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diff --git a/tz/tz-how-to.html b/tz/tz-how-to.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bf3e86f --- /dev/null +++ b/tz/tz-how-to.html @@ -0,0 +1,710 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> +<title>How to Read the tz Database</title> +<meta charset="UTF-8"> +<style> +pre {margin-left: 2em; white-space: pre-wrap;} +pre.td {margin-left: 0;} +td {text-align: center;} +table {border: 1px outset;} +th, td {border: 1px inset;} +table.rule {border: none; margin: auto;} +td.footnote {text-align: left;} +</style> +</head> +<body> +<h2>How to Read the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database">tz +Database</a> Source Files</h2> +<h3>by Bill Seymour</h3> +<p>This page uses the <code>America/Chicago</code> and +<code>Pacific/Honolulu</code> zones as examples of how to infer +times of day from the <a href="tz-link.html">tz database</a> +source files. It might be helpful, but not absolutely necessary, +for the reader to have already downloaded the +latest release of the database and become familiar with the basic layout +of the data files. The format is explained in the “man +page” for the zic compiler, <code>zic.8.txt</code>, in +the <code>code</code> subdirectory.</p> + +<p>We’ll begin by talking about the rules for changing between standard +and daylight saving time since we’ll need that information when we talk +about the zones.</p> + +<p>First, let’s consider the special daylight saving time rules +for Chicago (from the <code>northamerica</code> file in +the <code>data</code> subdirectory):</p> + +<table> +<tr> + <th colspan="6">From the Source File</th> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="6"> + <table class="rule"> + <tr><td style="border:none;text-align:left"> +<pre class="td"> +#Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER +Rule Chicago 1920 only - Jun 13 2:00 1:00 D +Rule Chicago 1920 1921 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S +Rule Chicago 1921 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D +Rule Chicago 1922 1966 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D +Rule Chicago 1922 1954 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S +Rule Chicago 1955 1966 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S +</pre> + </td></tr></table></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <th colspan="6">Reformatted a Bit</th> +</tr> +<tr> + <th>From</th> + <th>To</th> + <th colspan="2">On</th> + <th>At</th> + <th>Action</th> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">1920 only</td> + <td colspan="2">June 13<small><sup>th</sup></small></td> + <td rowspan="6">02:00 local</td> + <td>go to daylight saving time</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1920</td> + <td>1921</td> + <td rowspan="5">last Sunday</td> + <td>in October</td> + <td>return to standard time</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">1921 only</td> + <td>in March</td> + <td rowspan="2">go to daylight saving time</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">1922</td> + <td>1966</td> + <td>in April</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1954</td> + <td>in September</td> + <td rowspan="2">return to standard time</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1955</td> + <td>1966</td> + <td>in October</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The <code>FROM</code> and <code>TO</code> columns, respectively, specify the +first and last calendar years defining a contiguous range over which a specific +Rule line is to apply. The keyword <code>only</code> can be used in the +<code>TO</code> field to repeat the value of the <code>FROM</code> field in the +event that a rule should only apply to a single year. Often, the keyword +<code>max</code> is used to extend a rule’s application into the +indefinite future; it is a platform-agnostic stand-in for the largest +representable year. + +<p>The next column, <code>-</code>, is reserved; for compatibility with earlier +releases, it always contains a hyphen, which acts as a kind of null value. +Prior to the 2020b release, it was called the <code>TYPE</code> field, though +it was never used in the main data. An obsolescent supplementary file used the +field as a proof-of-concept to allow <code>zic</code> to apply a given Rule +line only to certain “types” of years within the specified range as +dictated by the output of a separate script, such as: only years which would +have a US presidential election, or only years which wouldn’t. + +<p>The <code>SAVE</code> column contains the local (wall clock) offset from +local standard time. +This is usually either zero for standard time or one hour for daylight +saving time; but there’s no reason, in principle, why it can’t +take on other values. + +<p>The <code>LETTER</code> (sometimes called <code>LETTER/S</code>) +column can contain a variable +part of the usual abbreviation of the time zone’s name, or it can just +be a hyphen if there’s no variable part. For example, the abbreviation +used in the central time zone will be either “CST” or +“CDT”. The variable part is ‘S’ or ‘D’; +and, sure enough, that’s just what we find in +the <code>LETTER</code> column +in the <code>Chicago</code> rules. More about this when we talk about +“Zone” lines. + +<p>One important thing to notice is that “Rule” lines +want at once to be both <i>transitions</i> and <i>steady states</i>: +<ul> +<li>On the one hand, they represent transitions between standard and +daylight saving time; and any number of Rule lines can be in effect +during a given period (which will always be a non-empty set of +contiguous calendar years).