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@@ -0,0 +1,3938 @@ +# tzdb data for Asia and environs + +# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of +# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson. + +# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better, +# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to +# tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see +# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution. + +# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-11): +# +# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is: +# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition), +# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003). +# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources. +# +# Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source +# for time zone data was the International Air Transport +# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM), +# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries +# of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted, +# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990. +# +# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences, +# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which +# I found in the UCLA library. +# +# For data circa 1899, a common source is: +# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94. +# https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359 +# +# For Russian data circa 1919, a source is: +# Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919. +# (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.) +# +# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is +# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997). +# +# The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables +# (corrections are welcome): +# std dst +# LMT Local Mean Time +# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern European Time +# 2:00 IST IDT Israel +# 5:30 IST India +# 7:00 WIB west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat) +# 8:00 WITA central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah) +# 8:00 CST China +# 8:00 HKT HKST Hong Kong (HKWT* for Winter Time in late 1941) +# 8:00 PST PDT* Philippines +# 8:30 KST KDT Korea when at +0830 +# 9:00 WIT east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur) +# 9:00 JST JDT Japan +# 9:00 KST KDT Korea when at +09 +# *I invented the abbreviations HKWT and PDT; see below. +# Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03 +# and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets. Although earlier +# editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every +# offset, this did not reflect common practice. +# +# See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia. + +# From Guy Harris: +# Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as +# additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental +# Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide - +# Worldwide Edition). + +############################################################################### + +# These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file. +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule EUAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S +Rule EUAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 - +Rule EUAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 - +Rule E-EurAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 - +Rule E-EurAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - +Rule E-EurAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - +Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 - +Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - +Rule RussiaAsia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 - +Rule RussiaAsia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - +Rule RussiaAsia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - + +# Afghanistan +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Kabul 4:36:48 - LMT 1890 + 4:00 - +04 1945 + 4:30 - +0430 + +# Armenia +# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): +# Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST) +# in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then +# readopting Russian DST in 1997. Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even +# when they disagree with others. Edgar Der-Danieliantz +# reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST +# in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995. IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that +# Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991, +# but started switching at 3:00s in 1998. + +# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15): +# While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to +# follow Russia's "old" rules. + +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10): +# According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012, +# http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html +# +# The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the +# Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of +# Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time. +# or +# (brief) +# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Armenia 2011 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 - +Rule Armenia 2011 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 - +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Yerevan 2:58:00 - LMT 1924 May 2 + 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar + 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s + 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1995 Sep 24 2:00s + 4:00 - +04 1997 + 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2011 + 4:00 Armenia +04/+05 + +# Azerbaijan + +# From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23): +# According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997 +# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17). +# http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17): +# ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to +# daylight saving time.... +# https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html +# http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html +# http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Mar lastSun 4:00 1:00 - +Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Oct lastSun 5:00 0 - +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Baku 3:19:24 - LMT 1924 May 2 + 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar + 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s + 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992 Sep lastSun 2:00s + 4:00 - +04 1996 + 4:00 EUAsia +04/+05 1997 + 4:00 Azer +04/+05 + +# Bahrain +# See Asia/Qatar. + +# Bangladesh +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13): +# According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce +# Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30 +# +# Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16 +# http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288 +# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html +# +# "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from +# June +# 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with +# crippling power crisis. " +# +# The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if +# implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010 + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02): +# They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between +# the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet. +# +# Some sources: +# https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601 +# http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2 +# +# Our wrap-up: +# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html + +# From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15): +# Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start +# time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh +# Telecommunication Regulatory Commission). +# +# No DST end date has been announced yet. + +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25): +# Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009, +# instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision. +# +# Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday": +# "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1" +# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021 +# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13): +# IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports: +# Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make +# maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would +# "continue for an indefinite period." +# +# One of many places where it is published: +# http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html + +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24): +# According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star," +# Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009. +# +# Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night. +# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228 +# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html +# +# "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour +# on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31, +# 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime +# Minister's Office last night..." + +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22): +# According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star," +# Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time +# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817 +# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Jun 19 23:00 1:00 - +Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Dec 31 24:00 0 - + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Dhaka 6:01:40 - LMT 1890 + 5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time? + 6:30 - +0630 1942 May 15 + 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep + 6:30 - +0630 1951 Sep 30 + 6:00 - +06 2009 + 6:00 Dhaka +06/+07 + +# Bhutan +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Thimphu 5:58:36 - LMT 1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu + 5:30 - +0530 1987 Oct + 6:00 - +06 + +# British Indian Ocean Territory +# Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the +# 1997 and later maps say 6:00. Assume the switch occurred in 1996. +# We have no information as to when standard time was introduced; +# assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which +# then contained the Chagos Archipelago). +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Indian/Chagos 4:49:40 - LMT 1907 + 5:00 - +05 1996 + 6:00 - +06 + +# Brunei +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Brunei 7:39:40 - LMT 1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan + 7:30 - +0730 1933 + 8:00 - +08 + +# Burma / Myanmar + +# Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon. + +# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20): +# Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is +# used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead +# of Greenwich." This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630, +# a transition for which Shanks is the only source. + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Yangon 6:24:47 - LMT 1880 # or Rangoon + 6:24:47 - RMT 1920 # Rangoon local time + 6:30 - +0630 1942 May + 9:00 - +09 1945 May 3 + 6:30 - +0630 + +# Cambodia +# See Asia/Bangkok. + + +# China + +# From Phake Nick (2020-04-15): +# According to this news report: +# http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-09-01/19524201403.shtml +# on April 11, 1919, newspaper in Shanghai said clocks in Shanghai will spring +# forward for an hour starting from midnight of that Saturday. The report did +# not mention what happened in Shanghai thereafter, but it mentioned that a +# similar trial in Tianjin which ended at October 1st as citizens are told to +# recede the clock on September 30 from 12:00pm to 11:00pm. The trial at +# Tianjin got terminated in 1920. +# +# From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15): +# The Returns of Trade and Trade Reports, page 711, says "Daylight saving was +# given a trial during the year, and from the 12th April to the 1st October +# the clocks were all set one hour ahead of sun time. Though the scheme was +# generally esteemed a success, it was announced early in 1920 that it would +# not be repeated." +# +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Shang 1919 only - Apr 12 24:00 1:00 D +Rule Shang 1919 only - Sep 30 24:00 0 S + +# From Paul Eggert (2018-10-02): +# The following comes from Table 1 of: +# Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai. +# Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50. +# http://oversea.cnki.net/kns55/detail.aspx?dbname=CJFD2014&filename=NJSH201402020 +# The table lists dates only; I am guessing 00:00 and 24:00 transition times. +# Also, the table lists the planned end of DST in 1949, but the corresponding +# zone line cuts this off on May 28, when the Communists took power. + +# From Phake Nick (2020-04-15): +# +# For the history of time in Shanghai between 1940-1942, the situation is +# actually slightly more complex than the table [below].... At the time, +# there were three different authorities in Shanghai, including Shanghai +# International Settlement, a settlement established by western countries with +# its own westernized form of government, Shanghai French Concession, similar +# to the international settlement but is controlled by French, and then the +# rest of the city of Shanghai, which have already been controlled by Japanese +# force through a puppet local government (Wang Jingwei regime). It was +# additionally complicated by the circumstances that, according to the 1940s +# Shanghai summer time essay cited in the database, some +# departments/businesses/people in the Shanghai city itself during that time +# period, refused to change their clock and instead only changed their opening +# hours. +# +# For example, as quoted in the article, in 1940, other than the authority +# itself, power, tram, bus companies, cinema, department stores, and other +# public service organizations have all decided to follow the summer time and +# spring forward the clock. On the other hand, the custom office refused to +# spring forward the clock because of worry on mechanical wear to the physical +# clock, postal office refused to spring forward because of disruption to +# business and log-keeping, although they did changed their office hour to +# match rest of the city. So is travel agents, and also weather +# observatory. It is said both time standards had their own supporters in the +# city at the time, those who prefer new time standard would have moved their +# clock while those who prefer the old time standard would keep their clock +# unchange, and there were different clocks that use different time standard +# in the city at the time for people who use different time standard to adjust +# their clock to their preferred time. +# +# a. For the 1940 May 31 spring forward, the essay claim that it was +# coordinared between the international settlement authority and the French +# concession authority and have gathered support from Hong Kong and Xiamen, +# that it would spring forward an hour from May 31 "midnight", and the essay +# claim "Hong Kong government implemented the spring forward in the same time +# on the same date as Shanghai". +# +# b. For the 1940 fall back, it was said that they initially intended to do +# so on September 30 00:59 at night, however they postponed it to October 12 +# after discussion with relevant parties. However schools restored to the +# original schedule ten days earlier. +# +# c. For the 1941 spring forward, it is said to start from March 15 +# "following the previous year's method", and in addition to that the essay +# cited an announcement in 1941 from the Wang regime which said the Special +# City of Shanghai under Wang regime control will follow the DST rule set by +# the Settlements, irrespective of the original DST plan announced by the Wang +# regime for other area under its control(April 1 to September 30). (no idea +# to situation before that announcement) +# +# d. For the 1941 fall back, it was said that the fall back would occurs at +# the end of September (A newspaper headline cited by the essay, published on +# October 1, 1941, have the headlines which said "French Concession would +# rewind to the old clock this morning), but it ultimately didn't happen due +# to disagreement between the international settlement authority and the +# French concession authority, and the fall back ultimately occurred on +# November 1. +# +# e. In 1941 December, Japan have officially started war with the United +# States and the United Kingdom, and in Shanghai they have marched into the +# international settlement, taken over its control +# +# f. For the 1942 spring forward, the essay said that the spring forward +# started on January 31. It said this time the custom office and postal +# department will also change their clocks, unlike before. +# +# g. The essay itself didn't cover any specific changes thereafter until the +# end of the war, it quoted a November 1942 command from the government of the +# Wang regime, which claim the daylight saving time applies year round during +# the war. However, the essay ambiguously said the period is "February 1 to +# September 30", which I don't really understand what is the meaning of such +# period in the context of year round implementation here.. More researches +# might be needed to show exactly what happened during that period of time. + +# From Phake Nick (2020-04-15): +# According to a Japanese tour bus pamphlet in Nanjing area believed to be +# from around year 1941: http://www.tt-museum.jp/tairiku_0280_nan1941.html , +# the schedule listed was in the format of Japanese time. Which indicate some +# use of the Japanese time (instead of syncing by DST) might have occurred in +# the Yangtze river delta area during that period of time although the scope +# of such use will need to be investigated to determine. +# +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Shang 1940 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Shang 1940 only - Oct 12 24:00 0 S +Rule Shang 1941 only - Mar 15 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Shang 1941 only - Nov 1 24:00 0 S +Rule Shang 1942 only - Jan 31 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Shang 1945 only - Sep 1 24:00 0 S +Rule Shang 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Shang 1946 only - Sep 30 24:00 0 S +Rule Shang 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Shang 1947 only - Oct 31 24:00 0 S +Rule Shang 1948 1949 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Shang 1948 1949 - Sep 30 24:00 0 S #plan + +# From Guy Harris: +# People's Republic of China. Yes, they really have only one time zone. + +# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28): +# No they don't. See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52. Even though +# China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the +# Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized. Since that date, China +# has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of +# the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). I don't know about DST for it. +# +# . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too +# painful to suck in another copy. So, here is what I have for +# DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP): +# +# 1986 May 4 - Sept 14 +# 1987 mid-April - ?? + +# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19): +# CHINA 8 H AHEAD OF UTC ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN +# CHINA 9 H AHEAD OF UTC APR 17 - SEP 10 + +# From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11): +# Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight +# time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began +# observing daylight saving time in 1986. + +# From P Chan (2018-05-07): +# The start and end time of DST in China [from 1986 on] should be 2:00 +# (i.e. 2:00 to 3:00 at the start and 2:00 to 1:00 at the end).... +# Government notices about summer time: +# +# 1986-04-12 http://www.zj.gov.cn/attach/zfgb/198608.pdf p.21-22 +# (To establish summer time from 1986. On 4 May, set the clocks ahead one hour +# at 2 am. On 14 September, set the clocks backward one hour at 2 am.) +# +# 1987-02-15 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198703.pdf p.114 +# (Summer time in 1987 to start from 12 April until 13 September) +# +# 1987-09-09 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198721.pdf p.709 +# (From 1988, summer time to start from 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-April +# until 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-September) +# +# 1992-03-03 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1992/gwyb199205.pdf p.152 +# (To suspend summer time from 1992) +# +# The first page of People's Daily on 12 April 1988 stating that summer time +# to begin on 17 April. +# http://data.people.com.cn/pic/101p/1988/04/1988041201.jpg + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule PRC 1986 only - May 4 2:00 1:00 D +Rule PRC 1986 1991 - Sep Sun>=11 2:00 0 S +Rule PRC 1987 1991 - Apr Sun>=11 2:00 1:00 D + +# From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20): +# BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five +# historic timezones from some Taiwan websites. And yes, there are official +# Chinese names for these locales (before 1949). +# +# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14): +# I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the +# https://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county +# boundaries summarized below].... A few other exceptions were two +# counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border, +# counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are +# therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege +# county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6 +# (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two +# counties are mistakes in the astro.com data. + +# From Paul Eggert (2017-01-05): +# Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources: +# +# (1) +# Guo Qing-sheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China) +# Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC +# China Historical Materials of Science and Technology +# (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料). 