[core] move gl::Context to Backend and refactor View

76 files changed, 911 insertions, 1021 deletions

diff --git a/benchmark/api/query.benchmark.cpp b/benchmark/api/query.benchmark.cpp
index 5fa6a84db7..5a95cd7666 100644
--- a/benchmark/api/query.benchmark.cpp
+++ b/benchmark/api/query.benchmark.cpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/benchmark/util.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/map/map.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_backend.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/thread_pool.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/sprite/sprite_image.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/storage/default_file_source.hpp>
@@ -29,17 +29,15 @@ public:
         auto image = std::make_unique<SpriteImage>(std::move(decoded), 1.0);
         map.addImage("test-icon", std::move(image));
 
-        view.resize(1000, 1000);
-
-        mbgl::benchmark::render(map);
+        mbgl::benchmark::render(map, view);
     }
 
     util::RunLoop loop;
     HeadlessBackend backend;
-    HeadlessView view;
+    OffscreenView view{ backend.getContext(), {{ 1000, 1000 }} };
     DefaultFileSource fileSource{ "benchmark/fixtures/api/cache.db", "." };
     ThreadPool threadPool{ 4 };
-    Map map{ backend, view, view.getPixelRatio(), fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Still };
+    Map map{ backend, view.getSize(), 1, fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Still };
     ScreenBox box{{ 0, 0 }, { 1000, 1000 }};
 };
 
diff --git a/benchmark/src/mbgl/benchmark/util.cpp b/benchmark/src/mbgl/benchmark/util.cpp
index a8f71f1206..39c5f86883 100644
--- a/benchmark/src/mbgl/benchmark/util.cpp
+++ b/benchmark/src/mbgl/benchmark/util.cpp
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
 #include <mbgl/benchmark/util.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp>
 
 #include <mbgl/map/map.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/map/view.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/image.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/run_loop.hpp>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 namespace benchmark {
 
-void render(Map& map) {
+void render(Map& map, OffscreenView& view) {
     PremultipliedImage result;
-    map.renderStill([&result](std::exception_ptr, PremultipliedImage&& image) {
-        result = std::move(image);
+    map.renderStill(view, [&](std::exception_ptr) {
+        result = view.readStillImage();
     });
 
     while (!result.size()) {
diff --git a/benchmark/src/mbgl/benchmark/util.hpp b/benchmark/src/mbgl/benchmark/util.hpp
index 759015e0e3..73acfb69d5 100644
--- a/benchmark/src/mbgl/benchmark/util.hpp
+++ b/benchmark/src/mbgl/benchmark/util.hpp
@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@
 namespace mbgl {
 
 class Map;
+class OffscreenView;
 
 namespace benchmark {
 
-void render(Map&);
+void render(Map&, OffscreenView&);
 
 } // namespace benchmark
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/bin/glfw.cpp b/bin/glfw.cpp
index 44713d7532..b51846b4e8 100644
--- a/bin/glfw.cpp
+++ b/bin/glfw.cpp
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <cstdio>
+#include <array>
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -119,7 +120,9 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
     mbgl::ThreadPool threadPool(4);
 
-    mbgl::Map map(backend, backend, backend.getPixelRatio(), fileSource, threadPool);
+    mbgl::Map map(backend, view->getSize(), view->getPixelRatio(), fileSource, threadPool);
+
+    backend.setMap(&map);
 
     // Load settings
     mbgl::Settings_JSON settings;
diff --git a/bin/render.cpp b/bin/render.cpp
index f9574d0523..ad29d91993 100644
--- a/bin/render.cpp
+++ b/bin/render.cpp
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/util/run_loop.hpp>
 
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_backend.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/thread_pool.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/storage/default_file_source.hpp>
 
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
     int width = 512;
     int height = 512;
-    double pixelRatio = 1.0;
     static std::string output = "out.png";
     std::string cache_file = "cache.sqlite";
     std::string asset_root = ".";
@@ -85,9 +84,9 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
     }
 
     HeadlessBackend backend;
-    HeadlessView view(pixelRatio, width, height);
+    OffscreenView view(backend.getContext(), {{ static_cast<uint16_t>(width), static_cast<uint16_t>(height) }});
     ThreadPool threadPool(4);
-    Map map(backend, view, view.getPixelRatio(), fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(backend, view.getSize(), 1, fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Still);
 
     map.setStyleJSON(style);
     map.setClasses(classes);
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         map.setDebug(debug ? mbgl::MapDebugOptions::TileBorders | mbgl::MapDebugOptions::ParseStatus : mbgl::MapDebugOptions::NoDebug);
     }
 
-    map.renderStill([&](std::exception_ptr error, PremultipliedImage&& image) {
+    map.renderStill(view, [&](std::exception_ptr error) {
         try {
             if (error) {
                 std::rethrow_exception(error);
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
             exit(1);
         }
 
-        util::write_file(output, encodePNG(image));
+        util::write_file(output, encodePNG(view.readStillImage()));
         loop.stop();
     });
 
diff --git a/cmake/core-files.cmake b/cmake/core-files.cmake
index 255d40fa50..4d5cddbc49 100644
--- a/cmake/core-files.cmake
+++ b/cmake/core-files.cmake
@@ -62,10 +62,12 @@ set(MBGL_CORE_FILES
     src/mbgl/gl/debugging.hpp
     src/mbgl/gl/extension.cpp
     src/mbgl/gl/extension.hpp
+    src/mbgl/gl/framebuffer.hpp
     src/mbgl/gl/gl.cpp
     src/mbgl/gl/index_buffer.hpp
     src/mbgl/gl/object.cpp
     src/mbgl/gl/object.hpp
+    src/mbgl/gl/renderbuffer.hpp
     src/mbgl/gl/shader.cpp
     src/mbgl/gl/shader.hpp
     src/mbgl/gl/state.hpp
@@ -97,7 +99,6 @@ set(MBGL_CORE_FILES
     include/mbgl/map/camera.hpp
     include/mbgl/map/map.hpp
     include/mbgl/map/mode.hpp
-    include/mbgl/map/update.hpp
     include/mbgl/map/view.hpp
     src/mbgl/map/backend.cpp
     src/mbgl/map/change.hpp
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ set(MBGL_CORE_FILES
     src/mbgl/map/transform.hpp
     src/mbgl/map/transform_state.cpp
     src/mbgl/map/transform_state.hpp
-    src/mbgl/map/view.cpp
+    src/mbgl/map/update.hpp
     src/mbgl/map/zoom_history.hpp
 
     # math
@@ -135,8 +136,9 @@ set(MBGL_CORE_FILES
     include/mbgl/platform/default/glfw_view.hpp
     include/mbgl/platform/default/headless_backend.hpp
     include/mbgl/platform/default/headless_display.hpp
-    include/mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp
+    include/mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp
     include/mbgl/platform/default/settings_json.hpp
+    include/mbgl/platform/default/thread_pool.hpp
 
     # renderer
     src/mbgl/renderer/bucket.hpp
diff --git a/cmake/core.cmake b/cmake/core.cmake
index ef98c4eccb..bc5e7eb718 100644
--- a/cmake/core.cmake
+++ b/cmake/core.cmake
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ target_include_directories(mbgl-core
 
 target_add_mason_package(mbgl-core PUBLIC geometry)
 target_add_mason_package(mbgl-core PUBLIC variant)
-target_add_mason_package(mbgl-core PRIVATE unique_resource)
+target_add_mason_package(mbgl-core PUBLIC unique_resource)
 target_add_mason_package(mbgl-core PRIVATE rapidjson)
 target_add_mason_package(mbgl-core PRIVATE boost)
 target_add_mason_package(mbgl-core PRIVATE geojson)
diff --git a/include/mbgl/map/backend.hpp b/include/mbgl/map/backend.hpp
index e4a5634b88..c11d094906 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/map/backend.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/map/backend.hpp
@@ -2,13 +2,21 @@
 
 #include <mbgl/map/change.hpp>
 
+#include <memory>
+
 namespace mbgl {
 
-class Map;
+namespace gl {
+class Context;
+} // namespace gl
 
 class Backend {
 public:
-    virtual ~Backend() = default;
+    Backend();
+    virtual ~Backend();
+
+    // Returns the backend's context which manages OpenGL state.
+    gl::Context& getContext();
 
     // Called when the backend's GL context needs to be made active or inactive. These are called,
     // as a matched pair, in four situations:
@@ -29,6 +37,9 @@ public:
 
     // Notifies a watcher of map x/y/scale/rotation changes.
     virtual void notifyMapChange(MapChange change);
+
+private:
+    const std::unique_ptr<gl::Context> context;
 };
 
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/include/mbgl/map/map.hpp b/include/mbgl/map/map.hpp
index 4f6207fc6f..b1c840e68d 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/map/map.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/map/map.hpp
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 
 #include <mbgl/util/optional.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/chrono.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/util/image.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/map/update.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/map/mode.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/geo.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/feature.hpp>
@@ -35,7 +33,7 @@ class Layer;
 class Map : private util::noncopyable {
 public:
     explicit Map(Backend&,
-                 View&,
+                 std::array<uint16_t, 2> size,
                  float pixelRatio,
                  FileSource&,
                  Scheduler&,
@@ -47,14 +45,14 @@ public:
 
     // Register a callback that will get called (on the render thread) when all resources have
     // been loaded and a complete render occurs.
-    using StillImageCallback = std::function<void (std::exception_ptr, PremultipliedImage&&)>;
-    void renderStill(StillImageCallback callback);
+    using StillImageCallback = std::function<void (std::exception_ptr)>;
+    void renderStill(View&, StillImageCallback callback);
 
-    // Main render function.
-    void render();
+    // Triggers a repaint.
+    void triggerRepaint();
 
-    // Notifies the Map that the state has changed and an update might be necessary.
-    void update(Update update);
+    // Main render function.
+    void render(View&);
 
     // Styling
     void addClass(const std::string&);
@@ -138,6 +136,7 @@ public:
     ViewportMode getViewportMode() const;
 
     // Size
+    void setSize(const std::array<uint16_t, 2>&);
     uint16_t getWidth() const;
     uint16_t getHeight() const;
 
diff --git a/include/mbgl/map/view.hpp b/include/mbgl/map/view.hpp
index 0dff4b3602..6517c6b220 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/map/view.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/map/view.hpp
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <mbgl/util/image.hpp>
-
-#include <array>
+#include <mbgl/util/noncopyable.hpp>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
@@ -12,29 +10,11 @@ class View : private util::noncopyable {
 public:
     virtual ~View() = default;
 
-    // Called when this View is associated with a Map object.
-    virtual void initialize(Map*);
-
     // Called when this View is used for rendering. Implementations should ensure that a renderable
-    // object is bound and glClear/glDraw* calls can be done.
+    // object is bound and glClear/glDraw* calls can be done. They should also make sure that
+    // calling .bind() repeatedly is a no-op and that the appropriate gl::Context values are
+    // set to the current state.
     virtual void bind() = 0;
-
-    // Called when the View signaled a dimension change. Must return the logical dimension
-    // of this map in pixels.
-    virtual std::array<uint16_t, 2> getSize() const = 0;
-
-    // Called for every frame that is being rendered. Must return the absolute dimensions of
-    // the current framebuffer. Typically, this is the logical width scaled by the pixel ratio,
-    // but in case the view was moved to display with a different pixel ratio, it can also be
-    // different from that rule.
-    virtual std::array<uint16_t, 2> getFramebufferSize() const = 0;
-
-    // Reads the pixel data from the current framebuffer. If your View implementation
-    // doesn't support reading from the framebuffer, return a null pointer.
-    virtual PremultipliedImage readStillImage(std::array<uint16_t, 2> size = {{ 0, 0 }});
-
-protected:
-    mbgl::Map *map = nullptr;
 };
 
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/include/mbgl/platform/default/glfw_view.hpp b/include/mbgl/platform/default/glfw_view.hpp
index a115d03d7f..e832cd70d1 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/platform/default/glfw_view.hpp
+++ b/include/mbgl/platform/default/glfw_view.hpp
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ public:
 
     float getPixelRatio() const;
 
+    void setMap(mbgl::Map*);
+
     // Callback called when the user presses the key mapped to style change.
     // The expected action is to set a new style, different to the current one.
     void setChangeStyleCallback(std::function<void()> callback);
@@ -29,18 +31,18 @@ public:
 
     void run();
 
-private:
     // mbgl::View implementation
-    void initialize(mbgl::Map*) override;
+    void updateViewBinding();
     void bind() override;
-    std::array<uint16_t, 2> getSize() const override;
-    std::array<uint16_t, 2> getFramebufferSize() const override;
+    std::array<uint16_t, 2> getSize() const;
+    std::array<uint16_t, 2> getFramebufferSize() const;
 
     // mbgl::Backend implementation
     void activate() override;
     void deactivate() override;
     void invalidate() override;
 
+private:
     // Window callbacks
     static void onKey(GLFWwindow *window, int key, int scancode, int action, int mods);
     static void onScroll(GLFWwindow *window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
@@ -76,6 +78,8 @@ private:
     std::function<void(mbgl::MapChange)> mapChangeCallback;
 
 private:
+    mbgl::Map* map = nullptr;
+
     bool fullscreen = false;
     const bool benchmark = false;
     bool tracking = false;
diff --git a/include/mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp b/include/mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 27af4fc9d9..0000000000
--- a/include/mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <mbgl/map/view.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/gl/types.hpp>
-
-namespace mbgl {
-
-class HeadlessView : public View {
-public:
-    HeadlessView(float pixelRatio = 1, uint16_t width = 256, uint16_t height = 256);
-    ~HeadlessView() override;
-
-    void bind() override;
-
-    std::array<uint16_t, 2> getSize() const override;
-    std::array<uint16_t, 2> getFramebufferSize() const override;
-
-
-    PremultipliedImage readStillImage(std::array<uint16_t, 2> size = {{ 0, 0 }}) override;
-
-    float getPixelRatio() const;
-
-    void resize(uint16_t width, uint16_t height);
-
-private:
-    void clearBuffers();
-    void resizeFramebuffer();
-    void bindFramebuffer();
-
-private:
-    const float pixelRatio;
-    std::array<uint16_t, 2> dimensions;
-
-    bool needsResize = false;
-
-    gl::FramebufferID fbo = 0;
-    gl::RenderbufferID fboDepthStencil = 0;
-    gl::RenderbufferID fboColor = 0;
-};
-
-} // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/include/mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp b/include/mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..034aa3aaf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <mbgl/map/view.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/gl/framebuffer.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/gl/renderbuffer.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/util/optional.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/util/image.hpp>
+
+namespace mbgl {
+
+namespace gl {
+class Context;
+} // namespace gl
+
+class OffscreenView : public View {
+public:
+    OffscreenView(gl::Context&, std::array<uint16_t, 2> size = {{ 256, 256 }});
+
+    void bind() override;
+
+    PremultipliedImage readStillImage();
+
+    std::array<uint16_t, 2> getSize() const;
+
+private:
+    gl::Context& context;
+    std::array<uint16_t, 2> size;
+    optional<gl::Framebuffer> framebuffer;
+    optional<gl::Renderbuffer<gl::RenderbufferType::RGBA>> color;
+    optional<gl::Renderbuffer<gl::RenderbufferType::DepthStencil>> depthStencil;
+};
+
+} // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/platform/android/scripts/generate-style-code.js b/platform/android/scripts/generate-style-code.js
index 166f102f18..1216bd4cbe 100644
--- a/platform/android/scripts/generate-style-code.js
+++ b/platform/android/scripts/generate-style-code.js
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ global.propertyNativeType = function (property) {
   if (/-translate-anchor$/.test(property.name)) {
     return 'TranslateAnchorType';
   }
-  if (/-(rotation|pitch)-alignment$/.test(property.name)) {
+  if (/-(rotation|pitch|illumination)-alignment$/.test(property.name)) {
     return 'AlignmentType';
   }
   switch (property.type) {
diff --git a/platform/android/src/jni.cpp b/platform/android/src/jni.cpp
index 069bdd99a1..4afd6e2360 100755
--- a/platform/android/src/jni.cpp
+++ b/platform/android/src/jni.cpp
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ void nativeDestroySurface(JNIEnv *env, jni::jobject* obj, jlong nativeMapViewPtr
 void nativeUpdate(JNIEnv *env, jni::jobject* obj, jlong nativeMapViewPtr) {
     assert(nativeMapViewPtr != 0);
     NativeMapView *nativeMapView = reinterpret_cast<NativeMapView *>(nativeMapViewPtr);
-    nativeMapView->getMap().update(mbgl::Update::Repaint);
+    nativeMapView->invalidate();
 }
 
 void nativeRender(JNIEnv *env, jni::jobject* obj, jlong nativeMapViewPtr) {
diff --git a/platform/android/src/native_map_view.cpp b/platform/android/src/native_map_view.cpp
index fe201ac069..8f594f2c0e 100755
--- a/platform/android/src/native_map_view.cpp
+++ b/platform/android/src/native_map_view.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@
 #include <mbgl/platform/log.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/extension.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/gl.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/gl/context.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/constants.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/util/image.hpp>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 namespace android {
@@ -80,7 +82,10 @@ NativeMapView::NativeMapView(JNIEnv *env_, jobject obj_, float pixelRatio, int a
         mbgl::android::cachePath + "/mbgl-offline.db",
         mbgl::android::apkPath);
 
-    map = std::make_unique<mbgl::Map>(*this, *this, pixelRatio, *fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Continuous);
+    map = std::make_unique<mbgl::Map>(
+        *this,
+        std::array<uint16_t, 2>{{ static_cast<uint16_t>(width), static_cast<uint16_t>(height) }},
+        pixelRatio, *fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Continuous);
 
     float zoomFactor   = map->getMaxZoom() - map->getMinZoom() + 1;
     float cpuFactor    = availableProcessors;
@@ -112,16 +117,14 @@ NativeMapView::~NativeMapView() {
     vm = nullptr;
 }
 
-void NativeMapView::bind() {
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0));
-}
-
-std::array<uint16_t, 2> NativeMapView::getSize() const {
-    return {{ static_cast<uint16_t>(width), static_cast<uint16_t>(height) }};
+void NativeMapView::updateViewBinding() {
+    getContext().bindFramebuffer.setCurrentValue(0);
+    getContext().viewport.setCurrentValue({ 0, 0, static_cast<uint16_t>(fbWidth), static_cast<uint16_t>(fbHeight) });
 }
 
-std::array<uint16_t, 2> NativeMapView::getFramebufferSize() const {
-    return {{ static_cast<uint16_t>(fbWidth), static_cast<uint16_t>(fbHeight) }};
+void NativeMapView::bind() {
+    getContext().bindFramebuffer = 0;
+    getContext().viewport = { 0, 0, static_cast<uint16_t>(fbWidth), static_cast<uint16_t>(fbHeight) };
 }
 
 void NativeMapView::activate() {
@@ -189,12 +192,8 @@ void NativeMapView::invalidate() {
 void NativeMapView::render() {
     activate();
 
-    if(sizeChanged){
-        sizeChanged = false;
-        glViewport(0, 0, fbWidth, fbHeight);
-    }
-
-    map->render();
+    updateViewBinding();
+    map->render(*this);
 
     if(snapshot){
          snapshot = false;
@@ -719,14 +718,13 @@ void NativeMapView::updateFps() {
 void NativeMapView::resizeView(int w, int h) {
     width = w;
     height = h;
-    sizeChanged = true;
-    map->update(mbgl::Update::Dimensions);
+    map->setSize({{ static_cast<uint16_t>(width), static_cast<uint16_t>(height) }});
 }
 
 void NativeMapView::resizeFramebuffer(int w, int h) {
     fbWidth = w;
     fbHeight = h;
-    map->update(mbgl::Update::Repaint);
+    invalidate();
 }
 
 void NativeMapView::setInsets(mbgl::EdgeInsets insets_) {
diff --git a/platform/android/src/native_map_view.hpp b/platform/android/src/native_map_view.hpp
index 42a9a10ad4..43fb0c1ccd 100755
--- a/platform/android/src/native_map_view.hpp
+++ b/platform/android/src/native_map_view.hpp
@@ -20,10 +20,9 @@ public:
     NativeMapView(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, float pixelRatio, int availableProcessors, size_t totalMemory);
     virtual ~NativeMapView();
 