</li> +<li>On the other hand, the <code>SAVE</code> and <code>LETTER</code> +columns contain state that exists between transitions. More about this +when we talk about the US rules.</li> +</ul> + +<p>In the example above, the transition to daylight saving time +happened on the 13<small><sup>th</sup></small> of June in 1920, and on +the last Sunday in March in 1921; but the return to standard time +happened on the last Sunday in October in both of those +years. Similarly, the rule for changing to daylight saving time was +the same from 1922 to 1966; but the rule for returning to standard +time changed in 1955. Got it?</p> + +<p>OK, now for the somewhat more interesting “US” rules:</p> + +<table> +<tr> + <th colspan="6">From the Source File</th> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="6"> + <table class="rule"> + <tr><td style="border:none;text-align:left"> +<pre class="td"> +#Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule US 1918 1919 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D +Rule US 1918 1919 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S +Rule US 1942 only - Feb 9 2:00 1:00 W # War +Rule US 1945 only - Aug 14 23:00u 1:00 P # Peace +Rule US 1945 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 S +Rule US 1967 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S +Rule US 1967 1973 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D +Rule US 1974 only - Jan 6 2:00 1:00 D +Rule US 1975 only - Feb 23 2:00 1:00 D +Rule US 1976 1986 - Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D +Rule US 1987 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D +Rule US 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D +Rule US 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S +</pre> + </td></tr></table></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <th colspan="6">Reformatted a Bit</th> +</tr> +<tr> + <th>From</th> + <th>To</th> + <th colspan="2">On</th> + <th>At</th> + <th>Action</th> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">1918</td> + <td rowspan="2">1919</td> + <td rowspan="2">last Sunday</td> + <td>in March</td> + <td rowspan="3">02:00 local</td> + <td>go to daylight saving time</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>in October</td> + <td>return to standard time</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">1942 only</td> + <td colspan="2">February 9<small><sup>th</sup></small></td> + <td>go to “war time”</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">1945 only</td> + <td colspan="2">August 14<small><sup>th</sup></small></td> + <td>23:00 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">UT</a></td> + <td> + rename “war time” to “peace<br>time;” + clocks don’t change + </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">September 30<small><sup>th</sup></small></td> + <td rowspan="9">02:00 local</td> + <td rowspan="2">return to standard time</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">1967</td> + <td>2006</td> + <td rowspan="2">last Sunday</td> + <td>in October</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1973</td> + <td>in April</td> + <td rowspan="6">go to daylight saving time</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">1974 only</td> + <td colspan="2">January 6<small><sup>th</sup></small></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">1975 only</td> + <td colspan="2">February 23<small><sup>rd</sup></small></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1976</td> + <td>1986</td> + <td>last Sunday</td> + <td rowspan="2">in April</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1987</td> + <td>2006</td> + <td>first Sunday</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">2007</td> + <td rowspan="2">present</td> + <td colspan="2">second Sunday in March</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="2">first Sunday in November</td> + <td>return to standard time</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>There are two interesting things to note here.