2003;24(1):5-9. +# http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZGKS200301000&dbname=CJFD2003 +# It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was +# officially apparent solar time! However, Guo also says that the +# evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not +# been taken over by the PRC yet. It's plausible that apparent solar +# time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued +# to use UT+8. As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the +# observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it +# could well have ignored any such mandate. +# +# (2) +# Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China) +# A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China +# [undated and unknown publication location] +# It says several things: +# * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China. +# * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective +# the official calendar book of 1914. +# * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in +# French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei) +# Observatory and set to local mean time. +# * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8. +# * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers) +# eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it +# became used by railways as well. +# * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into +# five time zones (see below for details). This caught on +# at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8. +# * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7. In practice +# this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in +# Japanese-occupied territory. +# * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time. +# * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into +# place (with some modifications) in March 1948. It's not clear +# how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control. +# * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war. +# +# An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the +# Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is +# different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour +# ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai." Guess that the +# Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08. +# +# In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but +# this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger. +# This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and +# Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility. +# Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice +# mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were: +# +# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30 +# Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here. +# Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin +# +# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08 +# Now part of Asia/Shanghai. +# most of China +# Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest. +# Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century". +# +# Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07 +# Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here. +# Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan; +# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong +# counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing, +# Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu. +# +# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06 +# This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with +# current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that +# disagree with Ürümqi or Shanghai are not recorded here. +# The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai; +# the Guangdong counties Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang, +# Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi; +# east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi; +# east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe, +# Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin, +# Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami, +# Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan. +# +# Kunlun Time UT +05:30 +# This region is now in the same status as Xin-zang Time (see above). +# West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule; +# West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke, +# Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding, +# and Yarkand. + +# From Luther Ma (2009-10-17): +# Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in +# Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time, +# but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on +# what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese +# they implicitly use Beijing time. +# +# On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the +# population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two +# hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang +# Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as +# local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in +# publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as +# "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language +# they almost invariably use Xinjiang time. +# +# (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its +# widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in +# Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.) +# +# (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990 +# or 1991 when summer time was in use. The confusion was severe, with +# the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same +# time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and +# others moving their clocks ahead.) + +# From Luther Ma (2009-11-19): +# With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common +# English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols): +# +# 1. Wulumuqi... +# 2. Kashi... +# 3. Urumqi... +# 4. Kashgar... +# ... +# 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the +# 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding +# countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child. +# +# 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any +# start date for Xinjiang time. +# +# Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally +# publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur +# Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also +# not be using Beijing time, but some local time.) + +# From David Cochrane (2014-03-26): +# Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986: +# https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html + +# From Luther Ma (2014-04-22): +# I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from +# different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's +# report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David +# Cochrane. Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially +# recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least +# the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time; +# and Beijing Time. There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers +# to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some +# population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other. The only +# problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as +# having the same time as Beijing. + +# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30): +# In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06) +# but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun, +# Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN +# 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x. +# As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone. +# +# Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized. E.g., see +# "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government" +# <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22). +# Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986. +# During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty, +# the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan +# Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of +# China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be +# quite a trick. Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to +# UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren, +# which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a +# guess) as the transition from LMT. Ignore the usage of +08 before +# 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and +# that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the +# +08 mandate back then. + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +# Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai. +Zone Asia/Shanghai 8:05:43 - LMT 1901 + 8:00 Shang C%sT 1949 May 28 + 8:00 PRC C%sT +# Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi +# / Wulumuqi. (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.) +Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928 + 6:00 - +06 + + +# Hong Kong + +# Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this. + +# From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24): +# I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong +# Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually, +# it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK, +# and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing +# and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I +# think 3:30 is correct. + +# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27): +# According to Singaporean newspaper +# http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37 +# the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904. +# +# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17): +# Hong Kong had a time ball near the Marine Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui. +# "The ball was raised manually each day and dropped at exactly 1pm +# (except on Sundays and Government holidays)." +# Dyson AD. From Time Ball to Atomic Clock. Hong Kong Government. 1983. +# <https://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/timeball_atomic_clock.pdf> +# "From 1904 October 30 the time-ball at Hong Kong has been dropped by order +# of the Governor of the Colony at 17h 0m 0s G.M.T., which is 23m 18s.14 in +# advance of 1h 0m 0s of Hong Kong mean time." +# Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc. +# 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382 +# +# From Joseph Myers (2018-11-18): +# An astronomer before 1925 referring to GMT would have been using the old +# astronomical convention where the day started at noon, not midnight. +# +# From Steve Allen (2018-11-17): +# Meteorological Observations made at the Hongkong Observatory in the year 1904 +# page 4 <https://books.google.com/books?id=kgw5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA4> +# ... the log of drop times in Table II shows that on Sunday 1904-10-30 the +# ball was dropped. So that looks like a special case drop for the sake +# of broadcasting the new local time. +# +# From Phake Nick (2018-11-18): +# According to The Hong Kong Weekly Press, 1904-10-29, p.324, the +# governor of Hong Kong at the time stated that "We are further desired to +# make it known that the change will be effected by firing the gun and by the +# dropping of the Ball at 23min. 18sec. before one." +# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): +# See <https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk> for this; unfortunately Flash is required. + +# From Phake Nick (2018-10-26): +# I went to check microfilm records stored at Hong Kong Public Library.... +# on September 30 1941, according to Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong edition), it was +# stated that fallback would occur on the next day (the 1st)'s "03:00 am (Hong +# Kong Time 04:00 am)" and the clock will fall back for a half hour. (03:00 +# probably refer to the time commonly used in mainland China at the time given +# the paper's background) ... the sunrise/sunset time given by South China +# Morning Post for October 1st was indeed moved by half an hour compares to +# before. After that, in December, the battle to capture Hong Kong started and +# the library doesn't seems to have any record stored about press during that +# period of time. Some media resumed publication soon after that within the +# same month, but there were not much information about time there. Later they +# started including a radio program guide when they restored radio service, +# explicitly mentioning it use Tokyo standard time, and later added a note +# saying it's half an hour ahead of the old Hong Kong standard time, and it +# also seems to indicate that Hong Kong was not using GMT+8 when it was +# captured by Japan. +# +# Image of related sections on newspaper: +# * 1941-09-30, Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong), "Winter Time start tomorrow". +# https://i.imgur.com/6waY51Z.jpg (Chinese) +# * 1941-09-29, South China Morning Post, Information on sunrise/sunset +# time and other things for September 30 and October 1. +# https://i.imgur.com/kCiUR78.jpg +# * 1942-02-05. The Hong Kong News, Radio Program Guide. +# https://i.imgur.com/eVvDMzS.jpg +# * 1941-06-14. Hong Kong Daily Press, Daylight Saving from 3am Tomorrow. +# https://i.imgur.com/05KkvtC.png +# * 1941-09-30, Hong Kong Daily Press, Winter Time Warning. +# https://i.imgur.com/dge4kFJ.png + +# From Paul Eggert (2019-07-11): +# "Hong Kong winter time" is considered to be daylight saving. +# "Hong Kong had adopted daylight saving on June 15 as a wartime measure, +# clocks moving forward one hour until October 1, when they would be put back +# by just half an hour for 'Hong Kong Winter time', so that daylight saving +# operated year round." -- Low Z. The longest day: when wartime Hong Kong +# introduced daylight saving. South China Morning Post. 2019-06-28. +# https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3016281/longest-day-when-wartime-hong-kong-introduced + +# From P Chan (2018-12-31): +# * According to the Hong Kong Daylight-Saving Regulations, 1941, the +# 1941 spring-forward transition was at 03:00. +# http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1941/304271.pdf +# http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1941/305516.pdf +# * According to some articles from South China Morning Post, +08 was +# resumed on 1945-11-18 at 02:00. +# https://i.imgur.com/M2IsZ3c.png +# https://i.imgur.com/iOPqrVo.png +# https://i.imgur.com/fffcGDs.png +# * Some newspapers ... said the 1946 spring-forward transition was on +# 04-21 at 00:00. The Kung Sheung Evening News 1946-04-20 (Chinese) +# https://i.imgur.com/ZSzent0.png +# https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2FH7zGe%2FKF%2BFLYsuqGhRBfe p.4 +# The Kung Sheung Daily News 1946-04-21 (Chinese) +# https://i.imgur.com/7ecmRlcm.png +# https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2BQBGt1%2BwUj5qG2GqtwR3Wh p.4 +# * According to the Summer Time Ordinance (1946), the fallback +# transitions between 1946 and 1952 were at 03:30 Standard Time (+08) +# http://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/bb74b06a74d5294620a15de560ab33c6.pdf +# * Some other laws and regulations related to DST from 1953 to 1979 +# Summer Time Ordinance 1953 +# https://i.imgur.com/IOlJMav.jpg +# Summer Time (Amendment) Ordinance 1965 +# https://i.imgur.com/8rofeLa.jpg +# Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance (1966) +# https://i.imgur.com/joy3msj.jpg +# Emergency (Summer Time) Regulation 1973 <https://i.imgur.com/OpRWrKz.jpg> +# Interpretation and General Clauses (Amendment) Ordinance 1977 +# https://i.imgur.com/RaNqnc4.jpg +# Resolution of the Legislative Council passed on 9 May 1979 +# https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr78-79/english/lc_sitg/hansard/h790509.pdf#page=39 + +# From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15): +# Here are the dates given at +# https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/gts/time/Summertime.htm +# as of 2020-02-10: +# Year Period +# 1941 15 Jun to 30 Sep +# 1942 Whole year +# 1943 Whole year +# 1944 Whole year +# 1945 Whole year +# 1946 20 Apr to 1 Dec +# 1947 13 Apr to 30 Nov +# 1948 2 May to 31 Oct +# 1949 3 Apr to 30 Oct +# 1950 2 Apr to 29 Oct +# 1951 1 Apr to 28 Oct +# 1952 6 Apr to 2 Nov +# 1953 5 Apr to 1 Nov +# 1954 21 Mar to 31 Oct +# 1955 20 Mar to 6 Nov +# 1956 18 Mar to 4 Nov +# 1957 24 Mar to 3 Nov +# 1958 23 Mar to 2 Nov +# 1959 22 Mar to 1 Nov +# 1960 20 Mar to 6 Nov +# 1961 19 Mar to 5 Nov +# 1962 18 Mar to 4 Nov +# 1963 24 Mar to 3 Nov +# 1964 22 Mar to 1 Nov +# 1965 18 Apr to 17 Oct +# 1966 17 Apr to 16 Oct +# 1967 16 Apr to 22 Oct +# 1968 21 Apr to 20 Oct +# 1969 20 Apr to 19 Oct +# 1970 19 Apr to 18 Oct +# 1971 18 Apr to 17 Oct +# 1972 16 Apr to 22 Oct +# 1973 22 Apr to 21 Oct +# 1973/74 30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74 +# 1975 20 Apr to 19 Oct +# 1976 18 Apr to 17 Oct +# 1977 Nil +# 1978 Nil +# 1979 13 May to 21 Oct +# 1980 to Now Nil +# The page does not give times of day for transitions, +# or dates for the 1942 and 1945 transitions. +# The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began 1941-12-25. + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule HK 1946 only - Apr 21 0:00 1:00 S +Rule HK 1946 only - Dec 1 3:30s 0 - +Rule HK 1947 only - Apr 13 3:30s 1:00 S +Rule HK 1947 only - Nov 30 3:30s 0 - +Rule HK 1948 only - May 2 3:30s 1:00 S +Rule HK 1948 1952 - Oct Sun>=28 3:30s 0 - +Rule HK 1949 1953 - Apr Sun>=1 3:30 1:00 S +Rule HK 1953 1964 - Oct Sun>=31 3:30 0 - +Rule HK 1954 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 3:30 1:00 S +Rule HK 1965 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S +Rule HK 1965 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 - +Rule HK 1973 only - Dec 30 3:30 1:00 S +Rule HK 1979 only - May 13 3:30 1:00 S +Rule HK 1979 only - Oct 21 3:30 0 - +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:42 - LMT 1904 Oct 30 0:36:42 + 8:00 - HKT 1941 Jun 15 3:00 + 8:00 1:00 HKST 1941 Oct 1 4:00 + 8:00 0:30 HKWT 1941 Dec 25 + 9:00 - JST 1945 Nov 18 2:00 + 8:00 HK HK%sT + +############################################################################### + +# Taiwan + +# From smallufo (2010-04-03): +# According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau], +# http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm +# Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30. + +# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12): +# On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of +# Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that +# Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands +# (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on +# 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be +# found on Wikisource: +# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時) +# ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because +# during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone +# declared officially. +# +# Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa +# Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of +# revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard +# time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in +# western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan +# territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time +# (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can +# be found on Wikisource: +# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件 +# +# That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UT+9 on Oct 1, 1937. + +# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02): +# I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UT+9 +# back to UT+8 after WW2. I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945. In a document +# during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time +# zone back to Western Standard Time (UT+8) on Sep 21. And in another +# history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a +# note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time". From these two +# materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21. And +# today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald" +# from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact +# that: +# +# 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using +# the time at 135E (GMT+9) +# +# 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan +# 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands, +# as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called +# Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8. +# +# 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the +# territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard +# Time. +# +# [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan: +# http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037 +# [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site: +# http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm +# [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475: +# http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf + +# Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03): +# I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to +# Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan. It's Taiwan Governor-General +# Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ... +# [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local +# bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on +# Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21. I think this bulletin is much more +# official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the +# top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this +# would be a good one. +# [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945: +# http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener + +# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02): +# In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from +# Central Weather Bureau website was not correct. +# +# Original Bulletin: +# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF +# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.) +# +# In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that +# telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government: +# +# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431 +# +# Here is a brief translation: +# +# The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20 +# midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time +# adoption till Oct 31 midnight. +# +# The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can +# be found from historical government announcement database. + +# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03): +# As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01 +# until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger. +# Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan. + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Taiwan 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Taiwan 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S +Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S +Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S +Rule Taiwan 1952 only - Mar 1 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Taiwan 1952 1954 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S +Rule Taiwan 1953 1959 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Taiwan 1955 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S +Rule Taiwan 1960 1961 - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S +Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +# Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei +Zone Asia/Taipei 8:06:00 - LMT 1896 Jan 1 + 8:00 - CST 1937 Oct 1 + 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 21 1:00 + 8:00 Taiwan C%sT + +# Macau (Macao, Aomen) +# +# From P Chan (2018-05-10): +# * LegisMac +# http://legismac.safp.gov.mo/legismac/descqry/Descqry.jsf?lang=pt +# A database for searching titles of legal documents of Macau in +# Chinese and Portuguese. The term "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" can be used for +# searching decrees about summer time. +# * Archives of Macao +# http://www.archives.gov.mo/en/bo/ +# It contains images of old official gazettes. +# * The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau have a page listing the +# summer time history. But it is not complete and has some mistakes. +# http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/geophysics/e_t_Summer%20Time.htm +# Macau adopted GMT+8 on 30 Oct 1904 to follow Hong Kong. Clocks were +# advanced by 25 minutes and 50 seconds. Which means the LMT used was +# +7:34:10. As stated in the "Portaria No. 204" dated 21 October 1904 +# and published in the Official Gazette on 29 October 1904. +# http://igallery.icm.gov.mo/Images/Archives/BO/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10_00025_Grey.JPG +# +# Therefore the 1911 decree of Portugal did not change time in Macau. +# +# From LegisMac, here is a list of decrees that changed the time ... +# [Decree Gazette-no. date; titles omitted in this quotation] +# DIL 732 BOCM 51 1941.12.20 +# DIL 764 BOCM 9S 1942.04.30 +# DIL 781 BOCM 21 1942.10.10 +# PT 3434 BOCM 8S 1943.04.17 +# PT 3504 BOCM 20 1943.09.25 +# PT 3843 BOCM 39 1945.09.29 +# PT 3961 BOCM 17 1946.04.27 +# PT 4026 BOCM 39 1946.09.28 +# PT 4153 BOCM 16 1947.04.10 +# PT 4271 BOCM 48 1947.11.29 +# PT 4374 BOCM 18 1948.05.01 +# PT 4465 BOCM 44 1948.10.30 +# PT 4590 BOCM 14 1949.04.02 +# PT 4666 BOCM 44 1949.10.29 +# PT 4771 BOCM 12 1950.03.25 +# PT 4838 BOCM 43 1950.10.28 +# PT 4946 BOCM 12 1951.03.24 +# PT 5025 BO 43 1951.10.27 +# PT 5149 BO 14 1952.04.05 +# PT 5251 BO 43 1952.10.25 +# PT 5366 BO 13 1953.03.28 +# PT 5444 BO 44 1953.10.31 +# PT 5540 BO 12 1954.03.20 +# PT 5589 BO 44 1954.10.30 +# PT 5676 BO 12 1955.03.19 +# PT 5739 BO 45 1955.11.05 +# PT 5823 BO 11 1956.03.17 +# PT 5891 BO 44 1956.11.03 +# PT 5981 BO 12 1957.03.23 +# PT 6064 BO 43 1957.10.26 +# PT 6172 BO 12 1958.03.22 +# PT 6243 BO 43 1958.10.25 +# PT 6341 BO 12 1959.03.21 +# PT 6411 BO 43 1959.10.24 +# PT 6514 BO 11 1960.03.12 +# PT 6584 BO 44 1960.10.29 +# PT 6721 BO 10 1961.03.11 +# PT 6815 BO 43 1961.10.28 +# PT 6947 BO 10 1962.03.10 +# PT 7080 BO 43 1962.10.27 +# PT 7218 BO 12 1963.03.23 +# PT 7340 BO 43 1963.10.26 +# PT 7491 BO 11 1964.03.14 +# PT 7664 BO 43 1964.10.24 +# PT 7846 BO 15 1965.04.10 +# PT 7979 BO 42 1965.10.16 +# PT 8146 BO 15 1966.04.09 +# PT 8252 BO 41 1966.10.08 +# PT 8429 BO 15 1967.04.15 +# PT 8540 BO 41 1967.10.14 +# PT 8735 BO 15 1968.04.13 +# PT 8860 BO 41 1968.10.12 +# PT 9035 BO 16 1969.04.19 +# PT 9156 BO 42 1969.10.18 +# PT 9328 BO 15 1970.04.11 +# PT 9418 BO 41 1970.10.10 +# PT 9587 BO 14 1971.04.03 +# PT 9702 BO 41 1971.10.09 +# PT 38-A/72 BO 14 1972.04.01 +# PT 126-A/72 BO 41 1972.10.07 +# PT 61/73 BO 14 1973.04.07 +# PT 182/73 BO 40 1973.10.06 +# PT 282/73 BO 51 1973.12.22 +# PT 177/74 BO 41 1974.10.12 +# PT 51/75 BO 15 1975.04.12 +# PT 173/75 BO 41 1975.10.11 +# PT 67/76/M BO 14 1976.04.03 +# PT 169/76/M BO 41 1976.10.09 +# PT 78/79/M BO 19 1979.05.12 +# PT 166/79/M BO 42 1979.10.20 +# Note that DIL 732 does not belong to "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" according to +# LegisMac.... Note that between 1942 and 1945, the time switched +# between GMT+9 and GMT+10. Also in 1965 and 1965 the DST ended at 2:30am. + +# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-10): +# The 1904 decree says that Macau changed from the meridian of +# Fortaleza do Monte, presumably the basis for the 7:34:10 for LMT. + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Macau 1942 1943 - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 - +Rule Macau 1942 only - Nov 17 23:00 0 - +Rule Macau 1943 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 S +Rule Macau 1946 only - Apr 30 23:00s 1:00 D +Rule Macau 1946 only - Sep 30 23:00s 0 S +Rule Macau 1947 only - Apr 19 23:00s 1:00 D +Rule Macau 1947 only - Nov 30 23:00s 0 S +Rule Macau 1948 only - May 2 23:00s 1:00 D +Rule Macau 1948 only - Oct 31 23:00s 0 S +Rule Macau 1949 1950 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 D +Rule Macau 1949 1950 - Oct lastSat 23:00s 0 S +Rule Macau 1951 only - Mar 31 23:00s 1:00 D +Rule Macau 1951 only - Oct 28 23:00s 0 S +Rule Macau 1952 1953 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 D +Rule Macau 1952 only - Nov 1 23:00s 0 S +Rule Macau 1953 1954 - Oct lastSat 23:00s 0 S +Rule Macau 1954 1956 - Mar Sat>=17 23:00s 1:00 D +Rule Macau 1955 only - Nov 5 23:00s 0 S +Rule Macau 1956 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 03:30 0 S +Rule Macau 1957 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 03:30 1:00 D +Rule Macau 1965 1973 - Apr Sun>=16 03:30 1:00 D +Rule Macau 1965 1966 - Oct Sun>=16 02:30 0 S +Rule Macau 1967 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 03:30 0 S +Rule Macau 1973 only - Dec 30 03:30 1:00 D +Rule Macau 1975 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 03:30 1:00 D +Rule Macau 1979 only - May 13 03:30 1:00 D +Rule Macau 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 03:30 0 S + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Macau 7:34:10 - LMT 1904 Oct 30 + 8:00 - CST 1941 Dec 21 23:00 + 9:00 Macau +09/+10 1945 Sep 30 24:00 + 8:00 Macau C%sT + + +############################################################################### + +# Cyprus + +# Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00. Stick with LMT. +# IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time. + +# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09): +# Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's +# lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round. +# http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/ +# +# From Even Scharning (2016-10-31): +# Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night. +# http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/ + +# From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18): +# Northern Cyprus will reinstate winter time on October 29, thus +# staying in sync with the rest of Cyprus. See: Anastasiou A. +# Cyprus to remain united in time. Cyprus Mail 2017-10-17. +# https://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/17/cyprus-remain-united-time/ + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Apr 13 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Oct 12 0:00 0 - +Rule Cyprus 1976 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Cyprus 1976 only - Oct 11 0:00 0 - +Rule Cyprus 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Cyprus 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 - +Rule Cyprus 1978 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 - +Rule Cyprus 1979 1997 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - +Rule Cyprus 1981 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Nicosia 2:13:28 - LMT 1921 Nov 14 + 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep + 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT +Zone Asia/Famagusta 2:15:48 - LMT 1921 Nov 14 + 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep + 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT 2016 Sep 8 + 3:00 - +03 2017 Oct 29 1:00u + 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT + +# Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72. +# However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe. +Link Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia + +# Georgia +# From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19): +# Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward +# an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze, +# an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it! +# We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall. +# +# From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04): +# Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia +# will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy, +# President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday. +# +# From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27): +# +# Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday... The former Soviet +# republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow. As a result it +# is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours +# ahead. The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia, +# Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process +# of integration into Europe. + +# From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07): +# Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on +# [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years. +# Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT +# +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document +# about it. As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document, +# because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time.... +# I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our +# DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month. + +# Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7. +# Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11. +# Go with Byalokoz. + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Tbilisi 2:59:11 - LMT 1880 + 2:59:11 - TBMT 1924 May 2 # Tbilisi Mean Time + 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar + 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s + 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992 + 3:00 E-EurAsia +03/+04 1994 Sep lastSun + 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 1996 Oct lastSun + 4:00 1:00 +05 1997 Mar lastSun + 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 2004 Jun 27 + 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 2005 Mar lastSun 2:00 + 4:00 - +04 + +# East Timor + +# See Indonesia for the 1945 transition. + +# From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in +# East Timor may be late for its millennium +# <https://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31): +# Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun +# rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the +# Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it +# conflicts with their way of life. + +# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04): +# We don't have any record of the above attempt. +# Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data. + +# From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General +# http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html +# (2000-08-16): +# The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided +# today to advance East Timor's time by one hour. The time change, +# which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at +# midnight on Saturday, September 16. + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Dili 8:22:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 + 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 21 23:00 + 9:00 - +09 1976 May 3 + 8:00 - +08 2000 Sep 17 0:00 + 9:00 - +09 + +# India + +# British astronomer Henry Park Hollis disliked India Standard Time's offset: +# "A new time system has been proposed for India, Further India, and Burmah. +# The scheme suggested is that the times of the meridians 5½ and 6½ hours +# east of Greenwich should be adopted in these territories. No reason is +# given why hourly meridians five hours and six hours east should not be +# chosen; a plan which would bring the time of India into harmony with +# that of almost the whole of the civilised world." +# Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc. +# 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382 + +# From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic +# https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/ +# (2015-12-22): +# In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the +# outskirts of Bombay.... They were protesting the proposed abolition of +# local time in favor of Indian Standard Time.... Journalists called this +# dispute the "Battle of the Clocks." It lasted nearly half a century. + +# From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20): +# Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India. +# "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic +# measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras +# (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time, +# and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time: +# 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19. +# "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present +# standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time. The citizen of +# Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of +# his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat +# of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change +# the time they are using, for that of what they regard as a benighted +# Presidency; while Madras, having for long given the standard time to the +# rest of India, would resist the adoption of any other Indian standard in its +# place." -- Oldham RD. On Time in India: a suggestion for its improvement. +# Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (April 1899), 49-55. +# +# "In 1870 ... Madras time - 'now used by the telegraph and regulated from the +# only government observatory' - was suggested as a standard railway time, +# first to be adopted on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR).... +# Calcutta, Bombay, and Karachi, were to be allowed to continue with their +# local time for civil purposes." - Prasad R. Tracks of Change: Railways and +# Everyday Life in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press (2016), 145. +# +# Reed S, Low F. The Indian Year Book 1936-37. Bennett, Coleman, pp 27-8. +# https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282212 +# This lists +052110 as Madras local time used in railways, and says that on +# 1906-01-01 railways and telegraphs in India switched to +0530. Some +# municipalities retained their former time, and the time in Calcutta +# continued to depend on whether you were at the railway station or at +# government offices. Government time was at +055320 (according to Shanks) or +# at +0554 (according to the Indian Year Book). Railway time is more +# appropriate for our purposes, as it was better documented, it is what we do +# elsewhere (e.g., Europe/London before 1880), and after 1906 it was +# consistent in the region now identified by Asia/Kolkata. So, use railway +# time for 1870-1941. Shanks is our only (and dubious) source for the +# 1941-1945 data. + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Kolkata 5:53:28 - LMT 1854 Jun 28 # Kolkata + 5:53:20 - HMT 1870 # Howrah Mean Time? + 5:21:10 - MMT 1906 Jan 1 # Madras local time + 5:30 - IST 1941 Oct + 5:30 1:00 +0630 1942 May 15 + 5:30 - IST 1942 Sep + 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15 + 5:30 - IST +# Since 1970 the following are like Asia/Kolkata: +# Andaman Is +# Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is) +# Nicobar Is + +# Indonesia +# +# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06): +# The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia +# civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta. +# +# From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger: +# http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime +# says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01. Looking at some +# time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat +# and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7. +# +# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10): +# Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger. +# JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in +# Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and +# other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus +# September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore. +# These would be the earliest possible times for a change. +# Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions +# Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched +# from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura +# (Hollandia). For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura +# switched on 1945-09-23. +# +# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11): +# Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in +# Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even +# when writing in English. For example, see the English-language +# summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the +# Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology, +# Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29). +# The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are: +# +# WIB - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time) +# WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time) +# WIT - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time) +# +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +# Java, Sumatra +Zone Asia/Jakarta 7:07:12 - LMT 1867 Aug 10 +# Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13, +# but this must be a typo. + 7:07:12 - BMT 1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia + 7:20 - +0720 1932 Nov + 7:30 - +0730 1942 Mar 23 + 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23 + 7:30 - +0730 1948 May + 8:00 - +08 1950 May + 7:30 - +0730 1964 + 7:00 - WIB +# west and central Borneo +Zone Asia/Pontianak 7:17:20 - LMT 1908 May + 7:17:20 - PMT 1932 Nov # Pontianak MT + 7:30 - +0730 1942 Jan 29 + 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23 + 7:30 - +0730 1948 May + 8:00 - +08 1950 May + 7:30 - +0730 1964 + 8:00 - WITA 1988 Jan 1 + 7:00 - WIB +# Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo +Zone Asia/Makassar 7:57:36 - LMT 1920 + 7:57:36 - MMT 1932 Nov # Macassar MT + 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 9 + 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23 + 8:00 - WITA +# Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua +Zone Asia/Jayapura 9:22:48 - LMT 1932 Nov + 9:00 - +09 1944 Sep 1 + 9:30 - +0930 1964 + 9:00 - WIT + +# Iran + +# From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15): +# This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian). +# The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine: +# +# Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16] +# No. 16760/T233 H 1370/6/10 [1991-09-01] +# +# The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country +# +# The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14], +# based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13] +# of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs, +# and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers +# and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and +# for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that: +# +# The official time of the country will should move forward one hour +# at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return +# to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of +# Shahrivar. +# +# First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi +# +# From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed +# for at least the last 5 years. Before that, for a few years, the +# date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last +# Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates.... +# +# From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05): +# The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions +# that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic +# leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious +# plan to change that law.... +# +# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-30): +# Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter. +# I used the following code in GNU Emacs 26.1 to generate the "Rule Iran" +# lines from 2008 through 2087. Emacs 26.1 uses Ed Reingold's +# cal-persia implementation of Birashk's approximation, which in the +# 2008-2087 range disagrees with the astronomical Persian calendar +# for Persian years 1404 (Gregorian 2025) and 1437 (Gregorian 2058), so +# the following code special-cases those years. See Table 15.1, page 264, of: +# Edward M. Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz, Calendrical Calculations: +# The Ultimate Edition, Cambridge University Press (2018). +# https://www.cambridge.org/fr/academic/subjects/computer-science/computing-general-interest/calendrical-calculations-ultimate-edition-4th-edition +# Page 258, footnote 2, of this book says there is some dispute over what will +# happen in 2091 (and some other years after that), so this code +# stops in 2087, as 2088 and 2089 agree with the "max" rule below. +# (cl-loop +# initially (require 'cal-persia) +# with first-persian-year = 1387 +# with last-persian-year = 1466 +# ;; Exceptional years in the above range, +# ;; from Reingold & Dershowitz Table 15.1, page 264: +# with exceptional-persian-years = '(1404 1437) +# with range-start = nil +# for persian-year from first-persian-year to last-persian-year +# do +# (let* +# ((exceptional-year-offset +# (if (member persian-year exceptional-persian-years) 1 0)) +# (beg-dst-absolute +# (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 persian-year)) +# exceptional-year-offset)) +# (end-dst-absolute +# (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 6 30 persian-year)) +# exceptional-year-offset)) +# (next-year-beg-dst-absolute +# (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 (1+ persian-year))) +# (if (member (1+ persian-year) exceptional-persian-years) 1 0))) +# (beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute beg-dst-absolute)) +# (end-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute end-dst-absolute)) +# (next-year-beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute +# next-year-beg-dst-absolute)) +# (year (calendar-extract-year beg-dst)) +# (range-end (if range-start year "only"))) +# (setq range-start (or range-start year)) +# (when (or (/= (calendar-extract-day beg-dst) +# (calendar-extract-day next-year-beg-dst)) +# (= persian-year last-persian-year)) +# (insert +# (format +# "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t1:00\t-\n" +# range-start range-end +# (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month beg-dst) t) +# (calendar-extract-day beg-dst))) +# (insert +# (format +# "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t0\t-\n" +# range-start range-end +# (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month end-dst) t) +# (calendar-extract-day end-dst))) +# (setq range-start nil)))) +# +# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future +# discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar: +# For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for +# the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local +# Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be +# known exactly, amongst other factors. 