Merge commit '6456b51f5d8399eb90c4d80422270347e29b7d3f' as 'tz'

52 files changed, 35984 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/tz/.gitignore b/tz/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91098d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Files intentionally not tracked by Git.
+# This file is in the public domain.
+*.a
+*.asc
+*.o
+*.tar.gz
+*.txt
+*~
+ChangeLog
+date
+leapseconds
+tzselect
+version.h
+yearistype
+zdump
+zic
diff --git a/tz/CONTRIBUTING b/tz/CONTRIBUTING
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e40102e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/CONTRIBUTING
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+Contributing to the tz code and data
+
+The time zone database is by no means authoritative: governments
+change timekeeping rules erratically and sometimes with little
+warning, the data entries do not cover all of civil time before
+1970, and undoubtedly errors remain in the code and data.  Feel
+free to fill gaps or fix mistakes, and please email improvements
+to tz@iana.org for use in the future.
+
+To email small changes, please run a POSIX shell command like
+'diff -u old/europe new/europe >myfix.patch', and attach
+myfix.patch to the email.
+
+For more-elaborate changes, please read the Theory file and browse
+the mailing list archives <http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/> for
+examples of patches that tend to work well.  Ideally, additions to
+data should contain commentary citing reliable sources as
+justification.
+
+Please submit changes against either the latest release in
+<ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/> or the master branch of the experimental
+Git repository.  If you use Git the following workflow may be helpful:
+
+  * Copy the experimental repository.
+
+      git clone https://github.com/eggert/tz.git
+      cd tz
+
+  * Get current with the master branch.
+
+      git checkout master
+      git pull
+
+  * Switch to a new branch for the changes.  Choose a different
+    branch name for each change set.
+
+      git checkout -b mybranch
+
+  * Edit source files.  Include commentary that justifies the
+    changes by citing reliable sources.
+
+  * Debug the changes, e.g.:
+
+      make check
+      make install
+      ./zdump -v America/Los_Angeles
+
+  * For each separable change, commit it in the new branch, e.g.:
+
+      git add northamerica
+      git commit
+
+    See recent 'git log' output for the commit-message style.
+
+  * Create patch files 0001-*, 0002-*, ...
+
+      git format-patch master
+
+  * After reviewing the patch files, send the patches to tz@iana.org
+    for others to review.
+
+      git send-email master
+
+  * Start anew by getting current with the master branch again
+    (the second step above).
+
+Please do not create issues or pull requests on GitHub, as the
+proper procedure for proposing and distributing patches is via
+email as illustrated above.
+
+-----
+
+This file is in the public domain.
diff --git a/tz/LICENSE b/tz/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9b60d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+With a few exceptions, all files in the tz code and data (including
+this one) are in the public domain.  The exceptions are tzcode's
+date.c, newstrftime.3, and strftime.c, which contain material derived
+from BSD and which use the BSD 3-clause license.
diff --git a/tz/Makefile b/tz/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbe1ba8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,695 @@
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# Package name for the code distribution.
+PACKAGE=	tzcode
+
+# Version numbers of the code and data distributions.
+VERSION=	2016f
+
+# Email address for bug reports.
+BUGEMAIL=	tz@iana.org
+
+# Change the line below for your time zone (after finding the zone you want in
+# the time zone files, or adding it to a time zone file).
+# Alternately, if you discover you've got the wrong time zone, you can just
+#	zic -l rightzone
+# to correct things.
+# Use the command
+#	make zonenames
+# to get a list of the values you can use for LOCALTIME.
+
+LOCALTIME=	GMT
+
+# If you want something other than Eastern United States time as a template
+# for handling POSIX-style time zone environment variables,
+# change the line below (after finding the zone you want in the
+# time zone files, or adding it to a time zone file).
+# (When a POSIX-style environment variable is handled, the rules in the
+# template file are used to determine "spring forward" and "fall back" days and
+# times; the environment variable itself specifies UT offsets of standard and
+# summer time.)
+# Alternately, if you discover you've got the wrong time zone, you can just
+#	zic -p rightzone
+# to correct things.
+# Use the command
+#	make zonenames
+# to get a list of the values you can use for POSIXRULES.
+# If you want POSIX compatibility, use "America/New_York".
+
+POSIXRULES=	America/New_York
+
+# Also see TZDEFRULESTRING below, which takes effect only
+# if the time zone files cannot be accessed.
+
+# Everything gets put in subdirectories of. . .
+
+TOPDIR=		/usr/local
+
+# "Compiled" time zone information is placed in the "TZDIR" directory
+# (and subdirectories).
+# Use an absolute path name for TZDIR unless you're just testing the software.
+
+TZDIR_BASENAME=	zoneinfo
+TZDIR=		$(TOPDIR)/etc/$(TZDIR_BASENAME)
+
+# Types to try, as an alternative to time_t.  int64_t should be first.
+TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES= int64_t int32_t uint32_t uint64_t
+
+# The "tzselect", "zic", and "zdump" commands get installed in. . .
+
+ETCDIR=		$(TOPDIR)/etc
+
+# If you "make INSTALL", the "date" command gets installed in. . .
+
+BINDIR=		$(TOPDIR)/bin
+
+# Manual pages go in subdirectories of. . .
+
+MANDIR=		$(TOPDIR)/man
+
+# Library functions are put in an archive in LIBDIR.
+
+LIBDIR=		$(TOPDIR)/lib
+
+# If you always want time values interpreted as "seconds since the epoch
+# (not counting leap seconds)", use
+#	REDO=		posix_only
+# below.  If you always want right time values interpreted as "seconds since
+# the epoch" (counting leap seconds)", use
+#	REDO=		right_only
+# below.  If you want both sets of data available, with leap seconds not
+# counted normally, use
+#	REDO=		posix_right
+# below.  If you want both sets of data available, with leap seconds counted
+# normally, use
+#	REDO=		right_posix
+# below.  POSIX mandates that leap seconds not be counted; for compatibility
+# with it, use "posix_only" or "posix_right".
+
+REDO=		posix_right
+
+# If you want out-of-scope and often-wrong data from the file 'backzone', use
+#	PACKRATDATA=	backzone
+# To omit this data, use
+#	PACKRATDATA=
+
+PACKRATDATA=
+
+# Since "." may not be in PATH...
+
+YEARISTYPE=	./yearistype
+
+# Non-default libraries needed to link.
+# Add -lintl if you want to use 'gettext' on Solaris.
+LDLIBS=
+
+# Add the following to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line as needed.
+#  -DBIG_BANG=-9999999LL if the Big Bang occurred at time -9999999 (see zic.c)
+#  -DHAVE_DECL_ASCTIME_R=0 if <time.h> does not declare asctime_r
+#  -DHAVE_DIRECT_H if mkdir needs <direct.h> (MS-Windows)
+#  -DHAVE_DOS_FILE_NAMES if file names have drive specifiers etc. (MS-DOS)
+#  -DHAVE_GETTEXT=1 if 'gettext' works (GNU, Linux, Solaris); also see LDLIBS
+#  -DHAVE_INCOMPATIBLE_CTIME_R=1 if your system's time.h declares
+#	ctime_r and asctime_r incompatibly with the POSIX standard (Solaris 8).
+#  -DHAVE_INTTYPES_H=1 if you have a pre-C99 compiler with "inttypes.h"
+#  -DHAVE_LINK=0 if your system lacks a link function
+#  -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_R=0 if your system lacks a localtime_r function
+#  -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ=0 if you do not want zdump to use localtime_rz
+#	This defaults to 1 if a working localtime_rz seems to be available.
+#	localtime_rz can make zdump significantly faster, but is nonstandard.
+#  -DHAVE_POSIX_DECLS=0 if your system's include files do not declare
+#	functions like 'link' or variables like 'tzname' required by POSIX
+#  -DHAVE_STDINT_H=1 if you have a pre-C99 compiler with "stdint.h"
+#  -DHAVE_STRFTIME_L=1 if <time.h> declares locale_t and strftime_l
+#	This defaults to 0 if _POSIX_VERSION < 200809, 1 otherwise.
+#  -DHAVE_STRDUP=0 if your system lacks the strdup function
+#  -DHAVE_SYMLINK=0 if your system lacks the symlink function
+#  -DHAVE_SYS_STAT_H=0 if your compiler lacks a "sys/stat.h"
+#  -DHAVE_SYS_WAIT_H=0 if your compiler lacks a "sys/wait.h"
+#  -DHAVE_TZSET=0 if your system lacks a tzset function
+#  -DHAVE_UNISTD_H=0 if your compiler lacks a "unistd.h" (Microsoft C++ 7?)
+#  -DNO_RUN_TIME_WARNINGS_ABOUT_YEAR_2000_PROBLEMS_THANK_YOU=1
+#	if you do not want run time warnings about formats that may cause
+#	year 2000 grief
+#  -Dssize_t=long on ancient hosts that lack ssize_t
+#  -DTHREAD_SAFE=1 to make localtime.c thread-safe, as POSIX requires;
+#	not needed by the main-program tz code, which is single-threaded.
+#	Append other compiler flags as needed, e.g., -pthread on GNU/Linux.
+#  -Dtime_tz=\"T\" to use T as the time_t type, rather than the system time_t
+#  -DTZ_DOMAIN=\"foo\" to use "foo" for gettext domain name; default is "tz"
+#  -DTZ_DOMAINDIR=\"/path\" to use "/path" for gettext directory;
+#	the default is system-supplied, typically "/usr/lib/locale"
+#  -DTZDEFRULESTRING=\",date/time,date/time\" to default to the specified
+#	DST transitions if the time zone files cannot be accessed
+#  -DUNINIT_TRAP=1 if reading uninitialized storage can cause problems
+#	other than simply getting garbage data
+#  -DUSE_LTZ=0 to build zdump with the system time zone library
+#	Also set TZDOBJS=zdump.o and CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES= below.
+#  -DZIC_MAX_ABBR_LEN_WO_WARN=3
+#	(or some other number) to set the maximum time zone abbreviation length
+#	that zic will accept without a warning (the default is 6)
+#  $(GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS) if you are using recent GCC and want lots of checking
+GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS = -Dlint -g3 -O3 -fno-common -fstrict-aliasing \
+	-Wall -Wextra \
+	-Wbad-function-cast -Wcast-align -Wdate-time \
+	-Wdeclaration-after-statement \
+	-Wdouble-promotion \
+	-Wformat=2 -Winit-self -Wjump-misses-init \
+	-Wlogical-op -Wmissing-prototypes -Wnested-externs \
+	-Wold-style-definition -Woverlength-strings -Wpointer-arith \
+	-Wshadow -Wstrict-prototypes -Wsuggest-attribute=const \
+	-Wsuggest-attribute=format -Wsuggest-attribute=noreturn \
+	-Wsuggest-attribute=pure -Wtrampolines \
+	-Wunused -Wwrite-strings \
+	-Wno-address -Wno-format-nonliteral -Wno-sign-compare \
+	-Wno-type-limits -Wno-unused-parameter
+#
+# If you want to use System V compatibility code, add
+#	-DUSG_COMPAT
+# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line.  This arrange for "timezone" and "daylight"
+# variables to be kept up-to-date by the time conversion functions.  Neither
+# "timezone" nor "daylight" is described in X3J11's work.
+#
+# If your system has a "GMT offset" field in its "struct tm"s
+# (or if you decide to add such a field in your system's "time.h" file),
+# add the name to a define such as
+#	-DTM_GMTOFF=tm_gmtoff
+# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line.  If not defined, the code attempts to
+# guess TM_GMTOFF from other macros; define NO_TM_GMTOFF to suppress this.
+# Similarly, if your system has a "zone abbreviation" field, define
+#	-DTM_ZONE=tm_zone
+# and define NO_TM_ZONE to suppress any guessing.  These two fields are not
+# required by POSIX, but are widely available on GNU/Linux and BSD systems.
+#
+# If you want functions that were inspired by early versions of X3J11's work,
+# add
+#	-DSTD_INSPIRED
+# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line.  This arranges for the functions
+# "tzsetwall", "offtime", "timelocal", "timegm", "timeoff",
+# "posix2time", and "time2posix" to be added to the time conversion library.
+# "tzsetwall" is like "tzset" except that it arranges for local wall clock
+# time (rather than the time specified in the TZ environment variable)
+# to be used.
+# "offtime" is like "gmtime" except that it accepts a second (long) argument
+# that gives an offset to add to the time_t when converting it.
+# "timelocal" is equivalent to "mktime".
+# "timegm" is like "timelocal" except that it turns a struct tm into
+# a time_t using UT (rather than local time as "timelocal" does).
+# "timeoff" is like "timegm" except that it accepts a second (long) argument
+# that gives an offset to use when converting to a time_t.
+# "posix2time" and "time2posix" are described in an included manual page.
+# X3J11's work does not describe any of these functions.
+# Sun has provided "tzsetwall", "timelocal", and "timegm" in SunOS 4.0.
+# These functions may well disappear in future releases of the time
+# conversion package.
+#
+# If you don't want functions that were inspired by NetBSD, add
+#	-DNETBSD_INSPIRED=0
+# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line.  Otherwise, the functions
+# "localtime_rz", "mktime_z", "tzalloc", and "tzfree" are added to the
+# time library, and if STD_INSPIRED is also defined the functions
+# "posix2time_z" and "time2posix_z" are added as well.
+# The functions ending in "_z" (or "_rz") are like their unsuffixed
+# (or suffixed-by-"_r") counterparts, except with an extra first
+# argument of opaque type timezone_t that specifies the time zone.
+# "tzalloc" allocates a timezone_t value, and "tzfree" frees it.
+#
+# If you want to allocate state structures in localtime, add
+#	-DALL_STATE
+# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line.  Storage is obtained by calling malloc.
+#
+# If you want an "altzone" variable (a la System V Release 3.1), add
+#	-DALTZONE
+# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line.
+# This variable is not described in X3J11's work.
+#
+# NIST-PCTS:151-2, Version 1.4, (1993-12-03) is a test suite put
+# out by the National Institute of Standards and Technology
+# which claims to test C and Posix conformance.  If you want to pass PCTS, add
+#	-DPCTS
+# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line.
+#
+# If you want strict compliance with XPG4 as of 1994-04-09, add
+#	-DXPG4_1994_04_09
+# to the end of the "CFLAGS=" line.  This causes "strftime" to always return
+# 53 as a week number (rather than 52 or 53) for those days in January that
+# before the first Monday in January when a "%V" format is used and January 1
+# falls on a Friday, Saturday, or Sunday.
+
+CFLAGS=
+
+# Linker flags.  Default to $(LFLAGS) for backwards compatibility
+# to tzcode2012h and earlier.
+
+LDFLAGS=	$(LFLAGS)
+
+# For leap seconds, this Makefile uses LEAPSECONDS='-L leapseconds' in
+# submake command lines.  The default is no leap seconds.
+
+LEAPSECONDS=
+
+# The zic command and its arguments.
+
+zic=		./zic
+ZIC=		$(zic) $(ZFLAGS)
+
+ZFLAGS=
+
+# How to use zic to install tzdata binary files.
+
+ZIC_INSTALL=	$(ZIC) -y $(YEARISTYPE) -d $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR) $(LEAPSECONDS)
+
+# The name of a Posix-compliant 'awk' on your system.
+AWK=		awk
+
+# The full path name of a Posix-compliant shell, preferably one that supports
+# the Korn shell's 'select' statement as an extension.
+# These days, Bash is the most popular.
+# It should be OK to set this to /bin/sh, on platforms where /bin/sh
+# lacks 'select' or doesn't completely conform to Posix, but /bin/bash
+# is typically nicer if it works.
+KSHELL=		/bin/bash
+
+# The path where SGML DTDs are kept and the catalog file(s) to use when
+# validating.  The default is appropriate for Ubuntu 13.10.
+SGML_TOPDIR= /usr
+SGML_DTDDIR= $(SGML_TOPDIR)/share/xml/w3c-sgml-lib/schema/dtd
+SGML_SEARCH_PATH= $(SGML_DTDDIR)/REC-html401-19991224
+SGML_CATALOG_FILES= \
+  $(SGML_TOPDIR)/share/doc/w3-recs/html/www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/HTML4.cat
+
+# The name, arguments and environment of a program to validate your web pages.
+# See <http://www.jclark.com/sp/> for a validator, and
+# <http://validator.w3.org/source/> for a validation library.
+VALIDATE = nsgmls
+VALIDATE_FLAGS = -s -B -wall -wno-unused-param
+VALIDATE_ENV = \
+  SGML_CATALOG_FILES=$(SGML_CATALOG_FILES) \
+  SGML_SEARCH_PATH=$(SGML_SEARCH_PATH) \
+  SP_CHARSET_FIXED=YES \
+  SP_ENCODING=UTF-8
+
+# This expensive test requires USE_LTZ.
+# To suppress it, define this macro to be empty.
+CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES = check_time_t_alternatives
+
+# SAFE_CHAR is a regular expression that matches a safe character.
+# Some parts of this distribution are limited to safe characters;
+# others can use any UTF-8 character.
+# For now, the safe characters are a safe subset of ASCII.
+# The caller must set the shell variable 'sharp' to the character '#',
+# since Makefile macros cannot contain '#'.
+# TAB_CHAR is a single tab character, in single quotes.
+TAB_CHAR=	'	'
+SAFE_CHARSET1=	$(TAB_CHAR)' !\"'$$sharp'$$%&'\''()*+,./0123456789:;<=>?@'
+SAFE_CHARSET2=	'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\^_`'
+SAFE_CHARSET3=	'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~'
+SAFE_CHARSET=	$(SAFE_CHARSET1)$(SAFE_CHARSET2)$(SAFE_CHARSET3)
+SAFE_CHAR=	'[]'$(SAFE_CHARSET)'-]'
+
+# OK_CHAR matches any character allowed in the distributed files.
+# This is the same as SAFE_CHAR, except that multibyte letters are
+# also allowed so that commentary can contain people's names and quote
+# non-English sources.  For non-letters the sources are limited to
+# ASCII renderings for the convenience of maintainers whose text editors
+# mishandle UTF-8 by default (e.g., XEmacs 21.4.22).
+OK_CHAR=	'[][:alpha:]'$(SAFE_CHARSET)'-]'
+
+# SAFE_LINE matches a line of safe characters.
+# SAFE_SHARP_LINE is similar, except any OK character can follow '#';
+# this is so that comments can contain non-ASCII characters.
+# OK_LINE matches a line of OK characters.
+SAFE_LINE=	'^'$(SAFE_CHAR)'*$$'
+SAFE_SHARP_LINE='^'$(SAFE_CHAR)'*('$$sharp$(OK_CHAR)'*)?$$'
+OK_LINE=	'^'$(OK_CHAR)'*$$'
+
+# Flags to give 'tar' when making a distribution.
+# Try to use flags appropriate for GNU tar.
+GNUTARFLAGS=	--numeric-owner --owner=0 --group=0 --mode=go+u,go-w
+TARFLAGS=	`if tar $(GNUTARFLAGS) --version >/dev/null 2>&1; \
+		 then echo $(GNUTARFLAGS); \
+		 else :; \
+		 fi`
+
+# Flags to give 'gzip' when making a distribution.
+GZIPFLAGS=	-9n
+
+###############################################################################
+
+#MAKE=		make
+
+cc=		cc
+CC=		$(cc) -DTZDIR=\"$(TZDIR)\"
+
+AR=		ar
+
+# ':' on typical hosts; 'ranlib' on the ancient hosts that still need ranlib.
+RANLIB=		:
+
+TZCOBJS=	zic.o
+TZDOBJS=	zdump.o localtime.o asctime.o
+DATEOBJS=	date.o localtime.o strftime.o asctime.o
+LIBSRCS=	localtime.c asctime.c difftime.c
+LIBOBJS=	localtime.o asctime.o difftime.o
+HEADERS=	tzfile.h private.h
+NONLIBSRCS=	zic.c zdump.c
+NEWUCBSRCS=	date.c strftime.c
+SOURCES=	$(HEADERS) $(LIBSRCS) $(NONLIBSRCS) $(NEWUCBSRCS) \
+			tzselect.ksh workman.sh
+MANS=		newctime.3 newstrftime.3 newtzset.3 time2posix.3 \
+			tzfile.5 tzselect.8 zic.8 zdump.8
+MANTXTS=	newctime.3.txt newstrftime.3.txt newtzset.3.txt \
+			time2posix.3.txt \
+			tzfile.5.txt tzselect.8.txt zic.8.txt zdump.8.txt \
+			date.1.txt
+COMMON=		CONTRIBUTING LICENSE Makefile NEWS README Theory
+WEB_PAGES=	tz-art.htm tz-how-to.html tz-link.htm
+DOCS=		$(MANS) date.1 $(MANTXTS) $(WEB_PAGES)
+PRIMARY_YDATA=	africa antarctica asia australasia \
+		europe northamerica southamerica
+YDATA=		$(PRIMARY_YDATA) pacificnew etcetera backward
+NDATA=		systemv factory
+TDATA=		$(YDATA) $(NDATA)
+ZONETABLES=	zone1970.tab zone.tab
+TABDATA=	iso3166.tab leapseconds $(ZONETABLES)
+LEAP_DEPS=	leapseconds.awk leap-seconds.list
+DATA=		$(YDATA) $(NDATA) backzone $(TABDATA) \
+			leap-seconds.list yearistype.sh
+AWK_SCRIPTS=	checklinks.awk checktab.awk leapseconds.awk
+MISC=		$(AWK_SCRIPTS) zoneinfo2tdf.pl
+ENCHILADA=	$(COMMON) $(DOCS) $(SOURCES) $(DATA) $(MISC)
+
+# And for the benefit of csh users on systems that assume the user
+# shell should be used to handle commands in Makefiles. . .
+
+SHELL=		/bin/sh
+
+all:		tzselect yearistype zic zdump libtz.a $(TABDATA)
+
+ALL:		all date $(ENCHILADA)
+
+install:	all $(DATA) $(REDO) $(MANS)
+		mkdir -p $(DESTDIR)$(ETCDIR) $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR) \
+			$(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR) \
+			$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man3 $(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man5 \
+			$(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man8
+		$(ZIC_INSTALL) -l $(LOCALTIME) -p $(POSIXRULES)
+		cp -f iso3166.tab $(ZONETABLES) $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)/.
+		cp tzselect zic zdump $(DESTDIR)$(ETCDIR)/.
+		cp libtz.a $(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR)/.
+		$(RANLIB) $(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR)/libtz.a
+		cp -f newctime.3 newtzset.3 $(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man3/.
+		cp -f tzfile.5 $(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man5/.
+		cp -f tzselect.8 zdump.8 zic.8 $(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man8/.
+
+INSTALL:	ALL install date.1
+		mkdir -p $(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR) $(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man1
+		cp date $(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)/.
+		cp -f date.1 $(DESTDIR)$(MANDIR)/man1/.
+
+version.h:
+		(echo 'static char const PKGVERSION[]="($(PACKAGE)) ";' && \
+		 echo 'static char const TZVERSION[]="$(VERSION)";' && \
+		 echo 'static char const REPORT_BUGS_TO[]="$(BUGEMAIL)";') >$@
+
+zdump:		$(TZDOBJS)
+		$(CC) -o $@ $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(TZDOBJS) $(LDLIBS)
+
+zic:		$(TZCOBJS)
+		$(CC) -o $@ $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(TZCOBJS) $(LDLIBS)
+
+yearistype:	yearistype.sh
+		cp yearistype.sh yearistype
+		chmod +x yearistype
+
+leapseconds:	$(LEAP_DEPS)
+		$(AWK) -f leapseconds.awk leap-seconds.list >$@
+
+# Arguments to pass to submakes of install_data.
+# They can be overridden by later submake arguments.
+INSTALLARGS = \
+ DESTDIR=$(DESTDIR) \
+ LEAPSECONDS='$(LEAPSECONDS)' \
+ PACKRATDATA='$(PACKRATDATA)' \
+ TZDIR=$(TZDIR) \
+ YEARISTYPE=$(YEARISTYPE) \
+ ZIC='$(ZIC)'
+
+# 'make install_data' installs one set of tz binary files.
+# It can be tailored by setting LEAPSECONDS, PACKRATDATA, etc.
+install_data:	zic leapseconds yearistype $(PACKRATDATA) $(TDATA)
+		$(ZIC_INSTALL) $(TDATA)
+		$(AWK) '/^Rule/' $(TDATA) | $(ZIC_INSTALL) - $(PACKRATDATA)
+
+posix_only:
+		$(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) LEAPSECONDS= install_data
+
+right_only:
+		$(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) LEAPSECONDS='-L leapseconds' \
+			install_data
+
+# In earlier versions of this makefile, the other two directories were
+# subdirectories of $(TZDIR).  However, this led to configuration errors.
+# For example, with posix_right under the earlier scheme,
+# TZ='right/Australia/Adelaide' got you localtime with leap seconds,
+# but gmtime without leap seconds, which led to problems with applications
+# like sendmail that subtract gmtime from localtime.
+# Therefore, the other two directories are now siblings of $(TZDIR).
+# You must replace all of $(TZDIR) to switch from not using leap seconds
+# to using them, or vice versa.
+right_posix:	right_only
+		rm -fr $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-leaps
+		ln -s $(TZDIR_BASENAME) $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-leaps || \
+		  $(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) TZDIR=$(TZDIR)-leaps right_only
+		$(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) TZDIR=$(TZDIR)-posix posix_only
+
+posix_right:	posix_only
+		rm -fr $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-posix
+		ln -s $(TZDIR_BASENAME) $(DESTDIR)$(TZDIR)-posix || \
+		  $(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) TZDIR=$(TZDIR)-posix posix_only
+		$(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) TZDIR=$(TZDIR)-leaps right_only
+
+# This obsolescent rule is present for backwards compatibility with
+# tz releases 2014g through 2015g.  It should go away eventually.
+posix_packrat:
+		$(MAKE) $(INSTALLARGS) PACKRATDATA=backzone posix_only
+
+zones:		$(REDO)
+
+libtz.a:	$(LIBOBJS)
+		$(AR) ru $@ $(LIBOBJS)
+		$(RANLIB) $@
+
+date:		$(DATEOBJS)
+		$(CC) -o $@ $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(DATEOBJS) $(LDLIBS)
+
+tzselect:	tzselect.ksh
+		sed \
+			-e 's|#!/bin/bash|#!$(KSHELL)|g' \
+			-e 's|AWK=[^}]*|AWK=$(AWK)|g' \
+			-e 's|\(PKGVERSION\)=.*|\1='\''($(PACKAGE)) '\''|' \
+			-e 's|\(REPORT_BUGS_TO\)=.*|\1=$(BUGEMAIL)|' \
+			-e 's|TZDIR=[^}]*|TZDIR=$(TZDIR)|' \
+			-e 's|\(TZVERSION\)=.*|\1=$(VERSION)|' \
+			<$? >$@
+		chmod +x $@
+
+check:		check_character_set check_white_space check_links check_sorted \
+		  check_tables check_web
+
+check_character_set: $(ENCHILADA)
+		LC_ALL=en_US.utf8 && export LC_ALL && \
+		sharp='#' && \
+		! grep -Env $(SAFE_LINE) Makefile $(MANS) date.1 $(MANTXTS) \
+			$(MISC) $(SOURCES) $(WEB_PAGES) && \
+		! grep -Env $(SAFE_SHARP_LINE) $(TDATA) backzone \
+			leapseconds yearistype.sh zone.tab && \
+		! grep -Env $(OK_LINE) $(ENCHILADA)
+
+check_white_space: $(ENCHILADA)
+		! grep -En ' '$(TAB_CHAR)"|$$(printf '[\f\r\v]')" $(ENCHILADA)
+		! grep -n '[[:space:]]$$' $(ENCHILADA)
+
+CHECK_CC_LIST = { n = split($$1,a,/,/); for (i=2; i<=n; i++) print a[1], a[i]; }
+
+check_sorted: backward backzone iso3166.tab zone.tab zone1970.tab
+		$(AWK) '/^Link/ {print $$3}' backward | LC_ALL=C sort -cu
+		$(AWK) '/^Zone/ {print $$2}' backzone | LC_ALL=C sort -cu
+		$(AWK) '/^[^#]/ {print $$1}' iso3166.tab | LC_ALL=C sort -cu
+		$(AWK) '/^[^#]/ {print $$1}' zone.tab | LC_ALL=C sort -c
+		$(AWK) '/^[^#]/ {print substr($$0, 1, 2)}' zone1970.tab | \
+		  LC_ALL=C sort -c
+		$(AWK) '/^[^#]/ $(CHECK_CC_LIST)' zone1970.tab | \
+		  LC_ALL=C sort -cu
+
+check_links:	checklinks.awk $(TDATA)
+		$(AWK) -f checklinks.awk $(TDATA)
+
+check_tables:	checktab.awk $(PRIMARY_YDATA) $(ZONETABLES)
+		for tab in $(ZONETABLES); do \
+		  $(AWK) -f checktab.awk -v zone_table=$$tab $(PRIMARY_YDATA) \
+		    || exit; \
+		done
+
+check_web:	$(WEB_PAGES)
+		$(VALIDATE_ENV) $(VALIDATE) $(VALIDATE_FLAGS) $(WEB_PAGES)
+
+clean_misc:
+		rm -f core *.o *.out \
+		  date tzselect version.h zdump zic yearistype libtz.a
+clean:		clean_misc
+		rm -fr tzpublic
+
+maintainer-clean: clean
+		@echo 'This command is intended for maintainers to use; it'
+		@echo 'deletes files that may need special tools to rebuild.'
+		rm -f leapseconds $(MANTXTS) *.asc *.tar.gz
+
+names:
+		@echo $(ENCHILADA)
+
+public:		check check_public $(CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES) \
+		tarballs signatures
+
+date.1.txt:	date.1
+newctime.3.txt:	newctime.3
+newstrftime.3.txt: newstrftime.3
+newtzset.3.txt:	newtzset.3
+time2posix.3.txt: time2posix.3
+tzfile.5.txt:	tzfile.5
+tzselect.8.txt:	tzselect.8
+zdump.8.txt:	zdump.8
+zic.8.txt:	zic.8
+
+$(MANTXTS):	workman.sh
+		LC_ALL=C sh workman.sh `expr $@ : '\(.*\)\.txt$$'` >$@
+
+# Set the time stamps to those of the git repository, if available,
+# and if the files have not changed since then.
+# This uses GNU 'touch' syntax 'touch -d@N FILE',
+# where N is the number of seconds since 1970.
+# If git or GNU 'touch' is absent, don't bother to sync with git timestamps.
+# Also, set the timestamp of each prebuilt file like 'leapseconds'
+# to be the maximum of the files it depends on.
+set-timestamps.out: $(ENCHILADA)
+		rm -f $@
+		if files=`git ls-files $(ENCHILADA)` && \
+		   touch -md @1 test.out; then \
+		  rm -f test.out && \
+		  for file in $$files; do \
+		    if git diff --quiet $$file; then \
+		      time=`git log -1 --format='tformat:%ct' $$file` && \
+		      touch -cmd @$$time $$file; \
+		    else \
+		      echo >&2 "$$file: warning: does not match repository"; \
+		    fi || exit; \
+		  done; \
+		fi
+		touch -cmr `ls -t $(LEAP_DEPS) | sed 1q` leapseconds
+		for file in `ls $(MANTXTS) | sed 's/\.txt$$//'`; do \
+		  touch -cmr `ls -t $$file workman.sh | sed 1q` $$file.txt || \
+		    exit; \
+		done
+		touch $@
+
+# The zics below ensure that each data file can stand on its own.
+# We also do an all-files run to catch links to links.
+
+check_public:
+		$(MAKE) maintainer-clean
+		$(MAKE) "CFLAGS=$(GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS)" ALL
+		mkdir tzpublic
+		for i in $(TDATA) ; do \
+		  $(zic) -v -d tzpublic $$i 2>&1 || exit; \
+		done
+		$(zic) -v -d tzpublic $(TDATA)
+		rm -fr tzpublic
+
+# Check that the code works under various alternative
+# implementations of time_t.
+check_time_t_alternatives:
+		if diff -q Makefile Makefile 2>/dev/null; then \
+		  quiet_option='-q'; \
+		else \
+		  quiet_option=''; \
+		fi && \
+		zones=`$(AWK) '/^[^#]/ { print $$3 }' <zone1970.tab` && \
+		for type in $(TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES); do \
+		  mkdir -p tzpublic/$$type && \
+		  $(MAKE) clean_misc && \
+		  $(MAKE) TOPDIR=`pwd`/tzpublic/$$type \
+		    CFLAGS='$(CFLAGS) -Dtime_tz='"'$$type'" \
+		    REDO='$(REDO)' \
+		    install && \
+		  diff $$quiet_option -r \
+		    tzpublic/int64_t/etc/zoneinfo \
+		    tzpublic/$$type/etc/zoneinfo && \
+		  case $$type in \
+		  int32_t) range=-2147483648,2147483647;; \
+		  uint32_t) range=0,4294967296;; \
+		  int64_t) continue;; \
+		  *u*) range=0,10000000000;; \
+		  *) range=-10000000000,10000000000;; \
+		  esac && \
+		  echo checking $$type zones ... && \
+		  tzpublic/int64_t/etc/zdump -V -t $$range $$zones \
+		      >tzpublic/int64_t.out && \
+		  tzpublic/$$type/etc/zdump -V -t $$range $$zones \
+		      >tzpublic/$$type.out && \
+		  diff -u tzpublic/int64_t.out tzpublic/$$type.out \
+		    || exit; \
+		done
+		rm -fr tzpublic
+
+tarballs:	tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz
+
+tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz: set-timestamps.out
+		LC_ALL=C && export LC_ALL && \
+		tar $(TARFLAGS) -cf - \
+		    $(COMMON) $(DOCS) $(SOURCES) | \
+		  gzip $(GZIPFLAGS) > $@
+
+tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz: set-timestamps.out
+		LC_ALL=C && export LC_ALL && \
+		tar $(TARFLAGS) -cf - $(COMMON) $(DATA) $(MISC) | \
+		  gzip $(GZIPFLAGS) > $@
+
+signatures:	tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc
+
+tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc: tzcode$(VERSION).tar.gz
+		gpg --armor --detach-sign $?
+
+tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz.asc: tzdata$(VERSION).tar.gz
+		gpg --armor --detach-sign $?
+
+typecheck:
+		$(MAKE) clean
+		for i in "long long" unsigned; \
+		do \
+			$(MAKE) CFLAGS="-DTYPECHECK -D__time_t_defined -D_TIME_T \"-Dtime_t=$$i\"" ; \
+			./zdump -v Europe/Rome ; \
+			$(MAKE) clean ; \
+		done
+
+zonenames:	$(TDATA)
+		@$(AWK) '/^Zone/ { print $$2 } /^Link/ { print $$3 }' $(TDATA)
+
+asctime.o:	private.h tzfile.h
+date.o:		private.h
+difftime.o:	private.h
+localtime.o:	private.h tzfile.h
+strftime.o:	private.h tzfile.h
+zdump.o:	version.h
+zic.o:		private.h tzfile.h version.h
+
+.KEEP_STATE:
+
+.PHONY: ALL INSTALL all
+.PHONY: check check_character_set check_links
+.PHONY: check_public check_sorted check_tables
+.PHONY: check_time_t_alternatives check_web check_white_space clean clean_misc
+.PHONY: install install_data maintainer-clean names
+.PHONY: posix_only posix_packrat posix_right
+.PHONY: public right_only right_posix signatures tarballs typecheck
+.PHONY: zonenames zones
diff --git a/tz/NEWS b/tz/NEWS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f59583f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/NEWS
@@ -0,0 +1,3541 @@
+News for the tz database
+
+Release 2016f - 2016-07-05 16:26:51 +0200
+
+  Changes affecting future time stamps
+
+    The Egyptian government changed its mind on short notice, and
+    Africa/Cairo will not introduce DST starting 2016-07-07 after all.
+    (Thanks to Mina Samuel.)
+
+    Asia/Novosibirsk switches from +06 to +07 on 2016-07-24 at 02:00.
+    (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+  Changes to past and future time stamps
+
+    Asia/Novokuznetsk and Asia/Novosibirsk now use numeric time zone
+    abbreviations instead of invented ones.
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps
+
+    Europe/Minsk's 1992-03-29 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 not 00:00.
+    (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+
+Release 2016e - 2016-06-14 08:46:16 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future time stamps
+
+    Africa/Cairo observes DST in 2016 from July 7 to the end of October.
+    Guess October 27 and 24:00 transitions.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+    For future years, guess April's last Thursday to October's last
+    Thursday except for Ramadan.
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps
+
+    Locations while uninhabited now use '-00', not 'zzz', as a
+    placeholder time zone abbreviation.  This is inspired by Internet
+    RFC 3339 and is more consistent with numeric time zone
+    abbreviations already used elsewhere.  The change affects several
+    arctic and antarctic locations, e.g., America/Cambridge_Bay before
+    1920 and Antarctica/Troll before 2005.
+
+    Asia/Baku's 1992-09-27 transition from +04 (DST) to +04 (non-DST) was
+    at 03:00, not 23:00 the previous day.  (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    zic now outputs a dummy transition at time 2**31 - 1 in zones
+    whose POSIX-style TZ strings contain a '<'.  This mostly works
+    around Qt bug 53071 <https://bugreports.qt.io/browse/QTBUG-53071>.
+    (Thanks to Zhanibek Adilbekov for reporting the Qt bug.)
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    tz-link.htm says why governments should give plenty of notice for
+    time zone or DST changes, and refers to Matt Johnson's blog post.
+
+    tz-link.htm mentions Tzdata for Elixir.  (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
+
+
+Release 2016d - 2016-04-17 22:50:29 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future time stamps
+
+    America/Caracas switches from -0430 to -04 on 2016-05-01 at 02:30.
+    (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev for the heads-up.)
+
+    Asia/Magadan switches from +10 to +11 on 2016-04-24 at 02:00.
+    (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev and Matt Johnson.)
+
+    New zone Asia/Tomsk, split off from Asia/Novosibirsk.  It covers
+    Tomsk Oblast, Russia, which switches from +06 to +07 on 2016-05-29
+    at 02:00.  (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps
+
+    New zone Europe/Kirov, split off from Europe/Volgograd.  It covers
+    Kirov Oblast, Russia, which switched from +04/+05 to +03/+04 on
+    1989-03-26 at 02:00, roughly a year after Europe/Volgograd made
+    the same change.  (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+    Russia and nearby locations had daylight-saving transitions on
+    1992-03-29 at 02:00 and 1992-09-27 at 03:00, instead of on
+    1992-03-28 at 23:00 and 1992-09-26 at 23:00.  (Thanks to Stepan
+    Golosunov.)
+
+    Many corrections to historical time in Kazakhstan from 1991
+    through 2005.  (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.)  Replace Kazakhstan's
+    invented time zone abbreviations with numeric abbreviations.
+
+  Changes to commentary
+
+    Mention Internet RFCs 7808 (TZDIST) and 7809 (CalDAV time zone references).
+
+
+Release 2016c - 2016-03-23 00:51:27 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future time stamps
+
+    Azerbaijan no longer observes DST.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+    Chile reverts from permanent to seasonal DST.  (Thanks to Juan
+    Correa for the heads-up, and to Tim Parenti for corrections.)
+    Guess that future transitions are August's and May's second
+    Saturdays at 24:00 mainland time.  Also, call the period from
+    2014-09-07 through 2016-05-14 daylight saving time instead of
+    standard time, as that seems more appropriate now.
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps
+
+    Europe/Kaliningrad and Europe/Vilnius changed from +03/+04 to
+    +02/+03 on 1989-03-26, not 1991-03-31.  Europe/Volgograd changed
+    from +04/+05 to +03/+04 on 1988-03-27, not 1989-03-26.
+    (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+  Changes to commentary
+
+    Several updates and URLs for historical and proposed Russian changes.
+    (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov, Matt Johnson, and Alexander Krivenyshev.)
+
+
+Release 2016b - 2016-03-12 17:30:14 -0800
+
+  Compatibility note
+
+    Starting with release 2016b, some data entries cause zic implementations
+    derived from tz releases 2005j through 2015e to issue warnings like
+    "time zone abbreviation differs from POSIX standard (+03)".
+    These warnings should not otherwise affect zic's output and can safely be
+    ignored on today's platforms, as the warnings refer to a restriction in
+    POSIX.1-1988 that was removed in POSIX.1-2001.  One way to suppress the
+    warnings is to upgrade to zic derived from tz releases 2015f and later.
+
+  Changes affecting future time stamps
+
+    New zones Europe/Astrakhan and Europe/Ulyanovsk for Astrakhan and
+    Ulyanovsk Oblasts, Russia, both of which will switch from +03 to +04 on
+    2016-03-27 at 02:00 local time.  They need distinct zones since their
+    post-1970 histories disagree.  New zone Asia/Barnaul for Altai Krai and
+    Altai Republic, Russia, which will switch from +06 to +07 on the same date
+    and local time.  The Astrakhan change is already official; the others have
+    passed the first reading in the State Duma and are extremely likely.
+    Also, Asia/Sakhalin moves from +10 to +11 on 2016-03-27 at 02:00.
+    (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev for the heads-up, and to Matt Johnson
+    and Stepan Golosunov for followup.)
+
+    As a trial of a new system that needs less information to be made up,
+    the new zones use numeric time zone abbreviations like "+04"
+    instead of invented abbreviations like "ASTT".
+
+    Haiti will not observe DST in 2016.  (Thanks to Jean Antoine via
+    Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+    Palestine's spring-forward transition on 2016-03-26 is at 01:00, not 00:00.
+    (Thanks to Hannah Kreitem.) Guess future transitions will be March's last
+    Saturday at 01:00, not March's last Friday at 24:00.
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps
+
+    Europe/Chisinau observed DST during 1990, and switched from +04 to
+    +03 at 1990-05-06 02:00, instead of switching from +03 to +02.
+    (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+    1991 abbreviations in Europe/Samara should be SAMT/SAMST, not
+    KUYT/KUYST.  (Thanks to Stepan Golosunov.)
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    tzselect's diagnostics and checking, and checktab.awk's checking,
+    have been improved.  (Thanks to J William Piggott.)
+
+    tzcode now builds under MinGW.  (Thanks to Ian Abbott and Esben Haabendal.)
+
+    tzselect now tests Julian-date TZ settings more accurately.
+    (Thanks to J William Piggott.)
+
+  Changes to commentary
+
+    Comments in zone tables have been improved.  (Thanks to J William Piggott.)
+
+    tzselect again limits its menu comments so that menus fit on a
+    24x80 alphanumeric display.
+
+    A new web page tz-how-to.html.  (Thanks to Bill Seymour.)
+
+    In the Theory file, the description of possible time zone abbreviations in
+    tzdata has been cleaned up, as the old description was unclear and
+    inconsistent.  (Thanks to Alain Mouette for reporting the problem.)
+
+
+Release 2016a - 2016-01-26 23:28:02 -0800
+
+  Changes affecting future time stamps
+
+    America/Cayman will not observe daylight saving this year after all.
+    Revert our guess that it would.  (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
+
+    Asia/Chita switches from +0800 to +0900 on 2016-03-27 at 02:00.
+    (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.)
+
+    Asia/Tehran now has DST predictions for the year 2038 and later,
+    to be March 21 00:00 to September 21 00:00.  This is likely better
+    than predicting no DST, albeit off by a day every now and then.
+
+  Changes affecting past and future time stamps
+
+    America/Metlakatla switched from PST all year to AKST/AKDT on
+    2015-11-01 at 02:00.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+    America/Santa_Isabel has been removed, and replaced with a
+    backward compatibility link to America/Tijuana.  Its contents were
+    apparently based on a misreading of Mexican legislation.
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps
+
+    Asia/Karachi's two transition times in 2002 were off by a minute.
+    (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
+
+  Changes affecting build procedure
+
+    An installer can now combine leap seconds with use of the backzone file,
+    e.g., with 'make PACKRATDATA=backzone REDO=posix_right zones'.
+    The old 'make posix_packrat' rule is now marked as obsolescent.
+    (Thanks to Ian Abbott for an initial implementation.)
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    A new file LICENSE makes it easier to see that the code and data
+    are mostly public-domain.  (Thanks to James Knight.)  The three
+    non-public-domain files now use the current (3-clause) BSD license
+    instead of older versions of that license.
+
+    tz-link.htm mentions the BDE library (thanks to Andrew Paprocki),
+    CCTZ (thanks to Tim Parenti), TimeJones.com, and has a new section
+    on editing tz source files (with a mention of Sublime zoneinfo,
+    thanks to Gilmore Davidson).
+
+    The Theory and asia files now mention the 2015 book "The Global
+    Transformation of Time, 1870-1950", and cite a couple of reviews.
+
+    The America/Chicago entry now documents the informal use of US
+    central time in Fort Pierre, South Dakota.  (Thanks to Rick
+    McDermid, Matt Johnson, and Steve Jones.)
+
+
+Release 2015g - 2015-10-01 00:39:51 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future time stamps
+
+    Turkey's 2015 fall-back transition is scheduled for Nov. 8, not Oct. 25.
+    (Thanks to Fatih.)
+
+    Norfolk moves from +1130 to +1100 on 2015-10-04 at 02:00 local time.
+    (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.)
+
+    Fiji's 2016 fall-back transition is scheduled for January 17, not 24.
+    (Thanks to Ken Rylander.)
+
+    Fort Nelson, British Columbia will not fall back on 2015-11-01.  It has
+    effectively been on MST (-0700) since it advanced its clocks on 2015-03-08.
+    New zone America/Fort_Nelson.  (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps
+
+    Norfolk observed DST from 1974-10-27 02:00 to 1975-03-02 02:00.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    localtime no longer mishandles America/Anchorage after 2037.
+    (Thanks to Bradley White for reporting the bug.)
+
+    On hosts with signed 32-bit time_t, localtime no longer mishandles
+    Pacific/Fiji after 2038-01-16 14:00 UTC.
+
+    The localtime module allows the variables 'timezone', 'daylight',
+    and 'altzone' to be in common storage shared with other modules,
+    and declares them in case the system <time.h> does not.
+    (Problems reported by Kees Dekker.)
+
+    On platforms with tm_zone, strftime.c now assumes it is not NULL.
+    This simplifies the code and is consistent with zdump.c.
+    (Problem reported by Christos Zoulas.)
+
+  Changes affecting documentation
+
+   The tzfile man page now documents that transition times denote the
+   starts (not the ends) of the corresponding time periods.
+   (Ambiguity reported by Bill Seymour.)
+
+
+Release 2015f - 2015-08-10 18:06:56 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future time stamps
+
+    North Korea switches to +0830 on 2015-08-15.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+    The abbreviation remains "KST".  (Thanks to Robert Elz.)
+
+    Uruguay no longer observes DST.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen
+    and Pablo Camargo.)
+
+  Changes affecting past and future time stamps
+
+    Moldova starts and ends DST at 00:00 UTC, not at 01:00 UTC.
+    (Thanks to Roman Tudos.)
+
+  Changes affecting data format and code
+
+    zic's '-y YEARISTYPE' option is no longer documented.  The TYPE
+    field of a Rule line should now be '-'; the old values 'even',
+    'odd', 'uspres', 'nonpres', 'nonuspres' were already undocumented.
+    Although the implementation has not changed, these features do not
+    work in the default installation, they are not used in the data,
+    and they are now considered obsolescent.
+
+    zic now checks that two rules don't take effect at the same time.
+    (Thanks to Jon Skeet and Arthur David Olson.)  Constraints on
+    simultaneity are now documented.
+
+    The two characters '%z' in a zone format now stand for the UTC
+    offset, e.g., '-07' for seven hours behind UTC and '+0530' for
+    five hours and thirty minutes ahead.  This better supports time
+    zone abbreviations conforming to POSIX.1-2001 and later.
+
+  Changes affecting installed data files
+
+    Comments for America/Halifax and America/Glace_Bay have been improved.
+    (Thanks to Brian Inglis.)
+
+    Data entries have been simplified for Atlantic/Canary, Europe/Simferopol,
+    Europe/Sofia, and Europe/Tallinn.  This yields slightly smaller
+    installed data files for Europe/Simferopol and Europe/Tallinn.
+    It does not affect timestamps.  (Thanks to Howard Hinnant.)
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    zdump and zic no longer warn about valid time zone abbreviations
+    like '-05'.
+
+    Some Visual Studio 2013 warnings have been suppressed.
+    (Thanks to Kees Dekker.)
+
+    'date' no longer sets the time of day and its -a, -d, -n and -t
+    options have been removed.  Long obsolescent, the implementation
+    of these features had porting problems.  Builders no longer need
+    to configure HAVE_ADJTIME, HAVE_SETTIMEOFDAY, or HAVE_UTMPX_H.
+    (Thanks to Kees Dekker for pointing out the problem.)
+
+  Changes affecting documentation
+
+    The Theory file mentions naming issues earlier, as these seem to be
+    poorly publicized (thanks to Gilmore Davidson for reporting the problem).
+
+    tz-link.htm mentions Time Zone Database Parser (thanks to Howard Hinnant).
+
+    Mention that Herbert Samuel introduced the term "Summer Time".
+
+
+Release 2015e - 2015-06-13 10:56:02 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future time stamps
+
+    Morocco will suspend DST from 2015-06-14 03:00 through 2015-07-19 02:00,
+    not 06-13 and 07-18 as we had guessed.  (Thanks to Milamber.)
+
+    Assume Cayman Islands will observe DST starting next year, using US rules.
+    Although it isn't guaranteed, it is the most likely.
+
+  Changes affecting data format
+
+    The file 'iso3166.tab' now uses UTF-8, so that its entries can better
+    spell the names of Åland Islands, Côte d'Ivoire, and Réunion.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    When displaying data, tzselect converts it to the current locale's
+    encoding if the iconv command works.  (Problem reported by random832.)
+
+    tzselect no longer mishandles Dominica, fixing a bug introduced
+    in Release 2014f.  (Problem reported by Owen Leibman.)
+
+    zic -l no longer fails when compiled with -DTZDEFAULT=\"/etc/localtime\".
+    This fixes a bug introduced in Release 2014f.
+    (Problem reported by Leonardo Chiquitto.)
+
+
+Release 2015d - 2015-04-24 08:09:46 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future time stamps
+
+    Egypt will not observe DST in 2015 and will consider canceling it
+    permanently.  For now, assume no DST indefinitely.
+    (Thanks to Ahmed Nazmy and Tim Parenti.)
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps
+
+    America/Whitehorse switched from UTC-9 to UTC-8 on 1967-05-28, not
+    1966-07-01.  Also, Yukon's time zone history is documented better.
+    (Thanks to Brian Inglis and Dennis Ferguson.)
+
+  Change affecting past and future time zone abbreviations
+
+    The abbreviations for Hawaii-Aleutian standard and daylight times
+    have been changed from HAST/HADT to HST/HDT, as per US Government
+    Printing Office style.  This affects only America/Adak since 1983,
+    as America/Honolulu was already using the new style.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+   zic has some minor performance improvements.
+
+
+Release 2015c - 2015-04-11 08:55:55 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future time stamps
+
+    Egypt's spring-forward transition is at 24:00 on April's last Thursday,
+    not 00:00 on April's last Friday.  2015's transition will therefore be on
+    Thursday, April 30 at 24:00, not Friday, April 24 at 00:00.  Similar fixes
+    apply to 2026, 2037, 2043, etc.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps
+
+    The following changes affect some pre-1991 Chile-related time stamps
+    in America/Santiago, Antarctica/Palmer, and Pacific/Easter.
+
+      The 1910 transition was January 10, not January 1.
+
+      The 1918 transition was September 10, not September 1.
+
+      The UTC-4 time observed from 1932 to 1942 is now considered to be
+      standard time, not year-round DST.
+
+      Santiago observed DST (UTC-3) from 1946-07-15 through 1946-08-31,
+      then reverted to standard time, then switched its time zone to
+      UTC-5 on 1947-04-01.
+
+      Assume transitions before 1968 were at 00:00, since we have no data
+      saying otherwise.
+
+      The spring 1988 transition was 1988-10-09, not 1988-10-02.
+      The fall 1990 transition was 1990-03-11, not 1990-03-18.
+
+      Assume no UTC offset change for Pacific/Easter on 1890-01-01,
+      and omit all transitions on Pacific/Easter from 1942 through 1946
+      since we have no data suggesting that they existed.
+
+    One more zone has been turned into a link, as it differed
+    from an existing zone only for older time stamps.  As usual,
+    this change affects UTC offsets in pre-1970 time stamps only.
+    The zone's old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file.
+    The affected zone is America/Montreal.
+
+  Changes affecting commentary
+
+    Mention the TZUpdater tool.
+
+    Mention "The Time Now".  (Thanks to Brandon Ramsey.)
+
+
+Release 2015b - 2015-03-19 23:28:11 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future time stamps
+
+    Mongolia will start observing DST again this year, from the last
+    Saturday in March at 02:00 to the last Saturday in September at 00:00.
+    (Thanks to Ganbold Tsagaankhuu.)
+
+    Palestine will start DST on March 28, not March 27.  Also,
+    correct the fall 2014 transition from September 26 to October 24.
+    Adjust future predictions accordingly.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps
+
+    The 1982 zone shift in Pacific/Easter has been corrected, fixing a 2015a
+    regression.  (Thanks to Stuart Bishop for reporting the problem.)
+
+    Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed
+    from existing zones only for older time stamps.  As usual,
+    these changes affect UTC offsets in pre-1970 time stamps only.
+    Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file.
+    The affected zones are: America/Antigua, America/Cayman,
+    Pacific/Midway, and Pacific/Saipan.
+
+  Changes affecting time zone abbreviations
+
+    Correct the 1992-2010 DST abbreviation in Volgograd from "MSK" to "MSD".
+    (Thanks to Hank W.)
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    Fix integer overflow bug in reference 'mktime' implementation.
+    (Problem reported by Jörg Richter.)
+
+    Allow -Dtime_tz=time_t compilations, and allow -Dtime_tz=... libraries
+    to be used in the same executable as standard-library time_t functions.
+    (Problems reported by Bradley White.)
+
+  Changes affecting commentary
+
+    Cite the recent Mexican decree changing Quintana Roo's time zone.
+    (Thanks to Carlos Raúl Perasso.)
+
+    Likewise for the recent Chilean decree.  (Thanks to Eduardo Romero Urra.)
+
+    Update info about Mars time.
+
+
+Release 2015a - 2015-01-29 22:35:20 -0800
+
+  Changes affecting future time stamps
+
+    The Mexican state of Quintana Roo, represented by America/Cancun,
+    will shift from Central Time with DST to Eastern Time without DST
+    on 2015-02-01 at 02:00.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen and Gwillim Law.)
+
+    Chile will not change clocks in April or thereafter; its new standard time
+    will be its old daylight saving time.  This affects America/Santiago,
+    Pacific/Easter, and Antarctica/Palmer.  (Thanks to Juan Correa.)
+
+    New leap second 2015-06-30 23:59:60 UTC as per IERS Bulletin C 49.
+    (Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps
+
+    Iceland observed DST in 1919 and 1921, and its 1939 fallback
+    transition was Oct. 29, not Nov. 29.  Remove incorrect data from
+    Shanks about time in Iceland between 1837 and 1908.
+
+    Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed
+    from existing zones only for older time stamps.  As usual,
+    these changes affect UTC offsets in pre-1970 time stamps only.
+    Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file.
+    The affected zones are: Asia/Aden, Asia/Bahrain, Asia/Kuwait,
+    and Asia/Muscat.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    tzalloc now scrubs time zone abbreviations compatibly with the way
+    that tzset always has, by replacing invalid bytes with '_' and by
+    shortening too-long abbreviations.
+
+    tzselect ports to POSIX awk implementations, no longer mishandles
+    POSIX TZ settings when GNU awk is used, and reports POSIX TZ
+    settings to the user.  (Thanks to Stefan Kuhn.)
+
+  Changes affecting build procedure
+
+    'make check' now checks for links to links in the data.
+    One such link (for Africa/Asmera) has been fixed.
+    (Thanks to Stephen Colebourne for pointing out the problem.)
+
+  Changes affecting commentary
+
+    The leapseconds file commentary now mentions the expiration date.
+    (Problem reported by Martin Burnicki.)
+
+    Update Mexican Library of Congress URL.
+
+
+Release 2014j - 2014-11-10 17:37:11 -0800
+
+  Changes affecting current and future time stamps
+
+    Turks & Caicos' switch from US eastern time to UTC-4 year-round
+    did not occur on 2014-11-02 at 02:00.  It's currently scheduled
+    for 2015-11-01 at 02:00.  (Thanks to Chris Walton.)
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps
+
+    Many pre-1989 time stamps have been corrected for Asia/Seoul and
+    Asia/Pyongyang, based on sources for the Korean-language Wikipedia
+    entry for time in Korea.  (Thanks to Sanghyuk Jung.)  Also, no
+    longer guess that Pyongyang mimicked Seoul time after World War II,
+    as this is politically implausible.
+
+    Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed
+    from existing zones only for older time stamps.  As usual,
+    these changes affect UTC offsets in pre-1970 time stamps only.
+    Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file.
+    The affected zones are: Africa/Addis_Ababa, Africa/Asmara,
+    Africa/Dar_es_Salaam, Africa/Djibouti, Africa/Kampala,
+    Africa/Mogadishu, Indian/Antananarivo, Indian/Comoro, and
+    Indian/Mayotte.
+
+  Changes affecting commentary
+
+    The commentary is less enthusiastic about Shanks as a source,
+    and is more careful to distinguish UT from UTC.
+
+
+Release 2014i - 2014-10-21 22:04:57 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future time stamps
+
+    Pacific/Fiji will observe DST from 2014-11-02 02:00 to 2015-01-18 03:00.
+    (Thanks to Ken Rylander for the heads-up.)  Guess that future
+    years will use a similar pattern.
+
+    A new Zone Pacific/Bougainville, for the part of Papua New Guinea
+    that plans to switch from UTC+10 to UTC+11 on 2014-12-28 at 02:00.
+    (Thanks to Kiley Walbom for the heads-up.)
+
+  Changes affecting time zone abbreviations
+
+    Since Belarus is not changing its clocks even though Moscow is,
+    the time zone abbreviation in Europe/Minsk is changing from FET
+    to its more-traditional value MSK on 2014-10-26 at 01:00.
+    (Thanks to Alexander Bokovoy for the heads-up about Belarus.)
+
+    The new abbreviation IDT stands for the pre-1976 use of UT+8 in
+    Indochina, to distinguish it better from ICT (UT+7).
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps
+
+    Many time stamps have been corrected for Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh before 1976
+    (thanks to Trần Ngọc Quân for an indirect pointer to Trần Tiến Bình's
+    authoritative book).  Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh has been added to
+    zone1970.tab, to give tzselect users in Vietnam two choices,
+    since north and south Vietnam disagreed after our 1970 cutoff.
+
+    Asia/Phnom_Penh and Asia/Vientiane have been turned into links, as
+    they differed from existing zones only for older time stamps.  As
+    usual, these changes affect pre-1970 time stamps only.  Their old
+    contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    The time-related library functions now set errno on failure, and
+    some crashes in the new tzalloc-related library functions have
+    been fixed.  (Thanks to Christos Zoulas for reporting most of
+    these problems and for suggesting fixes.)
+
+    If USG_COMPAT is defined and the requested time stamp is standard time,
+    the tz library's localtime and mktime functions now set the extern
+    variable timezone to a value appropriate for that time stamp; and
+    similarly for ALTZONE, daylight saving time, and the altzone variable.
+    This change is a companion to the tzname change in 2014h, and is
+    designed to make timezone and altzone more compatible with tzname.
+
+    The tz library's functions now set errno to EOVERFLOW if they fail
+    because the result cannot be represented.  ctime and ctime_r now
+    return NULL and set errno when a time stamp is out of range, rather
+    than having undefined behavior.
+
+    Some bugs associated with the new 2014g functions have been fixed.
+    This includes a bug that largely incapacitated the new functions
+    time2posix_z and posix2time_z.  (Thanks to Christos Zoulas.)
+    It also includes some uses of uninitialized variables after tzalloc.
+    The new code uses the standard type 'ssize_t', which the Makefile
+    now gives porting advice about.
+
+  Changes affecting commentary
+
+    Updated URLs for NRC Canada (thanks to Matt Johnson and Brian Inglis).
+
+
+Release 2014h - 2014-09-25 18:59:03 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps
+
+    America/Jamaica's 1974 spring-forward transition was Jan. 6, not Apr. 28.
+
+    Shanks says Asia/Novokuznetsk switched from LMT (not "NMT") on 1924-05-01,
+    not 1920-01-06.  The old entry was based on a misinterpretation of Shanks.
+
+    Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed
+    from existing zones only for older time stamps.  As usual,
+    these changes affect UTC offsets in pre-1970 time stamps only.
+    Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file.
+    The affected zones are: Africa/Blantyre, Africa/Bujumbura,
+    Africa/Gaborone, Africa/Harare, Africa/Kigali, Africa/Lubumbashi,
+    Africa/Lusaka, Africa/Maseru, and Africa/Mbabane.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    zdump -V and -v now output gmtoff= values on all platforms,
+    not merely on platforms defining TM_GMTOFF.
+
+    The tz library's localtime and mktime functions now set tzname to a value
+    appropriate for the requested time stamp, and zdump now uses this
+    on platforms not defining TM_ZONE, fixing a 2014g regression.
+    (Thanks to Tim Parenti for reporting the problem.)
+
+    The tz library no longer sets tzname if localtime or mktime fails.
+
+    zdump -c no longer mishandles transitions near year boundaries.
+    (Thanks to Tim Parenti for reporting the problem.)
+
+    An access to uninitalized data has been fixed.
+    (Thanks to Jörg Richter for reporting the problem.)
+
+    When THREAD_SAFE is defined, the code ports to the C11 memory model.
+    A memory leak has been fixed if ALL_STATE and THREAD_SAFE are defined
+    and two threads race to initialize data used by gmtime-like functions.
+    (Thanks to Andy Heninger for reporting the problems.)
+
+  Changes affecting build procedure
+
+    'make check' now checks better for properly-sorted data.
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    zdump's gmtoff=N output is now documented, and its isdst=D output
+    is now documented to possibly output D values other than 0 or 1.
+
+    zdump -c's treatment of years is now documented to use the
+    Gregorian calendar and Universal Time without leap seconds,
+    and its behavior at cutoff boundaries is now documented better.
+    (Thanks to Arthur David Olson and Tim Parenti for reporting the problems.)
+
+    Programs are now documented to use the proleptic Gregorian calendar.
+    (Thanks to Alan Barrett for the suggestion.)
+
+    Fractional-second GMT offsets have been documented for civil time
+    in 19th-century Chennai, Jakarta, and New York.
+
+
+Release 2014g - 2014-08-28 12:31:23 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future time stamps
+
+    Turks & Caicos is switching from US eastern time to UTC-4 year-round,
+    modeled as a switch from EST/EDT to AST on 2014-11-02 at 02:00.
+    [As noted in 2014j, this switch was later delayed.]
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps
+
+    Time in Russia or the USSR before 1926 or so has been corrected by
+    a few seconds in the following zones: Asia/Irkutsk,
+    Asia/Krasnoyarsk, Asia/Omsk, Asia/Samarkand, Asia/Tbilisi,
+    Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Yakutsk, Europe/Riga, Europe/Samara.  For
+    Asia/Yekaterinburg the correction is a few minutes.  (Thanks to
+    Vladimir Karpinsky.)
+
+    The Portuguese decree of 1911-05-26 took effect on 1912-01-01.
+    This affects 1911 time stamps in Africa/Bissau, Africa/Luanda,
+    Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.  Also, Lisbon's pre-1912
+    GMT offset was -0:36:45 (rounded from -0:36:44.68), not -0:36:32.
+    (Thanks to Stephen Colebourne for pointing to the decree.)
+
+    Asia/Dhaka ended DST on 2009-12-31 at 24:00, not 23:59.
+
+    A new file 'backzone' contains data which may appeal to
+    connoisseurs of old time stamps, although it is out of scope for
+    the tz database, is often poorly sourced, and contains some data
+    that is known to be incorrect.  The new file is not recommended
+    for ordinary use and its entries are not installed by default.
+    (Thanks to Lester Caine for the high-quality Jersey, Guernsey, and
+    Isle of Man entries.)
+
+    Some more zones have been turned into links, when they differed
+    from existing zones only for older time stamps.  As usual,
+    these changes affect UTC offsets in pre-1970 time stamps only.
+    Their old contents have been moved to the 'backzone' file.
+    The affected zones are: Africa/Bangui, Africa/Brazzaville,
+    Africa/Douala, Africa/Kinshasa, Africa/Libreville, Africa/Luanda,
+    Africa/Malabo, Africa/Niamey, and Africa/Porto-Novo.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    Unless NETBSD_INSPIRED is defined to 0, the tz library now
+    supplies functions for creating and using objects that represent
+    time zones. The new functions are tzalloc, tzfree, localtime_rz,
+    mktime_z, and (if STD_INSPIRED is also defined) posix2time_z and
+    time2posix_z.  They are intended for performance: for example,
+    localtime_rz (unlike localtime_r) is trivially thread-safe without
+    locking.  (Thanks to Christos Zoulas for proposing NetBSD-inspired
+    functions, and to Alan Barrett and Jonathan Lennox for helping to
+    debug the change.)
+
+    zdump now builds with the tz library unless USE_LTZ is defined to 0,
+    This lets zdump use tz features even if the system library lacks them.
+    To build zdump with the system library, use 'make CFLAGS=-DUSE_LTZ=0
+    TZDOBJS=zdump.o CHECK_TIME_T_ALTERNATIVES='.
+
+    zdump now uses localtime_rz if available, as it's significantly faster,
+    and it can help zdump better diagnose invalid time zone names.
+    Define HAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ to 0 to suppress this.  HAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ
+    defaults to 1 if NETBSD_INSPIRED && USE_LTZ.  When localtime_rz is
+    not available, zdump now uses localtime_r and tzset if available,
+    as this is a bit cleaner and faster than plain localtime.  Compile
+    with -DHAVE_LOCALTIME_R=0 and/or -DHAVE_TZSET=0 if your system
+    lacks these two functions.
+
+    If THREAD_SAFE is defined to 1, the tz library is now thread-safe.
+    Although not needed for tz's own applications, which are single-threaded,
+    this supports POSIX better if the tz library is used in multithreaded apps.
+
+    Some crashes have been fixed when zdump or the tz library is given
+    invalid or outlandish input.
+
+    The tz library no longer mishandles leap seconds on platforms with
+    unsigned time_t in time zones that lack ordinary transitions after 1970.
+
+    The tz code now attempts to infer TM_GMTOFF and TM_ZONE if not
+    already defined, to make it easier to configure on common platforms.
+    Define NO_TM_GMTOFF and NO_TM_ZONE to suppress this.
+
+    Unless the new macro UNINIT_TRAP is defined to 1, the tz code now
+    assumes that reading uninitialized memory yields garbage values
+    but does not cause other problems such as traps.
+
+    If TM_GMTOFF is defined and UNINIT_TRAP is 0, mktime is now
+    more likely to guess right for ambiguous time stamps near
+    transitions where tm_isdst does not change.
+
+    If HAVE_STRFTIME_L is defined to 1, the tz library now defines
+    strftime_l for compatibility with recent versions of POSIX.
+    Only the C locale is supported, though.  HAVE_STRFTIME_L defaults
+    to 1 on recent POSIX versions, and to 0 otherwise.
+
+    tzselect -c now uses a hybrid distance measure that works better
+    in Africa.  (Thanks to Alan Barrett for noting the problem.)
+
+    The C source code now ports to NetBSD when GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS is used,
+    or when time_tz is defined.
+
+    When HAVE_UTMPX_H is set the 'date' command now builds on systems
+    whose <utmpx.h> file does not define WTMPX_FILE, and when setting
+    the date it updates the wtmpx file if _PATH_WTMPX is defined.
+    This affects GNU/Linux and similar systems.
+
+    For easier maintenance later, some C code has been simplified,
+    some lint has been removed, and the code has been tweaked so that
+    plain 'make' is more likely to work.
+
+    The C type 'bool' is now used for boolean values, instead of 'int'.
+
+    The long-obsolete LOCALE_HOME code has been removed.
+
+    The long-obsolete 'gtime' function has been removed.
+
+  Changes affecting build procedure
+
+    'zdump' no longer links in ialloc.o, as it's not needed.
+
+    'make check_time_t_alternatives' no longer assumes GNU diff.
+
+  Changes affecting distribution tarballs
+
+    The files checktab.awk and zoneinfo2tdf.pl are now distributed in
+    the tzdata tarball instead of the tzcode tarball, since they help
+    maintain the data.  The NEWS and Theory files are now also
+    distributed in the tzdata tarball, as they're relevant for data.
+    (Thanks to Alan Barrett for pointing this out.)  Also, the
+    leapseconds.awk file is no longer distributed in the tzcode
+    tarball, since it belongs in the tzdata tarball (where 2014f
+    inadvertently also distributed it).
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    A new file CONTRIBUTING is distributed.  (Thanks to Tim Parenti for
+    suggesting a CONTRIBUTING file, and to Tony Finch and Walter Harms
+    for debugging it.)
+
+    The man pages have been updated to use function prototypes,
+    to document thread-safe variants like localtime_r, and to document
+    the NetBSD-inspired functions tzalloc, tzfree, localtime_rz, and
+    mktime_z.
+
+    The fields in Link lines have been renamed to be more descriptive
+    and more like the parameters of 'ln'.  LINK-FROM has become TARGET,
+    and LINK-TO has become LINK-NAME.
+
+    tz-link.htm mentions the IETF's tzdist working group; Windows
+    Runtime etc. (thanks to Matt Johnson); and HP-UX's tztab.
+
+    Some broken URLs have been fixed in the commentary.  (Thanks to
+    Lester Caine.)
+
+    Commentary about Philippines DST has been updated, and commentary
+    on pre-1970 time in India has been added.
+
+
+Release 2014f - 2014-08-05 17:42:36 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future time stamps
+
+    Russia will subtract an hour from most of its time zones on 2014-10-26
+    at 02:00 local time.  (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.)
+    There are a few exceptions: Magadan Oblast (Asia/Magadan) and Zabaykalsky
+    Krai are subtracting two hours; conversely, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
+    (Asia/Anadyr), Kamchatka Krai (Asia/Kamchatka), Kemerovo Oblast
+    (Asia/Novokuznetsk), and the Samara Oblast and the Udmurt Republic
+    (Europe/Samara) are not changing their clocks.  The changed zones are
+    Europe/Kaliningrad, Europe/Moscow, Europe/Simferopol, Europe/Volgograd,
+    Asia/Yekaterinburg, Asia/Omsk, Asia/Novosibirsk, Asia/Krasnoyarsk,
+    Asia/Irkutsk, Asia/Yakutsk, Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Khandyga,
+    Asia/Sakhalin, and Asia/Ust-Nera; Asia/Magadan will have two hours
+    subtracted; and Asia/Novokuznetsk's time zone abbreviation is affected,
+    but not its UTC offset.  Two zones are added: Asia/Chita (split
+    from Asia/Yakutsk, and also with two hours subtracted) and
+    Asia/Srednekolymsk (split from Asia/Magadan, but with only one hour
+    subtracted).  (Thanks to Tim Parenti for much of the above.)
+
+  Changes affecting time zone abbreviations
+
+    Australian eastern time zone abbreviations are now AEST/AEDT not EST,
+    and similarly for the other Australian zones.  That is, for eastern
+    standard and daylight saving time the abbreviations are AEST and AEDT
+    instead of the former EST for both; similarly, ACST/ACDT, ACWST/ACWDT,
+    and AWST/AWDT are now used instead of the former CST, CWST, and WST.
+    This change does not affect UTC offsets, only time zone abbreviations.
+    (Thanks to Rich Tibbett and many others.)
+
+    Asia/Novokuznetsk shifts from NOVT to KRAT (remaining on UTC+7)
+    effective 2014-10-26 at 02:00 local time.
+
+    The time zone abbreviation for Xinjiang Time (observed in Ürümqi)
+    has been changed from URUT to XJT.  (Thanks to Luther Ma.)
+
+    Prefer MSK/MSD for Moscow time in Russia, even in other cities.
+    Similarly, prefer EET/EEST for eastern European time in Russia.
+
+    Change time zone abbreviations in (western) Samoa to use "ST" and
+    "DT" suffixes, as this is more likely to match common practice.
+    Prefix "W" to (western) Samoa time when its standard-time offset
+    disagrees with that of American Samoa.
+
+    America/Metlakatla now uses PST, not MeST, to abbreviate its time zone.
+
+    Time zone abbreviations have been updated for Japan's two time
+    zones used 1896-1937.  JWST now stands for Western Standard
+    Time, and JCST for Central Standard Time (formerly this was CJT).
+    These abbreviations are now used for time in Korea, Taiwan,
+    and Sakhalin while controlled by Japan.
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps
+
+    China's five zones have been simplified to two, since the post-1970
+    differences in the other three seem to have been imaginary.  The
+    zones Asia/Harbin, Asia/Chongqing, and Asia/Kashgar have been
+    removed; backwards-compatibility links still work, albeit with
+    different behaviors for time stamps before May 1980.  Asia/Urumqi's
+    1980 transition to UTC+8 has been removed, so that it is now at
+    UTC+6 and not UTC+8.  (Thanks to Luther Ma and to Alois Treindl;
+    Treindl sent helpful translations of two papers by Guo Qingsheng.)
+
+    Some zones have been turned into links, when they differed from existing
+    zones only for older UTC offsets where data entries were likely invented.
+    These changes affect UTC offsets in pre-1970 time stamps only.  This is
+    similar to the change in release 2013e, except this time for western
+    Africa.  The affected zones are: Africa/Bamako, Africa/Banjul,
+    Africa/Conakry, Africa/Dakar, Africa/Freetown, Africa/Lome,
+    Africa/Nouakchott, Africa/Ouagadougou, Africa/Sao_Tome, and
+    Atlantic/St_Helena.  This also affects the backwards-compatibility
+    link Africa/Timbuktu.  (Thanks to Alan Barrett, Stephen Colebourne,
+    Tim Parenti, and David Patte for reporting problems in earlier
+    versions of this change.)
+
+    Asia/Shanghai's pre-standard-time UT offset has been changed from
+    8:05:57 to 8:05:43, the location of Xujiahui Observatory.  Its
+    transition to standard time has been changed from 1928 to 1901.
+
+    Asia/Taipei switched to JWST on 1896-01-01, then to JST on 1937-10-01,
+    then to CST on 1945-09-21 at 01:00, and did not observe DST in 1945.
+    In 1946 it observed DST from 05-15 through 09-30; in 1947
+    from 04-15 through 10-31; and in 1979 from 07-01 through 09-30.
+    (Thanks to Yu-Cheng Chuang.)
+
+    Asia/Riyadh's transition to standard time is now 1947-03-14, not 1950.
+
+    Europe/Helsinki's 1942 fall-back transition was 10-04 at 01:00, not
+    10-03 at 00:00.  (Thanks to Konstantin Hyppönen.)
+
+    Pacific/Pago_Pago has been changed from UTC-11:30 to UTC-11 for the period
+    from 1911 to 1950.
+
+    Pacific/Chatham has been changed to New Zealand standard time plus
+    45 minutes for the period before 1957, reflecting a 1956 remark in
+    the New Zealand parliament.
+
+    Europe/Budapest has several pre-1946 corrections: in 1918 the transition
+    out of DST was on 09-16, not 09-29; in 1919 it was on 11-24, not 09-15; in
+    1945 it was on 11-01, not 11-03; in 1941 the transition to DST was 04-08
+    not 04-06 at 02:00; and there was no DST in 1920.
+
+    Africa/Accra is now assumed to have observed DST from 1920 through 1935.
+
+    Time in Russia before 1927 or so has been corrected by a few seconds in
+    the following zones: Europe/Moscow, Asia/Irkutsk, Asia/Tbilisi,
+    Asia/Tashkent, Asia/Vladivostok, Asia/Yekaterinburg, Europe/Helsinki, and
+    Europe/Riga.  Also, Moscow's location has been changed to its Kilometer 0
+    point.  (Thanks to Vladimir Karpinsky for the Moscow changes.)
+
+  Changes affecting data format
+
+    A new file 'zone1970.tab' supersedes 'zone.tab' in the installed data.
+    The new file's extended format allows multiple country codes per zone.
+    The older file is still installed but is deprecated; its format is
+    not changing and it will still be distributed for a while, but new
+    applications should use the new file.
+
+    The new file format simplifies maintenance of obscure locations.
+    To test this, it adds coverage for the Crozet Islands and the
+    Scattered Islands.  (Thanks to Tobias Conradi and Antoine Leca.)
+
+    The file 'iso3166.tab' is planned to switch from ASCII to UTF-8.
+    It is still ASCII now, but commentary about the switch has been added.
+    The new file 'zone1970.tab' already uses UTF-8.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    'localtime', 'mktime', etc. now use much less stack space if ALL_STATE
+    is defined.  (Thanks to Elliott Hughes for reporting the problem.)
+
+    'zic' no longer mishandles input when ignoring case in locales that
+    are not compatible with English, e.g., unibyte Turkish locales when
+    compiled with HAVE_GETTEXT.
+
+    Error diagnostics of 'zic' and 'yearistype' have been reworded so that
+    they no longer use ASCII '-' as if it were a dash.
+
+    'zic' now rejects output file names that contain '.' or '..' components.
+    (Thanks to Tim Parenti for reporting the problem.)
+
+    'zic -v' now warns about output file names that do not follow
+    POSIX rules, or that contain a digit or '.'.  (Thanks to Arthur
+    David Olson for starting the ball rolling on this.)
+
+    Some lint has been removed when using GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS with GCC 4.9.0.
+
+  Changes affecting build procedure
+
+    'zic' no longer links in localtime.o and asctime.o, as they're not needed.
+    (Thanks to John Cochran.)
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    The 'Theory' file documents legacy names, the longstanding
+    exceptions to the POSIX-inspired file name rules.
+
+    The 'zic' documentation clarifies the role of time types when
+    interpreting dates.  (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)
+
+    Documentation and commentary now prefer UTF-8 to US-ASCII,
+    allowing the use of proper accents in foreign words and names.
+    Code and data have not changed because of this.  (Thanks to
+    Garrett Wollman, Ian Abbott, and Guy Harris for helping to debug
+    this.)
+
+    Non-HTML documentation and commentary now use plain-text URLs instead of
+    HTML insertions, and are more consistent about bracketing URLs when they
+    are not already surrounded by white space.  (Thanks to suggestions by
+    Steffen Nurpmeso.)
+
+    There is new commentary about Xujiahui Observatory, the five time-zone
+    project in China from 1918 to 1949, timekeeping in Japanese-occupied
+    Shanghai, and Tibet Time in the 1950s.  The sharp-eyed can spot the
+    warlord Jin Shuren in the data.
+
+    Commentary about the coverage of each Russian zone has been standardized.
+    (Thanks to Tim Parenti).
+
+    There is new commentary about contemporary timekeeping in Ethiopia.
+
+    Obsolete comments about a 2007 proposal for DST in Kuwait has been removed.
+
+    There is new commentary about time in Poland in 1919.
+
+    Proper credit has been given to DST inventor George Vernon Hudson.
+
+    Commentary about time in Metlakatla, AK and Resolute, NU has been
+    improved, with a new source for the former.
+
+    In zone.tab, Pacific/Easter no longer mentions Salas y Gómez, as it
+    is uninhabited.
+
+    Commentary about permanent Antarctic bases has been updated.
+
+    Several typos have been corrected.  (Thanks to Tim Parenti for
+    contributing some of these fixes.)
+
+    tz-link.htm now mentions the JavaScript libraries Moment Timezone,
+    TimezoneJS.Date, Walltime-js, and Timezone.  (Thanks to a heads-up
+    from Matt Johnson.)  Also, it mentions the Go 'latlong' package.
+    (Thanks to a heads-up from Dirkjan Ochtman.)
+
+    The files usno1988, usno1989, usno1989a, usno1995, usno1997, and usno1998
+    have been removed.  These obsolescent US Naval Observatory entries were no
+    longer helpful for maintenance.  (Thanks to Tim Parenti for the suggestion.)
+
+
+Release 2014e - 2014-06-12 21:53:52 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting near-future time stamps
+
+    Egypt's 2014 Ramadan-based transitions are June 26 and July 31 at 24:00.
+    (Thanks to Imed Chihi.)  Guess that from 2015 on Egypt will temporarily
+    switch to standard time at 24:00 the last Thursday before Ramadan, and
+    back to DST at 00:00 the first Friday after Ramadan.
+
+    Similarly, Morocco's are June 28 at 03:00 and August 2 at 02:00.  (Thanks
+    to Milamber Space Network.)  Guess that from 2015 on Morocco will
+    temporarily switch to standard time at 03:00 the last Saturday before
+    Ramadan, and back to DST at 02:00 the first Saturday after Ramadan.
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps
+
+    The abbreviation "MSM" (Moscow Midsummer Time) is now used instead of
+    "MSD" for Moscow's double daylight time in summer 1921.  Also, a typo
+    "VLASST" has been repaired to be "VLAST" for Vladivostok summer time
+    in 1991.  (Thanks to Hank W. for reporting the problems.)
+
+  Changes affecting commentary
+
+    tz-link.htm now cites RFC 7265 for jCal, mentions PTP and the
+    draft CalDAV extension, updates URLs for TSP, TZInfo, IATA, and
+    removes stale pointers to World Time Explorer and WORLDTIME.
+
+
+Release 2014d - 2014-05-27 21:34:40 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    zic no longer generates files containing time stamps before the Big Bang.
+    This works around GNOME bug 730332
+    <https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=730332>.
+    (Thanks to Leonardo Chiquitto for reporting the bug, and to
+    Arthur David Olson and James Cloos for suggesting improvements to the fix.)
+
+  Changes affecting documentation
+
+    tz-link.htm now mentions GNOME.
+
+
+Release 2014c - 2014-05-13 07:44:13 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting near-future time stamps
+
+    Egypt observes DST starting 2014-05-15 at 24:00.
+    (Thanks to Ahmad El-Dardiry and Gunther Vermier.)
+    Details have not been announced, except that DST will not be observed
+    during Ramadan.  Guess that DST will stop during the same Ramadan dates as
+    Morocco, and that Egypt's future spring and fall transitions will be the
+    same as 2010 when it last observed DST, namely April's last Friday at
+    00:00 to September's last Thursday at 23:00 standard time.  Also, guess
+    that Ramadan transitions will be at 00:00 standard time.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    zic now generates transitions for minimum time values, eliminating guesswork
+    when handling low-valued time stamps.  (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)
+
+    Port to Cygwin sans glibc.  (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)
+
+  Changes affecting commentary and documentation
+
+    Remove now-confusing comment about Jordan.  (Thanks to Oleksii Nochovnyi.)
+
+
+Release 2014b - 2014-03-24 21:28:50 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting near-future time stamps
+
+    Crimea switches to Moscow time on 2014-03-30 at 02:00 local time.
+    (Thanks to Alexander Krivenyshev.)  Move its zone.tab entry from UA to RU.
+
+    New entry for Troll station, Antarctica.  (Thanks to Paul-Inge Flakstad and
+    Bengt-Inge Larsson.)  This is currently an approximation; a better version
+    will require the zic and localtime fixes mentioned below, and the plan is
+    to wait for a while until at least the zic fixes propagate.
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    'zic' and 'localtime' no longer reject locations needing four transitions
+    per year for the foreseeable future.  (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)
+    Also, 'zic' avoids some unlikely failures due to integer overflow.
+
+  Changes affecting build procedure
+
+    'make check' now detects Rule lines defined but never used.
+    The NZAQ rules, an instance of this problem, have been removed.
+
+  Changes affecting commentary and documentation
+
+    Fix Tuesday/Thursday typo in description of time in Israel.
+    (Thanks to Bert Katz via Pavel Kharitonov and Mike Frysinger.)
+
+    Microsoft Windows 8.1 doesn't support tz database names.  (Thanks
+    to Donald MacQueen.)  Instead, the Microsoft Windows Store app
+    library supports them.
+
+    Add comments about Johnston Island time in the 1960s.
+    (Thanks to Lyle McElhaney.)
+
+    Morocco's 2014 DST start will be as predicted.
+    (Thanks to Sebastien Willemijns.)
+
+
+Release 2014a - 2014-03-07 23:30:29 -0800
+
+  Changes affecting near-future time stamps
+
+    Turkey begins DST on 2014-03-31, not 03-30.  (Thanks to Faruk Pasin for
+    the heads-up, and to Tim Parenti for simplifying the update.)
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps
+
+    Fiji ended DST on 2014-01-19 at 02:00, not the previously-scheduled 03:00.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+    Ukraine switched from Moscow to Eastern European time on 1990-07-01
+    (not 1992-01-01), and observed DST during the entire next winter.
+    (Thanks to Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl.)
+
+    In 1988 Israel observed DST from 04-10 to 09-04, not 04-09 to 09-03.
+    (Thanks to Avigdor Finkelstein.)
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    A uninitialized-storage bug in 'localtime' has been fixed.
+    (Thanks to Logan Chien.)
+
+  Changes affecting the build procedure
+
+    The settings for 'make check_web' now default to Ubuntu 13.10.
+
+  Changes affecting commentary and documentation
+
+    The boundary of the US Pacific time zone is given more accurately.
+    (Thanks to Alan Mintz.)
+
+    Chile's 2014 DST will be as predicted.  (Thanks to José Miguel Garrido.)
+
+    Paraguay's 2014 DST will be as predicted.  (Thanks to Carlos Raúl Perasso.)
+
+    Better descriptions of countries with same time zone history as
+    Trinidad and Tobago since 1970.  (Thanks to Alan Barrett for suggestion.)
+
+    Several changes affect tz-link.htm, the main web page.
+
+      Mention Time.is (thanks to Even Scharning) and WX-now (thanks to
+      David Braverman).
+
+      Mention xCal (Internet RFC 6321) and jCal.
+
+      Microsoft has some support for tz database names.
+
+      CLDR data formats include both XML and JSON.
+
+      Mention Maggiolo's map of solar vs standard time.
+      (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)
+
+      Mention TZ4Net.  (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
+
+      Mention the timezone-olson Haskell package.
+
+      Mention zeitverschiebung.net.  (Thanks to Martin Jäger.)
+
+      Remove moribund links to daylight-savings-time.info and to
+      Simple Timer + Clocks.
+
+      Update two links.  (Thanks to Oscar van Vlijmen.)
+
+      Fix some formatting glitches, e.g., remove random newlines from
+      abbr elements' title attributes.
+
+
+Release 2013i - 2013-12-17 07:25:23 -0800
+
+  Changes affecting near-future time stamps:
+
+    Jordan switches back to standard time at 00:00 on December 20, 2013.
+    The 2006-2011 transition schedule is planned to resume in 2014.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps:
+
+    In 2004, Cuba began DST on March 28, not April 4.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    The compile-time flag NOSOLAR has been removed, as nowadays the
+    benefit of slightly shrinking runtime table size is outweighed by the
+    cost of disallowing potential future updates that exceed old limits.
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    The files solar87, solar88, and solar89 are no longer distributed.
+    They were a negative experiment - that is, a demonstration that
+    tz data can represent solar time only with some difficulty and error.
+    Their presence in the distribution caused confusion, as Riyadh
+    civil time was generally not solar time in those years.
+
+    tz-link.htm now mentions Noda Time.  (Thanks to Matt Johnson.)
+
+
+Release 2013h - 2013-10-25 15:32:32 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting current and future time stamps:
+
+    Libya has switched its time zone back to UTC+2 without DST,
+    instead of UTC+1 with DST.  (Thanks to Even Scharning.)
+
+    Western Sahara (Africa/El_Aaiun) uses Morocco's DST rules.
+    (Thanks to Gwillim Law.)
+
+  Changes affecting future time stamps:
+
+    Acre and (we guess) western Amazonas will switch from UTC-4 to UTC-5
+    on 2013-11-10.  This affects America/Rio_Branco and America/Eirunepe.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+    Add entries for DST transitions in Morocco in the year 2038.
+    This avoids some year-2038 glitches introduced in 2013g.
+    (Thanks to Yoshito Umaoka for reporting the problem.)
+
+  Changes affecting API
+
+    The 'tzselect' command no longer requires the 'select' command,
+    and should now work with /bin/sh on more platforms.  It also works
+    around a bug in BusyBox awk before version 1.21.0.  (Thanks to
+    Patrick 'P. J.' McDermott and Alan Barrett.)