</p> + +<p>First, the time that something happens (in the <code>AT</code> +column) is not necessarily the local (wall clock) time. The time can be +suffixed with ‘s’ (for “standard”) to mean +local standard time, different from local (wall clock) time when observing +daylight saving time; or it can be suffixed with ‘g’, +‘u’, or ‘z’, all three of which mean the +standard time at the +<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Meridian">prime meridian</a>. +‘g’ stands for “<a +href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time">GMT</a>”; +‘u’ stands for “<a +href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">UT</a>” or “<a +href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time">UTC</a>” +(whichever was official at the time); ‘z’ stands for the +<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_time">nautical time zone</a> +Z (a.k.a. “Zulu” which, in turn, stands for ‘Z’). +The time can also be suffixed with ‘w’ meaning local (wall +clock) time; but it usually isn’t because that’s the +default.</p> + +<p>Second, the day in the <code>ON</code> column, in addition to +“<code>lastSun</code>” or a particular day of the month, +can have the form, “<code>Sun>=</code><i>x</i>” or +“<code>Sun<=</code><i>x</i>,” where <i>x</i> is a day +of the month. For example, “<code>Sun>=8</code>” means +“the first Sunday on or after the eighth of the month,” in +other words, the second Sunday of the month. Furthermore, although +there are no examples above, the weekday needn’t be +“<code>Sun</code>” in either form, but can be the usual +three-character English abbreviation for any day of the week.</p> + +<p>And the US rules give us more examples of a couple of things +already mentioned:</p> + +<ul> +<li>The rules for changing to and from daylight saving time are +actually <i>different sets</i> of rules; and the two sets can change +independently. Consider, for example, that the rule for the return to +standard time stayed the same from 1967 to 2006; but the rule for the +transition to daylight saving time changed several times in the same +period. There can also be periods, 1946 to 1966 for example, when no +rule from this group is in effect, and so either no transition +happened in those years, or some other rule is in effect (perhaps a +state or other more local rule).</li> + +<li>The <code>SAVE</code> and <code>LETTER</code> columns +contain <i>steady state</i>, not transitions. Consider, for example, +the transition from “war time” to “peace time” +that happened on August 14, 1945. The “1:00” in +the <code>SAVE</code> column is <i>not</i> an instruction to advance +the clock an hour. It means that clocks should <i>be</i> one hour +ahead of standard time, which they already are because of the previous +rule, so there should be no change.</li> + +</ul> + +<p>OK, now let’s look at a Zone record:</p> + +<table> +<tr> + <th colspan="5">From the Source File</th> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="5"> + <table class="rule"> + <tr><td style="border:none;text-align:left"> +<pre class="td"> +#Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone America/Chicago -5:50:36 - LMT 1883 Nov 18 12:09:24 + -6:00 US C%sT 1920 + -6:00 Chicago C%sT 1936 Mar 1 2:00 + -5:00 - EST 1936 Nov 15 2:00 + -6:00 Chicago C%sT 1942 + -6:00 US C%sT 1946 + -6:00 Chicago C%sT 1967 + -6:00 US C%sT +</pre> + </td></tr></table></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <th colspan="5">Columns Renamed</th> +</tr> +<tr> + <th rowspan="2">Standard Offset<br> + from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Meridian">Prime + Meridian</a></th> + <th rowspan="2">Daylight<br>Saving Time</th> + <th rowspan="2">Abbreviation(s)</th> + <th colspan="2">Ending at Local Time</th> +</tr> +<tr> + <th>Date</th> + <th>Time</th> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>−5:50:36</td> + <td>not observed</td> + <td>LMT</td> + <td>1883-11-18</td> + <td>12:09:24</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">−6:00:00</td> + <td>US rules</td> + <td rowspan="2">CST or CDT</td> + <td>1920-01-01</td> + <td>00:00:00</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Chicago rules</td> + <td>1936-03-01</td> + <td rowspan="2">02:00:00</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>−5:00:00</td> + <td>not observed</td> + <td>EST</td> + <td>1936-11-15</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="4">−6:00:00</td> + <td>Chicago rules</td> + <td>CST or CDT</td> + <td>1942-01-01</td> + <td rowspan="3">00:00:00</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>US rules</td> + <td>CST, CWT or CPT</td> + <td>1946-01-01</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>Chicago rules</td> + <td rowspan="2">CST or CDT</td> + <td>1967-01-01</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>US rules</td> + <td colspan="2">—</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>There are a couple of interesting differences between Zones and Rules.</p> + +<p>First, and somewhat trivially, whereas Rules are considered to +contain one or more records, a Zone is considered to be a single +record with zero or more <i>continuation lines</i>. Thus, the keyword, +“<code>Zone</code>,” and the zone name are not +repeated. The last line is the one without anything in +the <code>[UNTIL]</code> column.