+    void updateViewBinding();
     void bind() override;
 
-    std::array<uint16_t, 2> getSize() const override;
-    std::array<uint16_t, 2> getFramebufferSize() const override;
     void activate() override;
     void deactivate() override;
     void invalidate() override;
@@ -83,7 +82,6 @@ private:
 
     bool firstTime = false;
     bool fpsEnabled = false;
-    bool sizeChanged = false;
     bool snapshot = false;
     double fps = 0.0;
 
diff --git a/platform/android/src/style/layers/custom_layer.cpp b/platform/android/src/style/layers/custom_layer.cpp
index aeabb4e19d..6568455c67 100644
--- a/platform/android/src/style/layers/custom_layer.cpp
+++ b/platform/android/src/style/layers/custom_layer.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ namespace android {
     void CustomLayer::update(jni::JNIEnv&) {
         Log::Debug(mbgl::Event::JNI, "Updating map");
         if (map) {
-            map->update(mbgl::Update::Repaint);
+            map->triggerRepaint();
         } else {
             Log::Error(mbgl::Event::JNI, "No map reference, cannot update");
         }
diff --git a/platform/android/src/style/sources/source.hpp b/platform/android/src/style/sources/source.hpp
index 5794cd4e62..0785e4d4e0 100644
--- a/platform/android/src/style/sources/source.hpp
+++ b/platform/android/src/style/sources/source.hpp
@@ -40,11 +40,9 @@ public:
     std::unique_ptr<mbgl::style::Source> releaseCoreSource();
 
 protected:
-
     std::unique_ptr<mbgl::style::Source> ownedSource;
     mbgl::style::Source& source;
     mbgl::Map* map;
-
 };
 
 } //android
diff --git a/platform/darwin/src/headless_view_cgl.cpp b/platform/darwin/src/headless_view_cgl.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 08f0da8751..0000000000
--- a/platform/darwin/src/headless_view_cgl.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-#include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp>
-
-#include <mbgl/gl/gl.hpp>
-
-#include <cassert>
-
-namespace mbgl {
-
-void HeadlessView::bindFramebuffer() {
-    assert(fbo);
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, fbo));
-}
-
-void HeadlessView::resizeFramebuffer() {
-    const unsigned int w = dimensions[0] * pixelRatio;
-    const unsigned int h = dimensions[1] * pixelRatio;
-
-    // Create depth/stencil buffer
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glGenRenderbuffersEXT(1, &fboDepthStencil));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindRenderbufferEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, fboDepthStencil));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glRenderbufferStorageEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, GL_DEPTH24_STENCIL8_EXT, w, h));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindRenderbufferEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, 0));
-
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glGenRenderbuffersEXT(1, &fboColor));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindRenderbufferEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, fboColor));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glRenderbufferStorageEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, GL_RGBA8, w, h));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindRenderbufferEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, 0));
-
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glGenFramebuffersEXT(1, &fbo));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, fbo));
-
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glFramebufferRenderbufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT, GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, fboColor));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glFramebufferRenderbufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT, GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, fboDepthStencil));
-
-    GLenum status = MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glCheckFramebufferStatusEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT));
-
-    if (status != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE_EXT) {
-        std::string error("Couldn't create framebuffer: ");
-        switch (status) {
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_ATTACHMENT_EXT: (error += "incomplete attachment"); break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_MISSING_ATTACHMENT_EXT: error += "incomplete missing attachment"; break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DIMENSIONS_EXT: error += "incomplete dimensions"; break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_FORMATS_EXT: error += "incomplete formats"; break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DRAW_BUFFER_EXT: error += "incomplete draw buffer"; break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_READ_BUFFER_EXT: error += "incomplete read buffer"; break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_UNSUPPORTED: error += "unsupported"; break;
-            default: error += "other"; break;
-        }
-        throw std::runtime_error(error);
-    }
-
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glViewport(0, 0, w, h));
-}
-
-void HeadlessView::clearBuffers() {
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, 0));
-
-    if (fbo) {
-        MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glDeleteFramebuffersEXT(1, &fbo));
-        fbo = 0;
-    }
-
-    if (fboColor) {
-        MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glDeleteRenderbuffersEXT(1, &fboColor));
-        fboColor = 0;
-    }
-
-    if (fboDepthStencil) {
-        MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glDeleteRenderbuffersEXT(1, &fboDepthStencil));
-        fboDepthStencil = 0;
-    }
-}
-
-} // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/platform/darwin/src/headless_view_eagl.cpp b/platform/darwin/src/headless_view_eagl.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index cc378912f9..0000000000
--- a/platform/darwin/src/headless_view_eagl.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-#include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp>
-
-#include <mbgl/gl/gl.hpp>
-
-#include <cassert>
-
-namespace mbgl {
-
-void HeadlessView::bindFramebuffer() {
-    assert(fbo);
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fbo));
-}
-
-void HeadlessView::resizeFramebuffer() {
-    const unsigned int w = dimensions[0] * pixelRatio;
-    const unsigned int h = dimensions[1] * pixelRatio;
-
-    // Create depth/stencil buffer
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glGenRenderbuffers(1, &fboDepthStencil));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, fboDepthStencil));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, GL_DEPTH24_STENCIL8_OES, w, h));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, 0));
-
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glGenRenderbuffers(1, &fboColor));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, fboColor));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, GL_RGBA8_OES, w, h));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, 0));
-
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glGenFramebuffers(1, &fbo));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fbo));
-
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_RENDERBUFFER, fboColor));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, GL_RENDERBUFFER, fboDepthStencil));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT, GL_RENDERBUFFER, fboDepthStencil));
-
-    GLenum status = MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER));
-
-    if (status != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE) {
-        std::string error("Couldn't create framebuffer: ");
-        switch (status) {
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_ATTACHMENT: (error += "incomplete attachment"); break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_MISSING_ATTACHMENT: error += "incomplete missing attachment"; break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DIMENSIONS: error += "incomplete dimensions"; break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_UNSUPPORTED: error += "unsupported"; break;
-            default: error += "other"; break;
-        }
-        throw std::runtime_error(error);
-    }
-
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glViewport(0, 0, w, h));
-}
-
-void HeadlessView::clearBuffers() {
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0));
-
-    if (fbo) {
-        MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &fbo));
-        fbo = 0;
-    }
-
-    if (fboColor) {
-        MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glDeleteRenderbuffers(1, &fboColor));
-        fboColor = 0;
-    }
-
-    if (fboDepthStencil) {
-        MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glDeleteRenderbuffers(1, &fboDepthStencil));
-        fboDepthStencil = 0;
-    }
-}
-
-} // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/platform/default/glfw_view.cpp b/platform/default/glfw_view.cpp
index 044181e8c8..47551d786f 100644
--- a/platform/default/glfw_view.cpp
+++ b/platform/default/glfw_view.cpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/style/transition_options.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/gl.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/extension.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/gl/context.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/log.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/platform.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/string.hpp>
@@ -124,13 +125,21 @@ GLFWView::~GLFWView() {
     glfwTerminate();
 }
 
-void GLFWView::initialize(mbgl::Map *map_) {
-    View::initialize(map_);
+void GLFWView::setMap(mbgl::Map *map_) {
+    map = map_;
     map->addAnnotationIcon("default_marker", makeSpriteImage(22, 22, 1));
 }
 
+void GLFWView::updateViewBinding() {
+    getContext().bindFramebuffer.setCurrentValue(0);
+    getContext().viewport.setCurrentValue(
+        { 0, 0, static_cast<uint16_t>(fbWidth), static_cast<uint16_t>(fbHeight) });
+}
+
 void GLFWView::bind() {
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0));
+    getContext().bindFramebuffer = 0;
+    getContext().viewport = { 0, 0, static_cast<uint16_t>(fbWidth),
+                              static_cast<uint16_t>(fbHeight) };
 }
 
 void GLFWView::onKey(GLFWwindow *window, int key, int /*scancode*/, int action, int mods) {
@@ -365,8 +374,8 @@ void GLFWView::onWindowResize(GLFWwindow *window, int width, int height) {
     GLFWView *view = reinterpret_cast<GLFWView *>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
     view->width = width;
     view->height = height;
-
-    view->map->update(mbgl::Update::Dimensions);
+    view->map->setSize({{ static_cast<uint16_t>(view->width),
+                          static_cast<uint16_t>(view->height) }});
 }
 
 void GLFWView::onFramebufferResize(GLFWwindow *window, int width, int height) {
@@ -374,7 +383,11 @@ void GLFWView::onFramebufferResize(GLFWwindow *window, int width, int height) {
     view->fbWidth = width;
     view->fbHeight = height;
 
-    view->map->update(mbgl::Update::Repaint);
+    // This is only triggered when the framebuffer is resized, but not the window. It can
+    // happen when you move the window between screens with a different pixel ratio.
+    // We are forcing a repaint my invalidating the view, which triggers a rerender with the
+    // new framebuffer dimensions.
+    view->invalidate();
 }
 
 void GLFWView::onMouseClick(GLFWwindow *window, int button, int action, int modifiers) {
@@ -440,15 +453,15 @@ void GLFWView::run() {
             const double started = glfwGetTime();
 
             glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
-            glViewport(0, 0, fbWidth, fbHeight);
 
-            map->render();
+            updateViewBinding();
+            map->render(*this);
 
             glfwSwapBuffers(window);
 
             report(1000 * (glfwGetTime() - started));
             if (benchmark) {
-                map->update(mbgl::Update::Repaint);
+                invalidate();
             }
 
             dirty = false;
diff --git a/platform/default/headless_view.cpp b/platform/default/headless_view.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index f96b0a7f6d..0000000000
--- a/platform/default/headless_view.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-#include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp>
-
-#include <mbgl/gl/gl.hpp>
-
-#include <cstring>
-
-namespace mbgl {
-
-HeadlessView::HeadlessView(float pixelRatio_, uint16_t width, uint16_t height)
-    : pixelRatio(pixelRatio_), dimensions({ { width, height } }), needsResize(true) {
-}
-
-HeadlessView::~HeadlessView() {
-    clearBuffers();
-}
-
-void HeadlessView::bind() {
-    if (needsResize) {
-        clearBuffers();
-        resizeFramebuffer();
-        needsResize = false;
-    } else {
-        bindFramebuffer();
-    }
-}
-
-void HeadlessView::resize(const uint16_t width, const uint16_t height) {
-    if(dimensions[0] == width &&
-       dimensions[1] == height) {
-        return;
-    }
-    dimensions = {{ width, height }};
-    needsResize = true;
-}
-
-PremultipliedImage HeadlessView::readStillImage(std::array<uint16_t, 2> size) {
-    if (!size[0] || !size[1]) {
-        size[0] = dimensions[0] * pixelRatio;
-        size[1] = dimensions[1] * pixelRatio;
-    }
-
-    PremultipliedImage image { size[0], size[1] };
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glReadPixels(0, 0, size[0], size[1], GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image.data.get()));
-
-    const auto stride = image.stride();
-    auto tmp = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(stride);
-    uint8_t* rgba = image.data.get();
-    for (int i = 0, j = size[1] - 1; i < j; i++, j--) {
-        std::memcpy(tmp.get(), rgba + i * stride, stride);
-        std::memcpy(rgba + i * stride, rgba + j * stride, stride);
-        std::memcpy(rgba + j * stride, tmp.get(), stride);
-    }
-
-    return image;
-}
-
-float HeadlessView::getPixelRatio() const {
-    return pixelRatio;
-}
-
-std::array<uint16_t, 2> HeadlessView::getSize() const {
-    return dimensions;
-}
-
-std::array<uint16_t, 2> HeadlessView::getFramebufferSize() const {
-    return {{ static_cast<uint16_t>(dimensions[0] * pixelRatio),
-              static_cast<uint16_t>(dimensions[1] * pixelRatio) }};
-}
-
-} // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/platform/default/headless_view_glx.cpp b/platform/default/headless_view_glx.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 08f0da8751..0000000000
--- a/platform/default/headless_view_glx.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-#include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp>
-
-#include <mbgl/gl/gl.hpp>
-
-#include <cassert>
-
-namespace mbgl {
-
-void HeadlessView::bindFramebuffer() {
-    assert(fbo);
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, fbo));
-}
-
-void HeadlessView::resizeFramebuffer() {
-    const unsigned int w = dimensions[0] * pixelRatio;
-    const unsigned int h = dimensions[1] * pixelRatio;
-
-    // Create depth/stencil buffer
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glGenRenderbuffersEXT(1, &fboDepthStencil));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindRenderbufferEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, fboDepthStencil));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glRenderbufferStorageEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, GL_DEPTH24_STENCIL8_EXT, w, h));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindRenderbufferEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, 0));
-
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glGenRenderbuffersEXT(1, &fboColor));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindRenderbufferEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, fboColor));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glRenderbufferStorageEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, GL_RGBA8, w, h));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindRenderbufferEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, 0));
-
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glGenFramebuffersEXT(1, &fbo));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, fbo));
-
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glFramebufferRenderbufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT, GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, fboColor));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glFramebufferRenderbufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT, GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, fboDepthStencil));
-
-    GLenum status = MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glCheckFramebufferStatusEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT));
-
-    if (status != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE_EXT) {
-        std::string error("Couldn't create framebuffer: ");
-        switch (status) {
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_ATTACHMENT_EXT: (error += "incomplete attachment"); break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_MISSING_ATTACHMENT_EXT: error += "incomplete missing attachment"; break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DIMENSIONS_EXT: error += "incomplete dimensions"; break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_FORMATS_EXT: error += "incomplete formats"; break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DRAW_BUFFER_EXT: error += "incomplete draw buffer"; break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_READ_BUFFER_EXT: error += "incomplete read buffer"; break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_UNSUPPORTED: error += "unsupported"; break;
-            default: error += "other"; break;
-        }
-        throw std::runtime_error(error);
-    }
-
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glViewport(0, 0, w, h));
-}
-
-void HeadlessView::clearBuffers() {
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, 0));
-
-    if (fbo) {
-        MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glDeleteFramebuffersEXT(1, &fbo));
-        fbo = 0;
-    }
-
-    if (fboColor) {
-        MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glDeleteRenderbuffersEXT(1, &fboColor));
-        fboColor = 0;
-    }
-
-    if (fboDepthStencil) {
-        MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glDeleteRenderbuffersEXT(1, &fboDepthStencil));
-        fboDepthStencil = 0;
-    }
-}
-
-} // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/platform/default/offscreen_view.cpp b/platform/default/offscreen_view.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eaf87d0f87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/platform/default/offscreen_view.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#include <mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/gl/context.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/gl/gl.hpp>
+
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cassert>
+
+namespace mbgl {
+
+OffscreenView::OffscreenView(gl::Context& context_, std::array<uint16_t, 2> size_)
+    : context(context_), size(std::move(size_)) {
+    assert(size[0] > 0 && size[1] > 0);
+}
+
+void OffscreenView::bind() {
+    if (!framebuffer) {
+        color = context.createRenderbuffer<gl::RenderbufferType::RGBA>(size);
+        depthStencil = context.createRenderbuffer<gl::RenderbufferType::DepthStencil>(size);
+        framebuffer = context.createFramebuffer(*color, *depthStencil);
+    } else {
+        context.bindFramebuffer = framebuffer->framebuffer;
+    }
+
+    context.viewport = { 0, 0, size[0], size[1] };
+}
+
+PremultipliedImage OffscreenView::readStillImage() {
+    PremultipliedImage image { size[0], size[1] };
+    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glReadPixels(0, 0, size[0], size[1], GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image.data.get()));
+
+    const auto stride = image.stride();
+    auto tmp = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(stride);
+    uint8_t* rgba = image.data.get();
+    for (int i = 0, j = size[1] - 1; i < j; i++, j--) {
+        std::memcpy(tmp.get(), rgba + i * stride, stride);
+        std::memcpy(rgba + i * stride, rgba + j * stride, stride);
+        std::memcpy(rgba + j * stride, tmp.get(), stride);
+    }
+
+    return image;
+}
+
+std::array<uint16_t, 2> OffscreenView::getSize() const {
+    return size;
+}
+
+} // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/platform/ios/config.cmake b/platform/ios/config.cmake
index db75d7a4de..0813d0338f 100644
--- a/platform/ios/config.cmake
+++ b/platform/ios/config.cmake
@@ -38,10 +38,9 @@ macro(mbgl_platform_core)
 
         # Headless view
         PRIVATE platform/darwin/src/headless_backend_eagl.mm
-        PRIVATE platform/darwin/src/headless_view_eagl.cpp
         PRIVATE platform/default/headless_backend.cpp
         PRIVATE platform/default/headless_display.cpp
-        PRIVATE platform/default/headless_view.cpp
+        PRIVATE platform/default/offscreen_view.cpp
 
         # Thread pool
         PRIVATE platform/default/thread_pool.cpp
diff --git a/platform/ios/src/MGLMapView.mm b/platform/ios/src/MGLMapView.mm
index 3d93dc8fc9..41e049ad61 100644
--- a/platform/ios/src/MGLMapView.mm
+++ b/platform/ios/src/MGLMapView.mm
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 #include <mbgl/platform/log.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/extension.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/gl/context.hpp>
 
 #import <GLKit/GLKit.h>
 #import <OpenGLES/EAGL.h>
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/util/projection.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/default_styles.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/chrono.hpp>
-#import <mbgl/util/run_loop.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/util/run_loop.hpp>
 
 #import "Mapbox.h"
 #import "MGLFeature_Private.h"
@@ -398,10 +399,12 @@ public:
     [[NSFileManager defaultManager] removeItemAtPath:fileCachePath error:NULL];
 
     // setup mbgl map
-    const float scaleFactor = [UIScreen instancesRespondToSelector:@selector(nativeScale)] ? [[UIScreen mainScreen] nativeScale] : [[UIScreen mainScreen] scale];
+    const std::array<uint16_t, 2> size = {{ static_cast<uint16_t>(self.bounds.size.width),
+                                            static_cast<uint16_t>(self.bounds.size.height) }};
     mbgl::DefaultFileSource *mbglFileSource = [MGLOfflineStorage sharedOfflineStorage].mbglFileSource;
+    const float scaleFactor = [UIScreen instancesRespondToSelector:@selector(nativeScale)] ? [[UIScreen mainScreen] nativeScale] : [[UIScreen mainScreen] scale];
     _mbglThreadPool = new mbgl::ThreadPool(4);
-    _mbglMap = new mbgl::Map(*_mbglView, *_mbglView, scaleFactor, *mbglFileSource, *_mbglThreadPool, mbgl::MapMode::Continuous, mbgl::GLContextMode::Unique, mbgl::ConstrainMode::None, mbgl::ViewportMode::Default);
+    _mbglMap = new mbgl::Map(*_mbglView, size, scaleFactor, *mbglFileSource, *_mbglThreadPool, mbgl::MapMode::Continuous, mbgl::GLContextMode::Unique, mbgl::ConstrainMode::None, mbgl::ViewportMode::Default);
     [self validateTileCacheSize];
 
     // start paused if in IB
@@ -868,7 +871,8 @@ public:
 {
     if ( ! self.dormant)
     {
-        _mbglMap->render();
+        _mbglView->updateViewBinding();
+        _mbglMap->render(*_mbglView);
 