+
+  Changes affecting code
+
+    Fix localtime overflow bugs with 32-bit unsigned time_t.
+
+    zdump no longer assumes sscanf returns maximal values on overflow.
+
+  Changes affecting the build procedure
+
+    The builder can specify which programs to use, if any, instead of
+    'ar' and 'ranlib', and libtz.a is now built locally before being
+    installed.  (Thanks to Michael Forney.)
+
+    A dependency typo in the 'zdump' rule has been fixed.
+    (Thanks to Andrew Paprocki.)
+
+    The Makefile has been simplified by assuming that 'mkdir -p' and 'cp -f'
+    work as specified by POSIX.2-1992 or later; this is portable nowadays.
+
+    'make clean' no longer removes 'leapseconds', since it's
+    host-independent and is part of the distribution.
+
+    The unused makefile macros TZCSRCS, TZDSRCS, DATESRCS have been removed.
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    tz-link.htm now mentions TC TIMEZONE's draft time zone service protocol
+    (thanks to Mike Douglass) and TimezoneJS.Date (thanks to Jim Fehrle).
+
+    Update URLs in tz-link page.  Add URLs for Microsoft Windows, since
+    8.1 introduces tz support.  Remove URLs for Tru64 and UnixWare (no
+    longer maintained) and for old advisories.  SOFA now does C.
+
+Release 2013g - 2013-09-30 21:08:26 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting current and near-future time stamps
+
+    Morocco now observes DST from the last Sunday in March to the last
+    Sunday in October, not April to September respectively.  (Thanks
+    to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes affecting 'zic'
+
+    'zic' now runs on platforms that lack both hard links and symlinks.
+    (Thanks to Theo Veenker for reporting the problem, for MinGW.)
+    Also, fix some bugs on platforms that lack hard links but have symlinks.
+
+    'zic -v' again warns that Asia/Tehran has no POSIX environment variable
+    to predict the far future, fixing a bug introduced in 2013e.
+
+  Changes affecting the build procedure
+
+    The 'leapseconds' file is again put into the tzdata tarball.
+    Also, 'leapseconds.awk', so tzdata is self-contained.  (Thanks to
+    Matt Burgess and Ian Abbott.)  The timestamps of these and other
+    dependent files in tarballs are adjusted more consistently.
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    The README file is now part of the data tarball as well as the code.
+    It now states that files are public domain unless otherwise specified.
+    (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram) for asking for clarifications.)
+    Its details about the 1989 release moved to a place of honor near
+    the end of NEWS.
+
+
+Release 2013f - 2013-09-24 23:37:36 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting near-future time stamps
+
+    Tocantins will very likely not observe DST starting this spring.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+    Jordan will likely stay at UTC+3 indefinitely, and will not fall
+    back this fall.
+
+    Palestine will fall back at 00:00, not 01:00.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Changes affecting API
+
+    The types of the global variables 'timezone' and 'altzone' (if present)
+    have been changed back to 'long'.  This is required for 'timezone'
+    by POSIX, and for 'altzone' by common practice, e.g., Solaris 11.
+    These variables were originally 'long' in the tz code, but were
+    mistakenly changed to 'time_t' in 1987; nobody reported the
+    incompatibility until now.  The difference matters on x32, where
+    'long' is 32 bits and 'time_t' is 64.  (Thanks to Elliott Hughes.)
+
+  Changes affecting the build procedure
+
+    Avoid long strings in leapseconds.awk to work around a mawk bug.
+    (Thanks to Cyril Baurand.)
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    New file 'NEWS' that contains release notes like this one.
+
+    Paraguay's law does not specify DST transition time; 00:00 is customary.
+    (Thanks to Waldemar Villamayor-Venialbo.)
+
+    Minor capitalization fixes.
+
+  Changes affecting version-control only
+
+    The experimental GitHub repository now contains annotated and
+    signed tags for recent releases, e.g., '2013e' for Release 2013e.
+    Releases are tagged starting with 2012e; earlier releases were
+    done differently, and tags would either not have a simple name or
+    not exactly match what was released.
+
+    'make set-timestamps' is now simpler and a bit more portable.
+
+
+Release 2013e - 2013-09-19 23:50:04 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting near-future time stamps
+
+    This year Fiji will start DST on October 27, not October 20.
+    (Thanks to David Wheeler for the heads-up.)  For now, guess that
+    Fiji will continue to spring forward the Sunday before the fourth
+    Monday in October.
+
+  Changes affecting current and future time zone abbreviations
+
+    Use WIB/WITA/WIT rather than WIT/CIT/EIT for alphabetic Indonesian
+    time zone abbreviations since 1932.  (Thanks to George Ziegler,
+    Priyadi Iman Nurcahyo, Zakaria, Jason Grimes, Martin Pitt, and
+    Benny Lin.)  This affects Asia/Dili, Asia/Jakarta, Asia/Jayapura,
+    Asia/Makassar, and Asia/Pontianak.
+
+    Use ART (UTC-3, standard time), rather than WARST (also UTC-3, but
+    daylight saving time) for San Luis, Argentina since 2009.
+
+  Changes affecting Godthåb time stamps after 2037 if version mismatch
+
+    Allow POSIX-like TZ strings where the transition time's hour can
+    range from -167 through 167, instead of the POSIX-required 0
+    through 24.  E.g., TZ='FJT-12FJST,M10.3.1/146,M1.3.4/75' for the
+    new Fiji rules.  This is a more-compact way to represent
+    far-future time stamps for America/Godthab, America/Santiago,
+    Antarctica/Palmer, Asia/Gaza, Asia/Hebron, Asia/Jerusalem,
+    Pacific/Easter, and Pacific/Fiji.  Other zones are unaffected by
+    this change.  (Derived from a suggestion by Arthur David Olson.)
+
+    Allow POSIX-like TZ strings where daylight saving time is in
+    effect all year.  E.g., TZ='WART4WARST,J1/0,J365/25' for Western
+    Argentina Summer Time all year.  This supports a more-compact way
+    to represent the 2013d data for America/Argentina/San_Luis.
+    Because of the change for San Luis noted above this change does not
+    affect the current data.  (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram) for
+    suggestions that improved this change.)
+
+    Where these two TZ changes take effect, there is a minor extension
+    to the tz file format in that it allows new values for the
+    embedded TZ-format string, and the tz file format version number
+    has therefore been increased from 2 to 3 as a precaution.
+    Version-2-based client code should continue to work as before for
+    all time stamps before 2038.  Existing version-2-based client code
+    (tzcode, GNU/Linux, Solaris) has been tested on version-3-format
+    files, and typically works in practice even for time stamps after
+    2037; the only known exception is America/Godthab.
+
+  Changes affecting time stamps before 1970
+
+    Pacific/Johnston is now a link to Pacific/Honolulu.  This corrects
+    some errors before 1947.
+
+    Some zones have been turned into links, when they differ from existing
+    zones only in older data entries that were likely invented or that
+    differ only in LMT or transitions from LMT.  These changes affect
+    only time stamps before 1943.  The affected zones are:
+    Africa/Juba, America/Anguilla, America/Aruba, America/Dominica,
+    America/Grenada, America/Guadeloupe, America/Marigot,
+    America/Montserrat, America/St_Barthelemy, America/St_Kitts,
+    America/St_Lucia, America/St_Thomas, America/St_Vincent,
+    America/Tortola, and Europe/Vaduz.  (Thanks to Alois Treindl for
+    confirming that the old Europe/Vaduz zone was wrong and the new
+    link is better for WWII-era times.)
+
+    Change Kingston Mean Time from -5:07:12 to -5:07:11.  This affects
+    America/Cayman, America/Jamaica and America/Grand_Turk time stamps
+    from 1890 to 1912.
+
+    Change the UT offset of Bern Mean Time from 0:29:44 to 0:29:46.
+    This affects Europe/Zurich time stamps from 1853 to 1894.  (Thanks
+    to Alois Treindl).
+
+    Change the date of the circa-1850 Zurich transition from 1849-09-12
+    to 1853-07-16, overriding Shanks with data from Messerli about
+    postal and telegraph time in Switzerland.
+
+  Changes affecting time zone abbreviations before 1970
+
+    For Asia/Jakarta, use BMT (not JMT) for mean time from 1923 to 1932,
+    as Jakarta was called Batavia back then.
+
+  Changes affecting API
+
+    The 'zic' command now outputs a dummy transition when far-future
+    data can't be summarized using a TZ string, and uses a 402-year
+    window rather than a 400-year window.  For the current data, this
+    affects only the Asia/Tehran file.  It does not affect any of the
+    time stamps that this file represents, so zdump outputs the same
+    information as before.  (Thanks to Andrew Main (Zefram).)
+
+    The 'date' command has a new '-r' option, which lets you specify
+    the integer time to display, a la FreeBSD.
+
+    The 'tzselect' command has two new options '-c' and '-n', which lets you
+    select a zone based on latitude and longitude.
+
+    The 'zic' command's '-v' option now warns about constructs that
+    require the new version-3 binary file format.  (Thanks to Arthur
+    David Olson for the suggestion.)
+
+    Support for floating-point time_t has been removed.
+    It was always dicey, and POSIX no longer requires it.
+    (Thanks to Eric Blake for suggesting to the POSIX committee to
+    remove it, and thanks to Alan Barrett, Clive D.W. Feather, Andy
+    Heninger, Arthur David Olson, and Alois Treindl, for reporting
+    bugs and elucidating some of the corners of the old floating-point
+    implementation.)
+
+    The signatures of 'offtime', 'timeoff', and 'gtime' have been
+    changed back to the old practice of using 'long' to represent UT
+    offsets.  This had been inadvertently and mistakenly changed to
+    'int_fast32_t'.  (Thanks to Christos Zoulas.)
+
+    The code avoids undefined behavior on integer overflow in some
+    more places, including gmtime, localtime, mktime and zdump.
+
+  Changes affecting the zdump utility
+
+    zdump now outputs "UT" when referring to Universal Time, not "UTC".
+    "UTC" does not make sense for time stamps that predate the introduction
+    of UTC, whereas "UT", a more-generic term, does.  (Thanks to Steve Allen
+    for clarifying UT vs UTC.)
+
+  Data changes affecting behavior of tzselect and similar programs
+
+    Country code BQ is now called the more-common name "Caribbean Netherlands"
+    rather than the more-official "Bonaire, St Eustatius & Saba".
+
+    Remove from zone.tab the names America/Montreal, America/Shiprock,
+    and Antarctica/South_Pole, as they are equivalent to existing
+    same-country-code zones for post-1970 time stamps.  The data entries for
+    these names are unchanged, so the names continue to work as before.
+
+  Changes affecting code internals
+
+    zic -c now runs way faster on 64-bit hosts when given large numbers.
+
+    zic now uses vfprintf to avoid allocating and freeing some memory.
+
+    tzselect now computes the list of continents from the data,
+    rather than have it hard-coded.
+
+    Minor changes pacify GCC 4.7.3 and GCC 4.8.1.
+
+  Changes affecting the build procedure
+
+    The 'leapseconds' file is now generated automatically from a
+    new file 'leap-seconds.list', which is a copy of
+    <ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list>.
+    A new source file 'leapseconds.awk' implements this.
+    The goal is simplification of the future maintenance of 'leapseconds'.
+
+    When building the 'posix' or 'right' subdirectories, if the
+    subdirectory would be a copy of the default subdirectory, it is
+    now made a symbolic link if that is supported.  This saves about
+    2 MB of file system space.
+
+    The links America/Shiprock and Antarctica/South_Pole have been
+    moved to the 'backward' file.  This affects only nondefault builds
+    that omit 'backward'.
+
+  Changes affecting version-control only
+
+    .gitignore now ignores 'date'.
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary
+
+    Changes to the 'tzfile' man page
+
+      It now mentions that the binary file format may be extended in
+      future versions by appending data.
+
+      It now refers to the 'zdump' and 'zic' man pages.
+
+    Changes to the 'zic' man page
+
+      It lists conditions that elicit a warning with '-v'.
+
+      It says that the behavior is unspecified when duplicate names
+      are given, or if the source of one link is the target of another.
+
+      Its examples are updated to match the latest data.
+
+      The definition of white space has been clarified slightly.
+      (Thanks to Michael Deckers.)
+
+    Changes to the 'Theory' file
+
+      There is a new section about the accuracy of the tz database,
+      describing the many ways that errors can creep in, and
+      explaining why so many of the pre-1970 time stamps are wrong or
+      misleading (thanks to Steve Allen, Lester Caine, and Garrett
+      Wollman for discussions that contributed to this).
+
+      The 'Theory' file describes LMT better (this follows a
+      suggestion by Guy Harris).
+
+      It refers to the 2013 edition of POSIX rather than the 2004 edition.
+
+      It's mentioned that excluding 'backward' should not affect the
+      other data, and it suggests at least one zone.tab name per
+      inhabited country (thanks to Stephen Colebourne).
+
+      Some longstanding restrictions on names are documented, e.g.,
+      'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.
+
+      It gives more reasons for the 1970 cutoff.
+
+      It now mentions which time_t variants are supported, such as
+      signed integer time_t.  (Thanks to Paul Goyette for reporting
+      typos in an experimental version of this change.)
+
+      (Thanks to Philip Newton for correcting typos in these changes.)
+
+    Documentation and commentary is more careful to distinguish UT in
+    general from UTC in particular.  (Thanks to Steve Allen.)
+
+    Add a better source for the Zurich 1894 transition.
+    (Thanks to Pierre-Yves Berger.)
+
+    Update shapefile citations in tz-link.htm.  (Thanks to Guy Harris.)
+
+
+Release 2013d - 2013-07-05 07:38:01 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting future time stamps:
+
+    Morocco's midsummer transitions this year are July 7 and August 10,
+    not July 9 and August 8.  (Thanks to Andrew Paprocki.)
+
+    Israel now falls back on the last Sunday of October.
+    (Thanks to Ephraim Silverberg.)
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps:
+
+    Specify Jerusalem's location more precisely; this changes the pre-1880
+    times by 2 s.
+
+  Changing affecting metadata only:
+
+    Fix typos in the entries for country codes BQ and SX.
+
+  Changes affecting code:
+
+    Rework the code to fix a bug with handling Australia/Macquarie on
+    32-bit hosts (thanks to Arthur David Olson).
+
+    Port to platforms like NetBSD, where time_t can be wider than long.
+
+    Add support for testing time_t types other than the system's.
+    Run 'make check_time_t_alternatives' to try this out.
+    Currently, the tests fail for unsigned time_t;
+    this should get fixed at some point.
+
+  Changes affecting documentation and commentary:
+
+    Deemphasize the significance of national borders.
+
+    Update the zdump man page.
+
+    Remove obsolete NOID comment (thanks to Denis Excoffier).
+
+    Update several URLs and comments in the web pages.
+
+    Spelling fixes (thanks to Kevin Lyda and Jonathan Leffler).
+
+    Update URL for CLDR Zone->Tzid table (thanks to Yoshito Umaoka).
+
+
+Release 2013c - 2013-04-19 16:17:40 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting current and future time stamps:
+
+    Palestine observed DST starting March 29, 2013.  (Thanks to
+    Steffen Thorsen.)  From 2013 on, Gaza and Hebron both observe DST,
+    with the predicted rules being the last Thursday in March at 24:00
+    to the first Friday on or after September 21 at 01:00.
+
+    Assume that the recent change to Paraguay's DST rules is permanent,
+    by moving the end of DST to the 4th Sunday in March every year.
+    (Thanks to Carlos Raúl Perasso.)
+
+  Changes affecting past time stamps:
+
+    Fix some historical data for Palestine to agree with that of
+    timeanddate.com, as follows:
+
+	  The spring 2008 change in Gaza and Hebron was on 00:00 Mar 28, not
+	  00:00 Apr 1.
+
+	  The fall 2009 change in Gaza and Hebron on Sep 4 was at 01:00, not
+	  02:00.
+
+	  The spring 2010 change in Hebron was 00:00 Mar 26, not 00:01 Mar 27.
+
+	  The spring 2011 change in Gaza was 00:01 Apr 1, not 12:01 Apr 2.
+
+	  The spring 2011 change in Hebron on Apr 1 was at 00:01, not 12:01.
+
+	  The fall 2011 change in Hebron on Sep 30 was at 00:00, not 03:00.
+
+    Fix times of habitation for Macquarie to agree with the Tasmania
+    Parks & Wildlife Service history, which indicates that permanent
+    habitation was 1899-1919 and 1948 on.
+
+  Changing affecting metadata only:
+
+    Macquarie Island is politically part of Australia, not Antarctica.
+    (Thanks to Tobias Conradi.)
+
+    Sort Macquarie more-consistently with other parts of Australia.
+    (Thanks to Tim Parenti.)
+
+
+Release 2013b - 2013-03-10 22:33:40 -0700
+
+  Changes affecting current and future time stamps:
+
+    Haiti uses US daylight-saving rules this year, and presumably future years.
+    This changes time stamps starting today.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+    Paraguay will end DST on March 24 this year.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)  For now, assume it's just this year.
+
+    Morocco does not observe DST during Ramadan;
+    try to predict Ramadan in Morocco as best we can.
+    (Thanks to Erik Homoet for the heads-up.)
+
+  Changes affecting commentary:
+
+    Update URLs in tz-link page.  Add URLs for webOS, BB10, iOS.
+    Update URL for Solaris.  Mention Internet RFC 6557.
+    Update Internet RFCs 2445->5545, 2822->5322.
+    Switch from FTP to HTTP for Internet RFCs.
+
+
+Release 2013a - 2013-02-27 09:20:35 -0800
+
+  Change affecting binary data format:
+
+    The zone offset at the end of version-2-format zone files is now
+    allowed to be 24:00, as per POSIX.1-2008.  (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)
+
+  Changes affecting current and future time stamps:
+
+    Chile's 2013 rules, and we guess rules for 2014 and later, will be
+    the same as 2012, namely Apr Sun>=23 03:00 UTC to Sep Sun>=2 04:00 UTC.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen and Robert Elz.)
+
+    New Zones Asia/Khandyga, Asia/Ust-Nera, Europe/Busingen.
+    (Thanks to Tobias Conradi and Arthur David Olson.)
+
+  Many changes affect historical time stamps before 1940.
+  These were deduced from: Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899
+  Feb;13(2):173-94 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.
+
+  Changes affecting the code:
+
+    Fix zic bug that mishandled Egypt's 2010 changes (this also affected
+    the data).  (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)
+
+    Fix localtime bug when time_t is unsigned and data files were generated
+    by a signed time_t system.  (Thanks to Doug Bailey for reporting and
+    to Arthur David Olson for fixing.)
+
+    Allow the email address for bug reports to be set by the packager.
+    The default is tz@iana.org, as before.  (Thanks to Joseph S. Myers.)
+
+    Update HTML checking to be compatible with Ubuntu 12.10.
+
+    Check that files are a safe subset of ASCII.  At some point we may
+    relax this requirement to a safe subset of UTF-8.  Without the
+    check, some non-UTF-8 encodings were leaking into the distribution.
+
+  Commentary changes:
+
+    Restore a comment about copyright notices that was inadvertently deleted.
+    (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)
+
+    Improve the commentary about which districts observe what times
+    in Russia.  (Thanks to Oscar van Vlijmen and Arthur David Olson).
+
+    Add web page links to tz.js.
+
+    Add "Run by the Monkeys" to tz-art.  (Thanks to Arthur David Olson.)
+
+
+Release 2012j - 2012-11-12 18:34:49 -0800
+
+  Libya moved to CET this weekend, but with DST planned next year.
+  (Thanks to Even Scharning, Steffen Thorsen, and Tim Parenti.)
+
+  Signatures now have the extension .asc, not .sign, as that's more
+  standard.  (Thanks to Phil Pennock.)
+
+  The output of 'zdump --version', and of 'zic --version', now
+  uses a format that is more typical for --version.
+  (Thanks to Joseph S. Myers.)
+
+  The output of 'tzselect --help', 'zdump --help', and 'zic --help'
+  now uses tz@iana.org rather than the old elsie address.
+
+  zic -v now complains about abbreviations that are less than 3
+  or more than 6 characters, as per Posix.  Formerly, it checked
+  for abbreviations that were more than 3.
+
+  'make public' no longer puts its temporary directory under /tmp,
+  and uses the just-built zic rather than the system zic.
+
+  Various fixes to documentation and commentary.
+
+
+Release 2012i - 2012-11-03 12:57:09 -0700
+
+  Cuba switches from DST tomorrow at 01:00.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Linker flags can now be specified via LDFLAGS.
+  AWK now defaults to 'awk', not 'nawk'.
+  The shell in tzselect now defaults to /bin/bash, but this can
+  be overridden by specifying KSHELL.
+  The main web page now mentions the unofficial GitHub repository.
+  (Thanks to Mike Frysinger.)
+
+  Tarball signatures can now be built by running 'make signatures'.
+  There are also new makefile rules 'tarballs', 'check_public', and
+  separate makefile rules for each tarball and signature file.
+  A few makefile rules are now more portable to strict POSIX.
+
+  The main web page now lists the canonical IANA URL.
+
+
+Release 2012h - 2012-10-26 22:49:10 -0700
+
+  Bahia no longer has DST.  (Thanks to Kelley Cook.)
+
+  Tocantins has DST.  (Thanks to Rodrigo Severo.)
+
+  Israel has new DST rules next year.  (Thanks to Ephraim Silverberg.)
+
+  Jordan stays on DST this winter.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Web page updates.
+
+  More C modernization, except that at Arthur David Olson's suggestion
+  the instances of 'register' were kept.
+
+
+Release 2012g - 2012-10-17 20:59:45 -0700
+
+  Samoa fall 2012 and later.  (Thanks to Nicholas Pereira and Robert Elz.)
+
+  Palestine fall 2012.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  Assume C89.
+
+  To attack the version-number problem, this release ships the file
+  'Makefile' (which contains the release number) in both the tzcode and
+  the tzdata tarballs.  The two Makefiles are identical, and should be
+  identical in any matching pair of tarballs, so it shouldn't matter
+  which order you extract the tarballs.  Perhaps we can come up with a
+  better version-number scheme at some point; this scheme does have the
+  virtue of not adding more files.
+
+
+Release 2012f - 2012-09-12 23:17:03 -0700
+
+  * australasia (Pacific/Fiji): Fiji DST is October 21 through January
+    20 this year.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+
+Release 2012e - 2012-08-02 20:44:55 -0700
+
+  * australasia (Pacific/Fakaofo): Tokelau is UTC+13, not UTC+14.
+    (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
+
+  * Use a single version number for both code and data.
+
+  * .gitignore: New file.
+
+  * Remove trailing white space.
+
+
+Release code2012c-data2012d - 2012-07-19 16:35:33 -0700
+
+  Changes for Morocco's time stamps, which take effect in a couple of
+  hours, along with infrastructure changes to accommodate how the tz
+  code and data are released on IANA.
+
+
+Release data2012c - 2012-03-27 12:17:25 -0400
+
+  africa
+	Summer time changes for Morocco (to start late April 2012)
+
+  asia
+	Changes for 2012 for Gaza & the West Bank (Hebron) and Syria
+
+  northamerica
+	Haiti following US/Canada rules for 2012 (and we're assuming,
+	for now anyway, for the future).
+
+
+Release 2012b - 2012-03-02 12:29:15 +0700
+
+  There is just one change to tzcode2012b (compared with 2012a):
+  the Makefile that was accidentally included with 2012a has been
+  replaced with the version that should have been there, which is
+  identical with the previous version (from tzcode2011i).
+
+  There are just two changes in tzdata2012b compared with 2012a.
+
+  Most significantly, summer time in Cuba has been delayed 3 weeks
+  (now starts April 1 rather than March 11).   Since Mar 11 (the old start
+  date, as listed in 2012a) is just a little over a week away, this
+  change is urgent.
+
+  Less importantly, an excess tab in one of the changes in zone.tab
+  in 2012a has been removed.
+
+
+Release 2012a - 2012-03-01 18:28:10 +0700
+
+  The changes in tzcode2012a (compared to the previous version, 2011i)
+  are entirely to the README and tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm files, if
+  none of those concern you, you can ignore the code update.  The changes
+  reflect the changed addresses for the mailing list and the code and
+  data distribution points & methods (and a link to DateTime::TimeZone::Tzfile
+  has been added to tz-link.htm).
+
+  In tzdata2012a (compared to the previous release, which was 2011n)
+  the major changes are:
+	Chile 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 summer time date adjustments.
+	Falkland Islands onto permanent summer time (we're assuming for the
+		foreseeable future, though 2012 is all we're fairly certain of.)
+	Armenia has abolished Summer Time.
+	Tokelau jumped the International Date Line back last December
+		(just the same as their near neighbour, Samoa).
+	America/Creston is a new zone for a small area of British Columbia
+	There will be a leapsecond 2012-06-30 23:59:60 UTC.
+
+  Other minor changes are:
+	Corrections to 1918 Canadian summer time end dates.
+	Updated URL for UK time zone history (in comments)
+	A few typos in Le Corre's list of free French place names (comments)
+
+
+Release data2011n - 2011-10-30 14:57:54 +0700
+
+  There are three changes of note - most urgently, Cuba (America/Havana)
+  has extended summer time by two weeks, now to end on Nov 13, rather than
+  the (already past) Oct 30.   Second, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
+  (Europe/Tiraspol) decided not to split from the rest of Moldova after
+  all, and consequently that zone has been removed (again) and reinstated
+  in the "backward" file as a link to Europe/Chisinau.   And third, the
+  end date for Fiji's summer time this summer was moved forward from the
+  earlier planned Feb 26, to Jan 22.
+
+  Apart from that, Moldova (MD) returns to a single entry in zone.tab
+  (and the incorrect syntax that was in the 2011m version of that file
+  is so fixed - it would have been fixed in a different way had this
+  change not happened - that's the "missing" sccs version id).
+
+
+Release data2011m - 2011-10-24 21:42:16 +0700
+
+  In particular, the typos in comments in the data (2011-11-17 should have
+  been 2011-10-17 as Alan Barrett noted, and spelling of Tiraspol that
+  Tim Parenti noted) have been fixed, and the change for Ukraine has been
+  made in all 4 Ukrainian zones, rather than just Kiev (again, thanks to
+  Tim Parenti, and also Denys Gavrysh)
+
+  In addition, I added Europe/Tiraspol to zone.tab.
+
+  This time, all the files have new version numbers...  (including the files
+  otherwise unchanged in 2011m that were changed in 2011l but didn't get new
+  version numbers there...)
+
+
+Release data2011l - 2011-10-10 11:15:43 +0700
+
+  There are just 2 changes that cause different generated tzdata files from
+  zic, to Asia/Hebron and Pacific/Fiji - the possible change for Bahia, Brazil
+  is included, but commented out.  Compared with the diff I sent out last week,
+  this version also includes attributions for the sources for the changes
+  (in much the same format as ado used, but the html tags have not been
+  checked, verified, or used in any way at all, so if there are errors there,
+  please let me know.)
+
+
+Release data2011k - 2011-09-20 17:54:03 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2011j - 2011-09-12 09:22:49 -0400
+
+  (contemporary changes for Samoa; past changes for Kenya, Uganda, and
+  Tanzania); there are also two spelling corrections to comments in
+  the australasia file (with thanks to Christos Zoulas).
+
+
+Release 2011i - 2011-08-29 05:56:32 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2011h - 2011-06-15 18:41:48 -0400
+
+  Russia and Curaçao changes
+
+
+Release 2011g - 2011-04-25 09:07:22 -0400
+
+  update the rules for Egypt to reflect its abandonment of DST this year
+
+
+Release 2011f - 2011-04-06 17:14:53 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2011e - 2011-03-31 16:04:38 -0400
+
+  Morocco, Chile, and tz-link changes
+
+
+Release 2011d - 2011-03-14 09:18:01 -0400
+
+  changes that impact present-day time stamps in Cuba, Samoa, and Turkey
+
+
+Release 2011c - 2011-03-07 09:30:09 -0500
+
+  These do affect current time stamps in Chile and Annette Island, Canada.
+
+
+Release 2011b - 2011-02-07 08:44:50 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2011a - 2011-01-24 10:30:16 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2010o - 2010-11-01 09:18:23 -0400
+
+  change to the end of DST in Fiji in 2011
+
+
+Release 2010n - 2010-10-25 08:19:17 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2010m - 2010-09-27 09:24:48 -0400
+
+  Hong Kong, Vostok, and zic.c changes
+
+
+Release 2010l - 2010-08-16 06:57:25 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2010k - 2010-07-26 10:42:27 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2010j - 2010-05-10 09:07:48 -0400
+
+  changes for Bahía de Banderas and for version naming
+
+
+Release data2010i - 2010-04-16 18:50:45 -0400
+
+  the end of DST in Morocco on 2010-08-08
+
+
+Release data2010h - 2010-04-05 09:58:56 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2010g - 2010-03-24 11:14:53 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2010f - 2010-03-22 09:45:46 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2010e - 2010-03-08 14:24:27 -0500
+
+  corrects the Dhaka bug found by Danvin Ruangchan
+
+
+Release data2010d - 2010-03-06 07:26:01 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2010c - 2010-03-01 09:20:58 -0500
+
+  changes including KRE's suggestion for earlier initialization of
+  "goahead" and "goback" structure elements
+
+
+Release code2010a - 2010-02-16 10:40:04 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2010b - 2010-01-20 12:37:01 -0500
+
+  Mexico changes
+
+
+Release data2010a - 2010-01-18 08:30:04 -0500
+
+  changes to Dhaka
+
+
+Release data2009u - 2009-12-26 08:32:28 -0500
+
+  changes to DST in Bangladesh
+
+
+Release 2009t - 2009-12-21 13:24:27 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2009s - 2009-11-14 10:26:32 -0500
+
+  (cosmetic) Antarctica change and the DST-in-Fiji-in-2009-and-2010 change
+
+
+Release 2009r - 2009-11-09 10:10:31 -0500
+
+  "antarctica" and "tz-link.htm" changes
+
+
+Release 2009q - 2009-11-02 09:12:40 -0500
+
+  with two corrections as reported by Eric Muller and Philip Newton
+
+
+Release data2009p - 2009-10-23 15:05:27 -0400
+
+  Argentina (including San Luis) changes (with the correction from
+  Mariano Absatz)
+
+
+Release data2009o - 2009-10-14 16:49:38 -0400
+
+  Samoa (commentary only), Pakistan, and Bangladesh changes
+
+
+Release data2009n - 2009-09-22 15:13:38 -0400
+
+  added commentary for Argentina and a change to the end of DST in
+  2009 in Pakistan
+
+
+Release data2009m - 2009-09-03 10:23:43 -0400
+
+  Samoa and Palestine changes
+
+
+Release data2009l - 2009-08-14 09:13:07 -0400
+
+  Samoa (comments only) and Egypt
+
+
+Release 2009k - 2009-07-20 09:46:08 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2009j - 2009-06-15 06:43:59 -0400
+
+  Bangladesh change (with a short turnaround since the DST change is
+  impending)
+
+
+Release 2009i - 2009-06-08 09:21:22 -0400
+
+  updating for DST in Bangladesh this year
+
+
+Release 2009h - 2009-05-26 09:19:14 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2009g - 2009-04-20 16:34:07 -0400
+
+  Cairo
+
+
+Release data2009f - 2009-04-10 11:00:52 -0400
+
+  correct DST in Pakistan
+
+
+Release 2009e - 2009-04-06 09:08:11 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2009d - 2009-03-23 09:38:12 -0400
+
+  Morocco, Tunisia, Argentina, and American Astronomical Society changes
+
+
+Release data2009c - 2009-03-16 09:47:51 -0400
+
+  change to the start of Cuban DST
+
+
+Release 2009b - 2009-02-09 11:15:22 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2009a - 2009-01-21 10:09:39 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data2008i - 2008-10-21 12:10:25 -0400
+
+  southamerica and zone.tab files, with Argentina DST rule changes and
+  United States zone reordering and recommenting
+
+
+Release 2008h - 2008-10-13 07:33:56 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2008g - 2008-10-06 09:03:18 -0400
+
+  Fix a broken HTML anchor and update Brazil's DST transitions;
+  there's also a slight reordering of information in tz-art.htm.
+
+
+Release data2008f - 2008-09-09 22:33:26 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2008e - 2008-07-28 14:11:17 -0400
+
+  changes by Arthur David Olson and Jesper Nørgaard Welen
+
+
+Release data2008d - 2008-07-07 09:51:38 -0400
+
+  changes by Arthur David Olson, Paul Eggert, and Rodrigo Severo
+
+
+Release data2008c - 2008-05-19 17:48:03 -0400
+
+  Pakistan, Morocco, and Mongolia
+
+
+Release data2008b - 2008-03-24 08:30:59 -0400
+
+  including renaming Asia/Calcutta to Asia/Kolkata, with a backward
+  link provided
+
+
+Release 2008a - 2008-03-08 05:42:16 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 2007k - 2007-12-31 10:25:22 -0500
+
+  most importantly, changes to the "southamerica" file based on
+  Argentina's readoption of daylight saving time
+
+
+Release 2007j - 2007-12-03 09:51:01 -0500
+
+  1. eliminate the "P" (parameter) macro;
+
+  2. the "noncontroversial" changes circulated on the time zone
+  mailing list (less the changes to "logwtmp.c");
+
+  3. eliminate "too many transition" errors when "min" is used in time
+  zone rules;
+
+  4. changes by Paul Eggert (including updated information for Venezuela).
+
+
+Release data2007i - 2007-10-30 10:28:11 -0400
+
+  changes for Cuba and Syria
+
+
+Release 2007h - 2007-10-01 10:05:51 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert, as well as an updated link to the ICU
+  project in tz-link.htm
+
+
+Release 2007g - 2007-08-20 10:47:59 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  The "leapseconds" file has been updated to incorporate the most
+  recent International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
+  (IERS) bulletin.
+
+  There's an addition to tz-art.htm regarding the television show "Medium".
+
+
+Release 2007f - 2007-05-07 10:46:46 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (including Haiti, Turks and Caicos, and New
+  Zealand)
+
+  changes to zic.c to allow hour values greater than 24 (along with
+  Paul's improved time value overflow checking)
+
+
+Release 2007e - 2007-04-02 10:11:52 -0400
+
+  Syria and Honduras changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  zic.c variable renaming changes by Arthur David Olson
+
+
+Release 2007d - 2007-03-20 08:48:30 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  the elimination of white space at the ends of lines
+
+
+Release 2007c - 2007-02-26 09:09:37 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2007b - 2007-02-12 09:34:20 -0500
+
+  Paul Eggert's proposed change to the quotation handling logic in zic.c.
+
+  changes to the commentary in "leapseconds" reflecting the IERS
+  announcement that there is to be no positive leap second at the end
+  of June 2007.
+
+
+Release 2007a - 2007-01-08 12:28:29 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  Derick Rethan's Asmara change
+
+  Oscar van Vlijmen's Easter Island local mean time change
+
+  symbolic link changes
+
+
+Release 2006p - 2006-11-27 08:54:27 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2006o - 2006-11-06 09:18:07 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2006n - 2006-10-10 11:32:06 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2006m - 2006-10-02 15:32:35 -0400
+
+  changes for Uruguay, Palestine, and Egypt by Paul Eggert
+
+  (minimalist) changes to zic.8 to clarify "until" information
+
+
+Release data2006l - 2006-09-18 12:58:11 -0400
+
+  Paul's best-effort work on this coming weekend's Egypt time change
+
+
+Release 2006k - 2006-08-28 12:19:09 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2006j - 2006-08-21 09:56:32 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release code2006i - 2006-08-07 12:30:55 -0400
+
+  localtime.c fixes
+
+  Ken Pizzini's conversion script
+
+
+Release code2006h - 2006-07-24 09:19:37 -0400
+
+  adds public domain notices to four files
+
+  includes a fix for transition times being off by a second
+
+  adds a new recording to the "arts" file (information courtesy Colin Bowern)
+
+
+Release 2006g - 2006-05-08 17:18:09 -0400
+
+  northamerica changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2006f - 2006-05-01 11:46:00 -0400
+
+  a missing version number problem is fixed (with thanks to Bradley
+  White for catching the problem)
+
+
+Release 2006d - 2006-04-17 14:33:43 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  added new items to tz-arts.htm that were found by Paul
+
+
+Release 2006c - 2006-04-03 10:09:32 -0400
+
+  two sets of data changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  a fencepost error fix in zic.c
+
+  changes to zic.c and the "europe" file to minimize differences
+  between output produced by the old 32-bit zic and the new 64-bit
+  version
+
+
+Release 2006b - 2006-02-20 10:08:18 -0500
+  [tz32code2006b + tz64code2006b + tzdata2006b]
+
+  64-bit code
+
+  All SCCS IDs were bumped to "8.1" for this release.
+
+
+Release 2006a - 2006-01-30 08:59:31 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (in particular, Indiana time zone moves)
+
+  an addition to the zic manual page to describe how special-case
+  transitions are handled
+
+
+Release 2005r - 2005-12-27 09:27:13 -0500
+
+  Canadian changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  They also add "<pre>" directives to time zone data files and reflect
+  changes to warning message logic in "zdump.c" (but with calls to
+  "gettext" kept unbundled at the suggestion of Ken Pizzini).
+
+
+Release 2005q - 2005-12-13 09:17:09 -0500
+
+  Nothing earth-shaking here:
+	1.  Electronic mail addresses have been removed.
+	2.  Casts of the return value of exit have been removed.
+	3.  Casts of the argument of is.* macros have been added.
+	4.  Indentation in one section of zic.c has been fixed.
+	5.  References to dead URLs in the data files have been dealt with.
+
+
+Release 2005p - 2005-12-05 10:30:53 -0500
+
+  "systemv", "tz-link.htm", and "zdump.c" changes
+  (less the casts of arguments to the is* macros)
+
+
+Release 2005o - 2005-11-28 10:55:26 -0500
+
+  Georgia, Cuba, Nicaragua, and Jordan changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  zdump.c lint fixes by Arthur David Olson
+
+
+Release 2005n - 2005-10-03 09:44:09 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (both the Uruguay changes and the Kyrgyzstan
+  et al. changes)
+
+
+Release 2005m - 2005-08-29 12:15:40 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (with a small tweak to the tz-art change)
+
+  a declaration of an unused variable has been removed from zdump.c
+
+
+Release 2005l - 2005-08-22 12:06:39 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  overflow/underflow checks by Arthur David Olson, minus changes to
+  the "Theory" file about the pending addition of 64-bit data (I grow
+  less confident of the changes being accepted with each passing day,
+  and the changes no longer increase the data files nine-fold--there's
+  less than a doubling in size by my local Sun's reckoning)
+
+
+Release 2005k - 2005-07-14 14:14:24 -0400
+
+  The "leapseconds" file has been edited to reflect the recently
+  announced leap second at the end of 2005.
+
+  I've also deleted electronic mail addresses from the files as an
+  anti-spam measure.
+
+
+Release 2005j - 2005-06-13 14:34:13 -0400
+
+  These reflect changes to limit the length of time zone abbreviations
+  and the characters used in those abbreviations.
+
+  There are also changes to handle POSIX-style "quoted" time zone
+  environment variables.
+
+  The changes were circulated on the time zone mailing list; the only
+  change since then was the removal of a couple of minimum-length of
+  abbreviation checks.
+
+
+Release data2005i - 2005-04-21 15:04:16 -0400
+
+  changes (most importantly to Nicaragua and Haiti) by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2005h - 2005-04-04 11:24:47 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  minor changes to Makefile and zdump.c to produce more useful output
+  when doing a "make typecheck"
+
+
+Release 2005g - 2005-03-14 10:11:21 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (a change to current DST rules in Uruguay and
+  an update to a link to time zone software)
+
+
+Release 2005f - 2005-03-01 08:45:32 -0500
+
+  data and documentation changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2005e - 2005-02-10 15:59:44 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release code2005d - 2005-01-31 09:21:47 -0500
+
+  make zic complain about links to links if the -v flag is used
+
+  have "make public" do more code checking
+
+  add an include to "localtime.c" for the benefit of gcc systems
+
+
+Release 2005c - 2005-01-17 18:36:29 -0500
+
+  get better results when mktime runs on a system where time_t is double
+
+  changes to the data files (most importantly to Paraguay)
+
+
+Release 2005b - 2005-01-10 09:19:54 -0500
+
+  Get localtime and gmtime working on systems with exotic time_t types.
+
+  Update the leap second commentary in the "leapseconds" file.
+
+
+Release 2005a - 2005-01-01 13:13:44 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release code2004i - 2004-12-14 13:42:58 -0500
+
+  Deal with systems where time_t is unsigned.
+
+
+Release code2004h - 2004-12-07 11:40:18 -0500
+
+  64-bit-time_t changes
+
+
+Release 2004g - 2004-11-02 09:06:01 -0500
+
+  update to Cuba (taking effect this weekend)
+
+  other changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  correction of the spelling of Oslo
+
+  changed versions of difftime.c and private.h
+
+
+Release code2004f - 2004-10-21 10:25:22 -0400
+
+  Cope with wide-ranging tm_year values.
+
+
+Release 2004e - 2004-10-11 14:47:21 -0400
+
+  Brazil/Argentina/Israel changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  changes to tz-link.htm by Paul
+
+  one small fix to Makefile
+
+
+Release 2004d - 2004-09-22 08:27:29 -0400
+
+  Avoid overflow problems when TM_YEAR_BASE is added to an integer.
+
+
+Release 2004c - 2004-08-11 12:06:26 -0400
+
+  asctime-related changes
+
+  (variants of) some of the documentation changes suggested by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2004b - 2004-07-19 14:33:35 -0400
+
+  data changes by Paul Eggert - most importantly, updates for Argentina
+
+
+Release 2004a - 2004-05-27 12:00:47 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  Handle DST transitions that occur at the end of a month in some
+  years but at the start of the following month in other years.
+
+  Add a copy of the correspondence that's the basis for claims about
+  DST in the Navajo Nation.
+
+
+Release 2003e - 2003-12-15 09:36:47 -0500
+
+  changes by Arthur David Olson (primarily code changes)
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (primarily data changes)
+
+  minor changes to "Makefile" and "northamerica" (in the latter case,
+  optimization of the "Toronto" rules)
+
+
+Release 2003d - 2003-10-06 09:34:44 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2003c - 2003-09-16 10:47:05 -0400
+
+  Fix bad returns in zic.c's inleap function.
+  Thanks to Bradley White for catching the problem!
+
+
+Release 2003b - 2003-09-16 07:13:44 -0400
+
+  Add a "--version" option (and documentation) to the zic and zdump commands.
+
+  changes to overflow/underflow checking in zic
+
+  a localtime typo fix.
+
+  Update the leapseconds and tz-art.htm files.
+
+
+Release 2003a - 2003-03-24 09:30:54 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  a few additions and modifications to the tz-art.htm file
+
+
+Release 2002d - 2002-10-15 13:12:42 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert, less the "Britain (UK)" change in iso3166.tab
+
+  There's also a new time zone quote in "tz-art.htm".
+
+
+Release 2002c - 2002-04-04 11:55:20 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  Change zic.c to avoid creating symlinks to files that don't exist.
+
+
+Release 2002b - 2002-01-28 12:56:03 -0500
+
+  [These change notes are for Release 2002a, which was corrupted.
+  2002b was a corrected version of 2002a.]
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  Update the "leapseconds" file to note that there'll be no leap
+  second at the end of June, 2002.
+
+  Change "zic.c" to deal with a problem in handling the "Asia/Bishkek" zone.
+
+  Change to "difftime.c" to avoid sizeof problems.
+
+
+Release 2001d - 2001-10-09 13:31:32 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2001c - 2001-06-05 13:59:55 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert and Andrew Brown
+
+
+Release 2001b - 2001-04-05 16:44:38 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (modulo jnorgard's typo fix)
+
+  tz-art.htm has been HTMLified.
+
+
+Release 2001a - 2001-03-13 12:57:44 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  An addition to the "leapseconds" file: comments with the text of the
+  latest IERS leap second notice.
+
+  Trailing white space has been removed from data file lines, and
+  repeated spaces in "Rule Jordan" lines in the "asia" file have been
+  converted to tabs.
+
+
+Release 2000h - 2000-12-14 15:33:38 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  one typo fix in the "art" file
+
+  With providence, this is the last update of the millennium.
+
+
+Release 2000g - 2000-10-10 11:35:22 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  correction of John Mackin's name submitted by Robert Elz
+
+  Garry Shandling's Daylight Saving Time joke (!?!) from the recent
+  Emmy Awards broadcast.
+
+
+Release 2000f - 2000-08-10 09:31:58 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  Added information in "tz-art.htm" on a Seinfeld reference to DST.
+
+  Error checking and messages in the "yearistype" script have been
+  improved.
+
+
+Release 2000e - 2000-07-31 09:27:54 -0400
+
+  data changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  a change to the default value of the defined constant HAVE_STRERROR
+
+  the addition of a Dave Barry quote on DST to the tz-arts file
+
+
+Release 2000d - 2000-04-20 15:43:04 -0400
+
+  changes to the documentation and code of strftime for C99 conformance
+
+  a bug fix for date.c
+
+  These are based on (though modified from) changes by Paul Eggert.
+
+
+Release 2000c - 2000-03-04 10:31:43 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 2000b - 2000-02-21 12:16:29 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert and Joseph Myers
+
+  modest tweaks to the tz-art.htm and tz-link.htm files
+
+
+Release 2000a - 2000-01-18 09:21:26 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  The two hypertext documents have also been renamed.
+
+
+Release code1999i-data1999j - 1999-11-15 18:43:22 -0500
+
+  Paul Eggert's changes
+
+  additions to the "zic" manual page and the "Arts.htm" file
+
+
+Release code1999h-data1999i - 1999-11-08 14:55:21 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release data1999h - 1999-10-07 03:50:29 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert to "europe" (most importantly, fixing
+  Lithuania and Estonia)
+
+
+Release 1999g - 1999-09-28 11:06:18 -0400
+
+  data changes by Paul Eggert (most importantly, the change for
+  Lebanon that buys correctness for this coming Sunday)
+
+  The "code" file contains changes to "Makefile" and "checktab.awk" to
+  allow better checking of time zone files before they are published.
+
+
+Release 1999f - 1999-09-23 09:48:14 -0400
+
+  changes by Arthur David Olson and Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release 1999e - 1999-08-17 15:20:54 -0400
+
+  changes circulated by Paul Eggert, although the change to handling
+  of DST-specifying time zone names has been commented out for now
+  (search for "XXX" in "localtime.c" for details).  These files also
+  do not make any changes to the start of DST in Brazil.
+
+  In addition to Paul's changes, there are updates to "Arts.htm" and
+  cleanups of URLs.
+
+
+Release 1999d - 1999-03-30 11:31:07 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  The Makefile's "make public" rule has also been changed to do a test
+  compile of each individual time zone data file (which should help
+  avoid problems such as the one we had with Nicosia).
+
+
+Release 1999c - 1999-03-25 09:47:47 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert, most importantly the change for Chile.
+
+
+Release 1999b - 1999-02-01 17:51:44 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  code changes (suggested by Mani Varadarajan, mani at be.com) for
+  correct handling of symbolic links when building using a relative directory
+
+  code changes to generate correct messages for failed links
+
+  updates to the URLs in Arts.htm
+
+
+Release 1999a - 1999-01-19 16:20:29 -0500
+
+  error message internationalizations and corrections in zic.c and
+  zdump.c (as suggested by Vladimir Michl, vladimir.michl at upol.cz,
+  to whom thanks!)
+
+
+Release code1998h-data1998i - 1998-10-01 09:56:10 -0400
+
+  changes for Brazil, Chile, and Germany
+
+  support for use of "24:00" in the input files for the time zone compiler
+
+
+Release code1998g-data1998h - 1998-09-24 10:50:28 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  correction to a define in the "private.h" file
+
+
+Release data1998g - 1998-08-11 03:28:35 -0000
+  [tzdata1998g.tar.gz is missing!]
+
+  Lithuanian change provided by mgedmin at pub.osf.it
+
+  Move creation of the GMT link with Etc/GMT to "etcetera" (from
+  "backward") to ensure that the GMT file is created even where folks
+  don't want the "backward" links (as suggested by Paul Eggert).
+
+
+Release data1998f - 1998-07-20 13:50:00 -0000
+  [tzdata1998f.tar.gz is missing!]
+
+  Update the "leapseconds" file to include the newly-announced
+  insertion at the end of 1998.
+
+
+Release code1998f - 1998-06-01 10:18:31 -0400
+
+  addition to localtime.c by Guy Harris
+
+
+Release 1998e - 1998-05-28 09:56:26 -0400
+
+  The Makefile is changed to produce zoneinfo-posix rather than
+  zoneinfo/posix, and to produce zoneinfo-leaps rather than
+  zoneinfo/right.
+
+  data changes by Paul Eggert
+
+  changes from Guy Harris to provide asctime_r and ctime_r
+
+  A usno1998 file (substantially identical to usno1997) has been added.
+
+
+Release 1998d - 1998-05-14 11:58:34 -0400
+
+  changes to comments (in particular, elimination of references to CIA maps).
+  "Arts.htm", "WWW.htm", "asia", and "australasia" are the only places
+  where changes occur.
+
+
+Release 1998c - 1998-02-28 12:32:26 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert (save the "French correction," on which I'll
+  wait for the dust to settle)
+
+  symlink changes
+
+  changes and additions to Arts.htm
+
+
+Release 1998b - 1998-01-17 14:31:51 -0500
+
+  URL cleanups and additions
+
+
+Release 1998a - 1998-01-13 12:37:35 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release code1997i-data1997k - 1997-12-29 09:53:41 -0500
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert, with minor modifications from Arthur David
+  Olson to make the files more browser friendly
+
+
+Release code1997h-data1997j - 1997-12-18 17:47:35 -0500
+
+  minor changes to put "TZif" at the start of each time zone information file
+
+  a rule has also been added to the Makefile so you can
+	make zones
+  to just recompile the zone information files (rather than doing a
+  full "make install" with its other effects).
+
+
+Release data1997i - 1997-10-07 08:45:38 -0400
+
+  changes to Africa by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release code1997g-data1997h - 1997-09-04 16:56:54 -0400
+
+  corrections for Uruguay (and other locations)
+
+  Arthur David Olson's simple-minded fix allowing mktime to both
+  correctly handle leap seconds and correctly handle tm_sec values
+  upon which arithmetic has been performed.
+
+
+Release code1997f-data1997g - 1997-07-19 13:15:02 -0400
+
+  Paul Eggert's updates
+
+  a small change to a function prototype;
+
+  "Music" has been renamed "Arts.htm", HTMLified, and augmented to
+  include information on Around the World in Eighty Days.
+
+
+Release code1997e-data1997f - 1997-05-03 18:52:34 -0400
+
+  fixes to zic's error handling
+
+  changes inspired by the item circulated on Slovenia
+
+  The description of Web resources has been HTMLified for browsing
+  convenience.
+
+  A new piece of tz-related music has been added to the "Music" file.
+
+
+Release code1997d-data1997e - 1997-03-29 12:48:52 -0500
+
+  Paul Eggert's latest suggestions
+
+
+Release code1997c-data1997d - 1997-03-07 20:37:54 -0500
+
+  changes to "zic.c" to correct performance of the "-s" option
+
+  a new file "usno1997"
+
+
+Release data1997c - 1997-03-04 09:58:18 -0500
+
+  changes in Israel
+
+
+Release 1997b - 1997-02-27 18:34:19 -0500
+
+  The data file incorporates the 1997 leap second.
+
+  The code file incorporates Arthur David Olson's take on the
+  zic/multiprocessor/directory-creation situation.
+
+
+Release 1997a - 1997-01-21 09:11:10 -0500
+
+  Paul Eggert's Antarctica (and other changes)
+
+  Arthur David Olson finessed the "getopt" issue by checking against
+  both -1 and EOF (regardless of POSIX, SunOS 4.1.1's manual says -1
+  is returned while SunOS 5.5's manual says EOF is returned).
+
+
+Release code1996o-data1996n - 1996-12-27 21:42:05 -0500
+
+  Paul Eggert's latest changes
+
+
+Release code1996n - 1996-12-16 09:42:02 -0500
+
+  link snapping fix from Bruce Evans (via Garrett Wollman)
+
+
+Release data1996m - 1996-11-24 02:37:34 -0000
+  [tzdata1996m.tar.gz is missing!]
+
+  Paul Eggert's batch of changes
+
+
+Release code1996m-data1996l - 1996-11-05 14:00:12 -0500
+
+  No functional changes here; the files have simply been changed to
+  make more use of ISO style dates in comments. The names of the above
+  files now include the year in full.
+
+
+Release code96l - 1996-09-08 17:12:20 -0400
+
+  tzcode96k was missing a couple of pieces.
+
+
+Release 96k - 1996-09-08 16:06:22 -0400
+
+  the latest round of changes from Paul Eggert
+
+  the recent Year 2000 material
+
+
+Release code96j - 1996-07-30 13:18:53 -0400
+
+  Set sp->typecnt as suggested by Timothy Patrick Murphy.
+
+
+Release code96i - 1996-07-27 20:11:35 -0400
+
+  Paul's suggested patch for strftime %V week numbers
+
+
+Release data96i - 1996-07-01 18:13:04 -0400
+
+  "northamerica" and "europe" changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release code96h - 1996-06-05 08:02:21 -0400
+
+  fix for handling transitions specified in Universal Time
+
+  Some "public domain" notices have also been added.
+
+
+Release code96g - 1996-05-16 14:00:26 -0400
+
+  fix for the simultaneous-DST-and-zone-change challenge
+
+
+Release data96h - 1996-05-09 17:40:51 -0400
+
+  changes by Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release code96f-data96g - 1996-05-03 03:09:59 -0000
+  [tzcode96f.tar.gz + tzdata96g.tar.gz are both missing!]
+
+  The changes get us some of the way to fixing the problems noted in Paul
+  Eggert's letter yesterday (in addition to a few others).  The approach
+  has been to make zic a bit smarter about figuring out what time zone
+  abbreviations apply just after the time specified in the "UNTIL" part
+  of a zone line.  Putting the smarts in zic means avoiding having
+  transition times show up in both "Zone" lines and "Rule" lines, which
+  in turn avoids multiple transition time entries in time zone files.
+  (This also makes the zic input files such as "europe" a bit shorter and
+  should ease maintenance.)
+
+
+Release data96f - 1996-04-19 19:20:03 -0000
+  [tzdata96f.tar.gz is missing!]
+
+  The only changes are to the "northamerica" file; the time zone
+  abbreviation for Denver is corrected to MST (and MDT), and the
+  comments for Mexico have been updated.
+
+
+Release data96e - 1996-03-19 17:37:26 -0500
+
+  Proposals by Paul Eggert, in particular the Portugal change that
+  comes into play at the end of this month.
+
+
+Release data96d - 1996-03-18 20:49:39 -0500
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release code96e - 1996-02-29 15:43:27 -0000
+  [tzcode96e.tar.gz is missing!]
+
+  internationalization changes and the fix to the documentation for strftime
+
+
+Release code96d-data96c - 1996-02-12 11:05:27 -0500
+
+  The "code" file simply updates Bob Kridle's electronic address.
+
+  The "data" file updates rules for Mexico.
+
+
+Release data96b - 1996-01-27 15:44:42 -0500
+
+  Kiribati change
+
+
+Release code96c - 1996-01-16 16:58:15 -0500
+
+  leap-year streamlining and binary-search changes
+
+  fix to newctime.3
+
+
+Release code96b - 1996-01-10 20:42:39 -0500
+
+  fixes and enhancements from Paul Eggert, including code that
+  emulates the behavior of recent versions of the SunOS "date"
+  command.
+
+
+Release 96a - 1996-01-06 09:08:24 -0500
+
+  Israel updates
+
+  fixes to strftime.c for correct ISO 8601 week number generation,
+  plus support for two new formats ('G' and 'g') to give ISO 8601 year
+  numbers (which are not necessarily the same as calendar year numbers)
+
+
+Release code95i-data95m - 1995-12-21 12:46:47 -0500
+
+  The latest revisions from Paul Eggert are included, the usno1995
+  file has been updated, and a new file ("WWW") covering useful URLs
+  has been added.
+
+
+Release code95h-data95l - 1995-12-19 18:10:12 -0500
+
+  A simplification of a macro definition, a change to data for Sudan,
+  and (for last minute shoppers) notes in the "Music" file on the CD
+  "Old Man Time".
+
+
+Release code95g-data95k - 1995-10-30 10:32:47 -0500
+
+  (slightly reformatted) 8-bit-clean proposed patch
+
+  minor patch: US/Eastern -> America/New_York
+
+  snapshot of the USNO's latest data ("usno1995")
+
+  some other minor cleanups
+
+
+Release code95f-data95j - 1995-10-28 21:01:34 -0000
+  [tzcode95f.tar.gz + tzdata95j.tar.gz are both missing!]
+
+  European cleanups
+
+  support for 64-bit time_t's
+
+  optimization in localtime.c
+
+
+Release code95e - 1995-10-13 13:23:57 -0400
+
+  the mktime change to scan from future to past when trying to find time zone
+  offsets
+
+
+Release data95i - 1995-09-26 10:43:26 -0400
+
+  For Canada/Central, guess that the Sun customer's "one week too
+  early" was just a approximation, and the true error is one month
+  too early.  This is consistent with the rest of Canada.
+
+
+Release data95h - 1995-09-21 11:26:48 -0400
+
+  latest changes from Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release code95d - 1995-09-14 11:14:45 -0400
+
+  the addition of a "Music" file, which documents four recorded
+  versions of the tune "Save That Time".
+
+
+Release data95g - 1995-09-01 17:21:36 -0400
+
+  "yearistype" correction
+
+
+Release data95f - 1995-08-28 20:46:56 -0400
+
+  Paul Eggert's change to the australasia file
+
+
+Release data95e - 1995-07-08 18:02:34 -0400
+
+  The only change is a leap second at the end of this year.
+  Thanks to Bradley White for forwarding news on the leap second.
+
+
+Release data95d - 1995-07-03 13:26:22 -0400
+
+  Paul Eggert's changes
+
+
+Release data95c - 1995-07-02 19:19:28 -0400
+
+  changes to "asia", "backward", "europe", and "southamerica"
+  (read: northamericacentrics need not apply)
+
+
+Release code95c - 1995-03-13 14:00:46 -0500
+
+  one-line fix for sign extension problems in detzcode
+
+
+Release 95b - 1995-03-04 11:22:38 -0500
+
+  Minor changes in both:
+
+  The "code" file contains a workaround for the lack of "unistd.h" in
+  Microsoft C++ version 7.
+
+  The "data" file contains a fixed "Link" for America/Shiprock.
+
+
+Release 94h - 1994-12-10 12:51:14 -0500
+
+  The files:
+
+  *	incorporate the changes to "zdump" and "date" to make changes to
+	the "TZ" environment variable permanent;
+
+  *	incorporate the table changes by Paul Eggert;
+
+  *	include (and document) support for universal time specifications in
+	data files - but do not (yet) include use of this feature in the
+	data files.
+
+  Think of this as "TZ Classic" - the software has been set up not to break if
+  universal time shows up in its input, and data entries have been
+  left as is so as not to break existing implementations.
+
+
+Release data94f - 1994-08-20 12:56:09 -0400
+
+  (with thanks!) the latest data updates from Paul Eggert
+
+
+Release data94e - 1994-06-04 13:13:53 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release code94g - 1994-05-05 12:14:07 -0400
+
+  fix missing "optind.c" and a reference to it in the Makefile
+
+
+Release code94f - 1994-05-05 13:00:33 -0000
+  [tzcode94f.tar.gz is missing!]
+
+  changes to avoid overflow in difftime, as well as changes to cope
+  with the 52/53 challenge in strftime
+
+
+Release code94e - 1994-03-30 23:32:59 -0500
+
+  change for the benefit of PCTS
+
+
+Release 94d - 1994-02-24 15:42:25 -0500
+
+  Avoid clashes with POSIX semantics for zones such as GMT+4.
+
+  Some other very minor housekeeping is also present.
+
+
+Release code94c - 1994-02-10 08:52:40 -0500
+
+  Fix bug where mkdirs was broken unless you compile with
+  -fwritable-strings (which is generally losing to do).
+
+
+Release 94b - 1994-02-07 10:04:33 -0500
+
+  work by Paul Eggert who notes:
+
+  I found another book of time zone histories by E W Whitman; it's not
+  as extensive as Shanks but has a few goodies of its own.  I used it
+  to update the tables.  I also fixed some more as a result of
+  correspondence with Adam David and Peter Ilieve, and move some stray
+  links from 'europe' to 'backward'.  I corrected some scanning errors
+  in usno1989.
+
+  As far as the code goes, I fixed zic to allow years in the range
+  INT_MIN to INT_MAX; this fixed a few boundary conditions around 1900.
+  And I cleaned up the zic documentation a little bit.
+
+
+Release data94a - 1994-02-03 08:58:54 -0500
+
+  It simply incorporates the recently announced leap second into the
+  "leapseconds" file.
+
+
+Release 93g - 1993-11-22 17:28:27 -0500
+
+  Paul Eggert has provided a good deal of historic information (based
+  on Shanks), and there are some code changes to deal with the buglets
+  that crawled out in dealing with the new information.
+
+
+Release 93f - 1993-10-15 12:27:46 -0400
+
+  Paul Eggert's changes
+
+
+Release 93e - 1993-09-05 21:21:44 -0400
+
+  This has updated data for Israel, England, and Kwajalein.  There's
+  also an update to "zdump" to cope with Kwajalein's 24-hour jump.
+  Thanks to Paul Eggert and Peter Ilieve for the changes.
+
+
+Release 93d - 1993-06-17 23:34:17 -0400
+
+  new fix and new data on Israel
+
+
+Release 93c - 1993-06-06 19:31:55 -0400
+
+  [not summarized]
+
+
+Release 93b - 1993-02-02 14:53:58 -0500
+
+  updated "leapseconds" file
+
+
+Release 93 - 1993-01-08 07:01:06 -0500
+
+  At kre's suggestion, the package has been split in two - a code piece
+  (which also includes documentation) that's only of use to folks who
+  want to recompile things and a data piece useful to anyone who can
+  run "zic".
+
+  The new version has a few changes to the data files, a few
+  portability changes, and an off-by-one fix (with thanks to
+  Tom Karzes at deshaw.com for providing a description and a
+  solution).
+
+
+Release 92c - 1992-11-21 17:35:36 -0000
+  [tz92c.tar.Z is missing!]
+
+  The fallout from the latest round of DST transitions.
+
+  There are changes for Portugal, Saskatchewan, and "Pacific-New";
+  there's also a change to "zic.c" that makes it portable to more systems.
+
+
+Release 92 - 1992-04-25 18:17:03 -0000
+  [tz92.tar.Z is missing!]
+
+  By popular demand (well, at any rate, following a request by kre at munnari)
+
+
+The 1989 update of the time zone package featured:
+
+  *	POSIXization (including interpretation of POSIX-style TZ environment
+	variables, provided by Guy Harris),
+  *	ANSIfication (including versions of "mktime" and "difftime"),
+  *	SVIDulation (an "altzone" variable)
+  *	MACHination (the "gtime" function)
+  *	corrections to some time zone data (including corrections to the rules
+	for Great Britain and New Zealand)
+  *	reference data from the United States Naval Observatory for folks who
+	want to do additional time zones
+  *	and the 1989 data for Saudi Arabia.
+
+  (Since this code will be treated as "part of the implementation" in some
+  places and as "part of the application" in others, there's no good way to
+  name functions, such as timegm, that are not part of the proposed ANSI C
+  standard; such functions have kept their old, underscore-free names in this
+  update.)
+
+  And the "dysize" function has disappeared; it was present to allow
+  compilation of the "date" command on old BSD systems, and a version of "date"
+  is now provided in the package.  The "date" command is not created when you
+  "make all" since it may lack options provided by the version distributed with
+  your operating system, or may not interact with the system in the same way
+  the native version does.
+
+  Since POSIX frowns on correct leap second handling, the default behavior of
+  the "zic" command (in the absence of a "-L" option) has been changed to omit
+  leap second information from its output files.
+
+
+-----
+Notes
+
+This file contains copies of the part of each release announcement
+that talks about the changes in that release.  The text has been
+adapted and reformatted for the purposes of this file.
+
+Typically a release R consists of a pair of tarball files,
+tzcodeR.tar.gz and tzdataR.tar.gz.  However, some releases (e.g.,
+code2010a, data2012c) consist of just one or the other tarball, and a
+few (e.g., code2012c-data2012d) have tarballs with mixed version
+numbers.
+
+Release time stamps are taken from the release's commit (for newer,
+git releases), from the newest file in the tarball (for older
+releases, where this info is available) or from the email announcing
+the release (if all else fails; these are marked with a time zone of
+-0000 and an "is missing!" comment).
+
+Earlier versions of the code and data were not announced on the tz
+list and are not summarized here.
+
+This file is in the public domain.
+
+Local Variables:
+coding: utf-8
+End:
diff --git a/tz/README b/tz/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8deaf16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/README
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+README for the tz distribution
+
+"What time is it?" -- Richard Deacon as The King
+"Any time you want it to be." -- Frank Baxter as The Scientist
+					(from the Bell System film "About Time")
+
+The Time Zone Database (often called tz or zoneinfo) contains code and
+data that represent the history of local time for many representative
+locations around the globe.  It is updated periodically to reflect
+changes made by political bodies to time zone boundaries, UTC offsets,
+and daylight-saving rules.
+
+Here is a recipe for acquiring, building, installing, and testing the
+tz distribution on a GNU/Linux or similar host.
+
+	mkdir tz
+	cd tz
+	wget --retr-symlinks 'ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/tz*-latest.tar.gz'
+	gzip -dc tzcode-latest.tar.gz | tar -xf -
+	gzip -dc tzdata-latest.tar.gz | tar -xf -
+
+Be sure to read the comments in "Makefile" and make any changes needed
+to make things right for your system, especially if you are using some
+platform other than GNU/Linux.  Then run the following commands,
+substituting your desired installation directory for "$HOME/tzdir":
+
+	make TOPDIR=$HOME/tzdir install
+	$HOME/tzdir/etc/zdump -v America/Los_Angeles
+
+Historical local time information has been included here to:
+
+*	provide a compendium of data about the history of civil time
+	that is useful even if not 100% accurate;
+
+*	give an idea of the variety of local time rules that have
+	existed in the past and thus an idea of the variety that may be
+	expected in the future;
+
+*	provide a test of the generality of the local time rule description
+	system.
+
+The information in the time zone data files is by no means authoritative;
+fixes and enhancements are welcome.  Please see the file CONTRIBUTING
+for details.
+
+Thanks to these Time Zone Caballeros who've made major contributions to the
+time conversion package: Keith Bostic; Bob Devine; Paul Eggert; Robert Elz;
+Guy Harris; Mark Horton; John Mackin; and Bradley White.  Thanks also to
+Michael Bloom, Art Neilson, Stephen Prince, John Sovereign, and Frank Wales
+for testing work, and to Gwillim Law for checking local mean time data.
+Thanks in particular to Arthur David Olson, the project's founder and first
+maintainer, to whom the time zone community owes the greatest debt of all.
+None of them are responsible for remaining errors.
+
+Look in <ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/releases/> for updated versions of these files.
+
+Please send comments or information to tz@iana.org.
+
+-----
+
+This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 2009-05-17 by
+Arthur David Olson.  The other files in this distribution are either
+public domain or BSD licensed; see the file LICENSE for details.
diff --git a/tz/Theory b/tz/Theory
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60678fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/Theory
@@ -0,0 +1,796 @@
+Theory and pragmatics of the tz code and data
+
+
+----- Outline -----
+
+	Scope of the tz database
+	Names of time zone rules
+	Time zone abbreviations
+	Accuracy of the tz database
+	Time and date functions
+	Calendrical issues
+	Time and time zones on Mars
+
+
+----- Scope of the tz database -----
+
+The tz database attempts to record the history and predicted future of
+all computer-based clocks that track civil time.  To represent this
+data, the world is partitioned into regions whose clocks all agree
+about time stamps that occur after the somewhat-arbitrary cutoff point
+of the POSIX Epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC).  For each such region,
+the database records all known clock transitions, and labels the region
+with a notable location.  Although 1970 is a somewhat-arbitrary
+cutoff, there are significant challenges to moving the cutoff earlier
+even by a decade or two, due to the wide variety of local practices
+before computer timekeeping became prevalent.
+
+Clock transitions before 1970 are recorded for each such location,
+because most systems support time stamps before 1970 and could
+misbehave if data entries were omitted for pre-1970 transitions.
+However, the database is not designed for and does not suffice for
+applications requiring accurate handling of all past times everywhere,
+as it would take far too much effort and guesswork to record all
+details of pre-1970 civil timekeeping.
+
+As described below, reference source code for using the tz database is
+also available.  The tz code is upwards compatible with POSIX, an
+international standard for UNIX-like systems.  As of this writing, the
+current edition of POSIX is:
+
+  The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7
+  IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition
+  <http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/>
+
+
+
+----- Names of time zone rules -----
+
+Each of the database's time zone rules has a unique name.
+Inexperienced users are not expected to select these names unaided.
+Distributors should provide documentation and/or a simple selection
+interface that explains the names; for one example, see the 'tzselect'
+program in the tz code.  The Unicode Common Locale Data Repository
+<http://cldr.unicode.org/> contains data that may be useful for other
+selection interfaces.
+
+The time zone rule naming conventions attempt to strike a balance
+among the following goals:
+
+ * Uniquely identify every region where clocks have agreed since 1970.
+   This is essential for the intended use: static clocks keeping local
+   civil time.
+
+ * Indicate to experts where that region is.
+
+ * Be robust in the presence of political changes.  For example, names
+   of countries are ordinarily not used, to avoid incompatibilities
+   when countries change their name (e.g. Zaire->Congo) or when
+   locations change countries (e.g. Hong Kong from UK colony to
+   China).
+
+ * Be portable to a wide variety of implementations.
+
+ * Use a consistent naming conventions over the entire world.
+
+Names normally have the form AREA/LOCATION, where AREA is the name
+of a continent or ocean, and LOCATION is the name of a specific
+location within that region.  North and South America share the same
+area, 'America'.  Typical names are 'Africa/Cairo', 'America/New_York',
+and 'Pacific/Honolulu'.
+
+Here are the general rules used for choosing location names,
+in decreasing order of importance:
+
+	Use only valid POSIX file name components (i.e., the parts of
+		names other than '/').  Do not use the file name
+		components '.' and '..'.  Within a file name component,
+		use only ASCII letters, '.', '-' and '_'.  Do not use
+		digits, as that might create an ambiguity with POSIX
+		TZ strings.  A file name component must not exceed 14
+		characters or start with '-'.  E.g., prefer 'Brunei'
+		to 'Bandar_Seri_Begawan'.  Exceptions: see the discussion
+		of legacy names below.
+	A name must not be empty, or contain '//', or start or end with '/'.
+	Do not use names that differ only in case.  Although the reference
+		implementation is case-sensitive, some other implementations
+		are not, and they would mishandle names differing only in case.
+	If one name A is an initial prefix of another name AB (ignoring case),
+		then B must not start with '/', as a regular file cannot have
+		the same name as a directory in POSIX.  For example,
+		'America/New_York' precludes 'America/New_York/Bronx'.
+	Uninhabited regions like the North Pole and Bouvet Island
+		do not need locations, since local time is not defined there.
+	There should typically be at least one name for each ISO 3166-1
+		officially assigned two-letter code for an inhabited country
+		or territory.
+	If all the clocks in a region have agreed since 1970,
+		don't bother to include more than one location
+		even if subregions' clocks disagreed before 1970.
+		Otherwise these tables would become annoyingly large.
+	If a name is ambiguous, use a less ambiguous alternative;
+		e.g. many cities are named San José and Georgetown, so
+		prefer 'Costa_Rica' to 'San_Jose' and 'Guyana' to 'Georgetown'.
+	Keep locations compact.  Use cities or small islands, not countries
+		or regions, so that any future time zone changes do not split
+		locations into different time zones.  E.g. prefer 'Paris'
+		to 'France', since France has had multiple time zones.
+	Use mainstream English spelling, e.g. prefer 'Rome' to 'Roma', and
+		prefer 'Athens' to the Greek 'Αθήνα' or the Romanized 'Athína'.
+		The POSIX file name restrictions encourage this rule.
+	Use the most populous among locations in a zone,
+		e.g. prefer 'Shanghai' to 'Beijing'.  Among locations with
+		similar populations, pick the best-known location,
+		e.g. prefer 'Rome' to 'Milan'.
+	Use the singular form, e.g. prefer 'Canary' to 'Canaries'.
+	Omit common suffixes like '_Islands' and '_City', unless that
+		would lead to ambiguity.  E.g. prefer 'Cayman' to
+		'Cayman_Islands' and 'Guatemala' to 'Guatemala_City',
+		but prefer 'Mexico_City' to 'Mexico' because the country
+		of Mexico has several time zones.
+	Use '_' to represent a space.
+	Omit '.' from abbreviations in names, e.g. prefer 'St_Helena'
+		to 'St._Helena'.
+	Do not change established names if they only marginally
+		violate the above rules.  For example, don't change
+		the existing name 'Rome' to 'Milan' merely because
+		Milan's population has grown to be somewhat greater
+		than Rome's.
+	If a name is changed, put its old spelling in the 'backward' file.
+		This means old spellings will continue to work.
+
+The file 'zone1970.tab' lists geographical locations used to name time
+zone rules.  It is intended to be an exhaustive list of names for
+geographic regions as described above; this is a subset of the names
+in the data.  Although a 'zone1970.tab' location's longitude
+corresponds to its LMT offset with one hour for every 15 degrees east
+longitude, this relationship is not exact.
+
+Older versions of this package used a different naming scheme,
+and these older names are still supported.
+See the file 'backward' for most of these older names
+(e.g., 'US/Eastern' instead of 'America/New_York').
+The other old-fashioned names still supported are
+'WET', 'CET', 'MET', and 'EET' (see the file 'europe').
+
+Older versions of this package defined legacy names that are
+incompatible with the first rule of location names, but which are
+still supported.  These legacy names are mostly defined in the file
+'etcetera'.  Also, the file 'backward' defines the legacy names
+'GMT0', 'GMT-0', 'GMT+0' and 'Canada/East-Saskatchewan', and the file
+'northamerica' defines the legacy names 'EST5EDT', 'CST6CDT',
+'MST7MDT', and 'PST8PDT'.
+
+Excluding 'backward' should not affect the other data.  If
+'backward' is excluded, excluding 'etcetera' should not affect the
+remaining data.
+
+
+----- Time zone abbreviations -----
+
+When this package is installed, it generates time zone abbreviations
+like 'EST' to be compatible with human tradition and POSIX.
+Here are the general rules used for choosing time zone abbreviations,
+in decreasing order of importance:
+
+	Use three or more characters that are ASCII alphanumerics or '+' or '-'.
+		Previous editions of this database also used characters like
+		' ' and '?', but these characters have a special meaning to
+		the shell and cause commands like
+			set `date`
+		to have unexpected effects.
+		Previous editions of this rule required upper-case letters,
+		but the Congressman who introduced Chamorro Standard Time
+		preferred "ChST", so lower-case letters are now allowed.
+		Also, POSIX from 2001 on relaxed the rule to allow '-', '+',
+		and alphanumeric characters from the portable character set
+		in the current locale.  In practice ASCII alphanumerics and
+		'+' and '-' are safe in all locales.
+
+		In other words, in the C locale the POSIX extended regular
+		expression [-+[:alnum:]]{3,} should match the abbreviation.
+		This guarantees that all abbreviations could have been
+		specified by a POSIX TZ string.
+
+	Use abbreviations that are in common use among English-speakers,
+		e.g. 'EST' for Eastern Standard Time in North America.
+		We assume that applications translate them to other languages
+		as part of the normal localization process; for example,
+		a French application might translate 'EST' to 'HNE'.
+
+	For zones whose times are taken from a city's longitude, use the
+		traditional xMT notation, e.g. 'PMT' for Paris Mean Time.
+		The only name like this in current use is 'GMT'.
+
+	Use 'LMT' for local mean time of locations before the introduction
+		of standard time; see "Scope of the tz database".
+
+	If there is no common English abbreviation, use numeric offsets like
+		-05 and +0830 that are generated by zic's %z notation.
+
+    [The remaining guidelines predate the introduction of %z.
+    They are problematic as they mean tz data entries invent
+    notation rather than record it.  These guidelines are now
+    deprecated and the plan is to gradually move to %z for
+    inhabited locations and to "-00" for uninhabited locations.]
+
+	If there is no common English abbreviation, abbreviate the English
+		translation of the usual phrase used by native speakers.
+		If this is not available or is a phrase mentioning the country
+		(e.g. "Cape Verde Time"), then:
+
+		When a country is identified with a single or principal zone,
+			append 'T' to the country's ISO	code, e.g. 'CVT' for
+			Cape Verde Time.  For summer time append 'ST';
+			for double summer time append 'DST'; etc.
+		Otherwise, take the first three letters of an English place
+			name identifying each zone and append 'T', 'ST', etc.
+			as before; e.g. 'VLAST' for VLAdivostok Summer Time.
+
+	Use UT (with time zone abbreviation '-00') for locations while
+		uninhabited.  The leading '-' is a flag that the time
+		zone is in some sense undefined; this notation is
+		derived from Internet RFC 3339.
+
+Application writers should note that these abbreviations are ambiguous
+in practice: e.g. 'CST' has a different meaning in China than
+it does in the United States.  In new applications, it's often better
+to use numeric UT offsets like '-0600' instead of time zone
+abbreviations like 'CST'; this avoids the ambiguity.
+
+
+----- Accuracy of the tz database -----
+
+The tz database is not authoritative, and it surely has errors.
+Corrections are welcome and encouraged; see the file CONTRIBUTING.
+Users requiring authoritative data should consult national standards
+bodies and the references cited in the database's comments.
+
+Errors in the tz database arise from many sources:
+
+ * The tz database predicts future time stamps, and current predictions
+   will be incorrect after future governments change the rules.
+   For example, if today someone schedules a meeting for 13:00 next
+   October 1, Casablanca time, and tomorrow Morocco changes its
+   daylight saving rules, software can mess up after the rule change
+   if it blithely relies on conversions made before the change.
+
+ * The pre-1970 entries in this database cover only a tiny sliver of how
+   clocks actually behaved; the vast majority of the necessary
+   information was lost or never recorded.  Thousands more zones would
+   be needed if the tz database's scope were extended to cover even
+   just the known or guessed history of standard time; for example,
+   the current single entry for France would need to split into dozens
+   of entries, perhaps hundreds.  And in most of the world even this
+   approach would be misleading due to widespread disagreement or
+   indifference about what times should be observed.  In her 2015 book
+   "The Global Transformation of Time, 1870-1950", Vanessa Ogle writes
+   "Outside of Europe and North America there was no system of time
+   zones at all, often not even a stable landscape of mean times,
+   prior to the middle decades of the twentieth century".  See:
+   Timothy Shenk, Booked: A Global History of Time. Dissent 2015-12-17
+   https://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/booked-a-global-history-of-time-vanessa-ogle
+
+ * Most of the pre-1970 data entries come from unreliable sources, often
+   astrology books that lack citations and whose compilers evidently
+   invented entries when the true facts were unknown, without
+   reporting which entries were known and which were invented.
+   These books often contradict each other or give implausible entries,
+   and on the rare occasions when they are checked they are
+   typically found to be incorrect.
+
+ * For the UK the tz database relies on years of first-class work done by
+   Joseph Myers and others; see <http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/>.
+   Other countries are not done nearly as well.
+
+ * Sometimes, different people in the same city would maintain clocks
+   that differed significantly.  Railway time was used by railroad
+   companies (which did not always agree with each other),
+   church-clock time was used for birth certificates, etc.
+   Often this was merely common practice, but sometimes it was set by law.
+   For example, from 1891 to 1911 the UT offset in France was legally
+   0:09:21 outside train stations and 0:04:21 inside.
+
+ * Although a named location in the tz database stands for the
+   containing region, its pre-1970 data entries are often accurate for
+   only a small subset of that region.  For example, Europe/London
+   stands for the United Kingdom, but its pre-1847 times are valid
+   only for locations that have London's exact meridian, and its 1847
+   transition to GMT is known to be valid only for the L&NW and the
+   Caledonian railways.
+
+ * The tz database does not record the earliest time for which a zone's
+   data entries are thereafter valid for every location in the region.
+   For example, Europe/London is valid for all locations in its
+   region after GMT was made the standard time, but the date of
+   standardization (1880-08-02) is not in the tz database, other than
+   in commentary.  For many zones the earliest time of validity is
+   unknown.
+
+ * The tz database does not record a region's boundaries, and in many
+   cases the boundaries are not known.  For example, the zone
+   America/Kentucky/Louisville represents a region around the city of
+   Louisville, the boundaries of which are unclear.
+
+ * Changes that are modeled as instantaneous transitions in the tz
+   database were often spread out over hours, days, or even decades.
+
+ * Even if the time is specified by law, locations sometimes
+   deliberately flout the law.
+
+ * Early timekeeping practices, even assuming perfect clocks, were
+   often not specified to the accuracy that the tz database requires.
+
+ * Sometimes historical timekeeping was specified more precisely
+   than what the tz database can handle.  For example, from 1909 to
+   1937 Netherlands clocks were legally UT+00:19:32.13, but the tz
+   database cannot represent the fractional second.
+
+ * Even when all the timestamp transitions recorded by the tz database
+   are correct, the tz rules that generate them may not faithfully
+   reflect the historical rules.  For example, from 1922 until World
+   War II the UK moved clocks forward the day following the third
+   Saturday in April unless that was Easter, in which case it moved
+   clocks forward the previous Sunday.  Because the tz database has no
+   way to specify Easter, these exceptional years are entered as
+   separate tz Rule lines, even though the legal rules did not change.
+
+ * The tz database models pre-standard time using the proleptic Gregorian
+   calendar and local mean time (LMT), but many people used other
+   calendars and other timescales.  For example, the Roman Empire used
+   the Julian calendar, and had 12 varying-length daytime hours with a
+   non-hour-based system at night.
+
+ * Early clocks were less reliable, and data entries do not represent
+   this unreliability.
+
+ * As for leap seconds, civil time was not based on atomic time before
+   1972, and we don't know the history of earth's rotation accurately
+   enough to map SI seconds to historical solar time to more than
+   about one-hour accuracy.  See: Morrison LV, Stephenson FR.
+   Historical values of the Earth's clock error Delta T and the
+   calculation of eclipses. J Hist Astron. 2004;35:327-36
+   <http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2004JHA....35..327M>;
+   Historical values of the Earth's clock error. J Hist Astron. 2005;36:339
+   <http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2005JHA....36..339M>.
+
+ * The relationship between POSIX time (that is, UTC but ignoring leap
+   seconds) and UTC is not agreed upon after 1972.  Although the POSIX
+   clock officially stops during an inserted leap second, at least one
+   proposed standard has it jumping back a second instead; and in
+   practice POSIX clocks more typically either progress glacially during
+   a leap second, or are slightly slowed while near a leap second.
+
+ * The tz database does not represent how uncertain its information is.
+   Ideally it would contain information about when data entries are
+   incomplete or dicey.  Partial temporal knowledge is a field of
+   active research, though, and it's not clear how to apply it here.
+
+In short, many, perhaps most, of the tz database's pre-1970 and future
+time stamps are either wrong or misleading.  Any attempt to pass the
+tz database off as the definition of time should be unacceptable to
+anybody who cares about the facts.  In particular, the tz database's
+LMT offsets should not be considered meaningful, and should not prompt
+creation of zones merely because two locations differ in LMT or
+transitioned to standard time at different dates.
+
+
+----- Time and date functions -----
+
+The tz code contains time and date functions that are upwards
+compatible with those of POSIX.
+
+POSIX has the following properties and limitations.
+
+*	In POSIX, time display in a process is controlled by the
+	environment variable TZ.  Unfortunately, the POSIX TZ string takes
+	a form that is hard to describe and is error-prone in practice.
+	Also, POSIX TZ strings can't deal with other (for example, Israeli)
+	daylight saving time rules, or situations where more than two
+	time zone abbreviations are used in an area.
+
+	The POSIX TZ string takes the following form:
+
+		stdoffset[dst[offset][,date[/time],date[/time]]]
+
+	where:
+
+	std and dst
+		are 3 or more characters specifying the standard
+		and daylight saving time (DST) zone names.
+		Starting with POSIX.1-2001, std and dst may also be
+		in a quoted form like "<UTC+10>"; this allows
+		"+" and "-" in the names.
+	offset
+		is of the form '[+-]hh:[mm[:ss]]' and specifies the
+		offset west of UT.  'hh' may be a single digit; 0<=hh<=24.
+		The default DST offset is one hour ahead of standard time.
+	date[/time],date[/time]
+		specifies the beginning and end of DST.  If this is absent,
+		the system supplies its own rules for DST, and these can
+		differ from year to year; typically US DST rules are used.
+	time
+		takes the form 'hh:[mm[:ss]]' and defaults to 02:00.
+		This is the same format as the offset, except that a
+		leading '+' or '-' is not allowed.
+	date
+		takes one of the following forms:
+		Jn (1<=n<=365)
+			origin-1 day number not counting February 29
+		n (0<=n<=365)
+			origin-0 day number counting February 29 if present
+		Mm.n.d (0[Sunday]<=d<=6[Saturday], 1<=n<=5, 1<=m<=12)
+			for the dth day of week n of month m of the year,
+			where week 1 is the first week in which day d appears,
+			and '5' stands for the last week in which day d appears
+			(which may be either the 4th or 5th week).
+			Typically, this is the only useful form;
+			the n and Jn forms are rarely used.
+
+	Here is an example POSIX TZ string, for US Pacific time using rules
+	appropriate from 1987 through 2006:
+
+		TZ='PST8PDT,M4.1.0/02:00,M10.5.0/02:00'
+
+	This POSIX TZ string is hard to remember, and mishandles time stamps
+	before 1987 and after 2006.  With this package you can use this
+	instead:
+
+		TZ='America/Los_Angeles'
+
+*	POSIX does not define the exact meaning of TZ values like "EST5EDT".
+	Typically the current US DST rules are used to interpret such values,
+	but this means that the US DST rules are compiled into each program
+	that does time conversion.  This means that when US time conversion
+	rules change (as in the United States in 1987), all programs that
+	do time conversion must be recompiled to ensure proper results.
+
+*	In POSIX, there's no tamper-proof way for a process to learn the
+	system's best idea of local wall clock.  (This is important for
+	applications that an administrator wants used only at certain times -
+	without regard to whether the user has fiddled the "TZ" environment
+	variable.  While an administrator can "do everything in UTC" to get
+	around the problem, doing so is inconvenient and precludes handling
+	daylight saving time shifts - as might be required to limit phone
+	calls to off-peak hours.)
+
+*	POSIX requires that systems ignore leap seconds.
+
+*	The tz code attempts to support all the time_t implementations
+	allowed by POSIX.  The time_t type represents a nonnegative count of
+	seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC, ignoring leap seconds.
+	In practice, time_t is usually a signed 64- or 32-bit integer; 32-bit
+	signed time_t values stop working after 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC, so
+	new implementations these days typically use a signed 64-bit integer.
+	Unsigned 32-bit integers are used on one or two platforms,
+	and 36-bit and 40-bit integers are also used occasionally.
+	Although earlier POSIX versions allowed time_t to be a
+	floating-point type, this was not supported by any practical
+	systems, and POSIX.1-2013 and the tz code both require time_t
+	to be an integer type.
+
+These are the extensions that have been made to the POSIX functions:
+
+*	The "TZ" environment variable is used in generating the name of a file
+	from which time zone information is read (or is interpreted a la
+	POSIX); "TZ" is no longer constrained to be a three-letter time zone
+	name followed by a number of hours and an optional three-letter
+	daylight time zone name.  The daylight saving time rules to be used
+	for a particular time zone are encoded in the time zone file;
+	the format of the file allows U.S., Australian, and other rules to be
+	encoded, and allows for situations where more than two time zone
+	abbreviations are used.
+
+	It was recognized that allowing the "TZ" environment variable to
+	take on values such as "America/New_York" might cause "old" programs
+	(that expect "TZ" to have a certain form) to operate incorrectly;
+	consideration was given to using some other environment variable
+	(for example, "TIMEZONE") to hold the string used to generate the
+	time zone information file name.  In the end, however, it was decided
+	to continue using "TZ": it is widely used for time zone purposes;
+	separately maintaining both "TZ" and "TIMEZONE" seemed a nuisance;
+	and systems where "new" forms of "TZ" might cause problems can simply
+	use TZ values such as "EST5EDT" which can be used both by
+	"new" programs (a la POSIX) and "old" programs (as zone names and
+	offsets).