</p> + +<p>Second, and more fundamentally, each line of a Zone represents a +steady state, not a transition between states. The state exists from +the date and time in the previous line’s <code>[UNTIL]</code> +column up to the date and time in the current +line’s <code>[UNTIL]</code> column. In other words, the date and +time in the <code>[UNTIL]</code> column is the instant that separates +this state from the next. Where that would be ambiguous because +we’re setting our clocks back, the <code>[UNTIL]</code> column +specifies the first occurrence of the instant. The state specified by +the last line, the one without anything in the <code>[UNTIL]</code> +column, continues to the present.</p> + +<p>The first line typically specifies the mean solar time observed +before the introduction of standard time. Since there’s no line before +that, it has no beginning. <code>8-) </code> For some places near the <a +href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Date_Line">International +Date Line</a>, the first <i>two</i> lines will show solar times +differing by 24 hours; this corresponds to a movement of the Date +Line. For example:</p> + +<pre> +#Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone America/Juneau 15:02:19 - LMT 1867 Oct 18 + -8:57:41 - LMT ... +</pre> + +<p>When Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867, the Date Line moved +from the Alaska/Canada border to the Bering Strait; and the time in +Alaska was then 24 hours earlier than it had +been. <code><aside></code>(6 October in the Julian calendar, +which Russia was still using then for religious reasons, was followed +by <i>a second instance of the same day with a different name</i>, 18 +October in the Gregorian calendar. Isn’t civil time +wonderful? <code>8-)</code>)<code></aside></code></p> + +<p>The abbreviation, “LMT” stands for “local mean +time”, which is an invention of +the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database">tz +database</a> and was probably never actually used during the +period. Furthermore, the value is almost certainly wrong except in the +archetypal place after which the zone is named. (The tz database +usually doesn’t provide a separate Zone record for places where +nothing significant happened after 1970.)</p> + +<p>The <code>RULES</code> column tells us whether daylight saving time is being observed: +<ul> +<li>A hyphen, a kind of null value, means that we have not set our +clocks ahead of standard time.</li> + +<li>An amount of time (usually but not necessarily “1:00” +meaning one hour) means that we have set our clocks ahead by that +amount.</li> + +<li>Some alphabetic string means that we <i>might have</i> set our +clocks ahead; and we need to check the rule the name of which is the +given alphabetic string.</li> +</ul> + +<p>An example of a specific amount of time is:</p> +<pre> +#Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Honolulu ... 1933 Apr 30 2:00 + -10:30 1:00 HDT 1933 May 21 12:00 + ... +</pre> + +<p>Hawaii tried daylight saving time for three weeks in 1933 and +decided they didn’t like it. <code>8-) </code>Note that +the <code>STDOFF</code> column always contains the standard time +offset, so the local (wall clock) time during this period was GMT − +10:30 + 1:00 = GMT − 9:30.</p> + +<p>The <code>FORMAT</code> column specifies the usual abbreviation of +the time zone name. It can have one of three forms:</p> +<ul> + +<li>a string of three or more characters that are either ASCII alphanumerics, +“<code>+</code>”, or “<code>-</code>”, +in which case that’s the abbreviation</li> + +<li>a pair of strings separated by a slash +(‘<code>/</code>’), in which case the first string is the +abbreviation for the standard time name and the second string is the +abbreviation for the daylight saving time name</li> + +<li>a string containing “<code>%s</code>,” in which case +the “<code>%s</code>” will be replaced by the text in the +appropriate Rule’s <code>LETTER</code> column</li> +</ul> + +<p>The last two make sense only if there’s a named rule in effect.</p> + +<p>An example of a slash is:</p> +<pre> +#Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Europe/London ... 1996 + 0:00 EU GMT/BST +</pre> + +<p>The current time in the UK is called either Greenwich mean time or +British summer time.</p> + +<p>One wrinkle, not fully explained in <code>zic.8.txt</code>, is what +happens when switching to a named rule. To what values should +the <code>SAVE</code> and <code>LETTER</code> data be initialized?</p> + +<ul> +<li>If at least one transition has happened, use +the <code>SAVE</code> and <code>LETTER</code> data from the most +recent.