[core] Refactor Painter away

42 files changed, 814 insertions, 872 deletions

diff --git a/cmake/core-files.cmake b/cmake/core-files.cmake
index f064890b48..94eb321ddf 100644
--- a/cmake/core-files.cmake
+++ b/cmake/core-files.cmake
@@ -175,11 +175,10 @@ set(MBGL_CORE_FILES
     src/mbgl/renderer/image_atlas.hpp
     src/mbgl/renderer/image_manager.cpp
     src/mbgl/renderer/image_manager.hpp
+    src/mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.cpp
     src/mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp
     src/mbgl/renderer/paint_property_binder.hpp
     src/mbgl/renderer/paint_property_statistics.hpp
-    src/mbgl/renderer/painter.cpp
-    src/mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp
     src/mbgl/renderer/possibly_evaluated_property_value.hpp
     src/mbgl/renderer/property_evaluation_parameters.hpp
     src/mbgl/renderer/property_evaluator.hpp
@@ -192,6 +191,8 @@ set(MBGL_CORE_FILES
     src/mbgl/renderer/render_source.cpp
     src/mbgl/renderer/render_source.hpp
     src/mbgl/renderer/render_source_observer.hpp
+    src/mbgl/renderer/render_static_data.cpp
+    src/mbgl/renderer/render_static_data.hpp
     src/mbgl/renderer/render_style.cpp
     src/mbgl/renderer/render_style.hpp
     src/mbgl/renderer/render_style_observer.hpp
diff --git a/src/mbgl/annotation/render_annotation_source.cpp b/src/mbgl/annotation/render_annotation_source.cpp
index 0d0427b7a7..de38b596d5 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/annotation/render_annotation_source.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/annotation/render_annotation_source.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/annotation/render_annotation_source.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/annotation/annotation_tile.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp>
 
 #include <mbgl/algorithm/generate_clip_ids.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/algorithm/generate_clip_ids_impl.hpp>
@@ -44,13 +44,13 @@ void RenderAnnotationSource::update(Immutable<style::Source::Impl> baseImpl_,
                        });
 }
 
-void RenderAnnotationSource::startRender(Painter& painter) {
-    painter.clipIDGenerator.update(tilePyramid.getRenderTiles());
-    tilePyramid.startRender(painter);
+void RenderAnnotationSource::startRender(PaintParameters& parameters) {
+    parameters.clipIDGenerator.update(tilePyramid.getRenderTiles());
+    tilePyramid.startRender(parameters);
 }
 
-void RenderAnnotationSource::finishRender(Painter& painter) {
-    tilePyramid.finishRender(painter);
+void RenderAnnotationSource::finishRender(PaintParameters& parameters) {
+    tilePyramid.finishRender(parameters);
 }
 
 std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<RenderTile>> RenderAnnotationSource::getRenderTiles() {
diff --git a/src/mbgl/annotation/render_annotation_source.hpp b/src/mbgl/annotation/render_annotation_source.hpp
index 621298a112..4000c4b04a 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/annotation/render_annotation_source.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/annotation/render_annotation_source.hpp
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ public:
                 bool needsRelayout,
                 const TileParameters&) final;
 
-    void startRender(Painter&) final;
-    void finishRender(Painter&) final;
+    void startRender(PaintParameters&) final;
+    void finishRender(PaintParameters&) final;
 
     std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<RenderTile>> getRenderTiles() final;
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/debug_bucket.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/debug_bucket.cpp
index acfe15d2fb..53c751c443 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/debug_bucket.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/buckets/debug_bucket.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/renderer/buckets/debug_bucket.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/programs/fill_program.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/geometry/debug_font_data.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/tile/tile_id.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/string.hpp>
 
 #include <cmath>
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_background_layer.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_background_layer.cpp
index cbf8d2f074..9fddba3f74 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_background_layer.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_background_layer.cpp
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 #include <mbgl/renderer/layers/render_background_layer.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/style/layers/background_layer_impl.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/bucket.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/image_manager.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/render_static_data.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/programs/programs.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/programs/fill_program.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/tile_cover.hpp>
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ bool RenderBackgroundLayer::hasTransition() const {
     return unevaluated.hasTransition();
 }
 
-void RenderBackgroundLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, RenderSource*) {
+void RenderBackgroundLayer::render(PaintParameters& parameters, RenderSource*) {
     // Note that for bottommost layers without a pattern, the background color is drawn with
     // glClear rather than this method.
 
@@ -54,58 +54,58 @@ void RenderBackgroundLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters
     const FillProgram::PaintPropertyBinders paintAttibuteData(properties, 0);
 
     if (!evaluated.get<BackgroundPattern>().to.empty()) {
-        optional<ImagePosition> imagePosA = painter.imageManager->getPattern(evaluated.get<BackgroundPattern>().from);
-        optional<ImagePosition> imagePosB = painter.imageManager->getPattern(evaluated.get<BackgroundPattern>().to);
+        optional<ImagePosition> imagePosA = parameters.imageManager.getPattern(evaluated.get<BackgroundPattern>().from);
+        optional<ImagePosition> imagePosB = parameters.imageManager.getPattern(evaluated.get<BackgroundPattern>().to);
 
         if (!imagePosA || !imagePosB)
             return;
 
-        painter.imageManager->bind(painter.context, 0);
+        parameters.imageManager.bind(parameters.context, 0);
 
-        for (const auto& tileID : util::tileCover(painter.state, painter.state.getIntegerZoom())) {
+        for (const auto& tileID : util::tileCover(parameters.state, parameters.state.getIntegerZoom())) {
             parameters.programs.fillPattern.get(properties).draw(
-                painter.context,
+                parameters.context,
                 gl::Triangles(),
-                painter.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadOnly),
+                parameters.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadOnly),
                 gl::StencilMode::disabled(),
-                painter.colorModeForRenderPass(),
+                parameters.colorModeForRenderPass(),
                 FillPatternUniforms::values(
-                    painter.matrixForTile(tileID),
-                    painter.context.viewport.getCurrentValue().size,
-                    painter.imageManager->getPixelSize(),
+                    parameters.matrixForTile(tileID),
+                    parameters.context.viewport.getCurrentValue().size,
+                    parameters.imageManager.getPixelSize(),
                     *imagePosA,
                     *imagePosB,
                     evaluated.get<BackgroundPattern>(),
                     tileID,
-                    painter.state
+                    parameters.state
                 ),
-                painter.tileVertexBuffer,
-                painter.quadTriangleIndexBuffer,
-                painter.tileTriangleSegments,
+                parameters.staticData.tileVertexBuffer,
+                parameters.staticData.quadTriangleIndexBuffer,
+                parameters.staticData.tileTriangleSegments,
                 paintAttibuteData,
                 properties,
-                painter.state.getZoom(),
+                parameters.state.getZoom(),
                 getID()
             );
         }
     } else {
-        for (const auto& tileID : util::tileCover(painter.state, painter.state.getIntegerZoom())) {
+        for (const auto& tileID : util::tileCover(parameters.state, parameters.state.getIntegerZoom())) {
             parameters.programs.fill.get(properties).draw(
-                painter.context,
+                parameters.context,
                 gl::Triangles(),
-                painter.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadOnly),
+                parameters.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadOnly),
                 gl::StencilMode::disabled(),
-                painter.colorModeForRenderPass(),
+                parameters.colorModeForRenderPass(),
                 FillProgram::UniformValues {
-                    uniforms::u_matrix::Value{ painter.matrixForTile(tileID) },
-                    uniforms::u_world::Value{ painter.context.viewport.getCurrentValue().size },
+                    uniforms::u_matrix::Value{ parameters.matrixForTile(tileID) },
+                    uniforms::u_world::Value{ parameters.context.viewport.getCurrentValue().size },
                 },
-                painter.tileVertexBuffer,
-                painter.quadTriangleIndexBuffer,
-                painter.tileTriangleSegments,
+                parameters.staticData.tileVertexBuffer,
+                parameters.staticData.quadTriangleIndexBuffer,
+                parameters.staticData.tileTriangleSegments,
                 paintAttibuteData,
                 properties,
-                painter.state.getZoom(),
+                parameters.state.getZoom(),
                 getID()
             );
         }
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_background_layer.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_background_layer.hpp
index a7b15ab178..a619670ee4 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_background_layer.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_background_layer.hpp
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ public:
     void transition(const TransitionParameters&) override;
     void evaluate(const PropertyEvaluationParameters&) override;
     bool hasTransition() const override;
-    void render(Painter&, PaintParameters&, RenderSource*) override;
+    void render(PaintParameters&, RenderSource*) override;
 
     std::unique_ptr<Bucket> createBucket(const BucketParameters&, const std::vector<const RenderLayer*>&) const override;
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_circle_layer.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_circle_layer.cpp
index 22e515e603..e7b022f3ee 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_circle_layer.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_circle_layer.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #include <mbgl/renderer/layers/render_circle_layer.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/buckets/circle_bucket.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/programs/programs.hpp>
@@ -48,8 +47,8 @@ bool RenderCircleLayer::hasTransition() const {
     return unevaluated.hasTransition();
 }
 
-void RenderCircleLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, RenderSource*) {
-    if (painter.pass == RenderPass::Opaque) {
+void RenderCircleLayer::render(PaintParameters& parameters, RenderSource*) {
+    if (parameters.pass == RenderPass::Opaque) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -61,26 +60,26 @@ void RenderCircleLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Re
         CircleBucket& bucket = *reinterpret_cast<CircleBucket*>(tile.tile.getBucket(*baseImpl));
 
         parameters.programs.circle.get(evaluated).draw(
-            painter.context,
+            parameters.context,
             gl::Triangles(),
-            painter.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadOnly),
-            painter.frame.mapMode == MapMode::Still
-                ? painter.stencilModeForClipping(tile.clip)
+            parameters.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadOnly),
+            parameters.mapMode == MapMode::Still
+                ? parameters.stencilModeForClipping(tile.clip)
                 : gl::StencilMode::disabled(),
-            painter.colorModeForRenderPass(),
+            parameters.colorModeForRenderPass(),
             CircleProgram::UniformValues {
                 uniforms::u_matrix::Value{
                     tile.translatedMatrix(evaluated.get<CircleTranslate>(),
                                           evaluated.get<CircleTranslateAnchor>(),
-                                          painter.state)
+                                          parameters.state)
                 },
                 uniforms::u_scale_with_map::Value{ scaleWithMap },
                 uniforms::u_extrude_scale::Value{ pitchWithMap
                     ? std::array<float, 2> {{
-                        tile.id.pixelsToTileUnits(1, painter.state.getZoom()),
-                        tile.id.pixelsToTileUnits(1, painter.state.getZoom()) }}
-                    : painter.pixelsToGLUnits },
-                uniforms::u_camera_to_center_distance::Value{ painter.state.getCameraToCenterDistance() },
+                        tile.id.pixelsToTileUnits(1, parameters.state.getZoom()),
+                        tile.id.pixelsToTileUnits(1, parameters.state.getZoom()) }}
+                    : parameters.pixelsToGLUnits },
+                uniforms::u_camera_to_center_distance::Value{ parameters.state.getCameraToCenterDistance() },
                 uniforms::u_pitch_with_map::Value{ pitchWithMap }
             },
             *bucket.vertexBuffer,
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ void RenderCircleLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Re
             bucket.segments,
             bucket.paintPropertyBinders.at(getID()),
             evaluated,
-            painter.state.getZoom(),
+            parameters.state.getZoom(),
             getID()
         );
     }
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_circle_layer.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_circle_layer.hpp
index 7c3c19d21a..f31715f98f 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_circle_layer.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_circle_layer.hpp
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ public:
     void transition(const TransitionParameters&) override;
     void evaluate(const PropertyEvaluationParameters&) override;
     bool hasTransition() const override;
-    void render(Painter&, PaintParameters&, RenderSource*) override;
+    void render(PaintParameters&, RenderSource*) override;
 
     bool queryIntersectsFeature(
             const GeometryCoordinates&,
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_custom_layer.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_custom_layer.cpp
index 30649137c7..49f94a699a 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_custom_layer.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_custom_layer.cpp
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 #include <mbgl/renderer/layers/render_custom_layer.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/backend_scope.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/bucket.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/style/layers/custom_layer_impl.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/map/transform_state.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/backend_scope.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/map/view.hpp>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
@@ -37,21 +38,21 @@ std::unique_ptr<Bucket> RenderCustomLayer::createBucket(const BucketParameters&,
     return nullptr;
 }
 
-void RenderCustomLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& paintParameters, RenderSource*) {
+void RenderCustomLayer::render(PaintParameters& paintParameters, RenderSource*) {
     if (!initialized) {
         assert(impl().initializeFn);
         impl().initializeFn(impl().context);
         initialized = true;
     }
 
-    gl::Context& context = painter.context;
-    const TransformState& state = painter.state;
+    gl::Context& context = paintParameters.context;
+    const TransformState& state = paintParameters.state;
 
     // Reset GL state to a known state so the CustomLayer always has a clean slate.
     context.bindVertexArray = 0;
-    context.setDepthMode(painter.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadOnly));
+    context.setDepthMode(paintParameters.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadOnly));
     context.setStencilMode(gl::StencilMode::disabled());
-    context.setColorMode(painter.colorModeForRenderPass());
+    context.setColorMode(paintParameters.colorModeForRenderPass());
 