+
+*	To handle places where more than two time zone abbreviations are used,
+	the functions "localtime" and "gmtime" set tzname[tmp->tm_isdst]
+	(where "tmp" is the value the function returns) to the time zone
+	abbreviation to be used.  This differs from POSIX, where the elements
+	of tzname are only changed as a result of calls to tzset.
+
+*	Since the "TZ" environment variable can now be used to control time
+	conversion, the "daylight" and "timezone" variables are no longer
+	needed.  (These variables are defined and set by "tzset"; however, their
+	values will not be used by "localtime.")
+
+*	The "localtime" function has been set up to deliver correct results
+	for near-minimum or near-maximum time_t values.  (A comment in the
+	source code tells how to get compatibly wrong results).
+
+*	A function "tzsetwall" has been added to arrange for the system's
+	best approximation to local wall clock time to be delivered by
+	subsequent calls to "localtime."  Source code for portable
+	applications that "must" run on local wall clock time should call
+	"tzsetwall();" if such code is moved to "old" systems that don't
+	provide tzsetwall, you won't be able to generate an executable program.
+	(These time zone functions also arrange for local wall clock time to be
+	used if tzset is called - directly or indirectly - and there's no "TZ"
+	environment variable; portable applications should not, however, rely
+	on this behavior since it's not the way SVR2 systems behave.)
+
+*	Negative time_t values are supported, on systems where time_t is signed.
+
+*	These functions can account for leap seconds, thanks to Bradley White.
+
+Points of interest to folks with other systems:
+
+*	This package is already part of many POSIX-compliant hosts,
+	including BSD, HP, Linux, Network Appliance, SCO, SGI, and Sun.
+	On such hosts, the primary use of this package
+	is to update obsolete time zone rule tables.
+	To do this, you may need to compile the time zone compiler
+	'zic' supplied with this package instead of using the system 'zic',
+	since the format of zic's input changed slightly in late 1994,
+	and many vendors still do not support the new input format.
+
+*	The UNIX Version 7 "timezone" function is not present in this package;
+	it's impossible to reliably map timezone's arguments (a "minutes west
+	of GMT" value and a "daylight saving time in effect" flag) to a
+	time zone abbreviation, and we refuse to guess.
+	Programs that in the past used the timezone function may now examine
+	tzname[localtime(&clock)->tm_isdst] to learn the correct time
+	zone abbreviation to use.  Alternatively, use
+	localtime(&clock)->tm_zone if this has been enabled.
+
+*	The 4.2BSD gettimeofday function is not used in this package.
+	This formerly let users obtain the current UTC offset and DST flag,
+	but this functionality was removed in later versions of BSD.
+
+*	In SVR2, time conversion fails for near-minimum or near-maximum
+	time_t values when doing conversions for places that don't use UT.
+	This package takes care to do these conversions correctly.
+
+The functions that are conditionally compiled if STD_INSPIRED is defined
+should, at this point, be looked on primarily as food for thought.  They are
+not in any sense "standard compatible" - some are not, in fact, specified in
+*any* standard.  They do, however, represent responses of various authors to
+standardization proposals.
+
+Other time conversion proposals, in particular the one developed by folks at
+Hewlett Packard, offer a wider selection of functions that provide capabilities
+beyond those provided here.  The absence of such functions from this package
+is not meant to discourage the development, standardization, or use of such
+functions.  Rather, their absence reflects the decision to make this package
+contain valid extensions to POSIX, to ensure its broad acceptability.  If
+more powerful time conversion functions can be standardized, so much the
+better.
+
+
+----- Calendrical issues -----
+
+Calendrical issues are a bit out of scope for a time zone database,
+but they indicate the sort of problems that we would run into if we
+extended the time zone database further into the past.  An excellent
+resource in this area is Nachum Dershowitz and Edward M. Reingold,
+Calendrical Calculations: Third Edition, Cambridge University Press (2008)
+<http://emr.cs.iit.edu/home/reingold/calendar-book/third-edition/>.
+Other information and sources are given below.  They sometimes disagree.
+
+
+France
+
+Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
+French Revolutionary calendar used 1793-11-24 through 1805-12-31,
+and (in Paris only) 1871-05-06 through 1871-05-23.
+
+
+Russia
+
+From Chris Carrier (1996-12-02):
+On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an "Eternal Calendar"
+with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week.
+On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the
+Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it
+reverted to the 7-day week.  With the 6-day week the usual days
+off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month.
+(Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_)
+
+
+Mark Brader reported a similar story in "The Book of Calendars", edited
+by Frank Parise (1982, Facts on File, ISBN 0-8719-6467-8), page 377.  But:
+
+From: Petteri Sulonen (via Usenet)
+Date: 14 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT
+...
+
+If your source is correct, how come documents between 1929 and 1940 were
+still dated using the conventional, Gregorian calendar?
+
+I can post a scan of a document dated December 1, 1934, signed by
+Yenukidze, the secretary, on behalf of Kalinin, the President of the
+Executive Committee of the Supreme Soviet, if you like.
+
+
+
+Sweden (and Finland)
+
+From: Mark Brader
+Subject: Re: Gregorian reform - a part of locale?
+<news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com>
+Date: 1996-07-06
+
+In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian.  Sweden
+decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
+those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
+year after 1696 would be in 1744 - putting the whole country on a calendar
+different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
+
+However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
+they did, after all, have a leap year that year.  And one in 1708.  In 1712
+they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
+year!...
+
+Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
+getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
+
+(A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
+produced the following references to support it: "Tideräkning och historia"
+by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tideräkning och
+kalenderväsen" by Lars-Olof Lodén (1968).
+
+
+Grotefend's data
+
+From: "Michael Palmer" [with one obvious typo fixed]
+Subject: Re: Gregorian Calendar (was Re: Another FHC related question
+Newsgroups: soc.genealogy.german
+Date: Tue, 9 Feb 1999 02:32:48 -800
+...
+
+The following is a(n incomplete) listing, arranged chronologically, of
+European states, with the date they converted from the Julian to the
+Gregorian calendar:
+
+04/15 Oct 1582 - Italy (with exceptions), Spain, Portugal, Poland (Roman
+                 Catholics and Danzig only)
+09/20 Dec 1582 - France, Lorraine
+
+21 Dec 1582/
+   01 Jan 1583 - Holland, Brabant, Flanders, Hennegau
+10/21 Feb 1583 - bishopric of Liege (Lüttich)
+13/24 Feb 1583 - bishopric of Augsburg
+04/15 Oct 1583 - electorate of Trier
+05/16 Oct 1583 - Bavaria, bishoprics of Freising, Eichstedt, Regensburg,
+                 Salzburg, Brixen
+13/24 Oct 1583 - Austrian Oberelsaß and Breisgau
+20/31 Oct 1583 - bishopric of Basel
+02/13 Nov 1583 - duchy of Jülich-Berg
+02/13 Nov 1583 - electorate and city of Köln
+04/15 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Würzburg
+11/22 Nov 1583 - electorate of Mainz
+16/27 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Strassburg and the margraviate of Baden
+17/28 Nov 1583 - bishopric of Münster and duchy of Cleve
+14/25 Dec 1583 - Steiermark
+
+06/17 Jan 1584 - Austria and Bohemia
+11/22 Jan 1584 - Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Zug, Freiburg, Solothurn
+12/23 Jan 1584 - Silesia and the Lausitz
+22 Jan/
+   02 Feb 1584 - Hungary (legally on 21 Oct 1587)
+      Jun 1584 - Unterwalden
+01/12 Jul 1584 - duchy of Westfalen
+
+16/27 Jun 1585 - bishopric of Paderborn
+
+14/25 Dec 1590 - Transylvania
+
+22 Aug/
+   02 Sep 1612 - duchy of Prussia
+
+13/24 Dec 1614 - Pfalz-Neuburg
+
+          1617 - duchy of Kurland (reverted to the Julian calendar in
+                 1796)
+
+          1624 - bishopric of Osnabrück
+
+          1630 - bishopric of Minden
+
+15/26 Mar 1631 - bishopric of Hildesheim
+
+          1655 - Kanton Wallis
+
+05/16 Feb 1682 - city of Strassburg
+
+18 Feb/
+   01 Mar 1700 - Protestant Germany (including Swedish possessions in
+                 Germany), Denmark, Norway
+30 Jun/
+   12 Jul 1700 - Gelderland, Zutphen
+10 Nov/
+   12 Dec 1700 - Utrecht, Overijssel
+
+31 Dec 1700/
+   12 Jan 1701 - Friesland, Groningen, Zürich, Bern, Basel, Geneva,
+                 Turgau, and Schaffhausen
+
+          1724 - Glarus, Appenzell, and the city of St. Gallen
+
+01 Jan 1750    - Pisa and Florence
+
+02/14 Sep 1752 - Great Britain
+
+17 Feb/
+   01 Mar 1753 - Sweden
+
+1760-1812      - Graubünden
+
+The Russian empire (including Finland and the Baltic states) did not
+convert to the Gregorian calendar until the Soviet revolution of 1917.
+
+Source: H. Grotefend, _Taschenbuch der Zeitrechnung des deutschen
+Mittelalters und der Neuzeit_, herausgegeben von Dr. O. Grotefend
+(Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1941), pp. 26-28.
+
+
+----- Time and time zones on Mars -----
+
+Some people's work schedules use Mars time.  Jet Propulsion Laboratory
+(JPL) coordinators have kept Mars time on and off at least since 1997
+for the Mars Pathfinder mission.  Some of their family members have
+also adapted to Mars time.  Dozens of special Mars watches were built
+for JPL workers who kept Mars time during the Mars Exploration
+Rovers mission (2004).  These timepieces look like normal Seikos and
+Citizens but use Mars seconds rather than terrestrial seconds.
+
+A Mars solar day is called a "sol" and has a mean period equal to
+about 24 hours 39 minutes 35.244 seconds in terrestrial time.  It is
+divided into a conventional 24-hour clock, so each Mars second equals
+about 1.02749125 terrestrial seconds.
+
+The prime meridian of Mars goes through the center of the crater
+Airy-0, named in honor of the British astronomer who built the
+Greenwich telescope that defines Earth's prime meridian.  Mean solar
+time on the Mars prime meridian is called Mars Coordinated Time (MTC).
+
+Each landed mission on Mars has adopted a different reference for
+solar time keeping, so there is no real standard for Mars time zones.
+For example, the Mars Exploration Rover project (2004) defined two
+time zones "Local Solar Time A" and "Local Solar Time B" for its two
+missions, each zone designed so that its time equals local true solar
+time at approximately the middle of the nominal mission.  Such a "time
+zone" is not particularly suited for any application other than the
+mission itself.
+
+Many calendars have been proposed for Mars, but none have achieved
+wide acceptance.  Astronomers often use Mars Sol Date (MSD) which is a
+sequential count of Mars solar days elapsed since about 1873-12-29
+12:00 GMT.
+
+The tz database does not currently support Mars time, but it is
+documented here in the hopes that support will be added eventually.
+
+Sources:
+
+Michael Allison and Robert Schmunk,
+"Technical Notes on Mars Solar Time as Adopted by the Mars24 Sunclock"
+<http://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/notes.html> (2012-08-08).
+
+Jia-Rui Chong, "Workdays Fit for a Martian", Los Angeles Times
+<http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jan/14/science/sci-marstime14>
+(2004-01-14), pp A1, A20-A21.
+
+Tom Chmielewski, "Jet Lag Is Worse on Mars", The Atlantic (2015-02-26)
+<http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/02/jet-lag-is-worse-on-mars/386033/>
+
+-----
+
+This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of 2009-05-17 by
+Arthur David Olson.
+
+-----
+Local Variables:
+coding: utf-8
+End:
diff --git a/tz/africa b/tz/africa
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50f29d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/africa
@@ -0,0 +1,1188 @@
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
+#
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
+# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
+# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+#
+# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
+# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
+# I found in the UCLA library.
+#
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
+#
+# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
+#
+# Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
+# for +0:00 through +3:00, respectively,
+# but Mark R V Murray reports that
+# 'SAST' is the official abbreviation for +2:00 in the country of South Africa,
+# 'CAT' is commonly used for +2:00 in countries north of South Africa, and
+# 'WAT' is probably the best name for +1:00, as the common phrase for
+# the area that includes Nigeria is "West Africa".
+# He has heard of "Western Sahara Time" for +0:00 but can find no reference.
+#
+# To make things confusing, 'WAT' seems to have been used for -1:00 long ago;
+# I'd guess that this was because people needed _some_ name for -1:00,
+# and at the time, far west Africa was the only major land area in -1:00.
+# This usage is now obsolete, as the last use of -1:00 on the African
+# mainland seems to have been 1976 in Western Sahara.
+#
+# To summarize, the following abbreviations seem to have some currency:
+#	-1:00	WAT	West Africa Time (no longer used)
+#	 0:00	GMT	Greenwich Mean Time
+#	 2:00	CAT	Central Africa Time
+#	 2:00	SAST	South Africa Standard Time
+# and Murray suggests the following abbreviation:
+#	 1:00	WAT	West Africa Time
+# I realize that this leads to 'WAT' being used for both -1:00 and 1:00
+# for times before 1976, but this is the best I can think of
+# until we get more information.
+#
+# I invented the following abbreviations; corrections are welcome!
+#	 2:00	WAST	West Africa Summer Time
+#	 2:30	BEAT	British East Africa Time (no longer used)
+#	 2:45	BEAUT	British East Africa Unified Time (no longer used)
+#	 3:00	CAST	Central Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
+#	 3:00	SAST	South Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
+#	 3:00	EAT	East Africa Time
+
+# Algeria
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Algeria	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Algeria	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Algeria	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1921	only	-	Jun	21	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Algeria	1939	only	-	Sep	11	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Algeria	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Algeria	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Algeria	1971	only	-	Apr	25	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1971	only	-	Sep	26	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Algeria	1977	only	-	May	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1977	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Algeria	1978	only	-	Mar	24	 1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1978	only	-	Sep	22	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Algeria	1980	only	-	Apr	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Algeria	1980	only	-	Oct	31	 2:00	0	-
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
+# more precise 0:09:21.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
+			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1940 Feb 25  2:00
+			1:00	Algeria	CE%sT	1946 Oct  7
+			0:00	-	WET	1956 Jan 29
+			1:00	-	CET	1963 Apr 14
+			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1977 Oct 21
+			1:00	Algeria	CE%sT	1979 Oct 26
+			0:00	Algeria	WE%sT	1981 May
+			1:00	-	CET
+
+# Angola
+# Benin
+# See Africa/Lagos.
+
+# Botswana
+# See Africa/Maputo.
+
+# Burkina Faso
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
+
+# Burundi
+# See Africa/Maputo.
+
+# Cameroon
+# See Africa/Lagos.
+
+# Cape Verde
+#
+# Shanks gives 1907 for the transition to CVT.
+# Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
+# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# merely made it official?
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 -	LMT	1907        # Praia
+			-2:00	-	CVT	1942 Sep
+			-2:00	1:00	CVST	1945 Oct 15
+			-2:00	-	CVT	1975 Nov 25  2:00
+			-1:00	-	CVT
+
+# Central African Republic
+# See Africa/Lagos.
+
+# Chad
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Ndjamena	1:00:12 -	LMT	1912        # N'Djamena
+			1:00	-	WAT	1979 Oct 14
+			1:00	1:00	WAST	1980 Mar  8
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Comoros
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
+
+# Democratic Republic of the Congo
+# See Africa/Lagos for the western part and Africa/Maputo for the eastern.
+
+# Republic of the Congo
+# See Africa/Lagos.
+
+# Côte d'Ivoire / Ivory Coast
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Abidjan	-0:16:08 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Bamako	# Mali
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Banjul	# Gambia
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Conakry	# Guinea
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Dakar	# Senegal
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Freetown	# Sierra Leone
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Lome		# Togo
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Nouakchott	# Mauritania
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Ouagadougou	# Burkina Faso
+Link Africa/Abidjan Africa/Sao_Tome	# São Tomé and Príncipe
+Link Africa/Abidjan Atlantic/St_Helena	# St Helena
+
+# Djibouti
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Egypt
+
+# Milne says Cairo used 2:05:08.9, the local mean time of the Abbasizeh
+# observatory; round to nearest.  Milne also says that the official time for
+# Egypt was mean noon at the Great Pyramid, 2:04:30.5, but apparently this
+# did not apply to Cairo, Alexandria, or Port Said.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Egypt	1940	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1940	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	1941	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1941	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	1942	1944	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1942	only	-	Oct	27	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	1943	1945	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	1945	only	-	Apr	16	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1957	1958	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	1958	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1959	1981	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1959	1965	-	Sep	30	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	1966	1994	-	Oct	 1	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	1982	only	-	Jul	25	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1983	only	-	Jul	12	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1984	1988	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1989	only	-	May	 6	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1990	1994	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
+# IATA (after 1990) says transitions are at 0:00.
+# Go with IATA starting in 1995, except correct 1995 entry from 09-30 to 09-29.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-04-20):
+# "...Egypt's interim cabinet decided on Wednesday to cancel daylight
+# saving time after a poll posted on its website showed the majority of
+# Egyptians would approve the cancellation."
+#
+# Egypt to cancel daylight saving time
+# http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/407168
+# or
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt04.html
+Rule	Egypt	1995	2010	-	Apr	lastFri	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1995	2005	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-19):
+# The Egyptian Gazette, issue 41,090 (2006-09-18), page 1, reports:
+# Egypt will turn back clocks by one hour at the midnight of Thursday
+# after observing the daylight saving time since May.
+# http://news.gom.com.eg/gazette/pdf/2006/09/18/01.pdf
+Rule	Egypt	2006	only	-	Sep	21	24:00	0	-
+# From Dirk Losch (2007-08-14):
+# I received a mail from an airline which says that the daylight
+# saving time in Egypt will end in the night of 2007-09-06 to 2007-09-07.
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-08-15): [The following agree:]
+# http://www.nentjes.info/Bill/bill5.htm
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=53
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-04): The official information...:
+# http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/EgyptOnline/Miscellaneous/000002/0207000000000000001580.htm
+Rule	Egypt	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=1	24:00	0	-
+# From Abdelrahman Hassan (2007-09-06):
+# Due to the Hijri (lunar Islamic calendar) year being 11 days shorter
+# than the year of the Gregorian calendar, Ramadan shifts earlier each
+# year. This year it will be observed September 13 (September is quite
+# hot in Egypt), and the idea is to make fasting easier for workers by
+# shifting business hours one hour out of daytime heat. Consequently,
+# unless discontinued, next DST may end Thursday 28 August 2008.
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-08-17):
+# For lack of better info, assume the new rule is last Thursday in August.
+
+# From Petr Machata (2009-04-06):
+# The following appeared in Red Hat bugzilla[1] (edited):
+#
+# > $ zdump -v /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo | grep 2009
+# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Apr 23 21:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
+# Apr 23
+# > 23:59:59 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200
+# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Apr 23 22:00:00 2009 UTC = Fri =
+# Apr 24
+# > 01:00:00 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800
+# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Aug 27 20:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
+# Aug 27
+# > 23:59:59 2009 EEST isdst=1 gmtoff=10800
+# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo  Thu Aug 27 21:00:00 2009 UTC = Thu =
+# Aug 27
+# > 23:00:00 2009 EET isdst=0 gmtoff=7200
+#
+# > end date should be Thu Sep 24 2009 (Last Thursday in September at 23:59=
+# :59)
+# > http://support.microsoft.com/kb/958729/
+#
+# timeanddate[2] and another site I've found[3] also support that.
+#
+# [1] https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263
+# [2] http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53
+# [3] http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-20):
+# In 2009 (and for the next several years), Ramadan ends before the fourth
+# Thursday in September; Egypt is expected to revert to the last Thursday
+# in September.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-11):
+# We have been able to confirm the August change with the Egyptian Cabinet
+# Information and Decision Support Center:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-dst-ends-2009.html
+#
+# The Middle East News Agency
+# http://www.mena.org.eg/index.aspx
+# also reports "Egypt starts winter time on August 21"
+# today in article numbered "71, 11/08/2009 12:25 GMT."
+# Only the title above is available without a subscription to their service,
+# and can be found by searching for "winter" in their search engine
+# (at least today).
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-07-20):
+# According to News from Egypt - Al-Masry Al-Youm Egypt's cabinet has
+# decided that Daylight Saving Time will not be used in Egypt during
+# Ramadan.
+#
+# Arabic translation:
+# "Clocks to go back during Ramadan - and then forward again"
+# http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/news/clocks-go-back-during-ramadan-and-then-forward-again
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_egypt02.html
+
+# From Ahmad El-Dardiry (2014-05-07):
+# Egypt is to change back to Daylight system on May 15
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/100735/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-government-to-reapply-daylight-saving-time-.aspx
+
+# From Gunther Vermier (2014-05-13):
+# our Egypt office confirms that the change will be at 15 May "midnight" (24:00)
+
+# From Imed Chihi (2014-06-04):
+# We have finally "located" a precise official reference about the DST changes
+# in Egypt.  The Ministers Cabinet decision is explained at
+# http://www.cabinet.gov.eg/Media/CabinetMeetingsDetails.aspx?id=347 ...
+# [T]his (Arabic) site is not accessible outside Egypt, but the page ...
+# translates into: "With regard to daylight saving time, it is scheduled to
+# take effect at exactly twelve o'clock this evening, Thursday, 15 MAY 2014,
+# to be suspended by twelve o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 26 JUN 2014,
+# and re-established again at the end of the month of Ramadan, at twelve
+# o'clock on the evening of Thursday, 31 JUL 2014."  This statement has been
+# reproduced by other (more accessible) sites[, e.g.,]...
+# http://elgornal.net/news/news.aspx?id=4699258
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-04):
+# Sarah El Deeb and Lee Keath of AP report that the Egyptian government says
+# the change is because of blackouts in Cairo, even though Ahram Online (cited
+# above) says DST had no affect on electricity consumption.  There is
+# no information about when DST will end this fall.  See:
+# http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/el-sissi-pushes-egyptians-line-23614833
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-04-08):
+# Egypt will start DST on midnight after Thursday, April 30, 2015.
+# This is based on a law (no 35) from May 15, 2014 saying it starts the last
+# Thursday of April....  Clocks will still be turned back for Ramadan, but
+# dates not yet announced....
+# http://almogaz.com/news/weird-news/2015/04/05/1947105 ...
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/egypt-starts-dst-2015.html
+
+# From Ahmed Nazmy (2015-04-20):
+# Egypt's ministers cabinet just announced ... that it will cancel DST at
+# least for 2015.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2015-04-20):
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/WriterArticles/NewsContentP/1/128195/Egypt/No-daylight-saving-this-summer-Egypts-prime-minist.aspx
+# "Egypt's cabinet agreed on Monday not to switch clocks for daylight saving
+# time this summer, and carry out studies on the possibility of canceling the
+# practice altogether in future years."
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-24):
+# Yesterday the office of Egyptian President El-Sisi announced his
+# decision to abandon DST permanently.  See Ahram Online 2015-04-24.
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/128509/Egypt/Politics-/Sisi-cancels-daylight-saving-time-in-Egypt.aspx
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-04-29):
+# Egypt will have DST from July 7 until the end of October....
+# http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/204655/Egypt/Daylight-savings-time-returning-to-Egypt-on--July.aspx
+# From Mina Samuel (2016-07-04):
+# Egyptian government took the decision to cancel the DST,
+
+Rule	Egypt	2008	only	-	Aug	lastThu	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2009	only	-	Aug	20	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Aug	10	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	 9	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2010	only	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	May	15	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Jun	26	24:00	0	-
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Jul	31	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	2014	only	-	Sep	lastThu	24:00	0	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:09 -	LMT	1900 Oct
+			2:00	Egypt	EE%sT
+
+# Equatorial Guinea
+# See Africa/Lagos.
+
+# Eritrea
+# Ethiopia
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
+
+# Gabon
+# See Africa/Lagos.
+
+# Gambia
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
+
+# Ghana
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Whitman says DST was observed from 1931 to "the present";
+# Shanks & Pottenger say 1936 to 1942;
+# and September 1 to January 1 is given by:
+# Scott Keltie J, Epstein M (eds), The Statesman's Year-Book,
+# 57th ed. Macmillan, London (1920), OCLC 609408015, pp xxviii.
+# For lack of better info, assume DST was observed from 1920 to 1942.
+Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0:20	GHST
+Rule	Ghana	1920	1942	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	GMT
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Accra	-0:00:52 -	LMT	1918
+			 0:00	Ghana	%s
+
+# Guinea
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
+
+# Guinea-Bissau
+#
+# Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
+# evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
+# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# with the date that it took effect, namely 1912-01-01.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Bissau	-1:02:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1
+			-1:00	-	WAT	1975
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Kenya
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Nairobi	2:27:16	-	LMT	1928 Jul
+			3:00	-	EAT	1930
+			2:30	-	BEAT	1940
+			2:45	-	BEAUT	1960
+			3:00	-	EAT
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Addis_Ababa	 # Ethiopia
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Asmara	 # Eritrea
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Dar_es_Salaam # Tanzania
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Djibouti
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Kampala	 # Uganda
+Link Africa/Nairobi Africa/Mogadishu	 # Somalia
+Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Antananarivo	 # Madagascar
+Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Comoro
+Link Africa/Nairobi Indian/Mayotte
+
+# Lesotho
+# See Africa/Johannesburg.
+
+# Liberia
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch
+# from a UTC offset that was not a multiple of 15 or 20 minutes.
+# Howse reports that it was in honor of their president's birthday.
+# Shank & Pottenger report the date as May 1, whereas Howse reports Jan;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+# For Liberia before 1972, Shanks & Pottenger report -0:44, whereas Howse and
+# Whitman each report -0:44:30; go with the more precise figure.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882
+			-0:43:08 -	MMT	1919 Mar # Monrovia Mean Time
+			-0:44:30 -	LRT	1972 May # Liberia Time
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Libya
+
+# From Even Scharning (2012-11-10):
+# Libya set their time one hour back at 02:00 on Saturday November 10.
+# http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/
+# Here is an official source [in Arabic]: http://ls.ly/fb6Yc
+#
+# Steffen Thorsen forwarded a translation (2012-11-10) in
+# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2012-November/018451.html
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2012-11-11):
+# Treat the 2012-11-10 change as a zone change from UTC+2 to UTC+1.
+# The DST rules planned for 2013 and onward roughly mirror those of Europe
+# (either two days before them or five days after them, so as to fall on
+# lastFri instead of lastSun).
+
+# From Even Scharning (2013-10-25):
+# The scheduled end of DST in Libya on Friday, October 25, 2013 was
+# cancelled yesterday....
+# http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/10/24/correction-no-time-change-tomorrow/
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-25):
+# For now, assume they're reverting to the pre-2012 rules of permanent UTC+2.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Libya	1951	only	-	Oct	14	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1952	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	1953	only	-	Oct	 9	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1954	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	1955	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1956	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	1982	1984	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1982	1985	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	1985	only	-	Apr	 6	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1986	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1986	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1987	1989	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Libya	2013	only	-	Mar	lastFri	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	2013	only	-	Oct	lastFri	2:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Tripoli	0:52:44 -	LMT	1920
+			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1959
+			2:00	-	EET	1982
+			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1990 May  4
+# The 1996 and 1997 entries are from Shanks & Pottenger;
+# the IATA SSIM data entries contain some obvious errors.
+			2:00	-	EET	1996 Sep 30
+			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1997 Oct  4
+			2:00	-	EET	2012 Nov 10  2:00
+			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	2013 Oct 25  2:00
+			2:00	-	EET
+
+# Madagascar
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
+
+# Malawi
+# See Africa/Maputo.
+
+# Mali
+# Mauritania
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
+
+# Mauritius
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-06-25):
+# Mauritius plans to observe DST from 2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31 on a trial
+# basis....
+# It seems that Mauritius observed daylight saving time from 1982-10-10 to
+# 1983-03-20 as well, but that was not successful....
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-daylight-saving-time.html
+
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-25):
+# http://economicdevelopment.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=0a7cee8b5d69a110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-06-30):
+# The www.timeanddate.com article cited by Steffen Thorsen notes that "A
+# final decision has yet to be made on the times that daylight saving
+# would begin and end on these dates." As a place holder, use midnight.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2008-06-30):
+# Follow Thorsen on DST in 1982/1983, instead of Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-07-10):
+# According to
+# http://www.lexpress.mu/display_article.php?news_id=111216
+# (in French), Mauritius will start and end their DST a few days earlier
+# than previously announced (2008-11-01 to 2009-03-31).  The new start
+# date is 2008-10-26 at 02:00 and the new end date is 2009-03-27 (no time
+# given, but it is probably at either 2 or 3 wall clock time).
+#
+# A little strange though, since the article says that they moved the date
+# to align itself with Europe and USA which also change time on that date,
+# but that means they have not paid attention to what happened in
+# USA/Canada last year (DST ends first Sunday in November). I also wonder
+# why that they end on a Friday, instead of aligning with Europe which
+# changes two days later.
+
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-07-11):
+# Seems that English language article "The revival of daylight saving
+# time: Energy conservation?"- No. 16578 (07/11/2008) was originally
+# published on Monday, June 30, 2008...
+#
+# I guess that article in French "Le gouvernement avance l'introduction
+# de l'heure d'été" stating that DST in Mauritius starting on October 26
+# and ending on March 27, 2009 is the most recent one....
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_mauritius02.html
+
+# From Riad M. Hossen Ally (2008-08-03):
+# The Government of Mauritius weblink
+# http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/pmosite/menuitem.4ca0efdee47462e7440a600248a521ca/?content_id=4728ca68b2a5b110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
+# Cabinet Decision of July 18th, 2008 states as follows:
+#
+# 4. ...Cabinet has agreed to the introduction into the National Assembly
+# of the Time Bill which provides for the introduction of summer time in
+# Mauritius. The summer time period which will be of one hour ahead of
+# the standard time, will be aligned with that in Europe and the United
+# States of America. It will start at two o'clock in the morning on the
+# last Sunday of October and will end at two o'clock in the morning on
+# the last Sunday of March the following year. The summer time for the
+# year 2008-2009 will, therefore, be effective as from 26 October 2008
+# and end on 29 March 2009.
+
+# From Ed Maste (2008-10-07):
+# THE TIME BILL (No. XXVII of 2008) Explanatory Memorandum states the
+# beginning / ending of summer time is 2 o'clock standard time in the
+# morning of the last Sunday of October / last Sunday of March.
+# http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/assemblysite/file/bill2708.pdf
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-05):
+# According to several sources, Mauritius will not continue to observe
+# DST the coming summer...
+#
+# Some sources, in French:
+# http://www.defimedia.info/news/946/Rashid-Beebeejaun-:-%C2%AB-L%E2%80%99heure-d%E2%80%99%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ne-sera-pas-appliqu%C3%A9e-cette-ann%C3%A9e-%C2%BB
+# http://lexpress.mu/Story/3398~Beebeejaun---Les-objectifs-d-%C3%A9conomie-d-%C3%A9nergie-de-l-heure-d-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-atteints-
+#
+# Our wrap-up:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat.html
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-07-11):
+# The "mauritius-dst-will-not-repeat" wrapup includes this:
+# "The trial ended on March 29, 2009, when the clocks moved back by one hour
+# at 2am (or 02:00) local time..."
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule Mauritius	1982	only	-	Oct	10	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Mauritius	1983	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	0	-
+Rule Mauritius	2008	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule Mauritius	2009	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Indian/Mauritius	3:50:00 -	LMT	1907 # Port Louis
+			4:00 Mauritius	MU%sT	# Mauritius Time
+# Agalega Is, Rodriguez
+# no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius
+
+# Mayotte
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
+
+# Morocco
+# See the 'europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).
+
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
+# Here is an article that Morocco plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time between
+# 1 June, 2008 and 27 September, 2008.
+#
+# "... Morocco is to save energy by adjusting its clock during summer so it will
+# be one hour ahead of GMT between 1 June and 27 September, according to
+# Communication Minister and Government Spokesman, Khalid Naciri...."
+#
+# http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_morocco01.html
+# http://en.afrik.com/news11892.html
+
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-09):
+# The Morocco time change can be confirmed on Morocco web site Maghreb Arabe
+# Presse:
+# http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/box3/morocco_shifts_to_da/view
+#
+# Morocco shifts to daylight time on June 1st through September 27, Govt.
+# spokesman.
+
+# From Patrice Scattolin (2008-05-09):
+# According to this article:
+# http://www.avmaroc.com/actualite/heure-dete-comment-a127896.html
+# (and republished here: <http://www.actu.ma/heure-dete-comment_i127896_0.html>)
+# the changes occur at midnight:
+#
+# Saturday night May 31st at midnight (which in French is to be
+# interpreted as the night between Saturday and Sunday)
+# Sunday night the 28th at midnight
+#
+# Seeing that the 28th is Monday, I am guessing that she intends to say
+# the midnight of the 28th which is the midnight between Sunday and
+# Monday, which jives with other sources that say that it's inclusive
+# June 1st to Sept 27th.
+#
+# The decision was taken by decree *2-08-224 *but I can't find the decree
+# published on the web.
+#
+# It's also confirmed here:
+# http://www.maroc.ma/NR/exeres/FACF141F-D910-44B0-B7FA-6E03733425D1.htm
+# on a government portal as being between June 1st and Sept 27th (not yet
+# posted in English).
+#
+# The following Google query will generate many relevant hits:
+# http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Conseil+de+gouvernement+maroc+heure+avance&btnG=Search
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-27):
+# Morocco will change the clocks back on the midnight between August 31
+# and September 1. They originally planned to observe DST to near the end
+# of September:
+#
+# One article about it (in French):
+# http://www.menara.ma/fr/Actualites/Maroc/Societe/ci.retour_a_l_heure_gmt_a_partir_du_dimanche_31_aout_a_minuit_officiel_.default
+#
+# We have some further details posted here:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-ends-dst-early-2008.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-17):
+# Morocco will observe DST from 2009-06-01 00:00 to 2009-08-21 00:00 according
+# to many sources, such as
+# http://news.marweb.com/morocco/entertainment/morocco-daylight-saving.html
+# http://www.medi1sat.ma/fr/depeche.aspx?idp=2312
+# (French)
+#
+# Our summary:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2009.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
+# Here is a link to official document from Royaume du Maroc Premier Ministre,
+# Ministère de la Modernisation des Secteurs Publics
+#
+# Under Article 1 of Royal Decree No. 455-67 of Act 23 safar 1387 (2 June 1967)
+# concerning the amendment of the legal time, the Ministry of Modernization of
+# Public Sectors announced that the official time in the Kingdom will be
+# advanced 60 minutes from Sunday 31 May 2009 at midnight.
+#
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/francais/Actualites_fr/PDF_Actualites_Fr/HeureEte_FR.pdf
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco03.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-04-13):
+# Several news media in Morocco report that the Ministry of Modernization
+# of Public Sectors has announced that Morocco will have DST from
+# 2010-05-02 to 2010-08-08.
+#
+# Example:
+# http://www.lavieeco.com/actualites/4099-le-maroc-passera-a-l-heure-d-ete-gmt1-le-2-mai.html
+# (French)
+# Our page:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/morocco-starts-dst-2010.html
+
+# From Dan Abitol (2011-03-30):
+# ...Rules for Africa/Casablanca are the following (24h format)
+# The 3rd April 2011 at 00:00:00, [it] will be 3rd April 01:00:00
+# The 31st July 2011 at 00:59:59, [it] will be 31st July 00:00:00
+# ...Official links of change in morocco
+# The change was broadcast on the FM Radio
+# I ve called ANRT (telecom regulations in Morocco) at
+# +212.537.71.84.00
+# http://www.anrt.net.ma/fr/
+# They said that
+# http://www.map.ma/fr/sections/accueil/l_heure_legale_au_ma/view
+# is the official publication to look at.
+# They said that the decision was already taken.
+#
+# More articles in the press
+# http://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5058/secret-l-heure-d-ete-maroc-leve.html
+# http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Express/Article.asp?id=148923
+# http://www.lavieeco.com/actualite/Le-Maroc-passe-sur-GMT%2B1-a-partir-de-dim
+
+# From Petr Machata (2011-03-30):
+# They have it written in English here:
+# http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/home/morocco_to_spring_fo/view
+#
+# It says there that "Morocco will resume its standard time on July 31,
+# 2011 at midnight." Now they don't say whether they mean midnight of
+# wall clock time (i.e. 11pm UTC), but that's what I would assume. It has
+# also been like that in the past.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-03-09):
+# According to Infomédiaire web site from Morocco (infomediaire.ma),
+# on March 9, 2012, (in French) Heure légale:
+# Le Maroc adopte officiellement l'heure d'été
+# http://www.infomediaire.ma/news/maroc/heure-l%C3%A9gale-le-maroc-adopte-officiellement-lheure-d%C3%A9t%C3%A9
+# Governing Council adopted draft decree, that Morocco DST starts on
+# the last Sunday of March (March 25, 2012) and ends on
+# last Sunday of September (September 30, 2012)
+# except the month of Ramadan.
+# or (brief)
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_morocco06.html
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-10):
+# The infomediaire.ma source indicates that the system is to be in
+# effect every year. It gives 03H00 as the "fall back" time of day;
+# it lacks a "spring forward" time of day; assume 2:00 XXX.
+# Wait on specifying the Ramadan exception for details about
+# start date, start time of day, end date, and end time of day XXX.
+
+# From Christophe Tropamer (2012-03-16):
+# Seen Morocco change again:
+# http://www.le2uminutes.com/actualite.php
+# "...à partir du dernier dimanche d'avril et non fins mars,
+# comme annoncé précédemment."
+
+# From Milamber Space Network (2012-07-17):
+# The official return to GMT is announced by the Moroccan government:
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288 [in French]
+#
+# Google translation, lightly edited:
+# Back to the standard time of the Kingdom (GMT)
+# Pursuant to Decree No. 2-12-126 issued on 26 Jumada (I) 1433 (April 18,
+# 2012) and in accordance with the order of Mr. President of the
+# Government No. 3-47-12 issued on 24 Sha'ban (11 July 2012), the Ministry
+# of Public Service and Administration Modernization announces the return
+# of the legal time of the Kingdom (GMT) from Friday, July 20, 2012 until
+# Monday, August 20, 2012.  So the time will be delayed by 60 minutes from
+# 3:00 am Friday, July 20, 2012 and will again be advanced by 60 minutes
+# August 20, 2012 from 2:00 am.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-03-06):
+# Morocco's daylight-saving transitions due to Ramadan seem to be
+# announced a bit in advance.  On 2012-07-11 the Moroccan government
+# announced that year's Ramadan daylight-saving transitions would be
+# 2012-07-20 and 2012-08-20; see
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=288
+
+# From Andrew Paprocki (2013-07-02):
+# Morocco announced that the year's Ramadan daylight-savings
+# transitions would be 2013-07-07 and 2013-08-10; see:
+# http://www.maroc.ma/en/news/morocco-suspends-daylight-saving-time-july-7-aug10
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-28):
+# Morocco extends DST by one month, on very short notice, just 1 day
+# before it was going to end.  There is a new decree (2.13.781) for
+# this, where DST from now on goes from last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# to last Sunday of October at 03:00, similar to EU rules.  Official
+# source (French):
+# http://www.maroc.gov.ma/fr/actualites/lhoraire-dete-gmt1-maintenu-jusquau-27-octobre-2013
+# Another source (specifying the time for start and end in the decree):
+# http://www.lemag.ma/Heure-d-ete-au-Maroc-jusqu-au-27-octobre_a75620.html
+
+# From Sebastien Willemijns (2014-03-18):
+# http://www.afriquinfos.com/articles/2014/3/18/maroc-heure-dete-avancez-tous-horloges-247891.asp
+
+# From Milamber Space Network (2014-06-05):
+# The Moroccan government has recently announced that the country will return
+# to standard time at 03:00 on Saturday, June 28, 2014 local time....  DST
+# will resume again at 02:00 on Saturday, August 2, 2014....
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=586
+
+# From Milamber (2015-06-08):
+# (Google Translation) The hour will thus be delayed 60 minutes
+# Sunday, June 14 at 3:00, the ministry said in a statement, adding
+# that the time will be advanced again 60 minutes Sunday, July 19,
+# 2015 at 2:00.  The move comes under 2.12.126 Decree of 26 Jumada I
+# 1433 (18 April 2012) and the decision of the Head of Government of
+# 16 N. 3-29-15 Chaaban 1435 (4 June 2015).
+# Source (french):
+# http://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/
+#
+# From Milamber (2015-06-09):
+# http://www.mmsp.gov.ma/fr/actualites.aspx?id=863
+#
+# From Michael Deckers (2015-06-09):
+# [The gov.ma announcement] would (probably) make the switch on 2015-07-19 go
+# from 03:00 to 04:00 rather than from 02:00 to 03:00, as in the patch....
+# I think the patch is correct and the quoted text is wrong; the text in
+# <http://lnt.ma/le-maroc-reculera-dune-heure-le-dimanche-14-juin/> agrees
+# with the patch.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-06-08):
+# For now, guess that later spring and fall transitions will use 2015's rules,
+# and guess that Morocco will switch to standard time at 03:00 the last
+# Sunday before Ramadan, and back to DST at 02:00 the first Sunday after
+# Ramadan.  To implement this, transition dates for 2016 through 2037 were
+# determined by running the following program under GNU Emacs 24.3, with the
+# results integrated by hand into the table below.
+# (let ((islamic-year 1437))
+#   (require 'cal-islam)
+#   (while (< islamic-year 1460)
+#     (let ((a (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 9 1 islamic-year)))
+#           (b (calendar-islamic-to-absolute (list 10 1 islamic-year)))
+#           (sunday 0))
+#       (while (/= sunday (mod (setq a (1- a)) 7)))
+#       (while (/= sunday (mod b 7))
+#         (setq b (1+ b)))
+#       (setq a (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute a))
+#       (setq b (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute b))
+#       (insert
+#        (format
+#         (concat "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 3:00\t0\t-\n"
+#                 "Rule\tMorocco\t%d\tonly\t-\t%s\t%2d\t 2:00\t1:00\tS\n")
+#         (car (cdr (cdr a))) (calendar-month-name (car a) t) (car (cdr a))
+#         (car (cdr (cdr b))) (calendar-month-name (car b) t) (car (cdr b)))))
+#     (setq islamic-year (+ 1 islamic-year))))
+
+# RULE	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+
+Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Sep	12	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1945	only	-	Nov	18	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Jun	11	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1950	only	-	Oct	29	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2009	only	-	Aug	21	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	May	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2010	only	-	Aug	 8	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Apr	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2011	only	-	Jul	31	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	2013	-	Apr	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Jul	20	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Aug	20	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2012	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Jul	 7	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2013	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2013	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2014	2021	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Jun	28	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2014	only	-	Aug	 2	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jun	14	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2015	only	-	Jul	19	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jun	 5	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2016	only	-	Jul	10	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	May	21	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2017	only	-	Jul	 2	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	May	13	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2018	only	-	Jun	17	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	May	 5	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2019	only	-	Jun	 9	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	Apr	19	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2020	only	-	May	24	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	Apr	11	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2021	only	-	May	16	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2022	only	-	May	 8	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2023	only	-	Apr	23	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2024	only	-	Apr	14	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2025	only	-	Apr	 6	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2026	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Morocco	2036	only	-	Oct	19	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Morocco	2037	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	0	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Africa/Casablanca	-0:30:20 -	LMT	1913 Oct 26
+			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT	1984 Mar 16
+			 1:00	-	CET	1986
+			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT
+
+# Western Sahara
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2013-10-22):
+# A correspondent who is usually well informed about time zone matters
+# ... says that Western Sahara observes daylight saving time, just as
+# Morocco does.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-23):
+# Assume that this has been true since Western Sahara switched to GMT,
+# since most of it was then controlled by Morocco.
+
+Zone Africa/El_Aaiun	-0:52:48 -	LMT	1934 Jan # El Aaiún
+			-1:00	-	WAT	1976 Apr 14
+			 0:00	Morocco	WE%sT
+
+# Mozambique
+#
+# Shanks gives 1903-03-01 for the transition to CAT.
+# Perhaps the 1911-05-26 Portuguese decree
+# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# merely made it official?
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Maputo	2:10:20 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Blantyre	# Malawi
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Bujumbura	# Burundi
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Gaborone	# Botswana
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Harare	# Zimbabwe
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Kigali	# Rwanda
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lubumbashi	# E Dem. Rep. of Congo
+Link Africa/Maputo Africa/Lusaka	# Zambia
+
+# Namibia
+# The 1994-04-03 transition is from Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Shanks & Pottenger report no DST after 1998-04; go with IATA.
+
+# From Petronella Sibeene (2007-03-30):
+# http://allafrica.com/stories/200703300178.html
+# While the entire country changes its time, Katima Mulilo and other
+# settlements in Caprivi unofficially will not because the sun there
+# rises and sets earlier compared to other regions.  Chief of
+# Forecasting Riaan van Zyl explained that the far eastern parts of
+# the country are close to 40 minutes earlier in sunrise than the rest
+# of the country.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-31):
+# Apparently the Caprivi Strip informally observes Botswana time, but
+# we have no details.  In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
+
+# RULE	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Namibia	1994	max	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Namibia	1995	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Windhoek	1:08:24 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
+			1:30	-	SWAT	1903 Mar    # SW Africa Time
+			2:00	-	SAST	1942 Sep 20  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	SAST	1943 Mar 21  2:00
+			2:00	-	SAST	1990 Mar 21 # independence
+			2:00	-	CAT	1994 Apr  3
+			1:00	Namibia	WA%sT
+
+# Niger
+# See Africa/Lagos.
+
+# Nigeria
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Lagos	0:13:36 -	LMT	1919 Sep
+			1:00	-	WAT
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Bangui	     # Central African Republic
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Brazzaville # Rep. of the Congo
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Douala	     # Cameroon
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Kinshasa    # Dem. Rep. of the Congo (west)
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Libreville  # Gabon
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Luanda	     # Angola
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Malabo	     # Equatorial Guinea
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Niamey	     # Niger
+Link Africa/Lagos Africa/Porto-Novo  # Benin
+
+# Réunion
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Indian/Reunion	3:41:52 -	LMT	1911 Jun # Saint-Denis
+			4:00	-	RET	# Réunion Time
+#
+# Crozet Islands also observes Réunion time; see the 'antarctica' file.
+#
+# Scattered Islands (Îles Éparses) administered from Réunion are as follows.
+# The following information about them is taken from
+# Îles Éparses (<http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm>, 1997-07-22,
+# in French; no longer available as of 1999-08-17).
+# We have no info about their time zone histories.
+#
+# Bassas da India - uninhabited
+# Europa Island - inhabited from 1905 to 1910 by two families
+# Glorioso Is - inhabited until at least 1958
+# Juan de Nova - uninhabited
+# Tromelin - inhabited until at least 1958
+
+# Rwanda
+# See Africa/Maputo.
+
+# St Helena
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
+# The other parts of the St Helena territory are similar:
+#	Tristan da Cunha: on GMT, say Whitman and the CIA
+#	Ascension: on GMT, say the USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA
+#	Gough (scientific station since 1955; sealers wintered previously):
+#		on GMT, says the CIA
+#	Inaccessible, Nightingale: uninhabited
+
+# São Tomé and Príncipe
+# Senegal
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
+
+# Seychelles
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Indian/Mahe	3:41:48 -	LMT	1906 Jun # Victoria
+			4:00	-	SCT	# Seychelles Time
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
+# Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches, originally dependencies of the
+# Seychelles, were transferred to the British Indian Ocean Territory
+# in 1965 and returned to Seychelles control in 1976.  We don't know
+# whether this affected their time zone, so omit this for now.
+# Possibly the islands were uninhabited.
+
+# Sierra Leone
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
+
+# Somalia
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
+
+# South Africa
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	SA	1942	1943	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	-
+Rule	SA	1943	1944	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 -	LMT	1892 Feb 8
+			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
+			2:00	SA	SAST
+Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Maseru	   # Lesotho
+Link Africa/Johannesburg Africa/Mbabane    # Swaziland
+#
+# Marion and Prince Edward Is
+# scientific station since 1947
+# no information
+
+# Sudan
+#
+# From <http://www.sunanews.net/sn13jane.html>
+# Sudan News Agency (2000-01-13),
+# also reported by Michaël De Beukelaer-Dossche via Steffen Thorsen:
+# Clocks will be moved ahead for 60 minutes all over the Sudan as of noon
+# Saturday....  This was announced Thursday by Caretaker State Minister for
+# Manpower Abdul-Rahman Nur-Eddin.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Sudan	1970	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Sudan	1970	1985	-	Oct	15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Sudan	1971	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Sudan	1972	1985	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Khartoum	2:10:08 -	LMT	1931
+			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# South Sudan
+Link Africa/Khartoum Africa/Juba
+
+# Swaziland
+# See Africa/Johannesburg.
+
+# Tanzania
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
+
+# Togo
+# See Africa/Abidjan.
+
+# Tunisia
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2005-04-30):
+# My correspondent, Risto Nykänen, has alerted me to another adoption of DST,
+# this time in Tunisia.  According to Yahoo France News
+# <http://fr.news.yahoo.com/050426/5/4dumk.html>, in a story attributed to AP
+# and dated 2005-04-26, "Tunisia has decided to advance its official time by
+# one hour, starting on Sunday, May 1.  Henceforth, Tunisian time will be
+# UTC+2 instead of UTC+1.  The change will take place at 23:00 UTC next
+# Saturday."  (My translation)
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-02):
+# La Presse, the first national daily newspaper ...
+# http://www.lapresse.tn/archives/archives280405/actualites/lheure.html
+# ... DST for 2005: on: Sun May 1 0h standard time, off: Fri Sept. 30,
+# 1h standard time.
+#
+# From Atef Loukil (2006-03-28):
+# The daylight saving time will be the same each year:
+# Beginning      : the last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# Ending         : the last Sunday of October at 03:00 ...
+# http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1188&Itemid=50
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-16):
+# According to several news sources, Tunisia will not observe DST this year.
+# (Arabic)
+# http://www.elbashayer.com/?page=viewn&nid=42546
+# http://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp
+#
+# We have also confirmed this with the US embassy in Tunisia.
+# We have a wrap-up about this on the following page:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/tunisia-cancels-dst-2009.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-17):
+# Here is a link to Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency
+#
+# Standard time to be kept the whole year long (tap.info.tn):
+#
+# (in English)
+# http://www.tap.info.tn/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26813&Itemid=157
+#
+# (in Arabic)
+# http://www.tap.info.tn/ar/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=61240&Itemid=1
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-18):
+# The Tunis Afrique Presse News Agency notice contains this: "This measure is
+# due to the fact that the fasting month of Ramadan coincides with the period
+# concerned by summer time.  Therefore, the standard time will be kept
+# unchanged the whole year long."  So foregoing DST seems to be an exception
+# (albeit one that may be repeated in the future).
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-27):
+# According to some news reports Tunis confirmed not to use DST in 2010
+#
+# (translation):
+# "The Tunisian government has decided to abandon DST, which was scheduled on
+# Sunday...
+# Tunisian authorities had suspended the DST for the first time last year also
+# coincided with the month of Ramadan..."
+#
+# (in Arabic)
+# http://www.moheet.com/show_news.aspx?nid=358861&pg=1
+# http://www.almadenahnews.com/newss/news.php?c=118&id=38036
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_tunis02.html
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Tunisia	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1940	only	-	Feb	25	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Apr	25	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1977	only	-	Apr	30	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1977	only	-	Sep	24	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1978	only	-	May	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1988	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1988	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	1989	only	-	Mar	26	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	1990	only	-	May	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	2005	only	-	May	 1	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	2005	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Tunisia	2006	2008	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tunisia	2006	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
+# more precise 0:09:21.
+# Shanks & Pottenger say the 1911 switch was on Mar 9; go with Howse's Mar 11.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Africa/Tunis	0:40:44 -	LMT	1881 May 12
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
+			1:00	Tunisia	CE%sT
+
+# Uganda
+# See Africa/Nairobi.
+
+# Zambia
+# Zimbabwe
+# See Africa/Maputo.
diff --git a/tz/antarctica b/tz/antarctica
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a537832
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/antarctica
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-11-15):
+# To keep things manageable, we list only locations occupied year-round; see
+# COMNAP - Stations and Bases
+# http://www.comnap.aq/comnap/comnap.nsf/P/Stations/
+# and
+# Summary of the Peri-Antarctic Islands (1998-07-23)
+# http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/bob/periant.htm
+# for information.
+# Unless otherwise specified, we have no time zone information.
+#
+# Except for the French entries,
+# I made up all time zone abbreviations mentioned here; corrections welcome!
+# FORMAT is '-00' and GMTOFF is 0 for locations while uninhabited.
+
+# Argentina - year-round bases
+# Belgrano II, Confin Coast, -770227-0343737, since 1972-02-05
+# Carlini, Potter Cove, King George Island, -6414-0602320, since 1982-01
+# Esperanza, Hope Bay, -6323-05659, since 1952-12-17
+# Marambio, -6414-05637, since 1969-10-29
+# Orcadas, Laurie I, -6016-04444, since 1904-02-22
+# San Martín, Barry I, -6808-06706, since 1951-03-21
+#	(except 1960-03 / 1976-03-21)
+
+# Australia - territories
+# Heard Island, McDonald Islands (uninhabited)
+#	previously sealers and scientific personnel wintered
+#	Margaret Turner reports
+#	http://web.archive.org/web/20021204222245/http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html
+#	(1999-09-30) that they're UTC+5, with no DST;
+#	presumably this is when they have visitors.
+#
+# year-round bases
+# Casey, Bailey Peninsula, -6617+11032, since 1969
+# Davis, Vestfold Hills, -6835+07759, since 1957-01-13
+#	(except 1964-11 - 1969-02)
+# Mawson, Holme Bay, -6736+06253, since 1954-02-13
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-11):
+# Three Australian stations in Antarctica have changed their time zone:
+# Casey moved from UTC+8 to UTC+11
+# Davis moved from UTC+7 to UTC+5
+# Mawson moved from UTC+6 to UTC+5
+# The changes occurred on 2009-10-18 at 02:00 (local times).
+#
+# Government source: (Australian Antarctic Division)
+# http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=37079
+#
+# We have more background information here:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antarctica-new-times.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
+# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division: ...
+#
+# - Casey station reverted to its normal time of UTC+8 on 5 March 2010.
+# The change to UTC+11 is being considered as a regular summer thing but
+# has not been decided yet.
+#
+# - Davis station will revert to its normal time of UTC+7 at 10 March 2010
+# 20:00 UTC.
+#
+# - Mawson station stays on UTC+5.
+#
+# Background:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/antartica-time-changes-2010.html
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Casey	0	-	-00	1969
+			8:00	-	AWST	2009 Oct 18  2:00
+						# Australian Western Std Time
+			11:00	-	CAST	2010 Mar  5  2:00  # Casey Time
+			8:00	-	AWST	2011 Oct 28  2:00
+			11:00	-	CAST	2012 Feb 21 17:00u
+			8:00	-	AWST
+Zone Antarctica/Davis	0	-	-00	1957 Jan 13
+			7:00	-	DAVT	1964 Nov    # Davis Time
+			0	-	-00	1969 Feb
+			7:00	-	DAVT	2009 Oct 18  2:00
+			5:00	-	DAVT	2010 Mar 10 20:00u
+			7:00	-	DAVT	2011 Oct 28  2:00
+			5:00	-	DAVT	2012 Feb 21 20:00u
+			7:00	-	DAVT
+Zone Antarctica/Mawson	0	-	-00	1954 Feb 13
+			6:00	-	MAWT	2009 Oct 18  2:00 # Mawson Time
+			5:00	-	MAWT
+# References:
+# Casey Weather (1998-02-26)
+# http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/casey/casey_aws.html
+# Davis Station, Antarctica (1998-02-26)
+# http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/davis/video.html
+# Mawson Station, Antarctica (1998-02-25)
+# http://www.antdiv.gov.au/aad/exop/sfo/mawson/video.html
+
+# Belgium - year-round base
+# Princess Elisabeth, Queen Maud Land, -713412+0231200, since 2007
+
+# Brazil - year-round base
+# Ferraz, King George Island, -6205+05824, since 1983/4
+
+# Bulgaria - year-round base
+# St. Kliment Ohridski, Livingston Island, -623829-0602153, since 1988
+
+# Chile - year-round bases and towns
+# Escudero, South Shetland Is, -621157-0585735, since 1994
+# Frei Montalva, King George Island, -6214-05848, since 1969-03-07
+# O'Higgins, Antarctic Peninsula, -6319-05704, since 1948-02
+# Prat, -6230-05941
+# Villa Las Estrellas (a town), around the Frei base, since 1984-04-09
+# These locations have always used Santiago time; use TZ='America/Santiago'.
+
+# China - year-round bases
+# Great Wall, King George Island, -6213-05858, since 1985-02-20
+# Zhongshan, Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay, -6922+07623, since 1989-02-26
+
+# France - year-round bases (also see "France & Italy")
+#
+# From Antoine Leca (1997-01-20):
+# Time data entries are from Nicole Pailleau at the IFRTP
+# (French Institute for Polar Research and Technology).
+# She confirms that French Southern Territories and Terre Adélie bases
+# don't observe daylight saving time, even if Terre Adélie supplies came
+# from Tasmania.
+#
+# French Southern Territories with year-round inhabitants
+#
+# Alfred Faure, Possession Island, Crozet Islands, -462551+0515152, since 1964;
+#	sealing & whaling stations operated variously 1802/1911+;
+#	see Indian/Reunion.
+#
+# Martin-de-Viviès, Amsterdam Island, -374105+0773155, since 1950
+# Port-aux-Français, Kerguelen Islands, -492110+0701303, since 1951;
+#	whaling & sealing station operated 1908/1914, 1920/1929, and 1951/1956
+#
+# St Paul Island - near Amsterdam, uninhabited
+#	fishing stations operated variously 1819/1931
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Indian/Kerguelen	0	-	-00	1950 # Port-aux-Français
+			5:00	-	TFT	# ISO code TF Time
+#
+# year-round base in the main continent
+# Dumont d'Urville, Île des Pétrels, -6640+14001, since 1956-11
+# <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumont_d'Urville_Station> (2005-12-05)
+#
+# Another base at Port-Martin, 50km east, began operation in 1947.
+# It was destroyed by fire on 1952-01-14.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/DumontDUrville 0 -	-00	1947
+			10:00	-	PMT	1952 Jan 14 # Port-Martin Time
+			0	-	-00	1956 Nov
+			10:00	-	DDUT	# Dumont-d'Urville Time
+
+# France & Italy - year-round base
+# Concordia, -750600+1232000, since 2005
+
+# Germany - year-round base
+# Neumayer III, -704080-0081602, since 2009
+
+# India - year-round bases
+# Bharati, -692428+0761114, since 2012
+# Maitri, -704558+0114356, since 1989
+
+# Italy - year-round base (also see "France & Italy")
+# Zuchelli, Terra Nova Bay, -744140+1640647, since 1986
+
+# Japan - year-round bases
+# Syowa (also known as Showa), -690022+0393524, since 1957
+#
+# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1999-02-06):
+# In all Japanese stations, +0300 is used as the standard time.
+#
+# Syowa station, which is the first antarctic station of Japan,
+# was established on 1957-01-29.  Since Syowa station is still the main
+# station of Japan, it's appropriate for the principal location.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Syowa	0	-	-00	1957 Jan 29
+			3:00	-	SYOT	# Syowa Time
+# See:
+# NIPR Antarctic Research Activities (1999-08-17)
+# http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/ara01.html
+
+# S Korea - year-round base
+# Jang Bogo, Terra Nova Bay, -743700+1641205 since 2014
+# King Sejong, King George Island, -6213-05847, since 1988
+
+# New Zealand - claims
+# Balleny Islands (never inhabited)
+# Scott Island (never inhabited)
+#
+# year-round base
+# Scott Base, Ross Island, since 1957-01.
+# See Pacific/Auckland.
+
+# Norway - territories
+# Bouvet (never inhabited)
+#
+# claims
+# Peter I Island (never inhabited)
+#
+# year-round base
+# Troll, Queen Maud Land, -720041+0023206, since 2005-02-12
+#
+# From Paul-Inge Flakstad (2014-03-10):
+# I recently had a long dialog about this with the developer of timegenie.com.
+# In the absence of specific dates, he decided to choose some likely ones:
+#   GMT +1 - From March 1 to the last Sunday in March
+#   GMT +2 - From the last Sunday in March until the last Sunday in October
+#   GMT +1 - From the last Sunday in October until November 7
+#   GMT +0 - From November 7 until March 1
+# The dates for switching to and from UTC+0 will probably not be absolutely
+# correct, but they should be quite close to the actual dates.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-21):
+# The CET-switching Troll rules require zic from tzcode 2014b or later, so as
+# suggested by Bengt-Inge Larsson comment them out for now, and approximate
+# with only UTC and CEST.  Uncomment them when 2014b is more prevalent.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+#Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Mar	 1	1:00u	1:00	CET
+Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	2:00	CEST
+#Rule	Troll	2005	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	CET
+#Rule	Troll	2004	max	-	Nov	 7	1:00u	0:00	UTC
+# Remove the following line when uncommenting the above '#Rule' lines.
+Rule	Troll	2004	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00u	0:00	UTC
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Troll	0	-	-00	2005 Feb 12
+			0:00	Troll	%s
+
+# Poland - year-round base
+# Arctowski, King George Island, -620945-0582745, since 1977
+
+# Romania - year-bound base
+# Law-Racoviță, Larsemann Hills, -692319+0762251, since 1986
+
+# Russia - year-round bases
+# Bellingshausen, King George Island, -621159-0585337, since 1968-02-22
+# Mirny, Davis coast, -6633+09301, since 1956-02
+# Molodezhnaya, Alasheyev Bay, -6740+04551,
+#	year-round from 1962-02 to 1999-07-01
+# Novolazarevskaya, Queen Maud Land, -7046+01150,
+#	year-round from 1960/61 to 1992
+
+# Vostok, since 1957-12-16, temporarily closed 1994-02/1994-11
+# From Craig Mundell (1994-12-15):
+# http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/antarctica/QA/computers/Directions,Time,ZIP
+# Vostok, which is one of the Russian stations, is set on the same
+# time as Moscow, Russia.
+#
+# From Lee Hotz (2001-03-08):
+# I queried the folks at Columbia who spent the summer at Vostok and this is
+# what they had to say about time there:
+# "in the US Camp (East Camp) we have been on New Zealand (McMurdo)
+# time, which is 12 hours ahead of GMT. The Russian Station Vostok was
+# 6 hours behind that (although only 2 miles away, i.e. 6 hours ahead
+# of GMT). This is a time zone I think two hours east of Moscow. The
+# natural time zone is in between the two: 8 hours ahead of GMT."
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-04):
+# This seems to be hopelessly confusing, so I asked Lee Hotz about it
+# in person.  He said that some Antarctic locations set their local
+# time so that noon is the warmest part of the day, and that this
+# changes during the year and does not necessarily correspond to mean
+# solar noon.  So the Vostok time might have been whatever the clocks
+# happened to be during their visit.  So we still don't really know what time
+# it is at Vostok.  But we'll guess UTC+6.
+#
+Zone Antarctica/Vostok	0	-	-00	1957 Dec 16
+			6:00	-	VOST	# Vostok time
+
+# S Africa - year-round bases
+# Marion Island, -4653+03752
+# SANAE IV, Vesleskarvet, Queen Maud Land, -714022-0025026, since 1997
+
+# Ukraine - year-round base
+# Vernadsky (formerly Faraday), Galindez Island, -651445-0641526, since 1954
+
+# United Kingdom
+#
+# British Antarctic Territories (BAT) claims
+# South Orkney Islands
+#	scientific station from 1903
+#	whaling station at Signy I 1920/1926
+# South Shetland Islands
+#
+# year-round bases
+# Bird Island, South Georgia, -5400-03803, since 1983
+# Deception Island, -6259-06034, whaling station 1912/1931,
+#	scientific station 1943/1967,
+#	previously sealers and a scientific expedition wintered by accident,
+#	and a garrison was deployed briefly
+# Halley, Coates Land, -7535-02604, since 1956-01-06
+#	Halley is on a moving ice shelf and is periodically relocated
+#	so that it is never more than 10km from its nominal location.
+# Rothera, Adelaide Island, -6734-6808, since 1976-12-01
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-10-22)
+# <http://webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/g.html> says Rothera is -03 all year.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Rothera	0	-	-00	1976 Dec  1
+			-3:00	-	ROTT	# Rothera time
+
+# Uruguay - year round base
+# Artigas, King George Island, -621104-0585107
+
+# USA - year-round bases
+#
+# Palmer, Anvers Island, since 1965 (moved 2 miles in 1968)
+# See 'southamerica' for Antarctica/Palmer, since it uses South American DST.
+#
+# McMurdo Station, Ross Island, since 1955-12
+# Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, continuously occupied since 1956-11-20
+#
+# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-27):
+# Siple, the first commander of the South Pole station,
+# stated that he would have liked to have kept GMT at the station,
+# but that he found it more convenient to keep GMT+12
+# as supplies for the station were coming from McMurdo Sound,
+# which was on GMT+12 because New Zealand was on GMT+12 all year
+# at that time (1957).  (Source: Siple's book 90 Degrees South.)
+#
+# From Susan Smith
+# http://www.cybertours.com/whs/pole10.html
+# (1995-11-13 16:24:56 +1300, no longer available):
+# We use the same time as McMurdo does.
+# And they use the same time as Christchurch, NZ does....
+# One last quirk about South Pole time.
+# All the electric clocks are usually wrong.
+# Something about the generators running at 60.1hertz or something
+# makes all of the clocks run fast.  So every couple of days,
+# we have to go around and set them back 5 minutes or so.
+# Maybe if we let them run fast all of the time, we'd get to leave here sooner!!
+#
+# See 'australasia' for Antarctica/McMurdo.
diff --git a/tz/asctime.c b/tz/asctime.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a906b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/asctime.c
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+/*
+** This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+** 1996-06-05 by Arthur David Olson.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Avoid the temptation to punt entirely to strftime;
+** the output of strftime is supposed to be locale specific
+** whereas the output of asctime is supposed to be constant.
+*/
+
+/*LINTLIBRARY*/
+
+#include "private.h"
+#include "tzfile.h"
+
+/*
+** Some systems only handle "%.2d"; others only handle "%02d";
+** "%02.2d" makes (most) everybody happy.
+** At least some versions of gcc warn about the %02.2d;
+** we conditionalize below to avoid the warning.
+*/
+/*
+** All years associated with 32-bit time_t values are exactly four digits long;
+** some years associated with 64-bit time_t values are not.
+** Vintage programs are coded for years that are always four digits long
+** and may assume that the newline always lands in the same place.
+** For years that are less than four digits, we pad the output with
+** leading zeroes to get the newline in the traditional place.
+** The -4 ensures that we get four characters of output even if
+** we call a strftime variant that produces fewer characters for some years.
+** The ISO C 1999 and POSIX 1003.1-2004 standards prohibit padding the year,
+** but many implementations pad anyway; most likely the standards are buggy.
+*/
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define ASCTIME_FMT	"%.3s %.3s%3d %2.2d:%2.2d:%2.2d %-4s\n"
+#else /* !defined __GNUC__ */
+#define ASCTIME_FMT	"%.3s %.3s%3d %02.2d:%02.2d:%02.2d %-4s\n"
+#endif /* !defined __GNUC__ */
+/*
+** For years that are more than four digits we put extra spaces before the year
+** so that code trying to overwrite the newline won't end up overwriting
+** a digit within a year and truncating the year (operating on the assumption
+** that no output is better than wrong output).
+*/
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define ASCTIME_FMT_B	"%.3s %.3s%3d %2.2d:%2.2d:%2.2d     %s\n"
+#else /* !defined __GNUC__ */
+#define ASCTIME_FMT_B	"%.3s %.3s%3d %02.2d:%02.2d:%02.2d     %s\n"
+#endif /* !defined __GNUC__ */
+
+#define STD_ASCTIME_BUF_SIZE	26
+/*
+** Big enough for something such as
+** ??? ???-2147483648 -2147483648:-2147483648:-2147483648     -2147483648\n
+** (two three-character abbreviations, five strings denoting integers,
+** seven explicit spaces, two explicit colons, a newline,
+** and a trailing NUL byte).
+** The values above are for systems where an int is 32 bits and are provided
+** as an example; the define below calculates the maximum for the system at
+** hand.
+*/
+#define MAX_ASCTIME_BUF_SIZE	(2*3+5*INT_STRLEN_MAXIMUM(int)+7+2+1+1)
+
+static char	buf_asctime[MAX_ASCTIME_BUF_SIZE];
+
+/*
+** A la ISO/IEC 9945-1, ANSI/IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition.
+*/
+
+char *
+asctime_r(register const struct tm *timeptr, char *buf)
+{
+	static const char	wday_name[][3] = {
+		"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat"
+	};
+	static const char	mon_name[][3] = {
+		"Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
+		"Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"
+	};
+	register const char *	wn;
+	register const char *	mn;
+	char			year[INT_STRLEN_MAXIMUM(int) + 2];
+	char			result[MAX_ASCTIME_BUF_SIZE];
+
+	if (timeptr == NULL) {
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		return strcpy(buf, "??? ??? ?? ??:??:?? ????\n");
+	}
+	if (timeptr->tm_wday < 0 || timeptr->tm_wday >= DAYSPERWEEK)
+		wn = "???";
+	else	wn = wday_name[timeptr->tm_wday];
+	if (timeptr->tm_mon < 0 || timeptr->tm_mon >= MONSPERYEAR)
+		mn = "???";
+	else	mn = mon_name[timeptr->tm_mon];
+	/*
+	** Use strftime's %Y to generate the year, to avoid overflow problems
+	** when computing timeptr->tm_year + TM_YEAR_BASE.
+	** Assume that strftime is unaffected by other out-of-range members
+	** (e.g., timeptr->tm_mday) when processing "%Y".
+	*/
+	strftime(year, sizeof year, "%Y", timeptr);
+	/*
+	** We avoid using snprintf since it's not available on all systems.
+	*/
+	sprintf(result,
+		((strlen(year) <= 4) ? ASCTIME_FMT : ASCTIME_FMT_B),
+		wn, mn,
+		timeptr->tm_mday, timeptr->tm_hour,
+		timeptr->tm_min, timeptr->tm_sec,
+		year);
+	if (strlen(result) < STD_ASCTIME_BUF_SIZE || buf == buf_asctime)
+		return strcpy(buf, result);
+	else {
+		errno = EOVERFLOW;
+		return NULL;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+** A la ISO/IEC 9945-1, ANSI/IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition.
+*/
+
+char *
+asctime(register const struct tm *timeptr)
+{
+	return asctime_r(timeptr, buf_asctime);
+}
diff --git a/tz/asia b/tz/asia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..533e218
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/asia
@@ -0,0 +1,3066 @@
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
+#
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
+# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
+# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+#
+# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
+# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
+# I found in the UCLA library.
+#
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
+#
+# For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
+# Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
+# (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
+#
+# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
+#
+# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
+# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
+# Corrections are welcome!
+#	     std  dst
+#	     LMT	Local Mean Time
+#	2:00 EET  EEST	Eastern European Time
+#	2:00 IST  IDT	Israel
+#	3:00 AST  ADT	Arabia*
+#	3:30 IRST IRDT	Iran*
+#	4:00 GST	Gulf*
+#	5:30 IST	India
+#	7:00 ICT	Indochina, most times and locations*
+#	7:00 WIB	west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
+#	8:00 WITA	central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
+#	8:00 CST	China
+#	8:00 IDT	Indochina, 1943-45, 1947-55, 1960-75 (some locations)*
+#	8:00 JWST	Western Standard Time (Japan, 1896/1937)*
+#	8:30 KST  KDT	Korea when at +0830*
+#	9:00 JCST	Central Standard Time (Japan, 1896/1937)
+#	9:00 WIT	east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
+#	9:00 JST  JDT	Japan
+#	9:00 KST  KDT	Korea when at +09
+#	9:30 ACST	Australian Central Standard Time
+#
+# See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
+
+# From Guy Harris:
+# Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
+# additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
+# Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
+# Worldwide Edition).  The names for time zones are guesses.
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	EUAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	EUAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+Rule	EUAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+Rule E-EurAsia	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule E-EurAsia	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
+Rule E-EurAsia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
+Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1984	-	Apr	1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule RussiaAsia	1981	1983	-	Oct	1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule RussiaAsia	1984	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule RussiaAsia	1985	2011	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule RussiaAsia	1996	2011	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+
+# Afghanistan
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Kabul	4:36:48 -	LMT	1890
+			4:00	-	AFT	1945
+			4:30	-	AFT
+
+# Armenia
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
+# in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
+# readopting Russian DST in 1997.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
+# when they disagree with others.  Edgar Der-Danieliantz
+# reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
+# in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995.  IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
+# Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
+# but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
+# While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
+# follow Russia's "old" rules.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
+# According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
+# http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
+#
+# The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
+# Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
+# Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
+# or
+# (brief)
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Yerevan	2:58:00 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			3:00	-	YERT	1957 Mar    # Yerevan Time
+			4:00 RussiaAsia YER%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			3:00	1:00	YERST	1991 Sep 23 # independence
+			3:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT	1995 Sep 24  2:00s
+			4:00	-	AMT	1997
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT	2012 Feb  9
+			4:00	-	AMT
+
+# Azerbaijan
+
+# From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
+# According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
+# http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
+# ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
+# daylight saving time....
+# http://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
+# http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
+# http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Azer	1997	2015	-	Mar	lastSun	 4:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Azer	1997	2015	-	Oct	lastSun	 5:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			3:00	-	BAKT	1957 Mar    # Baku Time
+			4:00 RussiaAsia BAK%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			3:00	1:00	BAKST	1991 Aug 30 # independence
+			3:00 RussiaAsia	AZ%sT	1992 Sep lastSun  2:00s
+			4:00	-	AZT	1996     # Azerbaijan Time
+			4:00	EUAsia	AZ%sT	1997
+			4:00	Azer	AZ%sT
+
+# Bahrain
+# See Asia/Qatar.
+
+# Bangladesh
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
+# According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
+# Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
+#
+# Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
+# http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
+#
+# "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
+# June
+# 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
+# crippling power crisis. "
+#
+# The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
+# implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
+# They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
+# the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
+#
+# Some sources:
+# http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
+# http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
+#
+# Our wrap-up:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
+
+# From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
+# Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
+# time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
+# Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
+#
+# No DST end date has been announced yet.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
+# Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
+# instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
+#
+# Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
+# "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
+# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
+# IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
+# Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
+# maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
+# "continue for an indefinite period."
+#
+# One of many places where it is published:
+# http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
+# According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
+# Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
+#
+# Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
+# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
+#
+# "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
+# on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
+# 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
+# Minister's Office last night..."
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
+# According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
+# Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
+# http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Jun	19	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Dhaka	2009	only	-	Dec	31	24:00	0	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Dhaka	6:01:40 -	LMT	1890
+			5:53:20	-	HMT	1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
+			6:30	-	BURT	1942 May 15 # Burma Time
+			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep
+			6:30	-	BURT	1951 Sep 30
+			6:00	-	DACT	1971 Mar 26 # Dacca Time
+			6:00	-	BDT	2009
+			6:00	Dhaka	BD%sT
+
+# Bhutan
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Thimphu	5:58:36 -	LMT	1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
+			5:30	-	IST	1987 Oct
+			6:00	-	BTT	# Bhutan Time
+
+# British Indian Ocean Territory
+# Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
+# 1997 and later maps say 6:00.  Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
+# We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
+# assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
+# then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Indian/Chagos	4:49:40	-	LMT	1907
+			5:00	-	IOT	1996 # BIOT Time
+			6:00	-	IOT
+
+# Brunei
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Brunei	7:39:40 -	LMT	1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
+			7:30	-	BNT	1933
+			8:00	-	BNT
+
+# Burma / Myanmar
+
+# Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Rangoon	6:24:40 -	LMT	1880        # or Yangon
+			6:24:40	-	RMT	1920        # Rangoon Mean Time?
+			6:30	-	BURT	1942 May    # Burma Time
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 May  3
+			6:30	-	MMT	# Myanmar Time
+
+# Cambodia
+# See Asia/Bangkok.
+
+
+# China
+
+# From Guy Harris:
+# People's Republic of China.  Yes, they really have only one time zone.
+
+# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
+# No they don't.  See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52.  Even though
+# China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
+# Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized.  Since that date, China
+# has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
+# the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region).  I don't know about DST for it.
+#
+# . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
+# painful to suck in another copy.  So, here is what I have for
+# DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
+#
+#     1986 May 4 - Sept 14
+#     1987 mid-April - ??
+
+# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
+# CHINA               8 H  AHEAD OF UTC  ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
+# CHINA               9 H  AHEAD OF UTC  APR 17 - SEP 10
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
+# Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
+# time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
+# observing daylight saving time in 1986.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# Shanks & Pottenger have China switching to a single time zone in 1980, but
+# this doesn't seem to be correct.  They also write that China observed summer
+# DST from 1986 through 1991, which seems to match the above commentary, so
+# go with them for DST rules as follows:
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Shang	1940	1941	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Shang	1941	only	-	Mar	16	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	PRC	1986	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	PRC	1986	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=11	0:00	0	S
+Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
+
+# From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
+# BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
+# historic timezones from some Taiwan websites.  And yes, there are official
+# Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
+#
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
+# I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
+# http://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
+# boundaries summarized below]....  A few other exceptions were two
+# counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
+# counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
+# therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
+# county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
+# (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
+# counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
+#
+# (1)
+# Guo Qingsheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
+# Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
+# China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
+# (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料), Vol. 24, No. 1 (2003)
+# It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
+# officially apparent solar time!  However, Guo also says that the
+# evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
+# been taken over by the PRC yet.  It's plausible that apparent solar
+# time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
+# to use UT+8.  As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
+# observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
+# could well have ignored any such mandate.
+#
+# (2)
+# Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
+# A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
+# [undated and unknown publication location]
+# It says several things:
+#   * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
+#   * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
+#     the official calendar book of 1914.
+#   * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
+#     French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
+#     Observatory and set to local mean time.
+#   * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
+#   * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
+#     eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
+#     became used by railways as well.
+#   * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
+#     five time zones (see below for details).  This caught on
+#     at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
+#   * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7.  In practice
+#     this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
+#     Japanese-occupied territory.
+#   * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
+#   * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
+#     place (with some modifications) in March 1948.  It's not clear
+#     how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
+#   * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
+#
+# An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
+# Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
+# different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
+# ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai."  Guess that the
+# Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT+8.
+#
+# In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
+# this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
+# This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
+# Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
+# Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
+# mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
+#
+# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT+8.5
+# Asia/Harbin (currently a link to Asia/Shanghai)
+# Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
+#
+# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT+8
+# Asia/Shanghai
+# most of China
+# This currently represents most other zones as well,
+# as apparently these regions have been the same since 1970.
+# Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
+# Guo says Shanghai switched to UT+8 "from the end of the 19th century".
+#
+# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area) UT+7
+# Asia/Chongqing (currently a link to Asia/Shanghai)
+# Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
+# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; west Qinghai; and the Guangdong
+# counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
+# Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
+#
+# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT+6
+# Asia/Urumqi
+# This currently represents Kunlun Time as well,
+# as apparently the two regions have been the same since 1970.
+# The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
+# the Guangdong counties  Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
+# Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
+# east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
+# east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
+# Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
+# Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
+# Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
+#
+# Kunlun Time UT+5.5
+# Asia/Kashgar (currently a link to Asia/Urumqi)
+# West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
+# West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
+# Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
+# and Yarkand.
+
+# From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
+# Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
+# Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
+# but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
+# what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
+# they implicitly use Beijing time.
+#
+# On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
+# population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
+# hours behind Beijing time, or UTC +0600. The government of the Xinjiang
+# Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
+# local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
+# publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
+# "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
+# they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
+#
+# (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
+# widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
+# Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
+#
+# (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
+# or 1991 when summer time was in use.  The confusion was severe, with
+# the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
+# time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
+# others moving their clocks ahead.)
+
+# From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
+# With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
+# English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
+#
+# 1. Wulumuqi...
+# 2. Kashi...
+# 3. Urumqi...
+# 4. Kashgar...
+# ...
+# 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
+# 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
+# countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
+#
+# 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
+# start date for Xinjiang time.
+#
+# Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
+# publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
+# Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
+# not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
+
+# From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
+# Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
+# http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
+
+# From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
+# I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
+# different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
+# report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
+# Cochrane.  Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
+# recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
+# the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
+# and Beijing Time.  There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
+# to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
+# population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other.  The only
+# problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
+# having the same time as Beijing.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT+6) but
+# this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
+# Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
+# 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
+# As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
+#
+# Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized.  E.g., see
+# "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
+# <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).
+# Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
+# During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
+# the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
+# Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
+# China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
+# quite a trick.  Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
+# XJT at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
+# which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
+# guess) as the transition from LMT.  Ignore the usage of UT+8 before
+# 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to UT+8 is unknown and
+# that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
+# UT+8 mandate back then.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
+Zone	Asia/Shanghai	8:05:43	-	LMT	1901
+			8:00	Shang	C%sT	1949
+			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+# Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
+# / Wulumuqi.  (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
+Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928
+			6:00	-	XJT
+
+
+# Hong Kong (Xianggang)
+
+# Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
+
+# From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
+# I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
+# Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
+# it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
+# and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
+# and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
+# think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
+# obtained from
+# http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
+# Here are the dates given at
+# http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
+# as of 2009-10-28:
+# Year        Period
+# 1941        1 Apr to 30 Sep
+# 1942        Whole year
+# 1943        Whole year
+# 1944        Whole year
+# 1945        Whole year
+# 1946        20 Apr to 1 Dec
+# 1947        13 Apr to 30 Dec
+# 1948        2 May to 31 Oct
+# 1949        3 Apr to 30 Oct
+# 1950        2 Apr to 29 Oct
+# 1951        1 Apr to 28 Oct
+# 1952        6 Apr to 25 Oct
+# 1953        5 Apr to 1 Nov
+# 1954        21 Mar to 31 Oct
+# 1955        20 Mar to 6 Nov
+# 1956        18 Mar to 4 Nov
+# 1957        24 Mar to 3 Nov
+# 1958        23 Mar to 2 Nov
+# 1959        22 Mar to 1 Nov
+# 1960        20 Mar to 6 Nov
+# 1961        19 Mar to 5 Nov
+# 1962        18 Mar to 4 Nov
+# 1963        24 Mar to 3 Nov
+# 1964        22 Mar to 1 Nov
+# 1965        18 Apr to 17 Oct
+# 1966        17 Apr to 16 Oct
+# 1967        16 Apr to 22 Oct
+# 1968        21 Apr to 20 Oct
+# 1969        20 Apr to 19 Oct
+# 1970        19 Apr to 18 Oct
+# 1971        18 Apr to 17 Oct
+# 1972        16 Apr to 22 Oct
+# 1973        22 Apr to 21 Oct
+# 1973/74     30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
+# 1975        20 Apr to 19 Oct
+# 1976        18 Apr to 17 Oct
+# 1977        Nil
+# 1978        Nil
+# 1979        13 May to 21 Oct
+# 1980 to Now Nil
+# The page does not give start or end times of day.
+# The page does not give a start date for 1942.
+# The page does not givw an end date for 1945.
+# The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began on 1941-12-25.
+# The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-15.
+# For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the transition times.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	HK	1941	only	-	Apr	1	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	HK	1941	only	-	Sep	30	3:30	0	-
+Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Apr	20	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	HK	1946	only	-	Dec	1	3:30	0	-
+Rule	HK	1947	only	-	Apr	13	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	HK	1947	only	-	Dec	30	3:30	0	-
+Rule	HK	1948	only	-	May	2	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	HK	1948	1951	-	Oct	lastSun	3:30	0	-
+Rule	HK	1952	only	-	Oct	25	3:30	0	-
+Rule	HK	1949	1953	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	HK	1953	only	-	Nov	1	3:30	0	-
+Rule	HK	1954	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=18	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	HK	1954	only	-	Oct	31	3:30	0	-
+Rule	HK	1955	1964	-	Nov	Sun>=1	3:30	0	-
+Rule	HK	1965	1976	-	Apr	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	HK	1965	1976	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	-
+Rule	HK	1973	only	-	Dec	30	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	HK	1979	only	-	May	Sun>=8	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	HK	1979	only	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:42 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
+			8:00	HK	HK%sT	1941 Dec 25
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 15
+			8:00	HK	HK%sT
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Taiwan
+
+# From smallufo (2010-04-03):
+# According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
+# http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
+# Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
+# On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
+# Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
+# Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
+# (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
+# 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
+# found on Wikisource:
+# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
+# ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
+# during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
+# declared officially.
+#
+# Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
+# Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
+# revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
+# time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
+# western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
+# territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
+# (UTC+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
+# be found on Wikisource:
+# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
+#
+# That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UTC+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
+# I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UTC+9
+# back to UTC+8 after WW2.  I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945.  In a document
+# during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
+# zone back to Western Standard Time (UTC+8) on Sep 21.  And in another
+# history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
+# note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time".  From these two
+# materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21.  And
+# today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
+# from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
+# that:
+#
+# 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
+# the time at 135E (GMT+9)
+#
+# 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
+# 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
+# as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
+# Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
+#
+# 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
+# territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
+# Time.
+#
+# [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
+# http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
+# [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
+# http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
+# [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
+# http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
+
+# Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
+# I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
+# Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan.  It's Taiwan Governor-General
+# Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
+# [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
+# bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
+# Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21.  I think this bulletin is much more
+# official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
+# top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
+# would be a good one.
+# [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
+# http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
+# In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
+# Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
+#
+# Original Bulletin:
+# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
+# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
+#
+# In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
+# telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
+#
+# http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
+#
+# Here is a brief translation:
+#
+#   The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
+#   midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
+#   adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
+#
+# The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
+# be found from historical government announcement database.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
+# As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT+9 from 1937-10-01
+# until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Taiwan	1946	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1946	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1947	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1947	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1948	1951	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1948	1951	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1952	only	-	Mar	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1952	1954	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1953	1959	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1955	1961	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1960	1961	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1974	1975	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1974	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Taiwan	1979	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
+Zone	Asia/Taipei	8:06:00 -	LMT	1896 Jan  1
+			8:00	-	JWST	1937 Oct  1
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 21  1:00
+			8:00	Taiwan	C%sT
+
+# Macau (Macao, Aomen)
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Macau	1961	1962	-	Mar	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	Macau	1961	1964	-	Nov	Sun>=1	3:30	0	-
+Rule	Macau	1963	only	-	Mar	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Macau	1964	only	-	Mar	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	Macau	1965	only	-	Mar	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Macau	1965	only	-	Oct	31	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Macau	1966	1971	-	Apr	Sun>=16	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	Macau	1966	1971	-	Oct	Sun>=16	3:30	0	-
+Rule	Macau	1972	1974	-	Apr	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Macau	1972	1973	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Macau	1974	1977	-	Oct	Sun>=15	3:30	0	-
+Rule	Macau	1975	1977	-	Apr	Sun>=15	3:30	1:00	S
+Rule	Macau	1978	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Macau	1978	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Macau	7:34:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1
+			8:00	Macau	MO%sT	1999 Dec 20 # return to China
+			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Cyprus
+#
+# Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00.  Stick with LMT.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Apr	13	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Cyprus	1975	only	-	Oct	12	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cyprus	1976	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Cyprus	1976	only	-	Oct	11	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cyprus	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Cyprus	1977	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cyprus	1978	only	-	Oct	2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cyprus	1979	1997	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cyprus	1981	1998	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Nicosia	2:13:28 -	LMT	1921 Nov 14
+			2:00	Cyprus	EE%sT	1998 Sep
+			2:00	EUAsia	EE%sT
+# IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
+
+# Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
+# However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
+Link	Asia/Nicosia	Europe/Nicosia
+
+# Georgia
+# From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
+# Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
+# an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
+# an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
+# We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
+#
+# From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
+# Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
+# will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
+# President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
+#
+# From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
+#
+# Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday...  The former Soviet
+# republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow.  As a result it
+# is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
+# ahead.  The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
+# Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
+# of integration into Europe.
