum at a time. - </para></tip> - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title><quote>Raw</quote> Printing</title> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>PPD</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>lpadmin</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rawprinter</primary></indexterm> - You can tell CUPS to print (nearly) any file <quote>raw</quote>. <quote>Raw</quote> means it will not be - filtered. CUPS will send the file to the printer <quote>as is</quote> without bothering if the printer is able - to digest it. Users need to take care themselves that they send sensible data formats only. Raw printing can - happen on any queue if the <quote><parameter>-o raw</parameter></quote> option is specified on the command - line. You can also set up raw-only queues by simply not associating any PPD with it. This command: -<screen> -&prompt;<userinput>lpadmin -P rawprinter -v socket://11.12.13.14:9100 -E</userinput> -</screen> - sets up a queue named <quote>rawprinter</quote>, connected via the <quote>socket</quote> protocol (a.k.a. - <quote>HP JetDirect</quote>) to the device at IP address 11.12.1.3.14, using port 9100. (If you had added a - PPD with <command>-P /path/to/PPD</command> to this command line, you would have installed a - <quote>normal</quote> print queue.) - </para> - - <para> - CUPS will automatically treat each job sent to a queue as a <quote>raw</quote> one - if it can't find a PPD associated with the queue. However, CUPS will - only send known MIME types (as defined in its own mime.types file) and - refuse others. - </para> - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>application/octet-stream Printing</title> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>/etc/cups/mime.types</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>application/octet-stream</primary></indexterm> - Any MIME type with no rule in the <filename>/etc/cups/mime.types</filename> file is regarded as unknown - or <parameter>application/octet-stream</parameter> and will not be - sent. Because CUPS refuses to print unknown MIME types by default, - you will probably have experienced that print jobs originating - from Windows clients were not printed. You may have found an error - message in your CUPS logs like: - </para> - - <para><computeroutput> - Unable to convert file 0 to printable format for job - </computeroutput></para> - - <para> - To enable the printing of <parameter>application/octet-stream</parameter> files, edit - these two files: - </para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem><para><filename>/etc/cups/mime.convs</filename></para></listitem> - - <listitem><para><filename>/etc/cups/mime.types</filename></para></listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>raw mode</primary></indexterm> - Both contain entries (at the end of the respective files) that must be uncommented to allow raw mode - operation for <parameter>application/octet-stream</parameter>. In <filename>/etc/cups/mime.types</filename> - make sure this line is present: - <indexterm><primary>application/octet-stream</primary></indexterm> -<programlisting> -application/octet-stream -</programlisting> - This line (with no specific autotyping rule set) makes all files - not otherwise auto-typed a member of <parameter>application/octet-stream</parameter>. In - <filename>/etc/cups/mime.convs</filename>, have this - line: -<programlisting> -application/octet-stream application/vnd.cups-raw 0 - -</programlisting> - <indexterm><primary>MIME</primary></indexterm> - This line tells CUPS to use the <emphasis>Null Filter</emphasis> - (denoted as <quote>-</quote>, doing nothing at all) on - <parameter>application/octet-stream</parameter>, and tag the result as - <parameter>application/vnd.cups-raw</parameter>. This last one is - always a green light to the CUPS scheduler to now hand the file over - to the backend connecting to the printer and sending it over. - </para> - - <note><para> - Editing the <filename>mime.convs</filename> and the <filename>mime.types</filename> file does not - <emphasis>enforce</emphasis> <quote>raw</quote> printing, it only <emphasis>allows</emphasis> it. - </para></note> - - <formalpara> - <title>Background</title> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>security-aware</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>MIME type</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>/etc/cups/mime.types</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>/etc/cups/mime.convs</primary></indexterm> - That CUPS is a more security-aware printing system than traditional ones - does not by default allow one to send deliberate (possibly binary) - data to printing devices. (This could be easily abused to launch a - Denial of Service attack on your printer(s), causing at least the loss - of a lot of paper and ink.) <quote>Unknown</quote> data are regarded by CUPS - as <emphasis>MIME type</emphasis> <emphasis>application/octet-stream</emphasis>. While you - <emphasis>can</emphasis> send data <quote>raw</quote>, the MIME type for these must - be one that is known to CUPS and allowed by it. The file - <filename>/etc/cups/mime.types</filename> defines the <quote>rules</quote> of how CUPS - recognizes MIME types. The file <filename>/etc/cups/mime.convs</filename> decides which file - conversion filter(s) may be applied to which MIME types. - </para> - </formalpara> - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>PostScript Printer Descriptions for Non-PostScript Printers</title> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>PPD</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>non-PostScript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>RIP</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Ghostscript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>device-specific commands</primary></indexterm> - Originally PPDs were meant to be used for PostScript printers - only. Here, they help to send device-specific commands and settings - to the RIP, which processes the job file. CUPS has extended this - scope for PPDs to cover non-PostScript printers too. This was not - difficult, because it is a standardized file format. In a way - it was logical too: CUPS handles PostScript and uses a PostScript - RIP (Ghostscript) to process the job files. The only difference is that - a PostScript printer has the RIP built-in, for other types of - printers the Ghostscript RIP runs on the host computer. - </para> - - <para> - PPDs for a non-PostScript printer have a few lines that are unique to - CUPS. The most important one looks similar to this: - <indexterm><primary>application/vnd.cups-raster</primary></indexterm> -<programlisting> -*cupsFilter: application/vnd.cups-raster 66 rastertoprinter -</programlisting> - It is the last piece in the CUPS filtering puzzle. This line tells the - CUPS daemon to use as a last filter <parameter>rastertoprinter</parameter>. This filter - should be served as input an <parameter>application/vnd.cups-raster</parameter> MIME type - file. Therefore, CUPS should autoconstruct a filtering chain, which - delivers as its last output the specified MIME type. This is then - taken as input to the specified <parameter>rastertoprinter</parameter> filter. After - the last filter has done its work (<parameter>rastertoprinter</parameter> is a Gutenprint - filter), the file should go to the backend, which sends it to the - output device. - </para> - - <para> - CUPS by default ships only a few generic PPDs, but they are good for - several hundred printer models. You may not be able to control - different paper trays, or you may get larger margins than your - specific model supports. See Table 21.1<link linkend="cups-ppds"></link> for summary information. - </para> - - <table frame="all" id="cups-ppds"> - <title>PPDs Shipped with CUPS</title> - <tgroup cols="2" align="left"> - <colspec align="left"/> - <colspec align="justify" colwidth="1*"/> - <thead><row><entry>PPD file</entry><entry>Printer type</entry></row></thead> - <tbody> - <row><entry>deskjet.ppd</entry><entry>older HP inkjet printers and compatible</entry></row> - - <row><entry>deskjet2.ppd</entry> <entry>newer HP inkjet printers and compatible </entry> </row> - - <row><entry>dymo.ppd</entry> <entry>label printers </entry> </row> - - <row><entry>epson9.ppd</entry> <entry>Epson 24-pin impact printers and compatible </entry> </row> - - <row><entry>epson24.ppd</entry> <entry>Epson 24-pin impact printers and compatible </entry> </row> - - <row><entry>okidata9.ppd</entry> <entry>Okidata 9-pin impact printers and compatible </entry> </row> - - <row><entry>okidat24.ppd</entry> <entry>Okidata 24-pin impact printers and compatible </entry> </row> - - <row><entry>stcolor.ppd</entry> <entry>older Epson Stylus Color printers </entry> </row> - - <row><entry>stcolor2.ppd</entry> <entry>newer Epson Stylus Color printers </entry> </row> - - <row><entry>stphoto.ppd</entry> <entry>older Epson Stylus Photo printers </entry> </row> - - <row><entry>stphoto2.ppd</entry> <entry>newer Epson Stylus Photo printers </entry> </row> - - <row><entry>laserjet.ppd</entry> <entry>all PCL printers </entry> </row> - - </tbody> - </tgroup> - </table> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title><emphasis>cupsomatic/foomatic-rip</emphasis> Versus <emphasis>Native CUPS</emphasis> Printing</title> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>cupsomatic</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>foomatic-rip</primary></indexterm> - Native CUPS rasterization works in two steps: - </para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem><para> -<indexterm><primary>pstoraster</primary></indexterm> - First is the <parameter>pstoraster</parameter> step. It uses the special CUPS - <indexterm><primary>ESP</primary><secondary>Ghostscript</secondary></indexterm> - device from ESP Ghostscript 7.05.x as its tool. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - Second is the <parameter>rasterdriver</parameter> step. It uses various - device-specific filters; there are several vendors who provide good - quality filters for this step. Some are free software, some are - shareware, and some are proprietary. - </para></listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para> - Often this produces better quality (and has several more advantages) than other methods. - This is shown in <link linkend="cupsomatic-dia"> the cupsomatic/foomatic Processing Versus Native CUPS - illustration</link>. - </para> - - <figure id="cupsomatic-dia"> - <title>cupsomatic/foomatic Processing Versus Native CUPS.</title> - <imagefile>10small</imagefile> - </figure> - - <para> - One other method is the <parameter>cupsomatic/foomatic-rip</parameter> - way. Note that <parameter>cupsomatic</parameter> is <emphasis>not</emphasis> made by the CUPS - developers. It is an independent contribution to printing development, - made by people from Linuxprinting.org.<footnote><para>See also <ulink - noescape="1" url="http://www.cups.org/cups-help.html">http://www.cups.org/cups-help.html</ulink></para></footnote> - <parameter>cupsomatic</parameter> is no longer developed, maintained, or supported. It now been - replaced by <parameter>foomatic-rip</parameter>. <parameter>foomatic-rip</parameter> is a complete rewrite - of the old <parameter>cupsomatic</parameter> idea, but very much improved and generalized to - other (non-CUPS) spoolers. An upgrade to <parameter>foomatic-rip</parameter> is strongly - advised, especially if you are upgrading to a recent version of CUPS, - too. - </para> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>cupsomatic</primary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>foomatic</primary></indexterm> - Like the old <parameter>cupsomatic</parameter> method, the <parameter>foomatic-rip</parameter> (new) method - from Linuxprinting.org uses the traditional Ghostscript print file processing, doing everything in a single - step. It therefore relies on all the other devices built into Ghostscript. The quality is as good (or bad) as - Ghostscript rendering is in other spoolers. The advantage is that this method supports many printer models not - supported (yet) by the more modern CUPS method. - </para> - - <para> - Of course, you can use both methods side by side on one system (and even for one printer, if you set up - different queues) and find out which works best for you. - </para> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>cupsomatic</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>pstoraster</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rastertosomething</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rasterization</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Foomatic/cupsomatic</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rendering</primary></indexterm> - <parameter>cupsomatic</parameter> kidnaps the print file after the - <parameter>application/vnd.cups-postscript</parameter> stage and deviates it through the CUPS-external, - systemwide Ghostscript installation. Therefore, the print file bypasses the <parameter>pstoraster</parameter> - filter (and also bypasses the CUPS raster drivers <parameter>rastertosomething</parameter>). After Ghostscript - finished its rasterization, <parameter>cupsomatic</parameter> hands the rendered file directly to the CUPS - backend. <link linkend="cupsomatic-dia">cupsomatic/foomatic Processing Versus Native - CUPS</link>, illustrates the difference between native CUPS rendering and the - <parameter>Foomatic/cupsomatic</parameter> method. - </para> - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>Examples for Filtering Chains</title> - - <para> - Here are a few examples of commonly occurring filtering chains to - illustrate the workings of CUPS. - </para> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>HP JetDirect</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>two-up</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>duplex</primary></indexterm> - Assume you want to print a PDF file to an HP JetDirect-connected - PostScript printer, but you want to print pages 3-5, 7, and 11-13 - only, and you want to print them <quote>two-up</quote> and <quote>duplex</quote>: - </para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>Your print options (page selection as required, two-up, - duplex) are passed to CUPS on the command line.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The (complete) PDF file is sent to CUPS and autotyped as - <parameter>application/pdf</parameter>.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The file therefore must first pass the - <parameter>pdftops</parameter> prefilter, which produces PostScript - MIME type <parameter>application/postscript</parameter> (a preview here - would still show all pages of the original PDF).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The file then passes the <parameter>pstops</parameter> - filter that applies the command line options: it selects pages - 2-5, 7, and 11-13, creates the imposed layout <quote>two pages on one sheet</quote>, and - inserts the correct <quote>duplex</quote> command (as defined in the printer's - PPD) into the new PostScript file; the file is now of PostScript MIME - type - <parameter>application/vnd.cups-postscript</parameter>.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The file goes to the <parameter>socket</parameter> - backend, which transfers the job to the printers.</para></listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para> - The resulting filter chain, therefore, is as shown in <link linkend="pdftosocket">the PDF to socket chain - illustration</link>. - </para> - -<indexterm><primary>pdftosocket</primary></indexterm> - <figure id="pdftosocket"> - <title>PDF to Socket Chain.</title> - <imagefile>pdftosocket</imagefile> - </figure> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>USB</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Epson Stylus</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>stphoto2.ppd</primary></indexterm> - Assume you want to print the same filter to an USB-connected Epson Stylus Photo Printer installed with the CUPS - <filename>stphoto2.ppd</filename>. The first few filtering stages are nearly the same: - </para> - - <itemizedlist> - <listitem><para> - Your print options (page selection as required, two-up, - duplex) are passed to CUPS on the command line. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - The (complete) PDF file is sent to CUPS and autotyped as - <parameter>application/pdf</parameter>. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> -<indexterm><primary>pdftops</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PDF</primary></indexterm> - The file must first pass the <parameter>pdftops</parameter> prefilter, which produces PostScript - MIME type <parameter>application/postscript</parameter> (a preview here would still show all - pages of the original PDF). - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> -<indexterm><primary>pstops</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>duplex printing</primary></indexterm> - The file then passes the <quote>pstops</quote> filter that applies - the command line options: it selects the pages 2-5, 7, and 11-13, - creates the imposed layout <quote>two pages on one sheet,</quote> and inserts the - correct <quote>duplex</quote> command (oops &smbmdash; this printer and PPD - do not support duplex printing at all, so this option will - be ignored) into the new PostScript file; the file is now of PostScript - MIME type <parameter>application/vnd.cups-postscript</parameter>. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - The file then passes the <parameter>pstoraster</parameter> stage and becomes MIME type - <parameter>application/cups-raster</parameter>. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> -<indexterm><primary>rastertoepson</primary></indexterm> - Finally, the <parameter>rastertoepson</parameter> filter - does its work (as indicated in the printer's PPD), creating the - printer-specific raster data and embedding any user-selected - print options into the print data stream. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - The file goes to the <parameter>usb</parameter> backend, which transfers the job to the printers. - </para></listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - <para> - The resulting filter chain therefore is as shown in <link linkend="pdftoepsonusb">the PDF to USB Chain - illustration</link>. - </para> - - <figure id="pdftoepsonusb"> - <title>PDF to USB Chain.</title> - <imagefile>pdftoepsonusb</imagefile> - </figure> - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>Sources of CUPS Drivers/PPDs</title> - - <para> - On the Internet you can now find many thousands of CUPS-PPD files - (with their companion filters), in many national languages - supporting more than 1,000 non-PostScript models. - </para> - - <itemizedlist> - <indexterm><primary>ESP</primary><secondary>Print Pro</secondary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>PrintPro</primary><see>ESP Print Pro</see></indexterm> - <listitem><para> - <ulink url="http://www.easysw.com/printpro/">ESP PrintPro</ulink> - (commercial, non-free) is packaged with more than 3,000 PPDs, ready for - successful use <quote>out of the box</quote> on Linux, Mac OS X, IBM-AIX, - HP-UX, Sun-Solaris, SGI-IRIX, Compaq Tru64, Digital UNIX, and - other commercial Unices (it is written by the CUPS developers - themselves and its sales help finance the further development of - CUPS, as they feed their creators). - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - The <ulink url="http://gimp-print.sourceforge.net/">Gutenprint Project</ulink> - (GPL, free software) provides around 140 PPDs (supporting nearly 400 printers, many driven - to photo quality output), to be used alongside the Gutenprint CUPS filters. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - <ulink url="http://www.turboprint.de/english.html/">TurboPrint </ulink> (shareware, non-free) supports - roughly the same number of printers in excellent quality. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - <ulink url="http://www-124.ibm.com/developerworks/oss/linux/projects/omni/">OMNI </ulink> - (LPGL, free) is a package made by IBM, now containing support for more - than 400 printers, stemming from the inheritance of IBM OS/2 know-how - ported over to Linux (CUPS support is in a beta stage at present). - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - <ulink url="http://hpinkjet.sourceforge.net/">HPIJS </ulink> (BSD-style licenses, free) - supports approximately 150 of HP's own printers and also provides - excellent print quality now (currently available only via the Foomatic path). - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/">Foomatic/cupsomatic </ulink> - (LPGL, free) from Linuxprinting.org provide PPDs for practically every Ghostscript - filter known to the world (including Omni, Gutenprint, and HPIJS). - </para></listitem> - </itemizedlist> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>Printing with Interface Scripts</title> - - <para> -<indexterm><primary>PCL</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>lpadmin</primary></indexterm> - CUPS also supports the use of <quote>interface scripts</quote> as known from - System V AT&T printing systems. These are often used for PCL - printers, from applications that generate PCL print jobs. Interface - scripts are specific to printer models. They have a role similar to - PPDs for PostScript printers. Interface scripts may inject the Escape - sequences as required into the print data stream if the user, for example, selects - a certain paper tray, or changes paper orientation, or uses A3 - paper. Interface scripts are practically unknown in the Linux - realm. On HP-UX platforms they are more often used. You can use any - working interface script on CUPS too. Just install the printer with - the <command>-i</command> option: -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>lpadmin -p pclprinter -v socket://11.12.13.14:9100 \ - -i /path/to/interface-script</userinput> -</screen></para> - - <para> - Interface scripts might be the <quote>unknown animal</quote> to many. However, - with CUPS they provide the easiest way to plug in your own custom-written filtering - script or program into one specific print queue (some information about the traditional - use of interface scripts is found at - <ulink noescape="1" url="http://playground.sun.com/printing/documentation/interface.html"> - http://playground.sun.com/printing/documentation/interface.html</ulink>). - </para> - </sect2> -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>Network Printing (Purely Windows)</title> - -<para> -Network printing covers a lot of ground. To understand what exactly -goes on with Samba when it is printing on behalf of its Windows -clients, let's first look at a <quote>purely Windows</quote> setup: Windows clients -with a Windows NT print server. -</para> - -<sect2> -<title>From Windows Clients to an NT Print Server</title> - -<para> -Windows clients printing to an NT-based print server have two -options. They may: -<indexterm><primary>GDI</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>EMF</primary></indexterm> -</para> - - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>Execute the driver locally and render the GDI output - (EMF) into the printer-specific format on their own. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Send the GDI output (EMF) to the server, where the - driver is executed to render the printer-specific output. - </para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> - -<para> -Both print paths are shown in the flowcharts in <link linkend="small11"> -Print Driver Execution on the Client</link>, and -<link linkend="small12">Print Driver Execution on the Server</link>. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Driver Execution on the Client</title> - -<para> -In the first case, the print server must spool the file as raw, meaning it shouldn't touch the job file and try -to convert it in any way. This is what a traditional UNIX-based print server can do too, and at a better -performance and more reliably than an NT print server. This is what most Samba administrators probably are -familiar with. One advantage of this setup is that this <quote>spooling-only</quote> print server may be used -even if no driver(s) for UNIX is available. It is sufficient to have the Windows client drivers available and -installed on the clients. This is illustrated in <link linkend="small11">the Print Driver Execution on the -Client diagram</link>. -</para> - -<figure id="small11"> - <title>Print Driver Execution on the Client.</title> - <imagefile>11small</imagefile> -</figure> - -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Driver Execution on the Server</title> - - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PCL</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>ESC/P</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>EMF</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>GDI</primary></indexterm> -The other path executes the printer driver on the server. The client transfers print files in EMF format to -the server. The server uses the PostScript, PCL, ESC/P, or other driver to convert the EMF file into the -printer-specific language. It is not possible for UNIX to do the same. Currently, there is no program or -method to convert a Windows client's GDI output on a UNIX server into something a printer could understand. -This is illustrated in <link linkend="small12">the Print Driver Execution on the Server diagram</link>. -</para> - - <figure id="small12"> - <title>Print Driver Execution on the Server.</title> - <imagefile>12small</imagefile> - </figure> - -<para> -However, something similar is possible with CUPS, so read on. -</para> -</sect2> -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>Network Printing (Windows Clients and UNIX/Samba Print -Servers)</title> - -<para> -Since UNIX print servers <emphasis>cannot</emphasis> execute the Win32 -program code on their platform, the picture is somewhat -different. However, this does not limit your options all that -much. On the contrary, you may have a way here to implement printing -features that are not possible otherwise. -</para> - -<sect2> -<title>From Windows Clients to a CUPS/Samba Print Server</title> - -<para> -Here is a simple recipe showing how you can take advantage of CUPS's -powerful features for the benefit of your Windows network printing -clients: -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>Let the Windows clients send PostScript to the CUPS - server.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Let the CUPS server render the PostScript into device-specific raster format.</para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> - -<para> -This requires the clients to use a PostScript driver (even if the -printer is a non-PostScript model. It also requires that you have a -driver on the CUPS server. -</para> - -<para> -First, to enable CUPS-based printing through Samba, the following options should be set in your &smb.conf; -file <parameter>[global]</parameter> section: -</para> - -<smbconfblock> -<smbconfoption name="printing">cups</smbconfoption> -</smbconfblock> - -<para> -When these parameters are specified, all manually set print directives (like <smbconfoption name="print -command"/> or <smbconfoption name="lppause command"/>) in &smb.conf; (as well as in Samba itself) will be -ignored. Instead, Samba will directly interface with CUPS through its -application program interface (API). -This is illustrated in <link linkend="f13small">the Printing via -CUPS/Samba Server diagram</link>. -</para> - - <figure id="f13small"> - <title>Printing via CUPS/Samba Server.</title> - <imagefile>13small</imagefile> - </figure> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Samba Receiving Job-Files and Passing Them to CUPS</title> - -<para> -Samba <emphasis>must</emphasis> use its own spool directory (it is set by a line similar to <smbconfoption -name="path">/var/spool/samba</smbconfoption>, in the <smbconfsection name="[printers]"/> or <smbconfsection -name="[printername]"/> section of &smb.conf;). Samba receives the job in its own spool space and passes it -into the spool directory of CUPS (the CUPS spool directory is set by the <parameter>RequestRoot</parameter> -directive in a line that defaults to <parameter>RequestRoot /var/spool/cups</parameter>). CUPS checks the -access rights of its spool directory and resets it to healthy values with every restart. We have seen quite a -few people who used a common spooling space for Samba and CUPS, and struggled for weeks with this -<quote>problem.</quote> -</para> - -<para> -A Windows user authenticates only to Samba (by whatever means is -configured). If Samba runs on the same host as CUPS, you only need to -allow <quote>localhost</quote> to print. If it runs on different machines, you -need to make sure the Samba host gets access to printing on CUPS. -</para> -</sect2> -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>Network PostScript RIP</title> - -<para> -This section discusses the use of CUPS filters on the server &smbmdash; configuration where -clients make use of a PostScript driver with CUPS-PPDs. -</para> - - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PCL</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PJL</primary></indexterm> -PPDs can control all print device options. They are usually provided by the manufacturer &smbmdash; if you own -a PostScript printer, that is. PPD files are always a component of PostScript printer drivers on MS Windows or -Apple Mac OS systems. They are ASCII files containing user-selectable print options, mapped to appropriate -PostScript, PCL, or PJL commands for the target printer. Printer driver GUI dialogs translate these options -<quote>on the fly</quote> into buttons and drop-down lists for the user to select. -</para> - -<para> -CUPS can load, without any conversions, the PPD file from any Windows (NT is recommended) PostScript driver -and handle the options. There is a Web browser interface to the print options (select <ulink noescape="1" -url="http://localhost:631/printers/">http://localhost:631/printers/</ulink> and click on one -<guibutton>Configure Printer</guibutton> button to see it) or a command line interface (see <command>man -lpoptions</command> or see if you have <command>lphelp</command> on your system). There are also some -different GUI front-ends on Linux/UNIX, which can present PPD options to users. PPD options are normally meant -to be evaluated by the PostScript RIP on the real PostScript printer. -</para> - -<sect2> -<title>PPDs for Non-PS Printers on UNIX</title> - - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>PPD</primary></indexterm> -CUPS does not limit itself to <quote>real</quote> PostScript printers in its use of PPDs. The CUPS developers -have extended the scope of the PPD concept to also describe available device and driver options for -non-PostScript printers through CUPS-PPDs. -</para> - -<para> -This is logical, because CUPS includes a fully featured PostScript interpreter (RIP). This RIP is based on -Ghostscript. It can process all received PostScript (and additionally many other file formats) from clients. -All CUPS-PPDs geared to non-PostScript printers contain an additional line, starting with the keyword -<parameter>*cupsFilter</parameter>. This line tells the CUPS print system which printer-specific filter to use -for the interpretation of the supplied PostScript. Thus CUPS lets all its printers appear as PostScript -devices to its clients, because it can act as a PostScript RIP for those printers, processing the received -PostScript code into a proper raster print format. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>PPDs for Non-PS Printers on Windows</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>PPD</primary></indexterm> -CUPS-PPDs can also be used on Windows clients, on top of a <quote>core</quote> PostScript driver (now -recommended is the CUPS PostScript Driver for Windows NT/200x/XP; you can also use the Adobe one, with -limitations). This feature enables CUPS to do a few tricks no other spooler can do: -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para> - Act as a networked PostScript RIP handling print files from all client platforms in a uniform way. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - Act as a central accounting and billing server, since all files are passed through the pstops filter and are therefore - logged in the CUPS <filename>page_log</filename> file. <emphasis>Note:</emphasis> this cannot happen with - <quote>raw</quote> print jobs, which always remain unfiltered per definition. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - Enable clients to consolidate on a single PostScript driver, even for many different target printers. - </para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> - -<para> -Using CUPS PPDs on Windows clients enables them to control all print job settings just as a UNIX client can do. -</para> -</sect2> -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>Windows Terminal Servers (WTS) as CUPS Clients</title> - -<para> -This setup may be of special interest to people experiencing major problems in WTS environments. WTS often -need a multitude of non-PostScript drivers installed to run their clients' variety of different printer -models. This often imposes the price of much increased instability. -</para> - -<sect2> -<title>Printer Drivers Running in <quote>Kernel Mode</quote> Cause Many -Problems</title> - -<para> -Windows NT printer drivers, which run in <quote>kernel mode</quote>, introduce a high risk for the stability -of the system if the driver is not really stable and well-tested. And there are a lot of bad drivers out -there! Especially notorious is the example of the PCL printer driver that had an additional sound module -running to notify users via soundcard of their finished jobs. Do I need to say that this one was also reliably -causing <quote>blue screens of death</quote> on a regular basis? -</para> - -<para> -PostScript drivers are generally well-tested. They are not known to cause any problems, even though they also -run in kernel mode. This might be because until now there have been only two different PostScript drivers: the -one from Adobe and the one from Microsoft. Both are well-tested and are as stable as you can imagine on -Windows. The CUPS driver is derived from the Microsoft one. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Workarounds Impose Heavy Limitations</title> - -<para> -In an attempt to work around problems, site administrators have resorted to restricting the -allowed drivers installed on their WTS to one generic PCL and one PostScript driver. This, however, restricts -the number of printer options available for clients to use. Often they can't get out more than simplex -prints from one standard paper tray, while their devices could do much better if driven by a different driver! -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>CUPS: A <quote>Magical Stone</quote>?</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>PPD</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> -Using a PostScript driver, enabled with a CUPS-PPD, seems to be a very elegant way to overcome all these -shortcomings. There are, depending on the version of Windows OS you use, up to three different PostScript -drivers now available: Adobe, Microsoft, and CUPS PostScript drivers. None of them is known to cause major -stability problems on WTS (even if used with many different PPDs). The clients will be able to (again) choose -paper trays, duplex printing, and other settings. However, there is a certain price for this too: a CUPS -server acting as a PostScript RIP for its clients requires more CPU and RAM than when just acting as a -<quote>raw spooling</quote> device. Plus, this setup is not yet widely tested, although the first feedbacks -look very promising. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>PostScript Drivers with No Major Problems, Even in Kernel -Mode</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>DDK</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>W32X86</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Visual Studio</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Microsoft driver</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Adobe</primary></indexterm> -More recent printer drivers on W200x and XP no longer run in kernel mode (unlike Windows NT). However, both -operating systems can still use the NT drivers, running in kernel mode (you can roughly tell which is which as -the drivers in subdirectory <quote>2</quote> of <quote>W32X86</quote> are <quote>old</quote> ones). As was -said before, the Adobe as well as the Microsoft PostScript drivers are not known to cause any stability -problems. The CUPS driver is derived from the Microsoft one. There is a simple reason for this: the MS DDK -(Device Development Kit) for Windows NT (which used to be available at no cost to licensees of Visual Studio) -includes the source code of the Microsoft driver, and licensees of Visual Studio are allowed to use and modify -it for their own driver development efforts. This is what the CUPS people have done. The license does not -allow them to publish the whole of the source code. However, they have released the <quote>diff</quote> under -the GPL, and if you are the owner of an <quote>MS DDK for Windows NT,</quote> you can check the driver -yourself. -</para> -</sect2> -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>Configuring CUPS for Driver Download</title> - -<para> -As we have said before, all previously known methods to prepare client printer drivers on the Samba server for -download and Point'n'Print convenience of Windows workstations are working with CUPS, too. These methods were -described in <link linkend="classicalprinting">Classical Printing</link>. In reality, this is a pure Samba -business and relates only to the Samba-Windows client relationship. -</para> - -<sect2> -<title><emphasis>cupsaddsmb</emphasis>: The Unknown Utility</title> - - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>cupsaddsmb</primary></indexterm> -The <parameter>cupsaddsmb</parameter> utility (shipped with all current CUPS versions) is an alternative -method to transfer printer drivers into the Samba <smbconfsection name="[print$]"/> share. Remember, this -share is where clients expect drivers deposited and set up for download and installation. It makes the sharing -of any (or all) installed CUPS printers quite easy. <command>cupsaddsmb</command> can use the Adobe PostScript -driver as well as the newly developed CUPS PostScript driver for Windows NT/200x/XP. -<parameter>cupsaddsmb</parameter> does <emphasis>not</emphasis> work with arbitrary vendor printer drivers, -but only with the <emphasis>exact</emphasis> driver files that are named in its man page. -</para> - -<para> -The CUPS printer driver is available from the CUPS download site. Its package name is -<filename>cups-samba-[version].tar.gz</filename>. It is preferred over the Adobe drivers because it has a -number of advantages: -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>It supports a much more accurate page accounting.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>It supports banner pages and page labels on all printers.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>It supports the setting of a number of job IPP attributes - (such as job priority, page label, and job billing).</para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> - -<para> -However, currently only Windows NT, 2000, and XP are supported by the -CUPS drivers. You will also need to get the respective part of the Adobe driver -if you need to support Windows 95, 98, and Me clients. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Prepare Your &smb.conf; for <command>cupsaddsmb</command></title> - -<para> -Prior to running <command>cupsaddsmb</command>, you need the settings in -&smb.conf; as shown in <link linkend="cupsadd-ex">the &smb.conf; for cupsaddsmb Usage</link>. -</para> - -<example id="cupsadd-ex"> -<title>smb.conf for cupsaddsmb Usage</title> -<smbconfblock> -<smbconfsection name="[global]"/> -<smbconfoption name="load printers">yes</smbconfoption> -<smbconfoption name="printing">cups</smbconfoption> -<smbconfoption name="printcap name">cups</smbconfoption> - -<smbconfsection name="[printers]"/> -<smbconfoption name="comment">All Printers</smbconfoption> -<smbconfoption name="path">/var/spool/samba</smbconfoption> -<smbconfoption name="browseable">no</smbconfoption> -<smbconfcomment>setting depends on your requirements</smbconfcomment> -<smbconfoption name="guest ok">yes</smbconfoption> -<smbconfoption name="writable">no</smbconfoption> -<smbconfoption name="printable">yes</smbconfoption> -<smbconfoption name="printer admin">root</smbconfoption> - <smbconfsection name="[print$]"/> -<smbconfoption name="comment">Printer Drivers</smbconfoption> -<smbconfoption name="path">/etc/samba/drivers</smbconfoption> -<smbconfoption name="browseable">yes</smbconfoption> -<smbconfoption name="guest ok">no</smbconfoption> -<smbconfoption name="read only">yes</smbconfoption> -<smbconfoption name="write list">root, @smbprintadm</smbconfoption> -</smbconfblock> -</example> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>CUPS <quote>PostScript Driver for Windows NT/200x/XP</quote></title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>PostScript</primary></indexterm> -CUPS users may get the exact same package from <ulink noescape="1" -url="http://www.cups.org/software.html">http://www.cups.org/software.html</ulink>. It is a separate package -from the CUPS-based software files, tagged as CUPS 1.1.x Windows NT/200x/XP Printer Driver for Samba (tar.gz, -192k). The filename to download is <filename>cups-samba-1.1.x.tar.gz</filename>. Upon untar and unzipping, it -will reveal these files: -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>tar xvzf cups-samba-1.1.19.tar.gz</userinput> -cups-samba.install -cups-samba.license -cups-samba.readme -cups-samba.remove -cups-samba.ss -</screen></para> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>ESP</primary><secondary>meta packager</secondary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>EPM</primary><see>ESP meta packager</see></indexterm> -These have been packaged with the ESP meta-packager software EPM. The <filename>*.install</filename> and -<filename>*.remove</filename> files are simple shell scripts, which untar the <filename>*.ss</filename> (the -<filename>*.ss</filename> is nothing else but a tar archive, which can be untarred by <quote>tar</quote> too). -Then it puts the content into <filename>/usr/share/cups/drivers/</filename>. This content includes three -files: -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>tar tv cups-samba.ss</userinput> -cupsdrvr.dll -cupsui.dll -cups.hlp -</screen></para> - -<para> -The <parameter>cups-samba.install</parameter> shell scripts are easy to -handle: -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>./cups-samba.install</userinput> -[....] -Installing software... -Updating file permissions... -Running post-install commands... -Installation is complete. -</screen></para> - -<para> -The script should automatically put the driver files into the -<filename>/usr/share/cups/drivers/</filename> directory: -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>cp /usr/share/drivers/cups.hlp /usr/share/cups/drivers/</userinput> -</screen></para> - -<warning><para> -Due to a bug, one recent CUPS release puts the <filename>cups.hlp</filename> driver file -into<filename>/usr/share/drivers/</filename> instead of <filename>/usr/share/cups/drivers/</filename>. To work -around this, copy/move the file (after running the <command>./cups-samba.install</command> script) manually to -the correct place. -</para></warning> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>DDK</primary></indexterm> -This new CUPS PostScript driver is currently binary only, but free of charge. No complete source code is -provided (yet). The reason is that it has been developed with the help of the Microsoft DDK and compiled with -Microsoft Visual Studio 6. Driver developers are not allowed to distribute the whole of the source code as -free software. However, CUPS developers released the <quote>diff</quote> in source code under the GPL, so -anybody with a license for Visual Studio and a DDK will be able to compile for himself or herself. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Recognizing Different Driver Files</title> - -<para> -The CUPS drivers do not support the older Windows 95/98/Me, but only the Windows NT/2000/XP client. -</para> - -<para>Windows NT, 2000, and XP are supported by:</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>cups.hlp</para></listitem> - <listitem><para>cupsdrvr.dll</para></listitem> - <listitem><para>cupsui.dll</para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> - -<para> -Adobe drivers are available for the older Windows 95/98/Me as well as -for Windows NT/2000/XP clients. The set of files is different from the -different platforms. -</para> - -<para>Windows 95, 98, and ME are supported by:</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>ADFONTS.MFM</para></listitem> - <listitem><para>ADOBEPS4.DRV</para></listitem> - <listitem><para>ADOBEPS4.HLP</para></listitem> - <listitem><para>DEFPRTR2.PPD</para></listitem> - <listitem><para>ICONLIB.DLL</para></listitem> - <listitem><para>PSMON.DLL</para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> - -<para>Windows NT, 2000, and XP are supported by:</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>ADOBEPS5.DLL</para></listitem> - <listitem><para>ADOBEPSU.DLL</para></listitem> - <listitem><para>ADOBEPSU.HLP</para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> - -<note><para> -<indexterm><primary>Adobe driver files</primary></indexterm> -If both the Adobe driver files and the CUPS driver files for the support of Windows NT/200x/XP are presently -installed on the server, the Adobe files will be ignored and the CUPS files will be used. If you prefer -&smbmdash; for whatever reason &smbmdash; to use Adobe-only drivers, move away the three CUPS driver files. -The Windows 9x/Me clients use the Adobe drivers in any case. -</para></note> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Acquiring the Adobe Driver Files</title> - -<para> -Acquiring the Adobe driver files seems to be unexpectedly difficult for many users. They are not available on -the Adobe Web site as single files, and the self-extracting and/or self-installing Windows-.exe is not easy to -locate either. You probably need to use the included native installer and run the installation process on one -client once. This will install the drivers (and one generic PostScript printer) locally on the client. When -they are installed, share the generic PostScript printer. After this, the client's <smbconfsection -name="[print$]"/> share holds the Adobe files, which you can get with smbclient from the CUPS host. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>ESP Print Pro PostScript Driver for Windows NT/200x/XP</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>ESP</primary><secondary>Print Pro</secondary></indexterm> -Users of the ESP Print Pro software are able to install the ESP print drivers package as an alternative to the -Adobe PostScript drivers. To do so, retrieve the driver files from the normal download area of the ESP Print -Pro software at <ulink noescape="1" url="http://www.easysw.com/software.html">Easy Software</ulink> web site. -You need to locate the link labeled <quote>SAMBA</quote> among the <guilabel>Download Printer Drivers for ESP -Print Pro 4.x</guilabel> area and download the package. Once installed, you can prepare any driver by simply -highlighting the printer in the Printer Manager GUI and selecting <guilabel>Export Driver...</guilabel> from -the menu. Of course, you need to have prepared Samba beforehand to handle the driver files; that is, set up -the <smbconfsection name="[print$]"/> share, and so on. The ESP Print Pro package includes the CUPS driver -files as well as a (licensed) set of Adobe drivers for the Windows 95/98/Me client family. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Caveats to Be Considered</title> - - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>cupsaddsmb</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>cups.hlp</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>WIN40</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>W32X86</primary></indexterm> -Once you have run the install script (and possibly manually moved the <filename>cups.hlp</filename> file to -<filename>/usr/share/cups/drivers/</filename>), the driver is ready to be put into Samba's <smbconfsection -name="[print$]"/> share (which often maps to <filename>/etc/samba/drivers/</filename> and contains a -subdirectory tree with <emphasis>WIN40</emphasis> and <emphasis>W32X86</emphasis> branches). You do this by -running <command>cupsaddsmb</command> (see also <command>man cupsaddsmb</command> for CUPS since release -1.1.16). -</para> - -<tip><para> -<indexterm><primary>Single Sign-On</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Domain Controller</primary></indexterm> -You may need to put root into the smbpasswd file by running <command>smbpasswd</command>; this is especially -important if you should run this whole procedure for the first time and are not working in an environment -where everything is configured for <emphasis>single sign-on</emphasis> to a Windows Domain Controller. -</para></tip> - -<para> -Once the driver files are in the <smbconfsection name="[print$]"/> share and are initialized, they are ready -to be downloaded and installed by the Windows NT/200x/XP clients. -</para> - -<note><para> -Win 9x/Me clients will not work with the CUPS PostScript driver. For these you still need to use the -<filename>ADOBE*.*</filename> drivers, as previously stated. -</para></note> - -<note> -<para> -It is not harmful if you still have the <filename>ADOBE*.*</filename> driver files from previous installations -in the <filename>/usr/share/cups/drivers/</filename> directory. The new <command>cupsaddsmb</command> (from -1.1.16) will automatically prefer its own drivers if it finds both. -</para></note> - -<note><para> -<indexterm><primary>"Printers" folder</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Adobe PostScript</primary></indexterm> -Should your Windows clients have had the old <filename>ADOBE*.*</filename> files for the Adobe PostScript -driver installed, the download and installation of the new CUPS PostScript driver for Windows NT/200x/XP will -fail at first. You need to wipe the old driver from the clients first. It is not enough to -<quote>delete</quote> the printer, because the driver files will still be kept by the clients and re-used if -you try to re-install the printer. To really get rid of the Adobe driver files on the clients, open the -<guilabel>Printers</guilabel> folder (possibly via <guilabel>Start -> Settings -> Control Panel -> -Printers</guilabel>), right-click on the folder background, and select <guimenuitem>Server -Properties</guimenuitem>. When the new dialog opens, select the <guilabel>Drivers</guilabel> tab. On the list -select the driver you want to delete and click the <guilabel>Delete</guilabel> button. This will only work if -there is not one single printer left that uses that particular driver. You need to <quote>delete</quote> all -printers using this driver in the <guilabel>Printers</guilabel> folder first. You will need Administrator -privileges to do this. -</para></note> - -<note><para> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>setdriver</secondary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>CUPS PostScript</primary></indexterm> -Once you have successfully downloaded the CUPS PostScript driver to a client, you can easily switch all -printers to this one by proceeding as described in <link linkend="classicalprinting">Classical Printing -Support</link>. Either change a driver for an existing printer by running the <guilabel>Printer -Properties</guilabel> dialog, or use <command>rpcclient</command> with the <command>setdriver</command> -subcommand. -</para></note> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Windows CUPS PostScript Driver Versus Adobe Driver</title> - -<para> -Are you interested in a comparison between the CUPS and the Adobe PostScript drivers? For our purposes, these -are the most important items that weigh in favor of CUPS: -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>No hassle with the Adobe EULA.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>No hassle with the question, <quote>Where do I - get the ADOBE*.* driver files?</quote></para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - <indexterm><primary>PJL</primary></indexterm> - The Adobe drivers (on request of the printer PPD associated with them) often put a PJL header in front of the - main PostScript part of the print file. Thus, the print file starts with <parameter><1B - >%-12345X</parameter> or <parameter><escape>%-12345X</parameter> instead of - <parameter>%!PS</parameter>. This leads to the CUPS daemon autotyping the incoming file as a print-ready file, - not initiating a pass through the <parameter>pstops</parameter> filter (to speak more technically, it is not - regarded as the generic MIME-type <indexterm><primary>application/postscript</primary></indexterm> - <parameter>application/postscript</parameter>, but as the more special MIME type - <indexterm><primary>application/cups.vnd-postscript</primary></indexterm> - <parameter>application/cups.vnd-postscript</parameter>), which therefore also leads to the page accounting in - <parameter>/var/log/cups/page_log</parameter> not receiving the exact number of pages; instead the dummy page - number of <quote>1</quote> is logged in a standard setup). - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The Adobe driver has more options to misconfigure the -<indexterm><primary>Adobe driver</primary></indexterm> - PostScript generated by it (like setting it inadvertently to - <guilabel>Optimize for Speed</guilabel> instead of - <guilabel>Optimize for Portability</guilabel>, which - could lead to CUPS being unable to process it).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The CUPS PostScript driver output sent by Windows -<indexterm><primary>CUPS PostScript driver</primary></indexterm> - clients to the CUPS server is guaranteed to autotype - as the generic MIME type <parameter>application/postscript</parameter>, - thus passing through the CUPS <parameter>pstops</parameter> filter and logging the - correct number of pages in the <filename>page_log</filename> for - accounting and quota purposes.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - <indexterm><primary>banner pages</primary></indexterm> - The CUPS PostScript driver supports the sending of additional standard (IPP) print options by Windows - NT/200x/XP clients. Such additional print options are naming the CUPS standard <emphasis>banner - pages</emphasis> (or the custom ones, should they be installed at the time of driver download), using the CUPS - page-label option, setting a job priority, and setting the scheduled time of printing (with the option to - support additional useful IPP job attributes in the future). - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The CUPS PostScript driver supports the inclusion of - the new <parameter>*cupsJobTicket</parameter> comments at the - beginning of the PostScript file (which could be used in the future - for all sorts of beneficial extensions on the CUPS side, but which will - not disturb any other applications because they will regard it as a comment - and simply ignore it).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The CUPS PostScript driver will be the heart of the - fully fledged CUPS IPP client for Windows NT/200x/XP to be released soon - (probably alongside the first beta release for CUPS 1.2).</para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> - -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Run cupsaddsmb (Quiet Mode)</title> - - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>cupsaddsmb</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>point 'n' print</primary></indexterm> -The <command>cupsaddsmb</command> command copies the needed files into your <smbconfsection name="[print$]"/> -share. Additionally, the PPD associated with this printer is copied from <filename>/etc/cups/ppd/</filename> -to <smbconfsection name="[print$]"/>. There the files wait for convenient Windows client installations via -Point'n'Print. Before we can run the command successfully, we need to be sure that we can authenticate toward -Samba. If you have a small network, you are probably using user-level security (<smbconfoption -name="security">user</smbconfoption>). -</para> - -<para> -Here is an example of a successfully run <command>cupsaddsmb</command> command: -<indexterm><primary>banner pages</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>cupsaddsmb</primary></indexterm> -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>cupsaddsmb -U root infotec_IS2027</userinput> -Password for root required to access localhost via Samba: <userinput>['secret']</userinput> -</screen></para> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>cupsaddsmb</primary></indexterm> -To share <emphasis>all</emphasis> printers and drivers, use the -<option>-a</option> parameter instead of a printer name. Since -<command>cupsaddsmb</command> <quote>exports</quote> the printer drivers to Samba, it should be -obvious that it only works for queues with a CUPS driver associated. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Run cupsaddsmb with Verbose Output</title> - - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>cupsaddsmb</primary></indexterm> -Probably you want to see what's going on. Use the -<option>-v</option> parameter to get a more verbose output. The -output below was edited for better readability: all <quote>\</quote> at the end of -a line indicate that I inserted an artificial line break plus some -indentation here: -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>adddriver</secondary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>setdriver</secondary></indexterm> -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>cupsaddsmb -U root -v infotec_2105</userinput> -Password for root required to access localhost via &example.server.samba;: -Running command: smbclient //localhost/print\$ -N -U'root%secret' \ - -c 'mkdir W32X86; \ - put /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 W32X86/infotec_2105.ppd; \ - put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsdrvr.dll W32X86/cupsdrvr.dll; \ - put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsui.dll W32X86/cupsui.dll; \ - put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cups.hlp W32X86/cups.hlp' -added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0 -Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[UNIX] Server=[Samba 2.2.7a] -NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION making remote directory \W32X86 -putting file /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 as \W32X86/infotec_2105.ppd -putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsdrvr.dll as \W32X86/cupsdrvr.dll -putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsui.dll as \W32X86/cupsui.dll -putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/cups.hlp as \W32X86/cups.hlp - -Running command: rpcclient localhost -N -U'root%secret' - -c 'adddriver "Windows NT x86" \ - "infotec_2105:cupsdrvr.dll:infotec_2105.ppd:cupsui.dll:cups.hlp:NULL: \ - RAW:NULL"' -cmd = adddriver "Windows NT x86" \ - "infotec_2105:cupsdrvr.dll:infotec_2105.ppd:cupsui.dll:cups.hlp:NULL: \ - RAW:NULL" -Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully installed. - -Running command: smbclient //localhost/print\$ -N -U'root%secret' \ --c 'mkdir WIN40; \ - put /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 WIN40/infotec_2105.PPD; \ - put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADFONTS.MFM WIN40/ADFONTS.MFM; \ - put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.DRV WIN40/ADOBEPS4.DRV; \ - put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.HLP WIN40/ADOBEPS4.HLP; \ - put /usr/share/cups/drivers/DEFPRTR2.PPD WIN40/DEFPRTR2.PPD; \ - put /usr/share/cups/drivers/ICONLIB.DLL WIN40/ICONLIB.DLL; \ - put /usr/share/cups/drivers/PSMON.DLL WIN40/PSMON.DLL;' - added interface ip=10.160.51.60 bcast=10.160.51.255 nmask=255.255.252.0 - Domain=[CUPS-PRINT] OS=[UNIX] Server=[Samba 2.2.7a] - NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION making remote directory \WIN40 - putting file /var/spool/cups/tmp/3e98bf2d333b5 as \WIN40/infotec_2105.PPD - putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADFONTS.MFM as \WIN40/ADFONTS.MFM - putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.DRV as \WIN40/ADOBEPS4.DRV - putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ADOBEPS4.HLP as \WIN40/ADOBEPS4.HLP - putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/DEFPRTR2.PPD as \WIN40/DEFPRTR2.PPD - putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/ICONLIB.DLL as \WIN40/ICONLIB.DLL - putting file /usr/share/cups/drivers/PSMON.DLL as \WIN40/PSMON.DLL - - Running command: rpcclient localhost -N -U'root%secret' \ - -c 'adddriver "Windows 4.0" \ - "infotec_2105:ADOBEPS4.DRV:infotec_2105.PPD:NULL:ADOBEPS4.HLP: \ - PSMON.DLL:RAW:ADOBEPS4.DRV,infotec_2105.PPD,ADOBEPS4.HLP,PSMON.DLL, \ - ADFONTS.MFM,DEFPRTR2.PPD,ICONLIB.DLL"' - cmd = adddriver "Windows 4.0" "infotec_2105:ADOBEPS4.DRV:\ - infotec_2105.PPD:NULL:ADOBEPS4.HLP:PSMON.DLL:RAW:ADOBEPS4.DRV,\ - infotec_2105.PPD,ADOBEPS4.HLP,PSMON.DLL,ADFONTS.MFM,DEFPRTR2.PPD,\ - ICONLIB.DLL" - Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully installed. - - Running command: rpcclient localhost -N -U'root%secret' \ - -c 'setdriver infotec_2105 infotec_2105' - cmd = setdriver infotec_2105 infotec_2105 - Successfully set infotec_2105 to driver infotec_2105. -</screen></para> - -<warning><para> -You will see the root password for the Samba account printed on screen. -</para></warning> - -<para> -If you look closely, you'll discover your root password was transferred unencrypted over the wire, so beware! -Also, if you look further, you may discover error messages like NT_STATUS_OBJECT_NAME_COLLISION in the output. -This will occur when the directories WIN40 and W32X86 already existed in the <smbconfsection name="[print$]"/> -driver download share (from a previous driver installation). These are harmless warning messages. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Understanding cupsaddsmb</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>cupsaddsmb</primary></indexterm> -What has happened? What did <command>cupsaddsmb</command> do? There are five stages of the procedure: -</para> - -<orderedlist> - <listitem><para> - <indexterm><primary>IPP</primary></indexterm> - Call the CUPS server via IPP and request the driver files and the PPD file for the named printer.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Store the files temporarily in the local TEMPDIR (as defined in <filename>cupsd.conf</filename>).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Connect via smbclient to the Samba server's <smbconfsection name="[print$]"/> share and put the files into the - share's WIN40 (for Windows 9x/Me) and W32X86 (for Windows NT/200x/XP) subdirectories.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - <indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>adddriver</secondary></indexterm> - Connect via rpcclient to the Samba server and execute the <command>adddriver</command> command with the correct parameters. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - <indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>setdriver</secondary></indexterm> - Connect via rpcclient to the Samba server a second time and execute the <command>setdriver</command> command.</para></listitem> -</orderedlist> - -<note> -<para> -You can run the <command>cupsaddsmb</command> utility with parameters to specify one remote host as Samba host -and a second remote host as CUPS host. Especially if you want to get a deeper understanding, it is a good idea -to try it and see more clearly what is going on (though in real life most people will have their CUPS and -Samba servers run on the same host): -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>cupsaddsmb -H sambaserver -h cupsserver -v printer</userinput> -</screen> -</para></note> - -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>How to Recognize If cupsaddsmb Completed Successfully</title> - -<para> -You <emphasis>must</emphasis> always check if the utility completed -successfully in all fields. You need at minimum these three messages -among the output: -</para> - -<orderedlist> - <listitem><para><emphasis>Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully - installed.</emphasis> # (for the W32X86 == Windows NT/200x/XP - architecture).