     CustomLayerRenderParameters parameters;
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_custom_layer.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_custom_layer.hpp
index dd52d315cf..d8e9d93811 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_custom_layer.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_custom_layer.hpp
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ public:
     bool hasTransition() const override;
 
     std::unique_ptr<Bucket> createBucket(const BucketParameters&, const std::vector<const RenderLayer*>&) const final;
-    void render(Painter&, PaintParameters&, RenderSource*) final;
+    void render(PaintParameters&, RenderSource*) final;
 
     const style::CustomLayer::Impl& impl() const;
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_extrusion_layer.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_extrusion_layer.cpp
index e06c43c112..27ed4d8084 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_extrusion_layer.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_extrusion_layer.cpp
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 #include <mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_extrusion_layer.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/buckets/fill_extrusion_bucket.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/image_manager.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/render_static_data.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/programs/programs.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/programs/fill_extrusion_program.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/tile/tile.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/map/view.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/style/layers/fill_extrusion_layer_impl.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/geometry/feature_index.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/math.hpp>
@@ -44,22 +45,22 @@ bool RenderFillExtrusionLayer::hasTransition() const {
     return unevaluated.hasTransition();
 }
 
-void RenderFillExtrusionLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, RenderSource*) {
-    if (painter.pass == RenderPass::Opaque) {
+void RenderFillExtrusionLayer::render(PaintParameters& parameters, RenderSource*) {
+    if (parameters.pass == RenderPass::Opaque) {
         return;
     }
 
-    const auto size = painter.context.viewport.getCurrentValue().size;
+    const auto size = parameters.context.viewport.getCurrentValue().size;
 
-    if (!painter.extrusionTexture || painter.extrusionTexture->getSize() != size) {
-        painter.extrusionTexture = OffscreenTexture(painter.context, size, OffscreenTextureAttachment::Depth);
+    if (!parameters.staticData.extrusionTexture || parameters.staticData.extrusionTexture->getSize() != size) {
+        parameters.staticData.extrusionTexture = OffscreenTexture(parameters.context, size, OffscreenTextureAttachment::Depth);
     }
 
-    painter.extrusionTexture->bind();
+    parameters.staticData.extrusionTexture->bind();
 
-    painter.context.setStencilMode(gl::StencilMode::disabled());
-    painter.context.setDepthMode(painter.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadWrite));
-    painter.context.clear(Color{ 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f }, 1.0f, {});
+    parameters.context.setStencilMode(gl::StencilMode::disabled());
+    parameters.context.setDepthMode(parameters.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadWrite));
+    parameters.context.clear(Color{ 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f }, 1.0f, {});
 
     if (evaluated.get<FillExtrusionPattern>().from.empty()) {
         for (const RenderTile& tile : renderTiles) {
@@ -67,71 +68,71 @@ void RenderFillExtrusionLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& paramet
             FillExtrusionBucket& bucket = *reinterpret_cast<FillExtrusionBucket*>(tile.tile.getBucket(*baseImpl));
 
             parameters.programs.fillExtrusion.get(evaluated).draw(
-                painter.context,
+                parameters.context,
                 gl::Triangles(),
-                painter.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadWrite),
+                parameters.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadWrite),
                 gl::StencilMode::disabled(),
-                painter.colorModeForRenderPass(),
+                parameters.colorModeForRenderPass(),
                 FillExtrusionUniforms::values(
                     tile.translatedClipMatrix(evaluated.get<FillExtrusionTranslate>(),
                                               evaluated.get<FillExtrusionTranslateAnchor>(),
-                                              painter.state),
-                    painter.state,
-                    painter.evaluatedLight
+                                              parameters.state),
+                    parameters.state,
+                    parameters.evaluatedLight
                 ),
                 *bucket.vertexBuffer,
                 *bucket.indexBuffer,
                 bucket.triangleSegments,
                 bucket.paintPropertyBinders.at(getID()),
                 evaluated,
-                painter.state.getZoom(),
+                parameters.state.getZoom(),
                 getID());
         }
     } else {
-        optional<ImagePosition> imagePosA = painter.imageManager->getPattern(evaluated.get<FillExtrusionPattern>().from);
-        optional<ImagePosition> imagePosB = painter.imageManager->getPattern(evaluated.get<FillExtrusionPattern>().to);
+        optional<ImagePosition> imagePosA = parameters.imageManager.getPattern(evaluated.get<FillExtrusionPattern>().from);
+        optional<ImagePosition> imagePosB = parameters.imageManager.getPattern(evaluated.get<FillExtrusionPattern>().to);
 
         if (!imagePosA || !imagePosB) {
             return;
         }
 
-        painter.imageManager->bind(painter.context, 0);
+        parameters.imageManager.bind(parameters.context, 0);
 
         for (const RenderTile& tile : renderTiles) {
             assert(dynamic_cast<FillExtrusionBucket*>(tile.tile.getBucket(*baseImpl)));
             FillExtrusionBucket& bucket = *reinterpret_cast<FillExtrusionBucket*>(tile.tile.getBucket(*baseImpl));
 
             parameters.programs.fillExtrusionPattern.get(evaluated).draw(
-                painter.context,
+                parameters.context,
                 gl::Triangles(),
-                painter.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadWrite),
+                parameters.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadWrite),
                 gl::StencilMode::disabled(),
-                painter.colorModeForRenderPass(),
+                parameters.colorModeForRenderPass(),
                 FillExtrusionPatternUniforms::values(
                     tile.translatedClipMatrix(evaluated.get<FillExtrusionTranslate>(),
                                               evaluated.get<FillExtrusionTranslateAnchor>(),
-                                              painter.state),
-                    painter.imageManager->getPixelSize(),
+                                              parameters.state),
+                    parameters.imageManager.getPixelSize(),
                     *imagePosA,
                     *imagePosB,
                     evaluated.get<FillExtrusionPattern>(),
                     tile.id,
-                    painter.state,
+                    parameters.state,
                     -std::pow(2, tile.id.canonical.z) / util::tileSize / 8.0f,
-                    painter.evaluatedLight
+                    parameters.evaluatedLight
                 ),
                 *bucket.vertexBuffer,
                 *bucket.indexBuffer,
                 bucket.triangleSegments,
                 bucket.paintPropertyBinders.at(getID()),
                 evaluated,
-                painter.state.getZoom(),
+                parameters.state.getZoom(),
                 getID());
         }
     }
 
     parameters.view.bind();
-    painter.context.bindTexture(painter.extrusionTexture->getTexture());
+    parameters.context.bindTexture(parameters.staticData.extrusionTexture->getTexture());
 
     mat4 viewportMat;
     matrix::ortho(viewportMat, 0, size.width, size.height, 0, 0, 1);
@@ -139,22 +140,22 @@ void RenderFillExtrusionLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& paramet
     const Properties<>::PossiblyEvaluated properties;
 
     parameters.programs.extrusionTexture.draw(
-        painter.context,
+        parameters.context,
         gl::Triangles(),
         gl::DepthMode::disabled(),
         gl::StencilMode::disabled(),
-        painter.colorModeForRenderPass(),
+        parameters.colorModeForRenderPass(),
         ExtrusionTextureProgram::UniformValues{
             uniforms::u_matrix::Value{ viewportMat }, uniforms::u_world::Value{ size },
             uniforms::u_image::Value{ 0 },
             uniforms::u_opacity::Value{ evaluated.get<FillExtrusionOpacity>() }
         },
-        painter.extrusionTextureVertexBuffer,
-        painter.quadTriangleIndexBuffer,
-        painter.extrusionTextureSegments,
+        parameters.staticData.extrusionTextureVertexBuffer,
+        parameters.staticData.quadTriangleIndexBuffer,
+        parameters.staticData.extrusionTextureSegments,
         ExtrusionTextureProgram::PaintPropertyBinders{ properties, 0 },
         properties,
-        painter.state.getZoom(),
+        parameters.state.getZoom(),
         getID());
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_extrusion_layer.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_extrusion_layer.hpp
index b3f1115790..a53e00ca6f 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_extrusion_layer.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_extrusion_layer.hpp
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ public:
     void transition(const TransitionParameters&) override;
     void evaluate(const PropertyEvaluationParameters&) override;
     bool hasTransition() const override;
-    void render(Painter&, PaintParameters&, RenderSource*) override;
+    void render(PaintParameters&, RenderSource*) override;
 
     bool queryIntersectsFeature(
         const GeometryCoordinates&,
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_layer.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_layer.cpp
index 973b08dd1f..2a61a9e993 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_layer.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_layer.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #include <mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_layer.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/buckets/fill_bucket.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/image_manager.hpp>
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ bool RenderFillLayer::hasTransition() const {
     return unevaluated.hasTransition();
 }
 
-void RenderFillLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, RenderSource*) {
+void RenderFillLayer::render(PaintParameters& parameters, RenderSource*) {
     if (evaluated.get<FillPattern>().from.empty()) {
         for (const RenderTile& tile : renderTiles) {
             assert(dynamic_cast<FillBucket*>(tile.tile.getBucket(*baseImpl)));
@@ -71,30 +70,30 @@ void RenderFillLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Rend
                              const auto& indexBuffer,
                              const auto& segments) {
                 program.get(evaluated).draw(
-                    painter.context,
+                    parameters.context,
                     drawMode,
-                    painter.depthModeForSublayer(sublayer, gl::DepthMode::ReadWrite),
-                    painter.stencilModeForClipping(tile.clip),
-                    painter.colorModeForRenderPass(),
+                    parameters.depthModeForSublayer(sublayer, gl::DepthMode::ReadWrite),
+                    parameters.stencilModeForClipping(tile.clip),
+                    parameters.colorModeForRenderPass(),
                     FillProgram::UniformValues {
                         uniforms::u_matrix::Value{
                             tile.translatedMatrix(evaluated.get<FillTranslate>(),
                                                   evaluated.get<FillTranslateAnchor>(),
-                                                  painter.state)
+                                                  parameters.state)
                         },
-                        uniforms::u_world::Value{ painter.context.viewport.getCurrentValue().size },
+                        uniforms::u_world::Value{ parameters.context.viewport.getCurrentValue().size },
                     },
                     *bucket.vertexBuffer,
                     indexBuffer,
                     segments,
                     bucket.paintPropertyBinders.at(getID()),
                     evaluated,
-                    painter.state.getZoom(),
+                    parameters.state.getZoom(),
                     getID()
                 );
             };
 
-            if (evaluated.get<FillAntialias>() && !unevaluated.get<FillOutlineColor>().isUndefined() && painter.pass == RenderPass::Translucent) {
+            if (evaluated.get<FillAntialias>() && !unevaluated.get<FillOutlineColor>().isUndefined() && parameters.pass == RenderPass::Translucent) {
                 draw(2,
                      parameters.programs.fillOutline,
                      gl::Lines { 2.0f },
@@ -105,7 +104,7 @@ void RenderFillLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Rend
             // Only draw the fill when it's opaque and we're drawing opaque fragments,
             // or when it's translucent and we're drawing translucent fragments.
             if ((evaluated.get<FillColor>().constantOr(Color()).a >= 1.0f
-              && evaluated.get<FillOpacity>().constantOr(0) >= 1.0f) == (painter.pass == RenderPass::Opaque)) {
+              && evaluated.get<FillOpacity>().constantOr(0) >= 1.0f) == (parameters.pass == RenderPass::Opaque)) {
                 draw(1,
                      parameters.programs.fill,
                      gl::Triangles(),
@@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ void RenderFillLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Rend
                      bucket.triangleSegments);
             }
 
-            if (evaluated.get<FillAntialias>() && unevaluated.get<FillOutlineColor>().isUndefined() && painter.pass == RenderPass::Translucent) {
+            if (evaluated.get<FillAntialias>() && unevaluated.get<FillOutlineColor>().isUndefined() && parameters.pass == RenderPass::Translucent) {
                 draw(2,
                      parameters.programs.fillOutline,
                      gl::Lines { 2.0f },
@@ -122,18 +121,18 @@ void RenderFillLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Rend
             }
         }
     } else {
-        if (painter.pass != RenderPass::Translucent) {
+        if (parameters.pass != RenderPass::Translucent) {
             return;
         }
 
-        optional<ImagePosition> imagePosA = painter.imageManager->getPattern(evaluated.get<FillPattern>().from);
-        optional<ImagePosition> imagePosB = painter.imageManager->getPattern(evaluated.get<FillPattern>().to);
+        optional<ImagePosition> imagePosA = parameters.imageManager.getPattern(evaluated.get<FillPattern>().from);
+        optional<ImagePosition> imagePosB = parameters.imageManager.getPattern(evaluated.get<FillPattern>().to);
 
         if (!imagePosA || !imagePosB) {
             return;
         }
 
-        painter.imageManager->bind(painter.context, 0);
+        parameters.imageManager.bind(parameters.context, 0);
 
         for (const RenderTile& tile : renderTiles) {
             assert(dynamic_cast<FillBucket*>(tile.tile.getBucket(*baseImpl)));
@@ -145,29 +144,29 @@ void RenderFillLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Rend
                              const auto& indexBuffer,
                              const auto& segments) {
                 program.get(evaluated).draw(
-                    painter.context,
+                    parameters.context,
                     drawMode,
-                    painter.depthModeForSublayer(sublayer, gl::DepthMode::ReadWrite),
-                    painter.stencilModeForClipping(tile.clip),
-                    painter.colorModeForRenderPass(),
+                    parameters.depthModeForSublayer(sublayer, gl::DepthMode::ReadWrite),
+                    parameters.stencilModeForClipping(tile.clip),
+                    parameters.colorModeForRenderPass(),
                     FillPatternUniforms::values(
                         tile.translatedMatrix(evaluated.get<FillTranslate>(),
                                               evaluated.get<FillTranslateAnchor>(),
-                                              painter.state),
-                        painter.context.viewport.getCurrentValue().size,
-                        painter.imageManager->getPixelSize(),
+                                              parameters.state),
+                        parameters.context.viewport.getCurrentValue().size,
+                        parameters.imageManager.getPixelSize(),
                         *imagePosA,
                         *imagePosB,
                         evaluated.get<FillPattern>(),
                         tile.id,
-                        painter.state
+                        parameters.state
                     ),
                     *bucket.vertexBuffer,
                     indexBuffer,
                     segments,
                     bucket.paintPropertyBinders.at(getID()),
                     evaluated,
-                    painter.state.getZoom(),
+                    parameters.state.getZoom(),
                     getID()
                 );
             };
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_layer.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_layer.hpp
index 0dc5dd0b1d..a51865698f 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_layer.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_layer.hpp
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ public:
     void transition(const TransitionParameters&) override;
     void evaluate(const PropertyEvaluationParameters&) override;
     bool hasTransition() const override;
-    void render(Painter&, PaintParameters&, RenderSource*) override;
+    void render(PaintParameters&, RenderSource*) override;
 
     bool queryIntersectsFeature(
             const GeometryCoordinates&,
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_line_layer.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_line_layer.cpp
index b40066f4c4..1b4a1c0ff7 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_line_layer.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_line_layer.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #include <mbgl/renderer/layers/render_line_layer.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/buckets/line_bucket.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/image_manager.hpp>
@@ -53,8 +52,8 @@ bool RenderLineLayer::hasTransition() const {
     return unevaluated.hasTransition();
 }
 