+
+# From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
+# Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
+# [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
+# Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
+# +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
+# about it.  As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
+# because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
+# I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
+# DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
+
+# Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:11 -	LMT	1880
+			2:59:11	-	TBMT	1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
+			3:00	-	TBIT	1957 Mar    # Tbilisi Time
+			4:00 RussiaAsia TBI%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			3:00	1:00	TBIST	1991 Apr  9 # independence
+			3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT	1992        # Georgia Time
+			3:00 E-EurAsia	GE%sT	1994 Sep lastSun
+			4:00 E-EurAsia	GE%sT	1996 Oct lastSun
+			4:00	1:00	GEST	1997 Mar lastSun
+			4:00 E-EurAsia	GE%sT	2004 Jun 27
+			3:00 RussiaAsia	GE%sT	2005 Mar lastSun  2:00
+			4:00	-	GET
+
+# East Timor
+
+# See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
+
+# From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
+# East Timor may be late for its millennium
+# <http://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
+# Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
+# rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
+# Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
+# conflicts with their way of life.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
+# We don't have any record of the above attempt.
+# Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
+
+# From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
+# http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
+# (2000-08-16):
+# The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
+# today to advance East Timor's time by one hour.  The time change,
+# which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
+# midnight on Saturday, September 16.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Dili	8:22:20 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1
+			8:00	-	TLT	1942 Feb 21 23:00 # E Timor Time
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
+			9:00	-	TLT	1976 May  3
+			8:00	-	WITA	2000 Sep 17  0:00
+			9:00	-	TLT
+
+# India
+
+# From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
+# http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
+# (2015-12-22):
+# In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
+# outskirts of Bombay....  They were protesting the proposed abolition of
+# local time in favor of Indian Standard Time....  Journalists called this
+# dispute the "Battle of the Clocks."  It lasted nearly half a century.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1880        # Kolkata
+			5:53:20	-	HMT	1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
+			6:30	-	BURT	1942 May 15 # Burma Time
+			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep
+			5:30	1:00	IST	1945 Oct 15
+			5:30	-	IST
+# The following are like Asia/Kolkata:
+#	Andaman Is
+#	Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
+#	Nicobar Is
+
+# Indonesia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
+# The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
+# civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
+# http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
+# says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01.  Looking at some
+# time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
+# and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
+# Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
+# JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
+# Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
+# other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
+# September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
+# These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
+# Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
+# Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
+# from JST to UTC+07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
+# (Hollandia).  For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
+# switched on 1945-09-23.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
+# Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
+# Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
+# when writing in English.  For example, see the English-language
+# summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
+# Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
+# Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
+# The abbreviations are:
+#
+# WIB  - UTC+7 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
+# WITA - UTC+8 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
+# WIT  - UTC+9 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Java, Sumatra
+Zone Asia/Jakarta	7:07:12 -	LMT	1867 Aug 10
+# Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
+# but this must be a typo.
+			7:07:12	-	BMT	1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
+			7:20	-	JAVT	1932 Nov    # Java Time
+			7:30	-	WIB	1942 Mar 23
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
+			7:30	-	WIB	1948 May
+			8:00	-	WIB	1950 May
+			7:30	-	WIB	1964
+			7:00	-	WIB
+# west and central Borneo
+Zone Asia/Pontianak	7:17:20	-	LMT	1908 May
+			7:17:20	-	PMT	1932 Nov    # Pontianak MT
+			7:30	-	WIB	1942 Jan 29
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
+			7:30	-	WIB	1948 May
+			8:00	-	WIB	1950 May
+			7:30	-	WIB	1964
+			8:00	-	WITA	1988 Jan  1
+			7:00	-	WIB
+# Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
+Zone Asia/Makassar	7:57:36 -	LMT	1920
+			7:57:36	-	MMT	1932 Nov    # Macassar MT
+			8:00	-	WITA	1942 Feb  9
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 23
+			8:00	-	WITA
+# Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
+Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
+			9:00	-	WIT	1944 Sep  1
+			9:30	-	ACST	1964
+			9:00	-	WIT
+
+# Iran
+
+# From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
+# This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
+# The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
+#
+#	Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
+#	No. 16760/T233 H				1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
+#
+#	The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
+#
+#	The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
+#	based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
+#	of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
+#	and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
+#	and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
+#	for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
+#
+#	The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
+#	at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
+#	to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
+#	Shahrivar.
+#
+#	First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
+#
+# From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
+# for at least the last 5 years.  Before that, for a few years, the
+# date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
+# Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
+# I have also changed the abbreviations to what is considered correct
+# here in Iran, IRST for regular time and IRDT for daylight saving time.
+#
+# From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
+# The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
+# that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
+# leap year calculation involved.  There has never been any serious
+# plan to change that law....
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
+# I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
+# stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
+# That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
+# calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
+# discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
+# For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
+# the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
+# Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
+# known exactly, amongst other factors.  2157 is even closer:
+# 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT.  But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
+# no interpretation problem whatsoever.  By the way, another instant
+# in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
+# arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
+# vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT.  The Java version of
+# Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
+# 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
+# Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
+# http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
+#
+# From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
+# ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
+# daylight saving time ...
+# http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
+#
+# From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
+# This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
+# Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
+# [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
+# The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
+# on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
+# be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
+# thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Iran	1978	1980	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Oct	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	Sep	19	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	1980	only	-	Sep	23	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	1991	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	1992	1995	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	1991	1995	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2005	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2024	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2024	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2025	2027	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2025	2027	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+#
+# The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2038.
+# These are the best post-2037 approximations available, given the
+# restrictions of a single rule using a Gregorian-based data format.
+# At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
+# possibly Iran will change the rules first.
+Rule	Iran	2036	max	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iran	2036	max	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Tehran	3:25:44	-	LMT	1916
+			3:25:44	-	TMT	1946     # Tehran Mean Time
+			3:30	-	IRST	1977 Nov
+			4:00	Iran	IR%sT	1979
+			3:30	Iran	IR%sT
+
+
+# Iraq
+#
+# From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
+# An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
+# the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
+# "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
+# are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
+#
+# But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
+# In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
+# Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time.  They referred
+# to daylight saving as Saddam time.  But, as of today, the time zone
+# in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
+#
+# So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
+# The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
+# news sources (in Arabic):
+# http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
+# http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
+#
+# We have published a short article in English about the change:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Iraq	1982	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iraq	1982	1984	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Iraq	1983	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iraq	1984	1985	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Iraq	1985	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
+Rule	Iraq	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	D
+# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
+# Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
+#
+Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Apr	 1	3:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Iraq	1991	2007	-	Oct	 1	3:00s	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Baghdad	2:57:40	-	LMT	1890
+			2:57:36	-	BMT	1918     # Baghdad Mean Time?
+			3:00	-	AST	1982 May
+			3:00	Iraq	A%sT
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Israel
+
+# From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
+#
+# I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988.  Until then there were three
+# different abbreviations in use:
+#
+# JST  Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
+# IZT  Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
+# EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
+#
+# Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
+# I ruled out JST.  As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
+# EEST was equally unacceptable.  Since "zonal" was not compatible with
+# any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
+# and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
+# settings in Israeli computers.
+#
+# In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
+# high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
+# family is from India).
+
+# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	1940	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1942	1944	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1943	only	-	Apr	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1944	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1945	only	-	Apr	16	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1946	only	-	Apr	16	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1946	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1948	only	-	May	23	0:00	2:00	DD
+Rule	Zion	1948	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1948	1949	-	Nov	 1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1949	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1950	only	-	Apr	16	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1950	only	-	Sep	15	3:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1951	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1951	only	-	Nov	11	3:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1952	only	-	Apr	20	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1952	only	-	Oct	19	3:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1953	only	-	Apr	12	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1953	only	-	Sep	13	3:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1954	only	-	Jun	13	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1954	only	-	Sep	12	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1955	only	-	Jun	11	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1955	only	-	Sep	11	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1956	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1956	only	-	Sep	30	3:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1957	only	-	Apr	29	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1957	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1974	only	-	Jul	 7	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1974	only	-	Oct	13	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1975	only	-	Apr	20	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1975	only	-	Aug	31	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1985	only	-	Apr	14	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1985	only	-	Sep	15	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	May	18	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1986	only	-	Sep	 7	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1987	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
+
+# From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
+# I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
+# [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
+# ends and changes to Sunday.
+Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1988	only	-	Sep	 4	0:00	0	S
+
+# From Ephraim Silverberg
+# (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
+# and 2005-02-17):
+
+# According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
+# Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
+# One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
+# days of daylight savings time annually.  From 1993-1998, the change to
+# daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
+# 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
+# Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
+# time.  1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
+# time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
+# conflicts with the Jewish New Year.  In 1999, the change to
+# daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
+# 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
+# was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
+# 1999 only.  In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
+# similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
+# will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST.  Starting in 2001, all
+# changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
+# rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
+# (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
+# of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
+# (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
+# (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	1989	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1989	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1990	only	-	Mar	25	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1990	only	-	Aug	26	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1991	only	-	Mar	24	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1991	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1992	only	-	Mar	29	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1992	only	-	Sep	 6	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1993	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1993	only	-	Sep	 5	0:00	0	S
+
+# The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
+# Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel.  The spokeswoman can be reached by
+# calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
+
+# Rule	NAME    FROM    TO      TYPE    IN      ON      AT      SAVE    LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	1994	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1994	only	-	Aug	28	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1995	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1995	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S
+
+# The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
+# time, Haim Ramon.  The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
+# (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
+#
+#   ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
+#
+# The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
+#
+# The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
+#
+#   ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
+#
+#       where YYYY is the relevant year.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	1996	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1996	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1997	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1997	only	-	Sep	14	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1998	only	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1998	only	-	Sep	 6	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	1999	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	1999	only	-	Sep	 3	2:00	0	S
+
+# The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
+# the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
+# years 2001-2004 as well.
+#
+# The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
+#
+#	ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
+#
+# The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
+# for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
+#
+#	ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	2000	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2000	only	-	Oct	 6	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2001	only	-	Apr	 9	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2001	only	-	Sep	24	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2002	only	-	Mar	29	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2002	only	-	Oct	 7	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2003	only	-	Mar	28	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2003	only	-	Oct	 3	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2004	only	-	Apr	 7	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2004	only	-	Sep	22	1:00	0	S
+
+# The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
+# 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
+# last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
+# 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
+# night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
+#
+# Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
+#
+#	ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2012-10-26):
+# I used Ephraim Silverberg's dst-israel.el program
+# <ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/software/dst-israel.el> (2005-02-20)
+# along with Ed Reingold's cal-hebrew in GNU Emacs 21.4,
+# to generate the transitions from 2005 through 2012.
+# (I replaced "lastFri" with "Fri>=26" by hand.)
+# The spring transitions all correspond to the following Rule:
+#
+# Rule	Zion	2005	2012	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
+#
+# but older zic implementations (e.g., Solaris 8) do not support
+# "Fri>=26" to mean April 1 in years like 2005, so for now we list the
+# springtime transitions explicitly.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	2005	only	-	Apr	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2005	only	-	Oct	 9	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2006	2010	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2006	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2007	only	-	Sep	16	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2008	only	-	Oct	 5	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2009	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2010	only	-	Sep	12	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2011	only	-	Apr	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2011	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Zion	2012	only	-	Mar	Fri>=26	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2012	only	-	Sep	23	2:00	0	S
+
+# From Ephraim Silverberg (2013-06-27):
+# On June 23, 2013, the Israeli government approved changes to the
+# Time Decree Law.  The next day, the changes passed the First Reading
+# in the Knesset.  The law is expected to pass the Second and Third
+# (final) Readings by the beginning of September 2013.
+#
+# As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
+# in March.  DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Zion	2013	max	-	Mar	Fri>=23	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Zion	2013	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Jerusalem	2:20:54 -	LMT	1880
+			2:20:40	-	JMT	1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
+			2:00	Zion	I%sT
+
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Japan
+
+# '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
+# Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
+# daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
+# because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
+
+# From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
+# http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
+# Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
+# [1948-05-01]....  But lack of prior debate and the execution of
+# daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
+# deep hatred of the concept....  The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
+# dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
+# Francisco Peace Treaty was signed.  (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
+# of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
+# wanted to keep it.)
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that DST in Japan during those years was as follows:
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Japan	1948	only	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Japan	1948	1951	-	Sep	Sat>=8	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Japan	1949	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Japan	1950	1951	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+# but the only locations using it (for birth certificates, presumably, since
+# their audience is astrologers) were US military bases.  For now, assume
+# that for most purposes daylight-saving time was observed; otherwise, what
+# would have been the point of the 1951 poll?
+
+# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
+# 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
+# Observatory: 139 degrees 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s),
+# 35 degrees 39' 16.0" N.
+# This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
+# edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
+# JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
+# The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
+
+# From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
+# The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
+# which stands for the time on 135 degrees E.
+# In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
+# standard time".  And the same ordinance also established "western standard
+# time", which stands for the time on 120 degrees E....  But "western standard
+# time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937).  In the ordinance No.
+# 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
+# standard....
+#
+# I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
+# In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
+
+# From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
+# ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
+# about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
+# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
+#
+# ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
+# means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
+# Central Time (UTC+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
+# http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Tokyo	9:18:59	-	LMT	1887 Dec 31 15:00u
+			9:00	-	JST	1896 Jan  1
+			9:00	-	JCST	1937 Oct  1
+			9:00	Japan	J%sT
+# Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
+
+# Jordan
+#
+# From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
+# Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
+# Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
+# in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
+# all year round.
+#
+# From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
+# Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
+# Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
+# by one hour.  This is the latest government decision and it's final!
+# The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
+# government's departments from six to seven hours.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
+# Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
+# For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
+# about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
+# http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
+# "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
+#
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
+# This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
+# http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
+#
+# Google's translation:
+#
+# > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
+# > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
+# > of the month of March of each year.
+#
+# So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
+# We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
+# Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
+# switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
+# until about the same time next year (at least).
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
+# Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
+# UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
+# http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
+# Official, in Arabic:
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
+# ... Our background/permalink about it
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
+# ...
+# http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
+# ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
+# (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
+# As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Jordan	1973	only	-	Jun	6	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1973	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1974	1977	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1976	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1977	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1978	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1978	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1985	only	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1985	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1986	1988	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1986	1990	-	Oct	Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1989	only	-	May	8	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1990	only	-	Apr	27	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1991	only	-	Apr	17	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1991	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1992	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1992	1993	-	Oct	Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1993	1998	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1994	only	-	Sep	Fri>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1995	1998	-	Sep	Fri>=15	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	1999	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	1999	2002	-	Sep	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2000	2001	-	Mar	lastThu	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	2002	2012	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	2003	only	-	Oct	24	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2004	only	-	Oct	15	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2005	only	-	Sep	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2006	2011	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2013	only	-	Dec	20	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Jordan	2014	max	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Jordan	2014	max	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00s	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
+			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT
+
+
+# Kazakhstan
+
+# From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
+# <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21):
+# The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
+# daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
+# complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
+#
+# From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
+# ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
+# was "blended" with the Central zone.  Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
+# two time zones, and difference between them is one hour.  The zone
+# closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
+# same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtobe, Atyrau,
+# Mangghystau, and West Kazakhstan.  The other zone encompasses
+# everything else....  I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
+# de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27) ([*] means see later comments below):
+# Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/
+# produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan:
+#
+# 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
+# from 1991-02-04 No. 20
+# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545
+# removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR
+# starting with the last Sunday of March 1991.
+# It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR,
+# Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time.
+#
+# The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers
+# of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet
+# of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its
+# text.
+#
+# According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20
+# (page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via
+# http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564) on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during
+# transition to "summer" time:
+# Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova,
+# Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug
+# were to move clocks 1 hour forward.
+# Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik
+# SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts
+# of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards.
+# Other territories were to not move clocks.
+# When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be
+# moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding
+# Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan.
+#
+# Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170
+# was one of such changes.
+#
+# https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декретное время
+# claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that
+# Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast)
+# were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks
+# forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards.
+# (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an
+# article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not
+# move clocks.)
+#
+# This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while
+# the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06
+# to +04/+05. It's unclear how Kzyl-Orda oblast moved into the fifth
+# time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ...
+#
+# 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1992-01-13 No. 28
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_
+# (text includes modification from the 1996 act)
+# introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian
+# 1992-01-08 act.  It specified that time would be calculated
+# according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks
+# on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at
+# 2:00, specified DST rules.  It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was
+# located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the
+# border between them to be located east of Kustanay and Aktyubinsk
+# oblasts (notably including Turgai and Kzyl-Orda oblasts into the fifth
+# time belt).
+#
+# This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for
+# Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyrau and Kustanay oblasts; from
+# +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk) [*]....
+#
+# 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1992-03-27 No. 284
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_
+# cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Kzyl-Orda oblasts
+# since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth
+# and the fifth time belts respectively.
+#
+# 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1994-09-23 No. 384
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_
+# cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangystau
+# oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on
+# the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a
+# result)....
+#
+# 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1996-05-08 No. 575
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_
+# amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead
+# of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act.
+#
+# 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 1999-03-26 No. 305
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_
+# cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyrau oblast since the
+# last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth
+# time belt.
+#
+# This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05.
+#
+# There is no zone for Atyrau currently (listed under Asia/Aqtau in
+# zone1970.tab).[*]
+#
+# 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2000-11-23 No. 1749
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000
+# replaces the previous five documents.
+#
+# The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the
+# fourth and the fifth time belts.  They account for changes in spelling
+# and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997
+# probably changed time in territories incorporated into Kostanay oblast
+# (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Kyzylorda oblast
+# from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the
+# fourth time belt (no change in practice).[*]
+#
+# 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2003-12-29 No. 1342
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_
+# modified the 2000-11-23 act.  No relevant changes, apparently.
+#
+# 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2004-07-20 No. 775
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004
+# modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Kostanay and Kyzylorda oblasts into
+# the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not
+# using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time
+# zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07).  The changes were to be implemented
+# during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically
+# amended before implementation happened.
+#
+# 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2004-09-15 No. 1059
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_
+# modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time"
+# (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the
+# 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyrau, West Kazakhstan,
+# Kostanay, Kyzylorda and Mangystau oblasts by not moving clocks
+# during the 2014 transition to "winter" time.
+#
+# This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyrau oblast (no
+# zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to
+# +06/+07 for Kostanay oblast (Kostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently)
+# and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00....[*]
+#
+# 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
+# from 2005-03-15 No. 231
+# http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_
+# removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the
+# (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15
+# acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication.
+# The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer
+# time.
+#
+# Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation
+# No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
+# Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
+# act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-04-15):
+# The tables below should reflect Stepan Golosunov's remarks above,
+# except for the items marked "[*]" which I haven't gotten to yet.
+# It looks like we will need new zones Asia/Atyrau and Asia/Qostanay
+# to handle changes from 1992 through 2004 that we did not previously
+# know about.
+
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+#
+# Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
+# This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
+# KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
+Zone	Asia/Almaty	5:07:48 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Alma-Ata
+			5:00	-	+05	1930 Jun 21
+			6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			6:00	-	+06
+# Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
+Zone	Asia/Qyzylorda	4:21:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			6:00 RussiaAsia	+06/+07	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			6:00	-	+06
+# Aqtobe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
+Zone	Asia/Aqtobe	3:48:40	-	LMT	1924 May  2
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			5:00	-	+05
+# Qostanay (KZ-KUS)
+
+# Mangghystau (KZ-MAN)
+# Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
+# so include time stamps before 1963.
+Zone	Asia/Aqtau	3:21:04	-	LMT	1924 May  2
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1963
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1994 Sep 25  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			5:00	-	+05
+
+# West Kazakhstan (KZ-ZAP)
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+Zone	Asia/Oral	3:25:24	-	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ural'sk
+			4:00	-	+04	1930 Jun 21
+			5:00	-	+05	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	+06	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	+06	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	+05/+06	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	+04/+05	2004 Oct 31  2:00s
+			5:00	-	+05
+
+# Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
+# Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
+# According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
+# http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
+# Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system.  I take the article
+# to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
+# From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
+# Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
+# From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Apr	Sun>=7	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Kyrgyz	1992	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:30	1:00	S
+Rule	Kyrgyz	1997	2004	-	Oct	lastSun	2:30	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Bishkek	4:58:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			5:00	-	FRUT	1930 Jun 21 # Frunze Time
+			6:00 RussiaAsia FRU%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			5:00	1:00	FRUST	1991 Aug 31  2:00 # independence
+			5:00	Kyrgyz	KG%sT	2005 Aug 12 # Kyrgyzstan Time
+			6:00	-	KGT
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Korea (North and South)
+
+# From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
+# http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
+# Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
+# during the 1950-53 Korean War.  The system was temporarily enforced
+# between 1987 and 1988 ...
+
+# From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
+# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
+# According to the Korean Wikipedia
+# http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
+# [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
+# DST in Republic of Korea was as follows....  And I checked old
+# newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
+# For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
+# started at June 1 in that year.  For another example, the article in
+# 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1948	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1949	1951	-	Sep	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1950	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1951	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1955	only	-	May	 5	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1955	only	-	Sep	 9	0:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1956	only	-	May	20	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1956	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1957	1960	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1957	1960	-	Sep	Sun>=18	0:00	0	S
+Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	ROK	1987	1988	-	Oct	Sun>=8	3:00	0	S
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-30):
+# The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
+#
+# 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (Edict No. 5)
+# 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
+#       (Announcement No. 338)
+# 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
+# 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
+# 1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)
+#
+# The Wikipedia entry also has confusing information about a change
+# to UT+9 in April 1910, but then what would be the point of the later change
+# to UT+9 on 1912-01-01?  Omit the 1910 change for now.
+#
+# I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
+# rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
+# when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
+#
+# For Pyongyang we have no information; guess no changes since World War II.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
+# According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
+# the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
+# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
+# Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations.  See:
+# Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
+# http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
+# There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
+# Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Seoul	8:27:52	-	LMT	1908 Apr  1
+			8:30	-	KST	1912 Jan  1
+			9:00	-	JCST	1937 Oct  1
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep  8
+			9:00	-	KST	1954 Mar 21
+			8:30	ROK	K%sT	1961 Aug 10
+			9:00	ROK	K%sT
+Zone	Asia/Pyongyang	8:23:00 -	LMT	1908 Apr  1
+			8:30	-	KST	1912 Jan  1
+			9:00	-	JCST	1937 Oct  1
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 24
+			9:00	-	KST	2015 Aug 15 00:00
+			8:30	-	KST
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Kuwait
+# See Asia/Riyadh.
+
+# Laos
+# See Asia/Bangkok.
+
+
+# Lebanon
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Lebanon	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1920	only	-	Oct	25	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1921	only	-	Apr	3	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1921	only	-	Oct	3	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1922	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1922	only	-	Oct	8	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1923	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1923	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1957	1961	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1957	1961	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1972	only	-	Jun	22	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1972	1977	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1973	1977	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1978	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1978	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1984	1987	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1984	1991	-	Oct	16	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1988	only	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1989	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1990	1992	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1992	only	-	Oct	4	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1993	max	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lebanon	1993	1998	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Lebanon	1999	max	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Beirut	2:22:00 -	LMT	1880
+			2:00	Lebanon	EE%sT
+
+# Malaysia
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Sep	14	0:00	0:20	TS # one-Third Summer
+Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Dec	14	0:00	0	-
+#
+# peninsular Malaysia
+# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
+# http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	6:46:46 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
+			6:55:25	-	SMT	1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
+			7:00	-	MALT	1933 Jan  1 # Malaya Time
+			7:00	0:20	MALST	1936 Jan  1
+			7:20	-	MALT	1941 Sep  1
+			7:30	-	MALT	1942 Feb 16
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 12
+			7:30	-	MALT	1982 Jan  1
+			8:00	-	MYT	# Malaysia Time
+# Sabah & Sarawak
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
+# The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
+# and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Kuching	7:21:20	-	LMT	1926 Mar
+			7:30	-	BORT	1933        # Borneo Time
+			8:00	NBorneo	BOR%sT	1942 Feb 16
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 12
+			8:00	-	BORT	1982 Jan  1
+			8:00	-	MYT
+
+# Maldives
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880 # Male
+			4:54:00	-	MMT	1960 # Male Mean Time
+			5:00	-	MVT	# Maldives Time
+
+# Mongolia
+
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
+# The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
+# (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
+
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
+# General Information Mongolia
+# <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09)
+# "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
+# Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
+# the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
+# eight hours."
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
+# Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
+# being the last year it was implemented.  The dates of implementation I am
+# unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
+# of implementation may have been different....
+# Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
+# zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
+# Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
+# Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
+# We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
+# the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
+# and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
+# is good enough for our purposes.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
+# In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
+# (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
+# there are three time zones.
+#
+# Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
+# Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
+#	Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
+# Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
+#
+# [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
+
+# From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
+# Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
+# It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
+# September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
+# For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
+# Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
+# We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
+# Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
+# there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
+# Windows XP as the source.  Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
+# travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UTC+7, UTC+8) with no DST.
+# Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
+# Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
+# He also found
+# http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
+# which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
+# (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
+# The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
+# and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
+# The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
+# parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
+# For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
+
+# From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
+# Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
+# They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
+# http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742
+
+# From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
+# We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
+# Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
+# +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
+# database on this, e.g.:
+#
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
+# http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
+#
+# both say GMT+08:00.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
+# eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
+# schedule here:
+# http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
+# (click the English flag for English)
+#
+# There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
+# about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
+# direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
+# direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
+# in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
+# Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
+# Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
+# XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
+# was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
+# this is almost surely wrong.
+
+# From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
+# It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
+# daylight saving time in Mongolia....  Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
+# March 2015, daylight saving time starts.  And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
+# September daylight saving time ends.  Source:
+# http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Mongol	1983	1984	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	1983	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	-
+# Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
+# but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00.  Also, IATA SSIM
+# (1996-09) says 1996-10-25.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
+# in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
+# at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
+# the country.  That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
+# correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
+# in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
+
+Rule	Mongol	1985	1998	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	1984	1998	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
+Rule	Mongol	2001	only	-	Apr	lastSat	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	2001	2006	-	Sep	lastSat	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Mongol	2002	2006	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	2015	max	-	Mar	lastSat	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Mongol	2015	max	-	Sep	lastSat	0:00	0	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
+Zone	Asia/Hovd	6:06:36 -	LMT	1905 Aug
+			6:00	-	HOVT	1978     # Hovd Time
+			7:00	Mongol	HOV%sT
+# Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
+Zone	Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 -	LMT	1905 Aug
+			7:00	-	ULAT	1978     # Ulaanbaatar Time
+			8:00	Mongol	ULA%sT
+# Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
+# Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
+Zone	Asia/Choibalsan	7:38:00 -	LMT	1905 Aug
+			7:00	-	ULAT	1978
+			8:00	-	ULAT	1983 Apr
+			9:00	Mongol	CHO%sT	2008 Mar 31 # Choibalsan Time
+			8:00	Mongol	CHO%sT
+
+# Nepal
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Kathmandu	5:41:16 -	LMT	1920
+			5:30	-	IST	1986
+			5:45	-	NPT	# Nepal Time
+
+# Oman
+# See Asia/Dubai.
+
+# Pakistan
+
+# From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
+# I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
+# TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
+# and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002.  This is what I was
+# told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
+# 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
+# Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
+# http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
+# (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
+# advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
+# Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
+# 15th October each year".  This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
+# but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
+# it's not on a trial basis.  Also, the "between the first Saturday
+# and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
+# transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
+# DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
+# that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight.  Go with McDow for now.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
+# According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
+# there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
+#
+# ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
+# Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
+# decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
+# one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
+#
+# The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
+# shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
+
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
+#
+# Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
+# on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
+#
+# "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
+# help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
+# 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
+#
+# http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
+# http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
+# XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
+# Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
+# for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
+# instead of August 31.
+#
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
+# http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
+# Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
+# advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
+# to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
+# official working."
+# http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
+#
+# recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
+# introduce DST from April 15, 2009
+#
+# FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
+# April 08, 2009
+# Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
+# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
+#
+# ....
+# The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
+# advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
+# conserve energy"
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
+# "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
+# Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
+# clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
+# this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
+# this regard."
+# http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
+# According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
+# Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
+# October 1, 2009.
+#
+# "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
+# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
+# Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
+# http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
+# "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
+# Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
+# Monday."
+#
+# And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
+# "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
+# on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
+# obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
+#
+# We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
+# Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
+
+# From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
+# [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
+# will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
+# Steffen Thorsen wrote:
+# > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
+# > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
+# >
+# > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
+# > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
+# > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
+# > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
+# Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
+#
+# "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
+# http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
+#
+# "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
+# http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Apr	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Pakistan	2002	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
+Rule Pakistan	2008	only	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Pakistan	2008	2009	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule Pakistan	2009	only	-	Apr	15	0:00	1:00	S
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
+			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep
+			5:30	1:00	IST	1945 Oct 15
+			5:30	-	IST	1951 Sep 30
+			5:00	-	KART	1971 Mar 26 # Karachi Time
+			5:00 Pakistan	PK%sT	# Pakistan Time
+
+# Palestine
+
+# From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
+#
+# From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
+# known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
+# Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
+#
+# The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
+# (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
+# time zone was affected then).  It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
+# though.
+#
+# The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
+# annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
+# the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
+# Trans-Jordan").  So the rules for Jordan for that time apply.  Major
+# towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
+# East Jerusalem.
+#
+# Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
+# for East Jerusalem).  They were on Israel time since then; there might
+# have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
+# of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
+# time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
+#
+# The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
+# towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995.  I know that in order to
+# demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
+# summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
+# know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
+# Jordanian one).
+#
+# To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
+#
+# Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
+# ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
+# Israel      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion      | Zion
+# West bank   | Zion      | Jordan    | Zion      | Jordan
+# Gaza        | Zion      | Egypt     | Zion      | Jordan
+#
+# I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
+# have one).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
+# with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
+# and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
+# We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
+# the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
+# occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
+# However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
+# for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
+# to Palestine's rules.
+
+# From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
+# forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
+#
+# Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
+# last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
+# one-hour forward at this time.  As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
+# the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
+# Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
+# http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
+# (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
+# the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
+# I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
+# For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
+# and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
+# Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
+# A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
+# the Ramadan.  Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
+# there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
+# earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
+# I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
+# same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
+# was informed that they started DST one day after Israel.  I was not
+# able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
+# Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
+# the West Bank.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
+# according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
+# http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
+# > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
+# > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday.  It is also time to turn
+# > back the clocks for winter.  Friday will begin an hour late this week.
+# I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
+# because of the Ramadan.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
+# According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
+# Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
+# My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
+# the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
+# surprised if they agreed about DST.  But for now, assume they agree.
+# For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
+# the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
+# Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
+#
+# Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
+# the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
+#
+# http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
+# http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
+# According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
+# government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
+# 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
+#
+# (in Arabic)
+# http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
+#
+# (English translation)
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
+# Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
+# winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
+#
+# One news source:
+# http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
+# (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
+# Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
+# headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
+# 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
+# minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
+#
+# We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
+# end date, we will keep this page updated:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
+# Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
+#
+# According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
+# to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
+#
+# "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
+# (from Palestinian National Authority):
+# http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
+# According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
+# 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
+# (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
+#
+# http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
+# (in Arabic)
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
+# ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
+# start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
+# noon though:
+#
+# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
+# (Ma'an News Agency)
+# "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
+# 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
+# According to several sources, including
+# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
+# the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
+# Gaza and the West Bank.
+# Some more background info:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
+# Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
+# August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
+# 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
+# Ramadan.
+#
+# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
+# Additional info:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
+# According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
+# "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
+# move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
+# Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
+# The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
+# the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
+# ...
+# http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
+# The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
+# West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
+# 00:00).
+# So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
+#
+# Many sources, including:
+# http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
+# Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
+# on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
+# Some of many sources in Arabic:
+# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
+#
+# http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
+#
+# Our brief summary:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
+# The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
+# time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
+# [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
+# http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
+# http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
+# The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
+# (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
+# This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
+# at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
+# http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
+# official source...:
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
+# Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
+# and http://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
+# start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
+# says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
+# For future dates, guess the last Friday in March at 24:00 through
+# the first Friday on or after October 21 at 00:00.  This is consistent with
+# the predictions in today's editions of the following URLs:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
+
+# From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
+# http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
+# [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
+# saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
+# 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-12):
+# Predict spring transitions on March's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
+# Leave fall predictions alone for now.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule EgyptAsia	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule EgyptAsia	1957	1958	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule EgyptAsia	1958	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule EgyptAsia	1959	1967	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule EgyptAsia	1959	1965	-	Sep	30	3:00	0	-
+Rule EgyptAsia	1966	only	-	Oct	 1	3:00	0	-
+
+Rule Palestine	1999	2005	-	Apr	Fri>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	1999	2003	-	Oct	Fri>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2004	only	-	Oct	 1	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2005	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2006	2007	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2006	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2007	only	-	Sep	Thu>=8	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2008	2009	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2008	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2009	only	-	Sep	Fri>=1	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2010	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Apr	 1	0:01	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Aug	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Aug	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2011	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2012	2014	-	Mar	lastThu	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2012	only	-	Sep	21	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2013	only	-	Sep	Fri>=21	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2014	max	-	Oct	Fri>=21	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2015	only	-	Mar	lastFri	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2016	max	-	Mar	lastSat	1:00	1:00	S
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Gaza	2:17:52	-	LMT	1900 Oct
+			2:00	Zion	EET	1948 May 15
+			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun  5
+			2:00	Zion	I%sT	1996
+			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	1999
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2008 Aug 29  0:00
+			2:00	-	EET	2008 Sep
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2010
+			2:00	-	EET	2010 Mar 27  0:01
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT	2011 Aug  1
+			2:00	-	EET	2012
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT
+
+Zone	Asia/Hebron	2:20:23	-	LMT	1900 Oct
+			2:00	Zion	EET	1948 May 15
+			2:00 EgyptAsia	EE%sT	1967 Jun  5
+			2:00	Zion	I%sT	1996
+			2:00	Jordan	EE%sT	1999
+			2:00 Palestine	EE%sT
+
+# Paracel Is
+# no information
+
+# Philippines
+# On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
+# Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
+# be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
+# History of the International Date Line
+# http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
+# The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
+# ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
+# http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
+# [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
+# but no details]
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
+# The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
+# March-June, but this is not definite.  It also says DST was last proclaimed
+# during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
+# Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
+# Philippine Star 2014-08-05
+# http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Phil	1936	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Phil	1937	only	-	Feb	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Apr	12	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Phil	1954	only	-	Jul	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Phil	1978	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Manila	-15:56:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			8:04:00 -	LMT	1899 May 11
+			8:00	Phil	PH%sT	1942 May
+			9:00	-	JST	1944 Nov
+			8:00	Phil	PH%sT
+
+# Qatar
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Qatar	3:26:08 -	LMT	1920     # Al Dawhah / Doha
+			4:00	-	GST	1972 Jun
+			3:00	-	AST
+Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
+
+# Saudi Arabia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
+# Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
+# standardized until relatively recently; we don't know when, and possibly it
+# has never been made official.  Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
+# modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
+# observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
+# time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
+# o'clock for "Arab" time).
+#
+# The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
+# we can do.  The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
+# Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
+# a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
+# Jidda, on March 14, 1947".  Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
+# earlier date.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
+# time zones; the other zone, at UTC+4, was in the far eastern part of
+# the country.  Ignore this, as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Riyadh	3:06:52 -	LMT	1947 Mar 14
+			3:00	-	AST
+Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden	# Yemen
+Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
+
+# Singapore
+# taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
+# http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:25 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1
+			6:55:25	-	SMT	1905 Jun  1 # Singapore M.T.
+			7:00	-	MALT	1933 Jan  1 # Malaya Time
+			7:00	0:20	MALST	1936 Jan  1
+			7:20	-	MALT	1941 Sep  1
+			7:30	-	MALT	1942 Feb 16
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep 12
+			7:30	-	MALT	1965 Aug  9 # independence
+			7:30	-	SGT	1982 Jan  1 # Singapore Time
+			8:00	-	SGT
+
+# Spratly Is
+# no information
+
+# Sri Lanka
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898.  Prior to this Colombo
+# mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used."  But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
+# from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
+# Shanks and Pottenger.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
+# "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
+# (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24,
+# no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
+# reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
+# midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
+#
+# From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
+# by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
+# <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
+# With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
+# Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
+# <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
+# 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
+# at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
+
+# From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
+# http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
+# [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
+# kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
+# Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
+# People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
+# as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
+
+# From K Sethu (2006-04-25):
+# I think the abbreviation LKT originated from the world of computers at
+# the time of or subsequent to the time zone changes by SL Government
+# twice in 1996 and probably SL Government or its standardization
+# agencies never declared an abbreviation as a national standard.
+#
+# I recollect before the recent change the government announcements
+# mentioning it as simply changing Sri Lanka Standard Time or Sri Lanka
+# Time and no mention was made about the abbreviation.
+#
+# If we look at Sri Lanka Department of Government's "Official News
+# Website of Sri Lanka" ... http://www.news.lk/ we can see that they
+# use SLT as abbreviation in time stamp at the beginning of each news
+# item....
+#
+# Within Sri Lanka I think LKT is well known among computer users and
+# administrators.  In my opinion SLT may not be a good choice because the
+# nation's largest telcom / internet operator Sri Lanka Telcom is well
+# known by that abbreviation - simply as SLT (there IP domains are
+# slt.lk and sltnet.lk).
+#
+# But if indeed our government has adopted SLT as standard abbreviation
+# (that we have not known so far) then  it is better that it be used for
+# all computers.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-25):
+# One possibility is that we wait for a bit for the dust to settle down
+# and then see what people actually say in practice.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Colombo	5:19:24 -	LMT	1880
+			5:19:32	-	MMT	1906        # Moratuwa Mean Time
+			5:30	-	IST	1942 Jan  5
+			5:30	0:30	IHST	1942 Sep
+			5:30	1:00	IST	1945 Oct 16  2:00
+			5:30	-	IST	1996 May 25  0:00
+			6:30	-	LKT	1996 Oct 26  0:30
+			6:00	-	LKT	2006 Apr 15  0:30
+			5:30	-	IST
+
+# Syria
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Syria	1920	1923	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1920	1923	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1962	only	-	Apr	29	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1962	only	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1963	1965	-	May	1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1963	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1964	only	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1965	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1966	only	-	Apr	24	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1966	1976	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1967	1978	-	May	1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1977	1978	-	Sep	1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1983	1984	-	Apr	9	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1983	1984	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1986	only	-	Feb	16	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1986	only	-	Oct	9	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1987	only	-	Mar	1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1987	1988	-	Oct	31	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1988	only	-	Mar	15	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1989	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1989	only	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1990	only	-	Apr	1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1990	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1991	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1991	1992	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1992	only	-	Apr	 8	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1993	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1993	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	0	-
+# IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
+# (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
+# 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
+# (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
+# for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
+# except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
+Rule	Syria	1994	1996	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1994	2005	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	1997	1998	-	Mar	lastMon	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	1999	2006	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+# From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
+# According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
+# this year [only]....  This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
+Rule	Syria	2006	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	-
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
+# Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
+# http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
+Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
+# The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
+# not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
+# rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
+# having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
+# weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
+# it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
+# Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
+#
+# > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
+# > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
+#
+# I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
+# http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
+#
+# which using Google's translate tools says:
+# Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
+# identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
+# minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
+Rule	Syria	2007	only	-	Nov	 Fri>=1	0:00	0	-
+
+# From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
+# For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
+# this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
+# Country     Time Standard   --- DST Start ---   --- DST End ---  DST
+# Name        Zone Variation   Time    Date        Time    Date
+# Variation
+# Syrian Arab
+# Republic    SY    +0200      2200  03APR08       2100  30SEP08   +0300
+#                              2200  02APR09       2100  30SEP09   +0300
+#                              2200  01APR10       2100  30SEP10   +0300
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
+# Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
+# Agency (SANA)...
+# http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
+# ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
+# Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
+# 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
+# Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
+# shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
+# My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
+# coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
+# compilers can't handle  or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
+# For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
+# Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
+# according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
+#
+# The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
+# winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
+# clocks back 60 minutes).
+#
+# http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
+# Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
+# two examples:
+#
+# http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
+# (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
+# http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
+# (Arabic, gov-site)
+#
+# We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
+#
+# Our summary
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
+# The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
+# revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
+# 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
+# http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
+# We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
+# Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
+# something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
+# The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
+# Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
+# 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
+# http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
+# Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
+# (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
+#
+# From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
+# http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
+#
+# Our brief summary:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
+# Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
+
+Rule	Syria	2008	only	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	2008	only	-	Nov	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Syria	2009	only	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	2010	2011	-	Apr	Fri>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	2012	max	-	Mar	lastFri	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Syria	2009	max	-	Oct	lastFri	0:00	0	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Damascus	2:25:12 -	LMT	1920 # Dimashq
+			2:00	Syria	EE%sT
+
+# Tajikistan
+# From Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Dushanbe	4:35:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			5:00	-	DUST	1930 Jun 21 # Dushanbe Time
+			6:00 RussiaAsia DUS%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			5:00	1:00	DUSST	1991 Sep  9  2:00s
+			5:00	-	TJT	# Tajikistan Time
+
+# Thailand
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Bangkok	6:42:04	-	LMT	1880
+			6:42:04	-	BMT	1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
+			7:00	-	ICT
+Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh	# Cambodia
+Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane	# Laos
+
+# Turkmenistan
+# From Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Ashgabat	3:53:32 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ashkhabad
+			4:00	-	ASHT	1930 Jun 21 # Ashkhabad Time
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	ASH%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	ASH%sT	1991 Oct 27 # independence
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	TM%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00
+			5:00	-	TMT
+
+# United Arab Emirates
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Dubai	3:41:12 -	LMT	1920
+			4:00	-	GST
+Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat	# Oman
+
+# Uzbekistan
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Samarkand	4:27:53 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			4:00	-	SAMT	1930 Jun 21 # Samarkand Time
+			5:00	-	SAMT	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	SAMST	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	TAST	1982 Apr  1 # Tashkent Time
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	SAM%sT	1991 Sep  1 # independence
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	UZ%sT	1992
+			5:00	-	UZT
+# Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
+Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:11 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			5:00	-	TAST	1930 Jun 21 # Tashkent Time
+			6:00 RussiaAsia	TAS%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	TAS%sT	1991 Sep  1 # independence
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	UZ%sT	1992
+			5:00	-	UZT
+
+# Vietnam
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
+# Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
+# used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam.  But this is quite a ways
+# from Saigon's location.  For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
+# and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
+# The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
+# City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
+# Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
+# (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
+# is quoted verbatim in:
+# http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
+# is translated by Brian Inglis in:
+# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
+# and is the basis for the information below.
+#
+# The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
+# Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104 deg. 17'17" east of Paris.
+# It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
+# the Paris Meridian (2 deg. 20'14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
+# and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
+# which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
+# is closer to 07:06:31.  Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
+#
+# The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
+# and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
+# To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
+# To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
+# To 09:00 in 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
+# To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
+# To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
+# To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
+# To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
+# To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
+#
+# Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
+#
+# Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
+# No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
+#
+# Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
+# NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
+#
+# Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
+# NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	7:06:40 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1
+			7:00	-	ICT	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	IDT	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	ICT	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	IDT	1955 Jul  1
+			7:00	-	ICT	1959 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	IDT	1975 Jun 13
+			7:00	-	ICT
+
+# Yemen
+# See Asia/Riyadh.
diff --git a/tz/australasia b/tz/australasia
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b33f67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/australasia
@@ -0,0 +1,1773 @@
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# This file also includes Pacific islands.
+
+# Notes are at the end of this file
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Australia
+
+# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1942	only	-	Sep	27	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Aus	1943	1944	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Aus	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00	1:00	D
+# Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
+# says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944.  Ignore Whitman's claim that
+# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Northern Territory
+Zone Australia/Darwin	 8:43:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
+			 9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
+			 9:30	Aus	AC%sT
+# Western Australia
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	1991	only	-	Nov	17	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	1992	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	2006	only	-	Dec	 3	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AW	2007	2009	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AW	2007	2008	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Zone Australia/Perth	 7:43:24 -	LMT	1895 Dec
+			 8:00	Aus	AW%sT	1943 Jul
+			 8:00	AW	AW%sT
+Zone Australia/Eucla	 8:35:28 -	LMT	1895 Dec
+			 8:45	Aus	ACW%sT	1943 Jul
+			 8:45	AW	ACW%sT
+
+# Queensland
+#
+# From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
+# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
+# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
+# Queensland ceased to.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
+# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
+# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
+# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
+# so use Lindeman.
+#
+# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
+# There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday
+# islands is a colloquial term used globally.  Hayman and Lindeman are at the
+# north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and
+# Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone
+# applies to all of the Whitsundays.
+# http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AQ	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AQ	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Holiday	1992	1993	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Holiday	1993	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Zone Australia/Brisbane	10:12:08 -	LMT	1895
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AQ	AE%sT
+Zone Australia/Lindeman  9:55:56 -	LMT	1895
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AQ	AE%sT	1992 Jul
+			10:00	Holiday	AE%sT
+
+# South Australia
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	AS	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AS	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AS	1987	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AS	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1991	only	-	Mar	3	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1992	only	-	Mar	22	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1993	only	-	Mar	7	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1994	only	-	Mar	20	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2006	only	-	Apr	2	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AS	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Australia/Adelaide	9:14:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
+			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
+			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
+			9:30	AS	AC%sT
+
+# Tasmania
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
+# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
+# says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	AT	1967	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1968	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1968	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1969	1971	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1982	1983	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1984	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1986	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1987	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	1987	only	-	Oct	Sun>=22	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1988	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1991	1999	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	1991	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	2001	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AT	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AT	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Australia/Hobart	9:49:16	-	LMT	1895 Sep
+			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
+			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT
+Zone Australia/Currie	9:35:28	-	LMT	1895 Sep
+			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
+			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971 Jul
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT
+
+# Victoria
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	AV	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1973	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	1988	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	1991	1994	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	1995	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AV	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AV	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AV	AE%sT
+
+# New South Wales
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	AN	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	1972	only	-	Feb	27	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1973	1981	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1982	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1983	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	AN	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	AN	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Australia/Sydney	10:04:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1971
+			10:00	AN	AE%sT
+Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -	LMT	1895 Feb
+			10:00	-	AEST	1896 Aug 23
+			9:00	-	ACST	1899 May
+			9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971
+			9:30	AN	AC%sT	2000
+			9:30	AS	AC%sT
+
+# Lord Howe Island
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	LH	1981	1984	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	LH	1982	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	1985	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
+Rule	LH	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	1986	only	-	Oct	19	2:00	0:30	D
+Rule	LH	1987	1999	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
+Rule	LH	1990	1995	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	1996	2005	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	2000	only	-	Aug	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
+Rule	LH	2001	2007	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0:30	D
+Rule	LH	2006	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	2007	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	LH	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0:30	D
+Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -	LMT	1895 Feb
+			10:00	-	AEST	1981 Mar
+			10:30	LH	LH%sT
+
+# Australian miscellany
+#
+# Ashmore Is, Cartier
+# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
+# no times are set
+#
+# Coral Sea Is
+# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
+# no times are set
+#
+# Macquarie
+# Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
+# sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919.  See the
+# Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
+# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
+# http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
+# Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
+# We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
+# - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
+# switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
+# on 4 April.
+#
+# From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
+# The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
+# will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
+# this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
+# pre-2013 versions of localtime.
+Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0	-	-00	1899 Nov
+			10:00	-	AEST	1916 Oct  1  2:00
+			10:00	1:00	AEDT	1917 Feb
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1919 Apr  1  0:00s
+			0	-	-00	1948 Mar 25
+			10:00	Aus	AE%sT	1967
+			10:00	AT	AE%sT	2010 Apr  4  3:00
+			11:00	-	MIST	# Macquarie I Standard Time
+
+# Christmas
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
+			7:00	-	CXT	# Christmas Island Time
+
+# Cocos (Keeling) Is
+# These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
+# We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Indian/Cocos	6:27:40	-	LMT	1900
+			6:30	-	CCT	# Cocos Islands Time
+
+
+# Fiji
+
+# Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
+# According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation,  Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
+# from November 29th 2009  to April 25th 2010.
+#
+# "Daylight savings to commence this month"
+# http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
+# The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
+# amendments:
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
+# The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
+# 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
+# The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
+# 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
+#
+# Official source:
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
+#
+# A bit more background info here:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
+# According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
+# weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
+# Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
+# Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
+# Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
+# assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
+#
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
+# which says
+# Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
+# advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
+# 2am on February 26 next year.
+
+# From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
+# Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
+# Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
+#
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
+# states:
+#
+# The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
+# has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
+# The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
+# on the  23rd of October, 2011.
+
+# From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
+# The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
+# today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
+# October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
+
+# From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
+# Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
+# move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
+# Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
+
+# From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
+# DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
+
+# From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
+# in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
+# via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
+# the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
+# commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
+# 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-01):
+# For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to
+# 03:00 the third Sunday in January.  Although ad hoc, it matches
+# transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future
+# practice than guessing no DST.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Fiji	1998	1999	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Fiji	1999	2000	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2009	only	-	Nov	29	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Fiji	2010	only	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2010	2013	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Fiji	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2012	2013	-	Jan	Sun>=18	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2014	only	-	Jan	Sun>=18	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Fiji	2014	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Fiji	2015	max	-	Jan	Sun>=15	3:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Fiji	11:55:44 -	LMT	1915 Oct 26 # Suva
+			12:00	Fiji	FJ%sT	# Fiji Time
+
+# French Polynesia
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Gambier	 -8:59:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Rikitea
+			 -9:00	-	GAMT	# Gambier Time
+Zone	Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 -	LMT	1912 Oct
+			 -9:30	-	MART	# Marquesas Time
+Zone	Pacific/Tahiti	 -9:58:16 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Papeete
+			-10:00	-	TAHT	# Tahiti Time
+# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
+# it is uninhabited.
+
+# Guam
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Guam	-14:21:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			 9:39:00 -	LMT	1901        # Agana
+			10:00	-	GST	2000 Dec 23 # Guam
+			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
+Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
+
+# Kiribati
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Tarawa	 11:32:04 -	LMT	1901 # Bairiki
+			 12:00	-	GILT	# Gilbert Is Time
+Zone Pacific/Enderbury	-11:24:20 -	LMT	1901
+			-12:00	-	PHOT	1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
+			-11:00	-	PHOT	1995
+			 13:00	-	PHOT
+Zone Pacific/Kiritimati	-10:29:20 -	LMT	1901
+			-10:40	-	LINT	1979 Oct # Line Is Time
+			-10:00	-	LINT	1995
+			 14:00	-	LINT
+
+# N Mariana Is
+# See Pacific/Guam.
+
+# Marshall Is
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Majuro	11:24:48 -	LMT	1901
+			11:00	-	MHT	1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
+			12:00	-	MHT
+Zone Pacific/Kwajalein	11:09:20 -	LMT	1901
+			11:00	-	MHT	1969 Oct
+			-12:00	-	KWAT	1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
+			12:00	-	MHT
+
+# Micronesia
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Chuuk	10:07:08 -	LMT	1901
+			10:00	-	CHUT	# Chuuk Time
+Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	10:32:52 -	LMT	1901 # Kolonia
+			11:00	-	PONT	# Pohnpei Time
+Zone Pacific/Kosrae	10:51:56 -	LMT	1901
+			11:00	-	KOST	1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
+			12:00	-	KOST	1999
+			11:00	-	KOST
+
+# Nauru
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
+			11:30	-	NRT	1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
+			9:00	-	JST	1944 Aug 15
+			11:30	-	NRT	1979 May
+			12:00	-	NRT
+
+# New Caledonia
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	NC	1978	1979	-	Feb	27	0:00	0	-
+Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	S
+# Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
+Rule	NC	1997	only	-	Mar	 2	2:00s	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
+			11:00	NC	NC%sT
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# New Zealand
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	NZ	1927	only	-	Nov	 6	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	NZ	1928	only	-	Mar	 4	2:00	0	M
+Rule	NZ	1928	1933	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00	0:30	S
+Rule	NZ	1929	1933	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00	0	M
+Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	0	M
+Rule	NZ	1934	1940	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0:30	S
+Rule	NZ	1946	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	0	S
+# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
+# convenient single notation for the date and time of this transition
+# so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
+Rule	NZ	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1974	only	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	NZ	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1975	only	-	Feb	lastSun	2:45s	0	S
+Rule	NZ	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1975	1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	NZ	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1976	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	S
+Rule	NZ	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1989	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	NZ	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	1990	2006	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	NZ	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	1990	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:45s	0	S
+Rule	NZ	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Chatham	2007	max	-	Sep	lastSun	2:45s	1:00	D
+Rule	NZ	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Chatham	2008	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:45s	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Auckland	11:39:04 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
+			11:30	NZ	NZ%sT	1946 Jan  1
+			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
+Zone Pacific/Chatham	12:13:48 -	LMT	1868 Nov  2
+			12:15	-	CHAST	1946 Jan  1
+			12:45	Chatham	CHA%sT
+
+Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
+
+# Auckland Is
+# uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
+# and scientific personnel have wintered
+
+# Campbell I
+# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
+# scientific station operated 1941/1995;
+# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
+# was probably like Pacific/Auckland
+
+# Cook Is
+# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	HS
+Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	HS
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901        # Avarua
+			-10:30	-	CKT	1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
+			-10:00	Cook	CK%sT
+
+###############################################################################
+
+
+# Niue
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Niue	-11:19:40 -	LMT	1901        # Alofi
+			-11:20	-	NUT	1951        # Niue Time
+			-11:30	-	NUT	1978 Oct  1
+			-11:00	-	NUT
+
+# Norfolk
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Norfolk	11:11:52 -	LMT	1901 # Kingston
+			11:12	-	NMT	1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
+			11:30	-	NFT	1974 Oct 27 02:00 # Norfolk T.
+			11:30	1:00	NFST	1975 Mar  2 02:00
+			11:30	-	NFT	2015 Oct  4 02:00
+			11:00	-	NFT
+
+# Palau (Belau)
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Palau	8:57:56 -	LMT	1901 # Koror
+			9:00	-	PWT	# Palau Time
+
+# Papua New Guinea
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
+			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
+			10:00	-	PGT	# Papua New Guinea Time
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
+# Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
+# the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
+#
+# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for JST, these dates
+# are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
+# The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
+# The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
+# according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
+# http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
+# and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
+#
+# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville plans to switch from UTC+10 to UTC+11
+# on 2014-12-28 at 02:00.  They call UTC+11 "Bougainville Standard Time";
+# abbreviate this as BST.  See:
+# http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
+#
+Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 -	LMT	1880
+			 9:48:32 -	PMMT	1895
+			10:00	-	PGT	1942 Jul
+			 9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 21
+			10:00	-	PGT	2014 Dec 28  2:00
+			11:00	-	BST
+
+# Pitcairn
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Pitcairn	-8:40:20 -	LMT	1901        # Adamstown
+			-8:30	-	PNT	1998 Apr 27  0:00
+			-8:00	-	PST	# Pitcairn Standard Time
+
+# American Samoa
+Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago	 12:37:12 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
+			-11:22:48 -	LMT	1911
+			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr    # N=Nome
+			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
+			-11:00	-	SST	            # S=Samoa
+Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
+
+# Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
+# We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
+# the following info:
+#
+# "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
+# commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
+# Sunday of April 2011."
+#
+# Background info:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
+#
+# Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
+# contain any dates:
+# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
+
+# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
+# Please see
+# http://www.mcil.gov.ws
+# the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
+# September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
+# to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
+# backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
+
+# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
+# [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
+#
+# ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
+# or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
+# measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
+# (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
+
+# From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
+# Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
+#
+# http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
+# The International Date Line Act 2011
+# http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
+# changed Samoa from UTC-11 to UTC+13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
+# Thursday 29th December 2011".  The International Date Line was adjusted
+# accordingly.
+
+# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
+# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
+#
+# here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
+#
+# DST
+# Year  End      Time              Start        Time
+# 2011  - - -    - - -             24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
+# 2012  01 April 4:00am to 3:00am  - - -        - - -
+#
+# Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
+# Thursday 29th December 2011	23:59:59 Hours
+# Saturday 31st December 2011	00:00:00 Hours
+#
+# From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
+# Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
+# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
+# http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
+# That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
+# Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	WS	2010	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1	D
+Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	4:00	0	S
+Rule	WS	2011	only	-	Sep	lastSat	3:00	1	D
+Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	4:00	0	S
+Rule	WS	2012	max	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	1	D
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Apia	 12:33:04 -	LMT	1879 Jul  5
+			-11:26:56 -	LMT	1911
+			-11:30	-	WSST	1950
+			-11:00	WS	S%sT	2011 Dec 29 24:00 # S=Samoa
+			 13:00	WS	WS%sT
+
+# Solomon Is
+# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -	LMT	1912 Oct # Honiara
+			11:00	-	SBT	# Solomon Is Time
+
+# Tokelau Is
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
+# A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
+# December 31 this year ...
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
+# ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
+# about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
+# Shanks says UTC-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
+# actually was to UTC-11 back then.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
+# A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
+# Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
+# <http://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
+# was "11 hours slow on G.M.T."  Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
+# are off by an hour starting in 1901.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Fakaofo	-11:24:56 -	LMT	1901
+			-11:00	-	TKT	2011 Dec 30 # Tokelau Time
+			13:00	-	TKT
+
+# Tonga
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Tonga	1999	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tonga	2000	only	-	Mar	19	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Tonga	2000	2001	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Tonga	2001	2002	-	Jan	lastSun	2:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:20 -	LMT	1901
+			12:20	-	TOT	1941 # Tonga Time
+			13:00	-	TOT	1999
+			13:00	Tonga	TO%sT
+
+# Tuvalu
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
+			12:00	-	TVT	# Tuvalu Time
+
+
+# US minor outlying islands
+
+# Howland, Baker
+# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
+# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
+# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
+# uninhabited thereafter.
+# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT-10:30) in 1937;
+# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
+# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
+# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
+# until they were abandoned after the war.
+
+# Jarvis
+# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
+# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
+# uninhabited thereafter.
+# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
+
+# Johnston
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-11):
+# Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
+# Details are uncertain.  We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
+# treat it like Hawaii for now.
+#
+# In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
+# <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
+# "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
+# Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time."  This was in June 1945, and
+# confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
+#
+# From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
+# [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
+# was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
+# which had a GMT offset of -11 hours.  This apparently applied to at least the
+# time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
+# Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
+# "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
+# Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
+# http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
+# See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
+# footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
+# Minus One Hour".
+#
+# See 'northamerica' for Pacific/Johnston.
+
+# Kingman
+# uninhabited
+
+# Midway
+# See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
+
+# Palmyra
+# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
+
+# Wake
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Wake	11:06:28 -	LMT	1901
+			12:00	-	WAKT	# Wake Time
+
+
+# Vanuatu
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Vanuatu	1983	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Vanuatu	1984	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Vanuatu	1984	only	-	Oct	23	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Vanuatu	1985	1991	-	Sep	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Vanuatu	1992	1993	-	Jan	Sun>=23	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Vanuatu	1992	only	-	Oct	Sun>=23	0:00	1:00	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Efate	11:13:16 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13 # Vila
+			11:00	Vanuatu	VU%sT	# Vanuatu Time
+
+# Wallis and Futuna
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
+			12:00	-	WFT	# Wallis & Futuna Time
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# NOTES
+
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
+#
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
+# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
+# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+#
+# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
+# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
+# I found in the UCLA library.
+#
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
+#
+# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
+#
+# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
+# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
+# Corrections are welcome!
+#		std	dst
+#		LMT		Local Mean Time
+#	  8:00	AWST	AWDT	Western Australia
+#	  8:45	ACWST	ACWDT	Central Western Australia*
+#	  9:00	JST		Japan
+#	  9:30	ACST	ACDT	Central Australia
+#	 10:00	AEST	AEDT	Eastern Australia
+#	 10:00	ChST		Chamorro
+#	 10:30	LHST	LHDT	Lord Howe*
+#	 11:00	BST		Bougainville*
+#	 11:30	NZMT	NZST	New Zealand through 1945
+#	 12:00	NZST	NZDT	New Zealand 1946-present
+#	 12:15	CHAST		Chatham through 1945*
+#	 12:45	CHAST	CHADT	Chatham 1946-present*
+#	 13:00	WSST	WSDT	(western) Samoa 2011-present*
+#	-11:30	WSST		Western Samoa through 1950*
+#	-11:00	SST		Samoa
+#	-10:00	HST		Hawaii
+#	- 8:00	PST		Pitcairn*
+#
+# See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
+# See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Australia
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+# Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
+# region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
+# For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
+# Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
+# Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
+# very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
+# Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
+# Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
+# about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
+# Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
+# http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
+# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
+# http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
+# summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
+# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
+# http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
+# covers New South Wales in particular.
+
+# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
+# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
+# It is called 'summer' time.  Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
+# and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
+# abbreviation does _not_ change...
+# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
+# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
+# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
+# the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
+# time'.
+# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
+# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
+# or 'Eastern Summer Time'.  (Note, though, that as I say in the
+# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.)  Announcers
+# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
+# prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
+# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
+#
+# Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
+# file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
+# Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
+# However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
+# practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
+# about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
+# For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
+# what matters is the abbreviation.  It's difficult to survey the web
+# directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
+# strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
+# abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
+# following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
+#
+#   10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
+#   10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
+#   13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
+#   18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
+#   28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
+#   39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
+#  182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
+#
+#   17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
+#   46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
+#
+# I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
+# they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits.  I also looked for pages
+# mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
+# there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
+#
+#  156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
+#  226 "western standard time" WST site:au
+#
+# I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
+# listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
+# and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
+# All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT".  The papers
+# surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
+# The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
+# The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
+#
+# I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
+# like "AEDT" are new.  A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
+# found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
+# dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
+# fully indexed.  The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
+# like "AEDT".  The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
+# column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
+# (1993-01-24, p 16).  The style was the typical usage but was not
+# strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
+# (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
+# WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
+# about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
+# territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
+# party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
+#
+# I also surveyed federal government sources.  They did not agree:
+#
+#   The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
+#   http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
+#   (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
+#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
+#
+#   Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
+#   http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
+#   EST CST WST EDT CDT
+#
+#   Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
+#   http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
+#   EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
+#
+#   Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
+#   http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
+#   AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
+#
+#   Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
+#   http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
+#   EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
+#
+#   The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
+#   and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
+#   Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
+#   311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
+#   "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
+#   appear in reports of events with international implications.
+#
+# From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
+# Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
+# some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
+# the minority.  The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
+# seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
+# the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
+# it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A".  The current
+# version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
+# "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
+# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
+# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
+# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
+# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
+# and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
+# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
+
+# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
+#
+# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
+# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
+# relevant entries in this database.
+#
+# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
+# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
+# http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
+# ACT
+# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
+# http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
+# SA
+# Standard Time Act, 1898
+# http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
+
+# From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
+# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
+# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
+# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
+# in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
+# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
+# to extend DST together in 2006.
+# ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
+# New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
+# South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
+# Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
+# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
+# allude to it.
+# But not Queensland
+# http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
+
+# Northern Territory
+
+# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY..  [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
+# #					[ Nov 1990 ]
+# #	N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
+# ...
+# Zone        Australia/North         9:30    -       CST
+
+# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
+# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
+# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
+
+# Western Australia
+
+# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# #  The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA..  [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
+# #						[ Nov 1990 ]
+# #	W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
+# #	DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
+# #	usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
+# #	before reaching parliament.
+# ...
+# Zone	Australia/West		8:00	AW	%sST
+# ...
+# Rule	AW	1974	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	AW	1975	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W
+# Rule	AW	1983	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	AW	1984	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	W
+
+# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
+# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
+# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
+
+# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
+# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
+# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
+# work at 9.00am.)
+# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
+# everybody again.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
+# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
+# it matches what was used in the past.
+
+# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
+# http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
+# (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
+# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
+
+# Queensland
+# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# #   The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
+# #						[ Dec 1990 ]
+# ...
+# Zone	Australia/Queensland	10:00	AQ	%sST
+# ...
+# Rule	AQ	1971	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	AQ	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	E
+# Rule	AQ	1989	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	AQ	1990	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	E
+
+# From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
+# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
+# October 1989).
+
+# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
+# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
+# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
+# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
+
+# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
+# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
+# end on Sunday, 3 March.  I don't know at what hour, though.  (It surprised
+# me.)
+
+# From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
+# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
+# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
+# ...
+# Rule	QLD	1989	1991	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	QLD	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S
+# ...
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
+# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
+
+# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
+# from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
+# WA are trialing DST for three years.
+# http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
+
+# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
+# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
+# southern coast....  South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
+# Australia does not.  The two states are one and a half hours apart.  The
+# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
+# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
+# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
+# Australia and Western Australia....
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
+# This is confirmed by the section entitled
+# "What's the deal with time zones???" in
+# http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
+#
+# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
+# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
+# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
+# coast of the continent.
+#
+# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
+# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
+# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
+# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
+# the largest population centre in this zone....
+#
+# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
+# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
+# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
+# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
+#
+# (2006-12-09):
+# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
+# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
+# of this time zone.  My hunch is that it's been around since well
+# before 1975.  I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
+# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
+# introduction of standard time in 1895.
+
+
+# southeast Australia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
+# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
+# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
+# http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
+
+
+# South Australia
+
+# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
+# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
+# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
+# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
+
+# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# #   The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
+# #						[ Nov 1990 ]
+# ...
+# Zone	Australia/South		9:30	AS	%sST
+# ...
+# Rule	 AS	1971	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	 AS	1972	1985	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C
+# Rule	 AS	1986	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=15	3:00	0	C
+# Rule	 AS	1991	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	C
+
+# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
+# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
+# contained the following exchange:  "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
+# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
+
+# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
+# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
+# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
+# numbered year (from 1990).  That's when the Adelaide Festival
+# is on...
+
+# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
+# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
+# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
+# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
+
+# From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
+# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
+# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
+# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
+
+# From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
+# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
+# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
+# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
+# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
+
+# Tasmania
+
+# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
+# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# #  The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
+# #					[ Nov 1990 ]
+
+# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
+# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
+# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
+# (but nothing new about that).
+
+# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
+# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
+# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
+# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
+# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
+# instead of the first Sunday in October.
+
+# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
+# http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
+# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
+
+# Victoria
+
+# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
+# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# #   The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
+# #						[ Nov 1990 ]
+
+# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
+# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
+# interesting story about daylight savings time.  Dr. John Heilbron was
+# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
+# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
+# in Melbourne, Australia.
+#
+# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
+# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
+# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
+# fallen WWI soldiers.  And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
+# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
+# expected time.
+#
+# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
+# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
+# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?).  Perhaps
+# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
+#
+# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
+# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
+# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
+
+# New South Wales
+
+# From Arthur David Olson:
+# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
+# Based on law library research by John Mackin,
+# who notes:
+#	In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
+#	individual states.  Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
+#	[I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
+#	use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
+#	legislation.  This is very important to understand.
+#	I have researched New South Wales time only...
+
+# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
+# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
+# October in 2000.  See: Matthew Moore,
+# Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
+# http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
+# See the following official NSW source:
+# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
+# http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
+#
+# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
+# daylight saving next year.  See:
+# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
+# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
+# (1999-07-22).  For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
+#
+# Victoria will following NSW.  See:
+# Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
+# http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
+#
+# However, South Australia rejected the DST request.  See:
+# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
+# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
+#
+# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics.  See:
+# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
+# http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
+# (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
+# "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
+# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
+# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
+# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
+# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
+#
+# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000.  See:
+# Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
+# http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
+
+# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
+# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
+# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
+
+# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
+# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
+# towns to use Queensland time.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
+# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
+
+# Yancowinna
+
+# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
+# 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
+
+# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# # YANCOWINNA..  [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
+# #					[ Dec 1990 ]
+# ...
+# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
+# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
+# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
+# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
+# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
+# # presently available.
+# Zone	Australia/Yancowinna	9:30	 AY	%sST
+# ...
+# Rule	 AY	1971	1985	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	 AY	1972	only	-	Feb	lastSun	3:00	0	C
+# [followed by other Rules]
+
+# Lord Howe Island
+
+# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# LHI...		[ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
+#					[ Dec 1990 ]
+# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
+# hour ahead of NSW time.
+
+# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
+# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
+# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27).  For your information the
+# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
+# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
+# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
+# instead of only 30 minutes.  [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
+# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
+# arrangements.  The starting date for summer time on the Island will
+# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
+
+# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
+# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
+# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
+# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
+# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
+# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
+# Lonergan thereafter.  For times we use Lonergan.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
+# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
+# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
+# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
+# summer (southern hemisphere).
+#
+# From
+# http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
+# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
+# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
+# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
+# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
+# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
+# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
+# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
+#
+# We have a wrap-up here:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
+###############################################################################
+
+# New Zealand
+
+# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
+# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
+# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
+# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
+# source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
+
+# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
+# # The Country of New Zealand   (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
+# #				   or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
+# #	[ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
+# #				[ Nov 1990 ]
+# ...
+# Rule	NZ      1974    1988	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	NZ	1989	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	NZ      1975    1989	-	Mar	Sun>=1	3:00	0	S
+# Rule	NZ	1990	max	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	0	S
+# ...
+# Zone	NZ			12:00	NZ		NZ%sT	# New Zealand
+# Zone	NZ-CHAT			12:45	-		NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
+# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
+# rather than the October 1 value.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
+# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
+# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
+# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
+# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
+# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
+# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
+# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
+#
+# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
+# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
+# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
+
+# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
+# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
+# first Sunday in April.  The changes take effect this year, meaning
+# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
+# http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
+# Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
+# New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
+# http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
+# According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
+# parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
+# time in the Chatham Islands.  The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
+# Zealand time.  I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
+# For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
+# in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
+# LMT back when New Zealand was at UTC+11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
+# not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
+
+###############################################################################
+
+
+# Fiji
+
+# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
+# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
+# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
+
+# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
+# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
+# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28.  Each year the DST period will
+# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
+# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time.  Go with McDow.
+
+# From the BBC World Service in
+# http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
+# The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
+# improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
+# intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
+# of the new millennium.
+
+# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
+# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
+
+
+# Kiribati
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
+# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
+# "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
+# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
+
+
+# Kwajalein
+
+# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
+# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
+# 1993-08-20.  Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
+# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
+# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
+
+
+# N Mariana Is, Guam
+
+# Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
+# Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
+# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
+# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
+# see Asia/Manila.
+
+# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
+# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time".  There is no official abbreviation,
+# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
+# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
+
+
+# Micronesia
+
+# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
+# "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
+# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
+# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
+# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
+# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
+# http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
+# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
+# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
+
+
+# Midway
+
+# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
+# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
+# <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
+# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
+# Saving Time.  This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
+# your time down there in New Zealand.  Starting September 2, 1956
+# we'll again go back to Standard Time.  This'll mean that we'll go to
+# air at 6am your time.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
+# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
+# started DST on June 3.  Possibly DST was observed other years
+# in Midway, but we have no record of it.
+
+# Norfolk
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
+# Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
+# https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
+# ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
+# http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
+# Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
+# the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
+# Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
+# other than in 1974/5.  See:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
+
+# Pitcairn
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
+# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
+# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time.  The Proclamation is as follows.
+#
+#	The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
+#	Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
+#	as Pitcairn Standard Time.
+#
+# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
+# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
+# somehow in light of this proclamation.
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
+# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
+# ... at midnight.
+
+# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
+# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
+# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
+# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
+
+
+# (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
+
+# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
+# that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
+# "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
+# ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
+# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
+
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UTC-11:30
+# in 1911, and to UTC-11 in 1950. many earlier sources give UTC-11
+# for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
+# circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
+# Assume American Samoa switched to UTC-11 in 1911, not 1950,
+# and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
+# day in 2011.  Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
+# Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
+
+# Tonga
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
+# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
+# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
+# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
+
+# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
+# How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
+# http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
+#
+# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
+# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT.  When New Zealand adjusted its
+# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
+# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
+# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
+# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
+#
+# Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
+# Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
+# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
+#
+# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
+# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
+# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
+# minutes we have lost?"
+#
+# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
+# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
+# to say your prayers in the morning."
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
+
+# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
+# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
+# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
+# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
+# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
+# Government.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
+# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
+#
+# I was given this link by John Letts:
+# http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
+#
+# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
+# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
+# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
+# (12 + 1 hour DST).
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
+# According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
+# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
+# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
+# third Saturday of April.  Under the system approved by Privy Council on
+# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
+# set back an hour on the closing date."
+# Alas, no indication of the time of day.
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
+# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
+# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
+# Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
+# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
+# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
+# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
+# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
+# (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)
+
+# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
+# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
+
+# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
+# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
+# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am.  At 2:00am on the last Sunday
+# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
+# hour to 1:00am.
+
+# From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
+# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed.  It wasn't.
+
+
+# Wake
+
+# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
+# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
+#
+# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ...  The time was all the
+# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
+# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays.  Furthermore, we
+# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
+# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
+# impossible.
+#
+# http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
+# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# The International Date Line
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
+#
+# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
+# convention, or treaty.  Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
+# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
+# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
+#
+# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
+# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
+# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
+# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati.  Even that line
+# has a rather arbitrary nature.  The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
+# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
+# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
+# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
+# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC.  And, since the IDL is not
+# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
+# correct date is ambiguous.
+
+# From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
+# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
+# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
+# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
+# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon).  During 1917, at the
+# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
+# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
+# on the high seas.  Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
+# nation it would use that nation's standard time.  The captain was permitted
+# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
+# entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight.  These zones were
+# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
+# independent merchant ships until World War II.
+
+# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
+# (2005-03-20):
+#
+# The American Practical Navigator (2002)
+# http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
+# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
+# international waters; it ignores the international date line.
diff --git a/tz/backward b/tz/backward
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aab237a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/backward
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# This file provides links between current names for time zones
+# and their old names.  Many names changed in late 1993.
+
+# Link	TARGET			LINK-NAME
+Link	Africa/Nairobi		Africa/Asmera
+Link	Africa/Abidjan		Africa/Timbuktu
+Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia
+Link	America/Adak		America/Atka
+Link	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	America/Buenos_Aires
+Link	America/Argentina/Catamarca	America/Catamarca
+Link	America/Atikokan	America/Coral_Harbour
+Link	America/Argentina/Cordoba	America/Cordoba
+Link	America/Tijuana		America/Ensenada
+Link	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	America/Fort_Wayne
+Link	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	America/Indianapolis
+Link	America/Argentina/Jujuy	America/Jujuy
+Link	America/Indiana/Knox	America/Knox_IN
+Link	America/Kentucky/Louisville	America/Louisville
+Link	America/Argentina/Mendoza	America/Mendoza
+Link	America/Toronto		America/Montreal
+Link	America/Rio_Branco	America/Porto_Acre
+Link	America/Argentina/Cordoba	America/Rosario
+Link	America/Tijuana		America/Santa_Isabel
+Link	America/Denver		America/Shiprock
+Link	America/Port_of_Spain	America/Virgin
+Link	Pacific/Auckland	Antarctica/South_Pole
+Link	Asia/Ashgabat		Asia/Ashkhabad
+Link	Asia/Kolkata		Asia/Calcutta
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Chongqing
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Chungking
+Link	Asia/Dhaka		Asia/Dacca
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		Asia/Harbin
+Link	Asia/Urumqi		Asia/Kashgar
+Link	Asia/Kathmandu		Asia/Katmandu
+Link	Asia/Macau		Asia/Macao
+Link	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	Asia/Saigon
+Link	Asia/Jerusalem		Asia/Tel_Aviv
+Link	Asia/Thimphu		Asia/Thimbu
+Link	Asia/Makassar		Asia/Ujung_Pandang
+Link	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Asia/Ulan_Bator
+Link	Atlantic/Faroe		Atlantic/Faeroe
+Link	Europe/Oslo		Atlantic/Jan_Mayen
+Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/ACT
+Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/Canberra
+Link	Australia/Lord_Howe	Australia/LHI
+Link	Australia/Sydney	Australia/NSW
+Link	Australia/Darwin	Australia/North
+Link	Australia/Brisbane	Australia/Queensland
+Link	Australia/Adelaide	Australia/South
+Link	Australia/Hobart	Australia/Tasmania
+Link	Australia/Melbourne	Australia/Victoria
+Link	Australia/Perth		Australia/West
+Link	Australia/Broken_Hill	Australia/Yancowinna
+Link	America/Rio_Branco	Brazil/Acre
+Link	America/Noronha		Brazil/DeNoronha
+Link	America/Sao_Paulo	Brazil/East
+Link	America/Manaus		Brazil/West
+Link	America/Halifax		Canada/Atlantic
+Link	America/Winnipeg	Canada/Central
+Link	America/Regina		Canada/East-Saskatchewan
+Link	America/Toronto		Canada/Eastern
+Link	America/Edmonton	Canada/Mountain
+Link	America/St_Johns	Canada/Newfoundland
+Link	America/Vancouver	Canada/Pacific
+Link	America/Regina		Canada/Saskatchewan
+Link	America/Whitehorse	Canada/Yukon
+Link	America/Santiago	Chile/Continental
+Link	Pacific/Easter		Chile/EasterIsland
+Link	America/Havana		Cuba
+Link	Africa/Cairo		Egypt
+Link	Europe/Dublin		Eire
+Link	Europe/London		Europe/Belfast
+Link	Europe/Chisinau		Europe/Tiraspol
+Link	Europe/London		GB
+Link	Europe/London		GB-Eire
+Link	Etc/GMT			GMT+0
+Link	Etc/GMT			GMT-0
+Link	Etc/GMT			GMT0
+Link	Etc/GMT			Greenwich
+Link	Asia/Hong_Kong		Hongkong
+Link	Atlantic/Reykjavik	Iceland
+Link	Asia/Tehran		Iran
+Link	Asia/Jerusalem		Israel
+Link	America/Jamaica		Jamaica
+Link	Asia/Tokyo		Japan
+Link	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
+Link	Africa/Tripoli		Libya
+Link	America/Tijuana		Mexico/BajaNorte
+Link	America/Mazatlan	Mexico/BajaSur
+Link	America/Mexico_City	Mexico/General
+Link	Pacific/Auckland	NZ
+Link	Pacific/Chatham		NZ-CHAT
+Link	America/Denver		Navajo
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		PRC
+Link	Pacific/Pohnpei		Pacific/Ponape
+Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Pacific/Samoa
+Link	Pacific/Chuuk		Pacific/Truk
+Link	Pacific/Chuuk		Pacific/Yap
+Link	Europe/Warsaw		Poland
+Link	Europe/Lisbon		Portugal
+Link	Asia/Taipei		ROC
+Link	Asia/Seoul		ROK
+Link	Asia/Singapore		Singapore
+Link	Europe/Istanbul		Turkey
+Link	Etc/UCT			UCT
+Link	America/Anchorage	US/Alaska
+Link	America/Adak		US/Aleutian
+Link	America/Phoenix		US/Arizona
+Link	America/Chicago		US/Central
+Link	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	US/East-Indiana
+Link	America/New_York	US/Eastern
+Link	Pacific/Honolulu	US/Hawaii
+Link	America/Indiana/Knox	US/Indiana-Starke
+Link	America/Detroit		US/Michigan
+Link	America/Denver		US/Mountain
+Link	America/Los_Angeles	US/Pacific
+Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	US/Samoa
+Link	Etc/UTC			UTC
+Link	Etc/UTC			Universal
+Link	Europe/Moscow		W-SU
+Link	Etc/UTC			Zulu
diff --git a/tz/backzone b/tz/backzone
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13dc8d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/backzone
@@ -0,0 +1,677 @@
+# Zones that go back beyond the scope of the tz database
+
+# This file is in the public domain.
+
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know
+# better, go ahead and edit it (and please send any changes to
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
+
+# This file contains data outside the normal scope of the tz database,
+# in that its zones do not differ from normal tz zones after 1970.
+# Links in this file point to zones in this file, superseding links in
+# the file 'backward'.
+
+# Although zones in this file may be of some use for analyzing
+# pre-1970 time stamps, they are less reliable, cover only a tiny
+# sliver of the pre-1970 era, and cannot feasibly be improved to cover
+# most of the era.  Because the zones are out of normal scope for the
+# database, less effort is put into maintaining this file.  Many of
+# the zones were formerly in other source files, but were removed or
+# replaced by links as their data entries were questionable and/or they
+# differed from other zones only in pre-1970 time stamps.
+
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
+
+# This file is not intended to be compiled standalone, as it
+# assumes rules from other files.  In the tz distribution, use
+# 'make PACKRATDATA=backzone zones' to compile and install this file.
+
+# Zones are sorted by zone name.  Each zone is preceded by the
+# name of the country that the zone is in, along with any other
+# commentary and rules associated with the entry.
+#
+# As explained in the zic man page, the zone columns are:
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+
+# Ethiopia
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-31):
+# Like the Swahili of Kenya and Tanzania, many Ethiopians keep a
+# 12-hour clock starting at our 06:00, so their "8 o'clock" is our
+# 02:00 or 14:00.  Keep this in mind when you ask the time in Amharic.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that Ethiopia had six narrowly-spaced time
+# zones between 1870 and 1890, that they merged to 38E50 (2:35:20) in
+# 1890, and that they switched to 3:00 on 1936-05-05.  Perhaps 38E50
+# was for Adis Dera.  Quite likely the Shanks data entries are wrong
+# anyway.
+Zone Africa/Addis_Ababa	2:34:48 -	LMT	1870
+			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May  5 # Adis Dera MT
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Eritrea
+Zone	Africa/Asmara	2:35:32 -	LMT	1870
+			2:35:32	-	AMT	1890        # Asmara Mean Time
+			2:35:20	-	ADMT	1936 May  5 # Adis Dera MT
+			3:00	-	EAT
+Link Africa/Asmara Africa/Asmera
+
+# Mali (southern)
+Zone	Africa/Bamako	-0:32:00 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			-1:00	-	WAT	1960 Jun 20
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Central African Republic
+Zone	Africa/Bangui	1:14:20	-	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Gambia
+Zone	Africa/Banjul	-1:06:36 -	LMT	1912
+			-1:06:36 -	BMT	1935 # Banjul Mean Time
+			-1:00	-	WAT	1964
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Malawi
+Zone	Africa/Blantyre	2:20:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Republic of the Congo
+Zone Africa/Brazzaville	1:01:08 -	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Burundi
+Zone Africa/Bujumbura	1:57:28	-	LMT	1890
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Guinea
+Zone	Africa/Conakry	-0:54:52 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			-1:00	-	WAT	1960
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Senegal
+Zone	Africa/Dakar	-1:09:44 -	LMT	1912
+			-1:00	-	WAT	1941 Jun
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Tanzania
+Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 -	LMT	1931
+			3:00	-	EAT	1948
+			2:45	-	BEAUT	1961
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Djibouti
+Zone	Africa/Djibouti	2:52:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Cameroon
+# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1920; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Zone	Africa/Douala	0:38:48	-	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+# Sierra Leone
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
+# The following table is from Shanks & Pottenger, but it can't be right.
+# Whitman gives Mar 31 - Aug 31 for 1931 on.
+# The International Hydrographic Bulletin, 1932-33, p 63 says that
+# Sierra Leone would advance its clocks by 20 minutes on 1933-10-01.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Jun	 1	0:00	0:40	SLST
+Rule	SL	1935	1942	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	WAT
+Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	SLST
+Rule	SL	1957	1962	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	GMT
+Zone	Africa/Freetown	-0:53:00 -	LMT	1882
+			-0:53:00 -	FMT	1913 Jun # Freetown Mean Time
+			-1:00	SL	%s	1957
+			 0:00	SL	%s
+
+# Botswana
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne says they were regulated by the Cape Town Signal in 1899;
+# assume they switched to 2:00 when Cape Town did.
+Zone	Africa/Gaborone	1:43:40 -	LMT	1885
+			1:30	-	SAST	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT	1943 Sep 19  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	CAST	1944 Mar 19  2:00
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Zimbabwe
+Zone	Africa/Harare	2:04:12 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# South Sudan
+Zone	Africa/Juba	2:06:24 -	LMT	1931
+			2:00	Sudan	CA%sT	2000 Jan 15 12:00
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Uganda
+Zone	Africa/Kampala	2:09:40 -	LMT	1928 Jul
+			3:00	-	EAT	1930
+			2:30	-	BEAT	1948
+			2:45	-	BEAUT	1957
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Rwanda
+Zone	Africa/Kigali	2:00:16 -	LMT	1935 Jun
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Democratic Republic of the Congo (west)
+Zone Africa/Kinshasa	1:01:12 -	LMT	1897 Nov  9
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Gabon
+Zone Africa/Libreville	0:37:48 -	LMT	1912
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Togo
+Zone	Africa/Lome	0:04:52 -	LMT	1893
+			0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Angola
+#
+# Shanks gives 1911-05-26 for the transition to WAT,
+# evidently confusing the date of the Portuguese decree
+# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# with the date that it took effect, namely 1912-01-01.
+#
+Zone	Africa/Luanda	0:52:56	-	LMT	1892
+			0:52:04	-	AOT	1912 Jan  1 # Angola Time
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Democratic Republic of the Congo (east)
+Zone Africa/Lubumbashi	1:49:52 -	LMT	1897 Nov 9
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Zambia
+Zone	Africa/Lusaka	1:53:08 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	CAT
+
+# Equatorial Guinea
+#
+# Although Shanks says that Malabo switched from UTC to UTC+1 on 1963-12-15,
+# a Google Books search says that London Calling, Issues 432-465 (1948), p 19,
+# says that Spanish Guinea was at GMT+1 back then.  The Shanks data entries
+# are most likely wrong, but we have nothing better; use them here for now.
+#
+Zone	Africa/Malabo	0:35:08 -	LMT	1912
+			0:00	-	GMT	1963 Dec 15
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Lesotho
+Zone	Africa/Maseru	1:50:00 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	SAST	1943 Sep 19  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	SAST	1944 Mar 19  2:00
+			2:00	-	SAST
+
+# Swaziland
+Zone	Africa/Mbabane	2:04:24 -	LMT	1903 Mar
+			2:00	-	SAST
+
+# Somalia
+Zone Africa/Mogadishu	3:01:28 -	LMT	1893 Nov
+			3:00	-	EAT	1931
+			2:30	-	BEAT	1957
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Niger
+Zone	Africa/Niamey	 0:08:28 -	LMT	1912
+			-1:00	-	WAT	1934 Feb 26
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1960
+			 1:00	-	WAT
+
+# Mauritania
+Zone Africa/Nouakchott	-1:03:48 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			-1:00	-	WAT	1960 Nov 28
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Burkina Faso
+Zone Africa/Ouagadougou	-0:06:04 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Benin
+# Whitman says they switched to 1:00 in 1946, not 1934;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Zone Africa/Porto-Novo	0:10:28	-	LMT	1912 Jan  1
+			0:00	-	GMT	1934 Feb 26
+			1:00	-	WAT
+
+# São Tomé and Príncipe
+Zone	Africa/Sao_Tome	 0:26:56 -	LMT	1884
+			-0:36:32 -	LMT	1912 # Lisbon Mean Time
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Mali (northern)
+Zone	Africa/Timbuktu	-0:12:04 -	LMT	1912
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Anguilla
+Zone America/Anguilla	-4:12:16 -	LMT	1912 Mar  2
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Antigua and Barbuda
+Zone	America/Antigua	-4:07:12 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
+			-5:00	-	EST	1951
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Chubut, Argentina
+# The name "Comodoro Rivadavia" exceeds the 14-byte POSIX limit.
+Zone America/Argentina/ComodRivadavia -4:30:00 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	-	ART
+
+# Aruba
+Zone	America/Aruba	-4:40:24 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12 # Oranjestad
+			-4:30	-	ANT	1965 # Netherlands Antilles Time
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Cayman Is
+Zone	America/Cayman	-5:25:32 -	LMT	1890     # Georgetown
+			-5:07:11 -	KMT	1912 Feb # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	EST
+
+# Canada
+Zone America/Coral_Harbour -5:32:40 -	LMT	1884
+			-5:00	NT_YK	E%sT	1946
+			-5:00	-	EST
+
+# Dominica
+Zone America/Dominica	-4:05:36 -	LMT	1911 Jul  1  0:01 # Roseau
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Baja California
+# See 'northamerica' for why this entry is here rather than there.