         [self updateUserLocationAnnotationView];
     }
@@ -883,7 +887,8 @@ public:
 
     if ( ! _isTargetingInterfaceBuilder)
     {
-        _mbglMap->update(mbgl::Update::Dimensions);
+        _mbglMap->setSize({{ static_cast<uint16_t>(self.bounds.size.width),
+                             static_cast<uint16_t>(self.bounds.size.height) }});
     }
 
     if (self.attributionSheet.visible)
@@ -4946,18 +4951,32 @@ public:
         : nativeView(nativeView_) {
     }
 
-    std::array<uint16_t, 2> getSize() const override {
-        return {{ static_cast<uint16_t>([nativeView bounds].size.width),
-                  static_cast<uint16_t>([nativeView bounds].size.height) }};
+    mbgl::gl::value::Viewport::Type getViewport() const {
+        return { 0, 0, static_cast<uint16_t>(nativeView.glView.drawableWidth),
+                 static_cast<uint16_t>(nativeView.glView.drawableHeight) };
     }
 
-    std::array<uint16_t, 2> getFramebufferSize() const override {
-        return {{ static_cast<uint16_t>([[nativeView glView] drawableWidth]),
-                  static_cast<uint16_t>([[nativeView glView] drawableHeight]) }};
+    /// This function is called before we start rendering, when iOS invokes our rendering method.
+    /// iOS already sets the correct framebuffer and viewport for us, so we need to update the
+    /// context state with the anticipated values.
+    void updateViewBinding() {
+        // We are using 0 as the placeholder value for the GLKView's framebuffer.
+        getContext().bindFramebuffer.setCurrentValue(0);
+        getContext().viewport.setCurrentValue(getViewport());
     }
 
     void bind() override {
-        [nativeView.glView bindDrawable];
+        if (getContext().bindFramebuffer != 0) {
+            // Something modified our state, and we need to bind the original drawable again.
+            // Doing this also sets the viewport to the full framebuffer.
+            // Note that in reality, iOS does not use the Framebuffer 0 (it's typically 1), and we
+            // only use this is a placeholder value.
+            [nativeView.glView bindDrawable];
+            updateViewBinding();
+        } else {
+            // Our framebuffer is still bound, but the viewport might have changed.
+            getContext().viewport = getViewport();
+        }
     }
 
     void notifyMapChange(mbgl::MapChange change) override
@@ -5195,7 +5214,7 @@ void MGLFinishCustomStyleLayer(void *context)
 
 - (void)setCustomStyleLayersNeedDisplay
 {
-    _mbglMap->update(mbgl::Update::Repaint);
+    [self setNeedsGLDisplay];
 }
 
 - (mbgl::Map *)mbglMap {
diff --git a/platform/linux/config.cmake b/platform/linux/config.cmake
index d033f9df21..6bde3136f2 100644
--- a/platform/linux/config.cmake
+++ b/platform/linux/config.cmake
@@ -42,10 +42,9 @@ macro(mbgl_platform_core)
 
         # Headless view
         PRIVATE platform/default/headless_backend_glx.cpp
-        PRIVATE platform/default/headless_view_glx.cpp
         PRIVATE platform/default/headless_backend.cpp
         PRIVATE platform/default/headless_display.cpp
-        PRIVATE platform/default/headless_view.cpp
+        PRIVATE platform/default/offscreen_view.cpp
 
         # Thread pool
         PRIVATE platform/default/thread_pool.cpp
diff --git a/platform/macos/config.cmake b/platform/macos/config.cmake
index 198dfc7083..27bf555ec6 100644
--- a/platform/macos/config.cmake
+++ b/platform/macos/config.cmake
@@ -36,10 +36,9 @@ macro(mbgl_platform_core)
 
         # Headless view
         PRIVATE platform/darwin/src/headless_backend_cgl.cpp
-        PRIVATE platform/darwin/src/headless_view_cgl.cpp
         PRIVATE platform/default/headless_backend.cpp
         PRIVATE platform/default/headless_display.cpp
-        PRIVATE platform/default/headless_view.cpp
+        PRIVATE platform/default/offscreen_view.cpp
 
         # Thread pool
         PRIVATE platform/default/thread_pool.cpp
diff --git a/platform/macos/src/MGLMapView.mm b/platform/macos/src/MGLMapView.mm
index 475ca2d259..ebcd8e00b0 100644
--- a/platform/macos/src/MGLMapView.mm
+++ b/platform/macos/src/MGLMapView.mm
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #import <mbgl/platform/default/thread_pool.hpp>
 #import <mbgl/gl/extension.hpp>
 #import <mbgl/gl/gl.hpp>
+#import <mbgl/gl/context.hpp>
 #import <mbgl/map/backend.hpp>
 #import <mbgl/sprite/sprite_image.hpp>
 #import <mbgl/storage/default_file_source.hpp>
@@ -263,9 +264,12 @@ public:
     NSURL *legacyCacheURL = [cachesDirectoryURL URLByAppendingPathComponent:@"cache.db"];
     [[NSFileManager defaultManager] removeItemAtURL:legacyCacheURL error:NULL];
 
-    mbgl::DefaultFileSource *mbglFileSource = [MGLOfflineStorage sharedOfflineStorage].mbglFileSource;
+    mbgl::DefaultFileSource* mbglFileSource = [MGLOfflineStorage sharedOfflineStorage].mbglFileSource;
+
+    const std::array<uint16_t, 2> size = {{ static_cast<uint16_t>(self.bounds.size.width),
+                                            static_cast<uint16_t>(self.bounds.size.height) }};
     _mbglThreadPool = new mbgl::ThreadPool(4);
-    _mbglMap = new mbgl::Map(*_mbglView, *_mbglView, [NSScreen mainScreen].backingScaleFactor, *mbglFileSource, *_mbglThreadPool, mbgl::MapMode::Continuous, mbgl::GLContextMode::Unique, mbgl::ConstrainMode::None, mbgl::ViewportMode::Default);
+    _mbglMap = new mbgl::Map(*_mbglView, size, [NSScreen mainScreen].backingScaleFactor, *mbglFileSource, *_mbglThreadPool, mbgl::MapMode::Continuous, mbgl::GLContextMode::Unique, mbgl::ConstrainMode::None, mbgl::ViewportMode::Default);
     [self validateTileCacheSize];
 
     // Install the OpenGL layer. Interface Builder’s synchronous drawing means
@@ -635,7 +639,8 @@ public:
         [self validateTileCacheSize];
     }
     if (!_isTargetingInterfaceBuilder) {
-        _mbglMap->update(mbgl::Update::Dimensions);
+        _mbglMap->setSize({{ static_cast<uint16_t>(self.bounds.size.width),
+                             static_cast<uint16_t>(self.bounds.size.height) }});
     }
 }
 
@@ -746,9 +751,8 @@ public:
             return reinterpret_cast<mbgl::gl::glProc>(symbol);
         });
 
-        _mbglView->updateFramebufferBinding();
-
-        _mbglMap->render();
+        _mbglView->updateViewBinding();
+        _mbglMap->render(*_mbglView);
 
         if (_isPrinting) {
             _isPrinting = NO;
@@ -2539,17 +2543,6 @@ public:
     MGLMapViewImpl(MGLMapView *nativeView_)
         : nativeView(nativeView_) {}
 
-    std::array<uint16_t, 2> getSize() const override {
-        return {{ static_cast<uint16_t>(nativeView.bounds.size.width),
-                  static_cast<uint16_t>(nativeView.bounds.size.height) }};
-    }
-
-    std::array<uint16_t, 2> getFramebufferSize() const override {
-        NSRect bounds = [nativeView convertRectToBacking:nativeView.bounds];
-        return {{ static_cast<uint16_t>(bounds.size.width),
-                  static_cast<uint16_t>(bounds.size.height) }};
-    }
-
     void notifyMapChange(mbgl::MapChange change) override {
         [nativeView notifyMapChange:change];
     }
@@ -2567,26 +2560,34 @@ public:
         [NSOpenGLContext clearCurrentContext];
     }
 
-    void updateFramebufferBinding() {
-        MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glGetIntegerv(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING, &fbo));
+    mbgl::gl::value::Viewport::Type getViewport() const {
+        return { 0, 0, static_cast<uint16_t>(nativeView.bounds.size.width),
+                 static_cast<uint16_t>(nativeView.bounds.size.height) };
     }
 
-    void bind() override {
-        MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fbo));
+    void updateViewBinding() {
+        fbo = mbgl::gl::value::BindFramebuffer::Get();
+        getContext().bindFramebuffer.setCurrentValue(fbo);
+        getContext().viewport.setCurrentValue(getViewport());
     }
 
-    mbgl::PremultipliedImage readStillImage(std::array<uint16_t, 2> size = {{ 0, 0 }}) override {
-        if (!size[0] || !size[1]) {
-            size = getFramebufferSize();
-        }
+    void bind() override {
+        getContext().bindFramebuffer = fbo;
+        getContext().viewport = getViewport();
+    }
 
-        mbgl::PremultipliedImage image { size[0], size[1] };
-        MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glReadPixels(0, 0, size[0], size[1], GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image.data.get()));
+    mbgl::PremultipliedImage readStillImage() {
+        NSRect bounds = [nativeView convertRectToBacking:nativeView.bounds];
+        const uint16_t width = bounds.size.width;
+        const uint16_t height = bounds.size.height;
+        mbgl::PremultipliedImage image{ width, height };
+        MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(
+            glReadPixels(0, 0, width, height, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image.data.get()));
 
         const size_t stride = image.stride();
         auto tmp = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(stride);
         uint8_t *rgba = image.data.get();
-        for (int i = 0, j = size[1] - 1; i < j; i++, j--) {
+        for (int i = 0, j = height - 1; i < j; i++, j--) {
             std::memcpy(tmp.get(), rgba + i * stride, stride);
             std::memcpy(rgba + i * stride, rgba + j * stride, stride);
             std::memcpy(rgba + j * stride, tmp.get(), stride);
diff --git a/platform/node/src/node_map.cpp b/platform/node/src/node_map.cpp
index ebdf8d62c3..671bf3e0fd 100644
--- a/platform/node/src/node_map.cpp
+++ b/platform/node/src/node_map.cpp
@@ -356,21 +356,28 @@ void NodeMap::Render(const Nan::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info) {
 }
 
 void NodeMap::startRender(NodeMap::RenderOptions options) {
-    view.resize(options.width, options.height);
-    map->update(mbgl::Update::Dimensions);
+    map->setSize(std::array<uint16_t, 2>{{ static_cast<uint16_t>(options.width),
+                                           static_cast<uint16_t>(options.height) }});
+
+    const std::array<uint16_t, 2> fbSize{{ static_cast<uint16_t>(options.width * pixelRatio),
+                                           static_cast<uint16_t>(options.height * pixelRatio) }};
+    if (!view || view->getSize() != fbSize) {
+        view.reset();
+        view = std::make_unique<mbgl::OffscreenView>(backend.getContext(), fbSize);
+    }
     map->setClasses(options.classes);
     map->setLatLngZoom(mbgl::LatLng(options.latitude, options.longitude), options.zoom);
     map->setBearing(options.bearing);
     map->setPitch(options.pitch);
     map->setDebug(options.debugOptions);
 
-    map->renderStill([this](const std::exception_ptr eptr, mbgl::PremultipliedImage&& result) {
+    map->renderStill(*view, [this](const std::exception_ptr eptr) {
         if (eptr) {
             error = std::move(eptr);
             uv_async_send(async);
         } else {
             assert(!image.data);
-            image = std::move(result);
+            image = view->readStillImage();
             uv_async_send(async);
         }
     });
@@ -772,15 +779,23 @@ void NodeMap::QueryRenderedFeatures(const Nan::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>&
     }
 }
 
-NodeMap::NodeMap(v8::Local<v8::Object> options) :
-    backend(sharedDisplay()),
-    view([&] {
-        Nan::HandleScope scope;
-        return Nan::Has(options, Nan::New("ratio").ToLocalChecked()).FromJust() ? Nan::Get(options, Nan::New("ratio").ToLocalChecked()).ToLocalChecked()->NumberValue() : 1.0;
-    }()),
-    threadpool(),
-    map(std::make_unique<mbgl::Map>(backend, view, view.getPixelRatio(), *this, threadpool, mbgl::MapMode::Still)),
-    async(new uv_async_t) {
+NodeMap::NodeMap(v8::Local<v8::Object> options)
+    : pixelRatio([&] {
+          Nan::HandleScope scope;
+          return Nan::Has(options, Nan::New("ratio").ToLocalChecked()).FromJust()
+                     ? Nan::Get(options, Nan::New("ratio").ToLocalChecked())
+                           .ToLocalChecked()
+                           ->NumberValue()
+                     : 1.0;
+      }()),
+      backend(sharedDisplay()),
+      map(std::make_unique<mbgl::Map>(backend,
+                                      std::array<uint16_t, 2>{{ 256, 256 }},
+                                      pixelRatio,
+                                      *this,
+                                      threadpool,
+                                      mbgl::MapMode::Still)),
+      async(new uv_async_t) {
 
     backend.setMapChangeCallback([&](mbgl::MapChange change) {
         if (change == mbgl::MapChangeDidFailLoadingMap) {
diff --git a/platform/node/src/node_map.hpp b/platform/node/src/node_map.hpp
index 48ff2caab1..45de2733cc 100644
--- a/platform/node/src/node_map.hpp
+++ b/platform/node/src/node_map.hpp
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/map/map.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/storage/file_source.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_backend.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp>
 
 #pragma GCC diagnostic push
 #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-parameter"
@@ -54,8 +54,9 @@ public:
 
     std::unique_ptr<mbgl::AsyncRequest> request(const mbgl::Resource&, mbgl::FileSource::Callback);
 
+    const float pixelRatio;
     mbgl::HeadlessBackend backend;
-    mbgl::HeadlessView view;
+    std::unique_ptr<mbgl::OffscreenView> view;
     NodeThreadPool threadpool;
     std::unique_ptr<mbgl::Map> map;
 
diff --git a/platform/qt/app/mapwindow.cpp b/platform/qt/app/mapwindow.cpp
index 0cce6caaed..e8e3a13489 100644
--- a/platform/qt/app/mapwindow.cpp
+++ b/platform/qt/app/mapwindow.cpp
@@ -9,10 +9,15 @@
 #include <QMouseEvent>
 #include <QString>
 
+#if QT_VERSION >= 0x050000
+#include <QWindow>
+#endif
+
 int kAnimationDuration = 10000;
 
+
 MapWindow::MapWindow(const QMapboxGLSettings &settings)
-    : m_map(nullptr, settings)
+    : m_map(nullptr, settings, size(), pixelRatio())
     , m_bearingAnimation(&m_map, "bearing")
     , m_zoomAnimation(&m_map, "zoom")
 {
@@ -46,6 +51,17 @@ void MapWindow::selfTest()
     m_zoomAnimation.start();
 }
 
+qreal MapWindow::pixelRatio() {
+#if (QT_VERSION >= QT_VERSION_CHECK(5, 6, 0))
+    return devicePixelRatioF();
+#elif (QT_VERSION >= QT_VERSION_CHECK(5, 0, 0))
+    return devicePixelRatio();
+#else
+    return 1;
+#endif
+}
+
+
 void MapWindow::animationFinished()
 {
     qDebug() << "Animation ticks/s: " <<  m_animationTicks / static_cast<float>(kAnimationDuration) * 1000.;
@@ -288,16 +304,12 @@ void MapWindow::initializeGL()
     QMapbox::initializeGLExtensions();
 }
 
-void MapWindow::resizeGL(int w, int h)
-{
-    QSize size(w, h);
-    m_map.resize(size);
-}
-
 void MapWindow::paintGL()
 {
     m_frameDraws++;
 
+    m_map.resize(size(), size() * pixelRatio());
+
 #if QT_VERSION < 0x050400 && defined(__APPLE__)
     // XXX GL framebuffer is valid only after first attempt of painting on
     // older versions of Qt on macOS.
diff --git a/platform/qt/app/mapwindow.hpp b/platform/qt/app/mapwindow.hpp
index fa1c3f4b3b..a579a5bcc5 100644
--- a/platform/qt/app/mapwindow.hpp
+++ b/platform/qt/app/mapwindow.hpp
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ protected slots:
 
 private:
     void changeStyle();
+    qreal pixelRatio();
 
     // QGLWidget implementation.
     void keyPressEvent(QKeyEvent *ev) final;
@@ -32,7 +33,6 @@ private:
     void wheelEvent(QWheelEvent *ev) final;
 
     void initializeGL() final;
-    void resizeGL(int w, int h) final;
     void paintGL() final;
 
     QPointF m_lastPos;
diff --git a/platform/qt/config.cmake b/platform/qt/config.cmake
index 6df311f885..ff86a0dee1 100644
--- a/platform/qt/config.cmake
+++ b/platform/qt/config.cmake
@@ -44,11 +44,10 @@ macro(mbgl_platform_test)
     target_sources(mbgl-test
         PRIVATE test/src/main.cpp
         PRIVATE platform/qt/test/headless_backend_qt.cpp
-        PRIVATE platform/qt/test/headless_view_qt.cpp
         PRIVATE platform/qt/test/qmapboxgl.cpp
         PRIVATE platform/default/headless_backend.cpp
         PRIVATE platform/default/headless_display.cpp
-        PRIVATE platform/default/headless_view.cpp
+        PRIVATE platform/default/offscreen_view.cpp
     )
 
     set_source_files_properties(
diff --git a/platform/qt/include/qmapboxgl.hpp b/platform/qt/include/qmapboxgl.hpp
index ba5631e1e4..d3937ce083 100644
--- a/platform/qt/include/qmapboxgl.hpp
+++ b/platform/qt/include/qmapboxgl.hpp
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <QMapbox>
 #include <QObject>
+#include <QSize>
 #include <QPointF>
 
 class QImage;
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ class QMargins;
 class QSize;
 class QString;
 class QStringList;
+class QOpenGLFramebufferObject;
 
 class QMapboxGLPrivate;
 
@@ -95,7 +97,10 @@ public:
         NorthLeftwards,
     };
 
-    QMapboxGL(QObject *parent = 0, const QMapboxGLSettings& = QMapboxGLSettings());
+    QMapboxGL(QObject* parent = 0,
+              const QMapboxGLSettings& = QMapboxGLSettings(),
+              const QSize& size = QSize(),
+              qreal pixelRatio = 1);
     virtual ~QMapboxGL();
 
     void cycleDebugOptions();
@@ -167,7 +172,7 @@ public:
     void scaleBy(double scale, const QPointF &center = QPointF());
     void rotateBy(const QPointF &first, const QPointF &second);
 
-    void resize(const QSize &size);
+    void resize(const QSize &size, const QSize &framebufferSize);
 
     void addAnnotationIcon(const QString &name, const QImage &sprite);
 
@@ -198,7 +203,11 @@ public:
     void setFilter(const QString &layer, const QVariant &filter);
 
 public slots:
+#if QT_VERSION >= 0x050000
+    void render(QOpenGLFramebufferObject *fbo = NULL);
+#else
     void render();
+#endif
     void connectionEstablished();
 
 signals:
diff --git a/platform/qt/src/qmapboxgl.cpp b/platform/qt/src/qmapboxgl.cpp
index 73a1771908..edda1f9599 100644
--- a/platform/qt/src/qmapboxgl.cpp
+++ b/platform/qt/src/qmapboxgl.cpp
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 #include <mbgl/annotation/annotation.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/gl.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/gl/context.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/map/camera.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/map/map.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/style/conversion.hpp>
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@
 #if QT_VERSION >= 0x050000
 #include <QGuiApplication>
 #include <QWindow>
+#include <QOpenGLFramebufferObject>
 #else
 #include <QCoreApplication>
 #endif
@@ -271,7 +273,7 @@ void QMapboxGLSettings::setAccessToken(const QString &token)
     Constructs a QMapboxGL object with \a settings and sets \a parent as the parent
     object. The \a settings cannot be changed after the object is constructed.
 */
-QMapboxGL::QMapboxGL(QObject *parent, const QMapboxGLSettings &settings)
+QMapboxGL::QMapboxGL(QObject *parent, const QMapboxGLSettings &settings, const QSize& size, qreal pixelRatio)
     : QObject(parent)
 {
     // Multiple QMapboxGL running on the same thread
@@ -280,7 +282,7 @@ QMapboxGL::QMapboxGL(QObject *parent, const QMapboxGLSettings &settings)
         loop.setLocalData(std::make_shared<mbgl::util::RunLoop>());
     }
 