-void RenderLineLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, RenderSource*) {
-    if (painter.pass == RenderPass::Opaque) {
+void RenderLineLayer::render(PaintParameters& parameters, RenderSource*) {
+    if (parameters.pass == RenderPass::Opaque) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -64,18 +63,18 @@ void RenderLineLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Rend
 
         auto draw = [&] (auto& program, auto&& uniformValues) {
             program.get(evaluated).draw(
-                painter.context,
+                parameters.context,
                 gl::Triangles(),
-                painter.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadOnly),
-                painter.stencilModeForClipping(tile.clip),
-                painter.colorModeForRenderPass(),
+                parameters.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadOnly),
+                parameters.stencilModeForClipping(tile.clip),
+                parameters.colorModeForRenderPass(),
                 std::move(uniformValues),
                 *bucket.vertexBuffer,
                 *bucket.indexBuffer,
                 bucket.segments,
                 bucket.paintPropertyBinders.at(getID()),
                 evaluated,
-                painter.state.getZoom(),
+                parameters.state.getZoom(),
                 getID()
             );
         };
@@ -83,38 +82,38 @@ void RenderLineLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Rend
         if (!evaluated.get<LineDasharray>().from.empty()) {
             const LinePatternCap cap = bucket.layout.get<LineCap>() == LineCapType::Round
                 ? LinePatternCap::Round : LinePatternCap::Square;
-            LinePatternPos posA = painter.lineAtlas->getDashPosition(evaluated.get<LineDasharray>().from, cap);
-            LinePatternPos posB = painter.lineAtlas->getDashPosition(evaluated.get<LineDasharray>().to, cap);
+            LinePatternPos posA = parameters.lineAtlas.getDashPosition(evaluated.get<LineDasharray>().from, cap);
+            LinePatternPos posB = parameters.lineAtlas.getDashPosition(evaluated.get<LineDasharray>().to, cap);
 
-            painter.lineAtlas->bind(painter.context, 0);
+            parameters.lineAtlas.bind(parameters.context, 0);
 
             draw(parameters.programs.lineSDF,
                  LineSDFProgram::uniformValues(
                      evaluated,
-                     painter.frame.pixelRatio,
+                     parameters.pixelRatio,
                      tile,
-                     painter.state,
-                     painter.pixelsToGLUnits,
+                     parameters.state,
+                     parameters.pixelsToGLUnits,
                      posA,
                      posB,
-                     painter.lineAtlas->getSize().width));
+                     parameters.lineAtlas.getSize().width));
 
         } else if (!evaluated.get<LinePattern>().from.empty()) {
-            optional<ImagePosition> posA = painter.imageManager->getPattern(evaluated.get<LinePattern>().from);
-            optional<ImagePosition> posB = painter.imageManager->getPattern(evaluated.get<LinePattern>().to);
+            optional<ImagePosition> posA = parameters.imageManager.getPattern(evaluated.get<LinePattern>().from);
+            optional<ImagePosition> posB = parameters.imageManager.getPattern(evaluated.get<LinePattern>().to);
 
             if (!posA || !posB)
                 return;
 
-            painter.imageManager->bind(painter.context, 0);
+            parameters.imageManager.bind(parameters.context, 0);
 
             draw(parameters.programs.linePattern,
                  LinePatternProgram::uniformValues(
                      evaluated,
                      tile,
-                     painter.state,
-                     painter.pixelsToGLUnits,
-                     painter.imageManager->getPixelSize(),
+                     parameters.state,
+                     parameters.pixelsToGLUnits,
+                     parameters.imageManager.getPixelSize(),
                      *posA,
                      *posB));
 
@@ -123,8 +122,8 @@ void RenderLineLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Rend
                  LineProgram::uniformValues(
                      evaluated,
                      tile,
-                     painter.state,
-                     painter.pixelsToGLUnits));
+                     parameters.state,
+                     parameters.pixelsToGLUnits));
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_line_layer.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_line_layer.hpp
index 47c526fd1e..8bf7e2329d 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_line_layer.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_line_layer.hpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ public:
     void transition(const TransitionParameters&) override;
     void evaluate(const PropertyEvaluationParameters&) override;
     bool hasTransition() const override;
-    void render(Painter&, PaintParameters&, RenderSource*) override;
+    void render(PaintParameters&, RenderSource*) override;
 
     bool queryIntersectsFeature(
             const GeometryCoordinates&,
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_raster_layer.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_raster_layer.cpp
index 349646c281..367fd91fa5 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_raster_layer.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_raster_layer.cpp
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 #include <mbgl/renderer/layers/render_raster_layer.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/buckets/raster_bucket.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/sources/render_image_source.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/render_static_data.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/programs/programs.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/programs/raster_program.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/tile/tile.hpp>
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ static std::array<float, 3> spinWeights(float spin) {
     return spin_weights;
 }
 
-void RenderRasterLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, RenderSource* source) {
-    if (painter.pass != RenderPass::Translucent)
+void RenderRasterLayer::render(PaintParameters& parameters, RenderSource* source) {
+    if (parameters.pass != RenderPass::Translucent)
         return;
 
     auto draw = [&] (const mat4& matrix,
@@ -78,11 +78,11 @@ void RenderRasterLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Re
                      const auto& indexBuffer,
                      const auto& segments) {
         parameters.programs.raster.draw(
-            painter.context,
+            parameters.context,
             gl::Triangles(),
-            painter.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadOnly),
+            parameters.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadOnly),
             gl::StencilMode::disabled(),
-            painter.colorModeForRenderPass(),
+            parameters.colorModeForRenderPass(),
             RasterProgram::UniformValues {
                 uniforms::u_matrix::Value{ matrix },
                 uniforms::u_image0::Value{ 0 },
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ void RenderRasterLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Re
             segments,
             RasterProgram::PaintPropertyBinders { evaluated, 0 },
             evaluated,
-            painter.state.getZoom(),
+            parameters.state.getZoom(),
             getID()
         );
     };
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@ void RenderRasterLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Re
             RasterBucket& bucket = *imageSource->bucket;
 
             assert(bucket.texture);
-            painter.context.bindTexture(*bucket.texture, 0, gl::TextureFilter::Linear);
-            painter.context.bindTexture(*bucket.texture, 1, gl::TextureFilter::Linear);
+            parameters.context.bindTexture(*bucket.texture, 0, gl::TextureFilter::Linear);
+            parameters.context.bindTexture(*bucket.texture, 1, gl::TextureFilter::Linear);
 
             for (auto matrix_ : imageSource->matrices) {
                 draw(matrix_,
@@ -132,13 +132,13 @@ void RenderRasterLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Re
                 continue;
 
             assert(bucket.texture);
-            painter.context.bindTexture(*bucket.texture, 0, gl::TextureFilter::Linear);
-            painter.context.bindTexture(*bucket.texture, 1, gl::TextureFilter::Linear);
+            parameters.context.bindTexture(*bucket.texture, 0, gl::TextureFilter::Linear);
+            parameters.context.bindTexture(*bucket.texture, 1, gl::TextureFilter::Linear);
 
             draw(tile.matrix,
-                 painter.rasterVertexBuffer,
-                 painter.quadTriangleIndexBuffer,
-                 painter.rasterSegments);
+                 parameters.staticData.rasterVertexBuffer,
+                 parameters.staticData.quadTriangleIndexBuffer,
+                 parameters.staticData.rasterSegments);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_raster_layer.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_raster_layer.hpp
index ce46152a95..87de316f7c 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_raster_layer.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_raster_layer.hpp
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ public:
     void evaluate(const PropertyEvaluationParameters&) override;
     bool hasTransition() const override;
 
-    void render(Painter&, PaintParameters&, RenderSource*) override;
+    void render(PaintParameters&, RenderSource*) override;
 
     std::unique_ptr<Bucket> createBucket(const BucketParameters&, const std::vector<const RenderLayer*>&) const override;
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_symbol_layer.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_symbol_layer.cpp
index a87dd3c535..1376e8a3d8 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_symbol_layer.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_symbol_layer.cpp
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 #include <mbgl/renderer/buckets/symbol_bucket.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/bucket_parameters.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/property_evaluation_parameters.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/frame_history.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/text/glyph_atlas.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/programs/programs.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/programs/symbol_program.hpp>
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@ bool RenderSymbolLayer::hasTransition() const {
     return unevaluated.hasTransition();
 }
 
-void RenderSymbolLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, RenderSource*) {
-    if (painter.pass == RenderPass::Opaque) {
+void RenderSymbolLayer::render(PaintParameters& parameters, RenderSource*) {
+    if (parameters.pass == RenderPass::Opaque) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ void RenderSymbolLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Re
 
         const auto& layout = bucket.layout;
 
-        painter.frameHistory.bind(painter.context, 1);
+        parameters.frameHistory.bind(parameters.context, 1);
 
         auto draw = [&] (auto& program,
                          auto&& uniformValues,
@@ -92,18 +92,18 @@ void RenderSymbolLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Re
                          const auto& paintProperties)
         {
             // We clip symbols to their tile extent in still mode.
-            const bool needsClipping = painter.frame.mapMode == MapMode::Still;
+            const bool needsClipping = parameters.mapMode == MapMode::Still;
 
             program.get(paintProperties).draw(
-                painter.context,
+                parameters.context,
                 gl::Triangles(),
                 values_.pitchAlignment == AlignmentType::Map
-                    ? painter.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadOnly)
+                    ? parameters.depthModeForSublayer(0, gl::DepthMode::ReadOnly)
                     : gl::DepthMode::disabled(),
                 needsClipping
-                    ? painter.stencilModeForClipping(tile.clip)
+                    ? parameters.stencilModeForClipping(tile.clip)
                     : gl::StencilMode::disabled(),
-                painter.colorModeForRenderPass(),
+                parameters.colorModeForRenderPass(),
                 std::move(uniformValues),
                 *buffers.vertexBuffer,
                 *buffers.dynamicVertexBuffer,
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ void RenderSymbolLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Re
                 buffers.segments,
                 binders,
                 paintProperties,
-                painter.state.getZoom(),
+                parameters.state.getZoom(),
                 getID()
             );
         };
@@ -134,17 +134,17 @@ void RenderSymbolLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Re
                                     values,
                                     tile,
                                     *bucket.iconSizeBinder,
-                                    painter.state,
-                                    painter.frameHistory);
+                                    parameters.state,
+                                    parameters.frameHistory);
 
-                painter.context.updateVertexBuffer(*bucket.icon.dynamicVertexBuffer, std::move(bucket.icon.dynamicVertices));
+                parameters.context.updateVertexBuffer(*bucket.icon.dynamicVertexBuffer, std::move(bucket.icon.dynamicVertices));
             }
 
             const bool iconScaled = layout.get<IconSize>().constantOr(1.0) != 1.0 || bucket.iconsNeedLinear;
-            const bool iconTransformed = values.rotationAlignment == AlignmentType::Map || painter.state.getPitch() != 0;
+            const bool iconTransformed = values.rotationAlignment == AlignmentType::Map || parameters.state.getPitch() != 0;
 