+Zone America/Ensenada	-7:46:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:13:32
+			-8:00	-	PST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-7:00	-	MST	1930 Nov 16
+			-8:00	-	PST	1942 Apr
+			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
+			-8:00	-	PST	1996
+			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT
+
+# Grenada
+Zone	America/Grenada	-4:07:00 -	LMT	1911 Jul # St George's
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Guadeloupe
+Zone America/Guadeloupe	-4:06:08 -	LMT	1911 Jun  8 # Pointe-à-Pitre
+			-4:00	 -	AST
+
+# Canada
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-24):
+# Since 1970 most of Quebec has been like Toronto; see
+# America/Toronto.  However, earlier versions of the tz database
+# mistakenly relied on data from Shanks & Pottenger saying that Quebec
+# differed from Ontario after 1970, and the following rules and zone
+# were created for most of Quebec from the incorrect Shanks &
+# Pottenger data.  The post-1970 entries have been corrected, but the
+# pre-1970 entries are unchecked and probably have errors.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1917	only	-	Apr	24	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Mar	31	2:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1919	only	-	Oct	25	2:30	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1920	only	-	May	 2	2:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1920	1922	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:30	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1921	only	-	May	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1922	only	-	Apr	30	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1924	only	-	May	17	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1924	1926	-	Sep	lastSun	2:30	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1925	1926	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1927	1937	-	Apr	lastSat	24:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1927	1937	-	Sep	lastSat	24:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1938	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1946	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mont	1945	1948	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1949	1950	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1951	1956	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mont	1957	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Zone America/Montreal	-4:54:16 -	LMT	1884
+			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1918
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1919
+			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1946
+			-5:00	Mont	E%sT	1974
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
+
+# Montserrat
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# In 1995 volcanic eruptions forced evacuation of Plymouth, the capital.
+# world.gazetteer.com says Cork Hill is the most populous location now.
+Zone America/Montserrat	-4:08:52 -	LMT	1911 Jul  1  0:01 # Cork Hill
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Argentina
+# This entry was intended for the following areas, but has been superseded by
+# more detailed zones.
+# Santa Fe (SF), Entre Ríos (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN), Chaco (CC),
+# Formosa (FM), La Pampa (LP), Chubut (CH)
+Zone America/Rosario	-4:02:40 -	LMT	1894 Nov
+			-4:16:44 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Jul
+			-3:00	-	ART	1999 Oct  3  0:00
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3  0:00
+			-3:00	-	ART
+
+# St Kitts-Nevis
+Zone America/St_Kitts	-4:10:52 -	LMT	1912 Mar  2 # Basseterre
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# St Lucia
+Zone America/St_Lucia	-4:04:00 -	LMT	1890 # Castries
+			-4:04:00 -	CMT	1912 # Castries Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Virgin Is
+Zone America/St_Thomas	-4:19:44 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Charlotte Amalie
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# St Vincent and the Grenadines
+Zone America/St_Vincent	-4:04:56 -	LMT	1890 # Kingstown
+			-4:04:56 -	KMT	1912 # Kingstown Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# British Virgin Is
+Zone America/Tortola	-4:18:28 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Road Town
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# McMurdo, Ross Island, since 1955-12
+Zone Antarctica/McMurdo	0	-	-00	1956
+			12:00	NZ	NZ%sT
+Link Antarctica/McMurdo Antarctica/South_Pole
+
+# Yemen
+# Milne says 2:59:54 was the meridian of the saluting battery at Aden,
+# and that Yemen was at 1:55:56, the meridian of the Hagia Sophia.
+Zone	Asia/Aden	2:59:54	-	LMT	1950
+			3:00	-	AST
+
+# Bahrain
+Zone	Asia/Bahrain	3:22:20 -	LMT	1920     # Manamah
+			4:00	-	GST	1972 Jun
+			3:00	-	AST
+
+# India
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
+# The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 305 says that Madras
+# civil time was 5:20:57.3.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-21):
+# In tomorrow's The Hindu, Nitya Menon reports that India had two civil time
+# zones starting in 1884, one in Bombay and one in Calcutta, and that railways
+# used a third time zone based on Madras time (80 deg. 18'30" E).  Also,
+# in 1881 Bombay briefly switched to Madras time, but switched back.  See:
+# http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/madras-375-when-madras-clocked-the-time/article6339393.ece
+#Zone	  Asia/Chennai  [not enough info to complete]
+
+# China
+# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area)
+# Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
+# most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; west Qinghai; and the Guangdong
+# counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
+# Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
+Zone	Asia/Chongqing	7:06:20	-	LMT	1928     # or Chungking
+			7:00	-	LONT	1980 May # Long-shu Time
+			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+Link Asia/Chongqing Asia/Chungking
+
+# Vietnam
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
+# See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for this data.
+# Trần's book says the 1954-55 transition to 07:00 in Hanoi was in
+# October 1954, with exact date and time unspecified.
+Zone	Asia/Hanoi	7:03:24 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1
+			7:00	-	ICT	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	IDT	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	ICT	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	IDT	1954 Oct
+			7:00	-	ICT
+
+# China
+# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area)
+# Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
+Zone	Asia/Harbin	8:26:44	-	LMT	1928     # or Haerbin
+			8:30	-	CHAT	1932 Mar # Changbai Time
+			8:00	-	CST	1940
+			9:00	-	CHAT	1966 May
+			8:30	-	CHAT	1980 May
+			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+
+# far west China
+Zone	Asia/Kashgar	5:03:56	-	LMT	1928     # or Kashi or Kaxgar
+			5:30	-	KAST	1940     # Kashgar Time
+			5:00	-	KAST	1980 May
+			8:00	PRC	C%sT
+
+# Kuwait
+Zone	Asia/Kuwait	3:11:56 -	LMT	1950
+			3:00	-	AST
+
+
+# Oman
+# Milne says 3:54:24 was the meridian of the Muscat Tidal Observatory.
+Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
+			4:00	-	GST
+
+# India
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
+# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
+# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# Portuguese India switched to GMT+5 on 1912-01-01.
+#Zone	Asia/Panaji	[not enough info to complete]
+
+# Cambodia
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-11):
+# See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for most of this data.  Also, guess
+# (1) Cambodia reverted to UT+7 on 1945-09-02, when Vietnam did, and
+# (2) they also reverted to UT+7 on 1953-11-09, the date of independence.
+# These guesses are probably wrong but they're better than guessing no
+# transitions there.
+Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1
+			7:00	-	ICT	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	IDT	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	ICT	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	IDT	1953 Nov  9
+			7:00	-	ICT
+
+# Israel
+Zone	Asia/Tel_Aviv	2:19:04 -	LMT	1880
+			2:21	-	JMT	1918
+			2:00	Zion	I%sT
+
+# Laos
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-11):
+# See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for most of this data.
+# Trần's book says that Laos reverted to UT+7 on 1955-04-15.
+# Also, guess that Laos reverted to UT+7 on 1945-09-02, when Vietnam did;
+# this is probably wrong but it's better than guessing no transition.
+Zone	Asia/Vientiane	6:50:24 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
+			7:06:30	-	PLMT	1911 May  1
+			7:00	-	ICT	1942 Dec 31 23:00
+			8:00	-	IDT	1945 Mar 14 23:00
+			9:00	-	JST	1945 Sep  2
+			7:00	-	ICT	1947 Apr  1
+			8:00	-	IDT	1955 Apr 15
+			7:00	-	ICT
+
+# Jan Mayen
+# From Whitman:
+Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen	-1:00	-	EGT
+
+# St Helena
+Zone Atlantic/St_Helena	-0:22:48 -	LMT	1890 # Jamestown
+			-0:22:48 -	JMT	1951 # Jamestown Mean Time
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Northern Ireland
+Zone	Europe/Belfast	-0:23:40 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
+			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00
+						# DMT = Dublin/Dunsink MT
+			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1  2:00s
+						# IST = Irish Summer Time
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Guernsey
+# Data from Joseph S. Myers
+# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2013-September/019883.html
+# References to be added
+# LMT Location - 49.27N -2.33E - St.Peter Port
+Zone	Europe/Guernsey	-0:09:19 -	LMT	1913 Jun 18
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1940 Jul  2
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Isle of Man
+#
+# From Lester Caine (2013-09-04):
+# The Isle of Man legislation is now on-line at
+# <http://www.legislation.gov.im>, starting with the original Statutory
+# Time Act in 1883 and including additional confirmation of some of
+# the dates of the 'Summer Time' orders originating at
+# Westminster.  There is a little uncertainty as to the starting date
+# of the first summer time in 1916 which may have be announced a
+# couple of days late.  There is still a substantial number of
+# documents to work through, but it is thought that every GB change
+# was also implemented on the island.
+#
+# AT4 of 1883 - The Statutory Time et cetera Act 1883 -
+# LMT Location - 54.1508N -4.4814E - Tynwald Hill ( Manx parliament )
+Zone Europe/Isle_of_Man	-0:17:55 -	LMT	1883 Mar 30  0:00s
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Jersey
+# Data from Joseph S. Myers
+# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2013-September/019883.html
+# References to be added
+# LMT Location - 49.187N -2.107E - St. Helier
+Zone	Europe/Jersey	-0:08:25 -	LMT	1898 Jun 11 16:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1940 Jul  2
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+
+# Slovenia
+Zone Europe/Ljubljana	0:58:04	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Bosnia and Herzegovina
+Zone	Europe/Sarajevo	1:13:40	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Macedonia
+Zone	Europe/Skopje	1:25:44	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Moldova / Transnistria
+Zone	Europe/Tiraspol	1:58:32	-	LMT	1880
+			1:55	-	CMT	1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
+			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
+			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1940 Aug 15
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1941 Jul 17
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 24
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
+			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD
+
+# Liechtenstein
+Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
+			1:00	-	CET	1981
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Croatia
+Zone	Europe/Zagreb	1:03:52	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Madagascar
+Zone Indian/Antananarivo 3:10:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul
+			3:00	-	EAT	1954 Feb 27 23:00s
+			3:00	1:00	EAST	1954 May 29 23:00s
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Comoros
+Zone	Indian/Comoro	2:53:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Moroni, Gran Comoro
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# Mayotte
+Zone	Indian/Mayotte	3:00:56 -	LMT	1911 Jul # Mamoutzou
+			3:00	-	EAT
+
+# US minor outlying islands
+Zone Pacific/Johnston	-10:00	-	HST
+
+# US minor outlying islands
+#
+# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
+# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
+# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
+# reproduced a Pan American Airways timetable from 1936, for their weekly
+# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
+# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast.  As it uses some time zone
+# designations that I've never seen before:....
+# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I.   H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
+#  "   3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A  "
+#
+Zone Pacific/Midway	-11:49:28 -	LMT	1901
+			-11:00	-	NST	1956 Jun  3
+			-11:00	1:00	NDT	1956 Sep  2
+			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr    # N=Nome
+			-11:00	-	BST	1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
+			-11:00	-	SST	            # S=Samoa
+
+# N Mariana Is
+Zone Pacific/Saipan	-14:17:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
+			 9:43:00 -	LMT	1901
+			 9:00	-	MPT	1969 Oct    # N Mariana Is Time
+			10:00	-	MPT	2000 Dec 23
+			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
diff --git a/tz/checklinks.awk b/tz/checklinks.awk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b3e157
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/checklinks.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# Check links in tz tables.
+
+# Contributed by Paul Eggert.  This file is in the public domain.
+
+BEGIN {
+    # Special marker indicating that the name is defined as a Zone.
+    # It is a newline so that it cannot match a valid name.
+    # It is not null so that its slot does not appear unset.
+    Zone = "\n"
+}
+
+/^Zone/ {
+    if (defined[$2]) {
+	if (defined[$2] == Zone) {
+	    printf "%s: Zone has duplicate definition\n", $2
+	} else {
+	    printf "%s: Link with same name as Zone\n", $2
+	}
+	status = 1
+    }
+    defined[$2] = Zone
+}
+
+/^Link/ {
+    if (defined[$3]) {
+	if (defined[$3] == Zone) {
+	    printf "%s: Link with same name as Zone\n", $3
+	} else if (defined[$3] == $2) {
+	    printf "%s: Link has duplicate definition\n", $3
+	} else {
+	    printf "%s: Link to both %s and %s\n", $3, defined[$3], $2
+	}
+	status = 1
+    }
+    used[$2] = 1
+    defined[$3] = $2
+}
+
+END {
+    for (tz in used) {
+	if (defined[tz] != Zone) {
+	    printf "%s: Link to non-zone\n", tz
+	    status = 1
+	}
+    }
+
+    exit status
+}
diff --git a/tz/checktab.awk b/tz/checktab.awk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2397673
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/checktab.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+# Check tz tables for consistency.
+
+# Contributed by Paul Eggert.  This file is in the public domain.
+
+BEGIN {
+	FS = "\t"
+
+	if (!iso_table) iso_table = "iso3166.tab"
+	if (!zone_table) zone_table = "zone1970.tab"
+	if (!want_warnings) want_warnings = -1
+
+	while (getline <iso_table) {
+		iso_NR++
+		if ($0 ~ /^#/) continue
+		if (NF != 2) {
+			printf "%s:%d: wrong number of columns\n", \
+				iso_table, iso_NR >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		cc = $1
+		name = $2
+		if (cc !~ /^[A-Z][A-Z]$/) {
+			printf "%s:%d: invalid country code '%s'\n", \
+				iso_table, iso_NR, cc >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		if (cc <= cc0) {
+			if (cc == cc0) {
+				s = "duplicate";
+			} else {
+				s = "out of order";
+			}
+
+			printf "%s:%d: country code '%s' is %s\n", \
+				iso_table, iso_NR, cc, s \
+				>>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		cc0 = cc
+		if (name2cc[name]) {
+			printf "%s:%d: '%s' and '%s' have the same name\n", \
+				iso_table, iso_NR, name2cc[name], cc \
+				>>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		name2cc[name] = cc
+		cc2name[cc] = name
+		cc2NR[cc] = iso_NR
+	}
+
+	cc0 = ""
+
+	while (getline <zone_table) {
+		zone_NR++
+		if ($0 ~ /^#/) continue
+		if (NF != 3 && NF != 4) {
+			printf "%s:%d: wrong number of columns\n", \
+				zone_table, zone_NR >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		split($1, cca, /,/)
+		cc = cca[1]
+		coordinates = $2
+		tz = $3
+		comments = $4
+		if (cc < cc0) {
+			printf "%s:%d: country code '%s' is out of order\n", \
+				zone_table, zone_NR, cc >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		cc0 = cc
+		tztab[tz] = 1
+		tz2comments[tz] = comments
+		tz2NR[tz] = zone_NR
+		for (i in cca) {
+		    cc = cca[i]
+		    cctz = cc tz
+		    cctztab[cctz] = 1
+		    if (cc2name[cc]) {
+			cc_used[cc]++
+		    } else {
+			printf "%s:%d: %s: unknown country code\n", \
+				zone_table, zone_NR, cc >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		    }
+		}
+		if (coordinates !~ /^[-+][0-9][0-9][0-5][0-9][-+][01][0-9][0-9][0-5][0-9]$/ \
+		    && coordinates !~ /^[-+][0-9][0-9][0-5][0-9][0-5][0-9][-+][01][0-9][0-9][0-5][0-9][0-5][0-9]$/) {
+			printf "%s:%d: %s: invalid coordinates\n", \
+				zone_table, zone_NR, coordinates >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (cctz in cctztab) {
+		cc = substr (cctz, 1, 2)
+		tz = substr (cctz, 3)
+		if (1 < cc_used[cc]) {
+			comments_needed[tz] = cc
+		}
+	}
+	for (cctz in cctztab) {
+	  cc = substr (cctz, 1, 2)
+	  tz = substr (cctz, 3)
+	  if (!comments_needed[tz] && tz2comments[tz]) {
+	    printf "%s:%d: unnecessary comment '%s'\n", \
+		zone_table, tz2NR[tz], tz2comments[tz] \
+		>>"/dev/stderr"
+	    tz2comments[tz] = 0
+	    status = 1
+	  } else if (comments_needed[tz] && !tz2comments[tz]) {
+	    printf "%s:%d: missing comment for %s\n", \
+	      zone_table, tz2NR[tz], comments_needed[tz] \
+	      >>"/dev/stderr"
+	    tz2comments[tz] = 1
+	    status = 1
+	  }
+	}
+	FS = " "
+}
+
+$1 ~ /^#/ { next }
+
+{
+	tz = rules = ""
+	if ($1 == "Zone") {
+		tz = $2
+		ruleUsed[$4] = 1
+	} else if ($1 == "Link" && zone_table == "zone.tab") {
+		# Ignore Link commands if source and destination basenames
+		# are identical, e.g. Europe/Istanbul versus Asia/Istanbul.
+		src = $2
+		dst = $3
+		while ((i = index(src, "/"))) src = substr(src, i+1)
+		while ((i = index(dst, "/"))) dst = substr(dst, i+1)
+		if (src != dst) tz = $3
+	} else if ($1 == "Rule") {
+		ruleDefined[$2] = 1
+	} else {
+		ruleUsed[$2] = 1
+	}
+	if (tz && tz ~ /\//) {
+		if (!tztab[tz]) {
+			printf "%s: no data for '%s'\n", zone_table, tz \
+				>>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+		zoneSeen[tz] = 1
+	}
+}
+
+END {
+	for (tz in ruleDefined) {
+		if (!ruleUsed[tz]) {
+			printf "%s: Rule never used\n", tz
+			status = 1
+		}
+	}
+	for (tz in tztab) {
+		if (!zoneSeen[tz]) {
+			printf "%s:%d: no Zone table for '%s'\n", \
+				zone_table, tz2NR[tz], tz >>"/dev/stderr"
+			status = 1
+		}
+	}
+	if (0 < want_warnings) {
+		for (cc in cc2name) {
+			if (!cc_used[cc]) {
+				printf "%s:%d: warning: " \
+					"no Zone entries for %s (%s)\n", \
+					iso_table, cc2NR[cc], cc, cc2name[cc]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	exit status
+}
diff --git a/tz/date.1 b/tz/date.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fd4848
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/date.1
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+.TH DATE 1
+.SH NAME
+date \- show and set date and time
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.if n .nh
+.if n .na
+.ie \n(.g .ds - \f(CW-\fP
+.el ds - \-
+.B date
+[
+.B \*-u
+] [
+.B \*-c
+] [
+.B \*-r
+.I seconds
+] [
+.BI + format
+] [
+\fR[\fIyyyy\fR]\fImmddhhmm\fR[\fIyy\fR][\fB.\fIss\fR]
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.ie '\(lq'' .ds lq \&"\"
+.el .ds lq \(lq\"
+.ie '\(rq'' .ds rq \&"\"
+.el .ds rq \(rq\"
+.de q
+\\$3\*(lq\\$1\*(rq\\$2
+..
+.I Date
+without arguments writes the date and time to the standard output in
+the form
+.ce 1
+Wed Mar  8 14:54:40 EST 1989
+.br
+with
+.B EST
+replaced by the local time zone's abbreviation
+(or by the abbreviation for the time zone specified in the
+.B TZ
+environment variable if set).
+The exact output format depends on the locale.
+.PP
+If a command-line argument starts with a plus sign (\c
+.q "\fB+\fP" ),
+the rest of the argument is used as a
+.I format
+that controls what appears in the output.
+In the format, when a percent sign (\c
+.q "\fB%\fP"
+appears,
+it and the character after it are not output,
+but rather identify part of the date or time
+to be output in a particular way
+(or identify a special character to output):
+.nf
+.sp
+.if t .in +.5i
+.if n .in +2
+.ta \w'%M\0\0'u +\w'Wed Mar  8 14:54:40 EST 1989\0\0'u
+	Sample output	Explanation
+%a	Wed	Abbreviated weekday name*
+%A	Wednesday	Full weekday name*
+%b	Mar	Abbreviated month name*
+%B	March	Full month name*
+%c	Wed Mar 08 14:54:40 1989	Date and time*
+%C	19	Century
+%d	08	Day of month (always two digits)
+%D	03/08/89	Month/day/year (eight characters)
+%e	 8	Day of month (leading zero blanked)
+%h	Mar	Abbreviated month name*
+%H	14	24-hour-clock hour (two digits)
+%I	02	12-hour-clock hour (two digits)
+%j	067	Julian day number (three digits)
+%k	 2	12-hour-clock hour (leading zero blanked)
+%l	14	24-hour-clock hour (leading zero blanked)
+%m	03	Month number (two digits)
+%M	54	Minute (two digits)
+%n	\\n	newline character
+%p	PM	AM/PM designation
+%r	02:54:40 PM	Hour:minute:second AM/PM designation
+%R	14:54	Hour:minute
+%S	40	Second (two digits)
+%t	\\t	tab character
+%T	14:54:40	Hour:minute:second
+%U	10	Sunday-based week number (two digits)
+%w	3	Day number (one digit, Sunday is 0)
+%W	10	Monday-based week number (two digits)
+%x	03/08/89	Date*
+%X	14:54:40	Time*
+%y	89	Last two digits of year
+%Y	1989	Year in full
+%Z	EST	Time zone abbreviation
+%+	Wed Mar  8 14:54:40 EST 1989	Default output format*
+.if t .in -.5i
+.if n .in -2
+* The exact output depends on the locale.
+.sp
+.fi
+If a character other than one of those shown above appears after
+a percent sign in the format,
+that following character is output.
+All other characters in the format are copied unchanged to the output;
+a newline character is always added at the end of the output.
+.PP
+In Sunday-based week numbering,
+the first Sunday of the year begins week 1;
+days preceding it are part of
+.q "week 0" .
+In Monday-based week numbering,
+the first Monday of the year begins week 1.
+.PP
+To set the date, use a command line argument with one of the following forms:
+.nf
+.if t .in +.5i
+.if n .in +2
+.ta \w'198903081454\0'u
+1454	24-hour-clock hours (first two digits) and minutes
+081454	Month day (first two digits), hours, and minutes
+03081454	Month (two digits, January is 01), month day, hours, minutes
+8903081454	Year, month, month day, hours, minutes
+0308145489	Month, month day, hours, minutes, year
+	(on System V-compatible systems)
+030814541989	Month, month day, hours, minutes, four-digit year
+198903081454	Four-digit year, month, month day, hours, minutes
+.if t .in -.5i
+.if n .in -2
+.fi
+If the century, year, month, or month day is not given,
+the current value is used.
+Any of the above forms may be followed by a period and two digits that give
+the seconds part of the new time; if no seconds are given, zero is assumed.
+.PP
+These options are available:
+.TP
+.BR \*-u " or " \*-c
+Use Universal Time when setting and showing the date and time.
+.TP
+.BI "\*-r " seconds
+Output the date that corresponds to
+.I seconds
+past the epoch of 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC, where
+.I seconds
+should be an integer, either decimal, octal (leading 0), or
+hexadecimal (leading 0x), preceded by an optional sign.
+.SH FILES
+.ta \w'/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo/posixrules\0\0'u
+/usr/lib/locale/\f2L\fP/LC_TIME	description of time locale \f2L\fP
+.br
+/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo	time zone information directory
+.br
+/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo/localtime	local time zone file
+.br
+/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo/posixrules	used with POSIX-style TZ's
+.br
+/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo/GMT	for UTC leap seconds
+.sp
+If
+.B /usr/local/etc/zoneinfo/GMT
+is absent,
+UTC leap seconds are loaded from
+.BR /usr/local/etc/zoneinfo/posixrules .
+.\" This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+.\" 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
diff --git a/tz/date.c b/tz/date.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c11f61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/date.c
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+/* Display or set the current time and date.  */
+
+/* Copyright 1985, 1987, 1988 The Regents of the University of California.
+   All rights reserved.
+
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+      may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+      without specific prior written permission.
+
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+   ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+   IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+   ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+   FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+   DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+   OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+   HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+   LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+   OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+   SUCH DAMAGE.  */
+
+#include "private.h"
+#include "locale.h"
+
+/*
+** The two things date knows about time are. . .
+*/
+
+#ifndef TM_YEAR_BASE
+#define TM_YEAR_BASE	1900
+#endif /* !defined TM_YEAR_BASE */
+
+#ifndef SECSPERMIN
+#define SECSPERMIN	60
+#endif /* !defined SECSPERMIN */
+
+#if !HAVE_POSIX_DECLS
+extern char **		environ;
+extern char *		optarg;
+extern int		optind;
+extern char *		tzname[];
+#endif
+
+static int		retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+static void		display(const char *, time_t);
+static void		dogmt(void);
+static void		errensure(void);
+static void		timeout(FILE *, const char *, const struct tm *);
+static void		usage(void);
+
+int
+main(const int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	register const char *	format;
+	register const char *	cp;
+	register int		ch;
+	register bool		rflag = false;
+	time_t			t;
+	intmax_t		secs;
+	char *			endarg;
+
+#ifdef LC_ALL
+	setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
+#endif /* defined(LC_ALL) */
+#if HAVE_GETTEXT
+#ifdef TZ_DOMAINDIR
+	bindtextdomain(TZ_DOMAIN, TZ_DOMAINDIR);
+#endif /* defined(TEXTDOMAINDIR) */
+	textdomain(TZ_DOMAIN);
+#endif /* HAVE_GETTEXT */
+	t = time(NULL);
+	format = NULL;
+	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "ucr:")) != EOF && ch != -1) {
+		switch (ch) {
+		default:
+			usage();
+		case 'u':		/* do it in UT */
+		case 'c':
+			dogmt();
+			break;
+		case 'r':		/* seconds since 1970 */
+			if (rflag) {
+				fprintf(stderr,
+					_("date: error: multiple -r's used"));
+				usage();
+			}
+			rflag = true;
+			errno = 0;
+			secs = strtoimax (optarg, &endarg, 0);
+			if (*endarg || optarg == endarg)
+				errno = EINVAL;
+			else if (! (time_t_min <= secs && secs <= time_t_max))
+				errno = ERANGE;
+			if (errno) {
+				perror(optarg);
+				errensure();
+				exit(retval);
+			}
+			t = secs;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	while (optind < argc) {
+		cp = argv[optind++];
+		if (*cp == '+')
+			if (format == NULL)
+				format = cp + 1;
+			else {
+				fprintf(stderr,
+_("date: error: multiple formats in command line\n"));
+				usage();
+			}
+		else {
+		  fprintf(stderr, _("date: unknown operand: %s\n"), cp);
+		  usage();
+		}
+	}
+
+	display(format, t);
+	return retval;
+}
+
+static void
+dogmt(void)
+{
+	static char **	fakeenv;
+
+	if (fakeenv == NULL) {
+		register int	from;
+		register int	to;
+		register int	n;
+		static char	tzegmt0[] = "TZ=GMT0";
+
+		for (n = 0;  environ[n] != NULL;  ++n)
+			continue;
+		fakeenv = malloc((n + 2) * sizeof *fakeenv);
+		if (fakeenv == NULL) {
+			perror(_("Memory exhausted"));
+			errensure();
+			exit(retval);
+		}
+		to = 0;
+		fakeenv[to++] = tzegmt0;
+		for (from = 1; environ[from] != NULL; ++from)
+			if (strncmp(environ[from], "TZ=", 3) != 0)
+				fakeenv[to++] = environ[from];
+		fakeenv[to] = NULL;
+		environ = fakeenv;
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+errensure(void)
+{
+	if (retval == EXIT_SUCCESS)
+		retval = EXIT_FAILURE;
+}
+
+static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	fprintf(stderr,
+		       _("date: usage: date [-u] [-c] [-r seconds]"
+			 " [+format]\n"));
+	errensure();
+	exit(retval);
+}
+
+static void
+display(char const *format, time_t now)
+{
+	struct tm *tmp;
+
+	tmp = localtime(&now);
+	if (!tmp) {
+		fprintf(stderr,
+			_("date: error: time out of range\n"));
+		errensure();
+		return;
+	}
+	timeout(stdout, format ? format : "%+", tmp);
+	putchar('\n');
+	fflush(stdout);
+	fflush(stderr);
+	if (ferror(stdout) || ferror(stderr)) {
+		fprintf(stderr,
+			_("date: error: couldn't write results\n"));
+		errensure();
+	}
+}
+
+#define INCR	1024
+
+static void
+timeout(FILE *fp, char const *format, struct tm const *tmp)
+{
+	char *	cp;
+	size_t	result;
+	size_t	size;
+	struct tm tm;
+
+	if (*format == '\0')
+		return;
+	if (!tmp) {
+		fprintf(stderr, _("date: error: time out of range\n"));
+		errensure();
+		return;
+	}
+	tm = *tmp;
+	tmp = &tm;
+	size = INCR;
+	cp = malloc(size);
+	for ( ; ; ) {
+		if (cp == NULL) {
+			fprintf(stderr,
+				_("date: error: can't get memory\n"));
+			errensure();
+			exit(retval);
+		}
+		cp[0] = '\1';
+		result = strftime(cp, size, format, tmp);
+		if (result != 0 || cp[0] == '\0')
+			break;
+		size += INCR;
+		cp = realloc(cp, size);
+	}
+	fwrite(cp, 1, result, fp);
+	free(cp);
+}
diff --git a/tz/difftime.c b/tz/difftime.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba2fd03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/difftime.c
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/*
+** This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+** 1996-06-05 by Arthur David Olson.
+*/
+
+/*LINTLIBRARY*/
+
+#include "private.h"	/* for time_t and TYPE_SIGNED */
+
+/* Return -X as a double.  Using this avoids casting to 'double'.  */
+static double
+dminus(double x)
+{
+  return -x;
+}
+
+double ATTRIBUTE_CONST
+difftime(time_t time1, time_t time0)
+{
+	/*
+	** If double is large enough, simply convert and subtract
+	** (assuming that the larger type has more precision).
+	*/
+	if (sizeof (time_t) < sizeof (double)) {
+	  double t1 = time1, t0 = time0;
+	  return t1 - t0;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** The difference of two unsigned values can't overflow
+	** if the minuend is greater than or equal to the subtrahend.
+	*/
+	if (!TYPE_SIGNED(time_t))
+	  return time0 <= time1 ? time1 - time0 : dminus(time0 - time1);
+
+	/* Use uintmax_t if wide enough.  */
+	if (sizeof (time_t) <= sizeof (uintmax_t)) {
+	  uintmax_t t1 = time1, t0 = time0;
+	  return time0 <= time1 ? t1 - t0 : dminus(t0 - t1);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** Handle cases where both time1 and time0 have the same sign
+	** (meaning that their difference cannot overflow).
+	*/
+	if ((time1 < 0) == (time0 < 0))
+	  return time1 - time0;
+
+	/*
+	** The values have opposite signs and uintmax_t is too narrow.
+	** This suffers from double rounding; attempt to lessen that
+	** by using long double temporaries.
+	*/
+	{
+	  long double t1 = time1, t0 = time0;
+	  return t1 - t0;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/tz/etcetera b/tz/etcetera
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2e2532
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/etcetera
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# These entries are mostly present for historical reasons, so that
+# people in areas not otherwise covered by the tz files could "zic -l"
+# to a time zone that was right for their area.  These days, the
+# tz files cover almost all the inhabited world, and the only practical
+# need now for the entries that are not on UTC are for ships at sea
+# that cannot use POSIX TZ settings.
+
+Zone	Etc/GMT		0	-	GMT
+Zone	Etc/UTC		0	-	UTC
+Zone	Etc/UCT		0	-	UCT
+
+# The following link uses older naming conventions,
+# but it belongs here, not in the file 'backward',
+# as functions like gmtime load the "GMT" file to handle leap seconds properly.
+# We want this to work even on installations that omit the other older names.
+Link	Etc/GMT				GMT
+
+Link	Etc/UTC				Etc/Universal
+Link	Etc/UTC				Etc/Zulu
+
+Link	Etc/GMT				Etc/Greenwich
+Link	Etc/GMT				Etc/GMT-0
+Link	Etc/GMT				Etc/GMT+0
+Link	Etc/GMT				Etc/GMT0
+
+# We use POSIX-style signs in the Zone names and the output abbreviations,
+# even though this is the opposite of what many people expect.
+# POSIX has positive signs west of Greenwich, but many people expect
+# positive signs east of Greenwich.  For example, TZ='Etc/GMT+4' uses
+# the abbreviation "GMT+4" and corresponds to 4 hours behind UT
+# (i.e. west of Greenwich) even though many people would expect it to
+# mean 4 hours ahead of UT (i.e. east of Greenwich).
+#
+# In the draft 5 of POSIX 1003.1-200x, the angle bracket notation allows for
+# TZ='<GMT-4>+4'; if you want time zone abbreviations conforming to
+# ISO 8601 you can use TZ='<-0400>+4'.  Thus the commonly-expected
+# offset is kept within the angle bracket (and is used for display)
+# while the POSIX sign is kept outside the angle bracket (and is used
+# for calculation).
+#
+# Do not use a TZ setting like TZ='GMT+4', which is four hours behind
+# GMT but uses the completely misleading abbreviation "GMT".
+
+# Earlier incarnations of this package were not POSIX-compliant,
+# and had lines such as
+#		Zone	GMT-12		-12	-	GMT-1200
+# We did not want things to change quietly if someone accustomed to the old
+# way does a
+#		zic -l GMT-12
+# so we moved the names into the Etc subdirectory.
+
+Zone	Etc/GMT-14	14	-	GMT-14	# 14 hours ahead of GMT
+Zone	Etc/GMT-13	13	-	GMT-13
+Zone	Etc/GMT-12	12	-	GMT-12
+Zone	Etc/GMT-11	11	-	GMT-11
+Zone	Etc/GMT-10	10	-	GMT-10
+Zone	Etc/GMT-9	9	-	GMT-9
+Zone	Etc/GMT-8	8	-	GMT-8
+Zone	Etc/GMT-7	7	-	GMT-7
+Zone	Etc/GMT-6	6	-	GMT-6
+Zone	Etc/GMT-5	5	-	GMT-5
+Zone	Etc/GMT-4	4	-	GMT-4
+Zone	Etc/GMT-3	3	-	GMT-3
+Zone	Etc/GMT-2	2	-	GMT-2
+Zone	Etc/GMT-1	1	-	GMT-1
+Zone	Etc/GMT+1	-1	-	GMT+1
+Zone	Etc/GMT+2	-2	-	GMT+2
+Zone	Etc/GMT+3	-3	-	GMT+3
+Zone	Etc/GMT+4	-4	-	GMT+4
+Zone	Etc/GMT+5	-5	-	GMT+5
+Zone	Etc/GMT+6	-6	-	GMT+6
+Zone	Etc/GMT+7	-7	-	GMT+7
+Zone	Etc/GMT+8	-8	-	GMT+8
+Zone	Etc/GMT+9	-9	-	GMT+9
+Zone	Etc/GMT+10	-10	-	GMT+10
+Zone	Etc/GMT+11	-11	-	GMT+11
+Zone	Etc/GMT+12	-12	-	GMT+12
diff --git a/tz/europe b/tz/europe
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd3a088
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/europe
@@ -0,0 +1,3734 @@
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
+#
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
+# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
+# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+#
+# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
+#
+# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
+# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
+#
+# Other sources occasionally used include:
+#
+#	Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
+#	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
+#	which I found in the UCLA library.
+#
+#	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
+#	<http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
+#	[PDF] (1914-03)
+#
+#	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
+#	<http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.  He writes:
+#	"It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
+#	may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
+#	Savile Row, London."  Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
+#
+#	Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
+#	This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
+#	http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
+#	The full Russian citation is:
+#	Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
+#	введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
+#	июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
+#	Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
+#	http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
+#
+#	Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
+#	History of Summer Time
+#	<http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
+#	(1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
+
+#
+# I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
+# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
+# Corrections are welcome!
+#                   std dst  2dst
+#                   LMT           Local Mean Time
+#       -4:00       AST ADT       Atlantic
+#       -3:00       WGT WGST      Western Greenland*
+#       -1:00       EGT EGST      Eastern Greenland*
+#        0:00       GMT BST  BDST Greenwich, British Summer
+#        0:00       GMT IST       Greenwich, Irish Summer
+#        0:00       WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
+#        0:19:32.13 AMT NST       Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
+#        0:20       NET NEST      Netherlands (1937-1940)*
+#        1:00       BST           British Standard (1968-1971)
+#        1:00       CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
+#        1:00:14    SET           Swedish (1879-1899)*
+#        2:00       EET EEST      Eastern Europe
+#        3:00       FET           Further-eastern Europe (2011-2014)*
+#        3:00       MSK MSD  MSM* Minsk, Moscow
+
+# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
+# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
+# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
+# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
+# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
+# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
+# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
+# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
+# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
+# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
+# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
+# ...
+# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
+# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
+# ...
+# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
+# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
+# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
+# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
+# in the Directive.
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
+
+# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
+#
+# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
+# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
+# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
+# of the text said:
+#
+# 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
+# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
+# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
+# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
+# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
+# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
+# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
+#
+# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
+# position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
+# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
+#
+# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
+#
+# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
+# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
+# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
+# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
+# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
+# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
+# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
+# (though not all) railways used London time.  On 1847-09-22 the
+# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
+# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
+# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
+# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
+# railways as using GMT.  By 1855 the vast majority of public
+# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
+# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
+# one for local time and one for GMT).  The last major holdout was the legal
+# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
+# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
+# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
+# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
+#
+# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
+# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01.  We don't know as much
+# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
+# The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
+# informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
+# Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
+# New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
+# whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
+# after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
+# In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
+# that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift.  See:
+# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
+# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
+# http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
+# Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
+# did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
+#
+# In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
+# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
+# who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
+# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
+# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
+# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
+# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
+# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
+# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
+# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
+# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
+# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
+# subscription and open to the public.  On the south face of the monolith,
+# designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
+# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
+
+# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
+# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
+# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
+# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
+# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
+# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
+#	-- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
+#	republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
+#	http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
+# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
+# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
+# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
+# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
+# The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
+# Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
+# ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
+# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
+# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
+
+# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
+# From: Jonathan Leffler
+# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
+# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
+# politics making a fortune, not computing.
+
+# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
+# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
+# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
+# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
+# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
+
+# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
+# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
+# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
+# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
+
+# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
+# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
+# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
+# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
+# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
+# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
+# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
+# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
+
+# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
+# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
+# which is to be introduced in May....
+# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
+# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
+# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
+# so we use 'BDST'.
+
+# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
+# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
+# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
+# and extending this list, which can be found in
+# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
+
+# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
+#
+# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
+# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
+# http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
+# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+#
+# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
+#
+# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
+# are incorrect:
+#     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
+#	1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
+# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
+#     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
+# It actually just had one transition.
+#     * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
+# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
+#     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
+# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
+# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
+#
+# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
+#     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
+#	to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
+#	conform with Great Britain.
+# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
+#
+# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
+# we'll ignore it for now.
+#     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
+#
+#
+# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
+# Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
+# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
+# to London.  For example:
+#
+#   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
+#   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
+
+# "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
+# was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
+# would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'.  She claimed
+# Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
+# -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
+# Irish Times 2014-10-27.
+# http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
+
+# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
+# Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
+# These include various relating to legal time, for example:
+#
+# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
+#
+# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
+# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
+#
+# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
+# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
+# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
+#
+# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
+# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
+# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
+#
+# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
+# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
+#
+# (These are those I found, but there could be more.  In any case these
+# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
+# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
+#
+# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
+# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
+# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
+# being GMT+1.)
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
+# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
+# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
+# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
+# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
+# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
+# and Frethun run in CT.
+# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
+# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
+# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
+# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
+# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
+# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
+
+# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
+# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
+# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
+# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
+# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
+# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
+# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Summer Time Act, 1916
+Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	May	21	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
+Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
+Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Mar	24	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Sep	30	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
+Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Sep	29	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
+Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Mar	28	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
+Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Oct	25	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
+Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
+Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	0	GMT
+# The Summer Time Act, 1922
+Rule	GB-Eire	1923	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1923	1924	-	Sep	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
+Rule	GB-Eire	1924	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1926	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# The Summer Time Act, 1925
+Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
+Rule	GB-Eire	1927	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1928	1929	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1930	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1931	1932	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1933	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1934	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1935	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1936	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1938	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
+Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Nov	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
+Rule	GB-Eire	1940	only	-	Feb	Sun>=23	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
+Rule	GB-Eire	1941	only	-	May	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1941	1943	-	Aug	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
+Rule	GB-Eire	1942	1944	-	Apr	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
+# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
+Rule	GB-Eire	1944	only	-	Sep	Sun>=16	1:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
+Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Jul	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
+Rule	GB-Eire	1945	1946	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
+Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# The Summer Time Act, 1947
+Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Mar	16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Apr	13	1:00s	2:00	BDST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Aug	10	1:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Nov	 2	2:00s	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
+Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Oct	31	2:00s	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
+Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Oct	30	2:00s	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
+# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
+# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
+Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Apr	Sun>=14	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00s	0	GMT
+# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
+Rule	GB-Eire	1953	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1953	1960	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
+Rule	GB-Eire	1954	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1955	1956	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1957	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1958	1959	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1960	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
+# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
+# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
+Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1963	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
+# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
+# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
+# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
+Rule	GB-Eire	1964	1967	-	Mar	Sun>=19	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
+Rule	GB-Eire	1968	only	-	Feb	18	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
+#	(no summer time)
+# The Summer Time Act, 1972
+Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
+# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
+# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
+# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
+Rule	GB-Eire	1981	1995	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
+# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
+# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
+Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
+# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
+#
+# Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Dec  1  0:00s
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
+Link	Europe/London	Europe/Jersey
+Link	Europe/London	Europe/Guernsey
+Link	Europe/London	Europe/Isle_of_Man
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:00 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
+			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21  2:00
+			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1  2:00s
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25  2:00
+			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6  2:00
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16  2:00
+			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2  2:00
+			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18  2:00
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31  2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Europe
+
+# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
+# Common Market, etc.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	EU	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	EU	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+Rule	EU	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00u	0	-
+Rule	EU	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+Rule	EU	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	EU	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002.  See:
+# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
+# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
+# http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
+
+# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
+Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	W-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	W-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	W-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	W-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	W-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
+
+# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
+# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
+Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1940	only	-	Apr	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	C-Eur	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1944	1945	-	Apr	Mon>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
+#
+# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
+# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
+# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
+# tz database itself, as seen below:
+#
+# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15  0:01
+#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
+#
+# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
+#    0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16  3:00
+#
+# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
+#    1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+#
+# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16  3:00 0 -
+# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
+# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
+#
+# The rule line to be changed is:
+#
+# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00 0 -
+#
+# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
+# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time.  However there are no
+# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
+# affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
+# CET and MET:
+#
+# Zone CET  1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
+# Zone MET  1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
+#
+# It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
+#
+# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16  2:00s 0 -
+#
+# A small step for mankind though 8-)
+Rule	C-Eur	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	C-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	C-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+
+# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
+Rule	E-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	E-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	E-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	E-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	E-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	E-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST  # Moscow Summer Time
+Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT  # Moscow Mean Time
+Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
+Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 1:00	1:00	MST
+Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	MDST
+Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	MSD
+Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	MSK
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	MSD
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	MSM  # Midsummer
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	MSD
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
+Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
+# Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
+Rule	Russia	1984	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Russia	1985	2010	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+#
+Rule	Russia	1996	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+# As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
+# Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
+# Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
+#
+# I did not find full texts of these acts.  For the 1989 one we have
+# title at http://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
+# "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
+# Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
+# Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
+# And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
+# contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
+# of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
+# oblasts.  Since last Sunday of March 1989:
+# a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
+# second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
+# b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
+# rules (Moscow time)
+# c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
+# Unamended version of the act of the
+# Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
+# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
+# says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
+# of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
+# at 3 hours.  It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
+# According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
+# signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
+# According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
+#
+# Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
+# http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
+#
+# Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
+# http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
+# Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
+# to be standard.
+
+# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	WET		0:00	EU	WE%sT
+Zone	CET		1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT
+Zone	MET		1:00	C-Eur	ME%sT
+Zone	EET		2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
+# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
+
+# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
+# The official German names ... are
+#
+#	Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
+#	Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
+#
+# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
+# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
+# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
+#
+#	Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
+#	Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
+#	Postfach 3345
+#	D-38023 Braunschweig
+#	phone: +49 531 592-0
+#
+# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
+# department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
+# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
+#
+#	Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
+#	Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
+
+
+# Albania
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Albania	1940	only	-	Jun	16	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Apr	10	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	May	 8	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	May	 5	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Apr	26	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Tirane	1:19:20 -	LMT	1914
+			1:00	-	CET	1940 Jun 16
+			1:00	Albania	CE%sT	1984 Jul
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Andorra
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
+			0:00	-	WET	1946 Sep 30
+			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31  2:00
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Austria
+
+# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
+# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
+# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
+# date of 1945-04-12 with no time.  For the 1980-04-06 transition
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00.  Go with the BEV,
+# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Sep	13	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Austria	1946	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Austria	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Austria	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Austria	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:21 -	LMT	1893 Apr
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1920
+			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1  2:00s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Apr 12  2:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1946
+			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1981
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Belarus
+#
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
+# http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
+# (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
+# 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
+# on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
+# (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
+#
+# From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
+# By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
+# GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
+#
+# Sources (Russian language):
+# http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
+# http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
+# http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
+#
+# From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
+# Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
+# http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-08):
+# Hence Belarus can share time zone abbreviations with Moscow again.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
+			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May  2 # Minsk Mean Time
+			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 28
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul  3
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
+			3:00	-	MSK	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			3:00	-	FET	2014 Oct 26  1:00s
+			3:00	-	MSK
+
+# Belgium
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
+# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
+#	Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
+#	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
+#	(Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
+#	pp 8-9.
+# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
+#	Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
+# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
+# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
+# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Belgium	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1922	1927	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
+# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
+# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
+# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
+# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
+Rule	Belgium	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1928	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1929	only	-	Apr	21	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1930	only	-	Apr	13	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1931	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1932	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1933	only	-	Mar	26	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1934	only	-	Apr	 8	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1935	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1936	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1937	only	-	Apr	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1938	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Apr	16	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1944	only	-	Sep	17	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	May	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00s	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
+			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 12:00  # Brussels MT
+			0:00	-	WET	1914 Nov  8
+			1:00	-	CET	1916 May  1  0:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Nov 11 11:00u
+			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 20  2:00s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep  3
+			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Bosnia and Herzegovina
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
+
+# Bulgaria
+#
+# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
+# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
+# EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
+# EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Bulg	1980	1982	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Bulg	1980	only	-	Sep	29	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Bulg	1981	only	-	Sep	27	 2:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
+			1:56:56	-	IMT	1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
+			2:00	-	EET	1942 Nov  2  3:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
+			1:00	-	CET	1945 Apr  2  3:00
+			2:00	-	EET	1979 Mar 31 23:00
+			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  3:00
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Croatia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
+
+# Cyprus
+# Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
+
+# Czech Republic
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Czech	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Czech	1947	only	-	Apr	20	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Czech	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
+			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct    # Prague Mean Time
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 17  2:00s
+			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+# Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
+
+# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
+# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
+# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
+# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
+# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
+#
+# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
+# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
+#
+# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
+# in subsequent decrees with the law
+# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
+#
+# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980.  I have
+# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
+# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
+# 1980-09-28 at 02:00.  If this is true, this differs slightly from
+# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00.  We don't know
+# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
+# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
+# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
+# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
+# was suspended on that night):
+# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
+# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
+# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
+# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
+# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	-
+Rule	Denmark	1940	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Aug	15	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	May	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	Sep	 1	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	May	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	May	 9	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	Aug	 8	 2:00s	0	-
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
+			 0:50:20 -	CMT	1894 Jan  1 # Copenhagen MT
+			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2  2:00s
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
+			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1980
+			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
+Zone Atlantic/Faroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
+			 0:00	-	WET	1981
+			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
+# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
+# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
+# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
+# and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
+# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
+# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
+# rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
+# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
+# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
+#
+# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
+# is according to the following time line:
+#
+# The military zone near Thule	UTC-4
+# Standard Greenland time	UTC-3
+# Scoresbysund			UTC-1
+# Danmarkshavn			UTC
+#
+# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
+# introduced.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
+#
+# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
+# the time to clarify the situation in Thule.  Unfortunately, I have
+# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter.  [But I have
+# info from earlier correspondence.]
+#
+# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
+# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
+# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
+#
+# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
+# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
+# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
+# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
+# email.  The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
+# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
+# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
+#
+# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
+# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
+#
+# The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
+# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
+# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
+#
+# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
+# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
+# maintaining traffic in these areas.  However, the official status of
+# this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time.  This area might be
+# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
+# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
+# there at 2:00 AM.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
+# the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
+# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
+# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
+# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
+# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
+
+# From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
+# "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
+# "National Park" by Executive Order:
+# http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
+# It is their only National Park.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Thule	1991	1992	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Thule	1993	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Thule	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
+			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6  2:00
+			-3:00	EU	WG%sT	1996
+			0:00	-	GMT
+Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
+			-2:00	-	CGT	1980 Apr  6  2:00
+			-2:00	C-Eur	CG%sT	1981 Mar 29
+			-1:00	EU	EG%sT
+Zone America/Godthab	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
+			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6  2:00
+			-3:00	EU	WG%sT
+Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
+			-4:00	Thule	A%sT
+
+# Estonia
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+#
+# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
+# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
+# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
+# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
+#
+# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
+# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
+# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
+# "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
+# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
+# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
+# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
+# human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
+# summer time next spring."
+
+# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
+# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
+# http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
+# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
+# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
+#
+# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
+# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
+# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
+
+# From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
+# via Steffen Thorsen:
+# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
+# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
+# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
+# Union are still unclear.  In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
+# for all member states until 2001.  Brussels has yet to decide what to do
+# after that.
+
+# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
+# Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
+# No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
+# the year round.  The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
+
+# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
+# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
+# Now we are using again EU rules.
+#
+# From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
+# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
+			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb    # Tallinn Mean Time
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1919 Jul
+			1:39:00	-	TMT	1921 May
+			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  6
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 15
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 22
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24  2:00s
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998 Sep 22
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	1999 Oct 31  4:00
+			2:00	-	EET	2002 Feb 21
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Finland
+
+# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
+# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
+# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
+
+# From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
+#
+# I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
+# During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
+# earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
+# according to the central European standards.
+#
+# This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
+# Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
+# Finnish) at
+# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
+#
+# Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
+# transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
+#
+# This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
+# http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
+#
+# The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
+# exist tonight."
+
+# From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
+# [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
+# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
+# pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
+# say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
+# 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
+# mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
+# On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
+# Go with Oja over Shanks.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	2	24:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	4	1:00	0	-
+Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Finland	1981	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	3:00	0	-
+
+# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
+# round to nearest.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:49 -	LMT	1878 May 31
+			1:39:49	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
+			2:00	Finland	EE%sT	1983
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Åland Is
+Link	Europe/Helsinki	Europe/Mariehamn
+
+
+# France
+
+# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
+#
+# Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
+# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
+#
+# Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
+# Paris, 1991
+#
+# Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
+# Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
+
+
+#
+# Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	France	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	France	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	France	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
+# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
+# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
+# were Apr 12 and Oct 5.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	France	1922	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	France	1923	only	-	May	26	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1930	only	-	Apr	12	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1933	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
+# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
+# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
+# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
+# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
+# Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
+# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
+# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
+# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
+Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
+# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
+# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
+# who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
+# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
+Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	2:00	M
+Rule	France	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	M
+Rule	France	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	M
+Rule	France	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	M
+Rule	France	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
+# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
+# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
+Rule	France	1976	only	-	Mar	28	 1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	26	 1:00	0	-
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
+# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
+# Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
+# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11  0:01 # Paris MT
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
+			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14 23:00
+# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 25
+			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
+			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Germany
+
+# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
+# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
+# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
+# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
+
+# From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
+# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
+# http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
+# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
+# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
+# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
+# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
+# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
+
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Germany	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
+# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Go with the PTB.
+Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	3:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	M
+Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Jun	29	3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Germany	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Germany	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
+
+Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	May	24	2:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
+Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Sep	24	3:00	1:00	S
+Rule SovietZone	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May 24  2:00
+			1:00 SovietZone	CE%sT	1946
+			1:00	Germany	CE%sT	1980
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
+# Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
+# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
+# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
+# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
+# which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
+#
+# Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
+# http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
+# Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
+
+Link	Europe/Zurich	Europe/Busingen
+
+# Georgia
+# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
+# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
+# is in Europe.  Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
+
+# Gibraltar
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2  0:00s
+			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14  2:00
+			1:00	-	CET	1982
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Greece
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Jul	 7	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
+# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Greece	1941	only	-	Apr	 7	0:00	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Greece	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
+# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Apr	12	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Nov	26	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Oct	10	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Greece	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Greece	1977	only	-	Sep	26	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Greece	1978	only	-	Sep	24	4:00	0	-
+Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Apr	 1	9:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Sep	29	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
+			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28  0:01 # Athens MT
+			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1941 Apr 30
+			1:00	Greece	CE%sT	1944 Apr  4
+			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1981
+			# Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
+			# go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Hungary
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
+# Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
+# Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
+# National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
+# http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
+# This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
+# & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Apr	 1	 3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Apr	15	 3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Nov	24	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Oct	23	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	May	23	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
+			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  8
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
+			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Iceland
+#
+# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
+# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
+#
+# (1993-12-05):
+# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
+# Iceland Almanak.
+#
+# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
+# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
+# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
+# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
+#
+# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
+# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
+# time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
+# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
+#
+# (1993-12-10):
+# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
+# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
+# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
+#	the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
+#	(old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
+# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
+# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
+# might mean something else (???).
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
+# The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
+# http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Iceland	1917	1919	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1917	only	-	Oct	21	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1918	1919	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Mar	19	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1921	only	-	Jun	23	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Oct	29	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1940	1941	-	Nov	Sun>=2	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1941	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=2	 1:00s	1:00	S
+# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
+Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1942	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
+# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
+Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
+# 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
+Rule	Iceland	1949	only	-	Oct	30	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1950	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1967	only	-	Oct	29	 1:00s	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:28	-	LMT	1908
+			-1:00	Iceland	IS%sT	1968 Apr  7  1:00s
+			 0:00	-	GMT
+
+# Italy
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
+# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
+# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
+# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
+# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
+# so record only the time in Rome.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
+# F. Pollastri
+# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
+# http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html
+# ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
+# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
+#
+# year	FP	Shanks&P. (S)	Whitman (W)	Go with:
+# 1916	06-03	06-03 24:00	06-03 00:00	FP & W
+#	09-30	09-30 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
+# 1917	04-01	03-31 24:00	03-31 00:00	FP & S
+#	09-30	09-29 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP & W
+# 1918	03-09	03-09 24:00	03-09 00:00	FP & S
+#	10-06	10-05 24:00	10-06 01:00	FP & W
+# 1919	03-01	03-01 24:00	03-01 00:00	FP & S
+#	10-04	10-04 24:00	10-04 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
+# 1920	03-20	03-20 24:00	03-20 00:00	FP & S
+#	09-18	09-18 24:00	10-01 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
+# 1944	04-02	04-03 02:00			S (see C-Eur)
+#	09-16	10-02 03:00			FP; guess 24:00s
+# 1945	09-14	09-16 24:00			FP; guess 24:00s
+# 1970	05-21	05-31 00:00			S
+#	09-20	09-27 00:00			S
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Mar	10	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Mar	 2	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Mar	21	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Sep	19	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1940	only	-	Jun	15	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Sep	17	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Sep	15	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Mar	17	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Mar	16	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Feb	29	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1966	1968	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1966	1969	-	Sep	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1969	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	May	31	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1971	1972	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1971	only	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1972	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1973	1974	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1974	only	-	May	26	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1975	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1975	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Sep 22
+			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Nov  1  0:00s # Rome Mean
+			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2  2:00s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul
+			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1980
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/Vatican
+Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
+
+# Latvia
+
+# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
+
+# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
+# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
+# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
+# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
+#
+# Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
+# according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
+# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
+# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
+# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
+#
+# Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
+# according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
+# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
+# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
+# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
+#
+# Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
+# according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
+# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
+# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
+# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
+# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward.  The end of
+# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
+# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
+# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
+#
+# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
+# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
+# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
+
+# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
+# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
+# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
+# 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
+# in Latvian for subscribers only).
+
+# From RFE/RL Newsline
+# http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
+# (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
+# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
+# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
+# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
+# clocks one hour in the spring....
+# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
+# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
+# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
+# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
+# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
+# appears that they will not do so....
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+
+# Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:34	-	LMT	1880
+			1:36:34	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15  2:00 # Riga MT
+			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16  3:00 # Latvian ST
+			1:36:34	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1  2:00
+			1:36:34	1:00	LST	1919 May 22  3:00
+			1:36:34	-	RMT	1926 May 11
+			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct 13
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun  2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun  2:00s
+			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT	1997 Jan 21
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2000 Feb 29
+			2:00	-	EET	2001 Jan  2
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Liechtenstein
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
+
+# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
+# http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
+# ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
+# I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
+#    ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
+#    introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland.  From 1943 on
+#    central European time was in force throughout the year.
+#    From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
+#    regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
+
+Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
+
+
+# Lithuania
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
+# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
+# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
+
+# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
+# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
+# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
+
+# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
+# via Steffen Thorsen:
+# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
+# to be valid here starting from October 31,
+# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
+# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
+# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
+# already done by Estonia.
+
+# From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
+# <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
+# Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
+
+# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
+# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
+# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
+# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
+# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
+# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
+# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
+
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
+			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917        # Warsaw Mean Time
+			1:35:36	-	KMT	1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
+			1:00	-	CET	1920 Jul 12
+			2:00	-	EET	1920 Oct  9
+			1:00	-	CET	1940 Aug  3
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 24
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
+			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29  1:00u
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT	1999 Oct 31  1:00u
+			2:00	-	EET	2003 Jan  1
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Luxembourg
+# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Apr	28	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Sep	17	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Oct	 5	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Oct	24	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Oct	26	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Lux	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1924	1928	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Lux	1925	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
+			1:00	Lux	CE%sT	1918 Nov 25
+			0:00	Lux	WE%sT	1929 Oct  6  2:00s
+			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 14  3:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	WE%sT	1944 Sep 18  3:00
+			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Macedonia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
+
+# Malta
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Sep	29	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Apr	21	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Sep	16	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Malta	1975	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Malta	1975	1980	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Malta	1980	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2  0:00s # Valletta
+			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2  2:00s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00s
+			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1973 Mar 31
+			1:00	Malta	CE%sT	1981
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Moldova
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
+# http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
+# ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
+# time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
+# plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
+# adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
+# time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
+# reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
+# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
+# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
+# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
+# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
+# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
+# But [two people] separately reported via
+# Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
+# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
+#
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
+# Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
+# "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
+# to the Winter Time).
+#
+# News (in Russian):
+# http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
+# http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
+#
+# The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
+# is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
+# In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
+# a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
+#
+# (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
+#
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
+# NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
+# As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
+# decision to abolish DST this winter.
+# Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
+# Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
+# News from Moldova (in russian):
+# http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
+
+# From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
+# http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
+# The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
+# 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time.  Also,
+# http://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
+# says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
+# Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Moldova	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1880
+			1:55	-	CMT	1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
+			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
+			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1940 Aug 15
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1941 Jul 17
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 24
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 May  6  2:00
+			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
+# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
+			2:00	Moldova	EE%sT
+
+# Monaco
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
+# more precise 0:09:21.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
+			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
+			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Montenegro
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
+
+# Netherlands
+
+# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
+# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
+
+# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
+# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
+# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
+# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
+# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
+# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
+# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
+# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
+# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
+#
+# (2001-04-08):
+# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
+# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
+# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
+#
+# (2001-04-09):
+# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
+# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
+# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
+# actually followed.
+#
+# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
+# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
+# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
+# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
+# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
+#
+# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
+# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
+# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
+# Amsterdam mean time.
+
+# The data entries before 1945 are taken from
+# http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	NST	# Netherlands Summer Time
+Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	AMT	# Amsterdam Mean Time
+Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Apr	16	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	AMT
+Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Sep	lastMon	2:00s	0	AMT
+Rule	Neth	1922	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1922	1936	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	AMT
+Rule	Neth	1923	only	-	Jun	Fri>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1924	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1925	only	-	Jun	Fri>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
+# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
+# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
+Rule	Neth	1926	1931	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1932	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1933	1936	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Neth	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Neth	1938	1939	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
+#
+# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
+# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:32 -	LMT	1835
+			0:19:32	Neth	%s	1937 Jul  1
+			0:20	Neth	NE%sT	1940 May 16  0:00 # Dutch Time
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
+			1:00	Neth	CE%sT	1977
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Norway
+# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
+# Pottenger.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	May	22	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Norway	1959	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Norway	1959	1965	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Norway	1965	only	-	Apr	25	2:00s	1:00	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895 Jan  1
+			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1940 Aug 10 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
+			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1980
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
+# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
+# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
+# time they were declared as parts of Norway.  Svalbard was declared
+# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
+# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
+# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
+# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>).  The law/regulation
+# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
+# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
+# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
+# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
+# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
+# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
+# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
+# since 1921.  Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
+# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
+# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
+#
+# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
+# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
+# keeping Berlin time.
+#
+# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
+# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
+# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
+# frequent air attacks from Germans.  In 1943 the Americans established a
+# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City".  Possibly
+# the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
+# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
+#
+# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
+# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
+# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>).  The Svalbard FAQ
+# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
+# expelled on 1942-05-14.  However, small parties of Germans did return,
+# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
+# http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
+# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
+# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
+#
+# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
+# for these regions.
+Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
+
+# Poland
+
+# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
+# <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
+# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
+# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
+# Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
+# http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
+# Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
+# He also gives these further references:
+# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
+# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
+Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Apr	14	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Poland	1947	only	-	May	 4	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Poland	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1957	only	-	Jun	 2	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1957	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Poland	1958	only	-	Mar	30	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1959	only	-	May	31	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1959	1961	-	Oct	Sun>=1	1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Poland	1960	only	-	Apr	 3	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1961	1964	-	May	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1962	1964	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
+			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5 # Warsaw Mean Time
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16  3:00
+			2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1922 Jun
+			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23  2:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
+			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1977
+			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT	1988
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Portugal
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
+# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
+# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
+# Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
+# Round the old offset to -0:36:45.  This agrees with Willett but disagrees
+# with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
+# Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
+#
+# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
+# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
+# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
+#
+# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
+# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
+# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
+# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
+# at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
+# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
+# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
+# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
+# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
+# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
+# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Jun	17	23:00	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Nov	 1	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Port	1917	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1917	1921	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1918	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1919	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1920	only	-	Feb	29	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1921	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Port	1931	1932	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Port	1934	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
+Rule	Port	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Port	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1940	only	-	Feb	24	23:00s	1:00	S
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
+Rule	Port	1940	1941	-	Oct	 5	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1941	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Mar	Sat>=8	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Apr	25	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
+Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Aug	15	22:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Oct	Sat>=24	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1943	only	-	Apr	17	22:00s	2:00	M
+Rule	Port	1943	1945	-	Aug	Sat>=25	22:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	M
+Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
+# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
+# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Mar	27	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Sep	25	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1978	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1979	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:45 -	LMT	1884
+			-0:36:45 -	LMT	1912 Jan  1 # Lisbon Mean Time
+			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00
+			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26  1:00
+			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
+			 0:00	W-Eur	WE%sT	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
+			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31  1:00u
+			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
+Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884        # Ponta Delgada
+			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1912 Jan  1 # Horta Mean Time
+			-2:00	Port	AZO%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00  # Azores Time
+			-1:00	Port	AZO%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
+			-1:00	W-Eur	AZO%sT	1992 Sep 27  1:00s
+			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28  1:00u
+			-1:00	EU	AZO%sT
+Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884        # Funchal
+			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1912 Jan  1 # Funchal Mean Time
+			-1:00	Port	MAD%sT	1966 Apr  3  2:00 # Madeira Time
+			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25  1:00s
+			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
+
+# Romania
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
+# Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
+# (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
+# 04:00 local time in fall 1998.  For lack of better info,
+# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
+# the same year as Bulgaria.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Romania	1932	only	-	May	21	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Romania	1932	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Romania	1933	1939	-	Apr	Sun>=2	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	May	27	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
+			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
+			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29  2:00s
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
+			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1994
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1997
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+
+# Russia
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
+# Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
+# (Government document
+# http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
+# in Russian)
+# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
+# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
+# by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
+
+# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
+# Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
+# http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
+# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
+# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
+# changed in September 2011:
+#
+# One source is
+# http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
+# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
+# 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
+#
+# Another source is
+# http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
+# which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
+# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
+# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
+# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
+# does not contain any "effective date" information.
+#
+# Another source is
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
+# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
+# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
+# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
+#
+# The Wikipedia article refers to
+# http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
+# which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
+#
+# Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
+# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
+# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
+# get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
+# Conradi notes).
+#
+# None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
+#
+# Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
+# According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
+# http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
+# the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
+# winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones.  The new
+# regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
+# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
+# Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
+# 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
+# areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
+#
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
+# Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
+# http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
+# http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
+# http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
+# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
+# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
+# are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
+# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
+# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
+#
+# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
+# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
+# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
+# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
+# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
+#
+# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
+# 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
+# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
+# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
+# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
+#
+# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
+# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
+# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
+# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
+#
+# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
+# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
+# News - often false - is spread by word of mouth.  A rumor that it was
+# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
+# the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
+# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
+# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
+# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade.  I start with the
+# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
+# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
+# since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
+# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
+# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
+# with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
+# are covered by each zone.  They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
+# listing.  The region codes listed come from
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
+# and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
+# future stability.  ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
+# divisions where available.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
+# 39	RU-KGD	Kaliningrad Oblast
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
+# confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
+# (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
+# summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
+# 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
+# ...
+# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
+# says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
+# at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
+# Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
+
+Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
+			 2:00	Poland	CE%sT	1946
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	FET	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 2:00	-	EET
+
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
+# Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Europe/Moscow covers...
+# 01	RU-AD	Adygea, Republic of
+# 05	RU-DA	Dagestan, Republic of
+# 06	RU-IN	Ingushetia, Republic of
+# 07	RU-KB	Kabardino-Balkar Republic
+# 08	RU-KL	Kalmykia, Republic of
+# 09	RU-KC	Karachay-Cherkess Republic
+# 10	RU-KR	Karelia, Republic of
+# 11	RU-KO	Komi Republic
+# 12	RU-ME	Mari El Republic
+# 13	RU-MO	Mordovia, Republic of
+# 15	RU-SE	North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
+# 16	RU-TA	Tatarstan, Republic of
+# 20	RU-CE	Chechen Republic
+# 21	RU-CU	Chuvash Republic
+# 23	RU-KDA	Krasnodar Krai
+# 26	RU-STA	Stavropol Krai
+# 29	RU-ARK	Arkhangelsk Oblast
+# 31	RU-BEL	Belgorod Oblast
+# 32	RU-BRY	Bryansk Oblast
+# 33	RU-VLA	Vladimir Oblast
+# 35	RU-VLG	Vologda Oblast
+# 36	RU-VOR	Voronezh Oblast
+# 37	RU-IVA	Ivanovo Oblast
+# 40	RU-KLU	Kaluga Oblast
+# 44	RU-KOS	Kostroma Oblast
+# 46	RU-KRS	Kursk Oblast
+# 47	RU-LEN	Leningrad Oblast
+# 48	RU-LIP	Lipetsk Oblast
+# 50	RU-MOS	Moscow Oblast
+# 51	RU-MUR	Murmansk Oblast
+# 52	RU-NIZ	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
+# 53	RU-NGR	Novgorod Oblast
+# 57	RU-ORL	Oryol Oblast
+# 58	RU-PNZ	Penza Oblast
+# 60	RU-PSK	Pskov Oblast
+# 61	RU-ROS	Rostov Oblast
+# 62	RU-RYA	Ryazan Oblast
+# 67	RU-SMO	Smolensk Oblast
+# 68	RU-TAM	Tambov Oblast
+# 69	RU-TVE	Tver Oblast
+# 71	RU-TUL	Tula Oblast
+# 76	RU-YAR	Yaroslavl Oblast
+# 77	RU-MOW	Moscow
+# 78	RU-SPE	Saint Petersburg
+# 83	RU-NEN	Nenets Autonomous Okrug
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
+# Wikipedia refers to
+# http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
+# http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
+#
+# The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
+# magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
+# the Trud newspaper from February 1982.  The first link provides the
+# same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
+# time belt changes map).
+#
+# The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
+# introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
+# border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
+# Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
+# according to the provided map (colored one).  In addition to that
+# "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
+# belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
+# 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage.  (Komi ASSR was
+# supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
+# hour difference.)  Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
+# is also provided.
+#
+# The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
+# and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
+# moving to summer time on 1982-04-01.  Namely: Dagestan,
+# Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
+# Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
+# krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
+# Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
+# Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
+# district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug.  As a result Evenk Autonomous
+# Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
+# up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
+# time.
+#
+# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
+# attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
+# of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982.  1980-925.txt also adds
+# Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
+# district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okurg.  Probably erroneously.
+#
+# The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
+# Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
+#
+# 12. Udmurtia
+# The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
+# Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
+# Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
+# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
+# implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
+# Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
+#
+# ...
+#
+# All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
+# 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
+# change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
+#
+# There were some exceptions, though.
+# Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
+# Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
+# change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
+# lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
+#
+# And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
+# http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
+# says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
+# 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
+# http://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
+# says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
+# 2 days before the switch.
+#
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
+# chaotic early 1980s in Russia.  It's not clear what these entries
+# should be.  For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
+# time in Moscow.
+
+# From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
+# LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
+# Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
+# LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
+# (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
+# The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
+# Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg.  In 1916 LMT Moscow
+# was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
+# coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
+# 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19.  LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
+# 2:31:19 ...
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
+# Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
+# Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
+# Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
+# Russian and French.  This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
+
+Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:17 -	LMT	1880
+			 2:30:17 -	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
+			 2:31:19 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1  2:00
+			 3:00	Russia	%s	1921 Oct
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
+			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	MSK
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Europe/Simferopol covers...
+# **	****	Crimea, Republic of
+# **	****	Sevastopol
+
+Zone Europe/Simferopol	 2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
+			 2:16	-	SMT	1924 May  2 # Simferopol Mean T
+			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			 3:00	-	MSK	1941 Nov
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Apr 13
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
+			 3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
+			 2:00	-	EET	1992
+# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
+# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
+# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
+# sometime between the 1994 DST switches.  Shanks & Pottenger simply say
+# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right.  For now, guess it
+# changed in May.
+			 2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1994 May
+# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
+			 3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996 Mar 31  0:00s
+			 3:00	1:00	MSD	1996 Oct 27  3:00s
+# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
+# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1997
+			 3:00	-	MSK	1997 Mar lastSun  1:00u
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
+# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
+# http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
+# Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
+# late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
+# and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
+			 2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  2:00
+			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	MSK
+
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Europe/Astrakhan covers:
+# 30	RU-AST	Astrakhan Oblast
+#
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
+# On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
+# Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
+# This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
+
+Zone Europe/Astrakhan	 3:12:12 -	LMT	1924 May
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Europe/Volgograd covers:
+# 34	RU-VGG	Volgograd Oblast
+# 64	RU-SAR	Saratov Oblast
+# The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
+
+Zone Europe/Volgograd	 2:57:40 -	LMT	1920 Jan  3
+			 3:00	-	TSAT	1925 Apr  6 # Tsaritsyn Time
+			 3:00	-	STAT	1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
+			 4:00	-	STAT	1961 Nov 11
+			 4:00	Russia	VOL%sT	1988 Mar 27  2:00s # Volgograd T
+			 3:00	Russia	VOL%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	VOLT	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	MSK
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Europe/Kirov covers:
+# 43	RU-KIR	Kirov Oblast
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+#
+Zone Europe/Kirov	 3:18:48 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  2:00
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	1992 Mar 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Europe/Samara covers...
+# 18	RU-UD	Udmurt Republic
+# 63	RU-SAM	Samara Oblast
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
+Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:20 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  2:00
+			 3:00	-	SAMT	1930 Jun 21 # Samara Time
+			 4:00	-	SAMT	1935 Jan 27
+			 4:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1989 Mar 26  2:00s # Kuybyshev
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1991 Sep 29  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	SAMT	1991 Oct 20  3:00
+			 4:00	Russia	SAM%sT	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	SAM%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	SAMT
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
+# 73	RU-ULY	Ulyanovsk Oblast
+
+# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
+# Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
+# Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
+# 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
+
+Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk	 3:13:36 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1  2:00
+			 3:00	-	+03	1930 Jun 21
+			 4:00	Russia	+04/+05	1989 Mar 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 2:00	Russia	+02/+03	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	+03/+04	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 3:00	-	+03	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 4:00	-	+04
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
+# 02	RU-BA	Bashkortostan, Republic of
+# 90	RU-PER	Perm Krai
+# 45	RU-KGN	Kurgan Oblast
+# 56	RU-ORE	Orenburg Oblast
+# 66	RU-SVE	Sverdlovsk Oblast
+# 72	RU-TYU	Tyumen Oblast
+# 74	RU-CHE	Chelyabinsk Oblast
+# 86	RU-KHM	Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
+# 89	RU-YAN	Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
+#
+# Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
+
+# Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
+# Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
+# The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
+
+Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:33 -	LMT	1916 Jul  3
+			 3:45:05 -	PMT	1919 Jul 15  4:00
+			 4:00	-	SVET	1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
+			 5:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 4:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 5:00	Russia	YEK%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	YEKT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 5:00	-	YEKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Omsk covers...
+# 55	RU-OMS	Omsk Oblast
+
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
+
+Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:30 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
+			 5:00	-	OMST	1930 Jun 21 # Omsk Time
+			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 5:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	OMST	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	OMST
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
+# Asia/Barnaul covers:
+# 04	RU-AL	Altai Republic
+# 22	RU-ALT	Altai Krai
+
+# Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
+# Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
+# http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
+# suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
+# 1995-05-28.
+#
+# http://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
+# has some historical data for Altai Krai:
+# before 1957: west part on UTC+6, east on UTC+7
+# after 1957: UTC+7
+# since 1995: UTC+6
+# http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
+# confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
+# Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
+# by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
+# Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
+# Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
+
+Zone Asia/Barnaul	 5:35:00 -	LMT	1919 Dec 10
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1995 May 28
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	+06	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
+# 54	RU-NVS	Novosibirsk Oblast
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
+# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
+# moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
+# The law was signed yesterday and published today on
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
+
+Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14  6:00
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	+06	2016 Jul 24  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# Asia/Tomsk covers:
+# 70	RU-TOM	Tomsk Oblast
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
+# Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
+
+# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
+# Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
+# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
+# (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
+# / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
+# Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
+# GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
+# belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
+# with time zones in 2011 with different numberings (there was a
+# 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
+
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
+# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
+# This bill was approved in the first reading today.  It moves Tomsk oblast
+# from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
+# 2:00.  The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
+# the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
+# and published to become a law.  Minor changes in the text are to be expected
+# before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
+# recent changes).
+#
+# Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
+# the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
+# http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
+# http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
+# I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
+# bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
+# approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
+# published as a law around 2016-04-26.
+
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
+
+Zone	Asia/Tomsk	 5:39:51 -	LMT	1919 Dec 22
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2002 May  1  3:00
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 6:00	-	+06	2016 May 29  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
+# 42	RU-KEM	Kemerovo Oblast
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
+# Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
+# March 28, 2010:
+# from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
+# to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
+#
+# This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
+# 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
+# time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
+#
+# Russian Government web site (Russian language)
+# http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
+# or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
+# map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
+#
+# Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
+# Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
+# realigning itself with KRAT.
+
+Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk	 5:48:48 -	LMT	1924 May  1
+			 6:00	-	+06	1930 Jun 21
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	+07/+08	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	+06/+07	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	+07
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
+# 17	RU-TY	Tuva Republic
+# 19	RU-KK	Khakassia, Republic of
+# 24	RU-KYA	Krasnoyarsk Krai
+#
+# Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
+# Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
+
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
+
+Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:26 -	LMT	1920 Jan  6
+			 6:00	-	KRAT	1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
+			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 8:00	-	KRAT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 7:00	-	KRAT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Irkutsk covers...
+# 03	RU-BU	Buryatia, Republic of
+# 38	RU-IRK	Irkutsk Oblast
+#
+# Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
+# merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
+
+# Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
+
+Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:05 -	LMT	1880
+			 6:57:05 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
+			 7:00	-	IRKT	1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
+			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			 9:00	-	IRKT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 8:00	-	IRKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Asia/Chita covers...
+# 92	RU-ZAB	Zabaykalsky Krai
+#
+# Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
+# [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
+# Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9.  Effective date will
+# be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
+
+Zone Asia/Chita	 7:33:52 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
+			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			10:00	-	YAKT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 8:00	-	IRKT	2016 Mar 27  2:00
+			 9:00	-	YAKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Yakutsk covers...
+# 28	RU-AMU	Amur Oblast
+#
+# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-02	****	Aldansky District
+# 14-04	****	Amginsky District
+# 14-05	****	Anabarsky District
+# 14-06	****	Bulunsky District
+# 14-07	****	Verkhnevilyuysky District
+# 14-10	****	Vilyuysky District
+# 14-11	****	Gorny District
+# 14-12	****	Zhigansky District
+# 14-13	****	Kobyaysky District
+# 14-14	****	Lensky District
+# 14-15	****	Megino-Kangalassky District
+# 14-16	****	Mirninsky District
+# 14-18	****	Namsky District
+# 14-19	****	Neryungrinsky District
+# 14-21	****	Nyurbinsky District
+# 14-23	****	Olenyoksky District
+# 14-24	****	Olyokminsky District
+# 14-26	****	Suntarsky District
+# 14-27	****	Tattinsky District
+# 14-29	****	Ust-Aldansky District
+# 14-32	****	Khangalassky District
+# 14-33	****	Churapchinsky District
+# 14-34	****	Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
+# Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
+# Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
+
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
+
+Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:58 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
+			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			10:00	-	YAKT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 9:00	-	YAKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Vladivostok covers...
+# 25	RU-PRI	Primorsky Krai
+# 27	RU-KHA	Khabarovsk Krai
+# 79	RU-YEV	Jewish Autonomous Oblast
+#
+# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-09	****	Verkhoyansky District
+# 14-31	****	Ust-Yansky District
+
+# Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
+# Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
+# Go with Byalokoz.
+
+Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:31 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
+			 9:00	-	VLAT	1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
+			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	VLA%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	VLAT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	VLAT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-28	****	Tomponsky District
+# 14-30	****	Ust-Maysky District
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
+# Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
+# in 2011.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
+# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
+# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
+# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
+
+Zone Asia/Khandyga	 9:02:13 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
+			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	2004
+			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	VLAT	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
+			10:00	-	YAKT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			 9:00	-	YAKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Sakhalin covers...
+# 65	RU-SAK	Sakhalin Oblast
+# ...with the exception of:
+# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
+
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
+# Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
+# (2016-03-09):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
+
+# The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
+Zone Asia/Sakhalin	 9:30:48 -	LMT	1905 Aug 23
+			 9:00	-	JCST	1937 Oct  1
+			 9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 25
+			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s # Sakhalin T
+			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1997 Mar lastSun  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	SAKT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	SAKT	2016 Mar 27  2:00s
+			11:00	-	SAKT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
+# Asia/Magadan covers...
+# 49	RU-MAG	Magadan Oblast
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
+# several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
+# the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
+# until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11.  These regions will
+# need their own zone.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
+# ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
+# will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
+#
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
+# ... signed by the President today ...
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
+
+Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			10:00	-	MAGT	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
+			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	MAGT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	MAGT	2016 Apr 24  2:00s
+			11:00	-	MAGT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-01	****	Abyysky District
+# 14-03	****	Allaikhovsky District
+# 14-08	****	Verkhnekolymsky District
+# 14-17	****	Momsky District
+# 14-20	****	Nizhnekolymsky District
+# 14-25	****	Srednekolymsky District
+#
+# ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
+# 65-11	****	Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
+# Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
+# most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
+# 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
+# of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
+# Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
+# Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
+# There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
+# Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
+#
+# Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
+# districts, but have very similar populations.  In fact, Wikipedia currently
+# lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
+# each!  (Yikes!)
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
+# Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
+#
+# Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
+# fluctuated recently.  Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
+# 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
+# recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170.  (See pages 195 and 197 of
+# http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
+# in Russian.)  In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
+# settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
+# Go with Srednekolymsk.
+#
+# Since Magadan Oblast moves to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26, we cannot keep using MAGT
+# as the abbreviation.  Use SRET instead.
+
+Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk	10:14:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			10:00	-	MAGT	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
+			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	MAGT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			11:00	-	SRET	# Srednekolymsk Time
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
+# 14-22	****	Oymyakonsky District
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
+# Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
+# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
+# It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
+# as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
+# Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
+# UTC+12 since at least then, too.
+
+Zone Asia/Ust-Nera	 9:32:54 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
+			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
+			 9:00	Russia	YAKT	1981 Apr  1
+			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	MAGT	2011 Sep 13  0:00s # Decree 725?
+			11:00	-	VLAT	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
+			10:00	-	VLAT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
+# Asia/Kamchatka covers...
+# 91	RU-KAM	Kamchatka Krai
+#
+# Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
+# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
+
+# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
+# Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
+Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1922 Nov 10
+			11:00	-	PETT	1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
+			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	PETT
+
+
+# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
+# Asia/Anadyr covers...
+# 87	RU-CHU	Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
+
+Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			12:00	-	ANAT	1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
+			13:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1982 Apr  1  0:00s
+			12:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1991 Mar 31  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00s
+			12:00	Russia	ANA%sT	2010 Mar 28  2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	ANA%sT	2011 Mar 27  2:00s
+			12:00	-	ANAT
+
+
+# San Marino
+# See Europe/Rome.
+
+# Serbia
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
+			1:00	-	CET	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+# Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
+# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
+# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana	# Slovenia
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica	# Montenegro
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo	# Bosnia and Herzegovina
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje	# Macedonia
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb	# Croatia
+
+# Slovakia
+Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
+
+# Slovenia
+# See Europe/Belgrade.
+
+# Spain
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Spain	1917	only	-	May	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1917	1919	-	Oct	 6	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Oct	 4	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
+# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Spain	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
+# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Mar	22	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1940	only	-	Mar	16	23:00s	1:00	S
+# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
+Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	22:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	22:00s	2:00	M
+Rule	Spain	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	22:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1944	only	-	Oct	10	22:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1945	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1946	only	-	Sep	30	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Apr	Sat>=13	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1976	only	-	Mar	27	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1976	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1977	1978	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
+# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
+Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
+Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule SpainAfrica 1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule SpainAfrica 1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule SpainAfrica 1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
+Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Madrid	-0:14:44 -	LMT	1901 Jan  1  0:00s
+			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1946 Sep 30
+			 1:00	Spain	CE%sT	1979
+			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
+Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1901
+			 0:00	-	WET	1918 May  6 23:00
+			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1918 Oct  7 23:00
+			 0:00	-	WET	1924
+			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1929
+			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT	1984 Mar 16
+			 1:00	-	CET	1986
+			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
+Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
+			-1:00	-	CANT	1946 Sep 30  1:00 # Canaries T
+			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6  0:00s
+			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1980 Sep 28  1:00u
+			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
+# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
+# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
+
+# Sweden
+
+# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
+#
+# The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
+# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
+# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
+# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
+# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm".  The law is dated 1878-05-31.
+#
+# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
+# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time.  Less 12 minutes gives the
+# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
+#
+# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
+# författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
+# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
+# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
+# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
+# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
+# 1899-06-16.  In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
+# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
+#
+# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
+# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
+# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
+# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
+#
+# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
+# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
+# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
+# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
+# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
+# the Sök-button).
+#
+# (2001-05-13):
+#
+# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
+# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
+# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time.  The article also reports that some
+# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
+# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
+# hour before the event took place.
+#
+# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1879 Jan  1
+			1:00:14	-	SET	1900 Jan  1 # Swedish Time
+			1:00	-	CET	1916 May 14 23:00
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Oct  1  1:00
+			1:00	-	CET	1980
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Switzerland
+# From Howse:
+# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
+# and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
+# mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
+# Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
+# Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
+# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+# Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+# Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+
+# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
+# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
+#
+# As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
+# to be wrong. This is now verified.
+#
+# I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
+# government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
+# federal law collection)...
+#
+# DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
+# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
+#
+# DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
+# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
+#
+# There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
+# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
+# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
+# other years are made.
+#
+# Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
+# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
+# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
+# a thing had happened in Switzerland.
+#
+# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
+# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
+# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
+# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
+#
+# The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
+# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       May     Mon>=1  1:00    1:00    S
+# Rule  Swiss   1941    1942    -       Oct     Mon>=1  2:00    0       -
+#
+# The 1940 rules must be deleted.
+#
+# One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
+# most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
+# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
+# the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
+# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
+# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
+#
+# From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
+# The Federal regulations say
+# http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
+# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
+# Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
+
+# From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
+# the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
+# http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
+# clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
+# but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
+# hour before the beginning of service.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
+# Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
+#
+# We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
+# except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12.  This book:
+#
+#	Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
+#	Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
+#	ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
+#
+# suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
+# agree about civil time during the transition.  The timekeeping it gives the
+# most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
+# "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
+# 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
+# (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859).  On p 72 Messerli writes that in
+# practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
+# offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
+# (Google translation).  For now, model this transition as occurring on
+# 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
+# legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Mon>=1	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Mon>=1	2:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
+			0:29:46	-	BMT	1894 Jun    # Bern Mean Time
+			1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Turkey
+
+# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
+# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
+# ... The latest rules are available at:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
+# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
+# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time.  I am not sure
+# what happened before that.  One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
+# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
+# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
+# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
+# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
+# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
+# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
+# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
+# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
+# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
+# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
+# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
+# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
+# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
+# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
+# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
+
+# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
+# According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
+# time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
+# This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
+# http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
+# Turkish:
+# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
+
+# From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
+# The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
+# Turkish Local election....
+# http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
+# ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
+# From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
+# Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
+# I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
+# change delay.  Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
+# The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
+# change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not.  See:
+# Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
+# http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
+# I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
+
+# From Fatih (2015-09-29):
+# It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
+# Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
+# http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
+#
+# From BBC News (2015-10-25):
+# Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
+# government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
+# Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
+# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Oct	25	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
+# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Turkey	1924	only	-	May	13	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1925	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1941	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1947	1950	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1949	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1950	only	-	Apr	19	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	May	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Nov	 4	3:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	5:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1975	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1975	1976	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1976	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1977	only	-	Oct	16	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1979	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1979	1982	-	Oct	Mon>=11	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Jul	31	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Apr	20	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1986	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1991	2006	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1991	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Turkey	1996	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
+			1:56:56	-	IMT	1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
+			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1978 Oct 15
+			3:00	Turkey	TR%sT	1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
+			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	2007
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2011 Mar 27  1:00u
+			2:00	-	EET	2011 Mar 28  1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  1:00u
+			2:00	-	EET	2014 Mar 31  1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT	2015 Oct 25  1:00u
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	2015 Nov  8  1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
+
+# Ukraine
+#
+# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
+# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
+# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
+# regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
+# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
+# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
+# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
+# On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
+# abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
+#
+# Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
+# approval from 266 deputies.
+#
+# Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
+# http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
+#
+# The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
+# http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
+#
+# Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
+# http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
+#
+# From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
+# Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
+# Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
+# time this year after all.
+#
+# From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
+# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
+# (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
+# to Russia) was reverted today:
+# http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
+#
+# Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
+# The law documents themselves are at
+# http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
+
+# From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
+# First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
+#       03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1       Time Zone 3 with DST
+#       07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
+# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
+#
+# They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
+# "summer time" was still in action):
+#       09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
+# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
+#
+# Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
+#       03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1       Time Zone 2 with DST
+#
+# DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
+#       09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0       Time Zone 2, no DST
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
+# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
+# This is an answer.
+#
+# Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
+#       03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1       DST started
+#       09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0       DST ended
+# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
+# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
+# "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
+# "Kiev" is more common in English.
+Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
+			2:02:04	-	KMT	1924 May  2 # Kiev Mean Time
+			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 20
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Nov  6
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 Jul  1  2:00
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29  3:00
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
+# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
+# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
+Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
+			1:00	-	CET	1940
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1944 Oct 26
+			1:00	-	CET	1945 Jun 29
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
+			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
+			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31  3:00
+			2:00	-	EET	1992
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
+# "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
+# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English.  Use the common English
+# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
+# portable Posix file names.
+Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
+			2:20	-	CUT	1924 May  2 # Central Ukraine T
+			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Aug 25
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Oct 25
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1995
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Vatican City
+# See Europe/Rome.
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
+# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
+# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
+#
+# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
+# uses the WE DST rules.  The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
+# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
+# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST).  It also claims that Turkey
+# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
+# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
+
+# ...
+# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
+# From: Tom Hofmann
+# ...
+#
+# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
+# most European countries started DST.  Before that year, only
+# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
+# to own national rules.  In 1981, however, DST started on
+# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
+# years...
+# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
+# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
+# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
+# lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
+#
+# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
+# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
+#
+# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
+# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
+# ...
+
+# ...
+# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
+# From: Dik T. Winter
+# ...
+#
+# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
+# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
+# about DST in Europe.  I was able to find all from about 1969.
+#
+# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
+# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
+# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
+# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March.  And from 1982
+# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
+# the Sov[i]et Union.  In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
+# dates...
+#
+# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
+# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
+# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
+# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
+# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe.  Another note: it is always
+# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
+# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
+# in advance of normal time.
+#
+# ...
+# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
+# ...
+
+# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
+# ...
+# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
+# Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
+# ...
+# Monaco: has same DST as France.
+# ...
diff --git a/tz/factory b/tz/factory
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4304f7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/factory
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# For companies who don't want to put time zone specification in
+# their installation procedures.  When users run date, they'll get the message.