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para><emphasis>Printer Driver infotec_2105 successfully - installed.</emphasis> # (for the WIN40 == Windows 9x/Me - architecture).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para><emphasis>Successfully set [printerXPZ] to driver - [printerXYZ].</emphasis></para></listitem> -</orderedlist> - -<para> -These messages are probably not easily recognized in the general -output. If you run <command>cupsaddsmb</command> with the <option>-a</option> -parameter (which tries to prepare <emphasis>all</emphasis> active CUPS -printer drivers for download), you might miss if individual printer -drivers had problems installing properly. A redirection of the -output will help you analyze the results in retrospective. -</para> - -<para> -If you get: -<screen> -SetPrinter call failed! -result was WERR_ACCESS_DENIED -</screen> -it means that you might have set <smbconfoption name="use client driver">yes</smbconfoption> for this printer. -Setting it to <quote>no</quote> will solve the problem. Refer to the &smb.conf; man page for explanation of -the <parameter>use client driver</parameter>. -</para> - -<note><para> -It is impossible to see any diagnostic output if you do not run <command>cupsaddsmb</command> in verbose mode. -Therefore, we strongly recommend against use of the default quiet mode. It will hide any problems from you that -might occur. -</para></note> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>cupsaddsmb with a Samba PDC</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>cupsaddsmb</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PDC</primary></indexterm> -Can't get the standard <command>cupsaddsmb</command> command to run on a Samba PDC? Are you asked for the -password credential again and again, and the command just will not take off at all? Try one of these -variations: -</para> - -<para><screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>cupsaddsmb -U &example.workgroup;\\root -v printername</userinput> -&rootprompt;<userinput>cupsaddsmb -H &example.pdc.samba; -U &example.workgroup;\\root -v printername</userinput> -&rootprompt;<userinput>cupsaddsmb -H &example.pdc.samba; -U &example.workgroup;\\root -h cups-server -v printername</userinput> -</screen></para> - -<para> -(Note the two backslashes: the first one is required to <quote>escape</quote> the second one). -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>cupsaddsmb Flowchart</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>cupsaddsmb</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>raw print</primary></indexterm> -<link linkend="small14">The cupsaddsmb Flowchart</link> shows a chart about the procedures, command flows, and -data flows of the <command>cupaddsmb</command> command. Note again: cupsaddsmb is -not intended to, and does not work with, raw print queues! -</para> - - <figure id="small14"> - <title>cupsaddsmb Flowchart.</title> - <imagefile>14small</imagefile></figure> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Installing the PostScript Driver on a Client</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>point'n'print</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>cupsaddsmb</primary></indexterm> -After <command>cupsaddsmb</command> is completed, your driver is prepared for the clients to use. Here are the -steps you must perform to download and install it via Point'n'Print. From a Windows client, browse to the -CUPS/Samba server: -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - - <listitem><para> - <indexterm><primary>"Printers" folder</primary></indexterm> - Open the <guilabel>Printers</guilabel> share of Samba in Network Neighborhood.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Right-click on the printer in question.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>From the opening context menu select - <guimenuitem>Install...</guimenuitem> or - <guimenuitem>Connect...</guimenuitem> (depending on the Windows version you use).</para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> - -<para> -After a few seconds, there should be a new printer in your client's <emphasis>local</emphasis> -<guilabel>Printers</guilabel> folder. On Windows XP it will follow a naming convention of -<emphasis>PrinterName on SambaServer</emphasis>. (In my current case it is infotec_2105 on kde-bitshop). If -you want to test it and send your first job from an application like Microsoft Word, -the new printer appears in a -<filename>\\SambaServer\PrinterName</filename> entry in the drop-down list of available printers. -</para> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>PPD</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Adobe PostScript driver</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>net use lpt1:</primary></indexterm> -<command>cupsaddsmb</command> will only reliably work with CUPS version 1.1.15 or higher and with Samba -version 2.2.4, or later. If it does not work, or if the automatic printer driver download to the clients does -not succeed, you can still manually install the CUPS printer PPD on top of the Adobe PostScript driver on -clients. Then point the client's printer queue to the Samba printer share for a UNC type of connection: -<screen> -&dosprompt;<userinput>net use lpt1: \\sambaserver\printershare /user:ntadmin</userinput> -</screen> -should you desire to use the CUPS networked PostScript RIP functions. (Note that user <quote>ntadmin</quote> -needs to be a valid Samba user with the required privileges to access the printershare.) This sets up the -printer connection in the traditional LanMan way (not using MS-RPC). -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2 id="cups-avoidps1"> -<title>Avoiding Critical PostScript Driver Settings on the Client</title> - -<para> -Printing works, but there are still problems. Most jobs print well, some do not print at all. Some jobs have -problems with fonts, which do not look very good. Some jobs print fast and some are dead-slow. Many of these -problems can be greatly reduced or even completely eliminated if you follow a few guidelines. Remember, if -your print device is not PostScript-enabled, you are treating your Ghostscript installation on your CUPS host -with the output your client driver settings produce. Treat it well: -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para> - Avoid the PostScript Output Option: Optimize for Speed setting. Use the Optimize for Portability instead - (Adobe PostScript driver).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - Don't use the Page Independence: NO setting. Instead, use Page Independence: YES (CUPS PostScript Driver). - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - Recommended is the True Type Font Downloading Option: Native True Type over Automatic and Outline; - you should by all means avoid Bitmap (Adobe PostScript Driver).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - Choose True Type Font: Download as Softfont into Printer over the default Replace by Device - Font (for exotic fonts, you may need to change it back to get a printout at all; Adobe).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - Sometimes you can choose PostScript Language Level: in case of problems try 2 - instead of 3 (the latest ESP Ghostscript package handles Level 3 PostScript very well; Adobe). - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - Say Yes to PostScript Error Handler (Adobe).</para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> - -</sect2> -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>Installing PostScript Driver Files Manually Using rpcclient</title> - -<para> -Of course, you can run all the commands that are embedded into the -cupsaddsmb convenience utility yourself, one by one, and upload -and prepare the driver files for future client downloads. -</para> - -<orderedlist> - <listitem><para>Prepare Samba (a CUPS print queue with the name of the - printer should be there. We are providing the driver now).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Copy all files to <smbconfsection name="[print$]"/>.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - <indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>adddriver</secondary></indexterm> - Run <command>rpcclient adddriver</command> - (for each client architecture you want to support).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - <indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>setdriver</secondary></indexterm> - Run <command>rpcclient setdriver.</command></para></listitem> -</orderedlist> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>enumports</secondary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>enumprinters</secondary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>enumdrivers</secondary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>setdriver</secondary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>adddriver</secondary></indexterm> -We are going to do this now. First, read the man page on <parameter>rpcclient</parameter> to get a first idea. -Look at all the printing-related subcommands: <command>enumprinters</command>, <command>enumdrivers</command>, -<command>enumports</command>, <command>adddriver</command>, and <command>setdriver</command> are among the -most interesting ones. <parameter>rpcclient</parameter> implements an important part of the MS-RPC protocol. -You can use it to query (and command) a Windows NT (or 200x/XP) PC, too. MS-RPC is used by Windows clients, -among other things, to benefit from the Point'n'Print features. Samba can now mimic this as well. -</para> - -<sect2> -<title>A Check of the rpcclient man Page</title> - -<para> -First let's check the <parameter>rpcclient</parameter> man page. Here are two relevant passages: -</para> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>adddriver</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>AddPrinterDriver()</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>getdriverdir</primary></indexterm> -<command>adddriver <arch> <config></command> Execute an <command>AddPrinterDriver()</command> RPC -to install the printer driver information on the server. The driver files should already exist in the -directory returned by <command>getdriverdir</command>. Possible values for <parameter>arch</parameter> are the -same as those for the <command>getdriverdir</command> command. The <parameter>config</parameter> parameter is -defined as follows: -<screen> -Long Printer Name:\ -Driver File Name:\ -Data File Name:\ -Config File Name:\ -Help File Name:\ -Language Monitor Name:\ -Default Data Type:\ -Comma Separated list of Files -</screen></para> - -<para> -Any empty fields should be entered as the string <quote>NULL</quote>. -</para> - -<para> -Samba does not need to support the concept of print monitors, since these only apply to local printers whose -drivers can use a bidirectional link for communication. This field should be <quote>NULL</quote>. On a remote -NT print server, the print monitor for a driver must already be installed before adding the driver or else the -RPC will fail. -</para> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>setdriver</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>SetPrinter()</primary></indexterm> -<command>setdriver <printername> <drivername></command> Execute a <command>SetPrinter()</command> -command to update the printer driver associated with an installed printer. The printer driver must already be -correctly installed on the print server. -</para> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>enumprinters</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>enumdrivers</primary></indexterm> -See also the <command>enumprinters</command> and <command>enumdrivers</command> commands to -obtain a list of installed printers and drivers. -</para> - -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Understanding the rpcclient man Page</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>adddriver</secondary></indexterm> -The <emphasis>exact</emphasis> format isn't made too clear by the man page, since you have to deal with some -parameters containing spaces. Here is a better description for it. We have line-broken the command and -indicated the breaks with <quote>\</quote>. Usually you would type the command in one line without the line -breaks: -<screen> -adddriver "Architecture" \ - "LongPrinterName:DriverFile:DataFile:ConfigFile:HelpFile:\ - LanguageMonitorFile:DataType:ListOfFiles,Comma-separated" -</screen></para> - -<para> -What the man pages denote as a simple <parameter><config></parameter> keyword in reality consists of -eight colon-separated fields. The last field may take multiple (in some very insane cases, even 20 different -additional) files. This might sound confusing at first. What the man pages call the -<quote>LongPrinterName</quote> in reality should be called the <quote>Driver Name</quote>. You can name it -anything you want, as long as you use this name later in the <command>rpcclient ... setdriver</command> -command. For practical reasons, many name the driver the same as the printer. -</para> - -<para> -It isn't simple at all. I hear you asking: <quote>How do I know which files are Driver File</quote>, -<quote>Data File</quote>, <quote>Config File</quote>, <quote>Help File</quote> and <quote>Language Monitor -File in each case?</quote> For an answer, you may want to have a look at how a Windows NT box with a shared -printer presents the files to us. Remember that this whole procedure has to be developed by the Samba Team by -listening to the traffic caused by Windows computers on the wire. We may as well turn to a Windows box now and -access it from a UNIX workstation. We will query it with <command>rpcclient</command> to see what it tells us -and try to understand the man page more clearly. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Producing an Example by Querying a Windows Box</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>getdriver</secondary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>getprinter</secondary></indexterm> -We could run <command>rpcclient</command> with a <command>getdriver</command> or a -<command>getprinter</command> subcommand (in level 3 verbosity) against it. Just sit down at a UNIX or Linux -workstation with the Samba utilities installed, then type the following command: -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>rpcclient -U'user%secret' NT-SERVER -c 'getdriver printername 3'</userinput> -</screen></para> - -<para> -From the result it should become clear which is which. Here is an example from my installation: -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>getdriver</secondary></indexterm> -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>rpcclient -U'Danka%xxxx' W200xSERVER \ - -c'getdriver "DANKA InfoStream Virtual Printer" 3'</userinput> - cmd = getdriver "DANKA InfoStream Virtual Printer" 3 - - [Windows NT x86] - Printer Driver Info 3: - Version: [2] - Driver Name: [DANKA InfoStream] - Architecture: [Windows NT x86] - Driver Path: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\PSCRIPT.DLL] - Datafile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\INFOSTRM.PPD] - Configfile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\PSCRPTUI.DLL] - Helpfile: [C:\WINNT\System32\spool\DRIVERS\W32X86\2\PSCRIPT.HLP] - - Dependentfiles: [] - Dependentfiles: [] - Dependentfiles: [] - Dependentfiles: [] - Dependentfiles: [] - Dependentfiles: [] - Dependentfiles: [] - - Monitorname: [] - Defaultdatatype: [] -</screen></para> - -<para> -Some printer drivers list additional files under the label <parameter>Dependentfiles</parameter>, and these -would go into the last field <parameter>ListOfFiles,Comma-separated</parameter>. For the CUPS PostScript -drivers, we do not need any (nor would we for the Adobe PostScript driver); therefore, the field will get a -<quote>NULL</quote> entry. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Requirements for adddriver and setdriver to Succeed</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>adddriver</secondary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>cupsaddsmb</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>setdriver</primary></indexterm> -From the man page (and from the quoted output of <command>cupsaddsmb</command> above) it becomes clear that -you need to have certain conditions in order to make the manual uploading and initializing of the driver files -succeed. The two <command>rpcclient</command> subcommands (<command>adddriver</command> and -<command>setdriver</command>) need to encounter the following preconditions to complete successfully: -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>You are connected as <smbconfoption name="printer admin"/> or root (this is - <emphasis>not</emphasis> the <quote>Printer Operators</quote> group in NT, but the <emphasis>printer - admin</emphasis> group as defined in the <smbconfsection name="[global]"/> section of &smb.conf;). - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Copy all required driver files to <filename>\\SAMBA\print$\w32x86</filename> and - <filename>\\SAMBA\print$\win40</filename> as appropriate. They will end up in the <quote>0</quote> respective - <quote>2</quote> subdirectories later. For now, <emphasis>do not</emphasis> put them there; they'll be - automatically used by the <command>adddriver</command> subcommand. (If you use <command>smbclient</command> to - put the driver files into the share, note that you need to escape the <quote>$</quote>: <command>smbclient - //sambaserver/print\$ -U root.</command>)</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The user you're connecting as must be able to write to - the <smbconfsection name="[print$]"/> share and create - subdirectories.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The printer you are going to set up for the Windows - clients needs to be installed in CUPS already.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> - <indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>setdriver</secondary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>enumprinters</secondary></indexterm> - The CUPS printer must be known to Samba; otherwise the <command>setdriver</command> subcommand fails with an - NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL error. To check if the printer is known by Samba, you may use the - <command>enumprinters</command> subcommand to <command>rpcclient</command>. A long-standing bug prevented a - proper update of the printer list until every smbd process had received a SIGHUP or was restarted. Remember - this in case you've created the CUPS printer just recently and encounter problems: try restarting Samba. - </para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Manual Driver Installation in 15 Steps</title> - -<para> -We are going to install a printer driver now by manually executing all -required commands. Because this may seem a rather complicated process at -first, we go through the procedure step by step, explaining every -single action item as it comes up. -</para> - -<procedure> -<title>Manual Driver Installation</title> - - <step> - <title>Install the printer on CUPS.</title> - - <para><screen> - &rootprompt;<userinput>lpadmin -p mysmbtstprn -v socket://10.160.51.131:9100 -E \ - -P canonIR85.ppd</userinput> - </screen></para> - - <para> - This installs a printer with the name <parameter>mysmbtstprn</parameter> - to the CUPS system. The printer is accessed via a socket - (a.k.a. JetDirect or Direct TCP/IP) connection. You need to be root - for this step. - </para> - </step> - - <step> - <title>(Optional.) Check if the printer is recognized by Samba.</title> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>enumprinters</secondary></indexterm> -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'enumprinters' localhost \ - | grep -C2 mysmbtstprn</userinput> -flags:[0x800000] -name:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn] -description:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn,,mysmbtstprn] -comment:[mysmbtstprn] -</screen> - </para> - - <para> - This should show the printer in the list. If not, stop and restart the Samba daemon (smbd) or send a HUP signal: -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>kill -HUP `pidof smbd`</userinput> -</screen> - Check again. Troubleshoot and repeat until successful. Note the <quote>empty</quote> field between the two - commas in the <quote>description</quote> line. The driver name would appear here if there was one already. You - need to know root's Samba password (as set by the <command>smbpasswd</command> command) for this step and most - of the following steps. Alternatively, you can authenticate as one of the users from the <quote>write - list</quote> as defined in &smb.conf; for <smbconfsection name="[print$]"/>. - </para> - </step> - - <step> - <title>(Optional.) Check if Samba knows a driver for the printer.</title> - - <para> - <indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>getprinter</secondary></indexterm> - <indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>getdriver</secondary></indexterm> -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2'\ - localhost | grep driver </userinput> - -drivername:[] - -&rootprompt;<userinput>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' \ - localhost | grep -C4 driv</userinput> - -servername:[\\kde-bitshop] -printername:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn] -sharename:[mysmbtstprn] -portname:[Samba Printer Port] -drivername:[] -comment:[mysmbtstprn] -location:[] -sepfile:[] -printprocessor:[winprint] - -&rootprompt;<userinput>rpcclient -U root%xxxx -c 'getdriver mysmbtstprn' localhost</userinput> - result was WERR_UNKNOWN_PRINTER_DRIVER -</screen></para> - -<para> -None of the three commands shown above should show a driver. -This step was done for the purpose of demonstrating this condition. An -attempt to connect to the printer at this stage will prompt a -message along the lines of, <quote>The server does not have the required printer -driver installed.