-            painter.context.bindTexture(*geometryTile.iconAtlasTexture, 0,
-                bucket.sdfIcons || painter.state.isChanging() || iconScaled || iconTransformed
+            parameters.context.bindTexture(*geometryTile.iconAtlasTexture, 0,
+                bucket.sdfIcons || parameters.state.isChanging() || iconScaled || iconTransformed
                     ? gl::TextureFilter::Linear : gl::TextureFilter::Nearest);
 
             const Size texsize = geometryTile.iconAtlasTexture->size;
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ void RenderSymbolLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Re
             if (bucket.sdfIcons) {
                 if (values.hasHalo) {
                     draw(parameters.programs.symbolIconSDF,
-                         SymbolSDFIconProgram::uniformValues(false, values, texsize, painter.pixelsToGLUnits, alongLine, tile, painter.state, SymbolSDFPart::Halo),
+                         SymbolSDFIconProgram::uniformValues(false, values, texsize, parameters.pixelsToGLUnits, alongLine, tile, parameters.state, SymbolSDFPart::Halo),
                          bucket.icon,
                          bucket.iconSizeBinder,
                          values,
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ void RenderSymbolLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Re
 
                 if (values.hasFill) {
                     draw(parameters.programs.symbolIconSDF,
-                         SymbolSDFIconProgram::uniformValues(false, values, texsize, painter.pixelsToGLUnits, alongLine, tile, painter.state, SymbolSDFPart::Fill),
+                         SymbolSDFIconProgram::uniformValues(false, values, texsize, parameters.pixelsToGLUnits, alongLine, tile, parameters.state, SymbolSDFPart::Fill),
                          bucket.icon,
                          bucket.iconSizeBinder,
                          values,
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ void RenderSymbolLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Re
                 }
             } else {
                 draw(parameters.programs.symbolIcon,
-                     SymbolIconProgram::uniformValues(false, values, texsize, painter.pixelsToGLUnits, alongLine, tile, painter.state),
+                     SymbolIconProgram::uniformValues(false, values, texsize, parameters.pixelsToGLUnits, alongLine, tile, parameters.state),
                      bucket.icon,
                      bucket.iconSizeBinder,
                      values,
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ void RenderSymbolLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Re
         }
 
         if (bucket.hasTextData()) {
-            painter.context.bindTexture(*geometryTile.glyphAtlasTexture, 0, gl::TextureFilter::Linear);
+            parameters.context.bindTexture(*geometryTile.glyphAtlasTexture, 0, gl::TextureFilter::Linear);
 
             auto values = textPropertyValues(layout);
             auto paintPropertyValues = textPaintProperties();
@@ -196,17 +196,17 @@ void RenderSymbolLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Re
                                     values,
                                     tile,
                                     *bucket.textSizeBinder,
-                                    painter.state,
-                                    painter.frameHistory);
+                                    parameters.state,
+                                    parameters.frameHistory);
 
-                painter.context.updateVertexBuffer(*bucket.text.dynamicVertexBuffer, std::move(bucket.text.dynamicVertices));
+                parameters.context.updateVertexBuffer(*bucket.text.dynamicVertexBuffer, std::move(bucket.text.dynamicVertices));
             }
 
             const Size texsize = geometryTile.glyphAtlasTexture->size;
 
             if (values.hasHalo) {
                 draw(parameters.programs.symbolGlyph,
-                     SymbolSDFTextProgram::uniformValues(true, values, texsize, painter.pixelsToGLUnits, alongLine, tile, painter.state, SymbolSDFPart::Halo),
+                     SymbolSDFTextProgram::uniformValues(true, values, texsize, parameters.pixelsToGLUnits, alongLine, tile, parameters.state, SymbolSDFPart::Halo),
                      bucket.text,
                      bucket.textSizeBinder,
                      values,
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ void RenderSymbolLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Re
 
             if (values.hasFill) {
                 draw(parameters.programs.symbolGlyph,
-                     SymbolSDFTextProgram::uniformValues(true, values, texsize, painter.pixelsToGLUnits, alongLine, tile, painter.state, SymbolSDFPart::Fill),
+                     SymbolSDFTextProgram::uniformValues(true, values, texsize, parameters.pixelsToGLUnits, alongLine, tile, parameters.state, SymbolSDFPart::Fill),
                      bucket.text,
                      bucket.textSizeBinder,
                      values,
@@ -229,20 +229,20 @@ void RenderSymbolLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Re
             static const style::Properties<>::PossiblyEvaluated properties {};
             static const CollisionBoxProgram::PaintPropertyBinders paintAttributeData(properties, 0);
 
-            painter.programs->collisionBox.draw(
-                painter.context,
+            parameters.programs.collisionBox.draw(
+                parameters.context,
                 gl::Lines { 1.0f },
                 gl::DepthMode::disabled(),
-                painter.stencilModeForClipping(tile.clip),
-                painter.colorModeForRenderPass(),
+                parameters.stencilModeForClipping(tile.clip),
+                parameters.colorModeForRenderPass(),
                 CollisionBoxProgram::UniformValues {
                     uniforms::u_matrix::Value{ tile.matrix },
-                    uniforms::u_scale::Value{ std::pow(2.0f, float(painter.state.getZoom() - tile.tile.id.overscaledZ)) },
-                    uniforms::u_zoom::Value{ float(painter.state.getZoom() * 10) },
+                    uniforms::u_scale::Value{ std::pow(2.0f, float(parameters.state.getZoom() - tile.tile.id.overscaledZ)) },
+                    uniforms::u_zoom::Value{ float(parameters.state.getZoom() * 10) },
                     uniforms::u_maxzoom::Value{ float((tile.id.canonical.z + 1) * 10) },
                     uniforms::u_collision_y_stretch::Value{ tile.tile.yStretch() },
-                    uniforms::u_camera_to_center_distance::Value{ painter.state.getCameraToCenterDistance() },
-                    uniforms::u_pitch::Value{ painter.state.getPitch() },
+                    uniforms::u_camera_to_center_distance::Value{ parameters.state.getCameraToCenterDistance() },
+                    uniforms::u_pitch::Value{ parameters.state.getPitch() },
                     uniforms::u_fadetexture::Value{ 1 }
                 },
                 *bucket.collisionBox.vertexBuffer,
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ void RenderSymbolLayer::render(Painter& painter, PaintParameters& parameters, Re
                 bucket.collisionBox.segments,
                 paintAttributeData,
                 properties,
-                painter.state.getZoom(),
+                parameters.state.getZoom(),
                 getID()
             );
         }
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_symbol_layer.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_symbol_layer.hpp
index f29ceb504c..83709b5122 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_symbol_layer.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/layers/render_symbol_layer.hpp
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ public:
     void transition(const TransitionParameters&) override;
     void evaluate(const PropertyEvaluationParameters&) override;
     bool hasTransition() const override;
-    void render(Painter&, PaintParameters&, RenderSource*) override;
+    void render(PaintParameters&, RenderSource*) override;
 
     style::IconPaintProperties::PossiblyEvaluated iconPaintProperties() const;
     style::TextPaintProperties::PossiblyEvaluated textPaintProperties() const;
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fc0bd40aeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#include <mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/update_parameters.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/render_style.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/render_static_data.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/map/transform_state.hpp>
+
+namespace mbgl {
+
+PaintParameters::PaintParameters(gl::Context& context_,
+                    float pixelRatio_,
+                    GLContextMode contextMode_,
+                    View& view_,
+                    const UpdateParameters& updateParameters,
+                    RenderStyle& style,
+                    RenderStaticData& staticData_,
+                    FrameHistory& frameHistory_)
+    : context(context_),
+    view(view_),
+    state(updateParameters.transformState),
+    evaluatedLight(style.getRenderLight().getEvaluated()),
+    staticData(staticData_),
+    frameHistory(frameHistory_),
+    imageManager(*style.imageManager),
+    lineAtlas(*style.lineAtlas),
+    mapMode(updateParameters.mode),
+    debugOptions(updateParameters.debugOptions),
+    contextMode(contextMode_),
+    timePoint(updateParameters.timePoint),
+    pixelRatio(pixelRatio_),
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    programs((debugOptions & MapDebugOptions::Overdraw) ? staticData_.overdrawPrograms : staticData_.programs)
+#else
+    programs(staticData_.programs)
+#endif
+{
+    // Update the default matrices to the current viewport dimensions.
+    state.getProjMatrix(projMatrix);
+
+    // Calculate a second projection matrix with the near plane clipped to 100 so as
+    // not to waste lots of depth buffer precision on very close empty space, for layer
+    // types (fill-extrusion) that use the depth buffer to emulate real-world space.
+    state.getProjMatrix(nearClippedProjMatrix, 100);
+
+    pixelsToGLUnits = {{ 2.0f  / state.getSize().width, -2.0f / state.getSize().height }};
+
+    if (state.getViewportMode() == ViewportMode::FlippedY) {
+        pixelsToGLUnits[1] *= -1;
+    }
+}
+
+mat4 PaintParameters::matrixForTile(const UnwrappedTileID& tileID) {
+    mat4 matrix;
+    state.matrixFor(matrix, tileID);
+    matrix::multiply(matrix, projMatrix, matrix);
+    return matrix;
+}
+
+gl::DepthMode PaintParameters::depthModeForSublayer(uint8_t n, gl::DepthMode::Mask mask) const {
+    float nearDepth = ((1 + currentLayer) * numSublayers + n) * depthEpsilon;
+    float farDepth = nearDepth + depthRangeSize;
+    return gl::DepthMode { gl::DepthMode::LessEqual, mask, { nearDepth, farDepth } };
+}
+
+gl::StencilMode PaintParameters::stencilModeForClipping(const ClipID& id) const {
+    return gl::StencilMode {
+        gl::StencilMode::Equal { static_cast<uint32_t>(id.mask.to_ulong()) },
+        static_cast<int32_t>(id.reference.to_ulong()),
+        0,
+        gl::StencilMode::Keep,
+        gl::StencilMode::Keep,
+        gl::StencilMode::Replace
+    };
+}
+
+gl::ColorMode PaintParameters::colorModeForRenderPass() const {
+    if (debugOptions & MapDebugOptions::Overdraw) {
+        const float overdraw = 1.0f / 8.0f;
+        return gl::ColorMode {
+            gl::ColorMode::Add {
+                gl::ColorMode::ConstantColor,
+                gl::ColorMode::One
+            },
+            Color { overdraw, overdraw, overdraw, 0.0f },
+            gl::ColorMode::Mask { true, true, true, true }
+        };
+    } else if (pass == RenderPass::Translucent) {
+        return gl::ColorMode::alphaBlended();
+    } else {
+        return gl::ColorMode::unblended();
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp
index 213c01cfbd..811a99b58b 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp
@@ -1,14 +1,76 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <mbgl/renderer/render_pass.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/render_light.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/map/mode.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/gl/depth_mode.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/gl/stencil_mode.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/gl/color_mode.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/util/mat4.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/algorithm/generate_clip_ids.hpp>
+
+#include <array>
+
 namespace mbgl {
 
-class Programs;
 class View;
+class UpdateParameters;
+class RenderStyle;
+class RenderStaticData;
+class FrameHistory;
+class Programs;
+class TransformState;
+class ImageManager;
+class LineAtlas;
+class UnwrappedTileID;
 
 class PaintParameters {
 public:
-    Programs& programs;
+    PaintParameters(gl::Context&,
+                    float pixelRatio,
+                    GLContextMode,
+                    View&,
+                    const UpdateParameters&,
+                    RenderStyle&,
+                    RenderStaticData&,
+                    FrameHistory&);
+
+    gl::Context& context;
     View& view;
+
+    const TransformState& state;
+    const EvaluatedLight& evaluatedLight;
+
+    RenderStaticData& staticData;
+    FrameHistory& frameHistory;
+    ImageManager& imageManager;
+    LineAtlas& lineAtlas;
+
+    RenderPass pass = RenderPass::Opaque;
+    MapMode mapMode;
+    MapDebugOptions debugOptions;
+    GLContextMode contextMode;
+    TimePoint timePoint;
+
+    float pixelRatio;
+    std::array<float, 2> pixelsToGLUnits;
+    algorithm::ClipIDGenerator clipIDGenerator;
+
+    Programs& programs;
+
+    gl::DepthMode depthModeForSublayer(uint8_t n, gl::DepthMode::Mask) const;
+    gl::StencilMode stencilModeForClipping(const ClipID&) const;
+    gl::ColorMode colorModeForRenderPass() const;
+
+    mat4 matrixForTile(const UnwrappedTileID&);
+
+    mat4 projMatrix;
+    mat4 nearClippedProjMatrix;
+
+    int numSublayers = 3;
+    uint32_t currentLayer;
+    float depthRangeSize;
+    const float depthEpsilon = 1.0f / (1 << 16);
 };
 