+# Also useful for the "comp.sources" version.
+
+# Zone	NAME	GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT
+Zone	Factory	0	- "Local time zone must be set--see zic manual page"
diff --git a/tz/iso3166.tab b/tz/iso3166.tab
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a8df2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/iso3166.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+# ISO 3166 alpha-2 country codes
+#
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-05-02):
+# This file contains a table of two-letter country codes.  Columns are
+# separated by a single tab.  Lines beginning with '#' are comments.
+# All text uses UTF-8 encoding.  The columns of the table are as follows:
+#
+# 1.  ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code, current as of
+#     ISO 3166-1 Newsletter VI-16 (2013-07-11).  See: Updates on ISO 3166
+#   http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/country_codes/updates_on_iso_3166.htm
+# 2.  The usual English name for the coded region,
+#     chosen so that alphabetic sorting of subsets produces helpful lists.
+#     This is not the same as the English name in the ISO 3166 tables.
+#
+# The table is sorted by country code.
+#
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select time
+# zone data appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not intended
+# to take or endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
+#
+#country-
+#code	name of country, territory, area, or subdivision
+AD	Andorra
+AE	United Arab Emirates
+AF	Afghanistan
+AG	Antigua & Barbuda
+AI	Anguilla
+AL	Albania
+AM	Armenia
+AO	Angola
+AQ	Antarctica
+AR	Argentina
+AS	Samoa (American)
+AT	Austria
+AU	Australia
+AW	Aruba
+AX	Åland Islands
+AZ	Azerbaijan
+BA	Bosnia & Herzegovina
+BB	Barbados
+BD	Bangladesh
+BE	Belgium
+BF	Burkina Faso
+BG	Bulgaria
+BH	Bahrain
+BI	Burundi
+BJ	Benin
+BL	St Barthelemy
+BM	Bermuda
+BN	Brunei
+BO	Bolivia
+BQ	Caribbean NL
+BR	Brazil
+BS	Bahamas
+BT	Bhutan
+BV	Bouvet Island
+BW	Botswana
+BY	Belarus
+BZ	Belize
+CA	Canada
+CC	Cocos (Keeling) Islands
+CD	Congo (Dem. Rep.)
+CF	Central African Rep.
+CG	Congo (Rep.)
+CH	Switzerland
+CI	Côte d'Ivoire
+CK	Cook Islands
+CL	Chile
+CM	Cameroon
+CN	China
+CO	Colombia
+CR	Costa Rica
+CU	Cuba
+CV	Cape Verde
+CW	Curacao
+CX	Christmas Island
+CY	Cyprus
+CZ	Czech Republic
+DE	Germany
+DJ	Djibouti
+DK	Denmark
+DM	Dominica
+DO	Dominican Republic
+DZ	Algeria
+EC	Ecuador
+EE	Estonia
+EG	Egypt
+EH	Western Sahara
+ER	Eritrea
+ES	Spain
+ET	Ethiopia
+FI	Finland
+FJ	Fiji
+FK	Falkland Islands
+FM	Micronesia
+FO	Faroe Islands
+FR	France
+GA	Gabon
+GB	Britain (UK)
+GD	Grenada
+GE	Georgia
+GF	French Guiana
+GG	Guernsey
+GH	Ghana
+GI	Gibraltar
+GL	Greenland
+GM	Gambia
+GN	Guinea
+GP	Guadeloupe
+GQ	Equatorial Guinea
+GR	Greece
+GS	South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands
+GT	Guatemala
+GU	Guam
+GW	Guinea-Bissau
+GY	Guyana
+HK	Hong Kong
+HM	Heard Island & McDonald Islands
+HN	Honduras
+HR	Croatia
+HT	Haiti
+HU	Hungary
+ID	Indonesia
+IE	Ireland
+IL	Israel
+IM	Isle of Man
+IN	India
+IO	British Indian Ocean Territory
+IQ	Iraq
+IR	Iran
+IS	Iceland
+IT	Italy
+JE	Jersey
+JM	Jamaica
+JO	Jordan
+JP	Japan
+KE	Kenya
+KG	Kyrgyzstan
+KH	Cambodia
+KI	Kiribati
+KM	Comoros
+KN	St Kitts & Nevis
+KP	Korea (North)
+KR	Korea (South)
+KW	Kuwait
+KY	Cayman Islands
+KZ	Kazakhstan
+LA	Laos
+LB	Lebanon
+LC	St Lucia
+LI	Liechtenstein
+LK	Sri Lanka
+LR	Liberia
+LS	Lesotho
+LT	Lithuania
+LU	Luxembourg
+LV	Latvia
+LY	Libya
+MA	Morocco
+MC	Monaco
+MD	Moldova
+ME	Montenegro
+MF	St Martin (French)
+MG	Madagascar
+MH	Marshall Islands
+MK	Macedonia
+ML	Mali
+MM	Myanmar (Burma)
+MN	Mongolia
+MO	Macau
+MP	Northern Mariana Islands
+MQ	Martinique
+MR	Mauritania
+MS	Montserrat
+MT	Malta
+MU	Mauritius
+MV	Maldives
+MW	Malawi
+MX	Mexico
+MY	Malaysia
+MZ	Mozambique
+NA	Namibia
+NC	New Caledonia
+NE	Niger
+NF	Norfolk Island
+NG	Nigeria
+NI	Nicaragua
+NL	Netherlands
+NO	Norway
+NP	Nepal
+NR	Nauru
+NU	Niue
+NZ	New Zealand
+OM	Oman
+PA	Panama
+PE	Peru
+PF	French Polynesia
+PG	Papua New Guinea
+PH	Philippines
+PK	Pakistan
+PL	Poland
+PM	St Pierre & Miquelon
+PN	Pitcairn
+PR	Puerto Rico
+PS	Palestine
+PT	Portugal
+PW	Palau
+PY	Paraguay
+QA	Qatar
+RE	Réunion
+RO	Romania
+RS	Serbia
+RU	Russia
+RW	Rwanda
+SA	Saudi Arabia
+SB	Solomon Islands
+SC	Seychelles
+SD	Sudan
+SE	Sweden
+SG	Singapore
+SH	St Helena
+SI	Slovenia
+SJ	Svalbard & Jan Mayen
+SK	Slovakia
+SL	Sierra Leone
+SM	San Marino
+SN	Senegal
+SO	Somalia
+SR	Suriname
+SS	South Sudan
+ST	Sao Tome & Principe
+SV	El Salvador
+SX	St Maarten (Dutch)
+SY	Syria
+SZ	Swaziland
+TC	Turks & Caicos Is
+TD	Chad
+TF	French Southern & Antarctic Lands
+TG	Togo
+TH	Thailand
+TJ	Tajikistan
+TK	Tokelau
+TL	East Timor
+TM	Turkmenistan
+TN	Tunisia
+TO	Tonga
+TR	Turkey
+TT	Trinidad & Tobago
+TV	Tuvalu
+TW	Taiwan
+TZ	Tanzania
+UA	Ukraine
+UG	Uganda
+UM	US minor outlying islands
+US	United States
+UY	Uruguay
+UZ	Uzbekistan
+VA	Vatican City
+VC	St Vincent
+VE	Venezuela
+VG	Virgin Islands (UK)
+VI	Virgin Islands (US)
+VN	Vietnam
+VU	Vanuatu
+WF	Wallis & Futuna
+WS	Samoa (western)
+YE	Yemen
+YT	Mayotte
+ZA	South Africa
+ZM	Zambia
+ZW	Zimbabwe
diff --git a/tz/leap-seconds.list b/tz/leap-seconds.list
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7552796
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/leap-seconds.list
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+#
+#	In the following text, the symbol '#' introduces
+#	a comment, which continues from that symbol until
+#	the end of the line. A plain comment line has a
+#	whitespace character following the comment indicator.
+#	There are also special comment lines defined below.
+#	A special comment will always have a non-whitespace
+#	character in column 2.
+#
+#	A blank line should be ignored.
+#
+#	The following table shows the corrections that must
+#	be applied to compute International Atomic Time (TAI)
+#	from the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) values that
+#	are transmitted by almost all time services.
+#
+#	The first column shows an epoch as a number of seconds
+#	since 1 January 1900, 00:00:00 (1900.0 is also used to
+#	indicate the same epoch.) Both of these time stamp formats
+#	ignore the complexities of the time scales that were
+#	used before the current definition of UTC at the start
+#	of 1972. (See note 3 below.)
+#	The second column shows the number of seconds that
+#	must be added to UTC to compute TAI for any timestamp
+#	at or after that epoch. The value on each line is
+#	valid from the indicated initial instant until the
+#	epoch given on the next one or indefinitely into the
+#	future if there is no next line.
+#	(The comment on each line shows the representation of
+#	the corresponding initial epoch in the usual
+#	day-month-year format. The epoch always begins at
+#	00:00:00 UTC on the indicated day. See Note 5 below.)
+#
+#	Important notes:
+#
+#	1. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is often referred to
+#	as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). The GMT time scale is no
+#	longer used, and the use of GMT to designate UTC is
+#	discouraged.
+#
+#	2. The UTC time scale is realized by many national
+#	laboratories and timing centers. Each laboratory
+#	identifies its realization with its name: Thus
+#	UTC(NIST), UTC(USNO), etc. The differences among
+#	these different realizations are typically on the
+#	order of a few nanoseconds (i.e., 0.000 000 00x s)
+#	and can be ignored for many purposes. These differences
+#	are tabulated in Circular T, which is published monthly
+#	by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures
+#	(BIPM). See www.bipm.org for more information.
+#
+#	3. The current definition of the relationship between UTC
+#	and TAI dates from 1 January 1972. A number of different
+#	time scales were in use before that epoch, and it can be
+#	quite difficult to compute precise timestamps and time
+#	intervals in those "prehistoric" days. For more information,
+#	consult:
+#
+#		The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical
+#		Ephemeris.
+#	or
+#		Terry Quinn, "The BIPM and the Accurate Measurement
+#		of Time," Proc. of the IEEE, Vol. 79, pp. 894-905,
+#		July, 1991.
+#
+#	4. The decision to insert a leap second into UTC is currently
+#	the responsibility of the International Earth Rotation and
+#	Reference Systems Service. (The name was changed from the
+#	International Earth Rotation Service, but the acronym IERS
+#	is still used.)
+#
+#	Leap seconds are announced by the IERS in its Bulletin C.
+#
+#	See www.iers.org for more details.
+#
+#	Every national laboratory and timing center uses the
+#	data from the BIPM and the IERS to construct UTC(lab),
+#	their local realization of UTC.
+#
+#	Although the definition also includes the possibility
+#	of dropping seconds ("negative" leap seconds), this has
+#	never been done and is unlikely to be necessary in the
+#	foreseeable future.
+#
+#	5. If your system keeps time as the number of seconds since
+#	some epoch (e.g., NTP timestamps), then the algorithm for
+#	assigning a UTC time stamp to an event that happens during a positive
+#	leap second is not well defined. The official name of that leap
+#	second is 23:59:60, but there is no way of representing that time
+#	in these systems.
+#	Many systems of this type effectively stop the system clock for
+#	one second during the leap second and use a time that is equivalent
+#	to 23:59:59 UTC twice. For these systems, the corresponding TAI
+#	timestamp would be obtained by advancing to the next entry in the
+#	following table when the time equivalent to 23:59:59 UTC
+#	is used for the second time. Thus the leap second which
+#	occurred on 30 June 1972 at 23:59:59 UTC would have TAI
+#	timestamps computed as follows:
+#
+#	...
+#	30 June 1972 23:59:59 (2287785599, first time):	TAI= UTC + 10 seconds
+#	30 June 1972 23:59:60 (2287785599,second time):	TAI= UTC + 11 seconds
+#	1  July 1972 00:00:00 (2287785600)		TAI= UTC + 11 seconds
+#	...
+#
+#	If your system realizes the leap second by repeating 00:00:00 UTC twice
+#	(this is possible but not usual), then the advance to the next entry
+#	in the table must occur the second time that a time equivalent to
+#	00:00:00 UTC is used. Thus, using the same example as above:
+#
+#	...
+#       30 June 1972 23:59:59 (2287785599):		TAI= UTC + 10 seconds
+#       30 June 1972 23:59:60 (2287785600, first time):	TAI= UTC + 10 seconds
+#       1  July 1972 00:00:00 (2287785600,second time):	TAI= UTC + 11 seconds
+#	...
+#
+#	in both cases the use of timestamps based on TAI produces a smooth
+#	time scale with no discontinuity in the time interval. However,
+#	although the long-term behavior of the time scale is correct in both
+#	methods, the second method is technically not correct because it adds
+#	the extra second to the wrong day.
+#
+#	This complexity would not be needed for negative leap seconds (if they
+#	are ever used). The UTC time would skip 23:59:59 and advance from
+#	23:59:58 to 00:00:00 in that case. The TAI offset would decrease by
+#	1 second at the same instant. This is a much easier situation to deal
+#	with, since the difficulty of unambiguously representing the epoch
+#	during the leap second does not arise.
+#
+#	Some systems implement leap seconds by amortizing the leap second
+#	over the last few minutes of the day. The frequency of the local
+#	clock is decreased (or increased) to realize the positive (or
+#	negative) leap second. This method removes the time step described
+#	above. Although the long-term behavior of the time scale is correct
+#	in this case, this method introduces an error during the adjustment
+#	period both in time and in frequency with respect to the official
+#	definition of UTC.
+#
+#	Questions or comments to:
+#		Judah Levine
+#		Time and Frequency Division
+#		NIST
+#		Boulder, Colorado
+#		Judah.Levine@nist.gov
+#
+#	Last Update of leap second values:   5 January 2015
+#
+#	The following line shows this last update date in NTP timestamp
+#	format. This is the date on which the most recent change to
+#	the leap second data was added to the file. This line can
+#	be identified by the unique pair of characters in the first two
+#	columns as shown below.
+#
+#$	 3629404800
+#
+#	The NTP timestamps are in units of seconds since the NTP epoch,
+#	which is 1 January 1900, 00:00:00. The Modified Julian Day number
+#	corresponding to the NTP time stamp, X, can be computed as
+#
+#	X/86400 + 15020
+#
+#	where the first term converts seconds to days and the second
+#	term adds the MJD corresponding to the time origin defined above.
+#	The integer portion of the result is the integer MJD for that
+#	day, and any remainder is the time of day, expressed as the
+#	fraction of the day since 0 hours UTC. The conversion from day
+#	fraction to seconds or to hours, minutes, and seconds may involve
+#	rounding or truncation, depending on the method used in the
+#	computation.
+#
+#	The data in this file will be updated periodically as new leap
+#	seconds are announced. In addition to being entered on the line
+#	above, the update time (in NTP format) will be added to the basic
+#	file name leap-seconds to form the name leap-seconds.<NTP TIME>.
+#	In addition, the generic name leap-seconds.list will always point to
+#	the most recent version of the file.
+#
+#	This update procedure will be performed only when a new leap second
+#	is announced.
+#
+#	The following entry specifies the expiration date of the data
+#	in this file in units of seconds since the origin at the instant
+#	1 January 1900, 00:00:00. This expiration date will be changed
+#	at least twice per year whether or not a new leap second is
+#	announced. These semi-annual changes will be made no later
+#	than 1 June and 1 December of each year to indicate what
+#	action (if any) is to be taken on 30 June and 31 December,
+#	respectively. (These are the customary effective dates for new
+#	leap seconds.) This expiration date will be identified by a
+#	unique pair of characters in columns 1 and 2 as shown below.
+#	In the unlikely event that a leap second is announced with an
+#	effective date other than 30 June or 31 December, then this
+#	file will be edited to include that leap second as soon as it is
+#	announced or at least one month before the effective date
+#	(whichever is later).
+#	If an announcement by the IERS specifies that no leap second is
+#	scheduled, then only the expiration date of the file will
+#	be advanced to show that the information in the file is still
+#	current -- the update time stamp, the data and the name of the file
+#	will not change.
+#
+#	Updated through IERS Bulletin C51
+#	File expires on:  28 December 2016
+#
+#@	3691872000
+#
+2272060800	10	# 1 Jan 1972
+2287785600	11	# 1 Jul 1972
+2303683200	12	# 1 Jan 1973
+2335219200	13	# 1 Jan 1974
+2366755200	14	# 1 Jan 1975
+2398291200	15	# 1 Jan 1976
+2429913600	16	# 1 Jan 1977
+2461449600	17	# 1 Jan 1978
+2492985600	18	# 1 Jan 1979
+2524521600	19	# 1 Jan 1980
+2571782400	20	# 1 Jul 1981
+2603318400	21	# 1 Jul 1982
+2634854400	22	# 1 Jul 1983
+2698012800	23	# 1 Jul 1985
+2776982400	24	# 1 Jan 1988
+2840140800	25	# 1 Jan 1990
+2871676800	26	# 1 Jan 1991
+2918937600	27	# 1 Jul 1992
+2950473600	28	# 1 Jul 1993
+2982009600	29	# 1 Jul 1994
+3029443200	30	# 1 Jan 1996
+3076704000	31	# 1 Jul 1997
+3124137600	32	# 1 Jan 1999
+3345062400	33	# 1 Jan 2006
+3439756800	34	# 1 Jan 2009
+3550089600	35	# 1 Jul 2012
+3644697600	36	# 1 Jul 2015
+#
+#	the following special comment contains the
+#	hash value of the data in this file computed
+#	use the secure hash algorithm as specified
+#	by FIPS 180-1. See the files in ~/pub/sha for
+#	the details of how this hash value is
+#	computed. Note that the hash computation
+#	ignores comments and whitespace characters
+#	in data lines. It includes the NTP values
+#	of both the last modification time and the
+#	expiration time of the file, but not the
+#	white space on those lines.
+#	the hash line is also ignored in the
+#	computation.
+#
+#h	afc03691 8ff53838 42080ba1 cdd22f1 48192c10
diff --git a/tz/leapseconds.awk b/tz/leapseconds.awk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21fe540
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/leapseconds.awk
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# Generate the 'leapseconds' file from 'leap-seconds.list'.
+
+# This file is in the public domain.
+
+BEGIN {
+  print "# Allowance for leap seconds added to each time zone file."
+  print ""
+  print "# This file is in the public domain."
+  print ""
+  print "# This file is generated automatically from the data in the public-domain"
+  print "# leap-seconds.list file available from most NIST time servers."
+  print "# If the URL <ftp://time.nist.gov/pub/leap-seconds.list> does not work,"
+  print "# you should be able to pick up leap-seconds.list from a secondary NIST server."
+  print "# See <http://tf.nist.gov/tf-cgi/servers.cgi> for a list of secondary servers."
+  print "# For more about leap-seconds.list, please see"
+  print "# The NTP Timescale and Leap Seconds"
+  print "# http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/leap.html"
+  print ""
+  print "# The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service"
+  print "# periodically uses leap seconds to keep UTC to within 0.9 s of UT1"
+  print "# (which measures the true angular orientation of the earth in space); see"
+  print "# Terry J Quinn, The BIPM and the accurate measure of time,"
+  print "# Proc IEEE 79, 7 (July 1991), 894-905 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5.84965>."
+  print "# There were no leap seconds before 1972, because the official mechanism"
+  print "# accounting for the discrepancy between atomic time and the earth's rotation"
+  print "# did not exist until the early 1970s."
+  print ""
+  print "# The correction (+ or -) is made at the given time, so lines"
+  print "# will typically look like:"
+  print "#	Leap	YEAR	MON	DAY	23:59:60	+	R/S"
+  print "# or"
+  print "#	Leap	YEAR	MON	DAY	23:59:59	-	R/S"
+  print ""
+  print "# If the leapsecond is Rolling (R) the given time is local time."
+  print "# If the leapsecond is Stationary (S) the given time is UTC."
+  print ""
+  print "# Leap	YEAR	MONTH	DAY	HH:MM:SS	CORR	R/S"
+}
+
+/^ *$/ { next }
+
+/^#\tUpdated through/ || /^#\tFile expires on:/ {
+    last_lines = last_lines $0 "\n"
+}
+
+/^#/ { next }
+
+{
+    NTP_timestamp = $1
+    TAI_minus_UTC = $2
+    hash_mark = $3
+    one = $4
+    month = $5
+    year = $6
+    if (old_TAI_minus_UTC) {
+	if (old_TAI_minus_UTC < TAI_minus_UTC) {
+	    sign = "23:59:60\t+"
+	} else {
+	    sign = "23:59:59\t-"
+	}
+	if (month == "Jan") {
+	    year--;
+	    month = "Dec";
+	    day = 31
+	} else if (month == "Jul") {
+	    month = "Jun";
+	    day = 30
+	}
+	printf "Leap\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\tS\n", year, month, day, sign
+    }
+    old_TAI_minus_UTC = TAI_minus_UTC
+}
+
+END {
+    printf "\n%s", last_lines
+}
diff --git a/tz/localtime.c b/tz/localtime.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..276ce34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/localtime.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2271 @@
+/*
+** This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+** 1996-06-05 by Arthur David Olson.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Leap second handling from Bradley White.
+** POSIX-style TZ environment variable handling from Guy Harris.
+*/
+
+/*LINTLIBRARY*/
+
+#define LOCALTIME_IMPLEMENTATION
+#include "private.h"
+
+#include "tzfile.h"
+#include "fcntl.h"
+
+#if THREAD_SAFE
+# include <pthread.h>
+static pthread_mutex_t locallock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
+static int lock(void) { return pthread_mutex_lock(&locallock); }
+static void unlock(void) { pthread_mutex_unlock(&locallock); }
+#else
+static int lock(void) { return 0; }
+static void unlock(void) { }
+#endif
+
+/* NETBSD_INSPIRED_EXTERN functions are exported to callers if
+   NETBSD_INSPIRED is defined, and are private otherwise.  */
+#if NETBSD_INSPIRED
+# define NETBSD_INSPIRED_EXTERN
+#else
+# define NETBSD_INSPIRED_EXTERN static
+#endif
+
+#ifndef TZ_ABBR_MAX_LEN
+#define TZ_ABBR_MAX_LEN	16
+#endif /* !defined TZ_ABBR_MAX_LEN */
+
+#ifndef TZ_ABBR_CHAR_SET
+#define TZ_ABBR_CHAR_SET \
+	"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789 :+-._"
+#endif /* !defined TZ_ABBR_CHAR_SET */
+
+#ifndef TZ_ABBR_ERR_CHAR
+#define TZ_ABBR_ERR_CHAR	'_'
+#endif /* !defined TZ_ABBR_ERR_CHAR */
+
+/*
+** SunOS 4.1.1 headers lack O_BINARY.
+*/
+
+#ifdef O_BINARY
+#define OPEN_MODE	(O_RDONLY | O_BINARY)
+#endif /* defined O_BINARY */
+#ifndef O_BINARY
+#define OPEN_MODE	O_RDONLY
+#endif /* !defined O_BINARY */
+
+#ifndef WILDABBR
+/*
+** Someone might make incorrect use of a time zone abbreviation:
+**	1.	They might reference tzname[0] before calling tzset (explicitly
+**		or implicitly).
+**	2.	They might reference tzname[1] before calling tzset (explicitly
+**		or implicitly).
+**	3.	They might reference tzname[1] after setting to a time zone
+**		in which Daylight Saving Time is never observed.
+**	4.	They might reference tzname[0] after setting to a time zone
+**		in which Standard Time is never observed.
+**	5.	They might reference tm.TM_ZONE after calling offtime.
+** What's best to do in the above cases is open to debate;
+** for now, we just set things up so that in any of the five cases
+** WILDABBR is used. Another possibility: initialize tzname[0] to the
+** string "tzname[0] used before set", and similarly for the other cases.
+** And another: initialize tzname[0] to "ERA", with an explanation in the
+** manual page of what this "time zone abbreviation" means (doing this so
+** that tzname[0] has the "normal" length of three characters).
+*/
+#define WILDABBR	"   "
+#endif /* !defined WILDABBR */
+
+static const char	wildabbr[] = WILDABBR;
+
+static const char	gmt[] = "GMT";
+
+/*
+** The DST rules to use if TZ has no rules and we can't load TZDEFRULES.
+** We default to US rules as of 1999-08-17.
+** POSIX 1003.1 section 8.1.1 says that the default DST rules are
+** implementation dependent; for historical reasons, US rules are a
+** common default.
+*/
+#ifndef TZDEFRULESTRING
+#define TZDEFRULESTRING ",M4.1.0,M10.5.0"
+#endif /* !defined TZDEFDST */
+
+struct ttinfo {				/* time type information */
+	int_fast32_t	tt_gmtoff;	/* UT offset in seconds */
+	bool		tt_isdst;	/* used to set tm_isdst */
+	int		tt_abbrind;	/* abbreviation list index */
+	bool		tt_ttisstd;	/* transition is std time */
+	bool		tt_ttisgmt;	/* transition is UT */
+};
+
+struct lsinfo {				/* leap second information */
+	time_t		ls_trans;	/* transition time */
+	int_fast64_t	ls_corr;	/* correction to apply */
+};
+
+#define SMALLEST(a, b)	(((a) < (b)) ? (a) : (b))
+#define BIGGEST(a, b)	(((a) > (b)) ? (a) : (b))
+
+#ifdef TZNAME_MAX
+#define MY_TZNAME_MAX	TZNAME_MAX
+#endif /* defined TZNAME_MAX */
+#ifndef TZNAME_MAX
+#define MY_TZNAME_MAX	255
+#endif /* !defined TZNAME_MAX */
+
+struct state {
+	int		leapcnt;
+	int		timecnt;
+	int		typecnt;
+	int		charcnt;
+	bool		goback;
+	bool		goahead;
+	time_t		ats[TZ_MAX_TIMES];
+	unsigned char	types[TZ_MAX_TIMES];
+	struct ttinfo	ttis[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
+	char		chars[BIGGEST(BIGGEST(TZ_MAX_CHARS + 1, sizeof gmt),
+				(2 * (MY_TZNAME_MAX + 1)))];
+	struct lsinfo	lsis[TZ_MAX_LEAPS];
+	int		defaulttype; /* for early times or if no transitions */
+};
+
+enum r_type {
+  JULIAN_DAY,		/* Jn = Julian day */
+  DAY_OF_YEAR,		/* n = day of year */
+  MONTH_NTH_DAY_OF_WEEK	/* Mm.n.d = month, week, day of week */
+};
+
+struct rule {
+	enum r_type	r_type;		/* type of rule */
+	int		r_day;		/* day number of rule */
+	int		r_week;		/* week number of rule */
+	int		r_mon;		/* month number of rule */
+	int_fast32_t	r_time;		/* transition time of rule */
+};
+
+static struct tm *gmtsub(struct state const *, time_t const *, int_fast32_t,
+			 struct tm *);
+static bool increment_overflow(int *, int);
+static bool increment_overflow_time(time_t *, int_fast32_t);
+static bool normalize_overflow32(int_fast32_t *, int *, int);
+static struct tm *timesub(time_t const *, int_fast32_t, struct state const *,
+			  struct tm *);
+static bool typesequiv(struct state const *, int, int);
+static bool tzparse(char const *, struct state *, bool);
+
+#ifdef ALL_STATE
+static struct state *	lclptr;
+static struct state *	gmtptr;
+#endif /* defined ALL_STATE */
+
+#ifndef ALL_STATE
+static struct state	lclmem;
+static struct state	gmtmem;
+#define lclptr		(&lclmem)
+#define gmtptr		(&gmtmem)
+#endif /* State Farm */
+
+#ifndef TZ_STRLEN_MAX
+#define TZ_STRLEN_MAX 255
+#endif /* !defined TZ_STRLEN_MAX */
+
+static char		lcl_TZname[TZ_STRLEN_MAX + 1];
+static int		lcl_is_set;
+
+/*
+** Section 4.12.3 of X3.159-1989 requires that
+**	Except for the strftime function, these functions [asctime,
+**	ctime, gmtime, localtime] return values in one of two static
+**	objects: a broken-down time structure and an array of char.
+** Thanks to Paul Eggert for noting this.
+*/
+
+static struct tm	tm;
+
+#if !HAVE_POSIX_DECLS
+char *			tzname[2] = {
+	(char *) wildabbr,
+	(char *) wildabbr
+};
+# ifdef USG_COMPAT
+long			timezone;
+int			daylight;
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef ALTZONE
+long			altzone;
+#endif /* defined ALTZONE */
+
+/* Initialize *S to a value based on GMTOFF, ISDST, and ABBRIND.  */
+static void
+init_ttinfo(struct ttinfo *s, int_fast32_t gmtoff, bool isdst, int abbrind)
+{
+  s->tt_gmtoff = gmtoff;
+  s->tt_isdst = isdst;
+  s->tt_abbrind = abbrind;
+  s->tt_ttisstd = false;
+  s->tt_ttisgmt = false;
+}
+
+static int_fast32_t
+detzcode(const char *const codep)
+{
+	register int_fast32_t	result;
+	register int		i;
+	int_fast32_t one = 1;
+	int_fast32_t halfmaxval = one << (32 - 2);
+	int_fast32_t maxval = halfmaxval - 1 + halfmaxval;
+	int_fast32_t minval = -1 - maxval;
+
+	result = codep[0] & 0x7f;
+	for (i = 1; i < 4; ++i)
+		result = (result << 8) | (codep[i] & 0xff);
+
+	if (codep[0] & 0x80) {
+	  /* Do two's-complement negation even on non-two's-complement machines.
+	     If the result would be minval - 1, return minval.  */
+	  result -= !TWOS_COMPLEMENT(int_fast32_t) && result != 0;
+	  result += minval;
+	}
+	return result;
+}
+
+static int_fast64_t
+detzcode64(const char *const codep)
+{
+	register uint_fast64_t result;
+	register int	i;
+	int_fast64_t one = 1;
+	int_fast64_t halfmaxval = one << (64 - 2);
+	int_fast64_t maxval = halfmaxval - 1 + halfmaxval;
+	int_fast64_t minval = -TWOS_COMPLEMENT(int_fast64_t) - maxval;
+
+	result = codep[0] & 0x7f;
+	for (i = 1; i < 8; ++i)
+		result = (result << 8) | (codep[i] & 0xff);
+
+	if (codep[0] & 0x80) {
+	  /* Do two's-complement negation even on non-two's-complement machines.
+	     If the result would be minval - 1, return minval.  */
+	  result -= !TWOS_COMPLEMENT(int_fast64_t) && result != 0;
+	  result += minval;
+	}
+	return result;
+}
+
+static void
+update_tzname_etc(struct state const *sp, struct ttinfo const *ttisp)
+{
+  tzname[ttisp->tt_isdst] = (char *) &sp->chars[ttisp->tt_abbrind];
+#ifdef USG_COMPAT
+  if (!ttisp->tt_isdst)
+    timezone = - ttisp->tt_gmtoff;
+#endif
+#ifdef ALTZONE
+  if (ttisp->tt_isdst)
+    altzone = - ttisp->tt_gmtoff;
+#endif
+}
+
+static void
+settzname(void)
+{
+	register struct state * const	sp = lclptr;
+	register int			i;
+
+	tzname[0] = tzname[1] = (char *) wildabbr;
+#ifdef USG_COMPAT
+	daylight = 0;
+	timezone = 0;
+#endif /* defined USG_COMPAT */
+#ifdef ALTZONE
+	altzone = 0;
+#endif /* defined ALTZONE */
+	if (sp == NULL) {
+		tzname[0] = tzname[1] = (char *) gmt;
+		return;
+	}
+	/*
+	** And to get the latest zone names into tzname. . .
+	*/
+	for (i = 0; i < sp->typecnt; ++i) {
+		register const struct ttinfo * const	ttisp = &sp->ttis[i];
+		update_tzname_etc(sp, ttisp);
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < sp->timecnt; ++i) {
+		register const struct ttinfo * const	ttisp =
+							&sp->ttis[
+								sp->types[i]];
+		update_tzname_etc(sp, ttisp);
+#ifdef USG_COMPAT
+		if (ttisp->tt_isdst)
+			daylight = 1;
+#endif /* defined USG_COMPAT */
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+scrub_abbrs(struct state *sp)
+{
+	int i;
+	/*
+	** First, replace bogus characters.
+	*/
+	for (i = 0; i < sp->charcnt; ++i)
+		if (strchr(TZ_ABBR_CHAR_SET, sp->chars[i]) == NULL)
+			sp->chars[i] = TZ_ABBR_ERR_CHAR;
+	/*
+	** Second, truncate long abbreviations.
+	*/
+	for (i = 0; i < sp->typecnt; ++i) {
+		register const struct ttinfo * const	ttisp = &sp->ttis[i];
+		register char *				cp = &sp->chars[ttisp->tt_abbrind];
+
+		if (strlen(cp) > TZ_ABBR_MAX_LEN &&
+			strcmp(cp, GRANDPARENTED) != 0)
+				*(cp + TZ_ABBR_MAX_LEN) = '\0';
+	}
+}
+
+static bool
+differ_by_repeat(const time_t t1, const time_t t0)
+{
+	if (TYPE_BIT(time_t) - TYPE_SIGNED(time_t) < SECSPERREPEAT_BITS)
+		return 0;
+	return t1 - t0 == SECSPERREPEAT;
+}
+
+/* Input buffer for data read from a compiled tz file.  */
+union input_buffer {
+  /* The first part of the buffer, interpreted as a header.  */
+  struct tzhead tzhead;
+
+  /* The entire buffer.  */
+  char buf[2 * sizeof(struct tzhead) + 2 * sizeof (struct state)
+	   + 4 * TZ_MAX_TIMES];
+};
+
+/* Local storage needed for 'tzloadbody'.  */
+union local_storage {
+  /* The file name to be opened.  */
+  char fullname[FILENAME_MAX + 1];
+
+  /* The results of analyzing the file's contents after it is opened.  */
+  struct {
+    /* The input buffer.  */
+    union input_buffer u;
+
+    /* A temporary state used for parsing a TZ string in the file.  */
+    struct state st;
+  } u;
+};
+
+/* Load tz data from the file named NAME into *SP.  Read extended
+   format if DOEXTEND.  Use *LSP for temporary storage.  Return 0 on
+   success, an errno value on failure.  */
+static int
+tzloadbody(char const *name, struct state *sp, bool doextend,
+	   union local_storage *lsp)
+{
+	register int			i;
+	register int			fid;
+	register int			stored;
+	register ssize_t		nread;
+	register bool doaccess;
+	register char *fullname = lsp->fullname;
+	register union input_buffer *up = &lsp->u.u;
+	register int tzheadsize = sizeof (struct tzhead);
+
+	sp->goback = sp->goahead = false;
+
+	if (! name) {
+		name = TZDEFAULT;
+		if (! name)
+		  return EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	if (name[0] == ':')
+		++name;
+	doaccess = name[0] == '/';
+	if (!doaccess) {
+		char const *p = TZDIR;
+		if (! p)
+		  return EINVAL;
+		if (sizeof lsp->fullname - 1 <= strlen(p) + strlen(name))
+		  return ENAMETOOLONG;
+		strcpy(fullname, p);
+		strcat(fullname, "/");
+		strcat(fullname, name);
+		/* Set doaccess if '.' (as in "../") shows up in name.  */
+		if (strchr(name, '.'))
+			doaccess = true;
+		name = fullname;
+	}
+	if (doaccess && access(name, R_OK) != 0)
+	  return errno;
+	fid = open(name, OPEN_MODE);
+	if (fid < 0)
+	  return errno;
+
+	nread = read(fid, up->buf, sizeof up->buf);
+	if (nread < tzheadsize) {
+	  int err = nread < 0 ? errno : EINVAL;
+	  close(fid);
+	  return err;
+	}
+	if (close(fid) < 0)
+	  return errno;
+	for (stored = 4; stored <= 8; stored *= 2) {
+		int_fast32_t ttisstdcnt = detzcode(up->tzhead.tzh_ttisstdcnt);
+		int_fast32_t ttisgmtcnt = detzcode(up->tzhead.tzh_ttisgmtcnt);
+		int_fast32_t leapcnt = detzcode(up->tzhead.tzh_leapcnt);
+		int_fast32_t timecnt = detzcode(up->tzhead.tzh_timecnt);
+		int_fast32_t typecnt = detzcode(up->tzhead.tzh_typecnt);
+		int_fast32_t charcnt = detzcode(up->tzhead.tzh_charcnt);
+		char const *p = up->buf + tzheadsize;
+		if (! (0 <= leapcnt && leapcnt < TZ_MAX_LEAPS
+		       && 0 < typecnt && typecnt < TZ_MAX_TYPES
+		       && 0 <= timecnt && timecnt < TZ_MAX_TIMES
+		       && 0 <= charcnt && charcnt < TZ_MAX_CHARS
+		       && (ttisstdcnt == typecnt || ttisstdcnt == 0)
+		       && (ttisgmtcnt == typecnt || ttisgmtcnt == 0)))
+		  return EINVAL;
+		if (nread
+		    < (tzheadsize		/* struct tzhead */
+		       + timecnt * stored	/* ats */
+		       + timecnt		/* types */
+		       + typecnt * 6		/* ttinfos */
+		       + charcnt		/* chars */
+		       + leapcnt * (stored + 4)	/* lsinfos */
+		       + ttisstdcnt		/* ttisstds */
+		       + ttisgmtcnt))		/* ttisgmts */
+		  return EINVAL;
+		sp->leapcnt = leapcnt;
+		sp->timecnt = timecnt;
+		sp->typecnt = typecnt;
+		sp->charcnt = charcnt;
+
+		/* Read transitions, discarding those out of time_t range.
+		   But pretend the last transition before time_t_min
+		   occurred at time_t_min.  */
+		timecnt = 0;
+		for (i = 0; i < sp->timecnt; ++i) {
+			int_fast64_t at
+			  = stored == 4 ? detzcode(p) : detzcode64(p);
+			sp->types[i] = at <= time_t_max;
+			if (sp->types[i]) {
+			  time_t attime
+			    = ((TYPE_SIGNED(time_t) ? at < time_t_min : at < 0)
+			       ? time_t_min : at);
+			  if (timecnt && attime <= sp->ats[timecnt - 1]) {
+			    if (attime < sp->ats[timecnt - 1])
+			      return EINVAL;
+			    sp->types[i - 1] = 0;
+			    timecnt--;
+			  }
+			  sp->ats[timecnt++] = attime;
+			}
+			p += stored;
+		}
+
+		timecnt = 0;
+		for (i = 0; i < sp->timecnt; ++i) {
+			unsigned char typ = *p++;
+			if (sp->typecnt <= typ)
+			  return EINVAL;
+			if (sp->types[i])
+				sp->types[timecnt++] = typ;
+		}
+		sp->timecnt = timecnt;
+		for (i = 0; i < sp->typecnt; ++i) {
+			register struct ttinfo *	ttisp;
+			unsigned char isdst, abbrind;
+
+			ttisp = &sp->ttis[i];
+			ttisp->tt_gmtoff = detzcode(p);
+			p += 4;
+			isdst = *p++;
+			if (! (isdst < 2))
+			  return EINVAL;
+			ttisp->tt_isdst = isdst;
+			abbrind = *p++;
+			if (! (abbrind < sp->charcnt))
+			  return EINVAL;
+			ttisp->tt_abbrind = abbrind;
+		}
+		for (i = 0; i < sp->charcnt; ++i)
+			sp->chars[i] = *p++;
+		sp->chars[i] = '\0';	/* ensure '\0' at end */
+
+		/* Read leap seconds, discarding those out of time_t range.  */
+		leapcnt = 0;
+		for (i = 0; i < sp->leapcnt; ++i) {
+		  int_fast64_t tr = stored == 4 ? detzcode(p) : detzcode64(p);
+		  int_fast32_t corr = detzcode(p + stored);
+		  p += stored + 4;
+		  if (tr <= time_t_max) {
+		    time_t trans
+		      = ((TYPE_SIGNED(time_t) ? tr < time_t_min : tr < 0)
+			 ? time_t_min : tr);
+		    if (leapcnt && trans <= sp->lsis[leapcnt - 1].ls_trans) {
+		      if (trans < sp->lsis[leapcnt - 1].ls_trans)
+			return EINVAL;
+		      leapcnt--;
+		    }
+		    sp->lsis[leapcnt].ls_trans = trans;
+		    sp->lsis[leapcnt].ls_corr = corr;
+		    leapcnt++;
+		  }
+		}
+		sp->leapcnt = leapcnt;
+
+		for (i = 0; i < sp->typecnt; ++i) {
+			register struct ttinfo *	ttisp;
+
+			ttisp = &sp->ttis[i];
+			if (ttisstdcnt == 0)
+				ttisp->tt_ttisstd = false;
+			else {
+				if (*p != true && *p != false)
+				  return EINVAL;
+				ttisp->tt_ttisstd = *p++;
+			}
+		}
+		for (i = 0; i < sp->typecnt; ++i) {
+			register struct ttinfo *	ttisp;
+
+			ttisp = &sp->ttis[i];
+			if (ttisgmtcnt == 0)
+				ttisp->tt_ttisgmt = false;
+			else {
+				if (*p != true && *p != false)
+						return EINVAL;
+				ttisp->tt_ttisgmt = *p++;
+			}
+		}
+		/*
+		** If this is an old file, we're done.
+		*/
+		if (up->tzhead.tzh_version[0] == '\0')
+			break;
+		nread -= p - up->buf;
+		memmove(up->buf, p, nread);
+	}
+	if (doextend && nread > 2 &&
+		up->buf[0] == '\n' && up->buf[nread - 1] == '\n' &&
+		sp->typecnt + 2 <= TZ_MAX_TYPES) {
+			struct state	*ts = &lsp->u.st;
+
+			up->buf[nread - 1] = '\0';
+			if (tzparse(&up->buf[1], ts, false)
+			    && ts->typecnt == 2) {
+
+			  /* Attempt to reuse existing abbreviations.
+			     Without this, America/Anchorage would stop
+			     working after 2037 when TZ_MAX_CHARS is 50, as
+			     sp->charcnt equals 42 (for LMT CAT CAWT CAPT AHST
+			     AHDT YST AKDT AKST) and ts->charcnt equals 10
+			     (for AKST AKDT).  Reusing means sp->charcnt can
+			     stay 42 in this example.  */
+			  int gotabbr = 0;
+			  int charcnt = sp->charcnt;
+			  for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+			    char *tsabbr = ts->chars + ts->ttis[i].tt_abbrind;
+			    int j;
+			    for (j = 0; j < charcnt; j++)
+			      if (strcmp(sp->chars + j, tsabbr) == 0) {
+				ts->ttis[i].tt_abbrind = j;
+				gotabbr++;
+				break;
+			      }
+			    if (! (j < charcnt)) {
+			      int tsabbrlen = strlen(tsabbr);
+			      if (j + tsabbrlen < TZ_MAX_CHARS) {
+				strcpy(sp->chars + j, tsabbr);
+				charcnt = j + tsabbrlen + 1;
+				ts->ttis[i].tt_abbrind = j;
+				gotabbr++;
+			      }
+			    }
+			  }
+			  if (gotabbr == 2) {
+			    sp->charcnt = charcnt;
+			    for (i = 0; i < ts->timecnt; i++)
+			      if (sp->ats[sp->timecnt - 1] < ts->ats[i])
+				break;
+			    while (i < ts->timecnt
+				   && sp->timecnt < TZ_MAX_TIMES) {
+			      sp->ats[sp->timecnt] = ts->ats[i];
+			      sp->types[sp->timecnt] = (sp->typecnt
+							+ ts->types[i]);
+			      sp->timecnt++;
+			      i++;
+			    }
+			    sp->ttis[sp->typecnt++] = ts->ttis[0];
+			    sp->ttis[sp->typecnt++] = ts->ttis[1];
+			  }
+			}
+	}
+	if (sp->timecnt > 1) {
+		for (i = 1; i < sp->timecnt; ++i)
+			if (typesequiv(sp, sp->types[i], sp->types[0]) &&
+				differ_by_repeat(sp->ats[i], sp->ats[0])) {
+					sp->goback = true;
+					break;
+				}
+		for (i = sp->timecnt - 2; i >= 0; --i)
+			if (typesequiv(sp, sp->types[sp->timecnt - 1],
+				sp->types[i]) &&
+				differ_by_repeat(sp->ats[sp->timecnt - 1],
+				sp->ats[i])) {
+					sp->goahead = true;
+					break;
+		}
+	}
+	/*
+	** If type 0 is is unused in transitions,
+	** it's the type to use for early times.
+	*/
+	for (i = 0; i < sp->timecnt; ++i)
+		if (sp->types[i] == 0)
+			break;
+	i = i < sp->timecnt ? -1 : 0;
+	/*
+	** Absent the above,
+	** if there are transition times
+	** and the first transition is to a daylight time
+	** find the standard type less than and closest to
+	** the type of the first transition.
+	*/
+	if (i < 0 && sp->timecnt > 0 && sp->ttis[sp->types[0]].tt_isdst) {
+		i = sp->types[0];
+		while (--i >= 0)
+			if (!sp->ttis[i].tt_isdst)
+				break;
+	}
+	/*
+	** If no result yet, find the first standard type.
+	** If there is none, punt to type zero.
+	*/
+	if (i < 0) {
+		i = 0;
+		while (sp->ttis[i].tt_isdst)
+			if (++i >= sp->typecnt) {
+				i = 0;
+				break;
+			}
+	}
+	sp->defaulttype = i;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* Load tz data from the file named NAME into *SP.  Read extended
+   format if DOEXTEND.  Return 0 on success, an errno value on failure.  */
+static int
+tzload(char const *name, struct state *sp, bool doextend)
+{
+#ifdef ALL_STATE
+  union local_storage *lsp = malloc(sizeof *lsp);
+  if (!lsp)
+    return errno;
+  else {
+    int err = tzloadbody(name, sp, doextend, lsp);
+    free(lsp);
+    return err;
+  }
+#else
+  union local_storage ls;
+  return tzloadbody(name, sp, doextend, &ls);
+#endif
+}
+
+static bool
+typesequiv(const struct state *sp, int a, int b)
+{
+	register bool result;
+
+	if (sp == NULL ||
+		a < 0 || a >= sp->typecnt ||
+		b < 0 || b >= sp->typecnt)
+			result = false;
+	else {
+		register const struct ttinfo *	ap = &sp->ttis[a];
+		register const struct ttinfo *	bp = &sp->ttis[b];
+		result = ap->tt_gmtoff == bp->tt_gmtoff &&
+			ap->tt_isdst == bp->tt_isdst &&
+			ap->tt_ttisstd == bp->tt_ttisstd &&
+			ap->tt_ttisgmt == bp->tt_ttisgmt &&
+			strcmp(&sp->chars[ap->tt_abbrind],
+			&sp->chars[bp->tt_abbrind]) == 0;
+	}
+	return result;
+}
+
+static const int	mon_lengths[2][MONSPERYEAR] = {
+	{ 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 },
+	{ 31, 29, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 }
+};
+
+static const int	year_lengths[2] = {
+	DAYSPERNYEAR, DAYSPERLYEAR
+};
+
+/*
+** Given a pointer into a time zone string, scan until a character that is not
+** a valid character in a zone name is found. Return a pointer to that
+** character.
+*/
+
+static const char * ATTRIBUTE_PURE
+getzname(register const char *strp)
+{
+	register char	c;
+
+	while ((c = *strp) != '\0' && !is_digit(c) && c != ',' && c != '-' &&
+		c != '+')
+			++strp;
+	return strp;
+}
+
+/*
+** Given a pointer into an extended time zone string, scan until the ending
+** delimiter of the zone name is located. Return a pointer to the delimiter.
+**
+** As with getzname above, the legal character set is actually quite
+** restricted, with other characters producing undefined results.
+** We don't do any checking here; checking is done later in common-case code.
+*/
+
+static const char * ATTRIBUTE_PURE
+getqzname(register const char *strp, const int delim)
+{
+	register int	c;
+
+	while ((c = *strp) != '\0' && c != delim)
+		++strp;
+	return strp;
+}
+
+/*
+** Given a pointer into a time zone string, extract a number from that string.
+** Check that the number is within a specified range; if it is not, return
+** NULL.
+** Otherwise, return a pointer to the first character not part of the number.
+*/
+
+static const char *
+getnum(register const char *strp, int *const nump, const int min, const int max)
+{
+	register char	c;
+	register int	num;
+
+	if (strp == NULL || !is_digit(c = *strp))
+		return NULL;
+	num = 0;
+	do {
+		num = num * 10 + (c - '0');
+		if (num > max)
+			return NULL;	/* illegal value */
+		c = *++strp;
+	} while (is_digit(c));
+	if (num < min)
+		return NULL;		/* illegal value */
+	*nump = num;
+	return strp;
+}
+
+/*
+** Given a pointer into a time zone string, extract a number of seconds,
+** in hh[:mm[:ss]] form, from the string.
+** If any error occurs, return NULL.
+** Otherwise, return a pointer to the first character not part of the number
+** of seconds.
+*/
+
+static const char *
+getsecs(register const char *strp, int_fast32_t *const secsp)
+{
+	int	num;
+
+	/*
+	** 'HOURSPERDAY * DAYSPERWEEK - 1' allows quasi-Posix rules like
+	** "M10.4.6/26", which does not conform to Posix,
+	** but which specifies the equivalent of
+	** "02:00 on the first Sunday on or after 23 Oct".
+	*/
+	strp = getnum(strp, &num, 0, HOURSPERDAY * DAYSPERWEEK - 1);
+	if (strp == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	*secsp = num * (int_fast32_t) SECSPERHOUR;
+	if (*strp == ':') {
+		++strp;
+		strp = getnum(strp, &num, 0, MINSPERHOUR - 1);
+		if (strp == NULL)
+			return NULL;
+		*secsp += num * SECSPERMIN;
+		if (*strp == ':') {
+			++strp;
+			/* 'SECSPERMIN' allows for leap seconds.  */
+			strp = getnum(strp, &num, 0, SECSPERMIN);
+			if (strp == NULL)
+				return NULL;
+			*secsp += num;
+		}
+	}
+	return strp;
+}
+
+/*
+** Given a pointer into a time zone string, extract an offset, in
+** [+-]hh[:mm[:ss]] form, from the string.
+** If any error occurs, return NULL.
+** Otherwise, return a pointer to the first character not part of the time.
+*/
+
+static const char *
+getoffset(register const char *strp, int_fast32_t *const offsetp)
+{
+	register bool neg = false;
+
+	if (*strp == '-') {
+		neg = true;
+		++strp;
+	} else if (*strp == '+')
+		++strp;
+	strp = getsecs(strp, offsetp);
+	if (strp == NULL)
+		return NULL;		/* illegal time */
+	if (neg)
+		*offsetp = -*offsetp;
+	return strp;
+}
+
+/*
+** Given a pointer into a time zone string, extract a rule in the form
+** date[/time]. See POSIX section 8 for the format of "date" and "time".
+** If a valid rule is not found, return NULL.
+** Otherwise, return a pointer to the first character not part of the rule.
+*/
+
+static const char *
+getrule(const char *strp, register struct rule *const rulep)
+{
+	if (*strp == 'J') {
+		/*
+		** Julian day.
+		*/
+		rulep->r_type = JULIAN_DAY;
+		++strp;
+		strp = getnum(strp, &rulep->r_day, 1, DAYSPERNYEAR);
+	} else if (*strp == 'M') {
+		/*
+		** Month, week, day.
+		*/
+		rulep->r_type = MONTH_NTH_DAY_OF_WEEK;
+		++strp;
+		strp = getnum(strp, &rulep->r_mon, 1, MONSPERYEAR);
+		if (strp == NULL)
+			return NULL;
+		if (*strp++ != '.')
+			return NULL;
+		strp = getnum(strp, &rulep->r_week, 1, 5);
+		if (strp == NULL)
+			return NULL;
+		if (*strp++ != '.')
+			return NULL;
+		strp = getnum(strp, &rulep->r_day, 0, DAYSPERWEEK - 1);
+	} else if (is_digit(*strp)) {
+		/*
+		** Day of year.
+		*/
+		rulep->r_type = DAY_OF_YEAR;
+		strp = getnum(strp, &rulep->r_day, 0, DAYSPERLYEAR - 1);
+	} else	return NULL;		/* invalid format */
+	if (strp == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	if (*strp == '/') {
+		/*
+		** Time specified.
+		*/
+		++strp;
+		strp = getoffset(strp, &rulep->r_time);
+	} else	rulep->r_time = 2 * SECSPERHOUR;	/* default = 2:00:00 */
+	return strp;
+}
+
+/*
+** Given a year, a rule, and the offset from UT at the time that rule takes
+** effect, calculate the year-relative time that rule takes effect.
+*/
+
+static int_fast32_t ATTRIBUTE_PURE
+transtime(const int year, register const struct rule *const rulep,
+	  const int_fast32_t offset)
+{
+	register bool	leapyear;
+	register int_fast32_t value;
+	register int	i;
+	int		d, m1, yy0, yy1, yy2, dow;
+
+	INITIALIZE(value);
+	leapyear = isleap(year);
+	switch (rulep->r_type) {
+
+	case JULIAN_DAY:
+		/*
+		** Jn - Julian day, 1 == January 1, 60 == March 1 even in leap
+		** years.
+		** In non-leap years, or if the day number is 59 or less, just
+		** add SECSPERDAY times the day number-1 to the time of
+		** January 1, midnight, to get the day.
+		*/
+		value = (rulep->r_day - 1) * SECSPERDAY;
+		if (leapyear && rulep->r_day >= 60)
+			value += SECSPERDAY;
+		break;
+
+	case DAY_OF_YEAR:
+		/*
+		** n - day of year.
+		** Just add SECSPERDAY times the day number to the time of
+		** January 1, midnight, to get the day.
+		*/
+		value = rulep->r_day * SECSPERDAY;
+		break;
+
+	case MONTH_NTH_DAY_OF_WEEK:
+		/*
+		** Mm.n.d - nth "dth day" of month m.
+		*/
+
+		/*
+		** Use Zeller's Congruence to get day-of-week of first day of
+		** month.
+		*/
+		m1 = (rulep->r_mon + 9) % 12 + 1;
+		yy0 = (rulep->r_mon <= 2) ? (year - 1) : year;
+		yy1 = yy0 / 100;
+		yy2 = yy0 % 100;
+		dow = ((26 * m1 - 2) / 10 +
+			1 + yy2 + yy2 / 4 + yy1 / 4 - 2 * yy1) % 7;
+		if (dow < 0)
+			dow += DAYSPERWEEK;
+
+		/*
+		** "dow" is the day-of-week of the first day of the month. Get
+		** the day-of-month (zero-origin) of the first "dow" day of the
+		** month.
+		*/
+		d = rulep->r_day - dow;
+		if (d < 0)
+			d += DAYSPERWEEK;
+		for (i = 1; i < rulep->r_week; ++i) {
+			if (d + DAYSPERWEEK >=
+				mon_lengths[leapyear][rulep->r_mon - 1])
+					break;
+			d += DAYSPERWEEK;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		** "d" is the day-of-month (zero-origin) of the day we want.
+		*/
+		value = d * SECSPERDAY;
+		for (i = 0; i < rulep->r_mon - 1; ++i)
+			value += mon_lengths[leapyear][i] * SECSPERDAY;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** "value" is the year-relative time of 00:00:00 UT on the day in
+	** question. To get the year-relative time of the specified local
+	** time on that day, add the transition time and the current offset
+	** from UT.
+	*/
+	return value + rulep->r_time + offset;
+}
+
+/*
+** Given a POSIX section 8-style TZ string, fill in the rule tables as
+** appropriate.
+*/
+
+static bool
+tzparse(const char *name, struct state *sp, bool lastditch)
+{
+	const char *			stdname;
+	const char *			dstname;
+	size_t				stdlen;
+	size_t				dstlen;
+	size_t				charcnt;
+	int_fast32_t			stdoffset;
+	int_fast32_t			dstoffset;
+	register char *			cp;
+	register bool			load_ok;
+
+	stdname = name;
+	if (lastditch) {
+		stdlen = sizeof gmt - 1;
+		name += stdlen;
+		stdoffset = 0;
+	} else {
+		if (*name == '<') {
+			name++;
+			stdname = name;
+			name = getqzname(name, '>');
+			if (*name != '>')
+			  return false;
+			stdlen = name - stdname;
+			name++;
+		} else {
+			name = getzname(name);
+			stdlen = name - stdname;
+		}
+		if (!stdlen)
+		  return false;
+		name = getoffset(name, &stdoffset);
+		if (name == NULL)
+		  return false;
+	}
+	charcnt = stdlen + 1;
+	if (sizeof sp->chars < charcnt)
+	  return false;
+	load_ok = tzload(TZDEFRULES, sp, false) == 0;
+	if (!load_ok)
+		sp->leapcnt = 0;		/* so, we're off a little */
+	if (*name != '\0') {
+		if (*name == '<') {
+			dstname = ++name;
+			name = getqzname(name, '>');
+			if (*name != '>')
+			  return false;
+			dstlen = name - dstname;
+			name++;
+		} else {
+			dstname = name;
+			name = getzname(name);
+			dstlen = name - dstname; /* length of DST zone name */
+		}
+		if (!dstlen)
+		  return false;
+		charcnt += dstlen + 1;
+		if (sizeof sp->chars < charcnt)
+		  return false;
+		if (*name != '\0' && *name != ',' && *name != ';') {
+			name = getoffset(name, &dstoffset);
+			if (name == NULL)
+			  return false;
+		} else	dstoffset = stdoffset - SECSPERHOUR;
+		if (*name == '\0' && !load_ok)
+			name = TZDEFRULESTRING;
+		if (*name == ',' || *name == ';') {
+			struct rule	start;
+			struct rule	end;
+			register int	year;
+			register int	yearlim;
+			register int	timecnt;
+			time_t		janfirst;
+
+			++name;
+			if ((name = getrule(name, &start)) == NULL)
+			  return false;
+			if (*name++ != ',')
+			  return false;
+			if ((name = getrule(name, &end)) == NULL)
+			  return false;
+			if (*name != '\0')
+			  return false;
+			sp->typecnt = 2;	/* standard time and DST */
+			/*
+			** Two transitions per year, from EPOCH_YEAR forward.
+			*/
+			init_ttinfo(&sp->ttis[0], -dstoffset, true, stdlen + 1);
+			init_ttinfo(&sp->ttis[1], -stdoffset, false, 0);
+			sp->defaulttype = 0;
+			timecnt = 0;
+			janfirst = 0;
+			yearlim = EPOCH_YEAR + YEARSPERREPEAT;
+			for (year = EPOCH_YEAR; year < yearlim; year++) {
+				int_fast32_t
+				  starttime = transtime(year, &start, stdoffset),
+				  endtime = transtime(year, &end, dstoffset);
+				int_fast32_t
+				  yearsecs = (year_lengths[isleap(year)]
+					      * SECSPERDAY);
+				bool reversed = endtime < starttime;
+				if (reversed) {
+					int_fast32_t swap = starttime;
+					starttime = endtime;
+					endtime = swap;
+				}
+				if (reversed
+				    || (starttime < endtime
+					&& (endtime - starttime
+					    < (yearsecs
+					       + (stdoffset - dstoffset))))) {
+					if (TZ_MAX_TIMES - 2 < timecnt)
+						break;
+					yearlim = year + YEARSPERREPEAT + 1;
+					sp->ats[timecnt] = janfirst;
+					if (increment_overflow_time
+					    (&sp->ats[timecnt], starttime))
+						break;
+					sp->types[timecnt++] = reversed;
+					sp->ats[timecnt] = janfirst;
+					if (increment_overflow_time
+					    (&sp->ats[timecnt], endtime))
+						break;
+					sp->types[timecnt++] = !reversed;
+				}
+				if (increment_overflow_time(&janfirst, yearsecs))
+					break;
+			}
+			sp->timecnt = timecnt;
+			if (!timecnt)
+				sp->typecnt = 1;	/* Perpetual DST.  */
+		} else {
+			register int_fast32_t	theirstdoffset;
+			register int_fast32_t	theirdstoffset;
+			register int_fast32_t	theiroffset;
+			register bool		isdst;
+			register int		i;
+			register int		j;
+
+			if (*name != '\0')
+			  return false;
+			/*
+			** Initial values of theirstdoffset and theirdstoffset.
+			*/
+			theirstdoffset = 0;
+			for (i = 0; i < sp->timecnt; ++i) {
+				j = sp->types[i];
+				if (!sp->ttis[j].tt_isdst) {
+					theirstdoffset =
+						-sp->ttis[j].tt_gmtoff;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			theirdstoffset = 0;
+			for (i = 0; i < sp->timecnt; ++i) {
+				j = sp->types[i];
+				if (sp->ttis[j].tt_isdst) {
+					theirdstoffset =
+						-sp->ttis[j].tt_gmtoff;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			/*
+			** Initially we're assumed to be in standard time.
+			*/
+			isdst = false;
+			theiroffset = theirstdoffset;
+			/*
+			** Now juggle transition times and types
+			** tracking offsets as you do.
+			*/
+			for (i = 0; i < sp->timecnt; ++i) {
+				j = sp->types[i];
+				sp->types[i] = sp->ttis[j].tt_isdst;
+				if (sp->ttis[j].tt_ttisgmt) {
+					/* No adjustment to transition time */
+				} else {
+					/*
+					** If summer time is in effect, and the
+					** transition time was not specified as
+					** standard time, add the summer time
+					** offset to the transition time;
+					** otherwise, add the standard time
+					** offset to the transition time.
+					*/
+					/*
+					** Transitions from DST to DDST
+					** will effectively disappear since
+					** POSIX provides for only one DST
+					** offset.
+					*/
+					if (isdst && !sp->ttis[j].tt_ttisstd) {
+						sp->ats[i] += dstoffset -
+							theirdstoffset;
+					} else {
+						sp->ats[i] += stdoffset -
+							theirstdoffset;
+					}
+				}
+				theiroffset = -sp->ttis[j].tt_gmtoff;
+				if (sp->ttis[j].tt_isdst)
+					theirdstoffset = theiroffset;
+				else	theirstdoffset = theiroffset;
+			}
+			/*
+			** Finally, fill in ttis.
+			*/
+			init_ttinfo(&sp->ttis[0], -stdoffset, false, 0);
+			init_ttinfo(&sp->ttis[1], -dstoffset, true, stdlen + 1);
+			sp->typecnt = 2;
+			sp->defaulttype = 0;
+		}
+	} else {
+		dstlen = 0;
+		sp->typecnt = 1;		/* only standard time */
+		sp->timecnt = 0;
+		init_ttinfo(&sp->ttis[0], -stdoffset, false, 0);
+		sp->defaulttype = 0;
+	}
+	sp->charcnt = charcnt;
+	cp = sp->chars;
+	memcpy(cp, stdname, stdlen);
+	cp += stdlen;
+	*cp++ = '\0';
+	if (dstlen != 0) {
+		memcpy(cp, dstname, dstlen);
+		*(cp + dstlen) = '\0';
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+static void
+gmtload(struct state *const sp)
+{
+	if (tzload(gmt, sp, true) != 0)
+		tzparse(gmt, sp, true);
+}
+
+/* Initialize *SP to a value appropriate for the TZ setting NAME.
+   Return 0 on success, an errno value on failure.  */
+static int
+zoneinit(struct state *sp, char const *name)
+{
+  if (name && ! name[0]) {
+    /*
+    ** User wants it fast rather than right.
+    */
+    sp->leapcnt = 0;		/* so, we're off a little */
+    sp->timecnt = 0;
+    sp->typecnt = 0;
+    sp->charcnt = 0;
+    sp->goback = sp->goahead = false;
+    init_ttinfo(&sp->ttis[0], 0, false, 0);
+    strcpy(sp->chars, gmt);
+    sp->defaulttype = 0;
+    return 0;
+  } else {
+    int err = tzload(name, sp, true);
+    if (err != 0 && name && name[0] != ':' && tzparse(name, sp, false))
+      err = 0;
+    if (err == 0)
+      scrub_abbrs(sp);
+    return err;
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+tzsetlcl(char const *name)
+{
+  struct state *sp = lclptr;
+  int lcl = name ? strlen(name) < sizeof lcl_TZname : -1;
+  if (lcl < 0
+      ? lcl_is_set < 0
+      : 0 < lcl_is_set && strcmp(lcl_TZname, name) == 0)
+    return;
+#ifdef ALL_STATE
+  if (! sp)
+    lclptr = sp = malloc(sizeof *lclptr);
+#endif /* defined ALL_STATE */
+  if (sp) {
+    if (zoneinit(sp, name) != 0)
+      zoneinit(sp, "");
+    if (0 < lcl)
+      strcpy(lcl_TZname, name);
+  }
+  settzname();
+  lcl_is_set = lcl;
+}
+
+#ifdef STD_INSPIRED
+void
+tzsetwall(void)
+{
+  if (lock() != 0)
+    return;
+  tzsetlcl(NULL);
+  unlock();
+}
+#endif
+
+static void
+tzset_unlocked(void)
+{
+  tzsetlcl(getenv("TZ"));
+}
+
+void
+tzset(void)
+{
+  if (lock() != 0)
+    return;
+  tzset_unlocked();
+  unlock();
+}
+
+static void
+gmtcheck(void)
+{
+  static bool gmt_is_set;
+  if (lock() != 0)
+    return;
+  if (! gmt_is_set) {
+#ifdef ALL_STATE
+    gmtptr = malloc(sizeof *gmtptr);
+#endif
+    if (gmtptr)
+      gmtload(gmtptr);
+    gmt_is_set = true;
+  }
+  unlock();
+}
+
+#if NETBSD_INSPIRED
+
+timezone_t
+tzalloc(char const *name)
+{
+  timezone_t sp = malloc(sizeof *sp);
+  if (sp) {
+    int err = zoneinit(sp, name);
+    if (err != 0) {
+      free(sp);
+      errno = err;
+      return NULL;
+    }
+  }
+  return sp;
+}
+
+void
+tzfree(timezone_t sp)
+{
+  free(sp);
+}
+
+/*
+** NetBSD 6.1.4 has ctime_rz, but omit it because POSIX says ctime and
+** ctime_r are obsolescent and have potential security problems that
+** ctime_rz would share.  Callers can instead use localtime_rz + strftime.
+**
+** NetBSD 6.1.4 has tzgetname, but omit it because it doesn't work
+** in zones with three or more time zone abbreviations.
+** Callers can instead use localtime_rz + strftime.
+*/
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The easy way to behave "as if no library function calls" localtime
+** is to not call it, so we drop its guts into "localsub", which can be
+** freely called. (And no, the PANS doesn't require the above behavior,
+** but it *is* desirable.)
+**
+** If successful and SETNAME is nonzero,
+** set the applicable parts of tzname, timezone and altzone;
+** however, it's OK to omit this step if the time zone is POSIX-compatible,
+** since in that case tzset should have already done this step correctly.
+** SETNAME's type is intfast32_t for compatibility with gmtsub,
+** but it is actually a boolean and its value should be 0 or 1.
+*/
+
+/*ARGSUSED*/
+static struct tm *
+localsub(struct state const *sp, time_t const *timep, int_fast32_t setname,
+	 struct tm *const tmp)
+{
+	register const struct ttinfo *	ttisp;
+	register int			i;
+	register struct tm *		result;
+	const time_t			t = *timep;
+
+	if (sp == NULL) {
+	  /* Don't bother to set tzname etc.; tzset has already done it.  */
+	  return gmtsub(gmtptr, timep, 0, tmp);
+	}
+	if ((sp->goback && t < sp->ats[0]) ||
+		(sp->goahead && t > sp->ats[sp->timecnt - 1])) {
+			time_t			newt = t;
+			register time_t		seconds;
+			register time_t		years;
+
+			if (t < sp->ats[0])
+				seconds = sp->ats[0] - t;
+			else	seconds = t - sp->ats[sp->timecnt - 1];
+			--seconds;
+			years = (seconds / SECSPERREPEAT + 1) * YEARSPERREPEAT;
+			seconds = years * AVGSECSPERYEAR;
+			if (t < sp->ats[0])
+				newt += seconds;
+			else	newt -= seconds;
+			if (newt < sp->ats[0] ||
+				newt > sp->ats[sp->timecnt - 1])
+					return NULL;	/* "cannot happen" */
+			result = localsub(sp, &newt, setname, tmp);
+			if (result) {
+				register int_fast64_t newy;
+
+				newy = result->tm_year;
+				if (t < sp->ats[0])
+					newy -= years;
+				else	newy += years;
+				if (! (INT_MIN <= newy && newy <= INT_MAX))
+					return NULL;
+				result->tm_year = newy;
+			}
+			return result;
+	}
+	if (sp->timecnt == 0 || t < sp->ats[0]) {
+		i = sp->defaulttype;
+	} else {
+		register int	lo = 1;
+		register int	hi = sp->timecnt;
+
+		while (lo < hi) {
+			register int	mid = (lo + hi) >> 1;
+
+			if (t < sp->ats[mid])
+				hi = mid;
+			else	lo = mid + 1;
+		}
+		i = (int) sp->types[lo - 1];
+	}
+	ttisp = &sp->ttis[i];
+	/*
+	** To get (wrong) behavior that's compatible with System V Release 2.0
+	** you'd replace the statement below with
+	**	t += ttisp->tt_gmtoff;
+	**	timesub(&t, 0L, sp, tmp);
+	*/
+	result = timesub(&t, ttisp->tt_gmtoff, sp, tmp);
+	if (result) {
+	  result->tm_isdst = ttisp->tt_isdst;
+#ifdef TM_ZONE
+	  result->TM_ZONE = (char *) &sp->chars[ttisp->tt_abbrind];
+#endif /* defined TM_ZONE */
+	  if (setname)
+	    update_tzname_etc(sp, ttisp);
+	}
+	return result;
+}
+
+#if NETBSD_INSPIRED
+
+struct tm *
+localtime_rz(struct state *sp, time_t const *timep, struct tm *tmp)
+{
+  return localsub(sp, timep, 0, tmp);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+static struct tm *
+localtime_tzset(time_t const *timep, struct tm *tmp, bool setname)
+{
+  int err = lock();
+  if (err) {
+    errno = err;
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  if (setname || !lcl_is_set)
+    tzset_unlocked();
+  tmp = localsub(lclptr, timep, setname, tmp);
+  unlock();
+  return tmp;
+}
+
+struct tm *
+localtime(const time_t *timep)
+{
+  return localtime_tzset(timep, &tm, true);
+}
+
+struct tm *
+localtime_r(const time_t *timep, struct tm *tmp)
+{
+  return localtime_tzset(timep, tmp, false);
+}
+
+/*
+** gmtsub is to gmtime as localsub is to localtime.
+*/
+
+static struct tm *
+gmtsub(struct state const *sp, time_t const *timep, int_fast32_t offset,
+       struct tm *tmp)
+{
+	register struct tm *	result;
+
+	result = timesub(timep, offset, gmtptr, tmp);
+#ifdef TM_ZONE
+	/*
+	** Could get fancy here and deliver something such as
+	** "UT+xxxx" or "UT-xxxx" if offset is non-zero,
+	** but this is no time for a treasure hunt.
+	*/
+	tmp->TM_ZONE = ((char *)
+			(offset ? wildabbr : gmtptr ? gmtptr->chars : gmt));
+#endif /* defined TM_ZONE */
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+* Re-entrant version of gmtime.
+*/
+
+struct tm *
+gmtime_r(const time_t *timep, struct tm *tmp)
+{
+  gmtcheck();
+  return gmtsub(gmtptr, timep, 0, tmp);
+}
+
+struct tm *
+gmtime(const time_t *timep)
+{
+  return gmtime_r(timep, &tm);
+}
+
+#ifdef STD_INSPIRED
+
+struct tm *
+offtime(const time_t *timep, long offset)
+{
+  gmtcheck();
+  return gmtsub(gmtptr, timep, offset, &tm);
+}
+
+#endif /* defined STD_INSPIRED */
+
+/*
+** Return the number of leap years through the end of the given year
+** where, to make the math easy, the answer for year zero is defined as zero.
+*/
+
+static int ATTRIBUTE_PURE
+leaps_thru_end_of(register const int y)
+{
+	return (y >= 0) ? (y / 4 - y / 100 + y / 400) :
+		-(leaps_thru_end_of(-(y + 1)) + 1);
+}
+
+static struct tm *
+timesub(const time_t *timep, int_fast32_t offset,
+	const struct state *sp, struct tm *tmp)
+{
+	register const struct lsinfo *	lp;
+	register time_t			tdays;
+	register int			idays;	/* unsigned would be so 2003 */
+	register int_fast64_t		rem;
+	int				y;
+	register const int *		ip;
+	register int_fast64_t		corr;
+	register bool			hit;
+	register int			i;
+
+	corr = 0;
+	hit = false;
+	i = (sp == NULL) ? 0 : sp->leapcnt;
+	while (--i >= 0) {
+		lp = &sp->lsis[i];
+		if (*timep >= lp->ls_trans) {
+			if (*timep == lp->ls_trans) {
+				hit = ((i == 0 && lp->ls_corr > 0) ||
+					lp->ls_corr > sp->lsis[i - 1].ls_corr);
+				if (hit)
+					while (i > 0 &&
+						sp->lsis[i].ls_trans ==
+						sp->lsis[i - 1].ls_trans + 1 &&
+						sp->lsis[i].ls_corr ==
+						sp->lsis[i - 1].ls_corr + 1) {
+							++hit;
+							--i;
+					}
+			}
+			corr = lp->ls_corr;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	y = EPOCH_YEAR;
+	tdays = *timep / SECSPERDAY;
+	rem = *timep % SECSPERDAY;
+	while (tdays < 0 || tdays >= year_lengths[isleap(y)]) {
+		int		newy;
+		register time_t	tdelta;
+		register int	idelta;
+		register int	leapdays;
+
+		tdelta = tdays / DAYSPERLYEAR;
+		if (! ((! TYPE_SIGNED(time_t) || INT_MIN <= tdelta)
+		       && tdelta <= INT_MAX))
+		  goto out_of_range;
+		idelta = tdelta;
+		if (idelta == 0)
+			idelta = (tdays < 0) ? -1 : 1;
+		newy = y;
+		if (increment_overflow(&newy, idelta))
+		  goto out_of_range;
+		leapdays = leaps_thru_end_of(newy - 1) -
+			leaps_thru_end_of(y - 1);
+		tdays -= ((time_t) newy - y) * DAYSPERNYEAR;
+		tdays -= leapdays;
+		y = newy;
+	}
+	/*
+	** Given the range, we can now fearlessly cast...
+	*/
+	idays = tdays;
+	rem += offset - corr;
+	while (rem < 0) {
+		rem += SECSPERDAY;
+		--idays;
+	}
+	while (rem >= SECSPERDAY) {
+		rem -= SECSPERDAY;
+		++idays;
+	}
+	while (idays < 0) {
+		if (increment_overflow(&y, -1))
+		  goto out_of_range;
+		idays += year_lengths[isleap(y)];
+	}
+	while (idays >= year_lengths[isleap(y)]) {
+		idays -= year_lengths[isleap(y)];
+		if (increment_overflow(&y, 1))
+		  goto out_of_range;
+	}
+	tmp->tm_year = y;
+	if (increment_overflow(&tmp->tm_year, -TM_YEAR_BASE))
+	  goto out_of_range;
+	tmp->tm_yday = idays;
+	/*
+	** The "extra" mods below avoid overflow problems.
+	*/
+	tmp->tm_wday = EPOCH_WDAY +
+		((y - EPOCH_YEAR) % DAYSPERWEEK) *
+		(DAYSPERNYEAR % DAYSPERWEEK) +
+		leaps_thru_end_of(y - 1) -
+		leaps_thru_end_of(EPOCH_YEAR - 1) +
+		idays;
+	tmp->tm_wday %= DAYSPERWEEK;
+	if (tmp->tm_wday < 0)
+		tmp->tm_wday += DAYSPERWEEK;
+	tmp->tm_hour = (int) (rem / SECSPERHOUR);
+	rem %= SECSPERHOUR;
+	tmp->tm_min = (int) (rem / SECSPERMIN);
+	/*
+	** A positive leap second requires a special
+	** representation. This uses "... ??:59:60" et seq.
+	*/
+	tmp->tm_sec = (int) (rem % SECSPERMIN) + hit;
+	ip = mon_lengths[isleap(y)];
+	for (tmp->tm_mon = 0; idays >= ip[tmp->tm_mon]; ++(tmp->tm_mon))
+		idays -= ip[tmp->tm_mon];
+	tmp->tm_mday = (int) (idays + 1);
+	tmp->tm_isdst = 0;
+#ifdef TM_GMTOFF
+	tmp->TM_GMTOFF = offset;
+#endif /* defined TM_GMTOFF */
+	return tmp;
+
+ out_of_range:
+	errno = EOVERFLOW;
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+char *
+ctime(const time_t *timep)
+{
+/*
+** Section 4.12.3.2 of X3.159-1989 requires that
+**	The ctime function converts the calendar time pointed to by timer
+**	to local time in the form of a string. It is equivalent to
+**		asctime(localtime(timer))
+*/
+  struct tm *tmp = localtime(timep);
+  return tmp ? asctime(tmp) : NULL;
+}
+
+char *
+ctime_r(const time_t *timep, char *buf)
+{
+  struct tm mytm;
+  struct tm *tmp = localtime_r(timep, &mytm);
+  return tmp ? asctime_r(tmp, buf) : NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+** Adapted from code provided by Robert Elz, who writes:
+**	The "best" way to do mktime I think is based on an idea of Bob
+**	Kridle's (so its said...) from a long time ago.
+**	It does a binary search of the time_t space. Since time_t's are
+**	just 32 bits, its a max of 32 iterations (even at 64 bits it
+**	would still be very reasonable).
+*/
+
+#ifndef WRONG
+#define WRONG	(-1)
+#endif /* !defined WRONG */
+
+/*
+** Normalize logic courtesy Paul Eggert.
+*/
+
+static bool
+increment_overflow(int *ip, int j)
+{
+	register int const	i = *ip;
+
+	/*
+	** If i >= 0 there can only be overflow if i + j > INT_MAX
+	** or if j > INT_MAX - i; given i >= 0, INT_MAX - i cannot overflow.
+	** If i < 0 there can only be overflow if i + j < INT_MIN
+	** or if j < INT_MIN - i; given i < 0, INT_MIN - i cannot overflow.
+	*/
+	if ((i >= 0) ? (j > INT_MAX - i) : (j < INT_MIN - i))
+		return true;
+	*ip += j;
+	return false;
+}
+
+static bool
+increment_overflow32(int_fast32_t *const lp, int const m)
+{
+	register int_fast32_t const	l = *lp;
+
+	if ((l >= 0) ? (m > INT_FAST32_MAX - l) : (m < INT_FAST32_MIN - l))
+		return true;
+	*lp += m;
+	return false;
+}
+
+static bool
+increment_overflow_time(time_t *tp, int_fast32_t j)
+{
+	/*
+	** This is like
+	** 'if (! (time_t_min <= *tp + j && *tp + j <= time_t_max)) ...',
+	** except that it does the right thing even if *tp + j would overflow.
+	*/
+	if (! (j < 0
+	       ? (TYPE_SIGNED(time_t) ? time_t_min - j <= *tp : -1 - j < *tp)
+	       : *tp <= time_t_max - j))
+		return true;
+	*tp += j;
+	return false;
+}
+
+static bool
+normalize_overflow(int *const tensptr, int *const unitsptr, const int base)
+{
+	register int	tensdelta;
+
+	tensdelta = (*unitsptr >= 0) ?
+		(*unitsptr / base) :
+		(-1 - (-1 - *unitsptr) / base);
+	*unitsptr -= tensdelta * base;
+	return increment_overflow(tensptr, tensdelta);
+}
+
+static bool
+normalize_overflow32(int_fast32_t *tensptr, int *unitsptr, int base)
+{
+	register int	tensdelta;
+
+	tensdelta = (*unitsptr >= 0) ?
+		(*unitsptr / base) :
+		(-1 - (-1 - *unitsptr) / base);
+	*unitsptr -= tensdelta * base;
+	return increment_overflow32(tensptr, tensdelta);
+}
+
+static int
+tmcomp(register const struct tm *const atmp,
+       register const struct tm *const btmp)
+{
+	register int	result;
+
+	if (atmp->tm_year != btmp->tm_year)
+		return atmp->tm_year < btmp->tm_year ? -1 : 1;
+	if ((result = (atmp->tm_mon - btmp->tm_mon)) == 0 &&
+		(result = (atmp->tm_mday - btmp->tm_mday)) == 0 &&
+		(result = (atmp->tm_hour - btmp->tm_hour)) == 0 &&
+		(result = (atmp->tm_min - btmp->tm_min)) == 0)
+			result = atmp->tm_sec - btmp->tm_sec;
+	return result;
+}
+
+static time_t
+time2sub(struct tm *const tmp,
+	 struct tm *(*funcp)(struct state const *, time_t const *,
+			     int_fast32_t, struct tm *),
+	 struct state const *sp,
+	 const int_fast32_t offset,
+	 bool *okayp,
+	 bool do_norm_secs)
+{
+	register int			dir;
+	register int			i, j;
+	register int			saved_seconds;
+	register int_fast32_t		li;
+	register time_t			lo;
+	register time_t			hi;
+	int_fast32_t			y;
+	time_t				newt;
+	time_t				t;
+	struct tm			yourtm, mytm;
+
+	*okayp = false;
+	yourtm = *tmp;
+	if (do_norm_secs) {
+		if (normalize_overflow(&yourtm.tm_min, &yourtm.tm_sec,
+			SECSPERMIN))
+				return WRONG;
+	}
+	if (normalize_overflow(&yourtm.tm_hour, &yourtm.tm_min, MINSPERHOUR))
+		return WRONG;
+	if (normalize_overflow(&yourtm.tm_mday, &yourtm.tm_hour, HOURSPERDAY))
+		return WRONG;
+	y = yourtm.tm_year;
+	if (normalize_overflow32(&y, &yourtm.tm_mon, MONSPERYEAR))
+		return WRONG;
+	/*
+	** Turn y into an actual year number for now.
+	** It is converted back to an offset from TM_YEAR_BASE later.
+	*/
+	if (increment_overflow32(&y, TM_YEAR_BASE))
+		return WRONG;
+	while (yourtm.tm_mday <= 0) {
+		if (increment_overflow32(&y, -1))
+			return WRONG;
+		li = y + (1 < yourtm.tm_mon);
+		yourtm.tm_mday += year_lengths[isleap(li)];
+	}
+	while (yourtm.tm_mday > DAYSPERLYEAR) {
+		li = y + (1 < yourtm.tm_mon);
+		yourtm.tm_mday -= year_lengths[isleap(li)];
+		if (increment_overflow32(&y, 1))
+			return WRONG;
+	}
+	for ( ; ; ) {
+		i = mon_lengths[isleap(y)][yourtm.tm_mon];
+		if (yourtm.tm_mday <= i)
+			break;
+		yourtm.tm_mday -= i;
+		if (++yourtm.tm_mon >= MONSPERYEAR) {
+			yourtm.tm_mon = 0;
+			if (increment_overflow32(&y, 1))
+				return WRONG;
+		}
+	}
+	if (increment_overflow32(&y, -TM_YEAR_BASE))
+		return WRONG;
+	if (! (INT_MIN <= y && y <= INT_MAX))
+		return WRONG;
+	yourtm.tm_year = y;
+	if (yourtm.tm_sec >= 0 && yourtm.tm_sec < SECSPERMIN)
+		saved_seconds = 0;
+	else if (y + TM_YEAR_BASE < EPOCH_YEAR) {
+		/*
+		** We can't set tm_sec to 0, because that might push the
+		** time below the minimum representable time.
+		** Set tm_sec to 59 instead.
+		** This assumes that the minimum representable time is
+		** not in the same minute that a leap second was deleted from,
+		** which is a safer assumption than using 58 would be.
+		*/
+		if (increment_overflow(&yourtm.tm_sec, 1 - SECSPERMIN))
+			return WRONG;
+		saved_seconds = yourtm.tm_sec;
+		yourtm.tm_sec = SECSPERMIN - 1;
+	} else {
+		saved_seconds = yourtm.tm_sec;
+		yourtm.tm_sec = 0;
+	}
+	/*
+	** Do a binary search (this works whatever time_t's type is).
+	*/
+	lo = time_t_min;
+	hi = time_t_max;
+	for ( ; ; ) {
+		t = lo / 2 + hi / 2;
+		if (t < lo)
+			t = lo;
+		else if (t > hi)
+			t = hi;
+		if (! funcp(sp, &t, offset, &mytm)) {
+			/*
+			** Assume that t is too extreme to be represented in
+			** a struct tm; arrange things so that it is less
+			** extreme on the next pass.
+			*/
+			dir = (t > 0) ? 1 : -1;
+		} else	dir = tmcomp(&mytm, &yourtm);
+		if (dir != 0) {
+			if (t == lo) {
+				if (t == time_t_max)
+					return WRONG;
+				++t;
+				++lo;
+			} else if (t == hi) {
+				if (t == time_t_min)
+					return WRONG;
+				--t;
+				--hi;
+			}
+			if (lo > hi)
+				return WRONG;
+			if (dir > 0)
+				hi = t;
+			else	lo = t;
+			continue;
+		}
+#if defined TM_GMTOFF && ! UNINIT_TRAP
+		if (mytm.TM_GMTOFF != yourtm.TM_GMTOFF
+		    && (yourtm.TM_GMTOFF < 0
+			? (-SECSPERDAY <= yourtm.TM_GMTOFF
+			   && (mytm.TM_GMTOFF <=
+			       (SMALLEST (INT_FAST32_MAX, LONG_MAX)
+				+ yourtm.TM_GMTOFF)))
+			: (yourtm.TM_GMTOFF <= SECSPERDAY
+			   && ((BIGGEST (INT_FAST32_MIN, LONG_MIN)
+				+ yourtm.TM_GMTOFF)
+			       <= mytm.TM_GMTOFF)))) {
+		  /* MYTM matches YOURTM except with the wrong UTC offset.
+		     YOURTM.TM_GMTOFF is plausible, so try it instead.
+		     It's OK if YOURTM.TM_GMTOFF contains uninitialized data,
+		     since the guess gets checked.  */
+		  time_t altt = t;
+		  int_fast32_t diff = mytm.TM_GMTOFF - yourtm.TM_GMTOFF;
+		  if (!increment_overflow_time(&altt, diff)) {
+		    struct tm alttm;
+		    if (funcp(sp, &altt, offset, &alttm)
+			&& alttm.tm_isdst == mytm.tm_isdst
+			&& alttm.TM_GMTOFF == yourtm.TM_GMTOFF
+			&& tmcomp(&alttm, &yourtm) == 0) {
+		      t = altt;
+		      mytm = alttm;
+		    }
+		  }
+		}
+#endif
+		if (yourtm.tm_isdst < 0 || mytm.tm_isdst == yourtm.tm_isdst)
+			break;
+		/*
+		** Right time, wrong type.
+		** Hunt for right time, right type.
+		** It's okay to guess wrong since the guess
+		** gets checked.
+		*/
+		if (sp == NULL)
+			return WRONG;
+		for (i = sp->typecnt - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+			if (sp->ttis[i].tt_isdst != yourtm.tm_isdst)
+				continue;
+			for (j = sp->typecnt - 1; j >= 0; --j) {
+				if (sp->ttis[j].tt_isdst == yourtm.tm_isdst)
+					continue;
+				newt = t + sp->ttis[j].tt_gmtoff -
+					sp->ttis[i].tt_gmtoff;
+				if (! funcp(sp, &newt, offset, &mytm))
+					continue;
+				if (tmcomp(&mytm, &yourtm) != 0)
+					continue;
+				if (mytm.tm_isdst != yourtm.tm_isdst)
+					continue;
+				/*
+				** We have a match.
+				*/
+				t = newt;
+				goto label;
+			}
+		}
+		return WRONG;
+	}
+label:
+	newt = t + saved_seconds;
+	if ((newt < t) != (saved_seconds < 0))
+		return WRONG;
+	t = newt;
+	if (funcp(sp, &t, offset, tmp))
+		*okayp = true;
+	return t;
+}
+
+static time_t
+time2(struct tm * const	tmp,
+      struct tm *(*funcp)(struct state const *, time_t const *,
+			  int_fast32_t, struct tm *),
+      struct state const *sp,
+      const int_fast32_t offset,
+      bool *okayp)
+{
+	time_t	t;
+
+	/*
+	** First try without normalization of seconds
+	** (in case tm_sec contains a value associated with a leap second).
+	** If that fails, try with normalization of seconds.