</li> + +<li>If switching to a named rule before any transition has happened, +assume standard time (<code>SAVE</code> zero), and use +the <code>LETTER</code> data from the earliest transition with +a <code>SAVE</code> of zero. + +</ul> + +<p>And three last things about the <code>FORMAT</code> column:</p> +<ul> + +<li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database">tz +database</a> gives abbreviations for time zones in <i>popular +usage</i>, which is not necessarily “correct” by law. For +example, the last line in +<code>Zone</code> <code>Pacific/Honolulu</code> (shown below) gives +“HST” for “Hawaii standard time” even though the +<a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/263">legal</a> +name for that time zone is “Hawaii-Aleutian standard time.” +This author has read that there are also some places in Australia where +popular time zone names differ from the legal ones. + +<li>No attempt is made to <a +href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization">localize</a> +the abbreviations. They are intended to be the values returned through the +<code>"%Z"</code> format specifier to +<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)">C</a>’s +<a href="https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/strftime.html"><code>strftime</code></a> +function in the +<a href="https://kirste.userpage.fu-berlin.de/chemnet/use/info/libc/libc_19.html#SEC324">“C” locale</a>. + +<li>If there is no generally-accepted abbreviation for a time zone, +a numeric offset is used instead, e.g., <code>+07</code> for 7 hours +ahead of Greenwich. By convention, <code>-00</code> is used in a +zone while uninhabited, where the offset is zero but in some sense +the true offset is undefined. +</ul> + +<p>As a final example, here’s the complete history for Hawaii:</p> + +<table> +<tr> + <th colspan="6">Relevant Excerpts from the US Rules</th> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="6"> + <table class="rule"> + <tr><td style="border:none;text-align:left"> +<pre class="td"> +#Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule US 1918 1919 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S +Rule US 1942 only - Feb 9 2:00 1:00 W # War +Rule US 1945 only - Aug 14 23:00u 1:00 P # Peace +Rule US 1945 only - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S +</pre> + </td></tr></table></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <th colspan="6">The Zone Record</th> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="6"> + <table class="rule"> + <tr><td style="border:none;text-align:left"> +<pre class="td"> +#Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Pacific/Honolulu -10:31:26 - LMT 1896 Jan 13 12:00 + -10:30 - HST 1933 Apr 30 2:00 + -10:30 1:00 HDT 1933 May 21 2:00 + -10:30 US H%sT 1947 Jun 8 2:00 + -10:00 - HST +</pre> + </td></tr></table></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <th colspan="6">What We Infer</th> +</tr> +<tr> + <th rowspan="2">Wall-Clock<br>Offset from<br>Prime Meridian</th> + <th rowspan="2">Adjust<br>Clocks</th> + <th colspan="2">Time Zone</th> + <th colspan="2">Ending at Local Time</th> +</tr> +<tr> + <th>Abbrv.</th> + <th>Name</th> + <th>Date</th> + <th>Time</th> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>−10:31:26</td> + <td>—</td> + <td>LMT</td> + <td>local mean time</td> + <td>1896-01-13</td> + <td>12:00</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>−10:30</td> + <td>+0:01:26</td> + <td>HST</td> + <td>Hawaii standard time</td> + <td>1933-04-30</td> + <td>02:00</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>−9:30</td> + <td>+1:00</td> + <td>HDT</td> + <td>Hawaii daylight time</td> + <td>1933-05-21</td> + <td>12:00</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>−10:30¹</td> + <td>−1:00¹</td> + <td>HST¹</td> + <td>Hawaii standard time</td> + <td>1942-02-09</td> + <td>02:00</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td rowspan="2">−9:30</td> + <td>+1:00</td> + <td>HWT</td> + <td>Hawaii war time</td> + <td>1945-08-14</td> + <td>13:30²</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>0</td> + <td>HPT</td> + <td>Hawaii peace time</td> + <td>1945-09-30</td> + <td rowspan="2">02:00</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>−10:30</td> + <td>−1:00</td> + <td rowspan="2">HST</td> + <td rowspan="2">Hawaii standard time</td> + <td>1947-06-08</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>−10:00³</td> + <td>+0:30³</td> + <td colspan="2">—</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="6" class="footnote"> + ¹Switching to US rules…most recent transition (in 1919) was to standard time + </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="6" class="footnote"> + ²23:00 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">UT</a> + + (−9:30) = 13:30 local + </td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td colspan="6" class="footnote"> + ³Since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601">1947–06–08T12:30Z</a>, + the civil time in Hawaii has been + <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">UT</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time">UTC</a> + − 10:00 year-round. + </td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>There will be a short quiz later. <code>8-)</code></p> + +<hr> +<address> +This web page is in the public domain, so clarified as of +2015-10-20 by Bill Seymour. +<br> +All suggestions and corrections will be welcome; all flames will be amusing. +Mail to was at pobox dot com. +</address> +</body> +</html> |