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/painter.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/painter.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d101f1530..0000000000
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/painter.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,404 +0,0 @@
-#include <mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/render_source.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/render_style.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/image_manager.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/layers/render_fill_extrusion_layer.hpp>
-
-#include <mbgl/style/source.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/style/source_impl.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/style/layer_impl.hpp>
-
-#include <mbgl/map/view.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/gl/debugging.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/tile/tile.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/geometry/line_atlas.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/programs/program_parameters.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/programs/programs.hpp>
-
-#include <mbgl/util/constants.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/util/mat3.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/util/string.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/util/stopwatch.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/util/clip_id.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/util/logging.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/util/color.hpp>
-
-#include <cassert>
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <iostream>
-#include <unordered_set>
-
-namespace mbgl {
-
-using namespace style;
-
-static gl::VertexVector<FillLayoutVertex> tileVertices() {
-    gl::VertexVector<FillLayoutVertex> result;
-    result.emplace_back(FillProgram::layoutVertex({ 0,            0 }));
-    result.emplace_back(FillProgram::layoutVertex({ util::EXTENT, 0 }));
-    result.emplace_back(FillProgram::layoutVertex({ 0, util::EXTENT }));
-    result.emplace_back(FillProgram::layoutVertex({ util::EXTENT, util::EXTENT }));
-    return result;
-}
-
-static gl::IndexVector<gl::Triangles> quadTriangleIndices() {
-    gl::IndexVector<gl::Triangles> result;
-    result.emplace_back(0, 1, 2);
-    result.emplace_back(1, 2, 3);
-    return result;
-}
-
-static gl::IndexVector<gl::LineStrip> tileLineStripIndices() {
-    gl::IndexVector<gl::LineStrip> result;
-    result.emplace_back(0);
-    result.emplace_back(1);
-    result.emplace_back(3);
-    result.emplace_back(2);
-    result.emplace_back(0);
-    return result;
-}
-
-static gl::VertexVector<RasterLayoutVertex> rasterVertices() {
-    gl::VertexVector<RasterLayoutVertex> result;
-    result.emplace_back(RasterProgram::layoutVertex({ 0, 0 }, { 0, 0 }));
-    result.emplace_back(RasterProgram::layoutVertex({ util::EXTENT, 0 }, { 32767, 0 }));
-    result.emplace_back(RasterProgram::layoutVertex({ 0, util::EXTENT }, { 0, 32767 }));
-    result.emplace_back(RasterProgram::layoutVertex({ util::EXTENT, util::EXTENT }, { 32767, 32767 }));
-    return result;
-}
-
-static gl::VertexVector<ExtrusionTextureLayoutVertex> extrusionTextureVertices() {
-    gl::VertexVector<ExtrusionTextureLayoutVertex> result;
-    result.emplace_back(ExtrusionTextureProgram::layoutVertex({ 0, 0 }));
-    result.emplace_back(ExtrusionTextureProgram::layoutVertex({ 1, 0 }));
-    result.emplace_back(ExtrusionTextureProgram::layoutVertex({ 0, 1 }));
-    result.emplace_back(ExtrusionTextureProgram::layoutVertex({ 1, 1 }));
-    return result;
-}
-
-
-Painter::Painter(gl::Context& context_,
-                 float pixelRatio,
-                 const optional<std::string>& programCacheDir)
-    : context(context_),
-      tileVertexBuffer(context.createVertexBuffer(tileVertices())),
-      rasterVertexBuffer(context.createVertexBuffer(rasterVertices())),
-      extrusionTextureVertexBuffer(context.createVertexBuffer(extrusionTextureVertices())),
-      quadTriangleIndexBuffer(context.createIndexBuffer(quadTriangleIndices())),
-      tileBorderIndexBuffer(context.createIndexBuffer(tileLineStripIndices())) {
-
-    tileTriangleSegments.emplace_back(0, 0, 4, 6);
-    tileBorderSegments.emplace_back(0, 0, 4, 5);
-    rasterSegments.emplace_back(0, 0, 4, 6);
-    extrusionTextureSegments.emplace_back(0, 0, 4, 6);
-
-    programs = std::make_unique<Programs>(context,
-                                          ProgramParameters{ pixelRatio, false, programCacheDir });
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-    overdrawPrograms =
-        std::make_unique<Programs>(context, ProgramParameters{ pixelRatio, true, programCacheDir });
-#endif
-}
-
-Painter::~Painter() = default;
-
-bool Painter::needsAnimation() const {
-    return frameHistory.needsAnimation(util::DEFAULT_TRANSITION_DURATION);
-}
-
-void Painter::cleanup() {
-    context.performCleanup();
-}
-
-void Painter::render(RenderStyle& style, const FrameData& frame_, View& view) {
-    frame = frame_;
-    if (frame.contextMode == GLContextMode::Shared) {
-        context.setDirtyState();
-    }
-
-    PaintParameters parameters {
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-        paintMode() == PaintMode::Overdraw ? *overdrawPrograms : *programs,
-#else
-        *programs,
-#endif
-        view
-    };
-
-    imageManager = style.imageManager.get();
-    lineAtlas = style.lineAtlas.get();
-
-    evaluatedLight = style.getRenderLight().getEvaluated();
-
-    RenderData renderData = style.getRenderData(frame.debugOptions, state.getAngle());
-    const std::vector<RenderItem>& order = renderData.order;
-    const std::unordered_set<RenderSource*>& sources = renderData.sources;
-
-    // Update the default matrices to the current viewport dimensions.
-    state.getProjMatrix(projMatrix);
-    // Calculate a second projection matrix with the near plane clipped to 100 so as
-    // not to waste lots of depth buffer precision on very close empty space, for layer
-    // types (fill-extrusion) that use the depth buffer to emulate real-world space.
-    state.getProjMatrix(nearClippedProjMatrix, 100);
-
-    pixelsToGLUnits = {{ 2.0f  / state.getSize().width, -2.0f / state.getSize().height }};
-    if (state.getViewportMode() == ViewportMode::FlippedY) {
-        pixelsToGLUnits[1] *= -1;
-    }
-
-    frameHistory.record(frame.timePoint, state.getZoom(),
-        frame.mapMode == MapMode::Continuous ? util::DEFAULT_TRANSITION_DURATION : Milliseconds(0));
-
-
-    // - UPLOAD PASS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Uploads all required buffers and images before we do any actual rendering.
-    {
-        MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(context, "upload");
-
-        imageManager->upload(context, 0);
-        lineAtlas->upload(context, 0);
-        frameHistory.upload(context, 0);
-    }
-
-    // - CLEAR -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Renders the backdrop of the OpenGL view. This also paints in areas where we don't have any
-    // tiles whatsoever.
-    {
-        MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(context, "clear");
-        view.bind();
-        context.clear(paintMode() == PaintMode::Overdraw
-                        ? Color::black()
-                        : renderData.backgroundColor,
-                      1.0f,
-                      0);
-    }
-
-    // - CLIPPING MASKS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Draws the clipping masks to the stencil buffer.
-    {
-        MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(context, "clip");
-
-        // Update all clipping IDs.
-        clipIDGenerator = algorithm::ClipIDGenerator();
-        for (const auto& source : sources) {
-            source->startRender(*this);
-        }
-
-        MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(context, "clipping masks");
-
-        static const style::FillPaintProperties::PossiblyEvaluated properties {};
-        static const FillProgram::PaintPropertyBinders paintAttibuteData(properties, 0);
-
-        for (const auto& clipID : clipIDGenerator.getClipIDs()) {
-            programs->fill.get(properties).draw(
-                context,
-                gl::Triangles(),
-                gl::DepthMode::disabled(),
-                gl::StencilMode {
-                    gl::StencilMode::Always(),
-                    static_cast<int32_t>(clipID.second.reference.to_ulong()),
-                    0b11111111,
-                    gl::StencilMode::Keep,
-                    gl::StencilMode::Keep,
-                    gl::StencilMode::Replace
-                },
-                gl::ColorMode::disabled(),
-                FillProgram::UniformValues {
-                    uniforms::u_matrix::Value{ matrixForTile(clipID.first) },
-                    uniforms::u_world::Value{ context.viewport.getCurrentValue().size },
-                },
-                tileVertexBuffer,
-                quadTriangleIndexBuffer,
-                tileTriangleSegments,
-                paintAttibuteData,
-                properties,
-                state.getZoom(),
-                "clipping"
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-#if not MBGL_USE_GLES2 and not defined(NDEBUG)
-    // Render tile clip boundaries, using stencil buffer to calculate fill color.
-    if (frame.debugOptions & MapDebugOptions::StencilClip) {
-        context.setStencilMode(gl::StencilMode::disabled());
-        context.setDepthMode(gl::DepthMode::disabled());
-        context.setColorMode(gl::ColorMode::unblended());
-        context.program = 0;
-
-        // Reset the value in case someone else changed it, or it's dirty.
-        context.pixelTransferStencil = gl::value::PixelTransferStencil::Default;
-
-        // Read the stencil buffer
-        const auto viewport = context.viewport.getCurrentValue();
-        auto image =
-            context.readFramebuffer<AlphaImage, gl::TextureFormat::Stencil>(viewport.size, false);
-
-        // Scale the Stencil buffer to cover the entire color space.
-        auto it = image.data.get();
-        auto end = it + viewport.size.width * viewport.size.height;
-        const auto factor = 255.0f / *std::max_element(it, end);
-        for (; it != end; ++it) {
-            *it *= factor;
-        }
-
-        context.pixelZoom = { 1, 1 };
-        context.rasterPos = { -1, -1, 0, 1 };
-        context.drawPixels(image);
-
-        return;
-    }
-#endif
-
-    // Actually render the layers
-    if (debug::renderTree) { Log::Info(Event::Render, "{"); indent++; }
-
-    depthRangeSize = 1 - (order.size() + 2) * numSublayers * depthEpsilon;
-
-    // - OPAQUE PASS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Render everything top-to-bottom by using reverse iterators. Render opaque objects first.
-    {
-        pass = RenderPass::Opaque;
-        MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(context, "opaque");
-
-        if (debug::renderTree) {
-            Log::Info(Event::Render, "%*s%s {", indent++ * 4, "", "opaque");
-        }
-
-        uint32_t i = 0;
-        for (auto it = order.rbegin(); it != order.rend(); ++it, ++i) {
-            currentLayer = i;
-            if (it->layer.hasRenderPass(pass)) {
-                MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(context, it->layer.getID());
-                it->layer.render(*this, parameters, it->source);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (debug::renderTree) {
-            Log::Info(Event::Render, "%*s%s", --indent * 4, "", "}");
-        }
-    }
-
-    // - TRANSLUCENT PASS --------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Make a second pass, rendering translucent objects. This time, we render bottom-to-top.
-    {
-        pass = RenderPass::Translucent;
-        MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(context, "translucent");
-
-        if (debug::renderTree) {
-            Log::Info(Event::Render, "%*s%s {", indent++ * 4, "", "translucent");
-        }
-
-        uint32_t i = static_cast<uint32_t>(order.size()) - 1;
-        for (auto it = order.begin(); it != order.end(); ++it, --i) {
-            currentLayer = i;
-            if (it->layer.hasRenderPass(pass)) {
-                MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(context, it->layer.getID());
-                it->layer.render(*this, parameters, it->source);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (debug::renderTree) {
-            Log::Info(Event::Render, "%*s%s", --indent * 4, "", "}");
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (debug::renderTree) { Log::Info(Event::Render, "}"); indent--; }
-
-    // - DEBUG PASS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Renders debug overlays.
-    {
-        MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(context, "debug");
-
-        // Finalize the rendering, e.g. by calling debug render calls per tile.
-        // This guarantees that we have at least one function per tile called.
-        // When only rendering layers via the stylesheet, it's possible that we don't
-        // ever visit a tile during rendering.
-        for (const auto& source : sources) {
-            source->finishRender(*this);
-        }
-    }
-
-#if not MBGL_USE_GLES2 and not defined(NDEBUG)
-    // Render the depth buffer.
-    if (frame.debugOptions & MapDebugOptions::DepthBuffer) {
-        context.setStencilMode(gl::StencilMode::disabled());
-        context.setDepthMode(gl::DepthMode::disabled());
-        context.setColorMode(gl::ColorMode::unblended());
-        context.program = 0;
-
-        // Scales the values in the depth buffer so that they cover the entire grayscale range. This
-        // makes it easier to spot tiny differences.
-        const float base = 1.0f / (1.0f - depthRangeSize);
-        context.pixelTransferDepth = { base, 1.0f - base };
-
-        // Read the stencil buffer
-        auto viewport = context.viewport.getCurrentValue();
-        auto image =
-            context.readFramebuffer<AlphaImage, gl::TextureFormat::Depth>(viewport.size, false);
-
-        context.pixelZoom = { 1, 1 };
-        context.rasterPos = { -1, -1, 0, 1 };
-        context.drawPixels(image);
-    }
-#endif
-
-    // TODO: Find a better way to unbind VAOs after we're done with them without introducing
-    // unnecessary bind(0)/bind(N) sequences.
-    {
-        MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(context, "cleanup");
-
-        context.activeTexture = 1;
-        context.texture[1] = 0;
-        context.activeTexture = 0;
-        context.texture[0] = 0;
-
-        context.bindVertexArray = 0;
-    }
-}
-
-mat4 Painter::matrixForTile(const UnwrappedTileID& tileID) {
-    mat4 matrix;
-    state.matrixFor(matrix, tileID);
-    matrix::multiply(matrix, projMatrix, matrix);
-    return matrix;
-}
-
-gl::DepthMode Painter::depthModeForSublayer(uint8_t n, gl::DepthMode::Mask mask) const {
-    float nearDepth = ((1 + currentLayer) * numSublayers + n) * depthEpsilon;
-    float farDepth = nearDepth + depthRangeSize;
-    return gl::DepthMode { gl::DepthMode::LessEqual, mask, { nearDepth, farDepth } };
-}
-
-gl::StencilMode Painter::stencilModeForClipping(const ClipID& id) const {
-    return gl::StencilMode {
-        gl::StencilMode::Equal { static_cast<uint32_t>(id.mask.to_ulong()) },
-        static_cast<int32_t>(id.reference.to_ulong()),
-        0,
-        gl::StencilMode::Keep,
-        gl::StencilMode::Keep,
-        gl::StencilMode::Replace
-    };
-}
-
-gl::ColorMode Painter::colorModeForRenderPass() const {
-    if (paintMode() == PaintMode::Overdraw) {
-        const float overdraw = 1.0f / 8.0f;
-        return gl::ColorMode {
-            gl::ColorMode::Add {
-                gl::ColorMode::ConstantColor,
-                gl::ColorMode::One
-            },
-            Color { overdraw, overdraw, overdraw, 0.0f },
-            gl::ColorMode::Mask { true, true, true, true }
-        };
-    } else if (pass == RenderPass::Translucent) {
-        return gl::ColorMode::alphaBlended();
-    } else {
-        return gl::ColorMode::unblended();
-    }
-}
-
-} // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 0b4d9e5fa9..0000000000
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <mbgl/map/transform_state.hpp>
-
-#include <mbgl/tile/tile_id.hpp>
-
-#include <mbgl/renderer/frame_history.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/render_item.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/bucket.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/render_light.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/render_pass.hpp>
-
-#include <mbgl/gl/context.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/programs/debug_program.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/programs/fill_program.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/programs/extrusion_texture_program.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/programs/raster_program.hpp>
-
-#include <mbgl/util/noncopyable.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/util/chrono.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/util/offscreen_texture.hpp>
-
-#include <mbgl/algorithm/generate_clip_ids.hpp>
-
-#include <array>
-#include <vector>
-
-namespace mbgl {
-
-class RenderStyle;
-class ImageManager;
-class View;
-class LineAtlas;
-class Programs;
-class PaintParameters;
-struct ClipID;
-
-struct FrameData {
-    TimePoint timePoint;
-    float pixelRatio;
-    MapMode mapMode;
-    GLContextMode contextMode;
-    MapDebugOptions debugOptions;
-};
-
-class Painter : private util::noncopyable {
-public:
-    Painter(gl::Context&, float pixelRatio, const optional<std::string>& programCacheDir);
-    ~Painter();
-
-    void render(RenderStyle&,
-                const FrameData&,
-                View&);
-
-    void cleanup();
-    bool needsAnimation() const;
-
-    mat4 matrixForTile(const UnwrappedTileID&);
-    gl::DepthMode depthModeForSublayer(uint8_t n, gl::DepthMode::Mask) const;
-    gl::StencilMode stencilModeForClipping(const ClipID&) const;
-    gl::ColorMode colorModeForRenderPass() const;
-
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-    PaintMode paintMode() const {
-        return frame.debugOptions & MapDebugOptions::Overdraw ? PaintMode::Overdraw
-                                                              : PaintMode::Regular;
-    }
-#else
-    PaintMode paintMode() const {
-        return PaintMode::Regular;
-    }
-#endif
-
-    gl::Context& context;
-
-    TransformState state;
-
-    algorithm::ClipIDGenerator clipIDGenerator;
-
-    mat4 projMatrix;
-    mat4 nearClippedProjMatrix;
-
-    std::array<float, 2> pixelsToGLUnits;
-
-    const mat4 identityMatrix = []{
-        mat4 identity;
-        matrix::identity(identity);
-        return identity;
-    }();
-
-    FrameData frame;
-
-    int indent = 0;
-
-    RenderPass pass = RenderPass::Opaque;
-
-    int numSublayers = 3;
-    uint32_t currentLayer;
-    float depthRangeSize;
-    const float depthEpsilon = 1.0f / (1 << 16);
-
-    ImageManager* imageManager = nullptr;
-    LineAtlas* lineAtlas = nullptr;
-
-    optional<OffscreenTexture> extrusionTexture;
-
-    EvaluatedLight evaluatedLight;
-
-    FrameHistory frameHistory;
-
-    std::unique_ptr<Programs> programs;
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-    std::unique_ptr<Programs> overdrawPrograms;
-#endif
-
-    gl::VertexBuffer<FillLayoutVertex> tileVertexBuffer;
-    gl::VertexBuffer<RasterLayoutVertex> rasterVertexBuffer;
-    gl::VertexBuffer<ExtrusionTextureLayoutVertex> extrusionTextureVertexBuffer;
-
-    gl::IndexBuffer<gl::Triangles> quadTriangleIndexBuffer;
-    gl::IndexBuffer<gl::LineStrip> tileBorderIndexBuffer;
-
-    SegmentVector<FillAttributes> tileTriangleSegments;
-    SegmentVector<DebugAttributes> tileBorderSegments;
-    SegmentVector<RasterAttributes> rasterSegments;
-    SegmentVector<ExtrusionTextureAttributes> extrusionTextureSegments;
-};
-
-} // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/render_layer.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/render_layer.hpp
index 79a292953b..dfc6bcf2fd 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/render_layer.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/render_layer.hpp
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ class Bucket;
 class BucketParameters;
 class TransitionParameters;
 class PropertyEvaluationParameters;
-class Painter;
 class PaintParameters;
 class RenderSource;
 class RenderTile;
@@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ public:
     // Checks whether this layer can be rendered.
     bool needsRendering(float zoom) const;
 