-    d_ptr = new QMapboxGLPrivate(this, settings);
+    d_ptr = new QMapboxGLPrivate(this, settings, size, pixelRatio);
 }
 
 QMapboxGL::~QMapboxGL()
@@ -602,15 +604,14 @@ void QMapboxGL::rotateBy(const QPointF &first, const QPointF &second)
             mbgl::ScreenCoordinate { second.x(), second.y() });
 }
 
-void QMapboxGL::resize(const QSize& size)
+void QMapboxGL::resize(const QSize& size, const QSize& framebufferSize)
 {
-    QSize converted = size / d_ptr->getPixelRatio();
-    if (d_ptr->size == converted) return;
+    if (d_ptr->size == size && d_ptr->fbSize == framebufferSize) return;
 
-    glViewport(0, 0, converted.width(), converted.height());
+    d_ptr->size = size;
+    d_ptr->fbSize = framebufferSize;
 
-    d_ptr->size = converted;
-    d_ptr->mapObj->update(mbgl::Update::Dimensions);
+    d_ptr->mapObj->setSize({{ static_cast<uint16_t>(size.width()), static_cast<uint16_t>(size.height()) }});
 }
 
 void QMapboxGL::addAnnotationIcon(const QString &name, const QImage &sprite)
@@ -793,19 +794,29 @@ void QMapboxGL::setFilter(const QString& layer_, const QVariant& filter_)
     qWarning() << "Layer doesn't support filters";
 }
 
+#if QT_VERSION >= 0x050000
+void QMapboxGL::render(QOpenGLFramebufferObject *fbo)
+{
+    d_ptr->dirty = false;
+    d_ptr->updateFramebufferBinding(fbo);
+    d_ptr->mapObj->render(*d_ptr);
+}
+#else
 void QMapboxGL::render()
 {
     d_ptr->dirty = false;
-    d_ptr->mapObj->render();
+    d_ptr->mapObj->render(*d_ptr);
 }
+#endif
 
 void QMapboxGL::connectionEstablished()
 {
     d_ptr->connectionEstablished();
 }
 
-QMapboxGLPrivate::QMapboxGLPrivate(QMapboxGL *q, const QMapboxGLSettings &settings)
+QMapboxGLPrivate::QMapboxGLPrivate(QMapboxGL *q, const QMapboxGLSettings &settings, const QSize &size_, qreal pixelRatio)
     : QObject(q)
+    , size(size_)
     , q_ptr(q)
     , fileSourceObj(std::make_unique<mbgl::DefaultFileSource>(
         settings.cacheDatabasePath().toStdString(),
@@ -813,7 +824,8 @@ QMapboxGLPrivate::QMapboxGLPrivate(QMapboxGL *q, const QMapboxGLSettings &settin
         settings.cacheDatabaseMaximumSize()))
     , threadPool(4)
     , mapObj(std::make_unique<mbgl::Map>(
-        *this, *this, getPixelRatio(), *fileSourceObj, threadPool,
+        *this, std::array<uint16_t, 2>{{ static_cast<uint16_t>(size.width()), static_cast<uint16_t>(size.height()) }},
+        pixelRatio, *fileSourceObj, threadPool,
         static_cast<mbgl::MapMode>(settings.mapMode()),
         static_cast<mbgl::GLContextMode>(settings.contextMode()),
         static_cast<mbgl::ConstrainMode>(settings.constrainMode()),
@@ -830,36 +842,42 @@ QMapboxGLPrivate::~QMapboxGLPrivate()
 {
 }
 
-float QMapboxGLPrivate::getPixelRatio() const
-{
 #if QT_VERSION >= 0x050000
-    // QWindow is the most reliable pixel ratio because QGuiApplication returns
-    // the maximum pixel ratio of all available QScreen objects - this is not
-    // valid for cases e.g. where two or more QScreen objects with different
-    // pixel ratios are present and the window shows on the screen with lower
-    // pixel ratio.
-    static const float pixelRatio = QGuiApplication::allWindows().first()->devicePixelRatio();
-#else
-    static const float pixelRatio = 1.0;
-#endif
-    return pixelRatio;
+void QMapboxGLPrivate::updateFramebufferBinding(QOpenGLFramebufferObject *fbo_)
+{
+    fbo = fbo_;
+    if (fbo) {
+        getContext().bindFramebuffer.setDirty();
+        getContext().viewport.setCurrentValue(
+            { 0, 0, static_cast<uint16_t>(fbo->width()), static_cast<uint16_t>(fbo->height()) });
+    } else {
+        getContext().bindFramebuffer.setCurrentValue(0);
+        getContext().viewport.setCurrentValue({ 0, 0, static_cast<uint16_t>(fbSize.width()),
+                                                static_cast<uint16_t>(fbSize.height()) });
+    }
 }
 
 void QMapboxGLPrivate::bind()
 {
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0));
-}
-
-std::array<uint16_t, 2> QMapboxGLPrivate::getSize() const
-{
-    return {{ static_cast<uint16_t>(size.width()), static_cast<uint16_t>(size.height()) }};
+    if (fbo) {
+        fbo->bind();
+        getContext().bindFramebuffer.setDirty();
+        getContext().viewport = { 0, 0, static_cast<uint16_t>(fbo->width()),
+                                  static_cast<uint16_t>(fbo->height()) };
+    } else {
+        getContext().bindFramebuffer = 0;
+        getContext().viewport = { 0, 0, static_cast<uint16_t>(fbSize.width()),
+                                  static_cast<uint16_t>(fbSize.height()) };
+    }
 }
-
-std::array<uint16_t, 2> QMapboxGLPrivate::getFramebufferSize() const
+#else
+void QMapboxGLPrivate::bind()
 {
-    return {{ static_cast<uint16_t>(size.width() * getPixelRatio()),
-              static_cast<uint16_t>(size.height() * getPixelRatio()) }};
+    getContext().bindFramebuffer = 0;
+    getContext().viewport = { 0, 0, static_cast<uint16_t>(fbSize.width()),
+                              static_cast<uint16_t>(fbSize.height()) };
 }
+#endif
 
 void QMapboxGLPrivate::invalidate()
 {
diff --git a/platform/qt/src/qmapboxgl_p.hpp b/platform/qt/src/qmapboxgl_p.hpp
index 5a228896dc..e7a14601c1 100644
--- a/platform/qt/src/qmapboxgl_p.hpp
+++ b/platform/qt/src/qmapboxgl_p.hpp
@@ -17,22 +17,27 @@ class QMapboxGLPrivate : public QObject, public mbgl::View, public mbgl::Backend
     Q_OBJECT
 
 public:
-    explicit QMapboxGLPrivate(QMapboxGL *, const QMapboxGLSettings &);
+    explicit QMapboxGLPrivate(QMapboxGL *, const QMapboxGLSettings &, const QSize &size, qreal pixelRatio);
     virtual ~QMapboxGLPrivate();
 
     // mbgl::View implementation.
     float getPixelRatio() const;
     void bind() final;
-    std::array<uint16_t, 2> getSize() const final;
-    std::array<uint16_t, 2> getFramebufferSize() const final;
+    std::array<uint16_t, 2> getSize() const;
+    std::array<uint16_t, 2> getFramebufferSize() const;
 
     void activate() final {}
     void deactivate() final {}
     void invalidate() final;
     void notifyMapChange(mbgl::MapChange) final;
 
+#if QT_VERSION >= 0x050000
+    void updateFramebufferBinding(QOpenGLFramebufferObject *);
+#endif
+
     mbgl::EdgeInsets margins;
     QSize size { 0, 0 };
+    QSize fbSize { 0, 0 };
 
     QMapboxGL *q_ptr { nullptr };
 
@@ -42,6 +47,8 @@ public:
 
     bool dirty { false };
 
+    QOpenGLFramebufferObject *fbo { nullptr };
+
 public slots:
     void connectionEstablished();
 
diff --git a/platform/qt/src/qquickmapboxglrenderer.cpp b/platform/qt/src/qquickmapboxglrenderer.cpp
index d550794d64..903e1c0b05 100644
--- a/platform/qt/src/qquickmapboxglrenderer.cpp
+++ b/platform/qt/src/qquickmapboxglrenderer.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ QQuickMapboxGLRenderer::QQuickMapboxGLRenderer()
     settings.setCacheDatabaseMaximumSize(20 * 1024 * 1024);
     settings.setViewportMode(QMapboxGLSettings::FlippedYViewport);
 
-    m_map.reset(new QMapboxGL(nullptr, settings));
+    m_map.reset(new QMapboxGL(nullptr, settings, QSize(256, 256), 1));
 }
 
 QQuickMapboxGLRenderer::~QQuickMapboxGLRenderer()
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ QQuickMapboxGLRenderer::~QQuickMapboxGLRenderer()
 
 QOpenGLFramebufferObject* QQuickMapboxGLRenderer::createFramebufferObject(const QSize &size)
 {
-    m_map->resize(size);
+    m_map->resize(size / m_pixelRatio, size);
 
     QOpenGLFramebufferObjectFormat format;
     format.setAttachment(QOpenGLFramebufferObject::CombinedDepthStencil);
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ QOpenGLFramebufferObject* QQuickMapboxGLRenderer::createFramebufferObject(const
 
 void QQuickMapboxGLRenderer::render()
 {
-    m_map->render();
+    m_map->render(framebufferObject());
 }
 
 void QQuickMapboxGLRenderer::synchronize(QQuickFramebufferObject *item)
@@ -51,6 +51,12 @@ void QQuickMapboxGLRenderer::synchronize(QQuickFramebufferObject *item)
         m_initialized = true;
     }
 
+    if (auto window = quickMap->window()) {
+        m_pixelRatio = window->devicePixelRatio();
+    } else {
+        m_pixelRatio = 1;
+    }
+
     auto syncStatus = quickMap->m_syncState;
     quickMap->m_syncState = QQuickMapboxGL::NothingNeedsSync;
 
diff --git a/platform/qt/src/qquickmapboxglrenderer.hpp b/platform/qt/src/qquickmapboxglrenderer.hpp
index e0fc767d58..7adeea0421 100644
--- a/platform/qt/src/qquickmapboxglrenderer.hpp
+++ b/platform/qt/src/qquickmapboxglrenderer.hpp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ signals:
 
 private:
     bool m_initialized = false;
+    qreal m_pixelRatio = 1;
 
     QScopedPointer<QMapboxGL> m_map;
 };
diff --git a/platform/qt/test/headless_view_qt.cpp b/platform/qt/test/headless_view_qt.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 133b4a2371..0000000000
--- a/platform/qt/test/headless_view_qt.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-#include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp>
-
-#include <mbgl/gl/gl.hpp>
-
-#include <QApplication>
-#include <QGLContext>
-#include <QGLWidget>
-
-#if QT_VERSION >= 0x050000
-#include <QOpenGLContext>
-#endif
-
-#include <cassert>
-
-namespace mbgl {
-
-void HeadlessView::bindFramebuffer() {
-    assert(fbo);
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, fbo));
-}
-
-void HeadlessView::resizeFramebuffer() {
-    const unsigned int w = dimensions[0] * pixelRatio;
-    const unsigned int h = dimensions[1] * pixelRatio;
-
-    // Create depth/stencil buffer
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glGenRenderbuffersEXT(1, &fboDepthStencil));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindRenderbufferEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, fboDepthStencil));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glRenderbufferStorageEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, GL_DEPTH24_STENCIL8_EXT, w, h));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindRenderbufferEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, 0));
-
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glGenRenderbuffersEXT(1, &fboColor));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindRenderbufferEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, fboColor));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glRenderbufferStorageEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, GL_RGBA8, w, h));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindRenderbufferEXT(GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, 0));
-
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glGenFramebuffersEXT(1, &fbo));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, fbo));
-
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glFramebufferRenderbufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT, GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, fboColor));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glFramebufferRenderbufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT, GL_RENDERBUFFER_EXT, fboDepthStencil));
-
-    GLenum status = MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glCheckFramebufferStatusEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT));
-
-    if (status != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE_EXT) {
-        std::string error("Couldn't create framebuffer: ");
-        switch (status) {
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_ATTACHMENT_EXT: (error += "incomplete attachment"); break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_MISSING_ATTACHMENT_EXT: error += "incomplete missing attachment"; break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DIMENSIONS_EXT: error += "incomplete dimensions"; break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_FORMATS_EXT: error += "incomplete formats"; break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DRAW_BUFFER_EXT: error += "incomplete draw buffer"; break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_READ_BUFFER_EXT: error += "incomplete read buffer"; break;
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_UNSUPPORTED: error += "unsupported"; break;
-            default: error += "other"; break;
-        }
-        throw std::runtime_error(error);
-    }
-
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glViewport(0, 0, w, h));
-}
-
-void HeadlessView::clearBuffers() {
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, 0));
-
-    if (fbo) {
-        MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glDeleteFramebuffersEXT(1, &fbo));
-        fbo = 0;
-    }
-
-    if (fboColor) {
-        MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glDeleteRenderbuffersEXT(1, &fboColor));
-        fboColor = 0;
-    }
-
-    if (fboDepthStencil) {
-        MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glDeleteRenderbuffersEXT(1, &fboDepthStencil));
-        fboDepthStencil = 0;
-    }
-}
-
-} // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/platform/qt/test/qmapboxgl.cpp b/platform/qt/test/qmapboxgl.cpp
index 8bcc485d89..597aef5df3 100644
--- a/platform/qt/test/qmapboxgl.cpp
+++ b/platform/qt/test/qmapboxgl.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ public:
         widget.makeCurrent();
         QMapbox::initializeGLExtensions();
 
-        map.resize(QSize(512, 512));
+        map.resize(QSize(512, 512), QSize(512, 512));
         map.setCoordinateZoom(QMapbox::Coordinate(60.170448, 24.942046), 14);
     }
 
diff --git a/scripts/generate-style-code.js b/scripts/generate-style-code.js
index 77aecbe18c..dcb527e8c9 100644
--- a/scripts/generate-style-code.js
+++ b/scripts/generate-style-code.js
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ global.propertyType = function (property) {
   if (/-translate-anchor$/.test(property.name)) {
     return 'TranslateAnchorType';
   }
-  if (/-(rotation|pitch)-alignment$/.test(property.name)) {
+  if (/-(rotation|pitch|illumination)-alignment$/.test(property.name)) {
     return 'AlignmentType';
   }
   switch (property.type) {
diff --git a/src/mbgl/gl/context.cpp b/src/mbgl/gl/context.cpp
index 2a04fcc18e..23b28a15df 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/gl/context.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/gl/context.cpp
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include <mbgl/map/view.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/context.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/gl.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/vertex_array.hpp>
@@ -142,6 +143,113 @@ UniqueFramebuffer Context::createFramebuffer() {
     return UniqueFramebuffer{ std::move(id), { this } };
 }
 
+UniqueRenderbuffer Context::createRenderbuffer(const RenderbufferType type,
+                                               const uint16_t width,
+                                               const uint16_t height) {
+    RenderbufferID id = 0;
+    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glGenRenderbuffers(1, &id));
+    UniqueRenderbuffer renderbuffer{ std::move(id), { this } };
+
+    bindRenderbuffer = renderbuffer;
+    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(
+        glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, static_cast<GLenum>(type), width, height));
+    return renderbuffer;
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+void checkFramebuffer() {
+    GLenum status = MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER));
+    if (status != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE) {
+        switch (status) {
+        case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_ATTACHMENT:
+            throw std::runtime_error("Couldn't create framebuffer: incomplete attachment");
+        case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_MISSING_ATTACHMENT:
+            throw std::runtime_error("Couldn't create framebuffer: incomplete missing attachment");
+#ifdef GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DRAW_BUFFER
+        case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DRAW_BUFFER:
+            throw std::runtime_error("Couldn't create framebuffer: incomplete draw buffer");
+#endif
+#ifdef GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_READ_BUFFER
+        case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_READ_BUFFER:
+            throw std::runtime_error("Couldn't create framebuffer: incomplete read buffer");
+#endif
+#ifdef GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DIMENSIONS
+        case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DIMENSIONS:
+            throw std::runtime_error("Couldn't create framebuffer: incomplete dimensions");
+#endif
+
+        case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_UNSUPPORTED:
+            throw std::runtime_error("Couldn't create framebuffer: unsupported");
+        default:
+            throw std::runtime_error("Couldn't create framebuffer: other");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void bindDepthStencilRenderbuffer(
+    const Renderbuffer<RenderbufferType::DepthStencil>& depthStencil) {
+#ifdef GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT
+    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT,
+                                               GL_RENDERBUFFER, depthStencil.renderbuffer));
+#else
+    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, GL_RENDERBUFFER,
+                                               depthStencil.renderbuffer));
+    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT,
+                                               GL_RENDERBUFFER, depthStencil.renderbuffer));
+#endif
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+Framebuffer
+Context::createFramebuffer(const Renderbuffer<RenderbufferType::RGBA>& color,
+                           const Renderbuffer<RenderbufferType::DepthStencil>& depthStencil) {
+    if (color.size != depthStencil.size) {
+        throw new std::runtime_error("Renderbuffer size mismatch");
+    }
+    auto fbo = createFramebuffer();
+    bindFramebuffer = fbo;
+    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,
+                                               GL_RENDERBUFFER, color.renderbuffer));
+    bindDepthStencilRenderbuffer(depthStencil);
+    checkFramebuffer();
+    return { color.size, std::move(fbo) };
+}
+
+Framebuffer Context::createFramebuffer(const Renderbuffer<RenderbufferType::RGBA>& color) {
+    auto fbo = createFramebuffer();
+    bindFramebuffer = fbo;
+    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,
+                                               GL_RENDERBUFFER, color.renderbuffer));
+    checkFramebuffer();
+    return { color.size, std::move(fbo) };
+}
+
+Framebuffer
+Context::createFramebuffer(const Texture& color,
+                           const Renderbuffer<RenderbufferType::DepthStencil>& depthStencil) {
+    if (color.size != depthStencil.size) {
+        throw new std::runtime_error("Renderbuffer size mismatch");
+    }
+    auto fbo = createFramebuffer();
+    bindFramebuffer = fbo;
+    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D,
+                                            color.texture, 0));
+    bindDepthStencilRenderbuffer(depthStencil);
+    checkFramebuffer();
+    return { color.size, std::move(fbo) };
+}
+
+Framebuffer Context::createFramebuffer(const Texture& color) {
+    auto fbo = createFramebuffer();
+    bindFramebuffer = fbo;
+    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D,
+                                            color.texture, 0));
+    checkFramebuffer();
+    return { color.size, std::move(fbo) };
+}
+
 UniqueTexture
 Context::createTexture(uint16_t width, uint16_t height, const void* data, TextureUnit unit) {
     auto obj = createTexture();
@@ -186,50 +294,37 @@ void Context::reset() {
     performCleanup();
 }
 