</quote> -</para> -</step> - -<step> -<title>Put all required driver files into Samba's -[print$].</title> - -<para><screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>smbclient //localhost/print\$ -U 'root%xxxx' \ - -c 'cd W32X86; \ - put /etc/cups/ppd/mysmbtstprn.ppd mysmbtstprn.PPD; \ - put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsui.dll cupsui.dll; \ - put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cupsdrvr.dll cupsdrvr.dll; \ - put /usr/share/cups/drivers/cups.hlp cups.hlp'</userinput> -</screen></para> - -<para> -(This command should be entered in one long single line. Line breaks and the line ends indicated by -<quote>\</quote> have been inserted for readability reasons.) This step is <emphasis>required</emphasis> for -the next one to succeed. It makes the driver files physically present in the <smbconfsection name="[print$]"/> -share. However, clients would still not be able to install them, because Samba does not yet treat them as -driver files. A client asking for the driver would still be presented with a <quote>not installed here</quote> -message. -</para> -</step> - -<step> -<title>Verify where the driver files are now.</title> - -<para><screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>ls -l /etc/samba/drivers/W32X86/</userinput> -total 669 -drwxr-sr-x 2 root ntadmin 532 May 25 23:08 2 -drwxr-sr-x 2 root ntadmin 670 May 16 03:15 3 --rwxr--r-- 1 root ntadmin 14234 May 25 23:21 cups.hlp --rwxr--r-- 1 root ntadmin 278380 May 25 23:21 cupsdrvr.dll --rwxr--r-- 1 root ntadmin 215848 May 25 23:21 cupsui.dll --rwxr--r-- 1 root ntadmin 169458 May 25 23:21 mysmbtstprn.PPD -</screen></para> - -<para> -The driver files now are in the W32X86 architecture <quote>root</quote> of -<smbconfsection name="[print$]"/>. -</para> -</step> - -<step> -<title>Tell Samba that these are driver files (<command>adddriver</command>).</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>adddriver</secondary></indexterm> -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'adddriver "Windows NT x86" \ - "mydrivername:cupsdrvr.dll:mysmbtstprn.PPD: \ - cupsui.dll:cups.hlp:NULL:RAW:NULL"' \ - localhost</userinput> -Printer Driver mydrivername successfully installed. -</screen></para> - -<para> -You cannot repeat this step if it fails. It could fail even as a result of a simple typo. It will most likely -have moved a part of the driver files into the <quote>2</quote> subdirectory. If this step fails, you need to -go back to the fourth step and repeat it before you can try this one again. In this step, you need to choose a -name for your driver. It is normally a good idea to use the same name as is used for the printer name; -however, in big installations you may use this driver for a number of printers that obviously have different -names, so the name of the driver is not fixed. -</para> -</step> - -<step> -<title>Verify where the driver files are now.</title> - -<para><screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>ls -l /etc/samba/drivers/W32X86/</userinput> -total 1 -drwxr-sr-x 2 root ntadmin 532 May 25 23:22 2 -drwxr-sr-x 2 root ntadmin 670 May 16 03:15 3 - -&rootprompt;<userinput>ls -l /etc/samba/drivers/W32X86/2</userinput> -total 5039 -[....] --rwxr--r-- 1 root ntadmin 14234 May 25 23:21 cups.hlp --rwxr--r-- 1 root ntadmin 278380 May 13 13:53 cupsdrvr.dll --rwxr--r-- 1 root ntadmin 215848 May 13 13:53 cupsui.dll --rwxr--r-- 1 root ntadmin 169458 May 25 23:21 mysmbtstprn.PPD -</screen></para> - -<para> -Notice how step 6 also moved the driver files to the appropriate -subdirectory. Compare this with the situation after step 5. -</para> -</step> - -<step> -<title>(Optional.) Verify if Samba now recognizes the driver.</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>enumdrivers</secondary></indexterm> -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'enumdrivers 3' \ - localhost | grep -B2 -A5 mydrivername</userinput> -Printer Driver Info 3: -Version: [2] -Driver Name: [mydrivername] -Architecture: [Windows NT x86] -Driver Path: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsdrvr.dll] -Datafile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\mysmbtstprn.PPD] -Configfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsui.dll] -Helpfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cups.hlp] -</screen></para> - -<para> -Remember, this command greps for the name you chose for the -driver in step 6. This command must succeed before you can proceed. -</para> -</step> - -<step> -<title>Tell Samba which printer should use these driver files (<command>setdriver</command>).</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>setdriver</secondary></indexterm> -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'setdriver mysmbtstprn mydrivername' \ - localhost</userinput> -Successfully set mysmbtstprn to driver mydrivername -</screen></para> - -<para> -Since you can bind any printer name (print queue) to any driver, this is a convenient way to set up many -queues that use the same driver. You do not need to repeat all the previous steps for the setdriver command to -succeed. The only preconditions are that <command>enumdrivers</command> must find the driver and -<command>enumprinters</command> must find the printer. -</para> -</step> - -<step> -<title>(Optional) Verify if Samba has recognized this association.</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>getprinter</secondary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>getdriver</secondary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>enumprinters</secondary></indexterm> -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' localhost \ - | grep driver</userinput> -drivername:[mydrivername] - -&rootprompt;<userinput>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'getprinter mysmbtstprn 2' localhost \ - | grep -C4 driv</userinput> -servername:[\\kde-bitshop] -printername:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn] -sharename:[mysmbtstprn] -portname:[Done] -drivername:[mydrivername] -comment:[mysmbtstprn] -location:[] -sepfile:[] -printprocessor:[winprint] - -&rootprompt;<userinput>rpcclient -U root%xxxx -c 'getdriver mysmbtstprn' localhost</userinput> -[Windows NT x86] -Printer Driver Info 3: - Version: [2] - Driver Name: [mydrivername] - Architecture: [Windows NT x86] - Driver Path: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsdrvr.dll] - Datafile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\mysmbtstprn.PPD] - Configfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cupsui.dll] - Helpfile: [\\kde-bitshop\print$\W32X86\2\cups.hlp] - Monitorname: [] - Defaultdatatype: [RAW] - Monitorname: [] - Defaultdatatype: [RAW] - -&rootprompt;<userinput>rpcclient -Uroot%xxxx -c 'enumprinters' localhost \ - | grep mysmbtstprn</userinput> - name:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn] - description:[\\kde-bitshop\mysmbtstprn,mydrivername,mysmbtstprn] - comment:[mysmbtstprn] - -</screen></para> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>enumprinters</secondary></indexterm> -Compare these results with the ones from steps 2 and 3. Every one of these commands show the driver is installed. Even -the <command>enumprinters</command> command now lists the driver -on the <quote>description</quote> line. -</para> -</step> - -<step> -<title>(Optional.) Tickle the driver into a correct -device mode.</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>"Printers" folder</primary></indexterm> -You certainly know how to install the driver on the client. In case -you are not particularly familiar with Windows, here is a short -recipe: Browse the Network Neighborhood, go to the Samba server, and look -for the shares. You should see all shared Samba printers. -Double-click on the one in question. The driver should get -installed and the network connection set up. Another way is to -open the <guilabel>Printers (and Faxes)</guilabel> folder, right-click on the printer in -question, and select <guilabel>Connect</guilabel> or <guilabel>Install</guilabel>. As a result, a new printer -should appear in your client's local <guilabel>Printers (and Faxes)</guilabel> -folder, named something like <guilabel>printersharename on Sambahostname</guilabel>. -</para> - -<para> -It is important that you execute this step as a Samba printer admin -(as defined in &smb.conf;). Here is another method -to do this on Windows XP. It uses a command line, which you may type -into the <quote>DOS box</quote> (type root's smbpassword when prompted): -</para> - -<para><screen> -&dosprompt;<userinput>runas /netonly /user:root "rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry \ - /in /n \\sambaserver\mysmbtstprn"</userinput> -</screen></para> - -<para> -Change any printer setting once (like changing <emphasis><guilabel>portrait</guilabel> to -<guilabel>landscape</guilabel></emphasis>), click on <guibutton>Apply</guibutton>, and change the setting back. -</para> -</step> - -<step> -<title>Install the printer on a client (Point'n'Print).</title> - -<para> -<indexterm significance="preferred"><primary>point 'n' print</primary></indexterm> -<screen> -&dosprompt;<userinput>rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /in /n "\\sambaserver\mysmbtstprn"</userinput> -</screen> -If it does not work, it could be a permissions problem with the <smbconfsection name="[print$]"/> share. -</para> -</step> - -<step> -<title>(Optional) Print a test page.</title> - -<indexterm><primary>rundll32</primary></indexterm> -<para><screen> -&dosprompt;<userinput>rundll32 printui.dll,PrintUIEntry /p /n "\\sambaserver\mysmbtstprn"</userinput> -</screen></para> - -<para> -Then hit [TAB] five times, [ENTER] twice, [TAB] once, and [ENTER] again, and march to the printer. -</para> -</step> - -<step> -<title>(Recommended.) Study the test page.</title> - -<para> -Hmmm. Just kidding! By now you know everything about printer installations and you do not need to read a word. -Just put it in a frame and bolt it to the wall with the heading "MY FIRST RPCCLIENT-INSTALLED PRINTER" -&smbmdash; why not just throw it away! -</para> -</step> - -<step> -<title>(Obligatory.) Enjoy. Jump. Celebrate your success.</title> - -<para><screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>echo "Cheeeeerioooooo! Success..." >> /var/log/samba/log.smbd</userinput> -</screen></para> -</step> -</procedure> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Troubleshooting Revisited</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>adddriver</primary></indexterm> -The setdriver command will fail if in Samba's mind the queue is not -already there. A successful installation displays the promising message that the: -<screen> -Printer Driver ABC successfully installed. -</screen> -following the <command>adddriver</command> parts of the procedure. But you may also see -a disappointing message like this one: -<computeroutput> -result was NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL -</computeroutput></para> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>lpstat</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary></indexterm> -It is not good enough that you can see the queue in CUPS, using the <command>lpstat -p ir85wm</command> -command. A bug in most recent versions of Samba prevents the proper update of the queue list. The recognition -of newly installed CUPS printers fails unless you restart Samba or send a HUP to all smbd processes. To verify -if this is the reason why Samba does not execute the <command>setdriver</command> command successfully, check -if Samba <quote>sees</quote> the printer: -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>enumprinters</secondary></indexterm> -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>rpcclient transmeta -N -U'root%xxxx' -c 'enumprinters 0'|grep ir85wm</userinput> - printername:[ir85wm] -</screen></para> - -<para> -An alternate command could be this: -<indexterm><primary>rpcclient</primary><secondary>getprinter</secondary></indexterm> -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>rpcclient transmeta -N -U'root%secret' -c 'getprinter ir85wm' </userinput> - cmd = getprinter ir85wm - flags:[0x800000] - name:[\\transmeta\ir85wm] - description:[\\transmeta\ir85wm,ir85wm,DPD] - comment:[CUPS PostScript-Treiber for Windows NT/200x/XP] -</screen></para> - -<para> -By the way, you can use these commands, plus a few more, of course, to install drivers on remote Windows NT print servers too! -</para> -</sect2> -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>The Printing <filename>*.tdb</filename> Files</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>TDB</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>connections.tdb</primary><seealso>TDB</seealso></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>printing.tdb</primary><seealso>TDB</seealso></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>share_info.tdb</primary><seealso>TDB</seealso></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>ntdrivers.tdb</primary><seealso>TDB</seealso></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>unexpected.tdb</primary><seealso>TDB</seealso></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>brlock.tdb</primary><seealso>TDB</seealso></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>locking.tdb</primary><seealso>TDB</seealso></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>ntforms.tdb</primary><seealso>TDB</seealso></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>messages.tdb</primary><seealso>TDB</seealso></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>ntprinters.tdb</primary><seealso>TDB</seealso></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>sessionid.tdb</primary><seealso>TDB</seealso></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>secrets.tdb</primary><seealso>TDB</seealso></indexterm> -Some mystery is associated with the series of files with a tdb suffix appearing in every Samba installation. -They are <filename>connections.tdb</filename>, <filename>printing.tdb</filename>, -<filename>share_info.tdb</filename>, <filename>ntdrivers.tdb</filename>, <filename>unexpected.tdb</filename>, -<filename>brlock.tdb</filename>, <filename>locking.tdb</filename>, <filename>ntforms.tdb</filename>, -<filename>messages.tdb</filename> , <filename>ntprinters.tdb</filename>, <filename>sessionid.tdb</filename>, -and <filename>secrets.tdb</filename>. What is their purpose? -</para> - -<sect2> -<title>Trivial Database Files</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>TDB</primary></indexterm> -A Windows NT (print) server keeps track of all information needed to serve its duty toward its clients by -storing entries in the Windows registry. Client queries are answered by reading from the registry, -Administrator or user configuration settings that are saved by writing into the registry. Samba and UNIX -obviously do not have such a Registry. Samba instead keeps track of all client-related information in a series -of <filename>*.tdb</filename> files. (TDB stands for trivial data base). These are often located in -<filename>/var/lib/samba/</filename> or <filename>/var/lock/samba/</filename>. The printing-related files are -<filename>ntprinters.tdb</filename>, <filename>printing.tdb</filename>,<filename>ntforms.tdb</filename>, and -<filename>ntdrivers.tdb</filename>. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Binary Format</title> - -<para> -<filename>*.tdb</filename> files are not human readable. They are written in a binary format. <quote>Why not -ASCII?</quote>, you may ask. <quote>After all, ASCII configuration files are a good and proven tradition on -UNIX.</quote> The reason for this design decision by the Samba Team is mainly performance. Samba needs to be -fast; it runs a separate <command>smbd</command> process for each client connection, in some environments many -thousands of them. Some of these <command>smbds</command> might need to write-access the same -<filename>*.tdb</filename> file <emphasis>at the same time</emphasis>. The file format of Samba's -<filename>*.tdb</filename> files allows for this provision. Many smbd processes may write to the same -<filename>*.tdb</filename> file at the same time. This wouldn't be possible with pure ASCII files. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Losing <filename>*.tdb</filename> Files</title> - -<para> -It is very important that all <filename>*.tdb</filename> files remain consistent over all write and read -accesses. However, it may happen that these files <emphasis>do</emphasis> get corrupted. (A <command>kill -9 -`pidof smbd'</command> while a write access is in progress could do the damage, as could a power interruption, -etc.). In cases of trouble, a deletion of the old printing-related <filename>*.tdb</filename> files may be the -only option. After that, you need to re-create all print-related setups unless you have made a backup of the -<filename>*.tdb</filename> files in time. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Using <command>tdbbackup</command></title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>TDB</primary><secondary>backing up</secondary><see>tdbbackup</see></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>tdbbackup</primary></indexterm> -Samba ships with a little utility that helps the root user of your system to backup your -<filename>*.tdb</filename> files. If you run it with no argument, it prints a usage message: -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>tdbbackup</userinput> - Usage: tdbbackup [options] <fname...> - - Version:3.0a - -h this help message - -s suffix set the backup suffix - -v verify mode (restore if corrupt) -</screen></para> - -<para> -Here is how I backed up my <filename>printing.tdb</filename> file: -</para> - -<para><screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>ls</userinput> -. browse.dat locking.tdb ntdrivers.tdb printing.tdb -.. share_info.tdb connections.tdb messages.tdb ntforms.tdb -printing.tdbkp unexpected.tdb brlock.tdb gmon.out namelist.debug -ntprinters.tdb sessionid.tdb - -&rootprompt;<userinput>tdbbackup -s .bak printing.tdb</userinput> - printing.tdb : 135 records - -&rootprompt;<userinput>ls -l printing.tdb*</userinput> - -rw------- 1 root root 40960 May 2 03:44 printing.tdb - -rw------- 1 root root 40960 May 2 03:44 printing.tdb.bak - -</screen></para> -</sect2> -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>CUPS Print Drivers from Linuxprinting.org</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>Linuxprinting.org</primary></indexterm> -CUPS ships with good support for HP LaserJet-type printers. You can install the generic driver as follows: -<indexterm><primary>lpadmin</primary></indexterm> -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>lpadmin -p laserjet4plus -v parallel:/dev/lp0 -E -m laserjet.ppd</userinput> -</screen></para> - -<para> -The <option>-m</option> switch will retrieve the <filename>laserjet.ppd</filename> from the standard -repository for not-yet-installed PPDs, which CUPS typically stores in -<filename>/usr/share/cups/model</filename>. Alternatively, you may use <option>-P /path/to/your.ppd</option>. -</para> - -<para> -The generic <filename>laserjet.ppd,</filename> however, does not support every special option for every -LaserJet-compatible model. It constitutes a sort of <quote>least common denominator</quote> of all the models. -If for some reason you must pay for the commercially available ESP Print Pro drivers, your first move should -be to consult the database on the <ulink noescape="1" -url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi">Linuxprinting</ulink> Web site. Linuxprinting.org has -excellent recommendations about which driver is best used for each printer. Its database is kept current by -the tireless work of Till Kamppeter from Mandrakesoft, who is also the principal author of the -<command>foomatic-rip</command> utility. -</para> - -<note><para> -<indexterm><primary>foomatic-rip</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>cupsomatic</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Adobe PPD</primary></indexterm> -The former <command>cupsomatic</command> concept is now being replaced by the new successor, a much more -powerful <command>foomatic-rip</command>. <command>cupsomatic</command> is no longer maintained. Here is the -new URL to the <ulink noescape="1" url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/driver_list.cgi">Foomatic-3.0</ulink> -database. If you upgrade to <command>foomatic-rip</command>, remember to also upgrade to the new-style PPDs -for your Foomatic-driven printers. foomatic-rip will not work with PPDs generated for the old -<command>cupsomatic</command>. The new-style PPDs are 100% compliant with the Adobe PPD specification. They -are also intended to be used by Samba and the cupsaddsmb utility, to provide the driver files for the Windows -clients! -</para></note> - -<sect2> -<title>foomatic-rip and Foomatic Explained</title> - - -<para> -<indexterm significance="preferred"><primary>foomatic</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm significance="preferred"><primary>foomatic-rip</primary></indexterm> -Nowadays, most Linux distributions rely on the utilities from the <ulink -url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/">Linuxprinting.org</ulink> to create their printing-related software -(which, by the way, works on all UNIXes and on Mac OS X and Darwin, too). The utilities from this sire have a -very end-user-friendly interface that allows for an easy update of drivers and PPDs for all supported models, -all spoolers, all operating systems, and all package formats (because there is none). Its history goes back a -few years. -</para> - -<para> -Recently, Foomatic has achieved the astonishing milestone of <ulink -url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi?make=Anyone">1,000 listed</ulink> printer models. -Linuxprinting.org keeps all the important facts about printer drivers, supported models, and which options are -available for the various driver/printer combinations in its <ulink -url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic.html">Foomatic</ulink> database. Currently there are <ulink -url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/driver_list.cgi">245 drivers</ulink> in the database. Many drivers support -various models, and many models may be driven by different drivers &smbmdash; its your choice! -</para> - -<sect3> -<title>690 <quote>Perfect</quote> Printers</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>Windows PPD</primary></indexterm> -At present, there are 690 devices dubbed as working perfectly: 181 are <emphasis>mostly</emphasis> perfect, 96 -are <emphasis>partially</emphasis> perfect, and 46 are paperweights. Keeping in mind that most of these are -non-PostScript models (PostScript printers are automatically supported by CUPS to perfection by using their -own manufacturer-provided Windows PPD), and that a multifunctional device never qualifies as working perfectly -if it does not also scan and copy and fax under GNU/Linux &smbmdash; then this is a truly astonishing -achievement! Three years ago the number was not more than 500, and Linux or UNIX printing at the time wasn't -anywhere near the quality it is today. -</para> -</sect3> - -<sect3> -<title>How the Printing HOWTO Started It All</title> - -<para> -A few years ago <ulink url="http://www2.picante.com/">Grant Taylor</ulink> started it all. The -roots of today's Linuxprinting.org are in the first <ulink -url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/howto/">Linux Printing HOWTO</ulink> that he authored. As a -side-project to this document, which served many Linux users and admins to guide their first steps in this -complicated and delicate setup (to a scientist, printing is <quote>applying a structured deposition of -distinct patterns of ink or toner particles on paper substrates</quote>), he started to build in a little -Postgres database with information about the hardware and driver zoo that made up Linux printing of the time. -This database became the core component of today's Foomatic collection of tools and data. In the meantime, it -has moved to an XML representation of the data. -</para> -</sect3> - -<sect3> -<title>Foomatic's Strange Name</title> - - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>foomatic</primary></indexterm> -<quote>Why the funny name?