-    virtual void render(Painter&, PaintParameters&, RenderSource*) = 0;
+    virtual void render(PaintParameters&, RenderSource*) = 0;
 
     // Check wether the given geometry intersects
     // with the feature
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/render_source.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/render_source.hpp
index f7c9a4e86f..f329035086 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/render_source.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/render_source.hpp
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-class Painter;
+class PaintParameters;
 class TransformState;
 class RenderTile;
 class RenderStyle;
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ public:
                         bool needsRelayout,
                         const TileParameters&) = 0;
 
-    virtual void startRender(Painter&) = 0;
-    virtual void finishRender(Painter&) = 0;
+    virtual void startRender(PaintParameters&) = 0;
+    virtual void finishRender(PaintParameters&) = 0;
 
     // Returns an unsorted list of RenderTiles.
     virtual std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<RenderTile>> getRenderTiles() = 0;
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/render_static_data.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/render_static_data.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4c6028d7b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/render_static_data.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+#include <mbgl/renderer/render_static_data.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/programs/program_parameters.hpp>
+
+namespace mbgl {
+
+static gl::VertexVector<FillLayoutVertex> tileVertices() {
+    gl::VertexVector<FillLayoutVertex> result;
+    result.emplace_back(FillProgram::layoutVertex({ 0,            0 }));
+    result.emplace_back(FillProgram::layoutVertex({ util::EXTENT, 0 }));
+    result.emplace_back(FillProgram::layoutVertex({ 0, util::EXTENT }));
+    result.emplace_back(FillProgram::layoutVertex({ util::EXTENT, util::EXTENT }));
+    return result;
+}
+
+static gl::IndexVector<gl::Triangles> quadTriangleIndices() {
+    gl::IndexVector<gl::Triangles> result;
+    result.emplace_back(0, 1, 2);
+    result.emplace_back(1, 2, 3);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static gl::IndexVector<gl::LineStrip> tileLineStripIndices() {
+    gl::IndexVector<gl::LineStrip> result;
+    result.emplace_back(0);
+    result.emplace_back(1);
+    result.emplace_back(3);
+    result.emplace_back(2);
+    result.emplace_back(0);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static gl::VertexVector<RasterLayoutVertex> rasterVertices() {
+    gl::VertexVector<RasterLayoutVertex> result;
+    result.emplace_back(RasterProgram::layoutVertex({ 0, 0 }, { 0, 0 }));
+    result.emplace_back(RasterProgram::layoutVertex({ util::EXTENT, 0 }, { 32767, 0 }));
+    result.emplace_back(RasterProgram::layoutVertex({ 0, util::EXTENT }, { 0, 32767 }));
+    result.emplace_back(RasterProgram::layoutVertex({ util::EXTENT, util::EXTENT }, { 32767, 32767 }));
+    return result;
+}
+
+static gl::VertexVector<ExtrusionTextureLayoutVertex> extrusionTextureVertices() {
+    gl::VertexVector<ExtrusionTextureLayoutVertex> result;
+    result.emplace_back(ExtrusionTextureProgram::layoutVertex({ 0, 0 }));
+    result.emplace_back(ExtrusionTextureProgram::layoutVertex({ 1, 0 }));
+    result.emplace_back(ExtrusionTextureProgram::layoutVertex({ 0, 1 }));
+    result.emplace_back(ExtrusionTextureProgram::layoutVertex({ 1, 1 }));
+    return result;
+}
+
+RenderStaticData::RenderStaticData(gl::Context& context, float pixelRatio, const optional<std::string>& programCacheDir)
+    : tileVertexBuffer(context.createVertexBuffer(tileVertices())),
+      rasterVertexBuffer(context.createVertexBuffer(rasterVertices())),
+      extrusionTextureVertexBuffer(context.createVertexBuffer(extrusionTextureVertices())),
+      quadTriangleIndexBuffer(context.createIndexBuffer(quadTriangleIndices())),
+      tileBorderIndexBuffer(context.createIndexBuffer(tileLineStripIndices())),
+      programs(context, ProgramParameters { pixelRatio, false, programCacheDir })
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    , overdrawPrograms(context, ProgramParameters { pixelRatio, true, programCacheDir })
+#endif
+{
+    tileTriangleSegments.emplace_back(0, 0, 4, 6);
+    tileBorderSegments.emplace_back(0, 0, 4, 5);
+    rasterSegments.emplace_back(0, 0, 4, 6);
+    extrusionTextureSegments.emplace_back(0, 0, 4, 6);
+}
+
+} // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/render_static_data.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/render_static_data.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..07a47b4c8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/render_static_data.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <mbgl/gl/vertex_buffer.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/gl/index_buffer.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/programs/programs.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/util/optional.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/util/offscreen_texture.hpp>
+
+#include <string>
+
+namespace mbgl {
+
+class RenderStaticData {
+public:
+    RenderStaticData(gl::Context&, float pixelRatio, const optional<std::string>& programCacheDir);
+
+    gl::VertexBuffer<FillLayoutVertex> tileVertexBuffer;
+    gl::VertexBuffer<RasterLayoutVertex> rasterVertexBuffer;
+    gl::VertexBuffer<ExtrusionTextureLayoutVertex> extrusionTextureVertexBuffer;
+
+    gl::IndexBuffer<gl::Triangles> quadTriangleIndexBuffer;
+    gl::IndexBuffer<gl::LineStrip> tileBorderIndexBuffer;
+
+    SegmentVector<FillAttributes> tileTriangleSegments;
+    SegmentVector<DebugAttributes> tileBorderSegments;
+    SegmentVector<RasterAttributes> rasterSegments;
+    SegmentVector<ExtrusionTextureAttributes> extrusionTextureSegments;
+
+    optional<OffscreenTexture> extrusionTexture;
+
+    Programs programs;
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    Programs overdrawPrograms;
+#endif
+};
+
+} // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/render_tile.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/render_tile.cpp
index e28606633a..4e924331cc 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/render_tile.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/render_tile.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include <mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/buckets/debug_bucket.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/render_static_data.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/programs/programs.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/map/transform_state.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/tile/tile.hpp>
@@ -51,30 +52,30 @@ mat4 RenderTile::translatedClipMatrix(const std::array<float, 2>& translation,
     return translateVtxMatrix(nearClippedMatrix, translation, anchor, state, false);
 }
 
-void RenderTile::startRender(Painter& painter) {
-    tile.upload(painter.context);
+void RenderTile::startRender(PaintParameters& parameters) {
+    tile.upload(parameters.context);
 
     // Calculate two matrices for this tile: matrix is the standard tile matrix; nearClippedMatrix
     // clips the near plane to 100 to save depth buffer precision
-    painter.state.matrixFor(matrix, id);
-    painter.state.matrixFor(nearClippedMatrix, id);
-    matrix::multiply(matrix, painter.projMatrix, matrix);
-    matrix::multiply(nearClippedMatrix, painter.nearClippedProjMatrix, nearClippedMatrix);
+    parameters.state.matrixFor(matrix, id);
+    parameters.state.matrixFor(nearClippedMatrix, id);
+    matrix::multiply(matrix, parameters.projMatrix, matrix);
+    matrix::multiply(nearClippedMatrix, parameters.nearClippedProjMatrix, nearClippedMatrix);
 }
 
-void RenderTile::finishRender(Painter& painter) {
-    if (!used || painter.frame.debugOptions == MapDebugOptions::NoDebug)
+void RenderTile::finishRender(PaintParameters& parameters) {
+    if (!used || parameters.debugOptions == MapDebugOptions::NoDebug)
         return;
 
     static const style::Properties<>::PossiblyEvaluated properties {};
     static const DebugProgram::PaintPropertyBinders paintAttibuteData(properties, 0);
 
     auto draw = [&] (Color color, const auto& vertexBuffer, const auto& indexBuffer, const auto& segments, auto drawMode) {
-        painter.programs->debug.draw(
-            painter.context,
+        parameters.programs.debug.draw(
+            parameters.context,
             drawMode,
             gl::DepthMode::disabled(),
-            painter.stencilModeForClipping(clip),
+            parameters.stencilModeForClipping(clip),
             gl::ColorMode::unblended(),
             DebugProgram::UniformValues {
                 uniforms::u_matrix::Value{ matrix },
@@ -85,41 +86,41 @@ void RenderTile::finishRender(Painter& painter) {
             segments,
             paintAttibuteData,
             properties,
-            painter.state.getZoom(),
+            parameters.state.getZoom(),
             "debug"
         );
     };
 
-    if (painter.frame.debugOptions & (MapDebugOptions::Timestamps | MapDebugOptions::ParseStatus)) {
+    if (parameters.debugOptions & (MapDebugOptions::Timestamps | MapDebugOptions::ParseStatus)) {
         if (!tile.debugBucket || tile.debugBucket->renderable != tile.isRenderable() ||
             tile.debugBucket->complete != tile.isComplete() ||
             !(tile.debugBucket->modified == tile.modified) ||
             !(tile.debugBucket->expires == tile.expires) ||
-            tile.debugBucket->debugMode != painter.frame.debugOptions) {
+            tile.debugBucket->debugMode != parameters.debugOptions) {
             tile.debugBucket = std::make_unique<DebugBucket>(
                 tile.id, tile.isRenderable(), tile.isComplete(), tile.modified,
-                tile.expires, painter.frame.debugOptions, painter.context);
+                tile.expires, parameters.debugOptions, parameters.context);
         }
 
         draw(Color::white(),
              *tile.debugBucket->vertexBuffer,
              *tile.debugBucket->indexBuffer,
              tile.debugBucket->segments,
-             gl::Lines { 4.0f * painter.frame.pixelRatio });
+             gl::Lines { 4.0f * parameters.pixelRatio });
 
         draw(Color::black(),
              *tile.debugBucket->vertexBuffer,
              *tile.debugBucket->indexBuffer,
              tile.debugBucket->segments,
-             gl::Lines { 2.0f * painter.frame.pixelRatio });
+             gl::Lines { 2.0f * parameters.pixelRatio });
     }
 