-namespace {
-
-template <typename Fn>
-void applyStateFunction(Context& context, Fn&& fn) {
-    fn(context.stencilFunc);
-    fn(context.stencilMask);
-    fn(context.stencilTest);
-    fn(context.stencilOp);
-    fn(context.depthRange);
-    fn(context.depthMask);
-    fn(context.depthTest);
-    fn(context.depthFunc);
-    fn(context.blend);
-    fn(context.blendFunc);
-    fn(context.blendColor);
-    fn(context.colorMask);
-    fn(context.clearDepth);
-    fn(context.clearColor);
-    fn(context.clearStencil);
-    fn(context.program);
-    fn(context.lineWidth);
-    fn(context.activeTexture);
-    fn(context.bindFramebuffer);
-    fn(context.viewport);
+void Context::setDirtyState() {
+    // Note: does not set viewport/bindFramebuffer to dirty since they are handled separately in
+    // the view object.
+    stencilFunc.setDirty();
+    stencilMask.setDirty();
+    stencilTest.setDirty();
+    stencilOp.setDirty();
+    depthRange.setDirty();
+    depthMask.setDirty();
+    depthTest.setDirty();
+    depthFunc.setDirty();
+    blend.setDirty();
+    blendFunc.setDirty();
+    blendColor.setDirty();
+    colorMask.setDirty();
+    clearDepth.setDirty();
+    clearColor.setDirty();
+    clearStencil.setDirty();
+    program.setDirty();
+    lineWidth.setDirty();
+    activeTexture.setDirty();
 #if not MBGL_USE_GLES2
-    fn(context.pixelZoom);
-    fn(context.rasterPos);
+    pixelZoom.setDirty();
+    rasterPos.setDirty();
 #endif // MBGL_USE_GLES2
-    for (auto& tex : context.texture) {
-        fn(tex);
+    for (auto& tex : texture) {
+       tex.setDirty();
     }
-    fn(context.vertexBuffer);
-    fn(context.elementBuffer);
-    fn(context.vertexArrayObject);
-}
-
-} // namespace
-
-void Context::resetState() {
-    applyStateFunction(*this, [](auto& state) { state.reset(); });
-}
-
-void Context::setDirtyState() {
-    applyStateFunction(*this, [](auto& state) { state.setDirty(); });
+    vertexBuffer.setDirty();
+    elementBuffer.setDirty();
+    vertexArrayObject.setDirty();
 }
 
 void Context::performCleanup() {
@@ -289,6 +384,12 @@ void Context::performCleanup() {
             glDeleteFramebuffers(int(abandonedFramebuffers.size()), abandonedFramebuffers.data()));
         abandonedFramebuffers.clear();
     }
+
+    if (!abandonedRenderbuffers.empty()) {
+        MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glDeleteRenderbuffers(int(abandonedRenderbuffers.size()),
+                                               abandonedRenderbuffers.data()));
+        abandonedRenderbuffers.clear();
+    }
 }
 
 } // namespace gl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/gl/context.hpp b/src/mbgl/gl/context.hpp
index 6a5d44793a..cf8bb2658b 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/gl/context.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/gl/context.hpp
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 #include <mbgl/gl/state.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/value.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/texture.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/gl/renderbuffer.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/gl/framebuffer.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/vertex_buffer.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/index_buffer.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/attribute.hpp>
@@ -14,6 +16,9 @@
 #include <array>
 
 namespace mbgl {
+
+class View;
+
 namespace gl {
 
 constexpr size_t TextureMax = 64;
@@ -27,7 +32,6 @@ public:
     UniqueShader createFragmentShader();
     UniqueTexture createTexture();
     UniqueVertexArray createVertexArray();
-    UniqueFramebuffer createFramebuffer();
 
     template <class V>
     VertexBuffer<V> createVertexBuffer(std::vector<V>&& v) {
@@ -44,6 +48,20 @@ public:
         };
     }
 
+    template <RenderbufferType type>
+    Renderbuffer<type> createRenderbuffer(const std::array<uint16_t, 2>& size) {
+        static_assert(type == RenderbufferType::RGBA || type == RenderbufferType::DepthStencil,
+                      "invalid renderbuffer type");
+        return { size, createRenderbuffer(type, size[0], size[1]) };
+    }
+
+    Framebuffer createFramebuffer(const Renderbuffer<RenderbufferType::RGBA>&,
+                                  const Renderbuffer<RenderbufferType::DepthStencil>&);
+    Framebuffer createFramebuffer(const Renderbuffer<RenderbufferType::RGBA>&);
+    Framebuffer createFramebuffer(const Texture&,
+                                  const Renderbuffer<RenderbufferType::DepthStencil>&);
+    Framebuffer createFramebuffer(const Texture&);
+
     // Create a texture from an image with data.
     template <typename Image>
     Texture createTexture(const Image& image, TextureUnit unit = 0) {
@@ -87,8 +105,6 @@ public:
             && abandonedFramebuffers.empty();
     }
 
-    void resetState();
-
     void setDirtyState();
 
     State<value::StencilFunc> stencilFunc;
@@ -111,6 +127,7 @@ public:
     State<value::ActiveTexture> activeTexture;
     State<value::BindFramebuffer> bindFramebuffer;
     State<value::Viewport> viewport;
+    State<value::BindRenderbuffer> bindRenderbuffer;
 #if not MBGL_USE_GLES2
     State<value::PixelZoom> pixelZoom;
     State<value::RasterPos> rasterPos;
@@ -124,6 +141,8 @@ private:
     UniqueBuffer createVertexBuffer(const void* data, std::size_t size);
     UniqueBuffer createIndexBuffer(const void* data, std::size_t size);
     UniqueTexture createTexture(uint16_t width, uint16_t height, const void* data, TextureUnit);
+    UniqueFramebuffer createFramebuffer();
+    UniqueRenderbuffer createRenderbuffer(RenderbufferType, uint16_t width, uint16_t height);
     void bindAttribute(const AttributeBinding&, std::size_t stride, const int8_t* offset);
 
     friend detail::ProgramDeleter;
@@ -132,6 +151,7 @@ private:
     friend detail::TextureDeleter;
     friend detail::VertexArrayDeleter;
     friend detail::FramebufferDeleter;
+    friend detail::RenderbufferDeleter;
 
     std::vector<TextureID> pooledTextures;
 
@@ -141,6 +161,7 @@ private:
     std::vector<TextureID> abandonedTextures;
     std::vector<VertexArrayID> abandonedVertexArrays;
     std::vector<FramebufferID> abandonedFramebuffers;
+    std::vector<RenderbufferID> abandonedRenderbuffers;
 };
 
 } // namespace gl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/gl/framebuffer.hpp b/src/mbgl/gl/framebuffer.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..880fed159e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mbgl/gl/framebuffer.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <mbgl/gl/object.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+
+namespace mbgl {
+namespace gl {
+
+class Framebuffer {
+public:
+    std::array<uint16_t, 2> size;
+    gl::UniqueFramebuffer framebuffer;
+};
+
+} // namespace gl
+} // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/gl/gl.cpp b/src/mbgl/gl/gl.cpp
index 5cef254160..8999468dbd 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/gl/gl.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/gl/gl.cpp
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ constexpr const char* stringFromError(GLenum err) {
 } // namespace
 
 void checkError(const char* cmd, const char* file, int line) {
+//    fprintf(stderr, "cmd: %s\n", cmd);
     GLenum err = GL_NO_ERROR;
     if ((err = glGetError()) != GL_NO_ERROR) {
         std::string message = std::string(cmd) + ": Error " + stringFromError(err);
diff --git a/src/mbgl/gl/object.cpp b/src/mbgl/gl/object.cpp
index aee87f8836..e2d476e0c0 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/gl/object.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/gl/object.cpp
@@ -41,6 +41,11 @@ void FramebufferDeleter::operator()(FramebufferID id) const {
     context->abandonedFramebuffers.push_back(id);
 }
 
+void RenderbufferDeleter::operator()(RenderbufferID id) const {
+    assert(context);
+    context->abandonedRenderbuffers.push_back(id);
+}
+
 } // namespace detail
 } // namespace gl
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/gl/object.hpp b/src/mbgl/gl/object.hpp
index 1cc1f04a97..1408add65a 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/gl/object.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/gl/object.hpp
@@ -41,6 +41,11 @@ struct FramebufferDeleter {
     void operator()(FramebufferID) const;
 };
 
+struct RenderbufferDeleter {
+    Context* context;
+    void operator()(RenderbufferID) const;
+};
+
 } // namespace detail
 
 using UniqueProgram = std_experimental::unique_resource<ProgramID, detail::ProgramDeleter>;
@@ -49,6 +54,7 @@ using UniqueBuffer = std_experimental::unique_resource<BufferID, detail::BufferD
 using UniqueTexture = std_experimental::unique_resource<TextureID, detail::TextureDeleter>;
 using UniqueVertexArray = std_experimental::unique_resource<VertexArrayID, detail::VertexArrayDeleter>;
 using UniqueFramebuffer = std_experimental::unique_resource<FramebufferID, detail::FramebufferDeleter>;
+using UniqueRenderbuffer = std_experimental::unique_resource<RenderbufferID, detail::RenderbufferDeleter>;
 
 } // namespace gl
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/gl/renderbuffer.hpp b/src/mbgl/gl/renderbuffer.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e8993bb77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mbgl/gl/renderbuffer.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <mbgl/gl/object.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+
+namespace mbgl {
+namespace gl {
+
+template <RenderbufferType renderbufferType>
+class Renderbuffer {
+public:
+    using type = std::integral_constant<RenderbufferType, renderbufferType>;
+    std::array<uint16_t, 2> size;
+    gl::UniqueRenderbuffer renderbuffer;
+};
+
+} // namespace gl
+} // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/gl/state.hpp b/src/mbgl/gl/state.hpp
index dbb005e77d..efe869e5b9 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/gl/state.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/gl/state.hpp
@@ -3,20 +3,6 @@
 namespace mbgl {
 namespace gl {
 
-// Helper struct that allows obtaining the default value of a Value class
-template <typename T, typename = void>
-struct DefaultValue {
-    static typename T::Type Get() {
-        return T::Get();
-    }
-};
-template <typename T>
-struct DefaultValue<T, decltype((void)T::Default, void())> {
-    static typename T::Type Get() {
-        return T::Default;
-    }
-};
-
 // Wraps a piece of OpenGL state and remember its value to avoid redundant state calls.
 // Wrapped types need to implement to the Value class interface:
 //
@@ -26,17 +12,12 @@ struct DefaultValue<T, decltype((void)T::Default, void())> {
 //     static void Set(const Type& value);
 //     static Type Get();
 // };
-//
-// The Get() function is optional, but if it is omitted, you must provide a Default.
-// Default is also optional, but if it is omitted, you must provide a Get() function.
-// If both are present, DefaultValue<T>::Get() will use the Default member.
 template <typename T>
 class State {
 public:
     void operator=(const typename T::Type& value) {
         if (*this != value) {
-            dirty = false;
-            currentValue = value;
+            setCurrentValue(value);
             T::Set(currentValue);
         }
     }
@@ -49,9 +30,9 @@ public:
         return dirty || currentValue != value;
     }
 
-    // Explicitly resets the piece of OpenGL state to its default value.
-    void reset() {
-        *this = defaultValue;
+    void setCurrentValue(const typename T::Type& value) {
+        dirty = false;
+        currentValue = value;
     }
 
     // Mark the state as dirty. This means that the next time we are assigning a value to this
@@ -68,14 +49,9 @@ public:
         return dirty;
     }
 
-    void setDefaultValue(const typename T::Type& value) {
-        defaultValue = value;
-    }
-
 private:
-    typename T::Type defaultValue = DefaultValue<T>::Get();
-    typename T::Type currentValue = defaultValue;
-    bool dirty = false;
+    typename T::Type currentValue = T::Default;
+    bool dirty = true;
 };
 
 // Helper struct that stores the current state and restores it upon destruction. You should not use
diff --git a/src/mbgl/gl/types.hpp b/src/mbgl/gl/types.hpp
index f24674457a..dccc61b03a 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/gl/types.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/gl/types.hpp
@@ -48,6 +48,11 @@ enum class BufferType : uint32_t {
     Element = 0x8893
 };
 
+enum class RenderbufferType : uint32_t {
+    RGBA = 0x8058,
+    DepthStencil = 0x88F0,
+};
+
 enum class TextureMipMap : bool { No = false, Yes = true };
 enum class TextureFilter : bool { Nearest = false, Linear = true };
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/gl/value.cpp b/src/mbgl/gl/value.cpp
index e78b97ef2e..14cd03efc4 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/gl/value.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/gl/value.cpp
@@ -241,6 +241,8 @@ ActiveTexture::Type ActiveTexture::Get() {
     return static_cast<Type>(activeTexture - GL_TEXTURE0);
 }
 
+const constexpr Viewport::Type Viewport::Default;
+
 void Viewport::Set(const Type& value) {
     MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glViewport(value.x, value.y, value.width, value.height));
 }
@@ -252,6 +254,8 @@ Viewport::Type Viewport::Get() {
              static_cast<uint16_t>(viewport[2]), static_cast<uint16_t>(viewport[3]) };
 }
 
+const constexpr BindFramebuffer::Type BindFramebuffer::Default;
+
 void BindFramebuffer::Set(const Type& value) {
     MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, value));
 }
@@ -262,6 +266,18 @@ BindFramebuffer::Type BindFramebuffer::Get() {
     return binding;
 }
 
+const constexpr BindRenderbuffer::Type BindRenderbuffer::Default;
+
+void BindRenderbuffer::Set(const Type& value) {
+    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, value));
+}
+
+BindRenderbuffer::Type BindRenderbuffer::Get() {
+    GLint binding;
+    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glGetIntegerv(GL_RENDERBUFFER_BINDING, &binding));
+    return binding;
+}
+
 const constexpr BindTexture::Type BindTexture::Default;
 
 void BindTexture::Set(const Type& value) {
diff --git a/src/mbgl/gl/value.hpp b/src/mbgl/gl/value.hpp
index 9110b33a16..866ce389a4 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/gl/value.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/gl/value.hpp
@@ -180,6 +180,7 @@ struct Viewport {
         uint16_t width;
         uint16_t height;
     };
+    static const constexpr Type Default = { 0, 0, 0, 0 };
     static void Set(const Type&);
     static Type Get();
 };
@@ -190,6 +191,14 @@ constexpr bool operator!=(const Viewport::Type& a, const Viewport::Type& b) {
 
 struct BindFramebuffer {
     using Type = FramebufferID;
+    static const constexpr Type Default = 0;
+    static void Set(const Type&);
+    static Type Get();
+};
+
+struct BindRenderbuffer {
+    using Type = RenderbufferID;
+    static const constexpr Type Default = 0;
     static void Set(const Type&);
     static Type Get();
 };
diff --git a/src/mbgl/map/backend.cpp b/src/mbgl/map/backend.cpp
index fea4b70ce9..8a06fe2d91 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/map/backend.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/map/backend.cpp
@@ -1,9 +1,19 @@
 #include <mbgl/map/backend.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/gl/context.hpp>
 
 #include <cassert>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
+Backend::Backend() : context(std::make_unique<gl::Context>()) {
+}
+
+gl::Context& Backend::getContext() {
+    return *context;
+}
+
+Backend::~Backend() = default;
+
 void Backend::notifyMapChange(MapChange) {
     // no-op
 }
diff --git a/src/mbgl/map/map.cpp b/src/mbgl/map/map.cpp
index ab85187c98..7b58026386 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/map/map.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/map/map.cpp
@@ -35,10 +35,18 @@ enum class RenderState : uint8_t {
     Fully,
 };
 
+struct StillImageRequest {
+    StillImageRequest(View& view_, Map::StillImageCallback&& callback_)
+        : view(view_), callback(std::move(callback_)) {
+    }
+
+    View& view;
+    Map::StillImageCallback callback;
+};
+
 class Map::Impl : public style::Observer {
 public:
     Impl(Backend&,
-         View&,
          float pixelRatio,
          FileSource&,
          Scheduler&,
@@ -54,12 +62,11 @@ public:
     void onResourceError(std::exception_ptr) override;
 
     void update();
-    void render();
+    void render(View&);
 
     void loadStyleJSON(const std::string&);
 
     Backend& backend;
-    View& view;
     FileSource& fileSource;
     Scheduler& scheduler;
 
@@ -85,14 +92,14 @@ public:
 
     std::unique_ptr<AsyncRequest> styleRequest;
 
-    Map::StillImageCallback callback;
+    std::unique_ptr<StillImageRequest> stillImageRequest;
     size_t sourceCacheSize;
     TimePoint timePoint;
     bool loading = false;
 };
 
 Map::Map(Backend& backend,
-         View& view,
+         const std::array<uint16_t, 2> size,
          const float pixelRatio,
          FileSource& fileSource,
          Scheduler& scheduler,
@@ -101,7 +108,6 @@ Map::Map(Backend& backend,
          ConstrainMode constrainMode,
          ViewportMode viewportMode)
     : impl(std::make_unique<Impl>(backend,
-                                  view,
                                   pixelRatio,
                                   fileSource,
                                   scheduler,
@@ -109,12 +115,10 @@ Map::Map(Backend& backend,
                                   contextMode,
                                   constrainMode,
                                   viewportMode)) {
-    view.initialize(this);
-    update(Update::Dimensions);
+    impl->transform.resize(size);
 }
 
 Map::Impl::Impl(Backend& backend_,
-                View& view_,
                 float pixelRatio_,
                 FileSource& fileSource_,
                 Scheduler& scheduler_,
@@ -123,7 +127,6 @@ Map::Impl::Impl(Backend& backend_,
                 ConstrainMode constrainMode_,
                 ViewportMode viewportMode_)
     : backend(backend_),
-      view(view_),
       fileSource(fileSource_),
       scheduler(scheduler_),
       transform([this](MapChange change) { backend.notifyMapChange(change); },
@@ -150,42 +153,38 @@ Map::~Map() {
     impl->backend.deactivate();
 }
 
-void Map::renderStill(StillImageCallback callback) {
+void Map::renderStill(View& view, StillImageCallback callback) {
     if (!callback) {
         Log::Error(Event::General, "StillImageCallback not set");
         return;
     }
 
     if (impl->mode != MapMode::Still) {
-        callback(std::make_exception_ptr(util::MisuseException("Map is not in still image render mode")), {});
+        callback(std::make_exception_ptr(util::MisuseException("Map is not in still image render mode")));
         return;
     }
 
-    if (impl->callback) {
-        callback(std::make_exception_ptr(util::MisuseException("Map is currently rendering an image")), {});
+    if (impl->stillImageRequest) {
+        callback(std::make_exception_ptr(util::MisuseException("Map is currently rendering an image")));
         return;
     }
 
     if (!impl->style) {
-        callback(std::make_exception_ptr(util::MisuseException("Map doesn't have a style")), {});
+        callback(std::make_exception_ptr(util::MisuseException("Map doesn't have a style")));
         return;
     }
 
     if (impl->style->getLastError()) {
-        callback(impl->style->getLastError(), {});
+        callback(impl->style->getLastError());
         return;
     }
 
-    impl->callback = callback;
+    impl->stillImageRequest = std::make_unique<StillImageRequest>(view, std::move(callback));
     impl->updateFlags |= Update::RenderStill;
     impl->asyncUpdate.send();
 }
 
-void Map::update(Update flags) {
-    impl->onUpdate(flags);
-}
-
-void Map::render() {
+void Map::render(View& view) {
     if (!impl->style) {
         return;
     }
@@ -198,7 +197,7 @@ void Map::render() {
 
     const Update flags = impl->transform.updateTransitions(Clock::now());
 
-    impl->render();
+    impl->render(view);
 
     impl->backend.notifyMapChange(isFullyLoaded() ?
         MapChangeDidFinishRenderingFrameFullyRendered :
@@ -218,16 +217,20 @@ void Map::render() {
     // Triggers an asynchronous update, that eventually triggers a view
     // invalidation, causing renderSync to be called again if in transition.
     if (flags != Update::Nothing) {
-        update(flags);
+        impl->onUpdate(flags);
     }
 }
 