</quote> you ask. When it really took off, around spring 2000, CUPS was far less -popular than today, and most systems used LPD, LPRng, or even PDQ to print. CUPS shipped with a few generic -drivers (good for a few hundred different printer models). These didn't support many device-specific options. -CUPS also shipped with its own built-in rasterization filter (<parameter>pstoraster</parameter>, derived from -Ghostscript). On the other hand, CUPS provided brilliant support for <emphasis>controlling</emphasis> all -printer options through standardized and well-defined PPD files. Plus, CUPS was designed to be easily -extensible. -</para> - -<para> -Taylor already had in his database a respectable compilation of facts about many more printers and the -Ghostscript <quote>drivers</quote> they run with. His idea, to generate PPDs from the database information and -use them to make standard Ghostscript filters work within CUPS, proved to work very well. It also killed -several birds with one stone: -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>It made all current and future Ghostscript filter - developments available for CUPS.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>It made available a lot of additional printer models - to CUPS users (because often the traditional Ghostscript way of - printing was the only one available).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>It gave all the advanced CUPS options (Web interface, - GUI driver configurations) to users wanting (or needing) to use - Ghostscript filters.</para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> -</sect3> - -<sect3> -<title>cupsomatic, pdqomatic, lpdomatic, directomatic</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>cupsomatic</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>CUPS-PPD</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PPD</primary><secondary>CUPS</secondary><see>CUPS-PPD</see></indexterm> -CUPS worked through a quickly hacked-up filter script named <ulink -url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download.cgi?filename=cupsomatic&show=0">cupsomatic</ulink>. cupsomatic -ran the printfile through Ghostscript, constructing automatically the rather complicated command line needed. -It just needed to be copied into the CUPS system to make it work. To configure the way cupsomatic controls the -Ghostscript rendering process, it needs a CUPS-PPD. This PPD is generated directly from the contents of the -database. For CUPS and the respective printer/filter combo, another Perl script named CUPS-O-Matic did the PPD -generation. After that was working, Taylor implemented within a few days a similar thing for two other -spoolers. Names chosen for the config-generator scripts were <ulink -url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download.cgi?filename=lpdomatic&show=0">PDQ-O-Matic</ulink> (for PDQ) -and <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download.cgi?filename=lpdomatic&show=0">LPD-O-Matic</ulink> -(for &smbmdash; you guessed it &smbmdash; LPD); the configuration here didn't use PPDs but other -spooler-specific files. -</para> - -<para> -From late summer of that year, <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/till/">Till Kamppeter</ulink> started -to put work into the database. Kamppeter had been newly employed by <ulink -url="http://www.mandrakesoft.com/">Mandrakesoft</ulink> to convert its printing system over to CUPS, after -they had seen his <ulink url="http://www.fltk.org/">FLTK</ulink>-based <ulink -url="http://cups.sourceforge.net/xpp/">XPP</ulink> (a GUI front-end to the CUPS lp-command). He added a huge -amount of new information and new printers. He also developed the support for other spoolers, like <ulink -url="http://ppr.sourceforge.net/">PPR</ulink> (via ppromatic), <ulink -url="http://sourceforge.net/projects/lpr/">GNUlpr</ulink>, and <ulink -url="http://www.lprng.org/">LPRng</ulink> (both via an extended lpdomatic) and spooler-less printing (<ulink -url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download.cgi?filename=directomatic&show=0">directomatic</ulink>). -</para> - -<para> -So, to answer your question, <quote>Foomatic</quote> is the general name for all the overlapping code and data -behind the <quote>*omatic</quote> scripts. Foomatic, up to versions 2.0.x, required (ugly) Perl data -structures attached to Linuxprinting.org PPDs for CUPS. It had a different <quote>*omatic</quote> script for -every spooler, as well as different printer configuration files. -</para> -</sect3> - -<sect3> -<title>The <emphasis>Grand Unification</emphasis> Achieved</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>foomatic-rip</primary></indexterm> -This has all changed in Foomatic versions 2.9 (beta) and released as <quote>stable</quote> 3.0. It has now -achieved the convergence of all *omatic scripts and is called the <ulink -url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/download.cgi?filename=foomatic-rip&show=0">foomatic-rip</ulink>. -This single script is the unification of the previously different spooler-specific *omatic scripts. -foomatic-rip is used by all the different spoolers alike, and because it can read PPDs (both the original -PostScript printer PPDs and the Linuxprinting.org-generated ones), all of a sudden all supported spoolers can -have the power of PPDs at their disposal. Users only need to plug foomatic-rip into their system. For users -there is improved media type and source support &smbmdash; paper sizes and trays are easier to configure. -</para> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>PPDs</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Foomatic tutorial</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>LinuxKongress2002</primary></indexterm> -Also, the new generation of Linuxprinting.org PPDs no longer contains Perl data structures. If you are a -distro maintainer and have used the previous version of Foomatic, you may want to give the new one a spin, but -remember to generate a new-version set of PPDs via the new <ulink -url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/download/foomatic/foomatic-db-engine-3.0.0beta1.tar.gz">foomatic-db-engine!</ulink>. -Individual users just need to generate a single new PPD specific to their model by <ulink -url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/kpfeifle/LinuxKongress2002/Tutorial/II.Foomatic-User/II.tutorial-handout-foomatic-user.html">following -the steps</ulink> outlined in the Foomatic tutorial or in this chapter. This new development is truly amazing. -</para> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>foomatic-rip</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Adobe</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>printer drivers</primary></indexterm> -foomatic-rip is a very clever wrapper around the need to run Ghostscript with a different syntax, options, -device selections, and/or filters for each different printer or spooler. At the same time, it can read the PPD -associated with a print queue and modify the print job according to the user selections. Together with this -comes the 100% compliance of the new Foomatic PPDs with the Adobe spec. Some innovative features of the -Foomatic concept may surprise users. It will support custom paper sizes for many printers and will support -printing on media drawn from different paper trays within the same job (in both cases, even where there is no -support for this from Windows-based vendor printer drivers). -</para> -</sect3> - -<sect3> -<title>Driver Development Outside</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>Linuxprinting.org</primary></indexterm> -Most driver development itself does not happen within Linuxprinting.org. Drivers are written by independent -maintainers. Linuxprinting.org just pools all the information and stores it in its database. In addition, it -also provides the Foomatic glue to integrate the many drivers into any modern (or legacy) printing system -known to the world. -</para> - -<para> -Speaking of the different driver development groups, most of the work is currently done in three projects: -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para> -<indexterm><primary>Omni</primary></indexterm> - <ulink url="http://www-124.ibm.com/developerworks/oss/linux/projects/omni/">Omni</ulink> - &smbmdash; a free software project by IBM that tries to convert its printer - driver knowledge from good-ol' OS/2 times into a modern, modular, - universal driver architecture for Linux/UNIX (still beta). This - currently supports 437 models.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> -<indexterm><primary>HPIJS</primary></indexterm> - <ulink url="http://hpinkjet.sf.net/">HPIJS</ulink> &smbmdash; - a free software project by HP to provide the support for its own - range of models (very mature, printing in most cases is perfect and - provides true photo quality). This currently supports 369 - models.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para> -<indexterm><primary>Gutenprint</primary></indexterm> - <ulink url="http://gimp-print.sourceforge.net/">Gutenprint</ulink> &smbmdash; a free software - effort, started by Michael Sweet (also lead developer for CUPS), now - directed by Robert Krawitz, which has achieved an amazing level of - photo print quality (many Epson users swear that its quality is - better than the vendor drivers provided by Epson for the Microsoft - platforms). This currently supports 522 models.</para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> -</sect3> - -<sect3> -<title>Forums, Downloads, Tutorials, Howtos (Also for Mac OS X and Commercial UNIX)</title> - -<para> -Linuxprinting.org today is the one-stop shop to download printer drivers. Look for printer information and -<ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org//kpfeifle/LinuxKongress2002/Tutorial/">tutorials</ulink> or solve -printing problems in its popular <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/newsportal/">forums</ulink>. This -forum is not just for GNU/Linux users, but admins of <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/macosx/"> -commercial UNIX systems</ulink> are also going there, and the relatively new -<ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/newsportal/thread.php3?name=linuxprinting.macosx.general">Mac OS X -forum</ulink> has turned out to be one of the most frequented forums after only a few weeks. -</para> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>Mandriva</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Mandrake</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Conectiva</primary></indexterm> -Linuxprinting.org and the Foomatic driver wrappers around Ghostscript are now a standard tool-chain for -printing on all the important distros. Most of them also have CUPS underneath. While in recent years most -printer data had been added by Kamppeter, many additional contributions came from engineers with SuSE, Red -Hat, Conectiva, Debian, and others. Vendor-neutrality is an important goal of the Foomatic project. Mandrake -and Conectiva have merged and are now called Mandriva. -</para> - -<note><para> -Till Kamppeter from Mandrakesoft is doing an excellent job in his spare time to maintain Linuxprinting.org and -Foomatic. So if you use it often, please send him a note showing your appreciation. -</para></note> -</sect3> - -<sect3> -<title>Foomatic Database-Generated PPDs</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>Foomatic database</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>XML-based datasets</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>kprinter</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>gtklp</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>xpp</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>HP Photosmart</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Epson Stylus inkjet</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>non-PostScript printers</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>raster</primary></indexterm> -The Foomatic database is an amazing piece of ingenuity in itself. Not only does it keep the printer and driver -information, but it is organized in a way that it can generate PPD files on the fly from its internal -XML-based datasets. While these PPDs are modeled to the Adobe specification of PPDs, the -Linuxprinting.org/Foomatic-PPDs do not normally drive PostScript printers. They are used to describe all the -bells and whistles you could ring or blow on an Epson Stylus inkjet, or an HP Photosmart, or what-have-you. -The main trick is one little additional line, not envisaged by the PPD specification, starting with the -<parameter>*cupsFilter</parameter> keyword. It tells the CUPS daemon how to proceed with the PostScript print -file (old-style Foomatic-PPDs named the cupsomatic filter script, while the new-style PPDs are now call -foomatic-rip). This filter script calls Ghostscript on the host system (the recommended variant is ESP -Ghostscript) to do the rendering work. foomatic-rip knows which filter or internal device setting it should -ask from Ghostscript to convert the PostScript print job into a raster format ready for the target device. -This usage of PPDs to describe the options of non-PostScript printers was the invention of the CUPS -developers. The rest is easy. GUI tools (like KDE's marvelous <ulink -url="http://printing.kde.org/overview/kprinter.phtml">kprinter</ulink> or the GNOME <ulink -url="http://gtklp.sourceforge.net/">gtklp</ulink> xpp and the CUPS Web interface) read the PPD as well and use -this information to present the available settings to the user as an intuitive menu selection. -</para> -</sect3> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>foomatic-rip and Foomatic PPD Download and Installation</title> - -<para> -Here are the steps to install a foomatic-rip-driven LaserJet 4 Plus-compatible -printer in CUPS (note that recent distributions of SuSE, UnitedLinux and -Mandrake may ship with a complete package of Foomatic-PPDs plus the -<command>foomatic-rip</command> utility. Going directly to -Linuxprinting.org ensures that you get the latest driver/PPD files). -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>Open your browser at the Linuxprinting.org printer list <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi">page.</ulink> - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Check the complete list of printers in the - <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi?make=Anyone">database.</ulink>. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Select your model and click on the link. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>You'll arrive at a page listing all drivers working with this - model (for all printers, there will always be <emphasis>one</emphasis> - recommended driver. Try this one first). - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>In our case (HP LaserJet 4 Plus), we'll arrive at the default driver for the - <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_printer.cgi?recnum=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus">HP-LaserJet 4 Plus.</ulink> - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The recommended driver is ljet4.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Several links are provided here. You should visit them all if you - are not familiar with the Linuxprinting.org database. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>There is a link to the database page for the - <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_driver.cgi?driver=ljet4">ljet4</ulink>. - On the driver's page, you'll find important and detailed information - about how to use that driver within the various available - spoolers.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Another link may lead you to the home page of the - author of the driver.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Important links are the ones that provide hints with - setup instructions for <ulink noescape="1" url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/cups-doc.html">CUPS</ulink>; - <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/pdq-doc.html">PDQ</ulink>; - <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/lpd-doc.html">LPD, LPRng, and GNUlpr</ulink>); - as well as <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppr-doc.html">PPR</ulink> - or <quote>spoolerless</quote> <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/direct-doc.html">printing</ulink>. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>You can view the PPD in your browser through this link: - <ulink noescape="1" url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppd-o-matic.cgi?driver=ljet4&printer=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus&show=1">http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppd-o-matic.cgi?driver=ljet4&printer=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus&show=1</ulink> - </para></listitem> <listitem><para>Most importantly, you can also generate and download - the <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/ppd-o-matic.cgi?driver=ljet4&printer=HP-LaserJet_4_Plus&show=0">PPD</ulink>. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The PPD contains all the information needed to use our - model and the driver; once installed, this works transparently - for the user. Later you'll only need to choose resolution, paper size, - and so on, from the Web-based menu, or from the print dialog GUI, or from - the command line.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>If you ended up on the drivers - <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/show_driver.cgi?driver=ljet4">page</ulink>, - you can choose to use the <quote>PPD-O-Matic</quote> online PPD generator - program.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Select the exact model and check either <guilabel>Download</guilabel> or - <guilabel>Display PPD file</guilabel> and click <guilabel>Generate PPD file</guilabel>.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>If you save the PPD file from the browser view, please - do not use cut and paste (since it could possibly damage line endings - and tabs, which makes the PPD likely to fail its duty), but use <guimenuitem>Save - as...</guimenuitem> in your browser's menu. (It is best to use the <guilabel>Download</guilabel> option - directly from the Web page.)</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Another interesting part on each driver page is - the <guimenuitem>Show execution details</guimenuitem> button. If you - select your printer model and click on that button, - a complete Ghostscript command line will be displayed, enumerating all options - available for that combination of driver and printer model. This is a great way to - <quote>learn Ghostscript by doing</quote>. It is also an excellent cheat sheet - for all experienced users who need to reconstruct a good command line - for that darned printing script, but can't remember the exact - syntax. </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Sometime during your visit to Linuxprinting.org, save - the PPD to a suitable place on your hard disk, say - <filename>/path/to/my-printer.ppd</filename> (if you prefer to install - your printers with the help of the CUPS Web interface, save the PPD to - the <filename>/usr/share/cups/model/</filename> path and restart - cupsd).