-    if (painter.frame.debugOptions & MapDebugOptions::TileBorders) {
+    if (parameters.debugOptions & MapDebugOptions::TileBorders) {
         draw(Color::red(),
-             painter.tileVertexBuffer,
-             painter.tileBorderIndexBuffer,
-             painter.tileBorderSegments,
-             gl::LineStrip { 4.0f * painter.frame.pixelRatio });
+             parameters.staticData.tileVertexBuffer,
+             parameters.staticData.tileBorderIndexBuffer,
+             parameters.staticData.tileBorderSegments,
+             gl::LineStrip { 4.0f * parameters.pixelRatio });
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp
index 98db111002..d5ed4f0018 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace mbgl {
 
 class Tile;
 class TransformState;
-class Painter;
+class PaintParameters;
 
 class RenderTile final {
 public:
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ public:
                               style::TranslateAnchorType anchor,
                               const TransformState&) const;
 
-    void startRender(Painter&);
-    void finishRender(Painter&);
+    void startRender(PaintParameters&);
+    void finishRender(PaintParameters&);
 
     mat4 translateVtxMatrix(const mat4& tileMatrix,
                             const std::array<float, 2>& translation,
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/renderer_impl.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/renderer_impl.cpp
index 38aaf95671..981c09e806 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/renderer_impl.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/renderer_impl.cpp
@@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
 #include <mbgl/renderer/renderer_impl.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/actor/scheduler.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/storage/file_source.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/render_style.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/render_static_data.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/render_item.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/update_parameters.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/map/transform_state.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/backend_scope.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/image_manager.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/gl/debugging.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/geometry/line_atlas.hpp>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
+using namespace style;
+
 static RendererObserver& nullObserver() {
     static RendererObserver observer;
     return observer;
@@ -23,8 +27,8 @@ Renderer::Impl::Impl(RendererBackend& backend_,
         : backend(backend_)
         , observer(&nullObserver())
         , contextMode(contextMode_)
-        , pixelRatio(pixelRatio_),
-          programCacheDir(programCacheDir_)
+        , pixelRatio(pixelRatio_)
+        , programCacheDir(programCacheDir_)
         , renderStyle(std::make_unique<RenderStyle>(scheduler_, fileSource_)) {
 
     renderStyle->setObserver(this);
@@ -33,6 +37,7 @@ Renderer::Impl::Impl(RendererBackend& backend_,
 Renderer::Impl::~Impl() {
     BackendScope guard { backend, backend.getScopeType()};
     renderStyle.reset();
+    staticData.reset();
 };
 
 void Renderer::Impl::setObserver(RendererObserver* observer_) {
@@ -45,19 +50,23 @@ void Renderer::Impl::render(View& view, const UpdateParameters& updateParameters
 
     BackendScope guard { backend, backend.getScopeType() };
 
-    // Update render style
     renderStyle->update(updateParameters);
+    transformState = updateParameters.transformState;
 
-    // Initialize painter
-    if (!painter) {
-        gl::Context& context = backend.getContext();
-        painter = std::make_unique<Painter>(context,
-                                            pixelRatio,
-                                            programCacheDir);
+    if (!staticData) {
+        staticData = std::make_unique<RenderStaticData>(backend.getContext(), pixelRatio, programCacheDir);
     }
 
-    // Update transform state on painter.
-    painter->state = updateParameters.transformState;
+    PaintParameters parameters {
+        backend.getContext(),
+        pixelRatio,
+        contextMode,
+        view,
+        updateParameters,
+        *renderStyle,
+        *staticData,
+        frameHistory
+    };
 
     bool loaded = updateParameters.styleLoaded && renderStyle->isLoaded();
 
@@ -68,20 +77,14 @@ void Renderer::Impl::render(View& view, const UpdateParameters& updateParameters
 
         observer->onWillStartRenderingFrame();
 
-        FrameData frameData { updateParameters.timePoint,
-                              pixelRatio,
-                              updateParameters.mode,
-                              contextMode,
-                              updateParameters.debugOptions };
-
         backend.updateAssumedState();
 
-        painter->render(*renderStyle, frameData, view);
-        painter->cleanup();
+        doRender(parameters);
+        parameters.context.performCleanup();
 
         observer->onDidFinishRenderingFrame(
                 loaded ? RendererObserver::RenderMode::Full : RendererObserver::RenderMode::Partial,
-                renderStyle->hasTransitions() || painter->needsAnimation()
+                renderStyle->hasTransitions() || frameHistory.needsAnimation(util::DEFAULT_TRANSITION_DURATION)
         );
 
         if (!loaded) {
@@ -91,32 +94,242 @@ void Renderer::Impl::render(View& view, const UpdateParameters& updateParameters
             observer->onDidFinishRenderingMap();
         }
     } else if (loaded) {
-        // We can render the map in still mode
         observer->onWillStartRenderingMap();
         observer->onWillStartRenderingFrame();
 
-        FrameData frameData { updateParameters.timePoint,
-                              pixelRatio,
-                              updateParameters.mode,
-                              contextMode,
-                              updateParameters.debugOptions };
-
         backend.updateAssumedState();
 
-        painter->render(*renderStyle, frameData, view);
+        doRender(parameters);
 
         observer->onDidFinishRenderingFrame(RendererObserver::RenderMode::Full, false);
         observer->onDidFinishRenderingMap();
-        
+
         // Cleanup only after signaling completion
-        painter->cleanup();
+        parameters.context.performCleanup();
     }
 }
 
-std::vector<Feature> Renderer::Impl::queryRenderedFeatures(const ScreenLineString& geometry, const RenderedQueryOptions& options) const {
-    if (!painter) return {};
+void Renderer::Impl::doRender(PaintParameters& parameters) {
+    if (parameters.contextMode == GLContextMode::Shared) {
+        parameters.context.setDirtyState();
+    }
+
+    RenderData renderData = renderStyle->getRenderData(parameters.debugOptions, parameters.state.getAngle());
+    const std::vector<RenderItem>& order = renderData.order;
+    const std::unordered_set<RenderSource*>& sources = renderData.sources;
+
+    frameHistory.record(parameters.timePoint,
+                        parameters.state.getZoom(),
+                        parameters.mapMode == MapMode::Continuous ? util::DEFAULT_TRANSITION_DURATION : Milliseconds(0));
+
+    // - UPLOAD PASS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Uploads all required buffers and images before we do any actual rendering.
+    {
+        MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(parameters.context, "upload");
+
+        parameters.imageManager.upload(parameters.context, 0);
+        parameters.lineAtlas.upload(parameters.context, 0);
+        parameters.frameHistory.upload(parameters.context, 0);
+    }
+
+    // - CLEAR -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Renders the backdrop of the OpenGL view. This also paints in areas where we don't have any
+    // tiles whatsoever.
+    {
+        MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(parameters.context, "clear");
+        parameters.view.bind();
+        parameters.context.clear((parameters.debugOptions & MapDebugOptions::Overdraw)
+                        ? Color::black()
+                        : renderData.backgroundColor,
+                      1.0f,
+                      0);
+    }
+
+    // - CLIPPING MASKS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Draws the clipping masks to the stencil buffer.
+    {
+        MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(parameters.context, "clip");
+
+        // Update all clipping IDs.
+        for (const auto& source : sources) {
+            source->startRender(parameters);
+        }
+
+        MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(parameters.context, "clipping masks");
+
+        static const style::FillPaintProperties::PossiblyEvaluated properties {};
+        static const FillProgram::PaintPropertyBinders paintAttibuteData(properties, 0);
+
+        for (const auto& clipID : parameters.clipIDGenerator.getClipIDs()) {
+            parameters.staticData.programs.fill.get(properties).draw(
+                parameters.context,
+                gl::Triangles(),
+                gl::DepthMode::disabled(),
+                gl::StencilMode {
+                    gl::StencilMode::Always(),
+                    static_cast<int32_t>(clipID.second.reference.to_ulong()),
+                    0b11111111,
+                    gl::StencilMode::Keep,
+                    gl::StencilMode::Keep,
+                    gl::StencilMode::Replace
+                },
+                gl::ColorMode::disabled(),
+                FillProgram::UniformValues {
+                    uniforms::u_matrix::Value{ parameters.matrixForTile(clipID.first) },
+                    uniforms::u_world::Value{ parameters.context.viewport.getCurrentValue().size },
+                },
+                parameters.staticData.tileVertexBuffer,
+                parameters.staticData.quadTriangleIndexBuffer,
+                parameters.staticData.tileTriangleSegments,
+                paintAttibuteData,
+                properties,
+                parameters.state.getZoom(),
+                "clipping"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+#if not MBGL_USE_GLES2 and not defined(NDEBUG)
+    // Render tile clip boundaries, using stencil buffer to calculate fill color.
+    if (parameters.debugOptions & MapDebugOptions::StencilClip) {
+        parameters.context.setStencilMode(gl::StencilMode::disabled());
+        parameters.context.setDepthMode(gl::DepthMode::disabled());
+        parameters.context.setColorMode(gl::ColorMode::unblended());
+        parameters.context.program = 0;
+
+        // Reset the value in case someone else changed it, or it's dirty.
+        parameters.context.pixelTransferStencil = gl::value::PixelTransferStencil::Default;
+
+        // Read the stencil buffer
+        const auto viewport = parameters.context.viewport.getCurrentValue();
+        auto image = parameters.context.readFramebuffer<AlphaImage, gl::TextureFormat::Stencil>(viewport.size, false);
+
+        // Scale the Stencil buffer to cover the entire color space.
+        auto it = image.data.get();
+        auto end = it + viewport.size.width * viewport.size.height;
+        const auto factor = 255.0f / *std::max_element(it, end);
+        for (; it != end; ++it) {
+            *it *= factor;
+        }
+
+        parameters.context.pixelZoom = { 1, 1 };
+        parameters.context.rasterPos = { -1, -1, 0, 1 };
+        parameters.context.drawPixels(image);
+
+        return;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    int indent = 0;
+
+    // Actually render the layers
+    if (debug::renderTree) { Log::Info(Event::Render, "{"); indent++; }
+
+    parameters.depthRangeSize = 1 - (order.size() + 2) * parameters.numSublayers * parameters.depthEpsilon;
+
+    // - OPAQUE PASS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Render everything top-to-bottom by using reverse iterators. Render opaque objects first.
+    {
+        parameters.pass = RenderPass::Opaque;
+        MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(parameters.context, "opaque");
+
+        if (debug::renderTree) {
+            Log::Info(Event::Render, "%*s%s {", indent++ * 4, "", "opaque");
+        }
+
+        uint32_t i = 0;
+        for (auto it = order.rbegin(); it != order.rend(); ++it, ++i) {
+            parameters.currentLayer = i;
+            if (it->layer.hasRenderPass(parameters.pass)) {
+                MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(parameters.context, it->layer.getID());
+                it->layer.render(parameters, it->source);
+            }
+        }
 
-    return renderStyle->queryRenderedFeatures(geometry, painter->state, options);
+        if (debug::renderTree) {
+            Log::Info(Event::Render, "%*s%s", --indent * 4, "", "}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // - TRANSLUCENT PASS --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Make a second pass, rendering translucent objects. This time, we render bottom-to-top.
+    {
+        parameters.pass = RenderPass::Translucent;
+        MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(parameters.context, "translucent");
+
+        if (debug::renderTree) {
+            Log::Info(Event::Render, "%*s%s {", indent++ * 4, "", "translucent");
+        }
+
+        uint32_t i = static_cast<uint32_t>(order.size()) - 1;
+        for (auto it = order.begin(); it != order.end(); ++it, --i) {
+            parameters.currentLayer = i;
+            if (it->layer.hasRenderPass(parameters.pass)) {
+                MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(parameters.context, it->layer.getID());
+                it->layer.render(parameters, it->source);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (debug::renderTree) {
+            Log::Info(Event::Render, "%*s%s", --indent * 4, "", "}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (debug::renderTree) { Log::Info(Event::Render, "}"); indent--; }
+
+    // - DEBUG PASS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Renders debug overlays.
+    {
+        MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(parameters.context, "debug");
+
+        // Finalize the rendering, e.g. by calling debug render calls per tile.
+        // This guarantees that we have at least one function per tile called.
+        // When only rendering layers via the stylesheet, it's possible that we don't
+        // ever visit a tile during rendering.
+        for (const auto& source : sources) {
+            source->finishRender(parameters);
+        }
+    }
+
+#if not MBGL_USE_GLES2 and not defined(NDEBUG)
+    // Render the depth buffer.
+    if (parameters.debugOptions & MapDebugOptions::DepthBuffer) {
+        parameters.context.setStencilMode(gl::StencilMode::disabled());
+        parameters.context.setDepthMode(gl::DepthMode::disabled());
+        parameters.context.setColorMode(gl::ColorMode::unblended());
+        parameters.context.program = 0;
+
+        // Scales the values in the depth buffer so that they cover the entire grayscale range. This
+        // makes it easier to spot tiny differences.
+        const float base = 1.0f / (1.0f - parameters.depthRangeSize);
+        parameters.context.pixelTransferDepth = { base, 1.0f - base };
+
+        // Read the stencil buffer
+        auto viewport = parameters.context.viewport.getCurrentValue();
+        auto image = parameters.context.readFramebuffer<AlphaImage, gl::TextureFormat::Depth>(viewport.size, false);
+
+        parameters.context.pixelZoom = { 1, 1 };
+        parameters.context.rasterPos = { -1, -1, 0, 1 };
+        parameters.context.drawPixels(image);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    // TODO: Find a better way to unbind VAOs after we're done with them without introducing
+    // unnecessary bind(0)/bind(N) sequences.
+    {
+        MBGL_DEBUG_GROUP(parameters.context, "cleanup");
+
+        parameters.context.activeTexture = 1;
+        parameters.context.texture[1] = 0;
+        parameters.context.activeTexture = 0;
+        parameters.context.texture[0] = 0;
+
+        parameters.context.bindVertexArray = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+std::vector<Feature> Renderer::Impl::queryRenderedFeatures(const ScreenLineString& geometry, const RenderedQueryOptions& options) const {
+    return renderStyle->queryRenderedFeatures(geometry, transformState, options);
 }
 