+void Map::triggerRepaint() {
+    impl->backend.invalidate();
+}
+
 void Map::Impl::update() {
     if (!style) {
         updateFlags = Update::Nothing;
     }
 
-    if (updateFlags == Update::Nothing || (mode == MapMode::Still && !callback)) {
+    if (updateFlags == Update::Nothing || (mode == MapMode::Still && !stillImageRequest)) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -270,18 +273,19 @@ void Map::Impl::update() {
 
     if (mode == MapMode::Continuous) {
         backend.invalidate();
-    } else if (callback && style->isLoaded()) {
+    } else if (stillImageRequest && style->isLoaded()) {
+        // TODO: determine whether we need activate/deactivate
         backend.activate();
-        render();
+        render(stillImageRequest->view);
         backend.deactivate();
     }
 
     updateFlags = Update::Nothing;
 }
 
-void Map::Impl::render() {
+void Map::Impl::render(View& view) {
     if (!painter) {
-        painter = std::make_unique<Painter>(transform.getState());
+        painter = std::make_unique<Painter>(backend.getContext(), transform.getState());
     }
 
     FrameData frameData { timePoint,
@@ -296,8 +300,8 @@ void Map::Impl::render() {
                     annotationManager->getSpriteAtlas());
 
     if (mode == MapMode::Still) {
-        callback(nullptr, view.readStillImage());
-        callback = nullptr;
+        auto request = std::move(stillImageRequest);
+        request->callback(nullptr);
     }
 
     painter->cleanup();
@@ -399,12 +403,12 @@ std::string Map::getStyleJSON() const {
 
 void Map::cancelTransitions() {
     impl->transform.cancelTransitions();
-    update(Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 void Map::setGestureInProgress(bool inProgress) {
     impl->transform.setGestureInProgress(inProgress);
-    update(Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 bool Map::isGestureInProgress() const {
@@ -431,24 +435,24 @@ CameraOptions Map::getCameraOptions(optional<EdgeInsets> padding) const {
 
 void Map::jumpTo(const CameraOptions& camera) {
     impl->transform.jumpTo(camera);
-    update(camera.zoom ? Update::RecalculateStyle : Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(camera.zoom ? Update::RecalculateStyle : Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 void Map::easeTo(const CameraOptions& camera, const AnimationOptions& animation) {
     impl->transform.easeTo(camera, animation);
-    update(camera.zoom ? Update::RecalculateStyle : Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(camera.zoom ? Update::RecalculateStyle : Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 void Map::flyTo(const CameraOptions& camera, const AnimationOptions& animation) {
     impl->transform.flyTo(camera, animation);
-    update(Update::RecalculateStyle);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::RecalculateStyle);
 }
 
 #pragma mark - Position
 
 void Map::moveBy(const ScreenCoordinate& point, const Duration& duration) {
     impl->transform.moveBy(point, duration);
-    update(Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 void Map::setLatLng(const LatLng& latLng, const Duration& duration) {
@@ -457,12 +461,12 @@ void Map::setLatLng(const LatLng& latLng, const Duration& duration) {
 
 void Map::setLatLng(const LatLng& latLng, optional<EdgeInsets> padding, const Duration& duration) {
     impl->transform.setLatLng(latLng, padding, duration);
-    update(Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 void Map::setLatLng(const LatLng& latLng, optional<ScreenCoordinate> anchor, const Duration& duration) {
     impl->transform.setLatLng(latLng, anchor, duration);
-    update(Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 LatLng Map::getLatLng(optional<EdgeInsets> padding) const {
@@ -477,7 +481,7 @@ void Map::resetPosition(optional<EdgeInsets> padding) {
     camera.padding = padding;
     camera.zoom = 0;
     impl->transform.jumpTo(camera);
-    update(Update::RecalculateStyle);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::RecalculateStyle);
 }
 
 
@@ -485,12 +489,12 @@ void Map::resetPosition(optional<EdgeInsets> padding) {
 
 void Map::scaleBy(double ds, optional<ScreenCoordinate> anchor, const Duration& duration) {
     impl->transform.scaleBy(ds, anchor, duration);
-    update(Update::RecalculateStyle);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::RecalculateStyle);
 }
 
 void Map::setScale(double scale, optional<ScreenCoordinate> anchor, const Duration& duration) {
     impl->transform.setScale(scale, anchor, duration);
-    update(Update::RecalculateStyle);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::RecalculateStyle);
 }
 
 double Map::getScale() const {
@@ -503,7 +507,7 @@ void Map::setZoom(double zoom, const Duration& duration) {
 
 void Map::setZoom(double zoom, optional<EdgeInsets> padding, const Duration& duration) {
     impl->transform.setZoom(zoom, padding, duration);
-    update(Update::RecalculateStyle);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::RecalculateStyle);
 }
 
 double Map::getZoom() const {
@@ -516,7 +520,7 @@ void Map::setLatLngZoom(const LatLng& latLng, double zoom, const Duration& durat
 
 void Map::setLatLngZoom(const LatLng& latLng, double zoom, optional<EdgeInsets> padding, const Duration& duration) {
     impl->transform.setLatLngZoom(latLng, zoom, padding, duration);
-    update(Update::RecalculateStyle);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::RecalculateStyle);
 }
 
 CameraOptions Map::cameraForLatLngBounds(const LatLngBounds& bounds, optional<EdgeInsets> padding) const {
@@ -613,6 +617,11 @@ double Map::getMaxZoom() const {
 
 #pragma mark - Size
 
+void Map::setSize(const std::array<uint16_t, 2>& size) {
+    impl->transform.resize(size);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Repaint);
+}
+
 uint16_t Map::getWidth() const {
     return impl->transform.getState().getWidth();
 }
@@ -625,7 +634,7 @@ uint16_t Map::getHeight() const {
 
 void Map::rotateBy(const ScreenCoordinate& first, const ScreenCoordinate& second, const Duration& duration) {
     impl->transform.rotateBy(first, second, duration);
-    update(Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 void Map::setBearing(double degrees, const Duration& duration) {
@@ -634,12 +643,12 @@ void Map::setBearing(double degrees, const Duration& duration) {
 
 void Map::setBearing(double degrees, optional<ScreenCoordinate> anchor, const Duration& duration) {
     impl->transform.setAngle(-degrees * util::DEG2RAD, anchor, duration);
-    update(Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 void Map::setBearing(double degrees, optional<EdgeInsets> padding, const Duration& duration) {
     impl->transform.setAngle(-degrees * util::DEG2RAD, padding, duration);
-    update(Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 double Map::getBearing() const {
@@ -648,7 +657,7 @@ double Map::getBearing() const {
 
 void Map::resetNorth(const Duration& duration) {
     impl->transform.setAngle(0, duration);
-    update(Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 #pragma mark - Pitch
@@ -659,7 +668,7 @@ void Map::setPitch(double pitch, const Duration& duration) {
 
 void Map::setPitch(double pitch, optional<ScreenCoordinate> anchor, const Duration& duration) {
     impl->transform.setPitch(pitch * util::DEG2RAD, anchor, duration);
-    update(Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 double Map::getPitch() const {
@@ -670,7 +679,7 @@ double Map::getPitch() const {
 
 void Map::setNorthOrientation(NorthOrientation orientation) {
     impl->transform.setNorthOrientation(orientation);
-    update(Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 NorthOrientation Map::getNorthOrientation() const {
@@ -681,7 +690,7 @@ NorthOrientation Map::getNorthOrientation() const {
 
 void Map::setConstrainMode(mbgl::ConstrainMode mode) {
     impl->transform.setConstrainMode(mode);
-    update(Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 ConstrainMode Map::getConstrainMode() const {
@@ -692,7 +701,7 @@ ConstrainMode Map::getConstrainMode() const {
 
 void Map::setViewportMode(mbgl::ViewportMode mode) {
     impl->transform.setViewportMode(mode);
-    update(Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 ViewportMode Map::getViewportMode() const {
@@ -737,17 +746,17 @@ double Map::getTopOffsetPixelsForAnnotationIcon(const std::string& name) {
 
 AnnotationID Map::addAnnotation(const Annotation& annotation) {
     auto result = impl->annotationManager->addAnnotation(annotation, getMaxZoom());
-    update(Update::AnnotationStyle | Update::AnnotationData);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::AnnotationStyle | Update::AnnotationData);
     return result;
 }
 
 void Map::updateAnnotation(AnnotationID id, const Annotation& annotation) {
-    update(impl->annotationManager->updateAnnotation(id, annotation, getMaxZoom()));
+    impl->onUpdate(impl->annotationManager->updateAnnotation(id, annotation, getMaxZoom()));
 }
 
 void Map::removeAnnotation(AnnotationID annotation) {
     impl->annotationManager->removeAnnotation(annotation);
-    update(Update::AnnotationStyle | Update::AnnotationData);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::AnnotationStyle | Update::AnnotationData);
 }
 
 #pragma mark - Feature query api
@@ -833,7 +842,7 @@ void Map::addLayer(std::unique_ptr<Layer> layer, const optional<std::string>& be
     impl->backend.activate();
 
     impl->style->addLayer(std::move(layer), before);
-    update(Update::Classes);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Classes);
 
     impl->backend.deactivate();
 }
@@ -847,7 +856,7 @@ void Map::removeLayer(const std::string& id) {
     impl->backend.activate();
 
     impl->style->removeLayer(id);
-    update(Update::Classes);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Classes);
 
     impl->backend.deactivate();
 }
@@ -861,7 +870,7 @@ void Map::addImage(const std::string& name, std::unique_ptr<const SpriteImage> i
     impl->style->spriteAtlas->setSprite(name, std::move(image));
     impl->style->spriteAtlas->updateDirty();
 
-    update(Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 void Map::removeImage(const std::string& name) {
@@ -873,7 +882,7 @@ void Map::removeImage(const std::string& name) {
     impl->style->spriteAtlas->removeSprite(name);
     impl->style->spriteAtlas->updateDirty();
 
-    update(Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 #pragma mark - Defaults
@@ -917,7 +926,7 @@ double Map::getDefaultPitch() const {
 
 void Map::setDebug(MapDebugOptions debugOptions) {
     impl->debugOptions = debugOptions;
-    update(Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 void Map::cycleDebugOptions() {
@@ -941,7 +950,7 @@ void Map::cycleDebugOptions() {
     else
         impl->debugOptions = MapDebugOptions::TileBorders;
 
-    update(Update::Repaint);
+    impl->onUpdate(Update::Repaint);
 }
 
 MapDebugOptions Map::getDebug() const {
@@ -954,20 +963,20 @@ bool Map::isFullyLoaded() const {
 
 void Map::addClass(const std::string& className) {
     if (impl->style && impl->style->addClass(className)) {
-        update(Update::Classes);
+        impl->onUpdate(Update::Classes);
     }
 }
 
 void Map::removeClass(const std::string& className) {
     if (impl->style && impl->style->removeClass(className)) {
-        update(Update::Classes);
+        impl->onUpdate(Update::Classes);
     }
 }
 
 void Map::setClasses(const std::vector<std::string>& classNames) {
     if (impl->style) {
         impl->style->setClasses(classNames);
-        update(Update::Classes);
+        impl->onUpdate(Update::Classes);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1019,10 +1028,6 @@ void Map::Impl::onSourceAttributionChanged(style::Source&, const std::string&) {
 }
 
 void Map::Impl::onUpdate(Update flags) {
-    if (flags & Update::Dimensions) {
-        transform.resize(view.getSize());
-    }
-
     updateFlags |= flags;
     asyncUpdate.send();
 }
@@ -1036,9 +1041,9 @@ void Map::Impl::onStyleError() {
 }
 
 void Map::Impl::onResourceError(std::exception_ptr error) {
-    if (mode == MapMode::Still && callback) {
-        callback(error, {});
-        callback = nullptr;
+    if (mode == MapMode::Still && stillImageRequest) {
+        auto request = std::move(stillImageRequest);
+        request->callback(error);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/include/mbgl/map/update.hpp b/src/mbgl/map/update.hpp
index 1da7e3ac92..dc383b819e 100644
--- a/include/mbgl/map/update.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/map/update.hpp
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ namespace mbgl {
 
 enum class Update {
     Nothing                   = 0,
-    Dimensions                = 1 << 1,
     Classes                   = 1 << 2,
     RecalculateStyle          = 1 << 3,
     RenderStill               = 1 << 4,
diff --git a/src/mbgl/map/view.cpp b/src/mbgl/map/view.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 23ce70a3cf..0000000000
--- a/src/mbgl/map/view.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-#include <mbgl/map/view.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/map/map.hpp>
-
-#include <cassert>
-
-namespace mbgl {
-
-PremultipliedImage View::readStillImage(std::array<uint16_t, 2>) {
-    return {};
-}
-
-void View::initialize(Map *map_) {
-    assert(map_);
-    map = map_;
-}
-
-} // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/painter.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/painter.cpp
index ee7ef6d212..fc61d6e0a0 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/painter.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/painter.cpp
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@
 #include <mbgl/util/mat3.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/string.hpp>
 
+#include <mbgl/util/offscreen_texture.hpp>
+
 #include <cassert>
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <iostream>
@@ -40,8 +42,9 @@ namespace mbgl {
 
 using namespace style;
 
-Painter::Painter(const TransformState& state_)
-    : state(state_),
+Painter::Painter(gl::Context& context_, const TransformState& state_)
+    : context(context_),
+      state(state_),
       tileTriangleVertexBuffer(context.createVertexBuffer(std::vector<FillVertex> {{
             { 0,            0 },
             { util::EXTENT, 0 },
@@ -71,9 +74,6 @@ Painter::Painter(const TransformState& state_)
 #ifndef NDEBUG
     overdrawShaders = std::make_unique<Shaders>(context, gl::Shader::Overdraw);
 #endif
-
-    // Reset GL values
-    context.setDirtyState();
 }
 
 Painter::~Painter() = default;
@@ -93,9 +93,10 @@ void Painter::cleanup() {
 }
 
 void Painter::render(const Style& style, const FrameData& frame_, View& view, SpriteAtlas& annotationSpriteAtlas) {
-    context.viewport.setDefaultValue(
-        { 0, 0, view.getFramebufferSize()[0], view.getFramebufferSize()[1] });
     frame = frame_;
+    if (frame.contextMode == GLContextMode::Shared) {
+        context.setDirtyState();
+    }
 
     PaintParameters parameters {
 #ifndef NDEBUG
@@ -126,12 +127,14 @@ void Painter::render(const Style& style, const FrameData& frame_, View& view, Sp
     frameHistory.record(frame.timePoint, state.getZoom(),
         frame.mapMode == MapMode::Continuous ? util::DEFAULT_FADE_DURATION : Milliseconds(0));
 
+
     // - UPLOAD PASS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Uploads all required buffers and images before we do any actual rendering.
     {
         MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP("upload");
 
         spriteAtlas->upload(context, 0);
+
         lineAtlas->upload(context, 0);
         glyphAtlas->upload(context, 0);
         frameHistory.upload(context, 0);
@@ -149,10 +152,8 @@ void Painter::render(const Style& style, const FrameData& frame_, View& view, Sp
     // tiles whatsoever.
     {
         MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP("clear");
-        context.bindFramebuffer.setDirty();
         view.bind();
-        context.viewport.reset();
-        context.stencilFunc.reset();
+        context.stencilFunc = { gl::StencilTestFunction::Always, 0, ~0u };
         context.stencilTest = true;
         context.stencilMask = 0xFF;
         context.depthTest = false;
@@ -249,10 +250,6 @@ void Painter::render(const Style& style, const FrameData& frame_, View& view, Sp
 
         context.vertexArrayObject = 0;
     }
-
-    if (frame.contextMode == GLContextMode::Shared) {
-        context.setDirtyState();
-    }
 }
 
 template <class Iterator>
@@ -296,17 +293,21 @@ void Painter::renderPass(PaintParameters& parameters,
             renderBackground(parameters, *layer.as<BackgroundLayer>());
         } else if (layer.is<CustomLayer>()) {
             MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(layer.baseImpl->id + " - custom");
+
+            // Reset GL state to a known state so the CustomLayer always has a clean slate.
             context.vertexArrayObject = 0;
             context.depthFunc = gl::DepthTestFunction::LessEqual;
             context.depthTest = true;
             context.depthMask = false;
             context.stencilTest = false;
             setDepthSublayer(0);
+
             layer.as<CustomLayer>()->impl->render(state);
-            context.setDirtyState();
-            context.bindFramebuffer.setDirty();
+
+            // Reset the view back to our original one, just in case the CustomLayer changed
+            // the viewport or Framebuffer.
             parameters.view.bind();
-            context.viewport.reset();
+            context.setDirtyState();
         } else {
             MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(layer.baseImpl->id + " - " + util::toString(item.tile->id));
             if (item.bucket->needsClipping()) {
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp
index d2c89c04a9..f339ed1aed 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ struct FrameData {
 
 class Painter : private util::noncopyable {
 public:
-    Painter(const TransformState&);
+    Painter(gl::Context&, const TransformState&);
     ~Painter();
 
     void render(const style::Style&,
@@ -153,6 +153,9 @@ private:
     }
 #endif
 
+private:
+    gl::Context& context;
+
     mat4 projMatrix;
 
     std::array<float, 2> pixelsToGLUnits;
@@ -169,8 +172,6 @@ private:
 
     int indent = 0;
 
-    gl::Context context;
-
     RenderPass pass = RenderPass::Opaque;
 
     int numSublayers = 3;
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/painter_debug.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/painter_debug.cpp
index ca961f84e7..e57bb2205e 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/painter_debug.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/painter_debug.cpp
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ void Painter::renderDebugFrame(const mat4 &matrix) {
 }
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-void Painter::renderClipMasks(PaintParameters& parameters) {
+void Painter::renderClipMasks(PaintParameters&) {
     context.stencilTest = false;
     context.depthTest = false;
     context.program = 0;
@@ -100,13 +100,13 @@ void Painter::renderClipMasks(PaintParameters& parameters) {
     context.rasterPos = { -1, -1, 0, 0 };
 
     // Read the stencil buffer
-    const auto& fbSize = parameters.view.getFramebufferSize();
-    auto pixels = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(fbSize[0] * fbSize[1]);
+    const auto viewport = context.viewport.getCurrentValue();
+    auto pixels = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(viewport.width * viewport.height);
     MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glReadPixels(
-                0,                // GLint x
-                0,                // GLint y
-                fbSize[0],        // GLsizei width
-                fbSize[1],        // GLsizei height
+                viewport.x,         // GLint x
+                viewport.y,         // GLint y
+                viewport.width,   // GLsizei width
+                viewport.height,  // GLsizei height
                 GL_STENCIL_INDEX, // GLenum format
                 GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, // GLenum type
                 pixels.get()      // GLvoid * data
@@ -114,22 +114,21 @@ void Painter::renderClipMasks(PaintParameters& parameters) {
 
     // Scale the Stencil buffer to cover the entire color space.
     auto it = pixels.get();
-    auto end = it + fbSize[0] * fbSize[1];
+    auto end = it + viewport.width * viewport.height;
     const auto factor = 255.0f / *std::max_element(it, end);
     for (; it != end; ++it) {
         *it *= factor;
     }
 
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glWindowPos2i(0, 0));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glDrawPixels(fbSize[0], fbSize[1], GL_LUMINANCE, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels.get()));
-#else
-    (void)parameters;
+    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glWindowPos2i(viewport.x, viewport.y));
+    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glDrawPixels(viewport.width, viewport.height, GL_LUMINANCE, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
+                                  pixels.get()));
 #endif // MBGL_USE_GLES2
 }
 #endif // NDEBUG
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-void Painter::renderDepthBuffer(PaintParameters& parameters) {
+void Painter::renderDepthBuffer(PaintParameters&) {
     context.stencilTest = false;
     context.depthTest = false;
     context.program = 0;
@@ -140,27 +139,26 @@ void Painter::renderDepthBuffer(PaintParameters& parameters) {
     context.rasterPos = { -1, -1, 0, 0 };
 