2157 is even closer: +# 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT. But the Gregorian year 2025 should give +# no interpretation problem whatsoever. By the way, another instant +# in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between +# arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058: +# vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT. The Java version of +# Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date +# 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical). +# +# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22): +# Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore: +# http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm +# +# From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen: +# ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce +# daylight saving time ... +# https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916 +# +# From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05): +# This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of +# Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24 +# [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:... +# The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour +# on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will +# be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the +# thirtieth day of Shahrivar. +# +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 22 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 1991 only - May 2 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2005 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2005 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2038 2039 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2038 2039 - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2040 2041 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2040 2041 - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2042 2043 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2042 2043 - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2044 2045 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2044 2045 - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2046 2047 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2046 2047 - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2048 2049 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2048 2049 - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2050 2051 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2050 2051 - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2052 2053 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2052 2053 - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2054 2055 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2054 2055 - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2056 2057 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2056 2057 - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2058 2059 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2058 2059 - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2060 2062 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2060 2062 - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2063 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2063 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2064 2066 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2064 2066 - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2067 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2067 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2068 2070 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2068 2070 - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2071 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2071 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2072 2074 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2072 2074 - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2075 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2075 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2076 2078 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2076 2078 - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2079 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2079 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2080 2082 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2080 2082 - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2083 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2083 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2084 2086 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2084 2086 - Sep 20 24:00 0 - +Rule Iran 2087 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2087 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 - +# +# The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2088. +# These are the best post-2088 approximations available, given the +# restrictions of a single rule using ordinary Gregorian dates. +# At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite +# possibly Iran will change the rules first. +Rule Iran 2088 max - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 - +Rule Iran 2088 max - Sep 20 24:00 0 - + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916 + 3:25:44 - TMT 1946 # Tehran Mean Time + 3:30 - +0330 1977 Nov + 4:00 Iran +04/+05 1979 + 3:30 Iran +0330/+0430 + + +# Iraq +# +# From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12): +# An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in +# the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph: +# "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and +# are an hour ahead of Baghdad." +# +# But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows: +# In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi +# Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time. They referred +# to daylight saving as Saddam time. But, as of today, the time zone +# in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq. +# +# So we'll ignore the Economist's claim. + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10): +# The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following +# news sources (in Arabic): +# http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html +# http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10 +# +# We have published a short article in English about the change: +# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Iraq 1982 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 - +Rule Iraq 1982 1984 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - +Rule Iraq 1983 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 - +Rule Iraq 1984 1985 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 - +Rule Iraq 1985 1990 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 - +Rule Iraq 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 - +# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo. +# Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this. +# +Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Apr 1 3:00s 1:00 - +Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Oct 1 3:00s 0 - +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Baghdad 2:57:40 - LMT 1890 + 2:57:36 - BMT 1918 # Baghdad Mean Time? + 3:00 - +03 1982 May + 3:00 Iraq +03/+04 + + +############################################################################### + +# Israel + +# For more info about the motivation for DST in Israel, see: +# Barak Y. Israel's Daylight Saving Time controversy. Israel Affairs. +# 2020-08-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2020.1806564 + +# From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11): +# +# I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988. Until then there were three +# different abbreviations in use: +# +# JST Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University] +# IZT Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion] +# EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else] +# +# Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities, +# I ruled out JST. As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe, +# EEST was equally unacceptable. Since "zonal" was not compatible with +# any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go +# and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone +# settings in Israeli computers. +# +# In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India, +# high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's +# family is from India). + +# From P Chan (2020-10-27), with corrections: +# +# 1940-1946 Supplement No. 2 to the Palestine Gazette +# # issue page Order No. dated start end note +# 1 1010 729 67 of 1940 1940-05-22 1940-05-31* 1940-09-30* revoked by #2 +# 2 1013 758 73 of 1940 1940-05-31 1940-05-31 1940-09-30 +# 3 1055 1574 196 of 1940 1940-11-06 1940-11-16 1940-12-31 +# 4 1066 1811 208 of 1940 1940-12-17 1940-12-31 1941-12-31 +# 5 1156 1967 116 of 1941 1941-12-16 1941-12-31 1942-12-31* amended by #6 +# 6 1228 1608 86 of 1942 1942-10-14 1941-12-31 1942-10-31 +# 7 1256 279 21 of 1943 1943-03-18 1943-03-31 1943-10-31 +# 8 1323 249 19 of 1944 1944-03-13 1944-03-31 1944-10-31 +# 9 1402 328 20 of 1945 1945-04-05 1945-04-15 1945-10-31 +#10 1487 596 14 of 1946 1946-04-04 1946-04-15 1946-10-31 +# +# 1948 Iton Rishmi (Official Gazette of the Provisional Government) +# # issue page dated start end +#11 2 7 1948-05-20 1948-05-22 1948-10-31* +# ^This moved timezone to +04, replaced by #12 from 1948-08-31 24:00 GMT. +#12 17 (Annex B) 84 1948-08-22 1948-08-31 1948-10-31 +# +# 1949-2000 Kovetz HaTakanot (Collection of Regulations) +# # issue page dated start end note +#13 6 133 1949-03-23 1949-04-30 1949-10-31 +#14 80 755 1950-03-17 1950-04-15 1950-09-14 +#15 164 782 1951-03-22 1951-03-31 1951-09-29* amended by #16 +#16 206 1940 1951-09-23 ---------- 1951-10-22* amended by #17 +#17 212 78 1951-10-19 ---------- 1951-11-10 +#18 254 652 1952-03-03 1952-04-19 1952-09-27* amended by #19 +#19 300 11 1952-09-15 ---------- 1952-10-18 +#20 348 817 1953-03-03 1953-04-11 1953-09-12 +#21 420 385 1954-02-17 1954-06-12 1954-09-11 +#22 497 548 1955-01-14 1955-06-11 1955-09-10 +#23 591 608 1956-03-12 1956-06-02 1956-09-29 +#24 680 957 1957-02-08 1957-04-27 1957-09-21 +#25 3192 1418 1974-06-28 1974-07-06 1974-10-12 +#26 3322 1389 1975-04-03 1975-04-19 1975-08-30 +#27 4146 2089 1980-07-15 1980-08-02 1980-09-13 +#28 4604 1081 1984-02-22 1984-05-05* 1984-08-25* revoked by #29 +#29 4619 1312 1984-04-06 1984-05-05 1984-08-25 +#30 4744 475 1984-12-23 1985-04-13 1985-09-14* amended by #31 +#31 4851 1848 1985-08-18 ---------- 1985-08-31 +#32 4932 899 1986-04-22 1986-05-17 1986-09-06 +#33 5013 580 1987-02-15 1987-04-18* 1987-08-22* revoked by #34 +#34 5021 744 1987-03-30 1987-04-14 1987-09-12 +#35 5096 659 1988-02-14 1988-04-09 1988-09-03 +#36 5167 514 1989-02-03 1989-04-29 1989-09-02 +#37 5248 375 1990-01-23 1990-03-24 1990-08-25 +#38 5335 612 1991-02-10 1991-03-09* 1991-08-31 amended by #39 +# 1992-03-28 1992-09-05 +#39 5339 709 1991-03-04 1991-03-23 ---------- +#40 5506 503 1993-02-18 1993-04-02 1993-09-05 +# 1994-04-01 1994-08-28 +# 1995-03-31 1995-09-03 +#41 5731 438 1996-01-01 1996-03-14 1996-09-15 +# 1997-03-13* 1997-09-18* overridden by 1997 Temp Prov +# 1998-03-19* 1998-09-17* revoked by #42 +#42 5853 1243 1997-09-18 1998-03-19 1998-09-05 +#43 5937 77 1998-10-18 1999-04-02 1999-09-03 +# 2000-04-14* 2000-09-15* revoked by #44 +# 2001-04-13* 2001-09-14* revoked by #44 +#44 6024 39 2000-03-14 2000-04-14 2000-10-22* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov +# 2001-04-06* 2001-10-10* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov +# 2002-03-29* 2002-10-29* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov +# +# These are laws enacted by the Knesset since the Minister could only alter the +# transition dates at least six months in advanced under the 1992 Law. +# dated start end +# 1997 Temporary Provisions 1997-03-06 1997-03-20 1997-09-13 +# 2000 Temporary Provisions 2000-07-28 ---------- 2000-10-06 +# 2001-04-09 2001-09-24 +# 2002-03-29 2002-10-07 +# 2003-03-28 2003-10-03 +# 2004-04-07 2004-09-22 +# Note: +# Transition times in 1940-1957 (#1-#24) were midnight GMT, +# in 1974-1998 (#25-#42 and the 1997 Temporary Provisions) were midnight, +# in 1999-April 2000 (#43,#44) were 02:00, +# in the 2000 Temporary Provisions were 01:00. +# +# ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# Links: +# 1 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537490&increment=687 +# 2 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537490&increment=716 +# 3 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537491&increment=721 +# 4 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537491&increment=958 +# 5 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537502&increment=558 +# 6 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537511&increment=105 +# 7 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537516&increment=278 +# 8 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537522&increment=248 +# 9 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537530&increment=329 +#10 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537537&increment=601 +#11 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law12/er-002.pdf#page=3 +#12 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law12/er-017-t2.pdf#page=4 +#13 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0006.pdf#page=3 +#14 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0080.pdf#page=7 +#15 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0164.pdf#page=10 +#16 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0206.pdf#page=4 +#17 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0212.pdf#page=2 +#18 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0254.pdf#page=4 +#19 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0300.pdf#page=5 +#20 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0348.pdf#page=3 +#21 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0420.pdf#page=5 +#22 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0497.pdf#page=10 +#23 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0591.pdf#page=6 +#24 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0680.pdf#page=3 +#25 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-3192.pdf#page=2 +#26 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-3322.pdf#page=5 +#27 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4146.pdf#page=2 +#28 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4604.pdf#page=7 +#29 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4619.pdf#page=2 +#30 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4744.pdf#page=11 +#31 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4851.pdf#page=2 +#32 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4932.pdf#page=19 +#33 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5013.pdf#page=8 +#34 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5021.pdf#page=8 +#35 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5096.pdf#page=3 +#36 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5167.pdf#page=2 +#37 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5248.pdf#page=7 +#38 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5335.pdf#page=6 +#39 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5339.pdf#page=7 +#40 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5506.pdf#page=19 +#41 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5731.pdf#page=2 +#42 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5853.pdf#page=3 +#43 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5937.pdf#page=9 +#44 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-6024.pdf#page=4 +# +# Time Determination (Temporary Provisions) Law, 1997 +# https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law19/p201_003.htm +# +# Time Determination (Temporary Provisions) Law, 2000 +# https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law19/p201_004.htm +# +# Time Determination Law, 1992 and amendments +# https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p201_002.htm +# https://main.knesset.gov.il/Activity/Legislation/Laws/Pages/LawPrimary.aspx?lawitemid=2001174 + +# From Paul Eggert (2020-10-27): +# Several of the midnight transitions mentioned above are ambiguous; +# are they 00:00, 00:00s, 24:00, or 24:00s? When resolving these ambiguities, +# try to minimize changes from previous tzdb versions, for lack of better info. +# Commentary from previous versions is included below, to help explain this. + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Zion 1940 only - May 31 24:00u 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1940 only - Sep 30 24:00u 0 S +Rule Zion 1940 only - Nov 16 24:00u 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1942 1946 - Oct 31 24:00u 0 S +Rule Zion 1943 1944 - Mar 31 24:00u 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1945 1946 - Apr 15 24:00u 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1948 only - May 22 24:00u 2:00 DD +Rule Zion 1948 only - Aug 31 24:00u 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1948 1949 - Oct 31 24:00u 0 S +Rule Zion 1949 only - Apr 30 24:00u 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1950 only - Apr 15 24:00u 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1950 only - Sep 14 24:00u 0 S +Rule Zion 1951 only - Mar 31 24:00u 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1951 only - Nov 10 24:00u 0 S +Rule Zion 1952 only - Apr 19 24:00u 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1952 only - Oct 18 24:00u 0 S +Rule Zion 1953 only - Apr 11 24:00u 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1953 only - Sep 12 24:00u 0 S +Rule Zion 1954 only - Jun 12 24:00u 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1954 only - Sep 11 24:00u 0 S +Rule Zion 1955 only - Jun 11 24:00u 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1955 only - Sep 10 24:00u 0 S +Rule Zion 1956 only - Jun 2 24:00u 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1956 only - Sep 29 24:00u 0 S +Rule Zion 1957 only - Apr 27 24:00u 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1957 only - Sep 21 24:00u 0 S +Rule Zion 1974 only - Jul 6 24:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1974 only - Oct 12 24:00 0 S +Rule Zion 1975 only - Apr 19 24:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1975 only - Aug 30 24:00 0 S + +# From Alois Treindl (2019-03-06): +# http://www.moin.gov.il/Documents/שעון%20קיץ/clock-50-years-7-2014.pdf +# From Isaac Starkman (2019-03-06): +# Summer time was in that period in 1980 and 1984, see +# https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3951073,00.html +# You can of course read it in translation. +# I checked the local newspapers for that years. +# It started on midnight and end at 01.00 am. +# From Paul Eggert (2019-03-06): +# Also see this thread about the moin.gov.il URL: +# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-November/027194.html +Rule Zion 1980 only - Aug 2 24:00s 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1980 only - Sep 13 24:00s 0 S +Rule Zion 1984 only - May 5 24:00s 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1984 only - Aug 25 24:00s 0 S + +Rule Zion 1985 only - Apr 13 24:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1985 only - Aug 31 24:00 0 S +Rule Zion 1986 only - May 17 24:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1986 only - Sep 6 24:00 0 S +Rule Zion 1987 only - Apr 14 24:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1987 only - Sep 12 24:00 0 S + +# From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05): +# I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the +# [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath +# ends and changes to Sunday. +Rule Zion 1988 only - Apr 9 24:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1988 only - Sep 3 24:00 0 S + +# From Ephraim Silverberg +# (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22, +# and 2005-02-17): + +# According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of +# Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes. +# One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150 +# days of daylight savings time annually. From 1993-1998, the change to +# daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to +# 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a +# Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard +# time. 1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard +# time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid +# conflicts with the Jewish New Year. In 1999, the change to +# daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from +# 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time +# was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for +# 1999 only. In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was +# similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it +# will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST. Starting in 2001, all +# changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no +# rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date +# (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve +# of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date +# (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement] +# (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar). + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Zion 1989 only - Apr 29 24:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1989 only - Sep 2 24:00 0 S +Rule Zion 1990 only - Mar 24 24:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1990 only - Aug 25 24:00 