 std::vector<Feature> Renderer::Impl::querySourceFeatures(const std::string& sourceID, const SourceQueryOptions& options) const {
@@ -128,24 +341,21 @@ std::vector<Feature> Renderer::Impl::querySourceFeatures(const std::string& sour
 
 void Renderer::Impl::onInvalidate() {
     observer->onInvalidate();
-};
+}
 
 void Renderer::Impl::onResourceError(std::exception_ptr ptr) {
     observer->onResourceError(ptr);
 }
 
 void Renderer::Impl::onLowMemory() {
-    if (painter) {
-        BackendScope { backend, backend.getScopeType() };
-        painter->cleanup();
-    }
+    BackendScope guard { backend, backend.getScopeType() };
+    backend.getContext().performCleanup();
     renderStyle->onLowMemory();
     observer->onInvalidate();
 }
 
 void Renderer::Impl::dumDebugLogs() {
     renderStyle->dumpDebugLogs();
-};
-
-
 }
+
+} // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/renderer_impl.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/renderer_impl.hpp
index 2294dde91e..521df6ca63 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/renderer_impl.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/renderer_impl.hpp
@@ -1,26 +1,23 @@
 #pragma once
+
 #include <mbgl/renderer/renderer.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/renderer_backend.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/renderer_observer.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/render_style_observer.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/style/style.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/frame_history.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/map/transform_state.hpp>
 
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-enum class RenderState : uint8_t {
-    Never,
-    Partial,
-    Fully,
-};
-
-class Painter;
-class RenderStyle;
-class TransformState;
 class View;
-
+class UpdateParameters;
+class PaintParameters;
+class RenderStyle;
+class RenderStaticData;
 
 class Renderer::Impl : public RenderStyleObserver {
 public:
@@ -36,29 +33,36 @@ public:
     std::vector<Feature> querySourceFeatures(const std::string& sourceID, const SourceQueryOptions&) const;
 
     void onLowMemory();
-
-    void dumDebugLogs() ;
+    void dumDebugLogs();
 
     // RenderStyleObserver implementation
-    void onInvalidate()override;
+    void onInvalidate() override;
     void onResourceError(std::exception_ptr) override;
 
 private:
+    void doRender(PaintParameters&);
+
     friend class Renderer;
 
     RendererBackend& backend;
-
     RendererObserver* observer;
 
     const GLContextMode contextMode;
     const float pixelRatio;
     const optional<std::string> programCacheDir;
 
+    enum class RenderState {
+        Never,
+        Partial,
+        Fully,
+    };
+
     RenderState renderState = RenderState::Never;
+    FrameHistory frameHistory;
+    TransformState transformState;
 
     std::unique_ptr<RenderStyle> renderStyle;
-    std::unique_ptr<Painter> painter;
-
+    std::unique_ptr<RenderStaticData> staticData;
 };
 
 } // namespace mbgl
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_geojson_source.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_geojson_source.cpp
index c45a62498d..df8bcc0ae7 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_geojson_source.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_geojson_source.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include <mbgl/renderer/sources/render_geojson_source.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/tile/geojson_tile.hpp>
 
 #include <mbgl/algorithm/generate_clip_ids.hpp>
@@ -59,13 +59,13 @@ void RenderGeoJSONSource::update(Immutable<style::Source::Impl> baseImpl_,
                        });
 }
 
-void RenderGeoJSONSource::startRender(Painter& painter) {
-    painter.clipIDGenerator.update(tilePyramid.getRenderTiles());
-    tilePyramid.startRender(painter);
+void RenderGeoJSONSource::startRender(PaintParameters& parameters) {
+    parameters.clipIDGenerator.update(tilePyramid.getRenderTiles());
+    tilePyramid.startRender(parameters);
 }
 
-void RenderGeoJSONSource::finishRender(Painter& painter) {
-    tilePyramid.finishRender(painter);
+void RenderGeoJSONSource::finishRender(PaintParameters& parameters) {
+    tilePyramid.finishRender(parameters);
 }
 
 std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<RenderTile>> RenderGeoJSONSource::getRenderTiles() {
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_geojson_source.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_geojson_source.hpp
index bb390a71e3..b84156ab95 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_geojson_source.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_geojson_source.hpp
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ public:
                 bool needsRelayout,
                 const TileParameters&) final;
 
-    void startRender(Painter&) final;
-    void finishRender(Painter&) final;
+    void startRender(PaintParameters&) final;
+    void finishRender(PaintParameters&) final;
 
     std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<RenderTile>> getRenderTiles() final;
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_image_source.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_image_source.cpp
index 738b8e8034..11ff8c26b1 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_image_source.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_image_source.cpp
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 #include <mbgl/map/transform_state.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/math/log2.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/buckets/raster_bucket.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/sources/render_image_source.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/tile_parameters.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/render_static_data.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/programs/programs.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/tile_coordinate.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/util/tile_cover.hpp>
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ bool RenderImageSource::isLoaded() const {
     return !!bucket;
 }
 
-void RenderImageSource::startRender(Painter& painter) {
+void RenderImageSource::startRender(PaintParameters& parameters) {
     if (!isLoaded()) {
         return;
     }
@@ -38,18 +39,18 @@ void RenderImageSource::startRender(Painter& painter) {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < tileIds.size(); i++) {
         mat4 matrix;
         matrix::identity(matrix);
-        painter.state.matrixFor(matrix, tileIds[i]);
-        matrix::multiply(matrix, painter.projMatrix, matrix);
+        parameters.state.matrixFor(matrix, tileIds[i]);
+        matrix::multiply(matrix, parameters.projMatrix, matrix);
         matrices.push_back(matrix);
     }
 
     if (bucket->needsUpload()) {
-        bucket->upload(painter.context);
+        bucket->upload(parameters.context);
     }
 }
 
-void RenderImageSource::finishRender(Painter& painter) {
-    if (!isLoaded() || !(painter.frame.debugOptions & MapDebugOptions::TileBorders)) {
+void RenderImageSource::finishRender(PaintParameters& parameters) {
+    if (!isLoaded() || !(parameters.debugOptions & MapDebugOptions::TileBorders)) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -57,9 +58,9 @@ void RenderImageSource::finishRender(Painter& painter) {
     static const DebugProgram::PaintPropertyBinders paintAttibuteData(properties, 0);
 
     for (auto matrix : matrices) {
-        painter.programs->debug.draw(
-            painter.context,
-            gl::LineStrip { 4.0f * painter.frame.pixelRatio },
+        parameters.programs.debug.draw(
+            parameters.context,
+            gl::LineStrip { 4.0f * parameters.pixelRatio },
             gl::DepthMode::disabled(),
             gl::StencilMode::disabled(),
             gl::ColorMode::unblended(),
@@ -67,12 +68,12 @@ void RenderImageSource::finishRender(Painter& painter) {
              uniforms::u_matrix::Value{ matrix },
              uniforms::u_color::Value{ Color::red() }
             },
-            painter.tileVertexBuffer,
-            painter.tileBorderIndexBuffer,
-            painter.tileBorderSegments,
+            parameters.staticData.tileVertexBuffer,
+            parameters.staticData.tileBorderIndexBuffer,
+            parameters.staticData.tileBorderSegments,
             paintAttibuteData,
             properties,
-            painter.state.getZoom(),
+            parameters.state.getZoom(),
             "debug"
         );
     }
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_image_source.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_image_source.hpp
index 14e4696f5a..fc1a462090 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_image_source.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_image_source.hpp
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ public:
 
     bool isLoaded() const final;
 
-    void startRender(Painter&) final;
-    void finishRender(Painter&) final;
+    void startRender(PaintParameters&) final;
+    void finishRender(PaintParameters&) final;
 
     void update(Immutable<style::Source::Impl>,
                 const std::vector<Immutable<style::Layer::Impl>>&,
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_raster_source.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_raster_source.cpp
index 408f435a9d..910a812f05 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_raster_source.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_raster_source.cpp
@@ -56,12 +56,12 @@ void RenderRasterSource::update(Immutable<style::Source::Impl> baseImpl_,
                        });
 }
 
-void RenderRasterSource::startRender(Painter& painter) {
-    tilePyramid.startRender(painter);
+void RenderRasterSource::startRender(PaintParameters& parameters) {
+    tilePyramid.startRender(parameters);
 }
 
-void RenderRasterSource::finishRender(Painter& painter) {
-    tilePyramid.finishRender(painter);
+void RenderRasterSource::finishRender(PaintParameters& parameters) {
+    tilePyramid.finishRender(parameters);
 }
 
 std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<RenderTile>> RenderRasterSource::getRenderTiles() {
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_raster_source.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_raster_source.hpp
index 73a2ac3b22..1f4678da9f 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_raster_source.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_raster_source.hpp
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ public:
                 bool needsRelayout,
                 const TileParameters&) final;
 
-    void startRender(Painter&) final;
-    void finishRender(Painter&) final;
+    void startRender(PaintParameters&) final;
+    void finishRender(PaintParameters&) final;
 
     std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<RenderTile>> getRenderTiles() final;
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_vector_source.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_vector_source.cpp
index 0f44a64b63..47bccdaca8 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_vector_source.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_vector_source.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include <mbgl/renderer/sources/render_vector_source.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/tile/vector_tile.hpp>
 
 #include <mbgl/algorithm/generate_clip_ids.hpp>
@@ -60,13 +60,13 @@ void RenderVectorSource::update(Immutable<style::Source::Impl> baseImpl_,
                        });
 }
 
-void RenderVectorSource::startRender(Painter& painter) {
-    painter.clipIDGenerator.update(tilePyramid.getRenderTiles());
-    tilePyramid.startRender(painter);
+void RenderVectorSource::startRender(PaintParameters& parameters) {
+    parameters.clipIDGenerator.update(tilePyramid.getRenderTiles());
+    tilePyramid.startRender(parameters);
 }
 
-void RenderVectorSource::finishRender(Painter& painter) {
-    tilePyramid.finishRender(painter);
+void RenderVectorSource::finishRender(PaintParameters& parameters) {
+    tilePyramid.finishRender(parameters);
 }
 
 std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<RenderTile>> RenderVectorSource::getRenderTiles() {
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_vector_source.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_vector_source.hpp
index 231a9071ab..256ad4e800 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_vector_source.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/sources/render_vector_source.hpp
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ public:
                 bool needsRelayout,
                 const TileParameters&) final;
 
-    void startRender(Painter&) final;
-    void finishRender(Painter&) final;
+    void startRender(PaintParameters&) final;
+    void finishRender(PaintParameters&) final;
 
     std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<RenderTile>> getRenderTiles() final;
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/tile_pyramid.cpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/tile_pyramid.cpp
index 8d15bd59ab..219f154675 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/tile_pyramid.cpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/tile_pyramid.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include <mbgl/renderer/tile_pyramid.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/render_tile.hpp>
-#include <mbgl/renderer/painter.hpp>
+#include <mbgl/renderer/paint_parameters.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/render_source.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/tile_parameters.hpp>
 #include <mbgl/renderer/query.hpp>
@@ -39,15 +39,15 @@ bool TilePyramid::isLoaded() const {
     return true;
 }
 
-void TilePyramid::startRender(Painter& painter) {
+void TilePyramid::startRender(PaintParameters& parameters) {
     for (auto& tile : renderTiles) {
-        tile.startRender(painter);
+        tile.startRender(parameters);
     }
 }
 
-void TilePyramid::finishRender(Painter& painter) {
+void TilePyramid::finishRender(PaintParameters& parameters) {
     for (auto& tile : renderTiles) {
-        tile.finishRender(painter);
+        tile.finishRender(parameters);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/mbgl/renderer/tile_pyramid.hpp b/src/mbgl/renderer/tile_pyramid.hpp
index ad2f5e1d52..4a77419c2c 100644
--- a/src/mbgl/renderer/tile_pyramid.hpp
+++ b/src/mbgl/renderer/tile_pyramid.hpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 namespace mbgl {
 
-class Painter;
+class PaintParameters;
 class TransformState;
 class RenderTile;
 class RenderStyle;
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ public:
                 Range<uint8_t> zoomRange,
                 std::function<std::unique_ptr<Tile> (const OverscaledTileID&)> createTile);
 
-    void startRender(Painter&);
-    void finishRender(Painter&);
+    void startRender(PaintParameters&);
+    void finishRender(PaintParameters&);
 
     std::vector<std::reference_wrapper<RenderTile>> getRenderTiles();