+	*/
+	t = time2sub(tmp, funcp, sp, offset, okayp, false);
+	return *okayp ? t : time2sub(tmp, funcp, sp, offset, okayp, true);
+}
+
+static time_t
+time1(struct tm *const tmp,
+      struct tm *(*funcp) (struct state const *, time_t const *,
+			   int_fast32_t, struct tm *),
+      struct state const *sp,
+      const int_fast32_t offset)
+{
+	register time_t			t;
+	register int			samei, otheri;
+	register int			sameind, otherind;
+	register int			i;
+	register int			nseen;
+	char				seen[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
+	unsigned char			types[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
+	bool				okay;
+
+	if (tmp == NULL) {
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		return WRONG;
+	}
+	if (tmp->tm_isdst > 1)
+		tmp->tm_isdst = 1;
+	t = time2(tmp, funcp, sp, offset, &okay);
+	if (okay)
+		return t;
+	if (tmp->tm_isdst < 0)
+#ifdef PCTS
+		/*
+		** POSIX Conformance Test Suite code courtesy Grant Sullivan.
+		*/
+		tmp->tm_isdst = 0;	/* reset to std and try again */
+#else
+		return t;
+#endif /* !defined PCTS */
+	/*
+	** We're supposed to assume that somebody took a time of one type
+	** and did some math on it that yielded a "struct tm" that's bad.
+	** We try to divine the type they started from and adjust to the
+	** type they need.
+	*/
+	if (sp == NULL)
+		return WRONG;
+	for (i = 0; i < sp->typecnt; ++i)
+		seen[i] = false;
+	nseen = 0;
+	for (i = sp->timecnt - 1; i >= 0; --i)
+		if (!seen[sp->types[i]]) {
+			seen[sp->types[i]] = true;
+			types[nseen++] = sp->types[i];
+		}
+	for (sameind = 0; sameind < nseen; ++sameind) {
+		samei = types[sameind];
+		if (sp->ttis[samei].tt_isdst != tmp->tm_isdst)
+			continue;
+		for (otherind = 0; otherind < nseen; ++otherind) {
+			otheri = types[otherind];
+			if (sp->ttis[otheri].tt_isdst == tmp->tm_isdst)
+				continue;
+			tmp->tm_sec += sp->ttis[otheri].tt_gmtoff -
+					sp->ttis[samei].tt_gmtoff;
+			tmp->tm_isdst = !tmp->tm_isdst;
+			t = time2(tmp, funcp, sp, offset, &okay);
+			if (okay)
+				return t;
+			tmp->tm_sec -= sp->ttis[otheri].tt_gmtoff -
+					sp->ttis[samei].tt_gmtoff;
+			tmp->tm_isdst = !tmp->tm_isdst;
+		}
+	}
+	return WRONG;
+}
+
+static time_t
+mktime_tzname(struct state *sp, struct tm *tmp, bool setname)
+{
+  if (sp)
+    return time1(tmp, localsub, sp, setname);
+  else {
+    gmtcheck();
+    return time1(tmp, gmtsub, gmtptr, 0);
+  }
+}
+
+#if NETBSD_INSPIRED
+
+time_t
+mktime_z(struct state *sp, struct tm *tmp)
+{
+  return mktime_tzname(sp, tmp, false);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+time_t
+mktime(struct tm *tmp)
+{
+  time_t t;
+  int err = lock();
+  if (err) {
+    errno = err;
+    return -1;
+  }
+  tzset_unlocked();
+  t = mktime_tzname(lclptr, tmp, true);
+  unlock();
+  return t;
+}
+
+#ifdef STD_INSPIRED
+
+time_t
+timelocal(struct tm *tmp)
+{
+	if (tmp != NULL)
+		tmp->tm_isdst = -1;	/* in case it wasn't initialized */
+	return mktime(tmp);
+}
+
+time_t
+timegm(struct tm *tmp)
+{
+  return timeoff(tmp, 0);
+}
+
+time_t
+timeoff(struct tm *tmp, long offset)
+{
+  if (tmp)
+    tmp->tm_isdst = 0;
+  gmtcheck();
+  return time1(tmp, gmtsub, gmtptr, offset);
+}
+
+#endif /* defined STD_INSPIRED */
+
+/*
+** XXX--is the below the right way to conditionalize??
+*/
+
+#ifdef STD_INSPIRED
+
+/*
+** IEEE Std 1003.1-1988 (POSIX) legislates that 536457599
+** shall correspond to "Wed Dec 31 23:59:59 UTC 1986", which
+** is not the case if we are accounting for leap seconds.
+** So, we provide the following conversion routines for use
+** when exchanging timestamps with POSIX conforming systems.
+*/
+
+static int_fast64_t
+leapcorr(struct state const *sp, time_t t)
+{
+	register struct lsinfo const *	lp;
+	register int			i;
+
+	i = sp->leapcnt;
+	while (--i >= 0) {
+		lp = &sp->lsis[i];
+		if (t >= lp->ls_trans)
+			return lp->ls_corr;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+NETBSD_INSPIRED_EXTERN time_t ATTRIBUTE_PURE
+time2posix_z(struct state *sp, time_t t)
+{
+  return t - leapcorr(sp, t);
+}
+
+time_t
+time2posix(time_t t)
+{
+  int err = lock();
+  if (err) {
+    errno = err;
+    return -1;
+  }
+  if (!lcl_is_set)
+    tzset_unlocked();
+  if (lclptr)
+    t = time2posix_z(lclptr, t);
+  unlock();
+  return t;
+}
+
+NETBSD_INSPIRED_EXTERN time_t ATTRIBUTE_PURE
+posix2time_z(struct state *sp, time_t t)
+{
+	time_t	x;
+	time_t	y;
+	/*
+	** For a positive leap second hit, the result
+	** is not unique. For a negative leap second
+	** hit, the corresponding time doesn't exist,
+	** so we return an adjacent second.
+	*/
+	x = t + leapcorr(sp, t);
+	y = x - leapcorr(sp, x);
+	if (y < t) {
+		do {
+			x++;
+			y = x - leapcorr(sp, x);
+		} while (y < t);
+		x -= y != t;
+	} else if (y > t) {
+		do {
+			--x;
+			y = x - leapcorr(sp, x);
+		} while (y > t);
+		x += y != t;
+	}
+	return x;
+}
+
+time_t
+posix2time(time_t t)
+{
+  int err = lock();
+  if (err) {
+    errno = err;
+    return -1;
+  }
+  if (!lcl_is_set)
+    tzset_unlocked();
+  if (lclptr)
+    t = posix2time_z(lclptr, t);
+  unlock();
+  return t;
+}
+
+#endif /* defined STD_INSPIRED */
+
+#ifdef time_tz
+
+/* Convert from the underlying system's time_t to the ersatz time_tz,
+   which is called 'time_t' in this file.  */
+
+time_t
+time(time_t *p)
+{
+  time_t r = sys_time(0);
+  if (p)
+    *p = r;
+  return r;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/tz/newctime.3 b/tz/newctime.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6667e0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/newctime.3
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+.TH NEWCTIME 3
+.SH NAME
+asctime, ctime, difftime, gmtime, localtime, mktime \- convert date and time
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.nf
+.ie \n(.g .ds - \f(CW-\fP
+.el ds - \-
+.B #include <time.h>
+.PP
+.B extern char *tzname[2];
+.PP
+.B char *ctime(time_t const *clock);
+.PP
+.B char *ctime_r(time_t const *clock, char *buf);
+.PP
+.B double difftime(time_t time1, time_t time0);
+.PP
+.B char *asctime(struct tm const *tm);
+.PP
+.B "char *asctime_r(struct tm const *restrict tm,"
+.B "    char *restrict result);"
+.PP
+.B struct tm *localtime(time_t const *clock);
+.PP
+.B "struct tm *localtime_r(time_t const *restrict clock,"
+.B "    struct tm *restrict result);"
+.PP
+.B "struct tm *localtime_rz(timezone_t restrict zone,"
+.B "    time_t const *restrict clock,"
+.B "    struct tm *restrict result);"
+.PP
+.B struct tm *gmtime(time_t const *clock);
+.PP
+.B "struct tm *gmtime_r(time_t const *restrict clock,"
+.B "    struct tm *restrict result);"
+.PP
+.B time_t mktime(struct tm *tm);
+.PP
+.B "time_t mktime_z(timezone_t restrict zone,"
+.B "    struct tm *restrict tm);"
+.PP
+.B cc ... \*-ltz
+.fi
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.ie '\(en'' .ds en \-
+.el .ds en \(en
+.ie '\(lq'' .ds lq \&"\"
+.el .ds lq \(lq\"
+.ie '\(rq'' .ds rq \&"\"
+.el .ds rq \(rq\"
+.de q
+\\$3\*(lq\\$1\*(rq\\$2
+..
+.I Ctime
+converts a long integer, pointed to by
+.IR clock ,
+and returns a pointer to a
+string of the form
+.br
+.ce
+.eo
+Thu Nov 24 18:22:48 1986\n\0
+.br
+.ec
+Years requiring fewer than four characters are padded with leading zeroes.
+For years longer than four characters, the string is of the form
+.br
+.ce
+.eo
+Thu Nov 24 18:22:48     81986\n\0
+.ec
+.br
+with five spaces before the year.
+These unusual formats are designed to make it less likely that older
+software that expects exactly 26 bytes of output will mistakenly output
+misleading values for out-of-range years.
+.PP
+The
+.BI * clock
+time stamp represents the time in seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00
+Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
+The POSIX standard says that time stamps must be nonnegative
+and must ignore leap seconds.
+Many implementations extend POSIX by allowing negative time stamps,
+and can therefore represent time stamps that predate the
+introduction of UTC and are some other flavor of Universal Time (UT).
+Some implementations support leap seconds, in contradiction to POSIX.
+.PP
+.I Localtime
+and
+.I gmtime
+return pointers to
+.q "tm"
+structures, described below.
+.I Localtime
+corrects for the time zone and any time zone adjustments
+(such as Daylight Saving Time in the United States).
+After filling in the
+.q "tm"
+structure,
+.I localtime
+sets the
+.BR tm_isdst 'th
+element of
+.B tzname
+to a pointer to a string that's the time zone abbreviation to be used with
+.IR localtime 's
+return value.
+.PP
+.I Gmtime
+converts to Coordinated Universal Time.
+.PP
+.I Asctime
+converts a time value contained in a
+.q "tm"
+structure to a string,
+as shown in the above example,
+and returns a pointer to the string.
+.PP
+.I Mktime
+converts the broken-down time,
+expressed as local time,
+in the structure pointed to by
+.I tm
+into a calendar time value with the same encoding as that of the values
+returned by the
+.I time
+function.
+The original values of the
+.B tm_wday
+and
+.B tm_yday
+components of the structure are ignored,
+and the original values of the other components are not restricted
+to their normal ranges.
+(A positive or zero value for
+.B tm_isdst
+causes
+.I mktime
+to presume initially that summer time (for example, Daylight Saving Time
+in the U.S.A.)
+respectively,
+is or is not in effect for the specified time.
+A negative value for
+.B tm_isdst
+causes the
+.I mktime
+function to attempt to divine whether summer time is in effect
+for the specified time; in this case it does not use a consistent
+rule and may give a different answer when later
+presented with the same argument.)
+On successful completion, the values of the
+.B tm_wday
+and
+.B tm_yday
+components of the structure are set appropriately,
+and the other components are set to represent the specified calendar time,
+but with their values forced to their normal ranges; the final value of
+.B tm_mday
+is not set until
+.B tm_mon
+and
+.B tm_year
+are determined.
+.I Mktime
+returns the specified calendar time;
+If the calendar time cannot be represented,
+it returns \-1.
+.PP
+.I Difftime
+returns the difference between two calendar times,
+.RI ( time1
+\-
+.IR time0 ),
+expressed in seconds.
+.PP
+.IR Ctime_r ,
+.IR localtime_r ,
+.IR gmtime_r ,
+and
+.I asctime_r
+are like their unsuffixed counterparts, except that they accept an
+additional argument specifying where to store the result if successful.
+.PP
+.IR Localtime_rz
+and
+.I mktime_z
+are like their unsuffixed counterparts, except that they accept an
+extra initial
+.B zone
+argument specifying the time zone to be used for conversion.
+If
+.B zone
+is null, UTC is used; otherwise,
+.B zone
+should be have been allocated by
+.I tzalloc
+and should not be freed until after all uses (e.g., by calls to
+.IR strftime )
+of the filled-in
+.B tm_zone
+fields.
+.PP
+Declarations of all the functions and externals, and the
+.q "tm"
+structure,
+are in the
+.B <time.h>
+header file.
+The structure (of type)
+.B struct tm
+includes the following fields:
+.RS
+.PP
+.nf
+.ta .5i +\w'long tm_gmtoff;\0\0'u
+	int tm_sec;	/\(** seconds (0\*(en60) \(**/
+	int tm_min;	/\(** minutes (0\*(en59) \(**/
+	int tm_hour;	/\(** hours (0\*(en23) \(**/
+	int tm_mday;	/\(** day of month (1\*(en31) \(**/
+	int tm_mon;	/\(** month of year (0\*(en11) \(**/
+	int tm_year;	/\(** year \- 1900 \(**/
+	int tm_wday;	/\(** day of week (Sunday = 0) \(**/
+	int tm_yday;	/\(** day of year (0\*(en365) \(**/
+	int tm_isdst;	/\(** is summer time in effect? \(**/
+	char \(**tm_zone;	/\(** abbreviation of time zone name \(**/
+	long tm_gmtoff;	/\(** offset from UT in seconds \(**/
+.fi
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+.I tm_zone
+and
+.I tm_gmtoff
+fields exist, and are filled in, only if arrangements to do
+so were made when the library containing these functions was
+created.
+There is no guarantee that these fields will continue to exist
+in this form in future releases of this code.
+.PP
+.I Tm_isdst
+is non-zero if summer time is in effect.
+.PP
+.I Tm_gmtoff
+is the offset (in seconds) of the time represented
+from UT, with positive values indicating east
+of the Prime Meridian.
+The field's name is derived from Greenwich Mean Time, a precursor of UT.
+.SH FILES
+.ta \w'/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo/posixrules\0\0'u
+/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo	time zone information directory
+.br
+/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo/localtime	local time zone file
+.br
+/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo/posixrules	used with POSIX-style TZ's
+.br
+/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo/GMT	for UTC leap seconds
+.sp
+If
+.B /usr/local/etc/zoneinfo/GMT
+is absent,
+UTC leap seconds are loaded from
+.BR /usr/local/etc/zoneinfo/posixrules .
+.SH SEE ALSO
+getenv(3),
+newstrftime(3),
+newtzset(3),
+time(2),
+tzfile(5)
+.SH NOTES
+The return values of
+.IR asctime ,
+.IR ctime ,
+.IR gmtime ,
+and
+.I localtime
+point to static data
+overwritten by each call.
+The
+.B tm_zone
+field of a returned
+.B "struct tm"
+points to a static array of characters, which
+can be overwritten by later calls to
+.IR tzset .
+The remaining functions and data are thread-safe.
+.PP
+.IR Asctime ,
+.IR asctime_r ,
+.IR ctime ,
+and
+.I ctime_r
+behave strangely for years before 1000 or after 9999.
+The 1989 and 1999 editions of the C Standard say
+that years from \-99 through 999 are converted without
+extra spaces, but this conflicts with longstanding
+tradition and with this implementation.
+The 2011 edition says that the behavior
+is undefined if the year is before 1000 or after 9999.
+Traditional implementations of these two functions are
+restricted to years in the range 1900 through 2099.
+To avoid this portability mess, new programs should use
+.I strftime
+instead.
+.\" This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+.\" 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
diff --git a/tz/newstrftime.3 b/tz/newstrftime.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a60ee3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/newstrftime.3
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+.\" Based on the UCB file whose copyright information appears below.
+.\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1991 The Regents of the University of California.
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+.\" the American National Standards Committee X3, on Information
+.\" Processing Systems.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"     from: @(#)strftime.3	5.12 (Berkeley) 6/29/91
+.\"	$Id: strftime.3,v 1.4 1993/12/15 20:33:00 jtc Exp $
+.\"
+.TH NEWSTRFTIME 3
+.SH NAME
+strftime \- format date and time
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.nf
+.ie \n(.g .ds - \f(CW-\fP
+.el ds - \-
+.B #include <time.h>
+.PP
+.B "size_t strftime(char *restrict buf, size_t maxsize,"
+.B "    char const *restrict format, struct tm const *restrict timeptr);"
+.PP
+.B cc ... \-ltz
+.fi
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.ie '\(en'' .ds en \-
+.el .ds en \(en
+The
+.I strftime
+function formats the information from
+.I timeptr
+into the buffer
+.I buf
+according to the string pointed to by
+.IR format .
+.PP
+The
+.I format
+string consists of zero or more conversion specifications and
+ordinary characters.
+All ordinary characters are copied directly into the buffer.
+A conversion specification consists of a percent sign
+.Ql %
+and one other character.
+.PP
+No more than
+.I maxsize
+characters are placed into the array.
+If the total number of resulting characters, including the terminating
+null character, is not more than
+.IR maxsize ,
+.I strftime
+returns the number of characters in the array, not counting the
+terminating null.
+Otherwise, zero is returned.
+.PP
+Each conversion specification is replaced by the characters as
+follows which are then copied into the buffer.
+.TP
+%A
+is replaced by the locale's full weekday name.
+.TP
+%a
+is replaced by the locale's abbreviated weekday name.
+.TP
+%B
+is replaced by the locale's full month name.
+.TP
+%b or %h
+is replaced by the locale's abbreviated month name.
+.TP
+%C
+is replaced by the century (a year divided by 100 and truncated to an integer)
+as a decimal number (00\*(en99).
+.TP
+%c
+is replaced by the locale's appropriate date and time representation.
+.TP
+%D
+is replaced by the date in the format %m/%d/%y.
+.TP
+%d
+is replaced by the day of the month as a decimal number (01\*(en31).
+.TP
+%e
+is replaced by the day of month as a decimal number (1\*(en31);
+single digits are preceded by a blank.
+.TP
+%F
+is replaced by the date in the format %Y\*-%m\*-%d.
+.TP
+%G
+is replaced by the ISO 8601 year with century as a decimal number.
+.TP
+%g
+is replaced by the ISO 8601 year without century as a decimal number (00\*(en99).
+.TP
+%H
+is replaced by the hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number (00\*(en23).
+.TP
+%I
+is replaced by the hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number (01\*(en12).
+.TP
+%j
+is replaced by the day of the year as a decimal number (001\*(en366).
+.TP
+%k
+is replaced by the hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number (0\*(en23);
+single digits are preceded by a blank.
+.TP
+%l
+is replaced by the hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number (1\*(en12);
+single digits are preceded by a blank.
+.TP
+%M
+is replaced by the minute as a decimal number (00\*(en59).
+.TP
+%m
+is replaced by the month as a decimal number (01\*(en12).
+.TP
+%n
+is replaced by a newline.
+.TP
+%p
+is replaced by the locale's equivalent of either AM or PM.
+.TP
+%R
+is replaced by the time in the format %H:%M.
+.TP
+%r
+is replaced by the locale's representation of 12-hour clock time
+using AM/PM notation.
+.TP
+%S
+is replaced by the second as a decimal number (00\*(en60).
+.TP
+%s
+is replaced by the number of seconds since the Epoch (see newctime(3)).
+.TP
+%T
+is replaced by the time in the format %H:%M:%S.
+.TP
+%t
+is replaced by a tab.
+.TP
+%U
+is replaced by the week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of
+the week) as a decimal number (00\*(en53).
+.TP
+%u
+is replaced by the weekday (Monday as the first day of the week)
+as a decimal number (1\*(en7).
+.TP
+%V
+is replaced by the week number of the year (Monday as the first day of
+the week) as a decimal number (01\*(en53).  If the week containing January
+1 has four or more days in the new year, then it is week 1; otherwise
+it is week 53 of the previous year, and the next week is week 1.
+.TP
+%W
+is replaced by the week number of the year (Monday as the first day of
+the week) as a decimal number (00\*(en53).
+.TP
+%w
+is replaced by the weekday (Sunday as the first day of the week)
+as a decimal number (0\*(en6).
+.TP
+%X
+is replaced by the locale's appropriate time representation.
+.TP
+%x
+is replaced by the locale's appropriate date representation.
+.TP
+%Y
+is replaced by the year with century as a decimal number.
+.TP
+%y
+is replaced by the year without century as a decimal number (00\*(en99).
+.TP
+%Z
+is replaced by the time zone name,
+or by the empty string if this is not determinable.
+.TP
+%z
+is replaced by the offset from the Prime Meridian
+in the format +HHMM or \*-HHMM as appropriate,
+with positive values representing locations east of Greenwich,
+or by the empty string if this is not determinable.
+.TP
+%%
+is replaced by a single %.
+.TP
+%+
+is replaced by the date and time in date(1) format.
+.SH SEE ALSO
+date(1),
+getenv(3),
+newctime(3),
+newtzset(3),
+time(2),
+tzfile(5)
diff --git a/tz/newtzset.3 b/tz/newtzset.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62277f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/newtzset.3
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+.TH NEWTZSET 3
+.SH NAME
+tzset \- initialize time conversion information
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.nf
+.ie \n(.g .ds - \f(CW-\fP
+.el ds - \-
+.B #include <time.h>
+.PP
+.B timezone_t tzalloc(char const *TZ);
+.PP
+.B void tzfree(timezone_t tz);
+.PP
+.B void tzset(void);
+.PP
+.B cc ... \*-ltz
+.fi
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.ie '\(en'' .ds en \-
+.el .ds en \(en
+.ie '\(lq'' .ds lq \&"\"
+.el .ds lq \(lq\"
+.ie '\(rq'' .ds rq \&"\"
+.el .ds rq \(rq\"
+.de q
+\\$3\*(lq\\$1\*(rq\\$2
+..
+.I Tzalloc
+allocates and returns a time zone object described by
+.BR TZ .
+If
+.B TZ
+is not a valid time zone description, or if the object cannot be allocated,
+.I tzalloc
+returns a null pointer and sets
+.BR errno .
+.PP
+.I Tzfree
+frees a time zone object
+.BR tz ,
+which should have been successfully allocated by
+.IR tzalloc .
+This invalidates any
+.B tm_zone
+pointers that
+.B tz
+was used to set.
+.PP
+.I Tzset
+acts like
+.BR tzalloc(getenv("TZ")) ,
+except it saves any resulting time zone object into internal
+storage that is accessed by
+.IR localtime ,
+.IR localtime_r ,
+and
+.IR mktime .
+The anonymous shared time zone object is freed by the next call to
+.IR tzset .
+If the implied call to
+.B tzalloc
+fails,
+.I tzset
+falls back on UTC.
+.PP
+If
+.B TZ
+is null, the best available approximation to local wall
+clock time, as specified by the
+.IR tzfile (5)-format
+file
+.B localtime
+in the system time conversion information directory, is used.
+If
+.B TZ
+is the empty string,
+Universal Time (UT) is used, with the abbreviation "UTC"
+and without leap second correction; please see
+.IR newctime (3)
+for more about UT, UTC, and leap seconds.  If
+.B TZ
+is nonnull and nonempty:
+.IP
+if the value begins with a colon, it is used as a pathname of a file
+from which to read the time conversion information;
+.IP
+if the value does not begin with a colon, it is first used as the
+pathname of a file from which to read the time conversion information,
+and, if that file cannot be read, is used directly as a specification of
+the time conversion information.
+.PP
+When
+.B TZ
+is used as a pathname, if it begins with a slash,
+it is used as an absolute pathname; otherwise,
+it is used as a pathname relative to a system time conversion information
+directory.
+The file must be in the format specified in
+.IR tzfile (5).
+.PP
+When
+.B TZ
+is used directly as a specification of the time conversion information,
+it must have the following syntax (spaces inserted for clarity):
+.IP
+\fIstd\|offset\fR[\fIdst\fR[\fIoffset\fR][\fB,\fIrule\fR]]
+.PP
+Where:
+.RS
+.TP 15
+.IR std " and " dst
+Three or more bytes that are the designation for the standard
+.RI ( std )
+or summer
+.RI ( dst )
+time zone.  Only
+.I std
+is required; if
+.I dst
+is missing, then summer time does not apply in this locale.
+Upper- and lowercase letters are explicitly allowed.  Any characters
+except a leading colon
+.RB ( : ),
+digits, comma
+.RB ( , ),
+ASCII minus
+.RB ( \*- ),
+ASCII plus
+.RB ( + ),
+and NUL bytes are allowed.
+.TP
+.I offset
+Indicates the value one must add to the local time to arrive at
+Coordinated Universal Time.  The
+.I offset
+has the form:
+.RS
+.IP
+\fIhh\fR[\fB:\fImm\fR[\fB:\fIss\fR]]
+.RE
+.IP
+The minutes
+.RI ( mm )
+and seconds
+.RI ( ss )
+are optional.  The hour
+.RI ( hh )
+is required and may be a single digit.  The
+.I offset
+following
+.I std
+is required.  If no
+.I offset
+follows
+.IR dst ,
+summer time is assumed to be one hour ahead of standard time.  One or
+more digits may be used; the value is always interpreted as a decimal
+number.  The hour must be between zero and 24, and the minutes (and
+seconds) \*(en if present \*(en between zero and 59.  If preceded by a
+.q "\*-" ,
+the time zone shall be east of the Prime Meridian; otherwise it shall be
+west (which may be indicated by an optional preceding
+.q "+" .
+.TP
+.I rule
+Indicates when to change to and back from summer time.  The
+.I rule
+has the form:
+.RS
+.IP
+\fIdate\fB/\fItime\fB,\fIdate\fB/\fItime\fR
+.RE
+.IP
+where the first
+.I date
+describes when the change from standard to summer time occurs and the
+second
+.I date
+describes when the change back happens.  Each
+.I time
+field describes when, in current local time, the change to the other
+time is made.
+As an extension to POSIX, daylight saving is assumed to be in effect
+all year if it begins January 1 at 00:00 and ends December 31 at
+24:00 plus the difference between daylight saving and standard time,
+leaving no room for standard time in the calendar.
+.IP
+The format of
+.I date
+is one of the following:
+.RS
+.TP 10
+.BI J n
+The Julian day
+.I n
+.RI "(1\ \(<=" "\ n\ " "\(<=\ 365).
+Leap days are not counted; that is, in all years \*(en including leap
+years \*(en February 28 is day 59 and March 1 is day 60.  It is
+impossible to explicitly refer to the occasional February 29.
+.TP
+.I n
+The zero-based Julian day
+.RI "(0\ \(<=" "\ n\ " "\(<=\ 365).
+Leap days are counted, and it is possible to refer to February 29.
+.TP
+.BI M m . n . d
+The
+.IR d' th
+day
+.RI "(0\ \(<=" "\ d\ " "\(<=\ 6)
+of week
+.I n
+of month
+.I m
+of the year
+.RI "(1\ \(<=" "\ n\ " "\(<=\ 5,
+.RI "1\ \(<=" "\ m\ " "\(<=\ 12,
+where week 5 means
+.q "the last \fId\fP day in month \fIm\fP"
+which may occur in either the fourth or the fifth week).  Week 1 is the
+first week in which the
+.IR d' th
+day occurs.  Day zero is Sunday.
+.RE
+.IP "" 15
+The
+.I time
+has the same format as
+.I offset
+except that POSIX does not allow a leading sign (\c
+.q "\*-"
+or
+.q "+" ).
+As an extension to POSIX, the hours part of
+.I time
+can range from \-167 through 167; this allows for unusual rules such
+as
+.q "the Saturday before the first Sunday of March" .
+The default, if
+.I time
+is not given, is
+.BR 02:00:00 .
+.RE
+.LP
+Here are some examples of
+.B TZ
+values that directly specify the time zone rules; they use some of the
+extensions to POSIX.
+.TP
+.B EST5
+stands for US Eastern Standard
+Time (EST), 5 hours behind UTC, without daylight saving.
+.TP
+.B FJT\*-12FJST,M11.1.0,M1.3.4/75
+stands for Fiji Time (FJT) and Fiji Summer Time (FJST), 12 hours ahead
+of UTC, springing forward on November's first Sunday at 02:00, and
+falling back on January's third Thursday at 75:00 (i.e., 03:00 on the
+first Sunday on or after January 18).
+.TP
+.B IST\*-2IDT,M3.4.4/26,M10.5.0
+stands for Israel Standard Time (IST) and Israel Daylight Time (IDT),
+2 hours ahead of UTC, springing forward on March's fourth
+Thursday at 26:00 (i.e., 02:00 on the first Friday on or after March
+23), and falling back on October's last Sunday at 02:00.
+.TP
+.B WART4WARST,J1/0,J365/25
+stands for Western Argentina Summer Time (WARST), 3 hours behind UTC.
+There is a dummy fall-back transition on December 31 at 25:00 daylight
+saving time (i.e., 24:00 standard time, equivalent to January 1 at
+00:00 standard time), and a simultaneous spring-forward transition on
+January 1 at 00:00 standard time, so daylight saving time is in effect
+all year and the initial
+.B WART
+is a placeholder.
+.TP
+.B WGT3WGST,M3.5.0/\*-2,M10.5.0/\*-1
+stands for Western Greenland Time (WGT) and Western Greenland Summer
+Time (WGST), 3 hours behind UTC, where clocks follow the EU rules of
+springing forward on March's last Sunday at 01:00 UTC (\-02:00 local
+time) and falling back on October's last Sunday at 01:00 UTC
+(\-01:00 local time).
+.PP
+If no
+.I rule
+is present in
+.BR TZ ,
+the rules specified
+by the
+.IR tzfile (5)-format
+file
+.B posixrules
+in the system time conversion information directory are used, with the
+standard and summer time offsets from UTC replaced by those specified by
+the
+.I offset
+values in
+.BR TZ .
+.PP
+For compatibility with System V Release 3.1, a semicolon
+.RB ( ; )
+may be used to separate the
+.I rule
+from the rest of the specification.
+.SH FILES
+.ta \w'/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo/posixrules\0\0'u
+/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo	time zone information directory
+.br
+/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo/localtime	local time zone file
+.br
+/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo/posixrules	used with POSIX-style TZ's
+.br
+/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo/GMT	for UTC leap seconds
+.sp
+If
+.B /usr/local/etc/zoneinfo/GMT
+is absent,
+UTC leap seconds are loaded from
+.BR /usr/local/etc/zoneinfo/posixrules .
+.SH SEE ALSO
+getenv(3),
+newctime(3),
+newstrftime(3),
+time(2),
+tzfile(5)
+.\" This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+.\" 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
diff --git a/tz/northamerica b/tz/northamerica
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6256f97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/northamerica
@@ -0,0 +1,3306 @@
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# also includes Central America and the Caribbean
+
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-22):
+# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
+# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# United States
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-31):
+# Howse writes (pp 121-125) that time zones were invented by
+# Professor Charles Ferdinand Dowd (1825-1904),
+# Principal of Temple Grove Ladies' Seminary (Saratoga Springs, NY).
+# His pamphlet "A System of National Time for Railroads" (1870)
+# was the result of his proposals at the Convention of Railroad Trunk Lines
+# in New York City (1869-10).  His 1870 proposal was based on Washington, DC,
+# but in 1872-05 he moved the proposed origin to Greenwich.
+# His proposal was adopted by the railroads on 1883-11-18 at 12:00,
+# and the most of the country soon followed suit.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-04-16):
+# That 1883 transition occurred at 12:00 new time, not at 12:00 old time.
+# See p 46 of David Prerau, Seize the daylight, Thunder's Mouth Press (2005).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# A good source for time zone historical data in the US is
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The American Atlas (5th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
+# Make sure you have the errata sheet; the book is somewhat useless without it.
+# It is the source for most of the pre-1991 US entries below.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
+# Daylight Saving Time was first suggested as a joke by Benjamin Franklin
+# in his whimsical essay "An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost
+# of Light" published in the Journal de Paris (1784-04-26).
+# Not everyone is happy with the results:
+#
+#	I don't really care how time is reckoned so long as there is some
+#	agreement about it, but I object to being told that I am saving
+#	daylight when my reason tells me that I am doing nothing of the kind.
+#	I even object to the implication that I am wasting something
+#	valuable if I stay in bed after the sun has risen.  As an admirer
+#	of moonlight I resent the bossy insistence of those who want to
+#	reduce my time for enjoying it.  At the back of the Daylight Saving
+#	scheme I detect the bony, blue-fingered hand of Puritanism, eager
+#	to push people into bed earlier, and get them up earlier, to make
+#	them healthy, wealthy and wise in spite of themselves.
+#
+#	 -- Robertson Davies, The diary of Samuel Marchbanks,
+#	   Clarke, Irwin (1947), XIX, Sunday
+#
+# For more about the first ten years of DST in the United States, see
+# Robert Garland, Ten years of daylight saving from the Pittsburgh standpoint
+# (Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, 1927).
+# http://www.clpgh.org/exhibit/dst.html
+#
+# Shanks says that DST was called "War Time" in the US in 1918 and 1919.
+# However, DST was imposed by the Standard Time Act of 1918, which
+# was the first nationwide legal time standard, and apparently
+# time was just called "Standard Time" or "Daylight Saving Time".
+
+# From Arthur David Olson:
+# US Daylight Saving Time ended on the last Sunday of *October* in 1974.
+# See, for example, the front page of the Saturday, 1974-10-26
+# and Sunday, 1974-10-27 editions of the Washington Post.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson:
+# Before the Uniform Time Act of 1966 took effect in 1967, observance of
+# Daylight Saving Time in the US was by local option, except during wartime.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2000-09-25):
+# Last night I heard part of a rebroadcast of a 1945 Arch Oboler radio drama.
+# In the introduction, Oboler spoke of "Eastern Peace Time."
+# An AltaVista search turned up:
+# http://rowayton.org/rhs/hstaug45.html
+# "When the time is announced over the radio now, it is 'Eastern Peace
+# Time' instead of the old familiar 'Eastern War Time.'  Peace is wonderful."
+# (August 1945) by way of confirmation.
+
+# From Joseph Gallant citing
+# George H. Douglas, _The Early Days of Radio Broadcasting_ (1987):
+# At 7 P.M. (Eastern War Time) [on 1945-08-14], the networks were set
+# to switch to London for Attlee's address, but the American people
+# never got to hear his speech live. According to one press account,
+# CBS' Bob Trout was first to announce the word of Japan's surrender,
+# but a few seconds later, NBC, ABC and Mutual also flashed the word
+# of surrender, all of whom interrupting the bells of Big Ben in
+# London which were to precede Mr. Attlee's speech.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09): It was Robert St John, not Bob Trout.  From
+# Myrna Oliver's obituary of St John on page B16 of today's Los Angeles Times:
+#
+# ... a war-weary U.S. clung to radios, awaiting word of Japan's surrender.
+# Any announcement from Asia would reach St. John's New York newsroom on a
+# wire service teletype machine, which had prescribed signals for major news.
+# Associated Press, for example, would ring five bells before spewing out
+# typed copy of an important story, and 10 bells for news "of transcendental
+# importance."
+#
+# On Aug. 14, stalling while talking steadily into the NBC networks' open
+# microphone, St. John heard five bells and waited only to hear a sixth bell,
+# before announcing confidently: "Ladies and gentlemen, World War II is over.
+# The Japanese have agreed to our surrender terms."
+#
+# He had scored a 20-second scoop on other broadcasters.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2005-08-22):
+# Paul has been careful to use the "US" rules only in those locations
+# that are part of the United States; this reflects the real scope of
+# U.S. government action.  So even though the "US" rules have changed
+# in the latest release, other countries won't be affected.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	US	1918	1919	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	US	1942	only	-	Feb	9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	US	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
+Rule	US	1945	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	US	1967	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	US	1967	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	US	1974	only	-	Jan	6	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	US	1975	only	-	Feb	23	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	US	1976	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	US	1987	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	US	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	US	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+
+# From Arthur David Olson, 2005-12-19
+# We generate the files specified below to guard against old files with
+# obsolete information being left in the time zone binary directory.
+# We limit the list to names that have appeared in previous versions of
+# this time zone package.
+# We do these as separate Zones rather than as Links to avoid problems if
+# a particular place changes whether it observes DST.
+# We put these specifications here in the northamerica file both to
+# increase the chances that they'll actually get compiled and to
+# avoid the need to duplicate the US rules in another file.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	EST		 -5:00	-	EST
+Zone	MST		 -7:00	-	MST
+Zone	HST		-10:00	-	HST
+Zone	EST5EDT		 -5:00	US	E%sT
+Zone	CST6CDT		 -6:00	US	C%sT
+Zone	MST7MDT		 -7:00	US	M%sT
+Zone	PST8PDT		 -8:00	US	P%sT
+
+# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
+# ...Alaska (and Hawaii) had the timezone names changed in 1967.
+#    old			 new
+#    Pacific Standard Time(PST)  -same-
+#    Yukon Standard Time(YST)    -same-
+#    Central Alaska S.T. (CAT)   Alaska-Hawaii St[an]dard Time (AHST)
+#    Nome Standard Time (NT)     Bering Standard Time (BST)
+#
+# ...Alaska's timezone lines were redrawn in 1983 to give only 2 tz.
+#    The YST zone now covers nearly all of the state, AHST just part
+#    of the Aleutian islands.   No DST.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
+# The tables below use 'NST', not 'NT', for Nome Standard Time.
+# I invented 'CAWT' for Central Alaska War Time.
+
+# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
+# USA  EASTERN       5 H  BEHIND UTC    NEW YORK, WASHINGTON
+# USA  EASTERN       4 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
+# USA  CENTRAL       6 H  BEHIND UTC    CHICAGO, HOUSTON
+# USA  CENTRAL       5 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
+# USA  MOUNTAIN      7 H  BEHIND UTC    DENVER
+# USA  MOUNTAIN      6 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
+# USA  PACIFIC       8 H  BEHIND UTC    L.A., SAN FRANCISCO
+# USA  PACIFIC       7 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
+# USA  ALASKA STD    9 H  BEHIND UTC    MOST OF ALASKA     (AKST)
+# USA  ALASKA STD    8 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30 (AKDT)
+# USA  ALEUTIAN     10 H  BEHIND UTC    ISLANDS WEST OF 170W
+# USA    "           9 H  BEHIND UTC    APR 3 - OCT 30
+# USA  HAWAII       10 H  BEHIND UTC
+# USA  BERING       11 H  BEHIND UTC    SAMOA, MIDWAY
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-21):
+# The above dates are for 1988.
+# Note the "AKST" and "AKDT" abbreviations, the claim that there's
+# no DST in Samoa, and the claim that there is DST in Alaska and the
+# Aleutians.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1988-02-13):
+# Legal standard time zone names, from United States Code (1982 Edition and
+# Supplement III), Title 15, Chapter 6, Section 260 and forward.  First, names
+# up to 1967-04-01 (when most provisions of the Uniform Time Act of 1966
+# took effect), as explained in sections 263 and 261:
+#	(none)
+#	United States standard eastern time
+#	United States standard mountain time
+#	United States standard central time
+#	United States standard Pacific time
+#	(none)
+#	United States standard Alaska time
+#	(none)
+# Next, names from 1967-04-01 until 1983-11-30 (the date for
+# public law 98-181):
+#	Atlantic standard time
+#	eastern standard time
+#	central standard time
+#	mountain standard time
+#	Pacific standard time
+#	Yukon standard time
+#	Alaska-Hawaii standard time
+#	Bering standard time
+# And after 1983-11-30:
+#	Atlantic standard time
+#	eastern standard time
+#	central standard time
+#	mountain standard time
+#	Pacific standard time
+#	Alaska standard time
+#	Hawaii-Aleutian standard time
+#	Samoa standard time
+# The law doesn't give abbreviations.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08), following a heads-up from Rives McDow:
+# Public law 106-564 (2000-12-23) introduced ... "Chamorro Standard Time"
+# for time in Guam and the Northern Marianas.  See the file "australasia".
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-17):
+# HST and HDT are standardized abbreviations for Hawaii-Aleutian
+# standard and daylight times.  See section 9.47 (p 234) of the
+# U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual (2008)
+# http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008.pdf
+
+# From Arthur David Olson, 2005-08-09
+# The following was signed into law on 2005-08-08.
+#
+# H.R. 6, Energy Policy Act of 2005, SEC. 110. DAYLIGHT SAVINGS.
+#   (a) Amendment.--Section 3(a) of the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (15
+#   U.S.C. 260a(a)) is amended--
+#     (1) by striking "first Sunday of April" and inserting "second
+#     Sunday of March"; and
+#     (2) by striking "last Sunday of October" and inserting "first
+#     Sunday of November'.
+#   (b) Effective Date.--Subsection (a) shall take effect 1 year after the
+#   date of enactment of this Act or March 1, 2007, whichever is later.
+#   (c) Report to Congress.--Not later than 9 months after the effective
+#   date stated in subsection (b), the Secretary shall report to Congress
+#   on the impact of this section on energy consumption in the United
+#   States.
+#   (d) Right to Revert.--Congress retains the right to revert the
+#   Daylight Saving Time back to the 2005 time schedules once the
+#   Department study is complete.
+
+# US eastern time, represented by New York
+
+# Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, most of Florida,
+# Georgia, southeast Indiana (Dearborn and Ohio counties), eastern Kentucky
+# (except America/Kentucky/Louisville below), Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts,
+# New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,
+# Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, eastern Tennessee,
+# Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia
+
+# From Dave Cantor (2004-11-02):
+# Early this summer I had the occasion to visit the Mount Washington
+# Observatory weather station atop (of course!) Mount Washington [, NH]....
+# One of the staff members said that the station was on Eastern Standard Time
+# and didn't change their clocks for Daylight Saving ... so that their
+# reports will always have times which are 5 hours behind UTC.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-26):
+# According to today's Huntsville Times
+# http://www.al.com/news/huntsvilletimes/index.ssf?/base/news/1125047783228320.xml&coll=1
+# a few towns on Alabama's "eastern border with Georgia, such as Phenix City
+# in Russell County, Lanett in Chambers County and some towns in Lee County,
+# set their watches and clocks on Eastern time."  It quotes H.H. "Bubba"
+# Roberts, city administrator in Phenix City. as saying "We are in the Central
+# time zone, but we do go by the Eastern time zone because so many people work
+# in Columbus."
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
+# Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 44, 4 (1884-02-08), 208
+# says that New York City Hall time was 3 minutes 58.4 seconds fast of
+# Eastern time (i.e., -4:56:01.6) just before the 1883 switch.  Round to the
+# nearest second.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule	NYC	1920	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	NYC	1920	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	NYC	1921	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	NYC	1921	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	NYC	1955	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/New_York	-4:56:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:03:58
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1920
+			-5:00	NYC	E%sT	1942
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1946
+			-5:00	NYC	E%sT	1967
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+
+# US central time, represented by Chicago
+
+# Alabama, Arkansas, Florida panhandle (Bay, Calhoun, Escambia,
+# Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Walton, and
+# Washington counties), Illinois, western Indiana
+# (Gibson, Jasper, Lake, LaPorte, Newton, Porter, Posey, Spencer,
+# Vanderburgh, and Warrick counties), Iowa, most of Kansas, western
+# Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, eastern
+# Nebraska, eastern North Dakota, Oklahoma, eastern South Dakota,
+# western Tennessee, most of Texas, Wisconsin
+
+# From Larry M. Smith (2006-04-26) re Wisconsin:
+# http://www.legis.state.wi.us/statutes/Stat0175.pdf ...
+# is currently enforced at the 01:00 time of change.  Because the local
+# "bar time" in the state corresponds to 02:00, a number of citations
+# are issued for the "sale of class 'B' alcohol after prohibited
+# hours" within the deviated hour of this change every year....
+#
+# From Douglas R. Bomberg (2007-03-12):
+# Wisconsin has enacted (nearly eleventh-hour) legislation to get WI
+# Statue 175 closer in synch with the US Congress' intent....
+# http://www.legis.state.wi.us/2007/data/acts/07Act3.pdf
+
+# From an email administrator of the City of Fort Pierre, SD (2015-12-21):
+# Fort Pierre is technically located in the Mountain time zone as is
+# the rest of Stanley County.  Most of Stanley County and Fort Pierre
+# uses the Central time zone due to doing most of their business in
+# Pierre so it simplifies schedules.  I have lived in Stanley County
+# all my life and it has been that way since I can remember.  (43 years!)
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-12-25):
+# Assume this practice predates 1970, so Fort Pierre can use America/Chicago.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule	Chicago	1920	only	-	Jun	13	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Chicago	1920	1921	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Chicago	1921	only	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Chicago	1922	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Chicago	1922	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Chicago	1955	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Chicago	-5:50:36 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:09:24
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1920
+			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1936 Mar  1  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1936 Nov 15  2:00
+			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1942
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
+			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1967
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
+# Oliver County, ND switched from mountain to central time on 1992-10-25.
+Zone America/North_Dakota/Center -6:45:12 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:14:48
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1992 Oct 25  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
+# Morton County, ND, switched from mountain to central time on
+# 2003-10-26, except for the area around Mandan which was already central time.
+# See <http://dmses.dot.gov/docimages/p63/135818.pdf>.
+# Officially this switch also included part of Sioux County, and
+# Jones, Mellette, and Todd Counties in South Dakota;
+# but in practice these other counties were already observing central time.
+# See <http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2003/October/Day-28/i27056.htm>.
+Zone America/North_Dakota/New_Salem -6:45:39 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:14:21
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	2003 Oct 26  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
+
+# From Josh Findley (2011-01-21):
+# ...it appears that Mercer County, North Dakota, changed from the
+# mountain time zone to the central time zone at the last transition from
+# daylight-saving to standard time (on Nov. 7, 2010):
+# http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-09-29/html/2010-24376.htm
+# http://www.bismarcktribune.com/news/local/article_1eb1b588-c758-11df-b472-001cc4c03286.html
+
+# From Andy Lipscomb (2011-01-24):
+# ...according to the Census Bureau, the largest city is Beulah (although
+# it's commonly referred to as Beulah-Hazen, with Hazen being the next
+# largest city in Mercer County).  Google Maps places Beulah's city hall
+# at 47 degrees 15' 51" N, 101 degrees 46' 40" W, which yields an offset
+# of 6h47'07".
+
+Zone America/North_Dakota/Beulah -6:47:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:12:53
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	2010 Nov  7  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
+
+# US mountain time, represented by Denver
+#
+# Colorado, far western Kansas, Montana, western
+# Nebraska, Nevada border (Jackpot, Owyhee, and Mountain City),
+# New Mexico, southwestern North Dakota,
+# western South Dakota, far western Texas (El Paso County, Hudspeth County,
+# and Pine Springs and Nickel Creek in Culberson County), Utah, Wyoming
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule	Denver	1920	1921	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Denver	1920	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Denver	1921	only	-	May	22	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Denver	1965	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Denver	1965	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Denver	-6:59:56 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00:04
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1920
+			-7:00	Denver	M%sT	1942
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1946
+			-7:00	Denver	M%sT	1967
+			-7:00	US	M%sT
+
+# US Pacific time, represented by Los Angeles
+#
+# California, northern Idaho (Benewah, Bonner, Boundary, Clearwater,
+# Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, Nez Perce, and Shoshone counties, Idaho county
+# north of the Salmon River, and the towns of Burgdorf and Warren),
+# Nevada (except West Wendover), Oregon (except the northern 3/4 of
+# Malheur county), and Washington
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule	CA	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	CA	1949	only	-	Jan	 1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	CA	1950	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	CA	1950	1961	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	CA	1962	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Los_Angeles -7:52:58 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:07:02
+			-8:00	US	P%sT	1946
+			-8:00	CA	P%sT	1967
+			-8:00	US	P%sT
+
+# Alaska
+# AK%sT is the modern abbreviation for -9:00 per USNO.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-30):
+# Howse writes that Alaska switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar,
+# and from east-of-GMT to west-of-GMT days, when the US bought it from Russia.
+# This was on 1867-10-18, a Friday; the previous day was 1867-10-06 Julian,
+# also a Friday.  Include only the time zone part of this transition,
+# ignoring the switch from Julian to Gregorian, since we can't represent
+# the Julian calendar.
+#
+# As far as we know, none of the exact locations mentioned below were
+# permanently inhabited in 1867 by anyone using either calendar.
+# (Yakutat was colonized by the Russians in 1799, but the settlement
+# was destroyed in 1805 by a Yakutat-kon war party.)  However, there
+# were nearby inhabitants in some cases and for our purposes perhaps
+# it's best to simply use the official transition.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-18):
+# One opinion of the early-1980s turmoil in Alaska over time zones and
+# daylight saving time appeared as graffiti on a Juneau airport wall:
+# "Welcome to Juneau.  Please turn your watch back to the 19th century."
+# See: Turner W. Alaska's four time zones now two. NY Times 1983-11-01.
+# http://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/01/us/alaska-s-four-time-zones-now-two.html
+#
+# Steve Ferguson (2011-01-31) referred to the following source:
+# Norris F. Keeping time in Alaska: national directives, local response.
+# Alaska History 2001;16(1-2).
+# http://alaskahistoricalsociety.org/discover-alaska/glimpses-of-the-past/keeping-time-in-alaska/
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2011-02-01):
+# Here's database-relevant material from the 2001 "Alaska History" article:
+#
+# On September 20 [1979]...DOT...officials decreed that on April 27,
+# 1980, Juneau and other nearby communities would move to Yukon Time.
+# Sitka, Petersburg, Wrangell, and Ketchikan, however, would remain on
+# Pacific Time.
+#
+# ...on September 22, 1980, DOT Secretary Neil E. Goldschmidt rescinded the
+# Department's September 1979 decision. Juneau and other communities in
+# northern Southeast reverted to Pacific Time on October 26.
+#
+# On October 28 [1983]...the Metlakatla Indian Community Council voted
+# unanimously to keep the reservation on Pacific Time.
+#
+# According to DOT official Joanne Petrie, Indian reservations are not
+# bound to follow time zones imposed by neighboring jurisdictions.
+#
+# (The last is consistent with how the database now handles the Navajo
+# Nation.)
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2011-02-09):
+# I just spoke by phone with a staff member at the Metlakatla Indian
+# Community office (using contact information available at
+# http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/commdb/CIS.cfm?Comm_Boro_name=Metlakatla
+# It's shortly after 1:00 here on the east coast of the United States;
+# the staffer said it was shortly after 10:00 there. When I asked whether
+# that meant they were on Pacific time, they said no - they were on their
+# own time. I asked about daylight saving; they said it wasn't used. I
+# did not inquire about practices in the past.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2011-08-17):
+# For lack of better information, assume that Metlakatla's
+# abandonment of use of daylight saving resulted from the 1983 vote.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-11-09):
+# It seems Metlakatla did go off PST on Sunday, November 1, changing
+# their time to AKST and are going to follow Alaska's DST, switching
+# between AKST and AKDT from now on....
+# http://www.krbd.org/2015/10/30/annette-island-times-they-are-a-changing/
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Juneau	 15:02:19 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+			 -8:57:41 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
+			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1980 Apr 27  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1980 Oct 26  2:00
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
+			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
+Zone America/Sitka	 14:58:47 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+			 -9:01:13 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
+			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
+			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
+Zone America/Metlakatla	 15:13:42 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+			 -8:46:18 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+			 -8:00	-	PST	1942
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1946
+			 -8:00	-	PST	1969
+			 -8:00	US	P%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
+			 -8:00	-	PST	2015 Nov  1  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
+Zone America/Yakutat	 14:41:05 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+			 -9:18:55 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+			 -9:00	-	YST	1942
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1946
+			 -9:00	-	YST	1969
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
+			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
+Zone America/Anchorage	 14:00:24 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+			 -9:59:36 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+			-10:00	-	CAT	1942
+			-10:00	US	CAT/CAWT 1945 Aug 14 23:00u
+			-10:00	US	CAT/CAPT 1946 # Peace
+			-10:00	-	CAT	1967 Apr
+			-10:00	-	AHST	1969
+			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
+			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
+Zone America/Nome	 12:58:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+			-11:01:38 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+			-11:00	-	NST	1942
+			-11:00	US	N%sT	1946
+			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr
+			-11:00	-	BST	1969
+			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
+			 -9:00	US	Y%sT	1983 Nov 30
+			 -9:00	US	AK%sT
+Zone America/Adak	 12:13:21 -	LMT	1867 Oct 18
+			-11:46:38 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20 12:00
+			-11:00	-	NST	1942
+			-11:00	US	N%sT	1946
+			-11:00	-	NST	1967 Apr
+			-11:00	-	BST	1969
+			-11:00	US	B%sT	1983 Oct 30  2:00
+			-10:00	US	AH%sT	1983 Nov 30
+			-10:00	US	H%sT
+# The following switches don't quite make our 1970 cutoff.
+#
+# Shanks writes that part of southwest Alaska (e.g. Aniak)
+# switched from -11:00 to -10:00 on 1968-09-22 at 02:00,
+# and another part (e.g. Akiak) made the same switch five weeks later.
+#
+# From David Flater (2004-11-09):
+# In e-mail, 2004-11-02, Ray Hudson, historian/liaison to the Unalaska
+# Historic Preservation Commission, provided this information, which
+# suggests that Unalaska deviated from statutory time from early 1967
+# possibly until 1983:
+#
+#  Minutes of the Unalaska City Council Meeting, January 10, 1967:
+#  "Except for St. Paul and Akutan, Unalaska is the only important
+#  location not on Alaska Standard Time.  The following resolution was
+#  made by William Robinson and seconded by Henry Swanson: Be it
+#  resolved that the City of Unalaska hereby goes to Alaska Standard
+#  Time as of midnight Friday, January 13, 1967 (1 A.M. Saturday,
+#  January 14, Alaska Standard Time.)  This resolution was passed with
+#  three votes for and one against."
+
+# Hawaii
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2010-12-09):
+# "Hawaiian Time" by Robert C. Schmitt and Doak C. Cox appears on pages 207-225
+# of volume 26 of The Hawaiian Journal of History (1992). As of 2010-12-09,
+# the article is available at
+# http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/239/2/JL26215.pdf
+# and indicates that standard time was adopted effective noon, January
+# 13, 1896 (page 218), that in "1933, the Legislature decreed daylight
+# saving for the period between the last Sunday of each April and the
+# last Sunday of each September, but less than a month later repealed the
+# act," (page 220), that year-round daylight saving time was in effect
+# from 1942-02-09 to 1945-09-30 (page 221, with no time of day given for
+# when clocks changed) and that clocks were changed by 30 minutes
+# effective the second Sunday of June, 1947 (page 219, with no time of
+# day given for when clocks changed). A footnote for the 1933 changes
+# cites Session Laws of Hawaii 1933, "Act. 90 (approved 26 Apr. 1933)
+# and Act 163 (approved 21 May 1933)."
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2011-01-19):
+# The following is from "Laws of the Territory of Hawaii Passed by the
+# Seventeenth Legislature: Regular Session 1933," available (as of
+# 2011-01-19) at American University's Pence Law Library. Page 85: "Act
+# 90...At 2 o'clock ante meridian of the last Sunday in April of each
+# year, the standard time of this Territory shall be advanced one
+# hour...This Act shall take effect upon its approval. Approved this 26th
+# day of April, A. D. 1933. LAWRENCE M JUDD, Governor of the Territory of
+# Hawaii." Page 172: "Act 163...Act 90 of the Session Laws of 1933 is
+# hereby repealed...This Act shall take effect upon its approval, upon
+# which date the standard time of this Territory shall be restored to
+# that existing immediately prior to the taking effect of said Act 90.
+# Approved this 21st day of May, A. D. 1933. LAWRENCE M. JUDD, Governor
+# of the Territory of Hawaii."
+#
+# Note that 1933-05-21 was a Sunday.
+# We're left to guess the time of day when Act 163 was approved; guess noon.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Honolulu	-10:31:26 -	LMT	1896 Jan 13 12:00
+			-10:30	-	HST	1933 Apr 30  2:00
+			-10:30	1:00	HDT	1933 May 21 12:00
+			-10:30	-	HST	1942 Feb  9  2:00
+			-10:30	1:00	HDT	1945 Sep 30  2:00
+			-10:30	-	HST	1947 Jun  8  2:00
+			-10:00	-	HST
+Link Pacific/Honolulu Pacific/Johnston
+
+# Now we turn to US areas that have diverged from the consensus since 1970.
+
+# Arizona mostly uses MST.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-10-20):
+#
+# The information in the rest of this paragraph is derived from the
+# Daylight Saving Time web page
+# <http://www.dlapr.lib.az.us/links/daylight.htm> (2002-01-23)
+# maintained by the Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records.
+# Between 1944-01-01 and 1944-04-01 the State of Arizona used standard
+# time, but by federal law railroads, airlines, bus lines, military
+# personnel, and some engaged in interstate commerce continued to
+# observe war (i.e., daylight saving) time.  The 1944-03-17 Phoenix
+# Gazette says that was the date the law changed, and that 04-01 was
+# the date the state's clocks would change.  In 1945 the State of
+# Arizona used standard time all year, again with exceptions only as
+# mandated by federal law.  Arizona observed DST in 1967, but Arizona
+# Laws 1968, ch. 183 (effective 1968-03-21) repealed DST.
+#
+# Shanks says the 1944 experiment came to an end on 1944-03-17.
+# Go with the Arizona State Library instead.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Phoenix	-7:28:18 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 11:31:42
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Jan  1  0:01
+			-7:00	-	MST	1944 Apr  1  0:01
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1944 Oct  1  0:01
+			-7:00	-	MST	1967
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1968 Mar 21
+			-7:00	-	MST
+# From Arthur David Olson (1988-02-13):
+# A writer from the Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc.,
+# notes in private correspondence dated 1987-12-28 that "Presently, only the
+# Navajo Nation participates in the Daylight Saving Time policy, due to its
+# large size and location in three states."  (The "only" means that other
+# tribal nations don't use DST.)
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-08-26):
+# See America/Denver for a zone appropriate for the Navajo Nation.
+
+# Southern Idaho (Ada, Adams, Bannock, Bear Lake, Bingham, Blaine,
+# Boise, Bonneville, Butte, Camas, Canyon, Caribou, Cassia, Clark,
+# Custer, Elmore, Franklin, Fremont, Gem, Gooding, Jefferson, Jerome,
+# Lemhi, Lincoln, Madison, Minidoka, Oneida, Owyhee, Payette, Power,
+# Teton, Twin Falls, Valley, Washington counties, and the southern
+# quarter of Idaho county) and eastern Oregon (most of Malheur County)
+# switched four weeks late in 1974.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Boise	-7:44:49 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:15:11
+			-8:00	US	P%sT	1923 May 13  2:00
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1974
+			-7:00	-	MST	1974 Feb  3  2:00
+			-7:00	US	M%sT
+
+# Indiana
+#
+# For a map of Indiana's time zone regions, see:
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Indiana
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-08-17):
+# Since 1970, most of Indiana has been like America/Indiana/Indianapolis,
+# with the following exceptions:
+#
+# - Gibson, Jasper, Lake, LaPorte, Newton, Porter, Posey, Spencer,
+#   Vanderburgh, and Warrick counties have been like America/Chicago.
+#
+# - Dearborn and Ohio counties have been like America/New_York.
+#
+# - Clark, Floyd, and Harrison counties have been like
+#   America/Kentucky/Louisville.
+#
+# - Crawford, Daviess, Dubois, Knox, Martin, Perry, Pike, Pulaski, Starke,
+#   and Switzerland counties have their own time zone histories as noted below.
+#
+# Shanks partitioned Indiana into 345 regions, each with its own time history,
+# and wrote "Even newspaper reports present contradictory information."
+# Those Hoosiers!  Such a flighty and changeable people!
+# Fortunately, most of the complexity occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
+#
+# Other than Indianapolis, the Indiana place names are so nondescript
+# that they would be ambiguous if we left them at the 'America' level.
+# So we reluctantly put them all in a subdirectory 'America/Indiana'.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-26):
+# https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2006/01/20/06-563/standard-time-zone-boundary-in-the-state-of-indiana
+# says "DOT is relocating the time zone boundary in Indiana to move Starke,
+# Pulaski, Knox, Daviess, Martin, Pike, Dubois, and Perry Counties from the
+# Eastern Time Zone to the Central Time Zone.... The effective date of
+# this rule is 2 a.m. EST Sunday, April 2, 2006, which is the
+# changeover date from standard time to Daylight Saving Time."
+# Strictly speaking, this meant the affected counties changed their
+# clocks twice that night, but this obviously was in error.  The intent
+# was that 01:59:59 EST be followed by 02:00:00 CDT.
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2007-02-10):
+# The Associated Press has been reporting that Pulaski County, Indiana is
+# going to switch from Central to Eastern Time on March 11, 2007....
+# http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070207/LOCAL190108/702070524/0/LOCAL
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule Indianapolis 1941	only	-	Jun	22	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Indianapolis 1941	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Indianapolis 1946	1954	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Indiana/Indianapolis -5:44:38 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:15:22
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1920
+			-6:00 Indianapolis C%sT	1942
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
+			-6:00 Indianapolis C%sT	1955 Apr 24  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1957 Sep 29  2:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1958 Apr 27  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1969
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+#
+# Eastern Crawford County, Indiana, left its clocks alone in 1974,
+# as well as from 1976 through 2005.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule	Marengo	1951	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Marengo	1951	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Marengo	1954	1960	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Marengo	1954	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Indiana/Marengo -5:45:23 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:14:37
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1951
+			-6:00	Marengo	C%sT	1961 Apr 30  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1969
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6  2:00
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1976
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+#
+# Daviess, Dubois, Knox, and Martin Counties, Indiana,
+# switched from eastern to central time in April 2006, then switched back
+# in November 2007.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule Vincennes	1946	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Vincennes	1946	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Vincennes	1953	1954	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Vincennes	1953	1959	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Vincennes	1955	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule Vincennes	1956	1963	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Vincennes	1960	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Vincennes	1961	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Vincennes	1962	1963	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Indiana/Vincennes -5:50:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:09:53
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
+			-6:00 Vincennes	C%sT	1964 Apr 26  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1969
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Nov  4  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+#
+# Perry County, Indiana, switched from eastern to central time in April 2006.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule Perry	1946	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Perry	1946	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Perry	1953	1954	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Perry	1953	1959	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Perry	1955	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule Perry	1956	1963	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Perry	1960	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Perry	1961	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Perry	1962	1963	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Indiana/Tell_City -5:47:03 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:12:57
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
+			-6:00 Perry	C%sT	1964 Apr 26  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1969
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
+#
+# Pike County, Indiana moved from central to eastern time in 1977,
+# then switched back in 2006, then switched back again in 2007.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule	Pike	1955	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Pike	1955	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Pike	1956	1964	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Pike	1961	1964	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Indiana/Petersburg -5:49:07 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:10:53
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1955
+			-6:00	Pike	C%sT	1965 Apr 25  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1966 Oct 30  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1977 Oct 30  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Nov  4  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+#
+# Starke County, Indiana moved from central to eastern time in 1991,
+# then switched back in 2006.
+# From Arthur David Olson (1991-10-28):
+# An article on page A3 of the Sunday, 1991-10-27 Washington Post
+# notes that Starke County switched from Central time to Eastern time as of
+# 1991-10-27.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule	Starke	1947	1961	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Starke	1947	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Starke	1955	1956	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Starke	1957	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Starke	1959	1961	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Indiana/Knox -5:46:30 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:13:30
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1947
+			-6:00	Starke	C%sT	1962 Apr 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1963 Oct 27  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1991 Oct 27  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
+#
+# Pulaski County, Indiana, switched from eastern to central time in
+# April 2006 and then switched back in March 2007.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule	Pulaski	1946	1960	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Pulaski	1946	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Pulaski	1955	1956	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Pulaski	1957	1960	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Indiana/Winamac -5:46:25 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:13:35
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
+			-6:00	Pulaski	C%sT	1961 Apr 30  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1969
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1971
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006 Apr  2  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	2007 Mar 11  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+#
+# Switzerland County, Indiana, did not observe DST from 1973 through 2005.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Indiana/Vevay -5:40:16 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:19:44
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1954 Apr 25  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1969
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1973
+			-5:00	-	EST	2006
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+
+# Part of Kentucky left its clocks alone in 1974.
+# This also includes Clark, Floyd, and Harrison counties in Indiana.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule Louisville	1921	only	-	May	1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Louisville	1921	only	-	Sep	1	2:00	0	S
+Rule Louisville	1941	1961	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Louisville	1941	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Louisville	1946	only	-	Jun	2	2:00	0	S
+Rule Louisville	1950	1955	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Louisville	1956	1960	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Kentucky/Louisville -5:43:02 -	LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:16:58
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1921
+			-6:00 Louisville C%sT	1942
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
+			-6:00 Louisville C%sT	1961 Jul 23  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1968
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1974 Jan  6  2:00
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1974 Oct 27  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+#
+# Wayne County, Kentucky
+#
+# From Lake Cumberland LIFE
+# http://www.lake-cumberland.com/life/archive/news990129time.shtml
+# (1999-01-29) via WKYM-101.7:
+# Clinton County has joined Wayne County in asking the DoT to change from
+# the Central to the Eastern time zone....  The Wayne County government made
+# the same request in December.  And while Russell County officials have not
+# taken action, the majority of respondents to a poll conducted there in
+# August indicated they would like to change to "fast time" also.
+# The three Lake Cumberland counties are the farthest east of any U.S.
+# location in the Central time zone.
+#
+# From Rich Wales (2000-08-29):
+# After prolonged debate, and despite continuing deep differences of opinion,
+# Wayne County (central Kentucky) is switching from Central (-0600) to Eastern
+# (-0500) time.  They won't "fall back" this year.  See Sara Shipley,
+# The difference an hour makes, Nando Times (2000-08-29 15:33 -0400).
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-16):
+# The final rule was published in the
+# Federal Register 65, 160 (2000-08-17), pp 50154-50158.
+# http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2000_register&docid=fr17au00-22
+#
+Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:20:36
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
+			-6:00	-	CST	1968
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+
+
+# From Rives McDow (2000-08-30):
+# Here ... are all the changes in the US since 1985.
+# Kearny County, KS (put all of county on central;
+#	previously split between MST and CST) ... 1990-10
+# Starke County, IN (from CST to EST) ... 1991-10
+# Oliver County, ND (from MST to CST) ... 1992-10
+# West Wendover, NV (from PST TO MST) ... 1999-10
+# Wayne County, KY (from CST to EST) ... 2000-10
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-17):
+# We don't know where the line used to be within Kearny County, KS,
+# so omit that change for now.
+# See America/Indiana/Knox for the Starke County, IN change.
+# See America/North_Dakota/Center for the Oliver County, ND change.
+# West Wendover, NV officially switched from Pacific to mountain time on
+# 1999-10-31.  See the
+# Federal Register 64, 203 (1999-10-21), pp 56705-56707.
+# http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1999_register&docid=fr21oc99-15
+# However, the Federal Register says that West Wendover already operated
+# on mountain time, and the rule merely made this official;
+# hence a separate tz entry is not needed.
+
+# Michigan
+#
+# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
+# Michigan didn't observe DST from 1968 to 1973.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-31):
+# Shanks writes that Michigan started using standard time on 1885-09-18,
+# but Howse writes (pp 124-125, referring to Popular Astronomy, 1901-01)
+# that Detroit kept
+#
+#	local time until 1900 when the City Council decreed that clocks should
+#	be put back twenty-eight minutes to Central Standard Time.  Half the
+#	city obeyed, half refused.  After considerable debate, the decision
+#	was rescinded and the city reverted to Sun time.  A derisive offer to
+#	erect a sundial in front of the city hall was referred to the
+#	Committee on Sewers.  Then, in 1905, Central time was adopted
+#	by city vote.
+#
+# This story is too entertaining to be false, so go with Howse over Shanks.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
+# Garland (1927) writes "Cleveland and Detroit advanced their clocks
+# one hour in 1914."  This change is not in Shanks.  We have no more
+# info, so omit this for now.
+#
+# Most of Michigan observed DST from 1973 on, but was a bit late in 1975.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule	Detroit	1948	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Detroit	1948	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Detroit	1967	only	-	Jun	14	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Detroit	1967	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Detroit	-5:32:11 -	LMT	1905
+			-6:00	-	CST	1915 May 15  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1942
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1946
+			-5:00	Detroit	E%sT	1973
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1975
+			-5:00	-	EST	1975 Apr 27  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+#
+# Dickinson, Gogebic, Iron, and Menominee Counties, Michigan,
+# switched from EST to CST/CDT in 1973.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
+Rule Menominee	1946	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Menominee	1946	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule Menominee	1966	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule Menominee	1966	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Menominee	-5:50:27 -	LMT	1885 Sep 18 12:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
+			-6:00 Menominee	C%sT	1969 Apr 27  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1973 Apr 29  2:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
+
+# Navassa
+# administered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service
+# claimed by US under the provisions of the 1856 Guano Islands Act
+# also claimed by Haiti
+# occupied 1857/1900 by the Navassa Phosphate Co
+# US lighthouse 1917/1996-09
+# currently uninhabited
+# see Mark Fineman, "An Isle Rich in Guano and Discord",
+# _Los Angeles Times_ (1998-11-10), A1, A10; it cites
+# Jimmy Skaggs, _The Great Guano Rush_ (1994).
+
+################################################################################
+
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
+#
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
+# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
+# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+#
+# Other sources occasionally used include:
+#
+#	Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
+#	Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
+#	which I found in the UCLA library.
+#
+#	William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
+#	<http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
+#	[PDF] (1914-03)
+#
+#	Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
+#	<http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>.
+#
+# See the 'europe' file for Greenland.
+
+# Canada
+
+# From Alain LaBonté (1994-11-14):
+# I post here the time zone abbreviations standardized in Canada
+# for both English and French in the CAN/CSA-Z234.4-89 standard....
+#
+#	UTC	Standard time	Daylight saving time
+#	offset	French	English	French	English
+#	-2:30	-	-	HAT	NDT
+#	-3	-	-	HAA	ADT
+#	-3:30	HNT	NST	-	-
+#	-4	HNA	AST	HAE	EDT
+#	-5	HNE	EST	HAC	CDT
+#	-6	HNC	CST	HAR	MDT
+#	-7	HNR	MST	HAP	PDT
+#	-8	HNP	PST	HAY	YDT
+#	-9	HNY	YST	-	-
+#
+#	HN: Heure Normale	ST: Standard Time
+#	HA: Heure Avancée	DT: Daylight saving Time
+#
+#	A: de l'Atlantique	Atlantic
+#	C: du Centre		Central
+#	E: de l'Est		Eastern
+#	M:			Mountain
+#	N:			Newfoundland
+#	P: du Pacifique		Pacific
+#	R: des Rocheuses
+#	T: de Terre-Neuve
+#	Y: du Yukon		Yukon
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1994-11-22):
+# Alas, this sort of thing must be handled by localization software.
+
+# Unless otherwise specified, the data entries for Canada are all from Shanks
+# & Pottenger.
+
+# From Chris Walton (2006-04-01, 2006-04-25, 2006-06-26, 2007-01-31,
+# 2007-03-01):
+# The British Columbia government announced yesterday that it will
+# adjust daylight savings next year to align with changes in the
+# U.S. and the rest of Canada....
+# http://www2.news.gov.bc.ca/news_releases_2005-2009/2006AG0014-000330.htm
+# ...
+# Nova Scotia
+# Daylight saving time will be extended by four weeks starting in 2007....
+# http://www.gov.ns.ca/just/regulations/rg2/2006/ma1206.pdf
+#
+# [For New Brunswick] the new legislation dictates that the time change is to
+# be done at 02:00 instead of 00:01.
+# http://www.gnb.ca/0062/acts/BBA-2006/Chap-19.pdf
+# ...
+# Manitoba has traditionally changed the clock every fall at 03:00.
+# As of 2006, the transition is to take place one hour earlier at 02:00.
+# http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/o030e.php
+# ...
+# [Alberta, Ontario, Quebec] will follow US rules.
+# http://www.qp.gov.ab.ca/documents/spring/CH03_06.CFM
+# http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/DBLaws/Source/Regs/English/2006/R06111_e.htm
+# http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=5&file=2006C39A.PDF
+# ...
+# P.E.I. will follow US rules....
+# http://www.assembly.pe.ca/bills/pdf_chapter/62/3/chapter-41.pdf
+# ...
+# Province of Newfoundland and Labrador....
+# http://www.hoa.gov.nl.ca/hoa/bills/Bill0634.htm
+# ...
+# Yukon
+# http://www.gov.yk.ca/legislation/regs/oic2006_127.pdf
+# ...
+# N.W.T. will follow US rules.  Whoever maintains the government web site
+# does not seem to believe in bookmarks.  To see the news release, click the
+# following link and search for "Daylight Savings Time Change".  Press the
+# "Daylight Savings Time Change" link; it will fire off a popup using
+# JavaScript.
+# http://www.exec.gov.nt.ca/currentnews/currentPR.asp?mode=archive
+# ...
+# Nunavut
+# An amendment to the Interpretation Act was registered on February 19/2007....
+# http://action.attavik.ca/home/justice-gn/attach/2007/gaz02part2.pdf
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-18):
+# H. David Matthews and Mary Vincent's map
+# "It's about TIME", _Canadian Geographic_ (September-October 1998)
+# http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/SO98/alacarte.asp
+# contains detailed boundaries for regions observing nonstandard
+# time and daylight saving time arrangements in Canada circa 1998.
+#
+# National Research Council Canada maintains info about time zones and DST.
+# http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/time_zones.html
+# http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/faq/index.html#Q5
+# Its unofficial information is often taken from Matthews and Vincent.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-06-27):
+# For now, assume all of DST-observing Canada will fall into line with the
+# new US DST rules,
+
+# From Chris Walton (2011-12-01)
+# In the first of Tammy Hardwick's articles
+# http://www.ilovecreston.com/?p=articles&t=spec&ar=260
+# she quotes the Friday November 1/1918 edition of the Creston Review.
+# The quote includes these two statements:
+# 'Sunday the CPR went back to the old system of time...'
+# '... The daylight saving scheme was dropped all over Canada at the same time,'
+# These statements refer to a transition from daylight time to standard time
+# that occurred nationally on Sunday October 27/1918.  This transition was
+# also documented in the Saturday October 26/1918 edition of the Toronto Star.
+
+# In light of that evidence, we alter the date from the earlier believed
+# Oct 31, to Oct 27, 1918 (and Sunday is a more likely transition day
+# than Thursday) in all Canadian rulesets.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Canada	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Canada	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Canada	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	Canada	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
+Rule	Canada	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Canada	1974	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Canada	1974	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Canada	1987	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Canada	2007	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Canada	2007	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+
+
+# Newfoundland and Labrador
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that Labrador should use NST/NDT,
+# but the only part of Labrador that follows the rules is the
+# southeast corner, including Port Hope Simpson and Mary's Harbour,
+# but excluding, say, Black Tickle.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	StJohns	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00	0	S
+# Whitman gives 1919 Apr 5 and 1920 Apr 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	StJohns	1919	only	-	May	 5	23:00	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	1919	only	-	Aug	12	23:00	0	S
+# For 1931-1935 Whitman gives Apr same date; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	StJohns	1920	1935	-	May	Sun>=1	23:00	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	1920	1935	-	Oct	lastSun	23:00	0	S
+# For 1936-1941 Whitman gives May Sun>=8 and Oct Sun>=1; go with Shanks &
+# Pottenger.
+Rule	StJohns	1936	1941	-	May	Mon>=9	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	1936	1941	-	Oct	Mon>=2	0:00	0	S
+# Whitman gives the following transitions:
+# 1942 03-01/12-31, 1943 05-30/09-05, 1944 07-10/09-02, 1945 01-01/10-07
+# but go with Shanks & Pottenger and assume they used Canadian rules.
+# For 1946-9 Whitman gives May 5,4,9,1 - Oct 1,5,3,2, and for 1950 he gives
+# Apr 30 - Sep 24; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	StJohns	1946	1950	-	May	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	1946	1950	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00	0	S
+Rule	StJohns	1951	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	1951	1959	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	StJohns	1960	1986	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# INMS (2000-09-12) says that, since 1988 at least, Newfoundland switches
+# at 00:01 local time.  For now, assume it started in 1987.
+
+# From Michael Pelley (2011-09-12):
+# We received today, Monday, September 12, 2011, notification that the
+# changes to the Newfoundland Standard Time Act have been proclaimed.
+# The change in the Act stipulates that the change from Daylight Savings
+# Time to Standard Time and from Standard Time to Daylight Savings Time
+# now occurs at 2:00AM.
+# ...
+# http://www.assembly.nl.ca/legislation/sr/annualstatutes/2011/1106.chp.htm
+# ...
+# MICHAEL PELLEY  |  Manager of Enterprise Architecture - Solution Delivery
+# Office of the Chief Information Officer
+# Executive Council
+# Government of Newfoundland & Labrador
+
+Rule	StJohns	1987	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:01	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	1987	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	0:01	0	S
+Rule	StJohns	1988	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:01	2:00	DD
+Rule	StJohns	1989	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:01	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	2007	2011	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:01	1:00	D
+Rule	StJohns	2007	2010	-	Nov	Sun>=1	0:01	0	S
+#
+# St John's has an apostrophe, but Posix file names can't have apostrophes.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/St_Johns	-3:30:52 -	LMT	1884
+			-3:30:52 StJohns N%sT	1918
+			-3:30:52 Canada	N%sT	1919
+			-3:30:52 StJohns N%sT	1935 Mar 30
+			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1942 May 11
+			-3:30	Canada	N%sT	1946
+			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	2011 Nov
+			-3:30	Canada	N%sT
+
+# most of east Labrador
+
+# The name 'Happy Valley-Goose Bay' is too long; use 'Goose Bay'.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Goose_Bay	-4:01:40 -	LMT	1884 # Happy Valley-Goose Bay
+			-3:30:52 -	NST	1918
+			-3:30:52 Canada N%sT	1919
+			-3:30:52 -	NST	1935 Mar 30
+			-3:30	-	NST	1936
+			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1942 May 11
+			-3:30	Canada	N%sT	1946
+			-3:30	StJohns	N%sT	1966 Mar 15  2:00
+			-4:00	StJohns	A%sT	2011 Nov
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT
+
+
+# west Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward I
+
+# From Brian Inglis (2015-07-20):
+# From the historical weather station records available at:
+# https://weatherspark.com/history/28351/1971/Sydney-Nova-Scotia-Canada
+# Sydney shares the same time history as Glace Bay, so was
+# likely to be the same across the island....
+# Sydney, as the capital and most populous location, or Cape Breton, would
+# have been better names for the zone had we known this in 1996.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-20):
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that since 1970 most of this region has been like
+# Halifax.  Many locales did not observe peacetime DST until 1972;
+# the Cape Breton area, represented by Glace Bay, is the largest we know of
+# (Glace Bay was perhaps not the best name choice but no point changing now).
+# Shanks & Pottenger also write that Liverpool, NS was the only town
+# in Canada to observe DST in 1971 but not 1970; for now we'll assume
+# this is a typo.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Halifax	1916	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1920	only	-	May	 9	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1920	only	-	Aug	29	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1921	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1921	1922	-	Sep	 5	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1922	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1923	1925	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1923	only	-	Sep	 4	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1924	only	-	Sep	15	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1925	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1926	only	-	May	16	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1926	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1927	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1927	only	-	Sep	26	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1928	1931	-	May	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1928	only	-	Sep	 9	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1929	only	-	Sep	 3	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1930	only	-	Sep	15	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1931	1932	-	Sep	Mon>=24	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1932	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1933	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1933	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1934	only	-	May	20	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1934	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1935	only	-	Jun	 2	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1935	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1936	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1936	only	-	Sep	14	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1937	1938	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1937	1941	-	Sep	Mon>=24	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1939	only	-	May	28	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1940	1941	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1946	1949	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1946	1949	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1951	1954	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1951	1954	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1956	1959	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1956	1959	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Halifax	1962	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Halifax	1962	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Halifax	-4:14:24 -	LMT	1902 Jun 15
+			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1918
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1919
+			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1946
+			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1974
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT
+Zone America/Glace_Bay	-3:59:48 -	LMT	1902 Jun 15
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1953
+			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1954
+			-4:00	-	AST	1972
+			-4:00	Halifax	A%sT	1974
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT
+
+# New Brunswick
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-31):
+# The Time Definition Act <http://www.gnb.ca/0062/PDF-acts/t-06.pdf>
+# says they changed at 00:01 through 2006, and
+# <http://www.canlii.org/nb/laws/sta/t-6/20030127/whole.html> makes it
+# clear that this was the case since at least 1993.
+# For now, assume it started in 1993.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Moncton	1933	1935	-	Jun	Sun>=8	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Moncton	1933	1935	-	Sep	Sun>=8	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Moncton	1936	1938	-	Jun	Sun>=1	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Moncton	1936	1938	-	Sep	Sun>=1	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Moncton	1939	only	-	May	27	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Moncton	1939	1941	-	Sep	Sat>=21	1:00	0	S
+Rule	Moncton	1940	only	-	May	19	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Moncton	1941	only	-	May	 4	1:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Moncton	1946	1972	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Moncton	1946	1956	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Moncton	1957	1972	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Moncton	1993	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:01	1:00	D
+Rule	Moncton	1993	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	0:01	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Moncton	-4:19:08 -	LMT	1883 Dec  9
+			-5:00	-	EST	1902 Jun 15
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1933
+			-4:00	Moncton	A%sT	1942
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1946
+			-4:00	Moncton	A%sT	1973
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1993
+			-4:00	Moncton	A%sT	2007
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT
+
+# Quebec
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-24):
+# See America/Toronto for most of Quebec, including Montreal.
+#
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) also write that Quebec east of the -63
+# meridian is supposed to observe AST, but residents as far east as
+# Natashquan use EST/EDT, and residents east of Natashquan use AST.
+# The Quebec department of justice writes in
+# "The situation in Minganie and Basse-Côte-Nord"
+# http://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/english/publications/generale/temps-minganie-a.htm
+# that the coastal strip from just east of Natashquan to Blanc-Sablon
+# observes Atlantic standard time all year round.
+# http://www.assnat.qc.ca/Media/Process.aspx?MediaId=ANQ.Vigie.Bll.DocumentGenerique_8845en
+# says this common practice was codified into law as of 2007.
+# For lack of better info, guess this practice began around 1970, contra to
+# Shanks & Pottenger who have this region observing AST/ADT.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Blanc-Sablon -3:48:28 -	LMT	1884
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1970
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Ontario
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-07-09):
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that since 1970 most of Ontario has been like
+# Toronto.
+# Thunder Bay skipped DST in 1973.
+# Many smaller locales did not observe peacetime DST until 1974;
+# Nipigon (EST) and Rainy River (CST) are the largest that we know of.
+# Far west Ontario is like Winnipeg; far east Quebec is like Halifax.
+
+# From Mark Brader (2003-07-26):
+# [According to the Toronto Star] Orillia, Ontario, adopted DST
+# effective Saturday, 1912-06-22, 22:00; the article mentions that
+# Port Arthur (now part of Thunder Bay, Ontario) as well as Moose Jaw
+# have already done so.  In Orillia DST was to run until Saturday,
+# 1912-08-31 (no time mentioned), but it was met with considerable
+# hostility from certain segments of the public, and was revoked after
+# only two weeks - I copied it as Saturday, 1912-07-07, 22:00, but
+# presumably that should be -07-06.  (1912-06-19, -07-12; also letters
+# earlier in June).
+#
+# Kenora, Ontario, was to abandon DST on 1914-06-01 (-05-21).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1997-10-17):
+# Mark Brader writes that an article in the 1997-10-14 Toronto Star
+# says that Atikokan, Ontario currently does not observe DST,
+# but will vote on 11-10 whether to use EST/EDT.
+# He also writes that the Ontario Time Act (1990, Chapter T.9)
+# http://www.gov.on.ca/MBS/english/publications/statregs/conttext.html
+# says that Ontario east of 90W uses EST/EDT, and west of 90W uses CST/CDT.
+# Officially Atikokan is therefore on CST/CDT, and most likely this report
+# concerns a non-official time observed as a matter of local practice.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that Atikokan, Pickle Lake, and
+# New Osnaburgh observe CST all year, that Big Trout Lake observes
+# CST/CDT, and that Upsala and Shebandowan observe EST/EDT, all in
+# violation of the official Ontario rules.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-07-09):
+# Chris Walton (2006-07-06) mentioned an article by Stephanie MacLellan in the
+# 2005-07-21 Chronicle-Journal, which said:
+#
+#	The clocks in Atikokan stay set on standard time year-round.
+#	This means they spend about half the time on central time and
+#	the other half on eastern time.
+#
+#	For the most part, the system works, Mayor Dennis Brown said.
+#
+#	"The majority of businesses in Atikokan deal more with Eastern
+#	Canada, but there are some that deal with Western Canada," he
+#	said.  "I don't see any changes happening here."
+#
+# Walton also writes "Supposedly Pickle Lake and Mishkeegogamang
+# [New Osnaburgh] follow the same practice."
+
+# From Garry McKinnon (2006-07-14) via Chris Walton:
+# I chatted with a member of my board who has an outstanding memory
+# and a long history in Atikokan (and in the telecom industry) and he
+# can say for certain that Atikokan has been practicing the current
+# time keeping since 1952, at least.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-07-17):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that Atikokan has agreed with Rainy River
+# ever since standard time was introduced, but the information from
+# McKinnon sounds more authoritative.  For now, assume that Atikokan
+# switched to EST immediately after WWII era daylight saving time
+# ended.  This matches the old (less-populous) America/Coral_Harbour
+# entry since our cutoff date of 1970, so we can move
+# America/Coral_Harbour to the 'backward' file.
+
+# From Mark Brader (2010-03-06):
+#
+# Currently the database has:
+#
+# # Ontario
+#
+# # From Paul Eggert (2006-07-09):
+# # Shanks & Pottenger write that since 1970 most of Ontario has been like
+# # Toronto.
+# # Thunder Bay skipped DST in 1973.
+# # Many smaller locales did not observe peacetime DST until 1974;
+# # Nipigon (EST) and Rainy River (CST) are the largest that we know of.
+#
+# In the (Toronto) Globe and Mail for Saturday, 1955-09-24, in the bottom
+# right corner of page 1, it says that Toronto will return to standard
+# time at 2 am Sunday morning (which agrees with the database), and that:
+#
+#     The one-hour setback will go into effect throughout most of Ontario,
+#     except in areas like Windsor which remains on standard time all year.
+#
+# Windsor is, of course, a lot larger than Nipigon.
+#
+# I only came across this incidentally.  I don't know if Windsor began
+# observing DST when Detroit did, or in 1974, or on some other date.
+#
+# By the way, the article continues by noting that:
+#
+#     Some cities in the United States have pushed the deadline back
+#     three weeks and will change over from daylight saving in October.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2010-07-17):
+#
+# "Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada" appeared in
+# The Journal of The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada,
+# volume 26, number 2 (February 1932) and, as of 2010-07-17,
+# was available at
+# http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1932JRASC..26...49S
+#
+# It includes the text below (starting on page 57):
+#
+#   A list of the places in Canada using daylight saving time would
+# require yearly revision. From information kindly furnished by
+# the provincial governments and by the postmasters in many cities
+# and towns, it is found that the following places used daylight sav-
+# ing in 1930. The information for the province of Quebec is definite,
+# for the other provinces only approximate:
+#
+#	Province	Daylight saving time used
+# Prince Edward Island	Not used.
+# Nova Scotia		In Halifax only.
+# New Brunswick		In St. John only.
+# Quebec		In the following places:
+#			Montreal	Lachine
+#			Quebec		Mont-Royal
+#			Lévis		Iberville
+#			St. Lambert	Cap de la Madelèine
+#			Verdun		Loretteville
+#			Westmount	Richmond
+#			Outremont	St. Jérôme
+#			Longueuil	Greenfield Park
+#			Arvida		Waterloo
+#			Chambly-Canton	Beaulieu
+#			Melbourne	La Tuque
+#			St. Théophile	Buckingham
+# Ontario		Used generally in the cities and towns along
+#			the southerly part of the province. Not
+#			used in the northwesterly part.
+# Manitoba		Not used.
+# Saskatchewan		In Regina only.
+# Alberta		Not used.
+# British Columbia	Not used.
+#
+#   With some exceptions, the use of daylight saving may be said to be limited
+# to those cities and towns lying between Quebec city and Windsor, Ont.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Toronto	1919	only	-	Mar	30	23:30	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1919	only	-	Oct	26	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1920	only	-	May	 2	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1920	only	-	Sep	26	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1921	only	-	May	15	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1921	only	-	Sep	15	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1922	1923	-	May	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+# Shanks & Pottenger say 1923-09-19; assume it's a typo and that "-16"
+# was meant.