0 S +Rule Zion 1991 only - Mar 23 24:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1991 only - Aug 31 24:00 0 S +Rule Zion 1992 only - Mar 28 24:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1992 only - Sep 5 24:00 0 S +Rule Zion 1993 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1993 only - Sep 5 0:00 0 S + +# The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the +# Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel. The spokeswoman can be reached by +# calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448. + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Zion 1994 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1994 only - Aug 28 0:00 0 S +Rule Zion 1995 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1995 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S + +# The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the +# time, Haim Ramon. The official announcement regarding 1996-1998 +# (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at: +# +# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz +# +# The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa. +# +# The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at: +# +# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz +# +# where YYYY is the relevant year. + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Zion 1996 only - Mar 14 24:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1996 only - Sep 15 24:00 0 S +Rule Zion 1997 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1997 only - Sep 13 24:00 0 S +Rule Zion 1998 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1998 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S +Rule Zion 1999 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 1999 only - Sep 3 2:00 0 S + +# The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for +# the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the +# years 2001-2004 as well. +# +# The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at: +# +# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz +# +# The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates +# for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at: +# +# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Zion 2000 only - Apr 14 2:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 2000 only - Oct 6 1:00 0 S +Rule Zion 2001 only - Apr 9 1:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 2001 only - Sep 24 1:00 0 S +Rule Zion 2002 only - Mar 29 1:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 2002 only - Oct 7 1:00 0 S +Rule Zion 2003 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 2003 only - Oct 3 1:00 0 S +Rule Zion 2004 only - Apr 7 1:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 2004 only - Sep 22 1:00 0 S + +# The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on +# 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the +# last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April +# 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday +# night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur. +# +# Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at: +# +# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Zion 2005 2012 - Apr Fri<=1 2:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 2005 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 S +Rule Zion 2006 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 S +Rule Zion 2007 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 S +Rule Zion 2008 only - Oct 5 2:00 0 S +Rule Zion 2009 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 S +Rule Zion 2010 only - Sep 12 2:00 0 S +Rule Zion 2011 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 S +Rule Zion 2012 only - Sep 23 2:00 0 S + +# From Ephraim Silverberg (2020-10-26): +# The current time law (2013) from the State of Israel can be viewed +# (in Hebrew) at: +# ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/israel/announcements/2013+law.pdf +# It translates to: +# Every year, in the period from the Friday before the last Sunday in +# the month of March at 02:00 a.m. until the last Sunday of the month +# of October at 02:00 a.m., Israel Time will be advanced an additional +# hour such that it will be UTC+3. + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Zion 2013 max - Mar Fri>=23 2:00 1:00 D +Rule Zion 2013 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Jerusalem 2:20:54 - LMT 1880 + 2:20:40 - JMT 1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time? + 2:00 Zion I%sT + + + +############################################################################### + +# Japan + +# '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris. + +# From Paul Eggert (2020-01-19): +# Starting in the 7th century, Japan generally followed an ancient Chinese +# timekeeping system that divided night and day into six hours each, +# with hour length depending on season. In 1873 the government +# started requiring the use of a Western style 24-hour clock. See: +# Yulia Frumer, "Making Time: Astronomical Time Measurement in Tokugawa Japan" +# <https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043907065>. As the tzdb code and +# data support only 24-hour clocks, its tables model timestamps before +# 1873 using Western-style local mean time. + +# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09): +# 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical +# Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N. +# This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996' +# edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.... +# JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST). +# The law is enacted on 1886-07-07. + +# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16): +# The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan, +# which stands for the time on 135° E. +# In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central +# standard time". And the same ordinance also established "western standard +# time", which stands for the time on 120° E.... But "western standard +# time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937). In the ordinance No. +# 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is +# standard.... +# +# I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate. +# In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor. + +# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12): +# ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause +# about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. +# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時) +# +# ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which +# means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan +# Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. +# https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件 + +# From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06): +# Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had +# daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued +# because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours." + +# From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times: +# http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm +# Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on +# [1948-05-01].... But lack of prior debate and the execution of +# daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated +# deep hatred of the concept.... The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to +# dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San +# Francisco Peace Treaty was signed. (A government poll in 1951 showed 53% +# of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who +# wanted to keep it.) + +# From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19): +# The source of information is Japanese law. +# http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm +# http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm +# ... In summary, it is written as follows. From 24:00 on the first Saturday +# in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September. + +# From Phake Nick (2018-09-27): +# [T]he webpage authored by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan +# https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EF.html +# ... mentioned that using Showa 23 (year 1948) as example, 13pm of September +# 11 in summer time will equal to 0am of September 12 in standard time. +# It cited a document issued by the Liaison Office which briefly existed +# during the postwar period of Japan, where the detail on implementation +# of the summer time is described in the document. +# https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EFB2C6BBFEB9EFA4CEBCC2BBDCA4CBA4C4A4A4A4C6.pdf +# The text in the document do instruct a fall back to occur at +# September 11, 13pm in summer time, while ordinary citizens can +# change the clock before they sleep. +# +# From Paul Eggert (2018-09-27): +# This instruction is equivalent to "Sat>=8 25:00", so use that. zic treats +# it like "Sun>=9 01:00", which is not quite the same but is the best we can +# do in any POSIX or C platform. The "25:00" assumes zic from 2007 or later, +# which should be safe now. + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Japan 1948 only - May Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D +Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 25:00 0 S +Rule Japan 1949 only - Apr Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D +Rule Japan 1950 1951 - May Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 31 15:00u + 9:00 Japan J%sT +# Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo, +# except that Truk (Chuuk), Ponape (Pohnpei), and Jaluit (Kosrae) did not +# switch from +10 to +09 until 1941-04-01; see the 'australasia' file. + +# Jordan +# +# From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html> +# Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09): +# Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight, +# in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time +# all year round. +# +# From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html> +# Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09): +# Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back +# by one hour. This is the latest government decision and it's final! +# The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in +# government's departments from six to seven hours. +# +# From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22): +# Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com. +# +# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23): +# For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year +# about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year. +# +# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi: +# http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm +# "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27". +# + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02): +# This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic): +# http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279 +# +# Google's translation: +# +# > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely +# > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday +# > of the month of March of each year. +# +# So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002. + +# From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06): +# We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001. + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25): +# Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not +# switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST +# until about the same time next year (at least). +# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950 + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11): +# Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to +# UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight: +# http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime +# Official, in Arabic: +# http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14 +# ... Our background/permalink about it +# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html +# ... +# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P +# ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future +# (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule). + +# From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11): +# As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST. + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Jordan 1973 only - Jun 6 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Jordan 1973 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - +Rule Jordan 1974 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Jordan 1976 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - +Rule Jordan 1977 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - +Rule Jordan 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Jordan 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - +Rule Jordan 1985 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Jordan 1985 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - +Rule Jordan 1986 1988 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Jordan 1986 1990 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 - +Rule Jordan 1989 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Jordan 1990 only - Apr 27 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Jordan 1991 only - Apr 17 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Jordan 1991 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - +Rule Jordan 1992 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Jordan 1992 1993 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 - +Rule Jordan 1993 1998 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Jordan 1994 only - Sep Fri>=15 0:00 0 - +Rule Jordan 1995 1998 - Sep Fri>=15 0:00s 0 - +Rule Jordan 1999 only - Jul 1 0:00s 1:00 S +Rule Jordan 1999 2002 - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 - +Rule Jordan 2000 2001 - Mar lastThu 0:00s 1:00 S +Rule Jordan 2002 2012 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S +Rule Jordan 2003 only - Oct 24 0:00s 0 - +Rule Jordan 2004 only - Oct 15 0:00s 0 - +Rule Jordan 2005 only - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 - +Rule Jordan 2006 2011 - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 - +Rule Jordan 2013 only - Dec 20 0:00 0 - +Rule Jordan 2014 max - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S +Rule Jordan 2014 max - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 - +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Amman 2:23:44 - LMT 1931 + 2:00 Jordan EE%sT + + +# Kazakhstan + +# From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11 +# <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21): +# The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing +# daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health +# complications coupled with a decrease in productivity. +# +# From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28): +# ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone +# was "blended" with the Central zone. Therefore, Kazakhstan now has +# two time zones, and difference between them is one hour. The zone +# closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the +# same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtöbe, Atyraū, +# Mangghystaū, and West Kazakhstan. The other zone encompasses +# everything else.... I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones +# de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively. + +# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27): +# Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/ +# produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan: +# +# 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR +# from 1991-02-04 No. 20 +# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545 +# removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR +# starting with the last Sunday of March 1991. +# It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR, +# Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time. +# +# The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers +# of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet +# of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its +# text. +# +# According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20 +# -- page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via +# http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564 -- on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during +# transition to "summer" time: +# Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova, +# Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug +# were to move clocks 1 hour forward. +# Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik +# SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts +# of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards. +# Other territories were to not move clocks. +# When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be +# moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding +# Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan. +# +# Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170 +# was one of such changes. +# +# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декретное_время +# claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that +# Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast) +# were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks +# forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards. +# (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an +# article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not +# move clocks.) +# +# This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while +# the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06 +# to +04/+05. It's unclear how Qyzylorda oblast moved into the fifth +# time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ... +# +# 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan +# from 1992-01-13 No. 28 +# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_ +# (text includes modification from the 1996 act) +# introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian +# 1992-01-08 act. It specified that time would be calculated +# according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks +# on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at +# 2:00, specified DST rules. It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was +# located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the +# border between them to be located east of Qostanay and Aktyubinsk +# oblasts (notably including Turgai and Qyzylorda oblasts into the fifth +# time belt). +# +# This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for +# Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyraū and Qostanay oblasts; from +# +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk).... +# +# 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan +# from 1992-03-27 No. 284 +# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_ +# cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Qyzylorda oblasts +# since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth +# and the fifth time belts respectively. +# +# 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan +# from 1994-09-23 No. 384 +# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_ +# cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangghystaū +# oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on +# the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a +# result).... +# +# 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan +# from 1996-05-08 No. 575 +# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_ +# amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead +# of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act. +# +# 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan +# from 1999-03-26 No. 305 +# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_ +# cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyraū oblast since the +# last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth +# time belt. +# +# This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05.... +# +# 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan +# from 2000-11-23 No. 1749 +# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000 +# replaces the previous five documents. +# +# The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the +# fourth and the fifth time belts. They account for changes in spelling +# and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997 +# probably changed time in territories incorporated into Qostanay oblast +# (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Qyzylorda oblast +# from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the +# fourth time belt (no change in practice). +# +# 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan +# from 2003-12-29 No. 1342 +# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_ +# modified the 2000-11-23 act. No relevant changes, apparently. +# +# 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan +# from 2004-07-20 No. 775 +# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004 +# modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Qostanay and Qyzylorda oblasts into +# the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not +# using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time +# zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07). The changes were to be implemented +# during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically +# amended before implementation happened. +# +# 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan +# from 2004-09-15 No. 1059 +# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_ +# modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time" +# (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the +# 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyraū, West Kazakhstan, +# Qostanay, Qyzylorda and Mangghystaū oblasts by not moving clocks +# during the 2004 transition to "winter" time. +# +# This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyraū oblast (no +# zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to +# +06/+07 for Qostanay oblast (Qostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently) +# and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00.... +# +# 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan +# from 2005-03-15 No. 231 +# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_ +# removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the +# (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15 +# acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication. +# The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer +# time. +# +# Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation +# No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details]. +# Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27 +# act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992. + +# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08): +# Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay +# oblast. Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone. +# (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations +# according to wikipedia.) +# +# [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/ +# suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on +# 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt. But I do not understand +# how that could happen.... +# +# [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree +# (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html +# and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in +# the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03). + +# From Alexander Konzurovski (2018-12-20): +# Qyzyolrda Region (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from +# UTC+6 to UTC+5 effective December 21st, 2018. The legal document is +# located here: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language). + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +# +# Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan +# This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA, +# KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ. +Zone Asia/Almaty 5:07:48 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Alma-Ata + 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21 + 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s + 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s + 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 2004 Oct 31 2:00s + 6:00 - +06 +# Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY) +Zone Asia/Qyzylorda 4:21:52 - LMT 1924 May 2 + 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21 + 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1 + 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1 + 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1 + 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s + 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Sep 29 2:00s + 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s + 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1992 Mar 29 2:00s + 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s + 6:00 - +06 2018 Dec 21 0:00 + 5:00 - +05 +# +# Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS) +# The 1991/2 rules are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai +# reorganization. +Zone Asia/Qostanay 4:14:28 - LMT 1924 May 2 + 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21 + 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1 + 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1 + 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1 + 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s + 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s + 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s + 6:00 - +06 + +# Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT) +Zone Asia/Aqtobe 3:48:40 - LMT 1924 May 2 + 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21 + 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1 + 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1 + 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1 + 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s + 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s + 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s + 5:00 - +05 +# Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN) +# Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region, +# so include timestamps before 1963. +Zone Asia/Aqtau 3:21:04 - LMT 1924 May 2 + 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21 + 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1 + 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1 + 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s + 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s + 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1994 Sep 25 2:00s + 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s + 5:00 - +05 +# Atyraū (KZ-ATY) is like Mangghystaū except it switched from +# +04/+05 to +05/+06 in spring 1999, not fall 1994. +Zone Asia/Atyrau 3:27:44 - LMT 1924 May 2 + 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21 + 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1 + 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1 + 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s + 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s + 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1999 Mar 28 2:00s + 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s + 5:00 - +05 +# West Kazakhstan (KZ-ZAP) +# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18): +# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14). +Zone Asia/Oral 3:25:24 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ural'sk + 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21 + 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1 + 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1 + 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1 + 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1989 Mar 26 2:00s + 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s + 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Mar 29 2:00s + 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s + 5:00 - +05 + +# Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan) +# Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger. + +# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15): +# According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway +# http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml +# Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system. I take the article +# to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC. +# From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21): +# Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005. +# From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving. + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Apr Sun>=7 0:00s 1:00 - +Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - +Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:30 1:00 - +Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2004 - Oct lastSun 2:30 0 - +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Bishkek 4:58:24 - LMT 1924 May 2 + 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21 + 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s + 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Aug 31 2:00 + 5:00 Kyrgyz +05/+06 2005 Aug 12 + 6:00 - +06 + +############################################################################### + +# Korea (North and South) + +# From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10): +# http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012 +# Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it +# during the 1950-53 Korean War. The system was temporarily enforced +# between 1987 and 1988 ... + +# From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29): +# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html +# According to the Korean Wikipedia +# https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시 +# [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC] +# DST in Republic of Korea was as follows.... And I checked old +# newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia. +# For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST +# started at June 1 in that year. For another example, the article in +# 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year. + +# From Phake Nick (2018-10-27): +# 1. According to official announcement from Korean government, the DST end +# date in South Korea should be +# 1955-09-08 without specifying time +# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027977557 +# 1956-09-29 without specifying time +# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027978341 +# 1957-09-21 24 o'clock +# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027979690#3 +# 1958-09-20 24 o'clock +# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027981189 +# 1959-09-19 24 o'clock +# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027982974#2 +# 1960-09-17 24 o'clock +# http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0028044104 +# ... +# 2.... https://namu.wiki/w/대한민국%20표준시 ... [says] +# when Korea was using GMT+8:30 as standard time, the international +# aviation/marine/meteorological industry in the country refused to +# follow and continued to use GMT+9:00 for interoperability. + + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule ROK 1948 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D +Rule ROK 1948 only - Sep 12 24:00 0 S +Rule ROK 1949 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 D +Rule ROK 1949 1951 - Sep Sat>=7 24:00 0 S +Rule ROK 1950 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D +Rule ROK 1951 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 D +Rule ROK 1955 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 D +Rule ROK 1955 only - Sep 8 24:00 0 S +Rule ROK 1956 only - May 20 0:00 1:00 D +Rule ROK 1956 only - Sep 29 24:00 0 S +Rule ROK 1957 1960 - May Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 D +Rule ROK 1957 1960 - Sep Sat>=17 24:00 0 S +Rule ROK 1987 1988 - May Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D +Rule ROK 1987 1988 - Oct Sun>=8 3:00 0 S + +# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23): +# The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets: +# +# 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5) +# 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367 +# (Announcement No. 338) +# 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17) +# 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07) +# +# (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30 +# edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.) +# +# I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same +# rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST +# when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII. +# +# For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we +# have no information otherwise. + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07): +# According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to +# the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example: +# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049 +# +# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15): +# Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations. See: +# Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time' +# http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html +# There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone. +# Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK. + +# From Kang Seonghoon (2018-04-29): +# North Korea will revert its time zone from UTC+8:30 (PYT; Pyongyang +# Time) back to UTC+9 (KST; Korea Standard Time). +# +# From Seo Sanghyeon (2018-04-30): +# Rodong Sinmun 2018-04-30 announced Pyongyang Time transition plan. +# https://www.nknews.org/kcna/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/04/rodong-2018-04-30.pdf +# ... the transition date is 2018-05-05 ... Citation should be Decree +# No. 2232 of April 30, 2018, of the Presidium of the Supreme People's +# Assembly, as published in Rodong Sinmun. +# From Tim Parenti (2018-04-29): +# It appears to be the front page story at the top in the right-most column. +# +# From Paul Eggert (2018-05-04): +# The BBC reported that the transition was from 23:30 to 24:00 today. +# https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44010705 + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Seoul 8:27:52 - LMT 1908 Apr 1 + 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1 + 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 8 + 9:00 ROK K%sT 1954 Mar 21 + 8:30 ROK K%sT 1961 Aug 10 + 9:00 ROK K%sT +Zone Asia/Pyongyang 8:23:00 - LMT 1908 Apr 1 + 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1 + 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 24 + 9:00 - KST 2015 Aug 15 00:00 + 8:30 - KST 2018 May 4 23:30 + 9:00 - KST + +############################################################################### + +# Kuwait +# See Asia/Riyadh. + +# Laos +# See Asia/Bangkok. + + +# Lebanon +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 - +Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 - +Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 - +Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 - +Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - +Rule Lebanon 1972 only - Jun 22 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Lebanon 1972 1977 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - +Rule Lebanon 1973 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - +Rule Lebanon 1984 1987 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Lebanon 1984 1991 - Oct 16 0:00 0 - +Rule Lebanon 1988 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Lebanon 1989 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Lebanon 1990 1992 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Lebanon 1992 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 - +Rule Lebanon 1993 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Lebanon 1993 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - +Rule Lebanon 1999 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 - +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Beirut 2:22:00 - LMT 1880 + 2:00 Lebanon EE%sT + +# Malaysia +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Sep 14 0:00 0:20 - +Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Dec 14 0:00 0 - +# +# peninsular Malaysia +# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30) +# http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur 6:46:46 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 + 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T. + 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1 + 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1 + 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1 + 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16 + 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12 + 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1 + 8:00 - +08 +# Sabah & Sarawak +# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12): +# The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945 +# and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng. +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Kuching 7:21:20 - LMT 1926 Mar + 7:30 - +0730 1933 + 8:00 NBorneo +08/+0820 1942 Feb 16 + 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12 + 8:00 - +08 + +# Maldives +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Indian/Maldives 4:54:00 - LMT 1880 # Malé + 4:54:00 - MMT 1960 # Malé Mean Time + 5:00 - +05 + +# Mongolia + +# Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but +# The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World +# (2005-03) both say that it has just one. + +# From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11): +# General Information Mongolia +# <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09) +# "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of +# Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and +# the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus +# eight hours." + +# From Rives McDow (1999-12-13): +# Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998 +# being the last year it was implemented. The dates of implementation I am +# unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time +# of implementation may have been different.... +# Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time +# zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod, +# Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii. + +# From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15): +# Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia. +# We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone; +# the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us, +# and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd +# is good enough for our purposes. + +# From Rives McDow (2001-05-13): +# In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier +# (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28), +# there are three time zones. +# +# Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai +# Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv, +# Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi +# Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar +# +# [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.] + +# From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17): +# Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March. +# It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of +# September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001. +# +# From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17): +# For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs +# Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them. + +# From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26): +# We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones. +# Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says +# there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft +# Windows XP as the source. Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that +# travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST. +# Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in +# Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed. +# He also found +# http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1& +# which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius" +# (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones. +# The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT +# and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT. +# The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the +# parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session." +# For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation. + +# From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26): +# Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February. +# They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time.... +# http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742 + +# From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30): +# We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for +# Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT +# +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz +# database on this, e.g.: +# +# https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026 +# http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx +# +# both say GMT+08:00. + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31): +# eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight +# schedule here: +# http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112 +# (click the English flag for English) +# +# There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive +# about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the +# direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern +# direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are +# in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and +# Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed). + +# From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19): +# Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00. +# XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition +# was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report); +# this is almost surely wrong. + +# From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10): +# It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use +# daylight saving time in Mongolia.... Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of +# March 2015, daylight saving time starts. And 00:00AM of last Saturday of +# September daylight saving time ends. Source: +# http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969 + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Mongol 1983 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 - +Rule Mongol 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 - +# Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00, +# but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00. Also, IATA SSIM +# (1996-09) says 1996-10-25. Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998. +# +# Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches +# in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place +# at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of +# the country. That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their +# correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly +# in the latest edition; so ignore it for now. + +# From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09): +# Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight +# saving time adoption in Mongolia. Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192 + +Rule Mongol 1985 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 - +Rule Mongol 1984 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 - +# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST. +Rule Mongol 2001 only - Apr lastSat 2:00 1:00 - +Rule Mongol 2001 2006 - Sep lastSat 2:00 0 - +Rule Mongol 2002 2006 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 - +Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 - +Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Sep lastSat 0:00 0 - + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +# Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta +Zone Asia/Hovd 6:06:36 - LMT 1905 Aug + 6:00 - +06 1978 + 7:00 Mongol +07/+08 +# Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga +Zone Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 - LMT 1905 Aug + 7:00 - +07 1978 + 8:00 Mongol +08/+09 +# Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan, +# Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan +Zone Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 - LMT 1905 Aug + 7:00 - +07 1978 + 8:00 - +08 1983 Apr + 9:00 Mongol +09/+10 2008 Mar 31 + 8:00 Mongol +08/+09 + +# Nepal +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Kathmandu 5:41:16 - LMT 1920 + 5:30 - +0530 1986 + 5:45 - +0545 + +# Oman +# See Asia/Dubai. + +# Pakistan + +# From Rives McDow (2002-03-13): +# I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a +# TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002 +# and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002. This is what I was +# told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the +# 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on. + +# From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15): +# Jesper Nørgaard found this URL: +# http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm +# (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to +# advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first +# Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on +# 15th October each year". This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00, +# but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like +# it's not on a trial basis. Also, the "between the first Saturday +# and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the +# transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02. + +# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09): +# DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05 +# that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight. Go with McDow for now. + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14): +# According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm +# there will be no DST in Pakistan this year: +# +# ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh +# Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous +# decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by +# one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy. +# +# The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather +# shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity. + +# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15): +# +# Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time +# on June 1, 2008 for 3 months. +# +# "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to +# help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at +# 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...." +# +# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html +# http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4 + +# From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19): +# XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess. + +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28): +# Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced +# for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31 +# instead of August 31. +# +# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html +# http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html + +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08): +# Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to +# advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance +# to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in +# official working." +# http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280 +# +# recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to +# introduce DST from April 15, 2009 +# +# FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan +# April 08, 2009 +# Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15 +# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1 +# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html +# +# .... +# The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to +# advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to +# conserve energy" + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17): +# "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal +# Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the +# clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to +# this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in +# this regard." +# http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168 + +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28): +# According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that +# Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from +# October 1, 2009. +# +# "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct" +# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2 +# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm +# +# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29): +# Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date: +# http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742 +# "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1. +# Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on +# Monday." +# +# And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year: +# "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour +# on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without +# obtaining prior approval, the officials added." +# +# We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of +# Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company: +# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html + +# From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01): +# [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan +# will go back to standard time on 1st of November. + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26): +# Steffen Thorsen wrote: +# > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in +# > Pakistan on 2010-04-01. +# > +# > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the +# > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time +# > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but +# > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15. +# Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final: +# +# "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks" +# http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041 +# +# "People laud PM's announcement to end DST" +# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2 + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Apr Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 - +Rule Pakistan 2008 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Pakistan 2008 2009 - Nov 1 0:00 0 - +Rule Pakistan 2009 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Karachi 4:28:12 - LMT 1907 + 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep + 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15 + 5:30 - +0530 1951 Sep 30 + 5:00 - +05 1971 Mar 26 + 5:00 Pakistan PK%sT # Pakistan Time + +# Palestine + +# From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15): +# +# From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now +# known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule. +# Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too... +# +# The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05 +# (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no +# time zone was affected then). It was never formally annexed to Egypt, +# though. +# +# The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally +# annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from +# the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the +# Trans-Jordan"). So the rules for Jordan for that time apply. Major +# towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and +# East Jerusalem. +# +# Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except +# for East Jerusalem). They were on Israel time since then; there might +# have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware +# of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer +# time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected). +# +# The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most +# towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995. I know that in order to +# demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to +# summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't +# know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the +# Jordanian one). +# +# To summarize, the table should probably look something like that: +# +# Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996- +# ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------- +# Israel | Zion | Zion | Zion | Zion +# West bank | Zion | Jordan | Zion | Jordan +# Gaza | Zion | Egypt | Zion | Jordan +# +# I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they +# have one). + +# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): +# Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go +# with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947, +# and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996. +# We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since +# the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about +# occurred before our cutoff date of 1970. +# However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries +# for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules +# to Palestine's rules. + +# From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time, +# forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg: +# +# Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time +# last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks +# one-hour forward at this time. As a sign of independence from Israeli rule, +# the PA has decided to implement DST in April. + +# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20): +# Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc +# http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html +# (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that +# the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15. +# I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source). +# For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00, +# and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October. + +# From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22): +# Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com. + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23): +# A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of +# the Ramadan. Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think +# there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks +# earlier - the same goes for Jordan. + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17): +# I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the +# same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I +# was informed that they started DST one day after Israel. I was not +# able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if +# Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as +# the West Bank. + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26): +# according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19): +# http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5 +# > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule +# > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday. It is also time to turn +# > back the clocks for winter. Friday will begin an hour late this week. +# I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well, +# because of the Ramadan. + +# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18): +# According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the +# Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00. + +# From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20): +# My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when +# the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit +# surprised if they agreed about DST. But for now, assume they agree. +# For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be +# the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00. + +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28): +# Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan. +# +# Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while +# the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008). +# +# http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001 +# http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087 +# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html + +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26): +# According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian +# government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March +# 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009. +# +# (in Arabic) +# http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850 +# +# (English translation) +# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31): +# Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to +# winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04. +# +# One news source: +# http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158 +# (Palestinian press agency, Arabic), +# Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah +# headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of +# 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty +# minutes per hour as of Friday morning." +# +# We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different +# end date, we will keep this page updated: +# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html + +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02): +# Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank. +# +# According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan +# to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009. +# +# "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza" +# (from Palestinian National Authority): +# http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505 +# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html + +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19): +# According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March +# 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri +# (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?) +# +# http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697 +# (in Arabic) +# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24): +# ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will +# start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or +# noon though: +# +# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178 +# (Ma'an News Agency) +# "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to +# 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning." + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11): +# According to several sources, including +# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795 +# the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in +# Gaza and the West Bank. +# Some more background info: +# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26): +# Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of +# August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30 +# 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of +# Ramadan. +# +# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217 +# Additional info: +# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html + +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27): +# According to the article in The Jerusalem Post: +# "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to +# move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the +# Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back. +# The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after +# the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..." +# ... +# https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650 +# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html +# The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file. + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30): +# West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30 +# 00:00). +# So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again. +# +# Many sources, including: +# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808 + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26): +# Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST +# on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00). +# Some of many sources in Arabic: +# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638 +# +# http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html +# +# Our brief summary: +# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26): +# The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving +# time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated). +# [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.] +# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120 +# http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24): +# The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight +# (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...). +# This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect +# at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip": +# http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246 +# official source...: +# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252 + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03): +# Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257 +# and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will +# start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected. +# +# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03): +# https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014 +# says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00. + +# From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09): +# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728 +# [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight +# saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning, +# 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead." + +# From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19): +# [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on +# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf +# states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00. + +# From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16): +# Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 ... +# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817 + +# From Even Scharning (2019-03-23): +# http://pnn.ps/news/401130 +# http://palweather.ps/ar/node/50136.html +# +# From Sharif Mustafa (2019-03-26): +# The Palestinian cabinet announced today that the switch to DST will +# be on Fri Mar 29th 2019 by advancing the clock by 60 minutes. +# http://palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e54e9ea1-50ee-4137-84df-0d6c78da259b +# +# From Even Scharning (2019-04-10): +# Our source in Palestine said it happened Friday 29 at 00:00 local time.... + +# From Sharef Mustafa (2019-10-18): +# Palestine summer time will end on midnight Oct 26th 2019 ... +# +# From Steffen Thorsen (2020-10-20): +# Some sources such as these say, and display on clocks, that DST ended at +# midnight last year... +# https://www.amad.ps/ar/post/320006 +# +# From Tim Parenti (2020-10-20): +# The report of the Palestinian Cabinet meeting of 2019-10-14 confirms +# a decision on (translated): "The start of the winter time in Palestine, by +# delaying the clock by sixty minutes, starting from midnight on Friday / +# Saturday corresponding to 26/10/2019." +# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/43948 + +# From Sharef Mustafa (2020-10-20): +# As per the palestinian cabinet announcement yesterday , the day light saving +# shall [end] on Oct 24th 2020 at 01:00AM by delaying the clock by 60 minutes. +# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/Meeting/Details/51584 + +# From Tim Parenti (2020-10-20): +# Predict future fall transitions at 01:00 on the Saturday preceding October's +# last Sunday (i.e., Sat>=24). This is consistent with our predictions since +# 2016, although the time of the change differed slightly in 2019. + +# From Pierre Cashon (2020-10-20): +# The summer time this year started on March 28 at 00:00. +# https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=GveQNZa872839351758aGveQNZ +# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/50284 +# The winter time in 2015 started on October 23 at 01:00. +# https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=CgpCdYa670694628582aCgpCdY +# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/27583 +# +# From Paul Eggert (2019-04-10): +# For now, guess spring-ahead transitions are at 00:00 on the Saturday +# preceding March's last Sunday (i.e., Sat>=24). + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule EgyptAsia 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S +Rule EgyptAsia 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - +Rule EgyptAsia 1958 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1967 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S +Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 - +Rule EgyptAsia 1966 only - Oct 1 3:00 0 - + +Rule Palestine 1999 2005 - Apr Fri>=15 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Palestine 1999 2003 - Oct Fri>=15 0:00 0 - +Rule Palestine 2004 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 - +Rule Palestine 2005 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 - +Rule Palestine 2006 2007 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Palestine 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 - +Rule Palestine 2007 only - Sep 13 2:00 0 - +Rule Palestine 2008 2009 - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Palestine 2008 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 - +Rule Palestine 2009 only - Sep 4 1:00 0 - +Rule Palestine 2010 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Palestine 2010 only - Aug 11 0:00 0 - +Rule Palestine 2011 only - Apr 1 0:01 1:00 S +Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 - +Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 30 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Palestine 2011 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 - +Rule Palestine 2012 2014 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S +Rule Palestine 2012 only - Sep 21 1:00 0 - +Rule Palestine 2013 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 - +Rule Palestine 2014 only - Oct 24 0:00 0 - +Rule Palestine 2015 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Palestine 2015 only - Oct 23 1:00 0 - +Rule Palestine 2016 2018 - Mar Sat>=24 1:00 1:00 S +Rule Palestine 2016 2018 - Oct Sat>=24 1:00 0 - +Rule Palestine 2019 only - Mar 29 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Palestine 2019 only - Oct Sat>=24 0:00 0 - +Rule Palestine 2020 max - Mar Sat>=24 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Palestine 2020 max - Oct Sat>=24 1:00 0 - + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Gaza 2:17:52 - LMT 1900 Oct + 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15 + 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5 + 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996 + 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999 + 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2008 Aug 29 0:00 + 2:00 - EET 2008 Sep + 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2010 + 2:00 - EET 2010 Mar 27 0:01 + 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2011 Aug 1 + 2:00 - EET 2012 + 2:00 Palestine EE%sT + +Zone Asia/Hebron 2:20:23 - LMT 1900 Oct + 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15 + 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5 + 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996 + 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999 + 2:00 Palestine EE%sT + +# Paracel Is +# no information + +# Philippines + +# From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18): +# The Spanish initially used American (west-of-Greenwich) time. +# It is unknown what time Manila kept when the British occupied it from +# 1762-10-06 through 1764-04; for now assume it kept American time. +# On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the +# Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to +# be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's +# History of the International Date Line +# https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm +# The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger. + +# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26): +# ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990: +# http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/ +# [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires, +# but no details] + +# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14): +# The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again +# March-June, but this is not definite. It also says DST was last proclaimed +# during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details. +# Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time. +# Philippine Star 2014-08-05 +# http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time + +# From Paul Goyette (2018-06-15): +# In the Philippines, there is a national law, Republic Act No. 10535 +# which declares the official time here as "Philippine Standard Time". +# The act [1] even specifies use of PST as the abbreviation, although +# the FAQ provided by PAGASA [2] uses the "acronym PhST to distinguish +# it from the Pacific Standard Time (PST)." +# [1] http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/ +# [2] https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/astronomy/philippine-standard-time#republic-act-10535 +# +# From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19): +# I surveyed recent news reports, and my impression is that "PST" is +# more popular among reliable English-language news sources. This is +# not just a measure of Google hit counts: it's also the sizes and +# influence of the sources. There is no current abbreviation for DST, +# so use "PDT", the usual American style. + +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Phil 1936 only - Nov 1 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Phil 1937 only - Feb 1 0:00 0 S +Rule Phil 1954 only - Apr 12 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Phil 1954 only - Jul 1 0:00 0 S +Rule Phil 1978 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D +Rule Phil 1978 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Manila -15:56:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31 + 8:04:00 - LMT 1899 May 11 + 8:00 Phil P%sT 1942 May + 9:00 - JST 1944 Nov + 8:00 Phil P%sT + +# Qatar +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Qatar 3:26:08 - LMT 1920 # Al Dawhah / Doha + 4:00 - +04 1972 Jun + 3:00 - +03 +Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain + +# Saudi Arabia +# +# From Paul Eggert (2018-08-29): +# Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not +# standardized until 1968 or so; we don't know exactly when, and possibly it +# has never been made official. Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to +# modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines +# observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar +# time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12 +# o'clock for "Arab" time). +# +# Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi +# Arabia you were in. In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common +# practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset - +# which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from +# the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm +# instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they +# used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line +# Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western. +# (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.) Antar writes, +# "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power +# station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he +# assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he +# shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is +# going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did." See: +# Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3. +# http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm +# Also see: Antar EN. Arabian flying is confusing. +# Port Angeles (WA) Evening News. 1965-03-10. page 3. +# +# The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best +# we can do. The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics +# Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated +# a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and +# Jidda, on March 14, 1947". Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the +# earlier date. +# +# Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two +# time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of +# the country. Presumably this is documenting airline time. Ignore this, +# as it's before our 1970 cutoff. +# +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Riyadh 3:06:52 - LMT 1947 Mar 14 + 3:00 - +03 +Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden # Yemen +Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait + +# Singapore +# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30) +# http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Singapore 6:55:25 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 + 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T. + 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1 + 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1 + 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1 + 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16 + 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12 + 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1 + 8:00 - +08 + +# Spratly Is +# no information + +# Sri Lanka + +# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21): +# Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898. Prior to this Colombo +# mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used." But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably +# from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with +# Shanks and Pottenger. + +# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03): +# "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout" +# (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24, +# no longer available as of 1999-08-17) +# reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at +# midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'." +# +# From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted +# by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section +# <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26): +# With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996 +# Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT. + +# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online +# <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13): +# 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes) +# at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006). + +# From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in: +# http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML +# [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply +# kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean +# Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India. +# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18): +# People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'], +# as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970. + +# From Sadika Sumanapala (2016-10-19): +# According to http://www.sltime.org (maintained by Measurement Units, +# Standards & Services Department, Sri Lanka) abbreviation for Sri Lanka +# standard time is SLST. +# +# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-18): +# "SLST" seems to be reasonably recent and rarely-used outside time +# zone nerd sources. I searched Google News and found three uses of +# it in the International Business Times of India in February and +# March of this year when discussing cricket match times, but nothing +# since then (though there has been a lot of cricket) and nothing in +# other English-language news sources. Our old abbreviation "LKT" is +# even worse. For now, let's use a numeric abbreviation; we can +# switch to "SLST" if it catches on. + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Colombo 5:19:24 - LMT 1880 + 5:19:32 - MMT 1906 # Moratuwa Mean Time + 5:30 - +0530 1942 Jan 5 + 5:30 0:30 +06 1942 Sep + 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 16 2:00 + 5:30 - +0530 1996 May 25 0:00 + 6:30 - +0630 1996 Oct 26 0:30 + 6:00 - +06 2006 Apr 15 0:30 + 5:30 - +0530 + +# Syria +# Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S +Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0 - +Rule Syria 1962 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 1962 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 - +Rule Syria 1963 1965 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 1963 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 - +Rule Syria 1964 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 - +Rule Syria 1965 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 - +Rule Syria 1966 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 1966 1976 - Oct 1 2:00 0 - +Rule Syria 1967 1978 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 1977 1978 - Sep 1 2:00 0 - +Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Apr 9 2:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Oct 1 2:00 0 - +Rule Syria 1986 only - Feb 16 2:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 1986 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 - +Rule Syria 1987 only - Mar 1 2:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 1987 1988 - Oct 31 2:00 0 - +Rule Syria 1988 only - Mar 15 2:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 1989 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 1989 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 - +Rule Syria 1990 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 1990 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 - +Rule Syria 1991 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 1991 1992 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - +Rule Syria 1992 only - Apr 8 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 1993 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 1993 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 - +# IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02; +# (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02, +# 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31; +# (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22; +# for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger, +# except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan). +Rule Syria 1994 1996 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 1994 2005 - Oct 1 0:00 0 - +Rule Syria 1997 1998 - Mar lastMon 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 1999 2006 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S +# From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18): +# According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC] +# this year [only].... This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt. +Rule Syria 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 - +# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29): +# Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday." +# http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php +Rule Syria 2007 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S +# From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27): +# The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will +# not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or +# rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than +# having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the +# weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now +# it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend... +# +# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27): +# Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote: +# +# > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1 +# > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour." +# +# I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic): +# http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247 +# +# which using Google's translate tools says: +# Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on +# identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th +# minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007. +Rule Syria 2007 only - Nov Fri>=1 0:00 0 - + +# From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17): +# For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for +# this month (March 2008) in the last day or so.... +# Country Time Standard --- DST Start --- --- DST End --- DST +# Name Zone Variation Time Date Time Date +# Variation +# Syrian Arab +# Republic SY +0200 2200 03APR08 2100 30SEP08 +0300 +# 2200 02APR09 2100 30SEP09 +0300 +# 2200 01APR10 2100 30SEP10 +0300 + +# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17): +# Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News +# Agency (SANA)... +# http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm +# ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the +# Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April +# 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd." +# Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times +# shown above match up with midnight in Syria. + +# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18): +# My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1"; +# coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone +# compilers can't handle or having multiple Rules (a la Israel). +# For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end. + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07): +# Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year, +# according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA). +# +# The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to +# winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting +# clocks back 60 minutes). +# +# http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19): +# Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources, +# two examples: +# +# http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm +# (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency) +# http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209 +# (Arabic, gov-site) +# +# We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year. +# +# Our summary +# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27): +# The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will +# revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday +# 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30: +# http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic) + +# From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28): +# We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last +# Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or +# something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday. + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17): +# The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of +# Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday +# 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday): +# http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic) + +# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26): +# Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday +# (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years. +# +# From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic: +# http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm +# +# Our brief summary: +# https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html + +# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27): +# Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX. + +Rule Syria 2008 only - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 2008 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 - +Rule Syria 2009 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 2010 2011 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 2012 max - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S +Rule Syria 2009 max - Oct lastFri 0:00 0 - + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Damascus 2:25:12 - LMT 1920 # Dimashq + 2:00 Syria EE%sT + +# Tajikistan +# From Shanks & Pottenger. +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Dushanbe 4:35:12 - LMT 1924 May 2 + 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21 + 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s + 5:00 1:00 +05/+06 1991 Sep 9 2:00s + 5:00 - +05 + +# Thailand +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Bangkok 6:42:04 - LMT 1880 + 6:42:04 - BMT 1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time + 7:00 - +07 +Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh # Cambodia +Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane # Laos + +# Turkmenistan +# From Shanks & Pottenger. +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Ashgabat 3:53:32 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ashkhabad + 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21 + 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00 + 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00 + 5:00 - +05 + +# United Arab Emirates +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Dubai 3:41:12 - LMT 1920 + 4:00 - +04 +Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat # Oman + +# Uzbekistan +# Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53. +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Samarkand 4:27:53 - LMT 1924 May 2 + 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21 + 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1 + 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1 + 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1 + 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 + 5:00 - +05 +# Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest. +Zone Asia/Tashkent 4:37:11 - LMT 1924 May 2 + 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21 + 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00 + 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 + 5:00 - +05 + +# Vietnam + +# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04): +# Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being +# used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam. But this is quite a ways +# from Saigon's location. For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks +# and Pottenger for LMT before 1906. + +# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18): +# The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh +# City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters. + +# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân: +# Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)" +# (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50, +# is quoted verbatim in: +# http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01 +# is translated by Brian Inglis in: +# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html +# and is the basis for the information below. +# +# The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to +# Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris. +# It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or +# the Paris Meridian (2° 20' 14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333... +# and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30, +# which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory +# is closer to 07:06:31. Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT. +# +# The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954) +# and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954): +# To 07:00 on 1911-05-01. +# To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00. +# To 09:00 on 1945-03-14 at 23:00. +# To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam. +# To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina. +# To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam. +# To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam. +# To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam. +# +# Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above. +# +# Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội, +# No. 9, Paris, February 1982. +# +# Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)", +# NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000. +# +# Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu", +# NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995. + +# Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL] +Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh 7:06:40 - LMT 1906 Jul 1 + 7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1 # Phù Liễn MT + 7:00 - +07 1942 Dec 31 23:00 + 8:00 - +08 1945 Mar 14 23:00 + 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 2 + 7:00 - +07 1947 Apr 1 + 8:00 - +08 1955 Jul 1 + 7:00 - +07 1959 Dec 31 23:00 + 8:00 - +08 1975 Jun 13 + 7:00 - +07 + +# From Paul Eggert (2019-02-19): +# +# The Ho Chi Minh entry suffices for most purposes as it agrees with all of +# Vietnam since 1975-06-13. Presumably clocks often changed in south Vietnam +# in the early 1970s as locations changed hands during the war; however the +# details are unknown and would likely be too voluminous for this database. +# +# For timestamps in north Vietnam back to 1970 (the tzdb cutoff), +# use Asia/Bangkok; see the VN entries in the file zone1970.tab. +# For timestamps before 1970, see Asia/Hanoi in the file 'backzone'. + + +# Yemen +# See Asia/Riyadh. |