     // Read the stencil buffer
-    const auto& fbSize = parameters.view.getFramebufferSize();
-    auto pixels = std::make_unique<GLubyte[]>(fbSize[0] * fbSize[1]);
+    const auto viewport = context.viewport.getCurrentValue();
+    auto pixels = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(viewport.width * viewport.height);
 
     const double base = 1.0 / (1.0 - depthRangeSize);
     glPixelTransferf(GL_DEPTH_SCALE, base);
     glPixelTransferf(GL_DEPTH_BIAS, 1.0 - base);
 
     MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glReadPixels(
-                0,                  // GLint x
-                0,                  // GLint y
-                fbSize[0],          // GLsizei width
-                fbSize[1],          // GLsizei height
+                viewport.x,         // GLint x
+                viewport.y,         // GLint y
+                viewport.width,     // GLsizei width
+                viewport.height,    // GLsizei height
                 GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, // GLenum format
                 GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,   // GLenum type
                 pixels.get()        // GLvoid * data
                 ));
 
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glWindowPos2i(0, 0));
-    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glDrawPixels(fbSize[0], fbSize[1], GL_LUMINANCE, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels.get()));
-#else
-    (void)parameters;
+    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glWindowPos2i(viewport.x, viewport.y));
+    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glDrawPixels(viewport.width, viewport.height, GL_LUMINANCE, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
+                                  pixels.get()));
 #endif // MBGL_USE_GLES2
 }
 #endif // NDEBUG
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/painter_fill.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/painter_fill.cpp
index 1fc5f11079..b6606ca40b 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/painter_fill.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/painter_fill.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,9 @@ void Painter::renderFill(PaintParameters& parameters,
     const bool isOutlineColorDefined = !properties.fillOutlineColor.isUndefined();
     Color strokeColor = isOutlineColorDefined? properties.fillOutlineColor : fillColor;
 
-    auto worldSize = util::convert<GLfloat>(parameters.view.getFramebufferSize());
+    const auto viewport = context.viewport.getCurrentValue();
+    const std::array<GLfloat, 2> worldSize{ { static_cast<GLfloat>(viewport.width),
+                                              static_cast<GLfloat>(viewport.height) } };
 
     bool pattern = !properties.fillPattern.value.from.empty();
     bool outline = properties.fillAntialias && !pattern && isOutlineColorDefined;
diff --git a/src/mbgl/util/offscreen_texture.cpp b/src/mbgl/util/offscreen_texture.cpp
index 51049f8282..40bb70b70e 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/util/offscreen_texture.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/util/offscreen_texture.cpp
@@ -1,70 +1,48 @@
+#include <mbgl/util/offscreen_texture.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/context.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/gl.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/util/offscreen_texture.hpp>
 
+#include <cstring>
 #include <cassert>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-void OffscreenTexture::bind(gl::Context& context,
-                            std::array<uint16_t, 2> size) {
+OffscreenTexture::OffscreenTexture(gl::Context& context_, std::array<uint16_t, 2> size_)
+    : context(context_), size(std::move(size_)) {
     assert(size[0] > 0 && size[1] > 0);
+}
 
-    if (!texture || texture->size != size) {
-        texture = context.createTexture(size);
-    }
-
+void OffscreenTexture::bind() {
     if (!framebuffer) {
-        framebuffer = context.createFramebuffer();
-        context.bindFramebuffer = *framebuffer;
-        MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D,
-                                                texture->texture, 0));
-
-        GLenum status = MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER));
-        if (status != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE) {
-            switch (status) {
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_ATTACHMENT:
-                throw std::runtime_error("Couldn't create framebuffer: incomplete attachment");
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_MISSING_ATTACHMENT:
-                throw std::runtime_error(
-                    "Couldn't create framebuffer: incomplete missing attachment");
-#ifdef GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DRAW_BUFFER
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DRAW_BUFFER:
-                throw std::runtime_error("Couldn't create framebuffer: incomplete draw buffer");
-#endif
-#ifdef GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_READ_BUFFER
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_READ_BUFFER:
-                throw std::runtime_error("Couldn't create framebuffer: incomplete read buffer");
-#endif
-#ifdef GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DIMENSIONS
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_INCOMPLETE_DIMENSIONS:
-                throw std::runtime_error("Couldn't create framebuffer: incomplete dimensions");
-#endif
-
-            case GL_FRAMEBUFFER_UNSUPPORTED:
-                throw std::runtime_error("Couldn't create framebuffer: unsupported");
-            default:
-                throw std::runtime_error("Couldn't create framebuffer: other");
-            }
-        }
+        texture = context.createTexture(size);
+        framebuffer = context.createFramebuffer(*texture);
     } else {
-        context.bindFramebuffer = *framebuffer;
+        context.bindFramebuffer = framebuffer->framebuffer;
     }
 
     context.viewport = { 0, 0, size[0], size[1] };
 }
 
 gl::Texture& OffscreenTexture::getTexture() {
+    assert(texture);
     return *texture;
 }
 
-std::array<uint16_t, 2> OffscreenTexture::getSize() const {
-    if (texture) {
-        // Use explicit dereference instead of -> due to clang 3.5 bug
-        return (*texture).size;
-    } else {
-        return {{ 0, 0 }};
+PremultipliedImage OffscreenTexture::readStillImage() {
+    PremultipliedImage image { size[0], size[1] };
+    MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glReadPixels(0, 0, size[0], size[1], GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, image.data.get()));
+
+    const auto stride = image.stride();
+    auto tmp = std::make_unique<uint8_t[]>(stride);
+    uint8_t* rgba = image.data.get();
+    for (int i = 0, j = size[1] - 1; i < j; i++, j--) {
+        std::memcpy(tmp.get(), rgba + i * stride, stride);
+        std::memcpy(rgba + i * stride, rgba + j * stride, stride);
+        std::memcpy(rgba + j * stride, tmp.get(), stride);
     }
+
+    return image;
 }
 
+
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/util/offscreen_texture.hpp b/src/mbgl/util/offscreen_texture.hpp
index c71c0e51d9..8928bc2434 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/util/offscreen_texture.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/util/offscreen_texture.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <mbgl/map/view.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/gl/framebuffer.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/texture.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/util/optional.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/util/image.hpp>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
@@ -8,15 +12,20 @@ namespace gl {
 class Context;
 } // namespace gl
 
-class OffscreenTexture {
+class OffscreenTexture : public View {
 public:
-    void bind(gl::Context&, std::array<uint16_t, 2> size);
+    OffscreenTexture(gl::Context&, std::array<uint16_t, 2> size = {{ 256, 256 }});
+
+    void bind() override;
+
+    PremultipliedImage readStillImage();
 
     gl::Texture& getTexture();
-    std::array<uint16_t, 2> getSize() const;
 
 private:
-    optional<gl::UniqueFramebuffer> framebuffer;
+    gl::Context& context;
+    std::array<uint16_t, 2> size;
+    optional<gl::Framebuffer> framebuffer;
     optional<gl::Texture> texture;
 };
 
diff --git a/test/api/annotations.test.cpp b/test/api/annotations.test.cpp
index 53c0182ee9..2c875796bd 100644
--- a/test/api/annotations.test.cpp
+++ b/test/api/annotations.test.cpp
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/sprite/sprite_image.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/map/map.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_backend.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/io.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/run_loop.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/color.hpp>
@@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ class AnnotationTest {
 public:
     util::RunLoop loop;
     HeadlessBackend backend;
-    HeadlessView view;
+    OffscreenView view{ backend.getContext() };
     StubFileSource fileSource;
     ThreadPool threadPool { 4 };
-    Map map { backend, view, view.getPixelRatio(), fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Still };
+    Map map { backend, view.getSize(), 1, fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Still };
 
     void checkRendering(const char * name) {
         test::checkImage(std::string("test/fixtures/annotations/") + name,
-                         test::render(map), 0.0002, 0.1);
+                         test::render(map, view), 0.0002, 0.1);
     }
 };
 
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ TEST(Annotations, AddMultiple) {
     test.map.addAnnotationIcon("default_marker", namedMarker("default_marker.png"));
     test.map.addAnnotation(SymbolAnnotation { Point<double> { -10, 0 }, "default_marker" });
 
-    test::render(test.map);
+    test::render(test.map, test.view);
 
     test.map.addAnnotation(SymbolAnnotation { Point<double> { 10, 0 }, "default_marker" });
     test.checkRendering("add_multiple");
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ TEST(Annotations, NonImmediateAdd) {
     AnnotationTest test;
 
     test.map.setStyleJSON(util::read_file("test/fixtures/api/empty.json"));
-    test::render(test.map);
+    test::render(test.map, test.view);
 
     Polygon<double> polygon = {{ {{ { 0, 0 }, { 0, 45 }, { 45, 45 }, { 45, 0 } }} }};
     FillAnnotation annotation { polygon };
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ TEST(Annotations, UpdateSymbolAnnotationGeometry) {
     test.map.addAnnotationIcon("flipped_marker", namedMarker("flipped_marker.png"));
     AnnotationID point = test.map.addAnnotation(SymbolAnnotation { Point<double> { 0, 0 }, "default_marker" });
 
-    test::render(test.map);
+    test::render(test.map, test.view);
 
     test.map.updateAnnotation(point, SymbolAnnotation { Point<double> { -10, 0 }, "default_marker" });
     test.checkRendering("update_point");
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ TEST(Annotations, UpdateSymbolAnnotationIcon) {
     test.map.addAnnotationIcon("flipped_marker", namedMarker("flipped_marker.png"));
     AnnotationID point = test.map.addAnnotation(SymbolAnnotation { Point<double> { 0, 0 }, "default_marker" });
 
-    test::render(test.map);
+    test::render(test.map, test.view);
 
     test.map.updateAnnotation(point, SymbolAnnotation { Point<double> { 0, 0 }, "flipped_marker" });
     test.checkRendering("update_icon");
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ TEST(Annotations, UpdateLineAnnotationGeometry) {
     test.map.setStyleJSON(util::read_file("test/fixtures/api/empty.json"));
     AnnotationID line = test.map.addAnnotation(annotation);
 
-    test::render(test.map);
+    test::render(test.map, test.view);
 
     annotation.geometry = LineString<double> {{ { 0, 0 }, { -45, -45 } }};
     test.map.updateAnnotation(line, annotation);
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ TEST(Annotations, UpdateLineAnnotationStyle) {
     test.map.setStyleJSON(util::read_file("test/fixtures/api/empty.json"));
     AnnotationID line = test.map.addAnnotation(annotation);
 
-    test::render(test.map);
+    test::render(test.map, test.view);
 
     annotation.color = { { 0, 255, 0, 1 } };
     annotation.width = { 2 };
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ TEST(Annotations, UpdateFillAnnotationGeometry) {
     test.map.setStyleJSON(util::read_file("test/fixtures/api/empty.json"));
     AnnotationID fill = test.map.addAnnotation(annotation);
 
-    test::render(test.map);
+    test::render(test.map, test.view);
 
     annotation.geometry = Polygon<double> {{ {{ { 0, 0 }, { 0, 45 }, { 45, 0 } }} }};
     test.map.updateAnnotation(fill, annotation);
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ TEST(Annotations, UpdateFillAnnotationStyle) {
     test.map.setStyleJSON(util::read_file("test/fixtures/api/empty.json"));
     AnnotationID fill = test.map.addAnnotation(annotation);
 
-    test::render(test.map);
+    test::render(test.map, test.view);
 
     annotation.color = { { 0, 255, 0, 1 } };
     test.map.updateAnnotation(fill, annotation);
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ TEST(Annotations, RemovePoint) {
     test.map.addAnnotationIcon("default_marker", namedMarker("default_marker.png"));
     AnnotationID point = test.map.addAnnotation(SymbolAnnotation { Point<double> { 0, 0 }, "default_marker" });
 
-    test::render(test.map);
+    test::render(test.map, test.view);
 
     test.map.removeAnnotation(point);
     test.checkRendering("remove_point");
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ TEST(Annotations, RemoveShape) {
     test.map.setStyleJSON(util::read_file("test/fixtures/api/empty.json"));
     AnnotationID shape = test.map.addAnnotation(annotation);
 
-    test::render(test.map);
+    test::render(test.map, test.view);
 
     test.map.removeAnnotation(shape);
     test.checkRendering("remove_shape");
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ TEST(Annotations, ImmediateRemoveShape) {
     test.map.removeAnnotation(test.map.addAnnotation(LineAnnotation { LineString<double>() }));
     test.map.setStyleJSON(util::read_file("test/fixtures/api/empty.json"));
 
-    test::render(test.map);
+    test::render(test.map, test.view);
 }
 
 TEST(Annotations, SwitchStyle) {
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ TEST(Annotations, SwitchStyle) {
     test.map.addAnnotationIcon("default_marker", namedMarker("default_marker.png"));
     test.map.addAnnotation(SymbolAnnotation { Point<double> { 0, 0 }, "default_marker" });
 
-    test::render(test.map);
+    test::render(test.map, test.view);
 
     test.map.setStyleJSON(util::read_file("test/fixtures/api/empty.json"));
     test.checkRendering("switch_style");
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ TEST(Annotations, QueryRenderedFeatures) {
     test.map.addAnnotation(SymbolAnnotation { Point<double> { 0, 0 }, "default_marker" });
     test.map.addAnnotation(SymbolAnnotation { Point<double> { 0, 50 }, "default_marker" });
 
-    test::render(test.map);
+    test::render(test.map, test.view);
 
     auto features = test.map.queryRenderedFeatures(test.map.pixelForLatLng({ 0, 0 }));
     EXPECT_EQ(features.size(), 1u);
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ TEST(Annotations, QueryFractionalZoomLevels) {
     test.map.setLatLngZoom({ 5, 5 }, 0);
     for (uint16_t zoomSteps = 10; zoomSteps <= 20; ++zoomSteps) {
         test.map.setZoom(zoomSteps / 10.0);
-        test::render(test.map);
+        test::render(test.map, test.view);
         auto features = test.map.queryRenderedFeatures(box);
 
         // Filter out repeated features.
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ TEST(Annotations, VisibleFeatures) {
 
     // Change bearing *after* adding annotations causes them to be reordered.
     test.map.setBearing(45);
-    test::render(test.map);
+    test::render(test.map, test.view);
 
     auto features = test.map.queryRenderedFeatures(box);
     auto sortID = [](const Feature& lhs, const Feature& rhs) { return lhs.id < rhs.id; };
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ TEST(Annotations, VisibleFeatures) {
 
     test.map.setBearing(0);
     test.map.setZoom(4);
-    test::render(test.map);
+    test::render(test.map, test.view);
     features = test.map.queryRenderedFeatures(box);
     std::sort(features.begin(), features.end(), sortID);
     features.erase(std::unique(features.begin(), features.end(), sameID), features.end());
diff --git a/test/api/api_misuse.test.cpp b/test/api/api_misuse.test.cpp
index f11363fa3c..eb271b0258 100644
--- a/test/api/api_misuse.test.cpp
+++ b/test/api/api_misuse.test.cpp
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 #include <mbgl/map/map.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_backend.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/storage/online_file_source.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/thread_pool.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/exception.hpp>
@@ -21,14 +21,13 @@ TEST(API, RenderWithoutCallback) {
     util::RunLoop loop;
 
     HeadlessBackend backend;
-    HeadlessView view;
-    view.resize(128, 512);
+    OffscreenView view(backend.getContext(), {{ 128, 512 }});
     StubFileSource fileSource;
     ThreadPool threadPool(4);
 
-    std::unique_ptr<Map> map = std::make_unique<Map>(backend, view, view.getPixelRatio(),
-                                                     fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Still);
-    map->renderStill(nullptr);
+    std::unique_ptr<Map> map =
+        std::make_unique<Map>(backend, view.getSize(), 1, fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Still);
+    map->renderStill(view, nullptr);
 
     // Force Map thread to join.
     map.reset();
@@ -47,15 +46,14 @@ TEST(API, RenderWithoutStyle) {
     util::RunLoop loop;
 
     HeadlessBackend backend;
-    HeadlessView view;
-    view.resize(128, 512);
+    OffscreenView view(backend.getContext(), {{ 128, 512 }});
     StubFileSource fileSource;
     ThreadPool threadPool(4);
 
-    Map map(backend, view, view.getPixelRatio(), fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(backend, view.getSize(), 1, fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Still);
 
     std::exception_ptr error;
-    map.renderStill([&](std::exception_ptr error_, PremultipliedImage&&) {
+    map.renderStill(view, [&](std::exception_ptr error_) {
         error = error_;
         loop.stop();
     });
diff --git a/test/api/custom_layer.test.cpp b/test/api/custom_layer.test.cpp
index 84ae780174..70de102b80 100644
--- a/test/api/custom_layer.test.cpp
+++ b/test/api/custom_layer.test.cpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/gl/gl.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/map/map.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_backend.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/thread_pool.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/storage/default_file_source.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/style/layers/custom_layer.hpp>
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ TEST(CustomLayer, Basic) {
     util::RunLoop loop;
 
     HeadlessBackend backend;
-    HeadlessView view;
+    OffscreenView view(backend.getContext());
 
 #ifdef MBGL_ASSET_ZIP
     // Regenerate with `cd test/fixtures/api/ && zip -r assets.zip assets/`
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ TEST(CustomLayer, Basic) {
 
     ThreadPool threadPool(4);
 
-    Map map(backend, view, view.getPixelRatio(), fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(backend, view.getSize(), 1, fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Still);
     map.setStyleJSON(util::read_file("test/fixtures/api/water.json"));
     map.setLatLngZoom({ 37.8, -122.5 }, 10);
     map.addLayer(std::make_unique<CustomLayer>(
@@ -117,5 +117,5 @@ TEST(CustomLayer, Basic) {
     layer->setFillColor(Color{ 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0 });
     map.addLayer(std::move(layer));
 
-    test::checkImage("test/fixtures/custom_layer/basic", test::render(map), 0.0006, 0.1);
+    test::checkImage("test/fixtures/custom_layer/basic", test::render(map, view), 0.0006, 0.1);
 }
diff --git a/test/api/query.test.cpp b/test/api/query.test.cpp
index d989d222c5..8e59c19afc 100644
--- a/test/api/query.test.cpp
+++ b/test/api/query.test.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include <mbgl/map/map.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_backend.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/thread_pool.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/sprite/sprite_image.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/test/stub_file_source.hpp>
@@ -22,15 +22,15 @@ public:
         map.setStyleJSON(util::read_file("test/fixtures/api/query_style.json"));
         map.addImage("test-icon", std::move(image));
 
-        test::render(map);
+        test::render(map, view);
     }
 
     util::RunLoop loop;
     HeadlessBackend backend;
-    HeadlessView view;
+    OffscreenView view { backend.getContext() };
     StubFileSource fileSource;
     ThreadPool threadPool { 4 };
-    Map map { backend, view, view.getPixelRatio(), fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Still };
+    Map map { backend, view.getSize(), 1, fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Still };
 };
 
 } // end namespace
diff --git a/test/api/render_missing.test.cpp b/test/api/render_missing.test.cpp
index 8123070282..366d71e67d 100644
--- a/test/api/render_missing.test.cpp
+++ b/test/api/render_missing.test.cpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <mbgl/map/map.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_backend.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/thread_pool.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/storage/default_file_source.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/image.hpp>
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ TEST(API, TEST_REQUIRES_SERVER(RenderMissingTile)) {
     const auto style = util::read_file("test/fixtures/api/water_missing_tiles.json");
 
     HeadlessBackend backend;
-    HeadlessView view(1, 256, 512);
+    OffscreenView view(backend.getContext(), {{ 256, 512 }});
 #ifdef MBGL_ASSET_ZIP
     // Regenerate with `cd test/fixtures/api/ && zip -r assets.zip assets/`
     DefaultFileSource fileSource(":memory:", "test/fixtures/api/assets.zip");
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ TEST(API, TEST_REQUIRES_SERVER(RenderMissingTile)) {
 