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Then install the printer with a suitable command line, - like this: - </para> - - <para><screen> - &rootprompt;<userinput>lpadmin -p laserjet4plus -v parallel:/dev/lp0 -E \ - -P path/to/my-printer.ppd</userinput> - </screen></para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>For all the new-style <quote>Foomatic-PPDs</quote> - from Linuxprinting.org, you also need a special CUPS filter named - foomatic-rip. - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The foomatic-rip Perl script itself also makes some - interesting <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/foomatic2.9/download.cgi?filename=foomatic-rip&show=1">reading</ulink> - because it is well documented by Kamppeter's in-line comments (even - non-Perl hackers will learn quite a bit about printing by reading - it).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Save foomatic-rip either directly in - <filename>/usr/lib/cups/filter/foomatic-rip</filename> or somewhere in - your $PATH (and remember to make it world-executable). Again, - do not save by copy and paste but use the appropriate link or the - <guimenuitem>Save as...</guimenuitem> menu item in your browser.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>If you save foomatic-rip in your $PATH, create a symlink: - <screen> - &rootprompt;<userinput>cd /usr/lib/cups/filter/ ; ln -s `which foomatic-rip'</userinput> - </screen> - </para> - - <para> - CUPS will discover this new available filter at startup after restarting - cupsd.</para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> - -<para> -Once you print to a print queue set up with the Foomatic PPD, CUPS will insert the appropriate commands and -comments into the resulting PostScript job file. foomatic-rip is able to read and act upon these and uses some -specially encoded Foomatic comments embedded in the job file. These in turn are used to construct -(transparently for you, the user) the complicated Ghostscript command line telling the printer driver exactly -how the resulting raster data should look and which printer commands to embed into the data stream. You need: -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>A <quote>foomatic+something</quote> PPD &smbmdash; but this is not enough - to print with CUPS (it is only <emphasis>one</emphasis> important - component).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The <parameter>foomatic-rip</parameter> filter script (Perl) in - <filename>/usr/lib/cups/filters/</filename>.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Perl to make foomatic-rip run.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Ghostscript (because it is doing the main work, - controlled by the PPD/foomatic-rip combo) to produce the raster data - fit for your printer model's consumption.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Ghostscript <emphasis>must</emphasis> (depending on - the driver/model) contain support for a certain device representing - the selected driver for your model (as shown by <command>gs -h</command>).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>foomatic-rip needs a new version of PPDs (PPD versions - produced for cupsomatic do not work with foomatic-rip).</para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> -</sect2> -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>Page Accounting with CUPS</title> - - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>CUPS</primary><secondary>Page Accounting</secondary></indexterm> -Often there are questions regarding print quotas where Samba users (that is, Windows clients) should not be -able to print beyond a certain number of pages or data volume per day, week, or month. This feature is -dependent on the real print subsystem you're using. Samba's part is always to receive the job files from the -clients (filtered <emphasis>or</emphasis> unfiltered) and hand them over to this printing subsystem. -</para> - -<para> -Of course one could hack things with one's own scripts. But then there is CUPS. CUPS supports quotas that can -be based on the size of jobs or on the number of pages or both, and can span any time period you want. -</para> - -<sect2> -<title>Setting Up Quotas</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>CUPS</primary><secondary>quotas</secondary></indexterm> -This is an example command of how root would set a print quota in CUPS, assuming an existing printer named -<quote>quotaprinter</quote>: -<indexterm><primary>lpadmin</primary></indexterm> -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>lpadmin -p quotaprinter -o job-quota-period=604800 \ - -o job-k-limit=1024 -o job-page-limit=100</userinput> -</screen></para> - -<para> -This would limit every single user to print no more than 100 pages or 1024 KB of -data (whichever comes first) within the last 604,800 seconds ( = 1 week). -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Correct and Incorrect Accounting</title> - -<para> -For CUPS to count correctly, the printfile needs to pass the CUPS pstops filter; otherwise it uses a dummy -count of <quote>one</quote>. Some print files do not pass it (e.g., image files), but then those are mostly -one-page jobs anyway. This also means that proprietary drivers for the target printer running on the client -computers and CUPS/Samba, which then spool these files as <quote>raw</quote> (i.e., leaving them untouched, -not filtering them), will be counted as one-pagers too! -</para> - -<para> -You need to send PostScript from the clients (i.e., run a PostScript driver there) to have the chance to get -accounting done. If the printer is a non-PostScript model, you need to let CUPS do the job to convert the file -to a print-ready format for the target printer. This is currently working for about a thousand different -printer models. Linuxprinting.org has a driver <ulink url="http://www.linuxprinting.org/printer_list.cgi">list</ulink>. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Adobe and CUPS PostScript Drivers for Windows Clients</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>Adobe PostScript</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>pstops</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PPD</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>pstoraster</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PJL-header</primary></indexterm> -Before CUPS 1.1.16, your only option was to use the Adobe PostScript driver on the Windows clients. The output -of this driver was not always passed through the <command>pstops</command> filter on the CUPS/Samba side, and -therefore was not counted correctly (the reason is that it often, depending on the PPD being used, wrote a -PJL-header in front of the real PostScript, which caused CUPS to skip <command>pstops</command> and go -directly to the <command>pstoraster</command> stage). -</para> - -<para> -From CUPS 1.1.16 and later releases, you can use the CUPS PostScript driver for Windows NT/200x/XP -clients (which is tagged in the download area of <filename>http://www.cups.org/</filename> as the -<filename>cups-samba-1.1.16.tar.gz</filename> package). It does <emphasis>not</emphasis> work for Windows -9x/Me clients, but it guarantees: -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para> <indexterm><primary>PJL</primary></indexterm> To not write a PJL-header.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>To still read and support all PJL-options named in the - driver PPD with its own means.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>That the file will pass through the <command>pstops</command> filter - on the CUPS/Samba server.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>To page-count correctly the print file.</para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> - -<para> -You can read more about the setup of this combination in the man page for <command>cupsaddsmb</command> (which -is only present with CUPS installed, and only current from CUPS 1.1.16). -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>The page_log File Syntax</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>page_log</primary></indexterm> -These are the items CUPS logs in the <filename>page_log</filename> for every page of a job: -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>Printer name</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>User name</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Job ID</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Time of printing</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Page number</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Number of copies</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>A billing information string (optional)</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The host that sent the job (included since version 1.1.19)</para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> - -<para> -Here is an extract of my CUPS server's <filename>page_log</filename> file to illustrate the -format and included items: -</para> - -<para><screen> -tec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 1 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13 -tec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 2 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13 -tec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 3 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13 -tec_IS2027 kurt 401 [22/Apr/2003:10:28:43 +0100] 4 3 #marketing 10.160.50.13 -Dig9110 boss 402 [22/Apr/2003:10:33:22 +0100] 1 440 finance-dep 10.160.51.33 -</screen></para> - -<para> -This was job ID <parameter>401</parameter>, printed on <parameter>tec_IS2027</parameter> -by user <parameter>kurt</parameter>, a 64-page job printed in three copies, billed to -<parameter>#marketing</parameter>, and sent from IP address <constant>10.160.50.13.</constant> - The next job had ID <parameter>402</parameter>, was sent by user <parameter>boss</parameter> -from IP address <constant>10.160.51.33</constant>, printed from one page 440 copies, and -is set to be billed to <parameter>finance-dep</parameter>. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Possible Shortcomings</title> - -<para> -What flaws or shortcomings are there with this quota system? -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>The ones named above (wrongly logged job in case of - printer hardware failure, and so on).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>In reality, CUPS counts the job pages that are being - processed in <emphasis>software</emphasis> (that is, going through the - RIP) rather than the physical sheets successfully leaving the - printing device. Thus, if there is a jam while printing the fifth sheet out - of 1,000 and the job is aborted by the printer, the page count will - still show the figure of 1,000 for that job.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>All quotas are the same for all users (no flexibility - to give the boss a higher quota than the clerk) and no support for - groups.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>No means to read out the current balance or the - <quote>used-up</quote> number of current quota.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>A user having used up 99 sheets of a 100 quota will - still be able to send and print a 1,000 sheet job.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>A user being denied a job because of a filled-up quota - does not get a meaningful error message from CUPS other than - <quote>client-error-not-possible</quote>.</para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Future Developments</title> - -<para> -This is the best system currently available, and there are huge -improvements under development for CUPS 1.2: -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>Page counting will go into the backends (these talk - directly to the printer and will increase the count in sync with the - actual printing process; thus, a jam at the fifth sheet will lead to a - stop in the counting).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Quotas will be handled more flexibly.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Probably there will be support for users to inquire - about their accounts in advance.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Probably there will be support for some other tools - around this topic.</para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Other Accounting Tools</title> - -<para> -Other accounting tools that can be used includes: PrintAnalyzer, pyKota, printbill, LogReport. -For more information regarding these tools you can try a Google search. -</para> - -</sect2> -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>Additional Material</title> - -<para> -A printer queue with <emphasis>no</emphasis> PPD associated to it is a -<quote>raw</quote> printer, and all files will go directly there as received by the -spooler. The exceptions are file types <parameter>application/octet-stream</parameter> -that need the pass-through feature enabled. <quote>Raw</quote> queues do not do any -filtering at all; they hand the file directly to the CUPS backend. -This backend is responsible for sending the data to the device -(as in the <quote>device URI</quote> notation: <filename>lpd://, socket://, -smb://, ipp://, http://, parallel:/, serial:/, usb:/</filename>, and so on). -</para> - -<para> -cupsomatic/Foomatic are <emphasis>not</emphasis> native CUPS drivers -and they do not ship with CUPS. They are a third-party add-on -developed at Linuxprinting.org. As such, they are a brilliant hack to -make all models (driven by Ghostscript drivers/filters in traditional -spoolers) also work via CUPS, with the same (good or bad!) quality as -in these other spoolers. <parameter>cupsomatic</parameter> is only a vehicle to execute a -Ghostscript command line at that stage in the CUPS filtering chain -where normally the native CUPS <parameter>pstoraster</parameter> filter would kick -in. <parameter>cupsomatic</parameter> bypasses <parameter>pstoraster</parameter>, kidnaps the print file from CUPS, -and redirects it to go through Ghostscript. CUPS accepts this -because the associated cupsomatic/foomatic-PPD specifies: - -<programlisting> -*cupsFilter: "application/vnd.cups-postscript 0 cupsomatic" -</programlisting> - -This line persuades CUPS to hand the file to <parameter>cupsomatic</parameter> once it has -successfully converted it to the MIME type -<parameter>application/vnd.cups-postscript</parameter>. This conversion will not happen for -jobs arriving from Windows that are autotyped -<parameter>application/octet-stream</parameter>, with the according changes in -<filename>/etc/cups/mime.types</filename> in place. -</para> - -<para> -CUPS is widely configurable and flexible, even regarding its filtering -mechanism. Another workaround in some situations would be to have in -<filename>/etc/cups/mime.types</filename> entries as follows: - -<programlisting> -application/postscript application/vnd.cups-raw 0 - -application/vnd.cups-postscript application/vnd.cups-raw 0 - -</programlisting> - -This would prevent all PostScript files from being filtered (rather, -they will through the virtual <emphasis>nullfilter</emphasis> -denoted with <quote>-</quote>). This could only be useful for PostScript printers. If you -want to print PostScript code on non-PostScript printers (provided they support ASCII -text printing), an entry as follows could be useful: - -<programlisting> -*/* application/vnd.cups-raw 0 - -</programlisting> - -and would effectively send <emphasis>all</emphasis> files to the -backend without further processing. -</para> - -<para> -You could have the following entry: - -<programlisting> -application/vnd.cups-postscript application/vnd.cups-raw 0 \ - my_PJL_stripping_filter -</programlisting> - -You will need to write a <parameter>my_PJL_stripping_filter</parameter> -(which could be a shell script) that parses the PostScript and removes the -unwanted PJL. This needs to conform to CUPS filter design -(mainly, receive and pass the parameters printername, job-id, -username, jobtitle, copies, print options, and possibly the -filename). It is installed as world executable into -<filename>/usr/lib/cups/filters/</filename> and is called by CUPS -if it encounters a MIME type <parameter>application/vnd.cups-postscript</parameter>. -</para> - -<para> -CUPS can handle <parameter>-o job-hold-until=indefinite</parameter>. -This keeps the job in the queue on hold. It will only be printed -upon manual release by the printer operator. This is a requirement in -many central reproduction departments, where a few operators manage -the jobs of hundreds of users on some big machine, where no user is -allowed to have direct access (such as when the operators often need -to load the proper paper type before running the 10,000 page job -requested by marketing for the mailing, and so on). -</para> -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>Autodeletion or Preservation of CUPS Spool Files</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>/var/spool/samba</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>/var/spool/cups/</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>cupsd.conf</primary></indexterm> -Samba print files pass through two spool directories. One is the incoming directory managed by Samba (set in -the <smbconfoption name="path">/var/spool/samba</smbconfoption> directive in the <smbconfsection -name="[printers]"/> section of &smb.conf;). The other is the spool directory of your UNIX print subsystem. For -CUPS it is normally <filename>/var/spool/cups/</filename>, as set by the <filename>cupsd.conf</filename> -directive <filename>RequestRoot /var/spool/cups</filename>. -</para> - -<sect2> -<title>CUPS Configuration Settings Explained</title> - -<para> -Some important parameter settings in the CUPS configuration file -<filename>cupsd.conf</filename> are: -</para> - -<variablelist> - - <varlistentry><term>PreserveJobHistory Yes</term> - <listitem><para> - This keeps some details of jobs in cupsd's mind (well, it keeps the - c12345, c12346, and so on, files in the CUPS spool directory, which does a - similar job as the old-fashioned BSD-LPD control files). This is set - to <quote>Yes</quote> as a default. - </para></listitem></varlistentry> - - <varlistentry><term>PreserveJobFiles Yes</term> - <listitem><para> - This keeps the job files themselves in cupsd's mind - (it keeps the d12345, d12346, etc., files in the CUPS spool - directory). This is set to <quote>No</quote> as the CUPS - default. - </para></listitem></varlistentry> - - <varlistentry><term><quote>MaxJobs 500</quote></term> - <listitem><para> - This directive controls the maximum number of jobs - that are kept in memory. Once the number of jobs reaches the limit, - the oldest completed job is automatically purged from the system to - make room for the new one. If all of the known jobs are still - pending or active, then the new job will be rejected. Setting the - maximum to 0 disables this functionality. The default setting is - 0. - </para></listitem></varlistentry> -</variablelist> - -<para> -(There are also additional settings for <parameter>MaxJobsPerUser</parameter> and -<parameter>MaxJobsPerPrinter</parameter>.) -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Preconditions</title> - -<para> -For everything to work as it should, you need to have three things: -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para>A Samba smbd that is compiled against <filename>libcups</filename> (check - on Linux by running <userinput>ldd `which smbd'</userinput>).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>A Samba-&smb.conf; setting of - <smbconfoption name="printing">cups</smbconfoption>.