     Log::setObserver(std::make_unique<FixtureLogObserver>());
 
-    Map map(backend, view, view.getPixelRatio(), fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(backend, view.getSize(), 1, fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Still);
 
     std::string message;
 
     // This host does not respond (== connection error).
     // Are you seeing this test fail? Make sure you don't have a server running on port 3001!
     map.setStyleJSON(style);
-    map.renderStill([&](std::exception_ptr err, PremultipliedImage&&) {
+    map.renderStill(view, [&](std::exception_ptr err) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(err.operator bool());
         try {
             std::rethrow_exception(err);
diff --git a/test/api/repeated_render.test.cpp b/test/api/repeated_render.test.cpp
index 5bc57198bd..715b49b289 100644
--- a/test/api/repeated_render.test.cpp
+++ b/test/api/repeated_render.test.cpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <mbgl/map/map.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_backend.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/thread_pool.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/storage/default_file_source.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/image.hpp>
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ TEST(API, RepeatedRender) {
     const auto style = util::read_file("test/fixtures/api/water.json");
 
     HeadlessBackend backend;
-    HeadlessView view(1, 256, 512);
+    OffscreenView view(backend.getContext(), {{ 256, 512 }});
 #ifdef MBGL_ASSET_ZIP
     // Regenerate with `cd test/fixtures/api/ && zip -r assets.zip assets/`
     DefaultFileSource fileSource(":memory:", "test/fixtures/api/assets.zip");
@@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ TEST(API, RepeatedRender) {
 
     Log::setObserver(std::make_unique<FixtureLogObserver>());
 
-    Map map(backend, view, view.getPixelRatio(), fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(backend, view.getSize(), 1, fileSource, threadPool, MapMode::Still);
 
     {
         map.setStyleJSON(style);
         PremultipliedImage result;
-        map.renderStill([&result](std::exception_ptr, PremultipliedImage&& image) {
-            result = std::move(image);
+        map.renderStill(view, [&](std::exception_ptr) {
+            result = view.readStillImage();
         });
 
         while (!result.size()) {
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ TEST(API, RepeatedRender) {
     {
         map.setStyleJSON(style);
         PremultipliedImage result;
-        map.renderStill([&result](std::exception_ptr, PremultipliedImage&& image) {
-            result = std::move(image);
+        map.renderStill(view, [&](std::exception_ptr) {
+            result = view.readStillImage();
         });
 
         while (!result.size()) {
diff --git a/test/gl/object.test.cpp b/test/gl/object.test.cpp
index 1f9d48cff7..a3457d28c6 100644
--- a/test/gl/object.test.cpp
+++ b/test/gl/object.test.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/test/util.hpp>
 
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_backend.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp>
 
 #include <mbgl/gl/gl.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/context.hpp>
@@ -43,11 +43,8 @@ TEST(GLObject, Value) {
 
     auto object = std::make_unique<mbgl::gl::State<MockGLObject>>();
     EXPECT_EQ(object->getCurrentValue(), false);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(object->isDirty());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(setFlag);
-
-    object->setDirty();
     EXPECT_TRUE(object->isDirty());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(setFlag);
 
     *object = false;
     EXPECT_EQ(object->getCurrentValue(), false);
@@ -59,16 +56,11 @@ TEST(GLObject, Value) {
     EXPECT_EQ(object->getCurrentValue(), true);
     EXPECT_FALSE(object->isDirty());
     EXPECT_TRUE(setFlag);
-
-    object->reset();
-    EXPECT_EQ(object->getCurrentValue(), false);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(object->isDirty());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(setFlag);
 }
 
 TEST(GLObject, Store) {
     mbgl::HeadlessBackend backend;
-    mbgl::HeadlessView view;
+    mbgl::OffscreenView view(backend.getContext());
 
     mbgl::gl::Context context;
     EXPECT_TRUE(context.empty());
diff --git a/test/map/map.test.cpp b/test/map/map.test.cpp
index a5d634e77a..97a09e94a0 100644
--- a/test/map/map.test.cpp
+++ b/test/map/map.test.cpp
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 #include <mbgl/map/map.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_backend.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/thread_pool.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/sprite/sprite_image.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/storage/network_status.hpp>
@@ -23,15 +23,14 @@ using namespace std::literals::string_literals;
 struct MapTest {
     util::RunLoop runLoop;
     HeadlessBackend backend;
-    HeadlessView view;
+    OffscreenView view { backend.getContext() };
     StubFileSource fileSource;
     ThreadPool threadPool { 4 };
 };
 
 TEST(Map, LatLngBehavior) {
     MapTest test;
-    Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), test.fileSource, test.threadPool,
-            MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(test.backend, test.view.getSize(), 1, test.fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
 
     map.setStyleJSON(util::read_file("test/fixtures/api/empty.json"));
 
@@ -65,12 +64,11 @@ TEST(Map, Offline) {
     fileSource.put(Resource::glyphs(prefix + "{fontstack}/{range}.pbf", {{"Helvetica"}}, {0, 255}), expiredItem("glyph.pbf"));
     NetworkStatus::Set(NetworkStatus::Status::Offline);
 
-    Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), fileSource, test.threadPool,
-            MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(test.backend, test.view.getSize(), 1, fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
     map.setStyleURL(prefix + "style.json");
 
     test::checkImage("test/fixtures/map/offline",
-                     test::render(map),
+                     test::render(map, test.view),
                      0.0015,
                      0.1);
 
@@ -90,8 +88,8 @@ TEST(Map, SetStyleInvalidJSON) {
     });
 
     {
-        Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), test.fileSource,
-                test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
+        Map map(test.backend, test.view.getSize(), 1, test.fileSource, test.threadPool,
+                MapMode::Still);
         map.setStyleJSON("invalid");
     }
 
@@ -122,8 +120,7 @@ TEST(Map, SetStyleInvalidURL) {
         }
     });
 
-    Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), test.fileSource, test.threadPool,
-            MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(test.backend, test.view.getSize(), 1, test.fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
     map.setStyleURL("mapbox://bar");
 
     test.runLoop.run();
@@ -132,8 +129,7 @@ TEST(Map, SetStyleInvalidURL) {
 TEST(Map, DoubleStyleLoad) {
     MapTest test;
 
-    Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), test.fileSource, test.threadPool,
-            MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(test.backend, test.view.getSize(), 1, test.fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
     map.setStyleJSON("");
     map.setStyleJSON("");
 }
@@ -144,8 +140,7 @@ TEST(Map, StyleFresh) {
     MapTest test;
     FakeFileSource fileSource;
 
-    Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), fileSource, test.threadPool,
-            MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(test.backend, test.view.getSize(), 1, fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
     map.setStyleURL("mapbox://styles/test");
     EXPECT_EQ(1u, fileSource.requests.size());
 
@@ -165,8 +160,7 @@ TEST(Map, StyleExpired) {
     MapTest test;
     FakeFileSource fileSource;
 
-    Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), fileSource, test.threadPool,
-            MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(test.backend, test.view.getSize(), 1, fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
     map.setStyleURL("mapbox://styles/test");
     EXPECT_EQ(1u, fileSource.requests.size());
 
@@ -193,8 +187,7 @@ TEST(Map, StyleExpiredWithAnnotations) {
     MapTest test;
     FakeFileSource fileSource;
 
-    Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), fileSource, test.threadPool,
-            MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(test.backend, test.view.getSize(), 1, fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
     map.setStyleURL("mapbox://styles/test");
     EXPECT_EQ(1u, fileSource.requests.size());
 
@@ -218,8 +211,7 @@ TEST(Map, StyleEarlyMutation) {
     MapTest test;
     FakeFileSource fileSource;
 
-    Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), fileSource, test.threadPool,
-            MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(test.backend, test.view.getSize(), 1, fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
     map.setStyleURL("mapbox://styles/test");
     map.addLayer(std::make_unique<style::BackgroundLayer>("bg"));
 
@@ -233,8 +225,7 @@ TEST(Map, StyleEarlyMutation) {
 
 TEST(Map, StyleLoadedSignal) {
     MapTest test;
-    Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), test.fileSource, test.threadPool,
-            MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(test.backend, test.view.getSize(), 1, test.fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
 
     // The map should emit a signal on style loaded
     bool emitted = false;
@@ -255,22 +246,20 @@ TEST(Map, StyleLoadedSignal) {
 TEST(Map, AddLayer) {
     MapTest test;
 
-    Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), test.fileSource, test.threadPool,
-            MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(test.backend, test.view.getSize(), 1, test.fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
     map.setStyleJSON(util::read_file("test/fixtures/api/empty.json"));
 
     auto layer = std::make_unique<BackgroundLayer>("background");
-    layer->setBackgroundColor({{ 1, 0, 0, 1 }});
+    layer->setBackgroundColor({ { 1, 0, 0, 1 } });
     map.addLayer(std::move(layer));
 
-    test::checkImage("test/fixtures/map/add_layer", test::render(map));
+    test::checkImage("test/fixtures/map/add_layer", test::render(map, test.view));
 }
 
 TEST(Map, RemoveLayer) {
     MapTest test;
 
-    Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), test.fileSource, test.threadPool,
-            MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(test.backend, test.view.getSize(), 1, test.fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
     map.setStyleJSON(util::read_file("test/fixtures/api/empty.json"));
 
     auto layer = std::make_unique<BackgroundLayer>("background");
@@ -278,7 +267,7 @@ TEST(Map, RemoveLayer) {
     map.addLayer(std::move(layer));
     map.removeLayer("background");
 
-    test::checkImage("test/fixtures/map/remove_layer", test::render(map));
+    test::checkImage("test/fixtures/map/remove_layer", test::render(map, test.view));
 }
 
 TEST(Map, DisabledSources) {
@@ -295,8 +284,7 @@ TEST(Map, DisabledSources) {
         return {};
     };
 
-    Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), test.fileSource, test.threadPool,
-            MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(test.backend, test.view.getSize(), 1, test.fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
     map.setZoom(1);
 
     // This stylesheet has two raster layers, one that starts at zoom 1, the other at zoom 0.
@@ -338,16 +326,15 @@ TEST(Map, DisabledSources) {
 }
 )STYLE");
 
-    test::checkImage("test/fixtures/map/disabled_layers/first", test::render(map));
+    test::checkImage("test/fixtures/map/disabled_layers/first", test::render(map, test.view));
     map.setZoom(0.5);
-    test::checkImage("test/fixtures/map/disabled_layers/second", test::render(map));
+    test::checkImage("test/fixtures/map/disabled_layers/second", test::render(map, test.view));
 }
 
 TEST(Map, Classes) {
     MapTest test;
 
-    Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), test.fileSource, test.threadPool,
-            MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(test.backend, test.view.getSize(), 1, test.fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
     map.setStyleJSON(util::read_file("test/fixtures/api/empty.json"));
 
     EXPECT_FALSE(map.getTransitionOptions().duration);
@@ -381,8 +368,7 @@ TEST(Map, Classes) {
 TEST(Map, AddImage) {
     MapTest test;
 
-    Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), test.fileSource, test.threadPool,
-            MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(test.backend, test.view.getSize(), 1, test.fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
     auto decoded1 = decodeImage(util::read_file("test/fixtures/sprites/default_marker.png"));
     auto decoded2 = decodeImage(util::read_file("test/fixtures/sprites/default_marker.png"));
     auto image1 = std::make_unique<SpriteImage>(std::move(decoded1), 1.0);
@@ -393,20 +379,18 @@ TEST(Map, AddImage) {
 
     map.setStyleJSON(util::read_file("test/fixtures/api/icon_style.json"));
     map.addImage("test-icon", std::move(image2));
-    test::checkImage("test/fixtures/map/add_icon", test::render(map));
+    test::checkImage("test/fixtures/map/add_icon", test::render(map, test.view));
 }
 
 TEST(Map, RemoveImage) {
     MapTest test;
 
-    Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), test.fileSource, test.threadPool,
-            MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(test.backend, test.view.getSize(), 1, test.fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
     auto decoded = decodeImage(util::read_file("test/fixtures/sprites/default_marker.png"));
     auto image = std::make_unique<SpriteImage>(std::move(decoded), 1.0);
 
     map.setStyleJSON(util::read_file("test/fixtures/api/icon_style.json"));
     map.addImage("test-icon", std::move(image));
     map.removeImage("test-icon");
-    test::checkImage("test/fixtures/map/remove_icon", test::render(map));
+    test::checkImage("test/fixtures/map/remove_icon", test::render(map, test.view));
 }
-
diff --git a/test/src/mbgl/test/util.cpp b/test/src/mbgl/test/util.cpp
index a674eafeb4..7f98c43dc9 100644
--- a/test/src/mbgl/test/util.cpp
+++ b/test/src/mbgl/test/util.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/test/util.hpp>
 
 #include <mbgl/map/map.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/log.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/image.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/io.hpp>
@@ -97,10 +98,10 @@ Server::~Server() {
     }
 }
 
-PremultipliedImage render(Map& map) {
+PremultipliedImage render(Map& map, OffscreenView& view) {
     PremultipliedImage result;
-    map.renderStill([&result](std::exception_ptr, PremultipliedImage&& image) {
-        result = std::move(image);
+    map.renderStill(view, [&](std::exception_ptr) {
+        result = view.readStillImage();
     });
 
     while (!result.size()) {
diff --git a/test/src/mbgl/test/util.hpp b/test/src/mbgl/test/util.hpp
index ce0069131c..b8ecf175aa 100644
--- a/test/src/mbgl/test/util.hpp
+++ b/test/src/mbgl/test/util.hpp
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
 namespace mbgl {
 
 class Map;
+class OffscreenView;
 
 namespace test {
 
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ private:
     int fd = -1;
 };
 
-PremultipliedImage render(Map&);
+PremultipliedImage render(Map&, OffscreenView&);
 
 void checkImage(const std::string& base,
                 const PremultipliedImage& actual,
diff --git a/test/util/memory.test.cpp b/test/util/memory.test.cpp
index 2ab3a03799..a1e47d6c2b 100644
--- a/test/util/memory.test.cpp
+++ b/test/util/memory.test.cpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <mbgl/map/map.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_backend.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/thread_pool.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/io.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/run_loop.hpp>
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ public:
 
     util::RunLoop runLoop;
     HeadlessBackend backend;
-    HeadlessView view{ 2 };
+    OffscreenView view{ backend.getContext(), {{ 512, 512 }} };
     StubFileSource fileSource;
     ThreadPool threadPool { 4 };
 
@@ -93,22 +93,20 @@ private:
 TEST(Memory, Vector) {
     MemoryTest test;
 
-    Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), test.fileSource, test.threadPool,
-            MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(test.backend, { { 256, 256 } }, 2, test.fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
     map.setZoom(16); // more map features
     map.setStyleURL("mapbox://streets");
 
-    test::render(map);
+    test::render(map, test.view);
 }
 
 TEST(Memory, Raster) {
     MemoryTest test;
 
-    Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), test.fileSource, test.threadPool,
-            MapMode::Still);
+    Map map(test.backend, { { 256, 256 } }, 2, test.fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
     map.setStyleURL("mapbox://satellite");
 
-    test::render(map);
+    test::render(map, test.view);
 }
 
 // This test will measure the size of a Map object
@@ -123,19 +121,17 @@ TEST(Memory, Footprint) {
 
     MemoryTest test;
 
-    auto renderMap = [](Map* map, const char* style){
-        map->setZoom(16);
-
-        map->setStyleURL(style);
-        test::render(*map);
+    auto renderMap = [&](Map& map, const char* style){
+        map.setZoom(16);
+        map.setStyleURL(style);
+        test::render(map, test.view);
     };
 
     // Warm up buffers and cache.
     for (unsigned i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
-        Map map(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(), test.fileSource,
-                test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
-        renderMap(&map, "mapbox://streets");
-        renderMap(&map, "mapbox://satellite");
+        Map map(test.backend, {{ 256, 256 }}, 2, test.fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
+        renderMap(map, "mapbox://streets");
+        renderMap(map, "mapbox://satellite");
     };
 
     // Process close callbacks, mostly needed by
@@ -147,9 +143,9 @@ TEST(Memory, Footprint) {
 
     long vectorInitialRSS = getRSS();
     for (unsigned i = 0; i < runs; ++i) {
-        auto vector = std::make_unique<Map>(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(),
-                                            test.fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
-        renderMap(vector.get(), "mapbox://streets");
+        auto vector = std::make_unique<Map>(test.backend, std::array<uint16_t, 2>{ { 256, 256 } },
+                                            2, test.fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
+        renderMap(*vector, "mapbox://streets");
         maps.push_back(std::move(vector));
     };
 
@@ -157,9 +153,9 @@ TEST(Memory, Footprint) {
 
     long rasterInitialRSS = getRSS();
     for (unsigned i = 0; i < runs; ++i) {
-        auto raster = std::make_unique<Map>(test.backend, test.view, test.view.getPixelRatio(),
-                                            test.fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
-        renderMap(raster.get(), "mapbox://satellite");
+        auto raster = std::make_unique<Map>(test.backend, std::array<uint16_t, 2>{ { 256, 256 } },
+                                            2, test.fileSource, test.threadPool, MapMode::Still);
+        renderMap(*raster, "mapbox://satellite");
         maps.push_back(std::move(raster));
     };
 
diff --git a/test/util/offscreen_texture.test.cpp b/test/util/offscreen_texture.test.cpp
index e281a3d65b..bd4eab69a8 100644
--- a/test/util/offscreen_texture.test.cpp
+++ b/test/util/offscreen_texture.test.cpp
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 #include <mbgl/gl/context.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_backend.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/platform/default/headless_view.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/platform/default/offscreen_view.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/gl/gl.hpp>
 
 #include <mbgl/util/offscreen_texture.hpp>
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ using namespace mbgl;
 
 TEST(OffscreenTexture, EmptyRed) {
     HeadlessBackend backend;
-    HeadlessView view(1.0f, 512, 256);
+    OffscreenView view(backend.getContext(), {{ 512, 256 }});
     view.bind();
 
     MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glClearColor(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
@@ -68,10 +68,7 @@ struct Buffer {
 
 TEST(OffscreenTexture, RenderToTexture) {
     HeadlessBackend backend;
-    HeadlessView view(1.0f, 512, 256);
-    view.bind();
-    gl::Context context;
-    context.viewport.setDefaultValue(gl::value::Viewport::Get());
+    auto& context = backend.getContext();
 
     MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glEnable(GL_BLEND));
     MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA));
@@ -109,14 +106,17 @@ void main() {
 
     // Make sure the texture gets destructed before we call context.reset();
     {
+        OffscreenView view(context, {{ 512, 256 }});
+
         // First, draw red to the bound FBO.
         context.clearColor = { 1, 0, 0, 1 };
+        view.bind();
         MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT));
 
         // Then, create a texture, bind it, and render yellow to that texture. This should not
         // affect the originally bound FBO.
-        OffscreenTexture texture;
-        texture.bind(context, {{ 128, 128 }});
+        OffscreenTexture texture(context, {{ 128, 128 }});
+        texture.bind();
 
         context.clearColor = { 0, 0, 0, 0 };
         MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT));
@@ -128,12 +128,10 @@ void main() {
             glVertexAttribPointer(paintShader.a_pos, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, nullptr));
         MBGL_CHECK_ERROR(glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 3));
 
-        auto image = view.readStillImage(texture.getSize());
+        auto image = texture.readStillImage();
         test::checkImage("test/fixtures/offscreen_texture/render-to-texture", image, 0, 0);
 
         // Now reset the FBO back to normal and retrieve the original (restored) framebuffer.
-        context.resetState();
-        context.bindFramebuffer.setDirty();
         view.bind();
 
         image = view.readStillImage();