</para></listitem> - -</itemizedlist> - -<note><para> -In this case, all other manually set printing-related commands (like -<smbconfoption name="print command"/>, -<smbconfoption name="lpq command"/>, -<smbconfoption name="lprm command"/>, -<smbconfoption name="lppause command"/>, and -<smbconfoption name="lpresume command"/>) are ignored, and they should normally have no -influence whatsoever on your printing. -</para></note> -</sect2> - -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>Printing from CUPS to Windows-Attached Printers</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>smbspool</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>backends</primary></indexterm> -From time to time the question arises, how can you print <emphasis>to</emphasis> a Windows-attached printer -<emphasis>from</emphasis> Samba? Normally the local connection from Windows host to printer would be done by -USB or parallel cable, but this does not matter to Samba. From here only an SMB connection needs to be opened -to the Windows host. Of course, this printer must be shared first. As you have learned by now, CUPS uses -<emphasis>backends</emphasis> to talk to printers and other servers. To talk to Windows shared printers, you -need to use the <filename>smb</filename> (surprise, surprise!) backend. Check if this is in the CUPS backend -directory. This usually resides in <filename>/usr/lib/cups/backend/</filename>. You need to find an -<filename>smb</filename> file there. It should be a symlink to <filename>smbspool</filename>, and the file -must exist and be executable: -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>ls -l /usr/lib/cups/backend/</userinput> -total 253 -drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 720 Apr 30 19:04 . -drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 125 Dec 19 17:13 .. --rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 10692 Feb 16 21:29 canon --rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 10692 Feb 16 21:29 epson -lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 Apr 17 22:50 http -> ipp --rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 17316 Apr 17 22:50 ipp --rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 15420 Apr 20 17:01 lpd --rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 8656 Apr 20 17:01 parallel --rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2162 Mar 31 23:15 pdfdistiller -lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 25 Apr 30 19:04 ptal -> /usr/sbin/ptal-cups --rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6284 Apr 20 17:01 scsi -lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 Apr 2 03:11 smb -> /usr/bin/smbspool --rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 7912 Apr 20 17:01 socket --rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 9012 Apr 20 17:01 usb - -&rootprompt;<userinput>ls -l `which smbspool`</userinput> --rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 563245 Dec 28 14:49 /usr/bin/smbspool -</screen></para> - -<para> -If this symlink does not exist, create it: -<screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>ln -s `which smbspool` /usr/lib/cups/backend/smb</userinput> -</screen></para> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>smbspool</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>troubleshooting</primary></indexterm> -<command>smbspool</command> was written by Mike Sweet from the CUPS folks. It is included and ships with -Samba. It may also be used with print subsystems other than CUPS, to spool jobs to Windows printer shares. To -set up printer <replaceable>winprinter</replaceable> on CUPS, you need to have a driver for it. Essentially -this means to convert the print data on the CUPS/Samba host to a format that the printer can digest (the -Windows host is unable to convert any files you may send). This also means you should be able to print to the -printer if it were hooked directly at your Samba/CUPS host. For troubleshooting purposes, this is what you -should do to determine if that part of the process chain is in order. Then proceed to fix the network -connection/authentication to the Windows host, and so on. -</para> - -<para> -To install a printer with the <parameter>smb</parameter> backend on CUPS, use this command: -</para> - -<para><screen> -&rootprompt;<userinput>lpadmin -p winprinter -v smb://WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename \ - -P /path/to/PPD</userinput> -</screen></para> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>PostScript printers</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PPD</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Windows NT PostScript driver</primary></indexterm> -The PPD must be able to direct CUPS to generate the print data for the target model. For PostScript printers, -just use the PPD that would be used with the Windows NT PostScript driver. But what can you do if the printer -is only accessible with a password? Or if the printer's host is part of another workgroup? This is provided -for: You can include the required parameters as part of the <filename>smb://</filename> device-URI like this: -</para> - -<itemizedlist> - <listitem><para><filename>smb://WORKGROUP/WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename</filename></para></listitem> - <listitem><para><filename>smb://username:password@WORKGROUP/WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename</filename></para></listitem> - <listitem><para><filename>smb://username:password@WINDOWSNETBIOSNAME/printersharename</filename></para></listitem> -</itemizedlist> - -<para> -Note that the device URI will be visible in the process list of the Samba server (e.g., when someone uses the -<command>ps -aux</command> command on Linux), even if the username and passwords are sanitized before they get -written into the log files. This is an inherently insecure option; however, it is the only one. Don't use it -if you want to protect your passwords. Better share the printer in a way that does not require a password! -Printing will only work if you have a working NetBIOS name resolution up and running. Note that this is a -feature of CUPS and you do not necessarily need to have smbd running. - -</para> -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>More CUPS Filtering Chains</title> - -<para> -The diagrams in <link linkend="cups1">Filtering Chain 1</link> and <link linkend="cups2">Filtering Chain with -cupsomatic</link> show how CUPS handles print jobs. -</para> - -<figure id="cups1"> - <title>Filtering Chain 1.</title> - <imagefile>cups1</imagefile> -</figure> - -<!-- JJJ --> -<figure id="cups2"> - <title>Filtering Chain with cupsomatic</title> - <imagefile scale="45">cups2</imagefile> -</figure> - -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>Common Errors</title> - - <sect2> - <title>Windows 9x/Me Client Can't Install Driver</title> - - <para>For Windows 9x/Me, clients require the printer names to be eight - characters (or <quote>8 plus 3 chars suffix</quote>) max; otherwise, the driver files - will not get transferred when you want to download them from Samba.</para> - - </sect2> - - <sect2 id="root-ask-loop"> - <title><quote>cupsaddsmb</quote> Keeps Asking for Root Password in Never-ending Loop</title> - - <para>Have you set <smbconfoption name="security">user</smbconfoption>? Have - you used <command>smbpasswd</command> to give root a Samba account? - You can do two things: open another terminal and execute - <command>smbpasswd -a root</command> to create the account and - continue entering the password into the first terminal. Or, break - out of the loop by pressing Enter twice (without trying to type a - password).</para> - - <para> - If the error is <quote>Tree connect failed: NT_STATUS_BAD_NETWORK_NAME</quote>, - you may have forgotten to create the <filename>/etc/samba/drivers</filename> directory. - </para> - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title><quote>cupsaddsmb</quote> or <quote>rpcclient addriver</quote> Emit Error</title> - - <para> - If <command>cupsaddsmb</command>, or <command>rpcclient addriver</command> emit the error message - WERR_BAD_PASSWORD/WERR_INVALID_PASSWORD, refer to <link linkend="root-ask-loop">the previous common error</link>. - </para> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title><quote>cupsaddsmb</quote> Errors</title> - - <para> - The use of <quote>cupsaddsmb</quote> gives <quote>No PPD file for printer...</quote> - message while PPD file is present. What might the problem be? - </para> - - <para> - Have you enabled printer sharing on CUPS? This means, do you have a <literal><Location - /printers>....</Location></literal> section in CUPS server's <filename>cupsd.conf</filename> that - does not deny access to the host you run <quote>cupsaddsmb</quote> from? It <emphasis>could</emphasis> be an - issue if you use cupsaddsmb remotely, or if you use it with a <option>-h</option> parameter: - <userinput>cupsaddsmb -H sambaserver -h cupsserver -v printername</userinput>. - </para> - - <para>Is your <parameter>TempDir</parameter> directive in - <filename>cupsd.conf</filename> set to a valid value, and is it writable? - </para> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>Client Can't Connect to Samba Printer</title> - - <para>Use <command>smbstatus</command> to check which user - you are from Samba's point of view. Do you have the privileges to - write into the <smbconfsection name="[print$]"/> - share?</para> - - </sect2> - - <sect2> - <title>New Account Reconnection from Windows 200x/XP Troubles</title> - -<para> -Once you are connected as the wrong user (for example, as <constant>nobody</constant>, which often occurs if -you have <smbconfoption name="map to guest">bad user</smbconfoption>), Windows Explorer will not accept an -attempt to connect again as a different user. There will not be any bytes transferred on the wire to Samba, -but still you'll see a stupid error message that makes you think Samba has denied access. Use -<command>smbstatus</command> to check for active connections. Kill the PIDs. You still can't re-connect, and -you get the dreaded <computeroutput>You can't connect with a second account from the same -machine</computeroutput> message as soon as you try. And you do not see a single byte arriving at Samba (see -logs; use <quote>ethereal</quote>) indicating a renewed connection attempt. Shut all Explorer Windows. This -makes Windows forget what it has cached in its memory as established connections. Then reconnect as the right -user. The best method is to use a DOS terminal window and <emphasis>first</emphasis> do <userinput>net use z: -\\&example.server.samba;\print$ /user:root</userinput>. Check with <command>smbstatus</command> that you are -connected under a different account. Now open the <guilabel>Printers</guilabel> folder (on the Samba server in -the <guilabel>Network Neighborhood</guilabel>), right-click on the printer in question, and select -<guibutton>Connect....</guibutton>. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Avoid Being Connected to the Samba Server as the Wrong User</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>smbstatus</primary></indexterm> -You see per <command>smbstatus</command> that you are connected as user nobody, but you want to be root or -printer admin. This is probably due to <smbconfoption name="map to guest">bad user</smbconfoption>, which -silently connected you under the guest account when you gave (maybe by accident) an incorrect username. Remove -<smbconfoption name="map to guest"/> if you want to prevent this. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Upgrading to CUPS Drivers from Adobe Drivers</title> - -<para> -This information came from a mailing list posting regarding problems experienced when -upgrading from Adobe drivers to CUPS drivers on Microsoft Windows NT/200x/XP clients. -</para> - -<para>First delete all old Adobe-using printers. Then delete all old Adobe drivers. (On Windows 200x/XP, right-click in -the background of <guilabel>Printers</guilabel> folder, select <guimenuitem>Server Properties...</guimenuitem>, select -tab <guilabel>Drivers</guilabel>, and delete here).</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Can't Use <quote>cupsaddsmb</quote> on Samba Server, Which Is a PDC</title> - -<para>Do you use the <quote>naked</quote> root user name? Try to do it -this way: <userinput>cupsaddsmb -U <replaceable>DOMAINNAME</replaceable>\\root -v -<replaceable>printername</replaceable></userinput>> (note the two backslashes: the first one is -required to <quote>escape</quote> the second one).</para> - -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Deleted Windows 200x Printer Driver Is Still Shown</title> - -<para>Deleting a printer on the client will not delete the -driver too (to verify, right-click on the white background of the -<guilabel>Printers</guilabel> folder, select <guimenuitem>Server Properties</guimenuitem> and click on the -<guilabel>Drivers</guilabel> tab). These same old drivers will be re-used when you try to -install a printer with the same name. If you want to update to a new -driver, delete the old ones first. Deletion is only possible if no -other printer uses the same driver.</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Windows 200x/XP Local Security Policies</title> - -<indexterm><primary>Local security policies</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>unsigned drivers</primary></indexterm> -<para>Local security policies may not allow the installation of unsigned drivers &smbmdash; <quote>local -security policies</quote> may not allow the installation of printer drivers at all.</para> - -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Administrator Cannot Install Printers for All Local Users</title> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>SMB printers</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>IPP client</primary></indexterm> -Windows XP handles SMB printers on a <quote>per-user</quote> basis. -This means every user needs to install the printer himself or herself. To have a printer available for -everybody, you might want to use the built-in IPP client capabilities of Win XP. Add a printer with the print -path of <parameter>http://cupsserver:631/printers/printername</parameter>. We're still looking into this one. -Maybe a logon script could automatically install printers for all users. -</para> - -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Print Change, Notify Functions on NT Clients</title> - -<para>For print change, notify functions on NT++ clients. These need to run the <command>Server</command> -service first (renamed to <command>File & Print Sharing for MS Networks</command> in XP).</para> - -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Windows XP SP1</title> - -<para>Windows XP SP1 introduced a Point and Print Restriction Policy (this restriction does not apply to -<quote>Administrator</quote> or <quote>Power User</quote> groups of users). In Group Policy Object Editor, go -to <guimenu>User Configuration -> Administrative Templates -> Control Panel -> Printers</guimenu>. The policy -is automatically set to <constant>Enabled</constant> and the <constant>Users can only Point and Print to -machines in their Forest</constant> . You probably need to change it to <constant>Disabled</constant> or -<constant>Users can only Point and Print to these servers</constant> to make driver downloads from Samba -possible. -</para> -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Print Options for All Users Can't Be Set on Windows 200x/XP</title> - -<para>How are you doing it? I bet the wrong way (it is not easy to find out, though). There are three -different ways to bring you to a dialog that <emphasis>seems</emphasis> to set everything. All three dialogs -<emphasis>look</emphasis> the same, yet only one of them does what you intend. You need to be Administrator or -Print Administrator to do this for all users. Here is how I do it on XP: -</para> - -<orderedlist numeration="upperalpha"> - - <listitem><para>The first wrong way: - - <orderedlist> - <listitem><para>Open the <guilabel>Printers</guilabel> - folder.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Right-click on the printer - (<guilabel>remoteprinter on cupshost</guilabel>) and - select in context menu <guimenuitem>Printing - Preferences...</guimenuitem></para></listitem>. - - <listitem><para>Look at this dialog closely and remember what it looks like.</para></listitem> - </orderedlist> - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The second wrong way: - <orderedlist> - <listitem><para>Open the <guilabel>Printers</guilabel> folder.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Right-click on the printer (<guilabel>remoteprinter on - cupshost</guilabel>) and select the context menu - <guimenuitem>Properties</guimenuitem>.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Click on the <guilabel>General</guilabel> tab.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Click on the button <guibutton>Printing - Preferences...</guibutton></para></listitem>. - - <listitem><para>A new dialog opens. Keep this dialog open and go back - to the parent dialog.</para></listitem> - </orderedlist> - </para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>The third and correct way: - <orderedlist> - <listitem><para>Open the <guilabel>Printers</guilabel> folder.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Right-click on the printer (<guilabel>remoteprinter on - cupshost</guilabel>) and select the context menu - <guimenuitem>Properties</guimenuitem>.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Click on the <guilabel>Advanced</guilabel> - tab. (If everything is <quote>grayed out,</quote> then you are not logged - in as a user with enough privileges).</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>Click on the <guibutton>Printing - Defaults...</guibutton> button.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>On any of the two new tabs, click on the - <guibutton>Advanced...</guibutton> button.</para></listitem> - - <listitem><para>A new dialog opens. Compare this one to the other - identical-looking one from step <quote>B.5</quote> or A.3".</para></listitem> - </orderedlist> - </para></listitem> -</orderedlist> - -<para> -Do you see any difference? I don't either. However, only the last one, which you arrived at with steps -<quote>C.1. to C.6.</quote>, will save any settings permanently and be the defaults for new users. If you want -all clients to get the same defaults, you need to conduct these steps <emphasis>as Administrator</emphasis> -(<smbconfoption name="printer admin"/> in &smb.conf;) <emphasis>before</emphasis> a client downloads the -driver (the clients can later set their own <emphasis>per-user defaults</emphasis> by following the procedures -<emphasis>A</emphasis> or <emphasis>B</emphasis>). -</para> - -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Most Common Blunders in Driver Settings on Windows Clients</title> - -<para> -Don't use <parameter>Optimize for Speed</parameter>, but use <parameter>Optimize for Portability</parameter> -instead (Adobe PS Driver). Don't use <parameter>Page Independence: No</parameter>. Always settle with -<parameter>Page Independence: Yes</parameter> (Microsoft PS Driver and CUPS PS Driver for Windows NT/200x/XP). -If there are problems with fonts, use <parameter>Download as Softfont into printer</parameter> (Adobe PS -Driver). For <guilabel>TrueType Download Options</guilabel> choose <constant>Outline</constant>. Use -PostScript Level 2 if you are having trouble with a non-PS printer and if there is a choice. -</para> - -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title><command>cupsaddsmb</command> Does Not Work with Newly Installed Printer</title> - -<para> -Symptom: The last command of <command>cupsaddsmb</command> does not complete successfully. If the <command>cmd -= setdriver printername printername</command> result was NT_STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL, then possibly the printer was -not yet recognized by Samba. Did it show up in Network Neighborhood? Did it show up in <command>rpcclient -hostname -c `enumprinters'</command>? Restart smbd (or send a <command>kill -HUP</command> to all processes -listed by <command>smbstatus</command>, and try again. -</para></sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Permissions on <filename>/var/spool/samba/</filename> Get Reset After Each Reboot</title> - -<para> -Have you ever by accident set the CUPS spool directory to the same location (<parameter>RequestRoot -/var/spool/samba/</parameter> in <filename>cupsd.conf</filename> or the other way round: -<filename>/var/spool/cups/</filename> is set as <smbconfoption name="path"/>> in the <smbconfsection -name="[printers]"/> section)? These <parameter>must</parameter> be different. Set <parameter>RequestRoot -/var/spool/cups/</parameter> in <filename>cupsd.conf</filename> and <smbconfoption name="path"> -/var/spool/samba</smbconfoption> in the <smbconfsection name="[printers]"/> section of &smb.conf;. Otherwise, -cupsd will sanitize permissions to its spool directory with each restart and printing will not work reliably. -</para> - -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Print Queue Called <quote>lp</quote> Mishandles Print Jobs</title> - -<para> -In this case a print queue called <quote>lp</quote> intermittently swallows jobs and -spits out completely different ones from what was sent. -</para> - -<para> -<indexterm><primary>lp</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>Implicit Classes</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>BrowseShortNames</primary></indexterm> -It is a bad idea to name any printer <quote>lp</quote>. This is the traditional UNIX name for the default -printer. CUPS may be set up to do an automatic creation of Implicit Classes. This means, to group all printers -with the same name to a pool of devices and load-balance the jobs across them in a round-robin fashion. -Chances are high that someone else has a printer named <quote>lp</quote> too. You may receive that person's -jobs and send your own to his or her device unwittingly. To have tight control over the printer names, set -<parameter>BrowseShortNames No</parameter>. It will present any printer as -<replaceable>printername@cupshost</replaceable>, which gives you better control over what may happen in a -large networked environment. -</para> - -</sect2> - -<sect2> -<title>Location of Adobe PostScript Driver Files for <quote>cupsaddsmb</quote></title> - -<para> -Use <command>smbclient</command> to connect to any Windows box with a shared PostScript printer: -<command>smbclient //windowsbox/print\$ -U guest</command>. You can navigate to the -<filename>W32X86/2</filename> subdir to <command>mget ADOBE*</command> and other files or to -<filename>WIN40/0</filename> to do the same. Another option is to download the <filename>*.exe</filename> -packaged files from the Adobe Web site. -</para> - -</sect2> - -</sect1> - -<sect1> -<title>Overview of the CUPS Printing Processes</title> - -<para> -A complete overview of the CUPS printing processes can be found in <link linkend="a_small">the CUPS -Printing Overview diagram</link>. -</para> - -<figure id="a_small"> - <title>CUPS Printing Overview.</title> - <imagefile scale="45">a_small</imagefile> -</figure> -</sect1> - -</chapter> |