+Rule	Toronto	1922	1926	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1924	1927	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+# The 1927-to-1939 rules can be expressed more simply as
+# Rule	Toronto	1927	1937	-	Sep	Sun>=25	2:00	0	S
+# Rule	Toronto	1928	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=25	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	Toronto	1938	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Rule	Toronto	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# The rules below avoid use of Sun>=25
+# (which pre-2004 versions of zic cannot handle).
+Rule	Toronto	1927	1932	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1928	1931	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1932	only	-	May	1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1933	1940	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1933	only	-	Oct	1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1934	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1945	1946	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1946	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1947	1949	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1947	1948	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1949	only	-	Nov	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1950	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Toronto	1950	only	-	Nov	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Toronto	1951	1956	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Shanks & Pottenger say Toronto ended DST a week early in 1971,
+# namely on 1971-10-24, but Mark Brader wrote (2003-05-31) that this
+# is wrong, and that he had confirmed it by checking the 1971-10-30
+# Toronto Star, which said that DST was ending 1971-10-31 as usual.
+Rule	Toronto	1957	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-07-27):
+# Willett (1914-03) writes (p. 17) "In the Cities of Fort William, and
+# Port Arthur, Ontario, the principle of the Bill has been in
+# operation for the past three years, and in the City of Moose Jaw,
+# Saskatchewan, for one year."
+
+# From David Bryan via Tory Tronrud, Director/Curator,
+# Thunder Bay Museum (2003-11-12):
+# There is some suggestion, however, that, by-law or not, daylight
+# savings time was being practiced in Fort William and Port Arthur
+# before 1909.... [I]n 1910, the line between the Eastern and Central
+# Time Zones was permanently moved about two hundred miles west to
+# include the Thunder Bay area....  When Canada adopted daylight
+# savings time in 1916, Fort William and Port Arthur, having done so
+# already, did not change their clocks....  During the Second World
+# War,... [t]he cities agreed to implement DST during the summer
+# months for the remainder of the war years.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Toronto	-5:17:32 -	LMT	1895
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1919
+			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1946
+			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1974
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
+Zone America/Thunder_Bay -5:57:00 -	LMT	1895
+			-6:00	-	CST	1910
+			-5:00	-	EST	1942
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1970
+			-5:00	Toronto	E%sT	1973
+			-5:00	-	EST	1974
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
+Zone America/Nipigon	-5:53:04 -	LMT	1895
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1940 Sep 29
+			-5:00	1:00	EDT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
+Zone America/Rainy_River -6:18:16 -	LMT	1895
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1940 Sep 29
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
+Zone America/Atikokan	-6:06:28 -	LMT	1895
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1940 Sep 29
+			-6:00	1:00	CDT	1942 Feb  9  2:00s
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	1945 Sep 30  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST
+
+
+# Manitoba
+
+# From Rob Douglas (2006-04-06):
+# the old Manitoba Time Act - as amended by Bill 2, assented to
+# March 27, 1987 ... said ...
+# "between two o'clock Central Standard Time in the morning of
+# the first Sunday of April of each year and two o'clock Central
+# Standard Time in the morning of the last Sunday of October next
+# following, one hour in advance of Central Standard Time."...
+# I believe that the English legislation [of the old time act] had
+# been assented to (March 22, 1967)....
+# Also, as far as I can tell, there was no order-in-council varying
+# the time of Daylight Saving Time for 2005 and so the provisions of
+# the 1987 version would apply - the changeover was at 2:00 Central
+# Standard Time (i.e. not until 3:00 Central Daylight Time).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-04-10):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say Manitoba switched at 02:00 (not 02:00s)
+# starting 1966.  Since 02:00s is clearly correct for 1967 on, assume
+# it was also 02:00s in 1966.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Winn	1916	only	-	Apr	23	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1916	only	-	Sep	17	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1937	only	-	May	16	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1937	only	-	Sep	26	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	Winn	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
+Rule	Winn	1945	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1946	only	-	May	12	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1946	only	-	Oct	13	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1947	1949	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1947	1949	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1950	only	-	May	 1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1950	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1951	1960	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1951	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1959	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1960	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1963	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1963	only	-	Sep	22	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1966	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Winn	1966	2005	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	0	S
+Rule	Winn	1987	2005	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	D
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Winnipeg	-6:28:36 -	LMT	1887 Jul 16
+			-6:00	Winn	C%sT	2006
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
+
+
+# Saskatchewan
+
+# From Mark Brader (2003-07-26):
+# The first actual adoption of DST in Canada was at the municipal
+# level.  As the [Toronto] Star put it (1912-06-07), "While people
+# elsewhere have long been talking of legislation to save daylight,
+# the city of Moose Jaw [Saskatchewan] has acted on its own hook."
+# DST in Moose Jaw began on Saturday, 1912-06-01 (no time mentioned:
+# presumably late evening, as below), and would run until "the end of
+# the summer".  The discrepancy between municipal time and railroad
+# time was noted.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2003-07-27):
+# Willett (1914-03) notes that DST "has been in operation ... in the
+# City of Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, for one year."
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that since 1970 this region has mostly been as Regina.
+# Some western towns (e.g. Swift Current) switched from MST/MDT to CST in 1972.
+# Other western towns (e.g. Lloydminster) are like Edmonton.
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that Denare Beach and Creighton
+# are like Winnipeg, in violation of Saskatchewan law.
+
+# From W. Jones (1992-11-06):
+# The. . .below is based on information I got from our law library, the
+# provincial archives, and the provincial Community Services department.
+# A precise history would require digging through newspaper archives, and
+# since you didn't say what you wanted, I didn't bother.
+#
+# Saskatchewan is split by a time zone meridian (105W) and over the years
+# the boundary became pretty ragged as communities near it reevaluated
+# their affiliations in one direction or the other.  In 1965 a provincial
+# referendum favoured legislating common time practices.
+#
+# On 15 April 1966 the Time Act (c. T-14, Revised Statutes of
+# Saskatchewan 1978) was proclaimed, and established that the eastern
+# part of Saskatchewan would use CST year round, that districts in
+# northwest Saskatchewan would by default follow CST but could opt to
+# follow Mountain Time rules (thus 1 hour difference in the winter and
+# zero in the summer), and that districts in southwest Saskatchewan would
+# by default follow MT but could opt to follow CST.
+#
+# It took a few years for the dust to settle (I know one story of a town
+# on one time zone having its school in another, such that a mom had to
+# serve her family lunch in two shifts), but presently it seems that only
+# a few towns on the border with Alberta (e.g. Lloydminster) follow MT
+# rules any more; all other districts appear to have used CST year round
+# since sometime in the 1960s.
+
+# From Chris Walton (2006-06-26):
+# The Saskatchewan time act which was last updated in 1996 is about 30 pages
+# long and rather painful to read.
+# http://www.qp.gov.sk.ca/documents/English/Statutes/Statutes/T14.pdf
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Regina	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Regina	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Regina	1930	1934	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Regina	1930	1934	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Regina	1937	1941	-	Apr	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Regina	1937	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Regina	1938	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Regina	1939	1941	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Regina	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	Regina	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
+Rule	Regina	1945	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Regina	1946	only	-	Apr	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Regina	1946	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Regina	1947	1957	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Regina	1947	1957	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Regina	1959	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Regina	1959	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+#
+Rule	Swift	1957	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Swift	1957	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Swift	1959	1961	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Swift	1959	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Swift	1960	1961	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Regina	-6:58:36 -	LMT	1905 Sep
+			-7:00	Regina	M%sT	1960 Apr lastSun  2:00
+			-6:00	-	CST
+Zone America/Swift_Current -7:11:20 -	LMT	1905 Sep
+			-7:00	Canada	M%sT	1946 Apr lastSun  2:00
+			-7:00	Regina	M%sT	1950
+			-7:00	Swift	M%sT	1972 Apr lastSun  2:00
+			-6:00	-	CST
+
+
+# Alberta
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Edm	1918	1919	-	Apr	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Edm	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Edm	1919	only	-	May	27	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Edm	1920	1923	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Edm	1920	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Edm	1921	1923	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Edm	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	Edm	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
+Rule	Edm	1945	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Edm	1947	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Edm	1947	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Edm	1967	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Edm	1967	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Edm	1969	only	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Edm	1969	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Edm	1972	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Edm	1972	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Edmonton	-7:33:52 -	LMT	1906 Sep
+			-7:00	Edm	M%sT	1987
+			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
+
+
+# British Columbia
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that since 1970 most of this region has
+# been like Vancouver.
+# Dawson Creek uses MST.  Much of east BC is like Edmonton.
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) write that Creston is like Dawson Creek.
+
+# It seems though that (re: Creston) is not entirely correct:
+
+# From Chris Walton (2011-12-01):
+# There are two areas within the Canadian province of British Columbia
+# that do not currently observe daylight saving:
+# a) The Creston Valley (includes the town of Creston and surrounding area)
+# b) The eastern half of the Peace River Regional District
+# (includes the cities of Dawson Creek and Fort St. John)
+
+# Earlier this year I stumbled across a detailed article about the time
+# keeping history of Creston; it was written by Tammy Hardwick who is the
+# manager of the Creston & District Museum. The article was written in May 2009.
+# http://www.ilovecreston.com/?p=articles&t=spec&ar=260
+# According to the article, Creston has not changed its clocks since June 1918.
+# i.e. Creston has been stuck on UTC-7 for 93 years.
+# Dawson Creek, on the other hand, changed its clocks as recently as April 1972.
+
+# Unfortunately the exact date for the time change in June 1918 remains
+# unknown and will be difficult to ascertain.  I e-mailed Tammy a few months
+# ago to ask if Sunday June 2 was a reasonable guess.  She said it was just
+# as plausible as any other date (in June).  She also said that after writing
+# the article she had discovered another time change in 1916; this is the
+# subject of another article which she wrote in October 2010.
+# http://www.creston.museum.bc.ca/index.php?module=comments&uop=view_comment&cm+id=56
+
+# Here is a summary of the three clock change events in Creston's history:
+# 1. 1884 or 1885: adoption of Mountain Standard Time (GMT-7)
+# Exact date unknown
+# 2. Oct 1916: switch to Pacific Standard Time (GMT-8)
+# Exact date in October unknown; Sunday October 1 is a reasonable guess.
+# 3. June 1918: switch to Pacific Daylight Time (GMT-7)
+# Exact date in June unknown; Sunday June 2 is a reasonable guess.
+# note 1:
+# On Oct 27/1918 when daylight saving ended in the rest of Canada,
+# Creston did not change its clocks.
+# note 2:
+# During WWII when the Federal Government legislated a mandatory clock change,
+# Creston did not oblige.
+# note 3:
+# There is no guarantee that Creston will remain on Mountain Standard Time
+# (UTC-7) forever.
+# The subject was debated at least once this year by the town Council.
+# http://www.bclocalnews.com/kootenay_rockies/crestonvalleyadvance/news/116760809.html
+
+# During a period WWII, summer time (Daylight saying) was mandatory in Canada.
+# In Creston, that was handled by shifting the area to PST (-8:00) then applying
+# summer time to cause the offset to be -7:00, the same as it had been before
+# the change.  It can be argued that the timezone abbreviation during this
+# period should be PDT rather than MST, but that doesn't seem important enough
+# (to anyone) to further complicate the rules.
+
+# The transition dates (and times) are guesses.
+
+# From Matt Johnson (2015-09-21):
+# Fort Nelson, BC, Canada will cancel DST this year.  So while previously they
+# were aligned with America/Vancouver, they're now aligned with
+# America/Dawson_Creek.
+# http://www.northernrockies.ca/EN/meta/news/archives/2015/northern-rockies-time-change.html
+#
+# From Tim Parenti (2015-09-23):
+# This requires a new zone for the Northern Rockies Regional Municipality,
+# America/Fort_Nelson.  The resolution of 2014-12-08 was reached following a
+# 2014-11-15 poll with nearly 75% support.  Effectively, the municipality has
+# been on MST (-0700) like Dawson Creek since it advanced its clocks on
+# 2015-03-08.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
+# Shanks says Fort Nelson did not observe DST in 1946, unlike Vancouver.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Vanc	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Vanc	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Vanc	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	Vanc	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
+Rule	Vanc	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Vanc	1946	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Vanc	1946	only	-	Oct	13	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Vanc	1947	1961	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Vanc	1962	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Vancouver	-8:12:28 -	LMT	1884
+			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1987
+			-8:00	Canada	P%sT
+Zone America/Dawson_Creek -8:00:56 -	LMT	1884
+			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	1947
+			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1972 Aug 30  2:00
+			-7:00	-	MST
+Zone America/Fort_Nelson	-8:10:47 -	LMT	1884
+			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1946
+			-8:00	-	PST	1947
+			-8:00	Vanc	P%sT	1987
+			-8:00	Canada	P%sT	2015 Mar  8  2:00
+			-7:00	-	MST
+Zone America/Creston	-7:46:04 -	LMT	1884
+			-7:00	-	MST	1916 Oct 1
+			-8:00	-	PST	1918 Jun 2
+			-7:00	-	MST
+
+# Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Dawson switched to PST in 1973.  Inuvik switched to MST in 1979.
+# Mathew Englander (1996-10-07) gives the following refs:
+#	* 1967. Paragraph 28(34)(g) of the Interpretation Act, S.C. 1967-68,
+#	c. 7 defines Yukon standard time as UTC-9....
+#	see Interpretation Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-21, s. 35(1).
+#	[http://canlii.ca/t/7vhg]
+#	* C.O. 1973/214 switched Yukon to PST on 1973-10-28 00:00.
+#	* O.I.C. 1980/02 established DST.
+#	* O.I.C. 1987/056 changed DST to Apr firstSun 2:00 to Oct lastSun 2:00.
+
+# From Brian Inglis (2015-04-14):
+#
+# I tried to trace the history of Yukon time and found the following
+# regulations, giving the reference title and URL if found, regulation name,
+# and relevant quote if available.  Each regulation specifically revokes its
+# predecessor.  The final reference is to the current Interpretation Act
+# authorizing and resulting from these regulatory changes.
+#
+# Only recent regulations were retrievable via Yukon government site search or
+# index, and only some via Canadian legal sources.  Other sources used include
+# articles titled "Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada" from JRASC via ADS
+# Abstracts, cited by ADO for 1932 ..., and updated versions from 1958 and
+# 1970 quoted below; each article includes current extracts from provincial
+# and territorial ST and DST regulations at the end, summaries and details of
+# standard times and daylight saving time at many locations across Canada,
+# with time zone maps, tables and calculations for Canadian Sunrise, Sunset,
+# and LMST; they also cover many countries and global locations, with a chart
+# and table showing current Universal Time offsets, and may be useful as
+# another source of information for 1970 and earlier.
+#
+# * Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada; Smith, C.C.; JRASC, Vol. 26,
+#   pp.49-77; February 1932; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
+#   http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JRASC..26...49S from p.75:
+#   Yukon Interpretation Ordinance
+#   Yukon standard time is the local mean time at the one hundred and
+#   thirty-fifth meridian.
+#
+# * Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada; Smith, C.C.; Thomson, Malcolm M.;
+#   JRASC, Vol. 52, pp.193-223; October 1958; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System
+#   (ADS) http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958JRASC..52..193S from pp.220-1:
+#   Yukon Interpretation Ordinance, 1955, Chap. 16.
+#
+#     (1) Subject to this section, standard time shall be reckoned as nine
+#     hours behind Greenwich Time and called Yukon Standard Time.
+#
+#     (2) Notwithstanding subsection (1), the Commissioner may make regulations
+#     varying the manner of reckoning standard time.
+#
+# * Yukon Territory Commissioner's Order 1966-20 Interpretation Ordinance
+#   http://? - no online source found
+#
+# * Standard Time and Time Zones in Canada; Thomson, Malcolm M.; JRASC,
+#   Vol. 64, pp.129-162; June 1970; SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
+#   http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970JRASC..64..129T from p.156: Yukon
+#   Territory Commissioner's Order 1967-59 Interpretation Ordinance ...
+#
+#     1. Commissioner's Order 1966-20 dated at Whitehorse in the Yukon
+#     Territory on 27th January, 1966, is hereby revoked.
+#
+#     2. Yukon (East) Standard Time as defined by section 36 of the
+#     Interpretation Ordinance from and after mid-night on the 28th day of May,
+#     1967 shall be reckoned in the same manner as Pacific Standard Time, that
+#     is to say, eight hours behind Greenwich Time in the area of the Yukon
+#     Territory lying east of the 138th degree longitude west.
+#
+#     3. In the remainder of the Territory, lying west of the 138th degree
+#     longitude west, Yukon (West) Standard Time shall be reckoned as nine
+#     hours behind Greenwich Time.
+#
+# * Yukon Standard Time defined as Pacific Standard Time, YCO 1973/214
+#   http://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yco-1973-214/latest/yco-1973-214.html
+#   C.O. 1973/214 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
+#
+#     1. Effective October 28, 1973 Commissioner's Order 1967/59 is hereby
+#     revoked.
+#
+#     2. Yukon Standard Time as defined by section 36 of the Interpretation
+#     Act from and after midnight on the twenty-eighth day of October, 1973
+#     shall be reckoned in the same manner as Pacific Standard Time, that is
+#     to say eight hours behind Greenwich Time.
+#
+# * O.I.C. 1980/02 INTERPRETATION ACT
+#   http://? - no online source found
+#
+# * Yukon Daylight Saving Time, YOIC 1987/56
+#   http://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yoic-1987-56/latest/yoic-1987-56.html
+#   O.I.C. 1987/056 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
+#
+#   In every year between
+#     (a) two o'clock in the morning in the first Sunday in April, and
+#     (b) two o'clock in the morning in the last Sunday in October,
+#   Standard Time shall be reckoned as seven hours behind Greenwich Time and
+#   called Yukon Daylight Saving Time.
+#   ...
+#   Dated ... 9th day of March, A.D., 1987.
+#
+# * Yukon Daylight Saving Time 2006, YOIC 2006/127
+#   http://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/regu/yoic-2006-127/latest/yoic-2006-127.html
+#   O.I.C. 2006/127 INTERPRETATION ACT ...
+#
+#     1. In Yukon each year the time for general purposes shall be 7 hours
+#     behind Greenwich mean time during the period commencing at two o'clock
+#     in the forenoon on the second Sunday of March and ending at two o'clock
+#     in the forenoon on the first Sunday of November and shall be called
+#     Yukon Daylight Saving Time.
+#
+#     2. Order-in-Council 1987/56 is revoked.
+#
+#     3. This order comes into force January 1, 2007.
+#
+# * Interpretation Act, RSY 2002, c 125
+# http://www.canlii.org/en/yk/laws/stat/rsy-2002-c-125/latest/rsy-2002-c-125.html
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-09-04):
+# Nunavut ... moved ... to incorporate the whole territory into one time zone.
+# Nunavut moves to single time zone Oct. 31
+# http://www.nunatsiaq.com/nunavut/nvt90903_13.html
+#
+# From Antoine Leca (1999-09-06):
+# We then need to create a new timezone for the Kitikmeot region of Nunavut
+# to differentiate it from the Yellowknife region.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
+# Basic Facts: The New Territory
+# http://www.nunavut.com/basicfacts/english/basicfacts_1territory.html
+# (1999) reports that Pangnirtung operates on eastern time,
+# and that Coral Harbour does not observe DST.  We don't know when
+# Pangnirtung switched to eastern time; we'll guess 1995.
+
+# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
+# On October 31, when the rest of Nunavut went to Central time,
+# Pangnirtung wobbled.  Here is the result of their wobble:
+#
+# The following businesses and organizations in Pangnirtung use Central Time:
+#
+#	First Air, Power Corp, Nunavut Construction, Health Center, RCMP,
+#	Eastern Arctic National Parks, A & D Specialist
+#
+# The following businesses and organizations in Pangnirtung use Eastern Time:
+#
+#	Hamlet office, All other businesses, Both schools, Airport operator
+#
+# This has made for an interesting situation there, which warranted the news.
+# No one there that I spoke with seems concerned, or has plans to
+# change the local methods of keeping time, as it evidently does not
+# really interfere with any activities or make things difficult locally.
+# They plan to celebrate New Year's turn-over twice, one hour apart,
+# so it appears that the situation will last at least that long.
+# The Nunavut Intergovernmental Affairs hopes that they will "come to
+# their senses", but the locals evidently don't see any problem with
+# the current state of affairs.
+
+# From Michaela Rodrigue, writing in the
+# Nunatsiaq News (1999-11-19):
+# http://www.nunatsiaq.com/archives/nunavut991130/nvt91119_17.html
+# Clyde River, Pangnirtung and Sanikiluaq now operate with two time zones,
+# central - or Nunavut time - for government offices, and eastern time
+# for municipal offices and schools....  Igloolik [was similar but then]
+# made the switch to central time on Saturday, Nov. 6.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
+# Matthews and Vincent (1998) say the following, but we lack histories
+# for these potential new Zones.
+#
+# The Canadian Forces station at Alert uses Eastern Time while the
+# handful of residents at the Eureka weather station [in the Central
+# zone] skip daylight savings.  Baffin Island, which is crossed by the
+# Central, Eastern and Atlantic Time zones only uses Eastern Time.
+# Gjoa Haven, Taloyoak and Pelly Bay all use Mountain instead of
+# Central Time and Southampton Island [in the Central zone] is not
+# required to use daylight savings.
+
+# From <http://www.nunatsiaq.com/archives/nunavut001130/nvt21110_02.html>
+# Nunavut now has two time zones (2000-11-10):
+# The Nunavut government would allow its employees in Kugluktuk and
+# Cambridge Bay to operate on central time year-round, putting them
+# one hour behind the rest of Nunavut for six months during the winter.
+# At the end of October the two communities had rebelled against
+# Nunavut's unified time zone, refusing to shift to eastern time with
+# the rest of the territory for the winter.  Cambridge Bay remained on
+# central time, while Kugluktuk, even farther west, reverted to
+# mountain time, which they had used before the advent of Nunavut's
+# unified time zone in 1999.
+#
+# From Rives McDow (2001-01-20), quoting the Nunavut government:
+# The preceding decision came into effect at midnight, Saturday Nov 4, 2000.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
+# Let's just keep track of the official times for now.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-03-07):
+# The premier of Nunavut has issued a ministerial statement advising
+# that effective 2001-04-01, the territory of Nunavut will revert
+# back to three time zones (mountain, central, and eastern).  Of the
+# cities in Nunavut, Coral Harbor is the only one that I know of that
+# has said it will not observe dst, staying on EST year round.  I'm
+# checking for more info, and will get back to you if I come up with
+# more.
+# [Also see <http://www.nunatsiaq.com/nunavut/nvt10309_06.html> (2001-03-09).]
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2005-05-21):
+# According to ...
+# http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/SO98/geomap.asp
+# (from a 1998 Canadian Geographic article), the de facto and de jure time
+# for Southampton Island (at the north end of Hudson Bay) is UTC-5 all year
+# round.  Using Google, it's easy to find other websites that confirm this.
+# I wasn't able to find how far back this time regimen goes, but since it
+# predates the creation of Nunavut, it probably goes back many years....
+# The Inuktitut name of Coral Harbour is Sallit, but it's rarely used.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-17):
+# For lack of better information, assume that Southampton Island observed
+# daylight saving only during wartime.  Gwillim Law's email also
+# mentioned maps now maintained by National Research Council Canada;
+# see above for an up-to-date link.
+
+# From Chris Walton (2007-03-01):
+# ... the community of Resolute (located on Cornwallis Island in
+# Nunavut) moved from Central Time to Eastern Time last November.
+# Basically the community did not change its clocks at the end of
+# daylight saving....
+# http://www.nnsl.com/frames/newspapers/2006-11/nov13_06none.html
+
+# From Chris Walton (2011-03-21):
+# Back in 2007 I initiated the creation of a new "zone file" for Resolute
+# Bay. Resolute Bay is a small community located about 900km north of
+# the Arctic Circle. The zone file was required because Resolute Bay had
+# decided to use UTC-5 instead of UTC-6 for the winter of 2006-2007.
+#
+# According to new information which I received last week, Resolute Bay
+# went back to using UTC-6 in the winter of 2007-2008...
+#
+# On March 11/2007 most of Canada went onto daylight saving. On March
+# 14/2007 I phoned the Resolute Bay hamlet office to do a "time check." I
+# talked to somebody that was both knowledgeable and helpful. I was able
+# to confirm that Resolute Bay was still operating on UTC-5. It was
+# explained to me that Resolute Bay had been on the Eastern Time zone
+# (EST) in the winter, and was now back on the Central Time zone (CDT).
+# i.e. the time zone had changed twice in the last year but the clocks
+# had not moved. The residents had to know which time zone they were in
+# so they could follow the correct TV schedule...
+#
+# On Nov 02/2008 most of Canada went onto standard time. On Nov 03/2008 I
+# phoned the Resolute Bay hamlet office...[D]ue to the challenging nature
+# of the phone call, I decided to seek out an alternate source of
+# information. I found an e-mail address for somebody by the name of
+# Stephanie Adams whose job was listed as "Inns North Support Officer for
+# Arctic Co-operatives." I was under the impression that Stephanie lived
+# and worked in Resolute Bay...
+#
+# On March 14/2011 I phoned the hamlet office again. I was told that
+# Resolute Bay had been using Central Standard Time over the winter of
+# 2010-2011 and that the clocks had therefore been moved one hour ahead
+# on March 13/2011. The person I talked to was aware that Resolute Bay
+# had previously experimented with Eastern Standard Time but he could not
+# tell me when the practice had stopped.
+#
+# On March 17/2011 I searched the Web to find an e-mail address of
+# somebody that might be able to tell me exactly when Resolute Bay went
+# off Eastern Standard Time. I stumbled on the name "Aziz Kheraj." Aziz
+# used to be the mayor of Resolute Bay and he apparently owns half the
+# businesses including "South Camp Inn." This website has some info on
+# Aziz:
+# http://www.uphere.ca/node/493
+#
+# I sent Aziz an e-mail asking when Resolute Bay had stopped using
+# Eastern Standard Time.
+#
+# Aziz responded quickly with this: "hi, The time was not changed for the
+# 1 year only, the following year, the community went back to the old way
+# of "spring ahead-fall behind" currently we are zulu plus 5 hrs and in
+# the winter Zulu plus 6 hrs"
+#
+# This of course conflicted with everything I had ascertained in November 2008.
+#
+# I sent Aziz a copy of my 2008 e-mail exchange with Stephanie. Aziz
+# responded with this: "Hi, Stephanie lives in Winnipeg. I live here, You
+# may want to check with the weather office in Resolute Bay or do a
+# search on the weather through Env. Canada. web site"
+#
+# If I had realized the Stephanie did not live in Resolute Bay I would
+# never have contacted her.  I now believe that all the information I
+# obtained in November 2008 should be ignored...
+# I apologize for reporting incorrect information in 2008.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	NT_YK	1918	only	-	Apr	14	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	NT_YK	1918	only	-	Oct	27	2:00	0	S
+Rule	NT_YK	1919	only	-	May	25	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	NT_YK	1919	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	NT_YK	1942	only	-	Feb	 9	2:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	NT_YK	1945	only	-	Aug	14	23:00u	1:00	P # Peace
+Rule	NT_YK	1945	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
+Rule	NT_YK	1965	only	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	2:00	DD
+Rule	NT_YK	1965	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	NT_YK	1980	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	NT_YK	1980	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	NT_YK	1987	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# aka Panniqtuuq
+Zone America/Pangnirtung 0	-	-00	1921 # trading post est.
+			-4:00	NT_YK	A%sT	1995 Apr Sun>=1  2:00
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT	1999 Oct 31  2:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
+# formerly Frobisher Bay
+Zone America/Iqaluit	0	-	-00	1942 Aug # Frobisher Bay est.
+			-5:00	NT_YK	E%sT	1999 Oct 31  2:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	Canada	E%sT
+# aka Qausuittuq
+Zone America/Resolute	0	-	-00	1947 Aug 31 # Resolute founded
+			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1  3:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2006 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2007 Mar 11  3:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
+# aka Kangiqiniq
+Zone America/Rankin_Inlet 0	-	-00	1957 # Rankin Inlet founded
+			-6:00	NT_YK	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2001 Apr  1  3:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT
+# aka Iqaluktuuttiaq
+Zone America/Cambridge_Bay 0	-	-00	1920 # trading post est.?
+			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1999 Oct 31  2:00
+			-6:00	Canada	C%sT	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	2000 Nov  5  0:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	2001 Apr  1  3:00
+			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
+Zone America/Yellowknife 0	-	-00	1935 # Yellowknife founded?
+			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1980
+			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
+Zone America/Inuvik	0	-	-00	1953 # Inuvik founded
+			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1979 Apr lastSun  2:00
+			-7:00	NT_YK	M%sT	1980
+			-7:00	Canada	M%sT
+Zone America/Whitehorse	-9:00:12 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
+			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1967 May 28  0:00
+			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1980
+			-8:00	Canada	P%sT
+Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 Aug 20
+			-9:00	NT_YK	Y%sT	1973 Oct 28  0:00
+			-8:00	NT_YK	P%sT	1980
+			-8:00	Canada	P%sT
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Mexico
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-12-07):
+# The Investigation and Analysis Service of the
+# Mexican Library of Congress (MLoC) has published a
+# history of Mexican local time (in Spanish)
+# http://www.diputados.gob.mx/bibliot/publica/inveyana/polisoc/horver/index.htm
+#
+# Here are the discrepancies between Shanks & Pottenger (S&P) and the MLoC.
+# (In all cases we go with the MLoC.)
+# S&P report that Baja was at -8:00 in 1922/1923.
+# S&P say the 1930 transition in Baja was 1930-11-16.
+# S&P report no DST during summer 1931.
+# S&P report a transition at 1932-03-30 23:00, not 1932-04-01.
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-02-20):
+# There are some other discrepancies between the Decrees page and the
+# tz database.  I think they can best be explained by supposing that
+# the researchers who prepared the Decrees page failed to find some of
+# the relevant documents.
+
+# From Alan Perry (1996-02-15):
+# A guy from our Mexico subsidiary finally found the Presidential Decree
+# outlining the timezone changes in Mexico.
+#
+# ------------- Begin Forwarded Message -------------
+#
+# I finally got my hands on the Official Presidential Decree that sets up the
+# rules for the DST changes. The rules are:
+#
+# 1. The country is divided in 3 timezones:
+#    - Baja California Norte (the Mexico/BajaNorte TZ)
+#    - Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa and Sonora (the Mexico/BajaSur TZ)
+#    - The rest of the country (the Mexico/General TZ)
+#
+# 2. From the first Sunday in April at 2:00 AM to the last Sunday in October
+#    at 2:00 AM, the times in each zone are as follows:
+#    BajaNorte: GMT+7
+#    BajaSur:   GMT+6
+#    General:   GMT+5
+#
+# 3. The rest of the year, the times are as follows:
+#    BajaNorte: GMT+8
+#    BajaSur:   GMT+7
+#    General:   GMT+6
+#
+# The Decree was published in Mexico's Official Newspaper on January 4th.
+#
+# -------------- End Forwarded Message --------------
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
+# For an English translation of the decree, see
+# "Diario Oficial: Time Zone Changeover" (1996-01-04).
+# http://mexico-travel.com/extra/timezone_eng.html
+
+# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
+# The State of Quintana Roo has reverted back to central STD and DST times
+# (i.e. UTC -0600 and -0500 as of 1998-08-02).
+
+# From Rives McDow (2000-01-10):
+# Effective April 4, 1999 at 2:00 AM local time, Sonora changed to the time
+# zone 5 hours from the International Date Line, and will not observe daylight
+# savings time so as to stay on the same time zone as the southern part of
+# Arizona year round.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard, translating
+# <http://www.reforma.com/nacional/articulo/064327/> (2001-01-17):
+# In Oaxaca, the 55.000 teachers from the Section 22 of the National
+# Syndicate of Education Workers, refuse to apply daylight saving each
+# year, so that the more than 10,000 schools work at normal hour the
+# whole year.
+
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-01-19):
+# <http://www.reforma.com/negocios_y_dinero/articulo/064481/> ... says
+# (translated):...
+# January 17, 2000 - The Energy Secretary, Ernesto Martens, announced
+# that Summer Time will be reduced from seven to five months, starting
+# this year....
+# http://www.publico.com.mx/scripts/texto3.asp?action=pagina&pag=21&pos=p&secc=naci&date=01/17/2001
+# [translated], says "summer time will ... take effect on the first Sunday
+# in May, and end on the last Sunday of September.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2001-01-25):
+# The 2001-01-24 traditional Washington Post contained the page one
+# story "Timely Issue Divides Mexicans."...
+# http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A37383-2001Jan23.html
+# ... Mexico City Mayor López Obrador "...is threatening to keep
+# Mexico City and its 20 million residents on a different time than
+# the rest of the country..." In particular, López Obrador would abolish
+# observation of Daylight Saving Time.
+
+# Official statute published by the Energy Department
+# http://www.conae.gob.mx/ahorro/decretohorver2001.html#decre
+# (2001-02-01) shows Baja and Chihauhua as still using US DST rules,
+# and Sonora with no DST.  This was reported by Jesper Nørgaard (2001-02-03).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-03):
+#
+# http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/20010303/t000018766.html
+# James F. Smith writes in today's LA Times
+# * Sonora will continue to observe standard time.
+# * Last week Mexico City's mayor Andrés Manuel López Obrador decreed that
+#   the Federal District will not adopt DST.
+# * 4 of 16 district leaders announced they'll ignore the decree.
+# * The decree does not affect federal-controlled facilities including
+#   the airport, banks, hospitals, and schools.
+#
+# For now we'll assume that the Federal District will bow to federal rules.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2001-04-01):
+# I found some references to the Mexican application of daylight
+# saving, which modifies what I had already sent you, stating earlier
+# that a number of northern Mexican states would go on daylight
+# saving. The modification reverts this to only cover Baja California
+# (Norte), while all other states (except Sonora, who has no daylight
+# saving all year) will follow the original decree of president
+# Vicente Fox, starting daylight saving May 6, 2001 and ending
+# September 30, 2001.
+# References: "Diario de Monterrey" <http://www.diariodemonterrey.com/index.asp>
+# Palabra <http://palabra.infosel.com/010331/primera/ppri3101.pdf> (2001-03-31)
+
+# From Reuters (2001-09-04):
+# Mexico's Supreme Court on Tuesday declared that daylight savings was
+# unconstitutional in Mexico City, creating the possibility the
+# capital will be in a different time zone from the rest of the nation
+# next year....  The Supreme Court's ruling takes effect at 2:00
+# a.m. (0800 GMT) on Sept. 30, when Mexico is scheduled to revert to
+# standard time. "This is so residents of the Federal District are not
+# subject to unexpected time changes," a statement from the court said.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2002-03-12):
+# ... consulting my local grocery store(!) and my coworkers, they all insisted
+# that a new decision had been made to reinstate US style DST in Mexico....
+# http://www.conae.gob.mx/ahorro/horaver2001_m1_2002.html (2002-02-20)
+# confirms this.  Sonora as usual is the only state where DST is not applied.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-12-28):
+#
+# Steffen Thorsen wrote:
+# > Mexico's House of Representatives has approved a proposal for northern
+# > Mexico's border cities to share the same daylight saving schedule as
+# > the United States.
+# Now this has passed both the Congress and the Senate, so starting from
+# 2010, some border regions will be the same:
+# http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2009/dec/28/clocks-will-match-both-sides-border/
+# http://www.elmananarey.com/diario/noticia/nacional/noticias/empatan_horario_de_frontera_con_eu/621939
+# (Spanish)
+#
+# Could not find the new law text, but the proposed law text changes are here:
+# http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/Gaceta/61/2009/dic/20091210-V.pdf
+# (Gaceta Parlamentaria)
+#
+# There is also a list of the votes here:
+# http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/Gaceta/61/2009/dic/V2-101209.html
+#
+# Our page:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/north-mexico-dst-change.html
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2010-01-20):
+# The page
+# http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5127480&fecha=06/01/2010
+# includes this text:
+# En los municipios fronterizos de Tijuana y Mexicali en Baja California;
+# Juárez y Ojinaga en Chihuahua; Acuña y Piedras Negras en Coahuila;
+# Anáhuac en Nuevo León; y Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa y Matamoros en
+# Tamaulipas, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá efecto
+# desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a las dos
+# horas del primer domingo de noviembre.
+# En los municipios fronterizos que se encuentren ubicados en la franja
+# fronteriza norte en el territorio comprendido entre la línea
+# internacional y la línea paralela ubicada a una distancia de veinte
+# kilómetros, así como la Ciudad de Ensenada, Baja California, hacia el
+# interior del país, la aplicación de este horario estacional surtirá
+# efecto desde las dos horas del segundo domingo de marzo y concluirá a
+# las dos horas del primer domingo de noviembre.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2014-12-08), translated by Gwillim Law:
+# The Mexican state of Quintana Roo will likely change to EST in 2015.
+#
+# http://www.unioncancun.mx/articulo/2014/12/04/medio-ambiente/congreso-aprueba-una-hora-mas-de-sol-en-qroo
+# "With this change, the time conflict that has existed between the municipios
+# of Quintana Roo and the municipio of Felipe Carrillo Puerto may come to an
+# end. The latter declared itself in rebellion 15 years ago when a time change
+# was initiated in Mexico, and since then it has refused to change its time
+# zone along with the rest of the country."
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-01-14), translated by Gwillim Law:
+# http://sipse.com/novedades/confirman-aplicacion-de-nueva-zona-horaria-para-quintana-roo-132331.html
+# "...the new time zone will come into effect at two o'clock on the first Sunday
+# of February, when we will have to advance the clock one hour from its current
+# time..."
+# Also, the new zone will not use DST.
+#
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2015-02-02):
+# The decree that modifies the Mexican Hour System Law has finally
+# been published at the Diario Oficial de la Federación
+# http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5380123&fecha=31/01/2015
+# It establishes 5 zones for Mexico:
+# 1- Zona Centro (Central Zone): Corresponds to longitude 90 W,
+#    includes most of Mexico, excluding what's mentioned below.
+# 2- Zona Pacífico (Pacific Zone): Longitude 105 W, includes the
+#    states of Baja California Sur; Chihuahua; Nayarit (excluding Bahía
+#    de Banderas which lies in Central Zone); Sinaloa and Sonora.
+# 3- Zona Noroeste (Northwest Zone): Longitude 120 W, includes the
+#    state of Baja California.
+# 4- Zona Sureste (Southeast Zone): Longitude 75 W, includes the state
+#    of Quintana Roo.
+# 5- The islands, reefs and keys shall take their timezone from the
+#    longitude they are located at.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Mexico	1939	only	-	Feb	5	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mexico	1939	only	-	Jun	25	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mexico	1940	only	-	Dec	9	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mexico	1941	only	-	Apr	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mexico	1943	only	-	Dec	16	0:00	1:00	W # War
+Rule	Mexico	1944	only	-	May	1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mexico	1950	only	-	Feb	12	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mexico	1950	only	-	Jul	30	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Mexico	1996	2000	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mexico	1996	2000	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mexico	2001	only	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mexico	2001	only	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Mexico	2002	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Mexico	2002	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Quintana Roo; represented by Cancún
+Zone America/Cancun	-5:47:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:12:56
+			-6:00	-	CST	1981 Dec 23
+			-5:00	Mexico	E%sT	1998 Aug  2  2:00
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2015 Feb  1  2:00
+			-5:00	-	EST
+# Campeche, Yucatán; represented by Mérida
+Zone America/Merida	-5:58:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:01:32
+			-6:00	-	CST	1981 Dec 23
+			-5:00	-	EST	1982 Dec  2
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
+# Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (near US border)
+# This includes the following municipalities:
+#   in Coahuila: Ocampo, Acuña, Zaragoza, Jiménez, Piedras Negras, Nava,
+#     Guerrero, Hidalgo.
+#   in Nuevo León: Anáhuac, Los Aldama.
+#   in Tamaulipas: Nuevo Laredo, Guerrero, Mier, Miguel Alemán, Camargo,
+#     Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Reynosa, Río Bravo, Valle Hermoso, Matamoros.
+# See: Inicia mañana Horario de Verano en zona fronteriza, El Universal,
+# 2016-03-12
+# http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/estados/2016/03/12/inicia-manana-horario-de-verano-en-zona-fronteriza
+Zone America/Matamoros	-6:40:00 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:20:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1988
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1989
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2010
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
+# Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (away from US border)
+Zone America/Monterrey	-6:41:16 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:18:44
+			-6:00	-	CST	1988
+			-6:00	US	C%sT	1989
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
+# Central Mexico
+Zone America/Mexico_City -6:36:36 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:23:24
+			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
+			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1931 Oct
+			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2001 Sep 30  2:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	2002 Feb 20
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
+# Chihuahua (near US border)
+# This includes the municipalities of Janos, Ascensión, Juárez, Guadalupe,
+# Práxedis G Guerrero, Coyame del Sotol, Ojinaga, and Manuel Benavides.
+# (See the 2016-03-12 El Universal source mentioned above.)
+Zone America/Ojinaga	-6:57:40 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:02:20
+			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
+			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1931 Oct
+			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
+			-6:00	-	CST	1996
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1998
+			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1  3:00
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2010
+			-7:00	US	M%sT
+# Chihuahua (away from US border)
+Zone America/Chihuahua	-7:04:20 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:55:40
+			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
+			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1931 Oct
+			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
+			-6:00	-	CST	1996
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1998
+			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1  3:00
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT
+# Sonora
+Zone America/Hermosillo	-7:23:52 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:36:08
+			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
+			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1931 Oct
+			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
+			-6:00	-	CST	1942 Apr 24
+			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
+			-8:00	-	PST	1970
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	1999
+			-7:00	-	MST
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-04-21):
+# According to news, Bahía de Banderas (Mexican state of Nayarit)
+# changed time zone UTC-7 to new time zone UTC-6 on April 4, 2010 (to
+# share the same time zone as nearby city Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco).
+#
+# (Spanish)
+# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario al del centro del
+# país, a partir de este domingo
+# http://www.nayarit.gob.mx/notes.asp?id=20748
+#
+# Bahía de Banderas homologa su horario con el del Centro del
+# País
+# http://www.bahiadebanderas.gob.mx/principal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=261:bahia-de-banderas-homologa-su-horario-con-el-del-centro-del-pais&catid=42:comunicacion-social&Itemid=50
+#
+# (English)
+# Puerto Vallarta and Bahía de Banderas: One Time Zone
+# http://virtualvallarta.com/puertovallarta/puertovallarta/localnews/2009-12-03-Puerto-Vallarta-and-Bahia-de-Banderas-One-Time-Zone.shtml
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_mexico08.html
+#
+# "Mexico's Senate approved the amendments to the Mexican Schedule System that
+# will allow Bahía de Banderas and Puerto Vallarta to share the same time
+# zone ..."
+# Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2010-05-01):
+# Use "Bahia_Banderas" to keep the name to fourteen characters.
+
+# Mazatlán
+Zone America/Mazatlan	-7:05:40 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:54:20
+			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
+			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1931 Oct
+			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
+			-6:00	-	CST	1942 Apr 24
+			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
+			-8:00	-	PST	1970
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT
+
+# Bahía de Banderas
+Zone America/Bahia_Banderas	-7:01:00 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:59:00
+			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
+			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1931 Oct
+			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
+			-6:00	-	CST	1942 Apr 24
+			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
+			-8:00	-	PST	1970
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT	2010 Apr  4  2:00
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
+
+# Baja California
+Zone America/Tijuana	-7:48:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:11:56
+			-7:00	-	MST	1924
+			-8:00	-	PST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-7:00	-	MST	1930 Nov 15
+			-8:00	-	PST	1931 Apr  1
+			-8:00	1:00	PDT	1931 Sep 30
+			-8:00	-	PST	1942 Apr 24
+			-8:00	1:00	PWT	1945 Aug 14 23:00u
+			-8:00	1:00	PPT	1945 Nov 12 # Peace
+			-8:00	-	PST	1948 Apr  5
+			-8:00	1:00	PDT	1949 Jan 14
+			-8:00	-	PST	1954
+			-8:00	CA	P%sT	1961
+			-8:00	-	PST	1976
+			-8:00	US	P%sT	1996
+			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT	2001
+			-8:00	US	P%sT	2002 Feb 20
+			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT	2010
+			-8:00	US	P%sT
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Formerly there was an America/Ensenada zone, which differed from
+# America/Tijuana only in that it did not observe DST from 1976
+# through 1995.  This was as per Shanks (1999).  But Shanks & Pottenger say
+# Ensenada did not observe DST from 1948 through 1975.  Guy Harris reports
+# that the 1987 OAG says "Only Ensenada, Mexicali, San Felipe and
+# Tijuana observe DST," which agrees with Shanks & Pottenger but implies that
+# DST-observance was a town-by-town matter back then.  This concerns
+# data after 1970 so most likely there should be at least one Zone
+# other than America/Tijuana for Baja, but it's not clear yet what its
+# name or contents should be.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-10-08):
+# Formerly there was an America/Santa_Isabel zone, but this appears to
+# have come from a misreading of
+# http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5127480&fecha=06/01/2010
+# It has been moved to the 'backward' file.
+#
+#
+# Revillagigedo Is
+# no information
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Anguilla
+# Antigua and Barbuda
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
+
+# Bahamas
+#
+# For 1899 Milne gives -5:09:29.5; round that.
+#
+# From Sue Williams (2006-12-07):
+# The Bahamas announced about a month ago that they plan to change their DST
+# rules to sync with the U.S. starting in 2007....
+# http://www.jonesbahamas.com/?c=45&a=10412
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Bahamas	1964	1975	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Bahamas	1964	1975	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/Nassau	-5:09:30 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
+			-5:00	Bahamas	E%sT	1976
+			-5:00	US	E%sT
+
+# Barbados
+
+# For 1899 Milne gives -3:58:29.2; round that.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Barb	1977	only	-	Jun	12	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Barb	1977	1978	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Barb	1978	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Barb	1979	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Barb	1980	only	-	Sep	25	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Barbados	-3:58:29 -	LMT	1924 # Bridgetown
+			-3:58:29 -	BMT	1932 # Bridgetown Mean Time
+			-4:00	Barb	A%sT
+
+# Belize
+# Whitman entirely disagrees with Shanks; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Belize	1918	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0:30	HD
+Rule	Belize	1919	1943	-	Feb	Sun>=9	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Belize	1973	only	-	Dec	 5	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Belize	1974	only	-	Feb	 9	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Belize	1982	only	-	Dec	18	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Belize	1983	only	-	Feb	12	0:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/Belize	-5:52:48 -	LMT	1912 Apr
+			-6:00	Belize	C%sT
+
+# Bermuda
+
+# For 1899 Milne gives -4:19:18.3 as the meridian of the clock tower,
+# Bermuda dockyard, Ireland I; round that.
+
+# From Dan Jones, reporting in The Royal Gazette (2006-06-26):
+
+# Next year, however, clocks in the US will go forward on the second Sunday
+# in March, until the first Sunday in November.  And, after the Time Zone
+# (Seasonal Variation) Bill 2006 was passed in the House of Assembly on
+# Friday, the same thing will happen in Bermuda.
+# http://www.theroyalgazette.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060529/NEWS/105290135
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Atlantic/Bermuda	-4:19:18 -	LMT	1930 Jan  1  2:00 # Hamilton
+			-4:00	-	AST	1974 Apr 28  2:00
+			-4:00	Canada	A%sT	1976
+			-4:00	US	A%sT
+
+# Cayman Is
+# See America/Panama.
+
+# Costa Rica
+
+# Milne gives -5:36:13.3 as San José mean time; round to nearest.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	CR	1979	1980	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	CR	1979	1980	-	Jun	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	CR	1991	1992	-	Jan	Sat>=15	0:00	1:00	D
+# IATA SSIM (1991-09) says the following was at 1:00;
+# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	CR	1991	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	CR	1992	only	-	Mar	15	0:00	0	S
+# There are too many San Josés elsewhere, so we'll use 'Costa Rica'.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Costa_Rica	-5:36:13 -	LMT	1890        # San José
+			-5:36:13 -	SJMT	1921 Jan 15 # San José Mean Time
+			-6:00	CR	C%sT
+# Coco
+# no information; probably like America/Costa_Rica
+
+# Cuba
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne gives -5:28:50.45 for the observatory at Havana, -5:29:23.57
+# for the port, and -5:30 for meteorological observations.
+# For now, stick with Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1999-03-29):
+# The 1999-03-28 exhibition baseball game held in Havana, Cuba, between
+# the Cuban National Team and the Baltimore Orioles was carried live on
+# the Orioles Radio Network, including affiliate WTOP in Washington, DC.
+# During the game, play-by-play announcer Jim Hunter noted that
+# "We'll be losing two hours of sleep...Cuba switched to Daylight Saving
+# Time today."  (The "two hour" remark referred to losing one hour of
+# sleep on 1999-03-28 - when the announcers were in Cuba as it switched
+# to DST - and one more hour on 1999-04-04 - when the announcers will have
+# returned to Baltimore, which switches on that date.)
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-11-11):
+# DST start in Cuba in 2004 ... does not follow the same rules as the
+# years before.  The correct date should be Sunday 2004-03-28 00:00 ...
+# https://web.archive.org/web/20040402060750/http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2004/marzo/sab27/reloj.html
+
+# From Evert van der Veer via Steffen Thorsen (2004-10-28):
+# Cuba is not going back to standard time this year.
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2004/septiembre/juev30/41medid-i.html
+# says that it's due to a problem at the Antonio Guiteras
+# thermoelectric plant, and says "This October there will be no return
+# to normal hours (after daylight saving time)".
+# For now, let's assume that it's a temporary measure.
+
+# From Carlos A. Carnero Delgado (2005-11-12):
+# This year (just like in 2004-2005) there's no change in time zone
+# adjustment in Cuba.  We will stay in daylight saving time:
+# http://www.granma.cu/espanol/2005/noviembre/mier9/horario.html
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-10-21):
+# An article in GRANMA INTERNACIONAL claims that Cuba will end
+# the 3 years of permanent DST next weekend, see
+# http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2006/octubre/lun16/43horario.html
+# "On Saturday night, October 28 going into Sunday, October 29, at 01:00,
+# watches should be set back one hour - going back to 00:00 hours - returning
+# to the normal schedule....
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-02):
+# <http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/english/news/art89.html>, dated yesterday,
+# says Cuban clocks will advance at midnight on March 10.
+# For lack of better information, assume Cuba will use US rules,
+# except that it switches at midnight standard time as usual.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-25):
+# Carlos Alberto Fonseca Arauz informed me that Cuba will end DST one week
+# earlier - on the last Sunday of October, just like in 2006.
+#
+# He supplied these references:
+#
+# http://www.prensalatina.com.mx/article.asp?ID=%7B4CC32C1B-A9F7-42FB-8A07-8631AFC923AF%7D&language=ES
+# http://actualidad.terra.es/sociedad/articulo/cuba_llama_ahorrar_energia_cambio_1957044.htm
+#
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2007-10-25):
+# Here is also article from Granma (Cuba):
+#
+# Regirá el Horario Normal desde el próximo domingo 28 de octubre
+# http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2007/10/24/nacional/artic07.html
+#
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_cuba03.html
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-09):
+# I'm in Maryland which is now observing United States Eastern Daylight
+# Time. At 9:44 local time I used RealPlayer to listen to
+# http://media.enet.cu/radioreloj
+# a Cuban information station, and heard
+# the time announced as "ocho cuarenta y cuatro" ("eight forty-four"),
+# indicating that Cuba is still on standard time.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-12):
+# It seems that Cuba will start DST on Sunday, 2007-03-16...
+# It was announced yesterday, according to this source (in Spanish):
+# http://www.nnc.cubaweb.cu/marzo-2008/cien-1-11-3-08.htm
+#
+# Some more background information is posted here:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-march-16.html
+#
+# The article also says that Cuba has been observing DST since 1963,
+# while Shanks (and tzdata) has 1965 as the first date (except in the
+# 1940's). Many other web pages in Cuba also claim that it has been
+# observed since 1963, but with the exception of 1970 - an exception
+# which is not present in tzdata/Shanks. So there is a chance we need to
+# change some historic records as well.
+#
+# One example:
+# http://www.radiohc.cu/espanol/noticias/mar07/11mar/hor.htm
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-03-13):
+# The Cuban time change has just been confirmed on the most authoritative
+# web site, the Granma.  Please check out
+# http://www.granma.cubaweb.cu/2008/03/13/nacional/artic10.html
+#
+# Basically as expected after Steffen Thorsen's information, the change
+# will take place midnight between Saturday and Sunday.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-12):
+# Assume Sun>=15 (third Sunday) going forward.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-04)
+# According to the Radio Reloj - Cuba will start Daylight Saving Time on
+# midnight between Saturday, March 07, 2009 and Sunday, March 08, 2009-
+# not on midnight March 14 / March 15 as previously thought.
+#
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_cuba05.html
+# (in Spanish)
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2009-03-09)
+# I listened over the Internet to
+# http://media.enet.cu/readioreloj
+# this morning; when it was 10:05 a. m. here in Bethesda, Maryland the
+# the time was announced as "diez cinco" - the same time as here, indicating
+# that has indeed switched to DST. Assume second Sunday from 2009 forward.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-03-08):
+# Granma announced that Cuba is going to start DST on 2011-03-20 00:00:00
+# this year. Nothing about the end date known so far (if that has
+# changed at all).
+#
+# Source:
+# http://granma.co.cu/2011/03/08/nacional/artic01.html
+#
+# Our info:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2011.html
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-30)
+# Cuba will end DST two weeks later this year. Instead of going back
+# tonight, it has been delayed to 2011-11-13 at 01:00.
+#
+# One source (Spanish)
+# http://www.radioangulo.cu/noticias/cuba/17105-cuba-restablecera-el-horario-del-meridiano-de-greenwich.html
+#
+# Our page:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-time-changes-2011.html
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-01)
+# According to Radio Reloj, Cuba will start DST on Midnight between March
+# 31 and April 1.
+#
+# Radio Reloj has the following info (Spanish):
+# http://www.radioreloj.cu/index.php/noticias-radio-reloj/71-miscelaneas/7529-cuba-aplicara-el-horario-de-verano-desde-el-1-de-abril
+#
+# Our info on it:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/cuba-starts-dst-2012.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-11-03):
+# Radio Reloj and many other sources report that Cuba is changing back
+# to standard time on 2012-11-04:
+# http://www.radioreloj.cu/index.php/noticias-radio-reloj/36-nacionales/9961-regira-horario-normal-en-cuba-desde-el-domingo-cuatro-de-noviembre
+# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-03):
+# For now, assume the future rule is first Sunday in November.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Cuba	1928	only	-	Jun	10	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1928	only	-	Oct	10	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1940	1942	-	Jun	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1940	1942	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1945	1946	-	Jun	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1945	1946	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1965	only	-	Jun	1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1965	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1966	only	-	May	29	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1966	only	-	Oct	2	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1967	only	-	Apr	8	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1967	1968	-	Sep	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1968	only	-	Apr	14	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1969	1977	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1969	1971	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1972	1974	-	Oct	8	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1975	1977	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1978	only	-	May	7	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1978	1990	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1979	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1981	1985	-	May	Sun>=5	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=14	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1990	1997	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1991	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1997	only	-	Oct	12	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1998	1999	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1998	2003	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	2000	2003	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2004	only	-	Mar	lastSun	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2006	2010	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	2007	only	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2008	only	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2009	2010	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2011	only	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2011	only	-	Nov	13	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	2012	only	-	Apr	1	0:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	2012	max	-	Nov	Sun>=1	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	2013	max	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00s	1:00	D
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/Havana	-5:29:28 -	LMT	1890
+			-5:29:36 -	HMT	1925 Jul 19 12:00 # Havana MT
+			-5:00	Cuba	C%sT
+
+# Dominica
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
+
+# Dominican Republic
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-30):
+# Enrique Morales reported to me that the Dominican Republic has changed the
+# time zone to Eastern Standard Time as of Sunday 29 at 2 am....
+# http://www.listin.com.do/antes/261000/republica/princi.html
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
+# That URL (2000-10-26, in Spanish) says they planned to use US-style DST.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
+# Dominican Republic changed its mind and presidential decree on Tuesday,
+# November 28, 2000, with a new decree.  On Sunday, December 3 at 1:00 AM the
+# Dominican Republic will be reverting to 8 hours from the International Date
+# Line, and will not be using DST in the foreseeable future.  The reason they
+# decided to use DST was to be in synch with Puerto Rico, who was also going
+# to implement DST.  When Puerto Rico didn't implement DST, the president
+# decided to revert.
+
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	DR	1966	only	-	Oct	30	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	DR	1967	only	-	Feb	28	0:00	0	S
+Rule	DR	1969	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	HD
+Rule	DR	1970	only	-	Feb	21	0:00	0	S
+Rule	DR	1971	only	-	Jan	20	0:00	0	S
+Rule	DR	1972	1974	-	Jan	21	0:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Santo_Domingo -4:39:36 -	LMT	1890
+			-4:40	-	SDMT	1933 Apr  1 12:00 # S. Dom. MT
+			-5:00	DR	E%sT	1974 Oct 27
+			-4:00	-	AST	2000 Oct 29  2:00
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	2000 Dec  3  1:00
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# El Salvador
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Salv	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Salv	1987	1988	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+# There are too many San Salvadors elsewhere, so use America/El_Salvador
+# instead of America/San_Salvador.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/El_Salvador -5:56:48 -	LMT	1921 # San Salvador
+			-6:00	Salv	C%sT
+
+# Grenada
+# Guadeloupe
+# St Barthélemy
+# St Martin (French part)
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
+
+# Guatemala
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2006-04-22), after a heads-up from Oscar van Vlijmen:
+# Diario Co Latino, at
+# <http://www.diariocolatino.com/internacionales/detalles.asp?NewsID=8079>,
+# says in an article dated 2006-04-19 that the Guatemalan government had
+# decided on that date to advance official time by 60 minutes, to lessen the
+# impact of the elevated cost of oil....  Daylight saving time will last from
+# 2006-04-29 24:00 (Guatemalan standard time) to 2006-09-30 (time unspecified).
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-06-22):
+# The Ministry of Energy and Mines, press release CP-15/2006
+# (2006-04-19), says DST ends at 24:00.  See
+# http://www.sieca.org.gt/Sitio_publico/Energeticos/Doc/Medidas/Cambio_Horario_Nac_190406.pdf
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Guat	1973	only	-	Nov	25	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Guat	1974	only	-	Feb	24	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Guat	1983	only	-	May	21	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Guat	1983	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Guat	1991	only	-	Mar	23	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Guat	1991	only	-	Sep	 7	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Guat	2006	only	-	Apr	30	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Guat	2006	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Guatemala	-6:02:04 -	LMT	1918 Oct 5
+			-6:00	Guat	C%sT
+
+# Haiti
+# From Gwillim Law (2005-04-15):
+# Risto O. Nykänen wrote me that Haiti is now on DST.
+# I searched for confirmation, and I found a press release
+# on the Web page of the Haitian Consulate in Chicago (2005-03-31),
+# <http://www.haitianconsulate.org/time.doc>.  Translated from French, it says:
+#
+#  "The Prime Minister's Communication Office notifies the public in general
+#   and the press in particular that, following a decision of the Interior
+#   Ministry and the Territorial Collectivities [I suppose that means the
+#   provinces], Haiti will move to Eastern Daylight Time in the night from next
+#   Saturday the 2nd to Sunday the 3rd.
+#
+#  "Consequently, the Prime Minister's Communication Office wishes to inform
+#   the population that the country's clocks will be set forward one hour
+#   starting at midnight.  This provision will hold until the last Saturday in
+#   October 2005.
+#
+#  "Port-au-Prince, March 31, 2005"
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-04-04):
+# I have been informed by users that Haiti observes DST this year like
+# last year, so the current "only" rule for 2005 might be changed to a
+# "max" rule or to last until 2006. (Who knows if they will observe DST
+# next year or if they will extend their DST like US/Canada next year).
+#
+# I have found this article about it (in French):
+# http://www.haitipressnetwork.com/news.cfm?articleID=7612
+#
+# The reason seems to be an energy crisis.
+
+# From Stephen Colebourne (2007-02-22):
+# Some IATA info: Haiti won't be having DST in 2007.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-11):
+# According to several news sources, Haiti will observe DST this year,
+# apparently using the same start and end date as USA/Canada.
+# So this means they have already changed their time.
+#
+# http://www.alterpresse.org/spip.php?article12510
+# http://radiovision2000haiti.net/home/?p=13253
+#
+# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-11):
+# The alterpresse.org source seems to show a US-style leap from 2:00 a.m. to
+# 3:00 a.m. rather than the traditional Haitian jump at midnight.
+# Assume a US-style fall back as well.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-10):
+# It appears that Haiti is observing DST this year as well, same rules
+# as US/Canada.  They did it last year as well, and it looks like they
+# are going to observe DST every year now...
+#
+# http://radiovision2000haiti.net/public/haiti-avis-changement-dheure-dimanche/
+# http://www.canalplushaiti.net/?p=6714
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-12):
+# Jean Antoine, editor of www.haiti-reference.com informed us that Haiti
+# are not going on DST this year.  Several other resources confirm this: ...
+# http://www.radiotelevisioncaraibes.com/presse/heure_d_t_pas_de_changement_d_heure_pr_vu_pour_cet_ann_e.html
+# http://www.vantbefinfo.com/changement-dheure-pas-pour-haiti/
+# http://news.anmwe.com/haiti-lheure-nationale-ne-sera-ni-avancee-ni-reculee-cette-annee/
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Haiti	1983	only	-	May	8	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	1984	1987	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	1983	1987	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+# Shanks & Pottenger say AT is 2:00, but IATA SSIM (1991/1997) says 1:00s.
+# Go with IATA.
+Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Apr	Sun>=1	1:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
+Rule	Haiti	2005	2006	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	2005	2006	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Haiti	2012	2015	-	Mar	Sun>=8	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	2012	2015	-	Nov	Sun>=1	2:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Port-au-Prince -4:49:20 -	LMT	1890
+			-4:49	-	PPMT	1917 Jan 24 12:00 # P-a-P MT
+			-5:00	Haiti	E%sT
+
+# Honduras
+# Shanks & Pottenger say 1921 Jan 1; go with Whitman's more precise Apr 1.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-05-05):
+# worldtimezone.com reports a 2006-05-02 Spanish-language AP article
+# saying Honduras will start using DST midnight Saturday, effective 4
+# months until September.  La Tribuna reported today
+# <http://www.latribuna.hn/99299.html> that Manuel Zelaya, the president
+# of Honduras, refused to back down on this.
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-08-08):
+# It seems that Honduras has returned from DST to standard time this Monday at
+# 00:00 hours (prolonging Sunday to 25 hours duration).
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_honduras04.html
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-08):
+# Also see Diario El Heraldo, The country returns to standard time (2006-08-08).
+# http://www.elheraldo.hn/nota.php?nid=54941&sec=12
+# It mentions executive decree 18-2006.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
+# Honduras will observe DST from 2007 to 2009, exact dates are not
+# published, I have located this authoritative source:
+# http://www.presidencia.gob.hn/noticia.aspx?nId=47
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-30):
+# http://www.laprensahn.com/pais_nota.php?id04962=7386
+# So it seems that Honduras will not enter DST this year....
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Hond	1987	1988	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Hond	1987	1988	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Hond	2006	only	-	May	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Hond	2006	only	-	Aug	Mon>=1	0:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Tegucigalpa -5:48:52 -	LMT	1921 Apr
+			-6:00	Hond	C%sT
+#
+# Great Swan I ceded by US to Honduras in 1972
+
+# Jamaica
+# Shanks & Pottenger give -5:07:12, but Milne records -5:07:10.41 from an
+# unspecified official document, and says "This time is used throughout the
+# island".  Go with Milne.  Round to the nearest second as required by zic.
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger give April 28 for the 1974 spring-forward transition, but
+# Lance Neita writes that Prime Minister Michael Manley decreed it January 5.
+# Assume Neita meant Jan 6 02:00, the same as the US.  Neita also writes that
+# Manley's supporters associated this act with Manley's nickname "Joshua"
+# (recall that in the Bible the sun stood still at Joshua's request),
+# and with the Rod of Correction which Manley said he had received from
+# Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia.  See:
+# Neita L. The politician in all of us. Jamaica Observer 2014-09-20
+# http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/The-politician-in-all-of-us_17573647
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/Jamaica	-5:07:11 -	LMT	1890        # Kingston
+			-5:07:11 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	EST	1974
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	1984
+			-5:00	-	EST
+
+# Martinique
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Martinique	-4:04:20 -      LMT	1890        # Fort-de-France
+			-4:04:20 -	FFMT	1911 May    # Fort-de-France MT
+			-4:00	-	AST	1980 Apr  6
+			-4:00	1:00	ADT	1980 Sep 28
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# Montserrat
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
+
+# Nicaragua
+#
+# This uses Shanks & Pottenger for times before 2005.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-04-12):
+# I've got reports from 8 different people that Nicaragua just started
+# DST on Sunday 2005-04-10, in order to save energy because of
+# expensive petroleum.  The exact end date for DST is not yet
+# announced, only "September" but some sites also say "mid-September".
+# Some background information is available on the President's official site:
+# http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/Presidencia/Files_index/Secretaria/Notas%20de%20Prensa/Presidente/2005/ABRIL/Gobierno-de-nicaragua-adelanta-hora-oficial-06abril.htm
+# The Decree, no 23-2005 is available here:
+# http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/buscador_gaceta/BD/DECRETOS/2005/Decreto%2023-2005%20Se%20adelanta%20en%20una%20hora%20en%20todo%20el%20territorio%20nacional%20apartir%20de%20las%2024horas%20del%2009%20de%20Abril.pdf
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2005-05-01):
+# The decree doesn't say anything about daylight saving, but for now let's
+# assume that it is daylight saving....
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2005-04-21):
+# The Associated Press story on the time change, which can be found at
+# http://www.lapalmainteractivo.com/guias/content/gen/ap/America_Latina/AMC_GEN_NICARAGUA_HORA.html
+# and elsewhere, says (fifth paragraph, translated from Spanish): "The last
+# time that a change of clocks was applied to save energy was in the year 2000
+# during the Arnoldo Alemán administration."...
+# The northamerica file says that Nicaragua has been on UTC-6 continuously
+# since December 1998.  I wasn't able to find any details of Nicaraguan time
+# changes in 2000.  Perhaps a note could be added to the northamerica file, to
+# the effect that we have indirect evidence that DST was observed in 2000.
+#
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-11-02):
+# Nicaragua left DST the 2005-10-02 at 00:00 (local time).
+# http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/presidencia/files_index/secretaria/comunicados/2005/septiembre/26septiembre-cambio-hora.htm
+# (2005-09-26)
+#
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-05-05):
+# http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2006/05/01/nacionales/18410
+# (my informal translation)
+# By order of the president of the republic, Enrique Bolaños, Nicaragua
+# advanced by sixty minutes their official time, yesterday at 2 in the
+# morning, and will stay that way until 30th of September.
+#
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-09-30):
+# http://www.presidencia.gob.ni/buscador_gaceta/BD/DECRETOS/2006/D-063-2006P-PRN-Cambio-Hora.pdf
+# My informal translation runs:
+# The natural sun time is restored in all the national territory, in that the
+# time is returned one hour at 01:00 am of October 1 of 2006.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Nic	1979	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Nic	1979	1980	-	Jun	Mon>=23	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Nic	2005	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Nic	2005	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	S
+Rule	Nic	2006	only	-	Apr	30	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Nic	2006	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	1:00	0	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/Managua	-5:45:08 -	LMT	1890
+			-5:45:12 -	MMT	1934 Jun 23 # Managua Mean Time?
+			-6:00	-	CST	1973 May
+			-5:00	-	EST	1975 Feb 16
+			-6:00	Nic	C%sT	1992 Jan  1  4:00
+			-5:00	-	EST	1992 Sep 24
+			-6:00	-	CST	1993
+			-5:00	-	EST	1997
+			-6:00	Nic	C%sT
+
+# Panama
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/Panama	-5:18:08 -	LMT	1890
+			-5:19:36 -	CMT	1908 Apr 22 # Colón Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	EST
+Link America/Panama America/Cayman
+
+# Puerto Rico
+# There are too many San Juans elsewhere, so we'll use 'Puerto_Rico'.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Puerto_Rico -4:24:25 -	LMT	1899 Mar 28 12:00 # San Juan
+			-4:00	-	AST	1942 May  3
+			-4:00	US	A%sT	1946
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# St Kitts-Nevis
+# St Lucia
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
+
+# St Pierre and Miquelon
+# There are too many St Pierres elsewhere, so we'll use 'Miquelon'.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15 # St Pierre
+			-4:00	-	AST	1980 May
+			-3:00	-	PMST	1987 # Pierre & Miquelon Time
+			-3:00	Canada	PM%sT
+
+# St Vincent and the Grenadines
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
+
+# Turks and Caicos
+#
+# From Chris Dunn in
+# http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=415007
+# (2007-03-15): In the Turks & Caicos Islands (America/Grand_Turk) the
+# daylight saving dates for time changes have been adjusted to match
+# the recent U.S. change of dates.
+#
+# From Brian Inglis (2007-04-28):
+# http://www.turksandcaicos.tc/calendar/index.htm [2007-04-26]
+# there is an entry for Nov 4 "Daylight Savings Time Ends 2007" and three
+# rows before that there is an out of date entry for Oct:
+# "Eastern Standard Times Begins 2007
+# Clocks are set back one hour at 2:00 a.m. local Daylight Saving Time"
+# indicating that the normal ET rules are followed.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-19):
+# The 2014-08-13 Cabinet meeting decided to stay on UTC-4 year-round.  See:
+# http://tcweeklynews.com/daylight-savings-time-to-be-maintained-p5353-127.htm
+# Model this as a switch from EST/EDT to AST ...
+# From Chris Walton (2014-11-04):
+# ... the TCI government appears to have delayed the switch to
+# "permanent daylight saving time" by one year....
+# http://tcweeklynews.com/time-change-to-go-ahead-this-november-p5437-127.htm
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Grand_Turk	-4:44:32 -	LMT	1890
+			-5:07:11 -	KMT	1912 Feb # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	EST	1979
+			-5:00	US	E%sT	2015 Nov Sun>=1 2:00
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# British Virgin Is
+# Virgin Is
+# See America/Port_of_Spain.
+
+
+# Local Variables:
+# coding: utf-8
+# End:
diff --git a/tz/pacificnew b/tz/pacificnew
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7349434
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/pacificnew
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1989-04-05):
+# On 1989-04-05, the U. S. House of Representatives passed (238-154) a bill
+# establishing "Pacific Presidential Election Time"; it was not acted on
+# by the Senate or signed into law by the President.
+# You might want to change the "PE" (Presidential Election) below to
+# "Q" (Quadrennial) to maintain three-character zone abbreviations.
+# If you're really conservative, you might want to change it to "D".
+# Avoid "L" (Leap Year), which won't be true in 2100.
+
+# If Presidential Election Time is ever established, replace "XXXX" below
+# with the year the law takes effect and uncomment the "##" lines.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+## Rule	Twilite	XXXX	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+## Rule	Twilite	XXXX	max	uspres	Oct	lastSun	2:00	1:00	PE
+## Rule	Twilite	XXXX	max	uspres	Nov	Sun>=7	2:00	0	S
+## Rule	Twilite	XXXX	max	nonpres	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+
+# Zone	NAME			GMTOFF	RULES/SAVE	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+## Zone	America/Los_Angeles-PET	-8:00	US		P%sT	XXXX
+##				-8:00	Twilite		P%sT
+
+# For now...
+Link	America/Los_Angeles	US/Pacific-New	##
diff --git a/tz/private.h b/tz/private.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..941e91b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/private.h
@@ -0,0 +1,585 @@
+#ifndef PRIVATE_H
+
+#define PRIVATE_H
+
+/*
+** This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+** 1996-06-05 by Arthur David Olson.
+*/
+
+/*
+** This header is for use ONLY with the time conversion code.
+** There is no guarantee that it will remain unchanged,
+** or that it will remain at all.
+** Do NOT copy it to any system include directory.
+** Thank you!
+*/
+
+#define GRANDPARENTED	"Local time zone must be set--see zic manual page"
+
+/*
+** Defaults for preprocessor symbols.
+** You can override these in your C compiler options, e.g. '-DHAVE_GETTEXT=1'.
+*/
+
+#ifndef HAVE_DECL_ASCTIME_R
+#define HAVE_DECL_ASCTIME_R 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_GETTEXT
+#define HAVE_GETTEXT		0
+#endif /* !defined HAVE_GETTEXT */
+
+#ifndef HAVE_INCOMPATIBLE_CTIME_R
+#define HAVE_INCOMPATIBLE_CTIME_R	0
+#endif /* !defined INCOMPATIBLE_CTIME_R */
+
+#ifndef HAVE_LINK
+#define HAVE_LINK		1
+#endif /* !defined HAVE_LINK */
+
+#ifndef HAVE_POSIX_DECLS
+#define HAVE_POSIX_DECLS 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_STRDUP
+#define HAVE_STRDUP 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_SYMLINK
+#define HAVE_SYMLINK		1
+#endif /* !defined HAVE_SYMLINK */
+
+#ifndef HAVE_SYS_STAT_H
+#define HAVE_SYS_STAT_H		1
+#endif /* !defined HAVE_SYS_STAT_H */
+
+#ifndef HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H
+#define HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H		1
+#endif /* !defined HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H */
+
+#ifndef HAVE_UNISTD_H
+#define HAVE_UNISTD_H		1
+#endif /* !defined HAVE_UNISTD_H */
+
+#ifndef HAVE_UTMPX_H
+#define HAVE_UTMPX_H		1
+#endif /* !defined HAVE_UTMPX_H */
+
+#ifndef NETBSD_INSPIRED
+# define NETBSD_INSPIRED 1
+#endif
+
+#if HAVE_INCOMPATIBLE_CTIME_R
+#define asctime_r _incompatible_asctime_r
+#define ctime_r _incompatible_ctime_r
+#endif /* HAVE_INCOMPATIBLE_CTIME_R */
+
+/* Enable tm_gmtoff and tm_zone on GNUish systems.  */
+#define _GNU_SOURCE 1
+/* Fix asctime_r on Solaris 10.  */
+#define _POSIX_PTHREAD_SEMANTICS 1
+/* Enable strtoimax on Solaris 10.  */
+#define __EXTENSIONS__ 1
+
+/*
+** Nested includes
+*/
+
+/* Avoid clashes with NetBSD by renaming NetBSD's declarations.  */
+#define localtime_rz sys_localtime_rz
+#define mktime_z sys_mktime_z
+#define posix2time_z sys_posix2time_z
+#define time2posix_z sys_time2posix_z
+#define timezone_t sys_timezone_t
+#define tzalloc sys_tzalloc
+#define tzfree sys_tzfree
+#include <time.h>
+#undef localtime_rz
+#undef mktime_z
+#undef posix2time_z
+#undef time2posix_z
+#undef timezone_t
+#undef tzalloc
+#undef tzfree
+
+#include "sys/types.h"	/* for time_t */
+#include "stdio.h"
+#include "string.h"
+#include "limits.h"	/* for CHAR_BIT et al. */
+#include "stdlib.h"
+
+#include "errno.h"
+
+#ifndef ENAMETOOLONG
+# define ENAMETOOLONG EINVAL
+#endif
+#ifndef ENOTSUP
+# define ENOTSUP EINVAL
+#endif
+#ifndef EOVERFLOW
+# define EOVERFLOW EINVAL
+#endif
+
+#if HAVE_GETTEXT
+#include "libintl.h"
+#endif /* HAVE_GETTEXT */
+
+#if HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H
+#include <sys/wait.h>	/* for WIFEXITED and WEXITSTATUS */
+#endif /* HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H */
+
+#ifndef WIFEXITED
+#define WIFEXITED(status)	(((status) & 0xff) == 0)
+#endif /* !defined WIFEXITED */
+#ifndef WEXITSTATUS
+#define WEXITSTATUS(status)	(((status) >> 8) & 0xff)
+#endif /* !defined WEXITSTATUS */
+
+#if HAVE_UNISTD_H
+#include "unistd.h"	/* for F_OK, R_OK, and other POSIX goodness */
+#endif /* HAVE_UNISTD_H */
+
+#ifndef HAVE_STRFTIME_L
+# if _POSIX_VERSION < 200809
+#  define HAVE_STRFTIME_L 0
+# else
+#  define HAVE_STRFTIME_L 1
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef F_OK
+#define F_OK	0
+#endif /* !defined F_OK */
+#ifndef R_OK
+#define R_OK	4
+#endif /* !defined R_OK */
+
+/* Unlike <ctype.h>'s isdigit, this also works if c < 0 | c > UCHAR_MAX. */
+#define is_digit(c) ((unsigned)(c) - '0' <= 9)
+
+/*
+** Define HAVE_STDINT_H's default value here, rather than at the
+** start, since __GLIBC__'s value depends on previously-included
+** files.
+** (glibc 2.1 and later have stdint.h, even with pre-C99 compilers.)
+*/
+#ifndef HAVE_STDINT_H
+#define HAVE_STDINT_H \
+   (199901 <= __STDC_VERSION__ \
+    || 2 < __GLIBC__ + (1 <= __GLIBC_MINOR__)	\
+    || __CYGWIN__)
+#endif /* !defined HAVE_STDINT_H */
+
+#if HAVE_STDINT_H
+#include "stdint.h"
+#endif /* !HAVE_STDINT_H */
+
+#ifndef HAVE_INTTYPES_H
+# define HAVE_INTTYPES_H HAVE_STDINT_H
+#endif
+#if HAVE_INTTYPES_H
+# include <inttypes.h>
+#endif
+
+/* Pre-C99 GCC compilers define __LONG_LONG_MAX__ instead of LLONG_MAX.  */
+#ifdef __LONG_LONG_MAX__
+# ifndef LLONG_MAX
+#  define LLONG_MAX __LONG_LONG_MAX__
+# endif
+# ifndef LLONG_MIN
+#  define LLONG_MIN (-1 - LLONG_MAX)
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef INT_FAST64_MAX
+# ifdef LLONG_MAX
+typedef long long	int_fast64_t;
+#  define INT_FAST64_MIN LLONG_MIN
+#  define INT_FAST64_MAX LLONG_MAX
+# else
+#  if LONG_MAX >> 31 < 0xffffffff
+Please use a compiler that supports a 64-bit integer type (or wider);
+you may need to compile with "-DHAVE_STDINT_H".
+#  endif
+typedef long		int_fast64_t;
+#  define INT_FAST64_MIN LONG_MIN
+#  define INT_FAST64_MAX LONG_MAX
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SCNdFAST64
+# if INT_FAST64_MAX == LLONG_MAX
+#  define SCNdFAST64 "lld"
+# else
+#  define SCNdFAST64 "ld"
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef INT_FAST32_MAX
+# if INT_MAX >> 31 == 0
+typedef long int_fast32_t;
+#  define INT_FAST32_MAX LONG_MAX
+#  define INT_FAST32_MIN LONG_MIN
+# else
+typedef int int_fast32_t;
+#  define INT_FAST32_MAX INT_MAX
+#  define INT_FAST32_MIN INT_MIN
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef INTMAX_MAX
+# ifdef LLONG_MAX
+typedef long long intmax_t;
+#  define strtoimax strtoll
+#  define INTMAX_MAX LLONG_MAX
+#  define INTMAX_MIN LLONG_MIN
+# else
+typedef long intmax_t;
+#  define strtoimax strtol
+#  define INTMAX_MAX LONG_MAX
+#  define INTMAX_MIN LONG_MIN
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PRIdMAX
+# if INTMAX_MAX == LLONG_MAX
+#  define PRIdMAX "lld"
+# else
+#  define PRIdMAX "ld"
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef UINT_FAST64_MAX
+# if defined ULLONG_MAX || defined __LONG_LONG_MAX__
+typedef unsigned long long uint_fast64_t;
+# else
+#  if ULONG_MAX >> 31 >> 1 < 0xffffffff
+Please use a compiler that supports a 64-bit integer type (or wider);
+you may need to compile with "-DHAVE_STDINT_H".
+#  endif
+typedef unsigned long	uint_fast64_t;
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef UINTMAX_MAX
+# if defined ULLONG_MAX || defined __LONG_LONG_MAX__
+typedef unsigned long long uintmax_t;
+# else
+typedef unsigned long uintmax_t;
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PRIuMAX
+# if defined ULLONG_MAX || defined __LONG_LONG_MAX__
+#  define PRIuMAX "llu"
+# else
+#  define PRIuMAX "lu"
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef INT32_MAX
+#define INT32_MAX 0x7fffffff
+#endif /* !defined INT32_MAX */
+#ifndef INT32_MIN
+#define INT32_MIN (-1 - INT32_MAX)
+#endif /* !defined INT32_MIN */
+
+#ifndef SIZE_MAX
+#define SIZE_MAX ((size_t) -1)
+#endif
+
+#if 2 < __GNUC__ + (96 <= __GNUC_MINOR__)
+# define ATTRIBUTE_CONST __attribute__ ((const))
+# define ATTRIBUTE_PURE __attribute__ ((__pure__))
+# define ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(spec) __attribute__ ((__format__ spec))
+#else
+# define ATTRIBUTE_CONST /* empty */
+# define ATTRIBUTE_PURE /* empty */
+# define ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(spec) /* empty */
+#endif
+
+#if !defined _Noreturn && __STDC_VERSION__ < 201112
+# if 2 < __GNUC__ + (8 <= __GNUC_MINOR__)
+#  define _Noreturn __attribute__ ((__noreturn__))
+# else
+#  define _Noreturn
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#if __STDC_VERSION__ < 199901 && !defined restrict
+# define restrict /* empty */
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Workarounds for compilers/systems.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Compile with -Dtime_tz=T to build the tz package with a private
+** time_t type equivalent to T rather than the system-supplied time_t.
+** This debugging feature can test unusual design decisions
+** (e.g., time_t wider than 'long', or unsigned time_t) even on
+** typical platforms.
+*/
+#ifdef time_tz
+# ifdef LOCALTIME_IMPLEMENTATION
+static time_t sys_time(time_t *x) { return time(x); }
+# endif
+
+typedef time_tz tz_time_t;
+
+# undef  ctime
+# define ctime tz_ctime
+# undef  ctime_r
+# define ctime_r tz_ctime_r
+# undef  difftime
+# define difftime tz_difftime
+# undef  gmtime
+# define gmtime tz_gmtime
+# undef  gmtime_r
+# define gmtime_r tz_gmtime_r
+# undef  localtime
+# define localtime tz_localtime
+# undef  localtime_r
+# define localtime_r tz_localtime_r
+# undef  localtime_rz
+# define localtime_rz tz_localtime_rz
+# undef  mktime
+# define mktime tz_mktime
+# undef  mktime_z
+# define mktime_z tz_mktime_z
+# undef  offtime
+# define offtime tz_offtime
+# undef  posix2time
+# define posix2time tz_posix2time
+# undef  posix2time_z
+# define posix2time_z tz_posix2time_z
+# undef  time
+# define time tz_time
+# undef  time2posix
+# define time2posix tz_time2posix
+# undef  time2posix_z
+# define time2posix_z tz_time2posix_z
+# undef  time_t
+# define time_t tz_time_t
+# undef  timegm
+# define timegm tz_timegm
+# undef  timelocal
+# define timelocal tz_timelocal
+# undef  timeoff
+# define timeoff tz_timeoff
+# undef  tzalloc
+# define tzalloc tz_tzalloc
+# undef  tzfree
+# define tzfree tz_tzfree
+# undef  tzset
+# define tzset tz_tzset
+# undef  tzsetwall
+# define tzsetwall tz_tzsetwall
+
+char *ctime(time_t const *);
+char *ctime_r(time_t const *, char *);
+double difftime(time_t, time_t);
+struct tm *gmtime(time_t const *);
+struct tm *gmtime_r(time_t const *restrict, struct tm *restrict);
+struct tm *localtime(time_t const *);
+struct tm *localtime_r(time_t const *restrict, struct tm *restrict);
+time_t mktime(struct tm *);
+time_t time(time_t *);
+void tzset(void);
+#endif
+
+#if !HAVE_DECL_ASCTIME_R && !defined asctime_r
+extern char *asctime_r(struct tm const *restrict, char *restrict);
+#endif
+
+#if !HAVE_POSIX_DECLS
+# ifdef USG_COMPAT
+#  ifndef timezone
+extern long timezone;
+#  endif
+#  ifndef daylight
+extern int daylight;
+#  endif
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined ALTZONE && !defined altzone
+extern long altzone;
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The STD_INSPIRED functions are similar, but most also need
+** declarations if time_tz is defined.
+*/
+
+#ifdef STD_INSPIRED
+# if !defined tzsetwall || defined time_tz
+void tzsetwall(void);
+# endif
+# if !defined offtime || defined time_tz
+struct tm *offtime(time_t const *, long);
+# endif
+# if !defined timegm || defined time_tz
+time_t timegm(struct tm *);
+# endif
+# if !defined timelocal || defined time_tz
+time_t timelocal(struct tm *);
+# endif
+# if !defined timeoff || defined time_tz
+time_t timeoff(struct tm *, long);
+# endif
+# if !defined time2posix || defined time_tz
+time_t time2posix(time_t);
+# endif
+# if !defined posix2time || defined time_tz
+time_t posix2time(time_t);
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/* Infer TM_ZONE on systems where this information is known, but suppress
+   guessing if NO_TM_ZONE is defined.  Similarly for TM_GMTOFF.  */
+#if (defined __GLIBC__ \
+     || defined __FreeBSD__ || defined __NetBSD__ || defined __OpenBSD__ \
+     || (defined __APPLE__ && defined __MACH__))
+# if !defined TM_GMTOFF && !defined NO_TM_GMTOFF
+#  define TM_GMTOFF tm_gmtoff
+# endif
+# if !defined TM_ZONE && !defined NO_TM_ZONE
+#  define TM_ZONE tm_zone
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Define functions that are ABI compatible with NetBSD but have
+** better prototypes.  NetBSD 6.1.4 defines a pointer type timezone_t
+** and labors under the misconception that 'const timezone_t' is a
+** pointer to a constant.  This use of 'const' is ineffective, so it
+** is not done here.  What we call 'struct state' NetBSD calls
+** 'struct __state', but this is a private name so it doesn't matter.
+*/
+#if NETBSD_INSPIRED
+typedef struct state *timezone_t;
+struct tm *localtime_rz(timezone_t restrict, time_t const *restrict,
+			struct tm *restrict);
+time_t mktime_z(timezone_t restrict, struct tm *restrict);
+timezone_t tzalloc(char const *);
+void tzfree(timezone_t);
+# ifdef STD_INSPIRED
+#  if !defined posix2time_z || defined time_tz
+time_t posix2time_z(timezone_t, time_t) ATTRIBUTE_PURE;
+#  endif
+#  if !defined time2posix_z || defined time_tz
+time_t time2posix_z(timezone_t, time_t) ATTRIBUTE_PURE;
+#  endif
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Finally, some convenience items.
+*/
+
+#if __STDC_VERSION__ < 199901
+# define true 1
+# define false 0
+# define bool int
+#else
+# include <stdbool.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef TYPE_BIT
+#define TYPE_BIT(type)	(sizeof (type) * CHAR_BIT)
+#endif /* !defined TYPE_BIT */
+
+#ifndef TYPE_SIGNED
+#define TYPE_SIGNED(type) (((type) -1) < 0)
+#endif /* !defined TYPE_SIGNED */
+
+#define TWOS_COMPLEMENT(t) ((t) ~ (t) 0 < 0)
+
+/* Max and min values of the integer type T, of which only the bottom
+   B bits are used, and where the highest-order used bit is considered
+   to be a sign bit if T is signed.  */
+#define MAXVAL(t, b)						\
+  ((t) (((t) 1 << ((b) - 1 - TYPE_SIGNED(t)))			\
+	- 1 + ((t) 1 << ((b) - 1 - TYPE_SIGNED(t)))))
+#define MINVAL(t, b)						\
+  ((t) (TYPE_SIGNED(t) ? - TWOS_COMPLEMENT(t) - MAXVAL(t, b) : 0))
+
+/* The minimum and maximum finite time values.  This assumes no padding.  */
+static time_t const time_t_min = MINVAL(time_t, TYPE_BIT(time_t));
+static time_t const time_t_max = MAXVAL(time_t, TYPE_BIT(time_t));
+
+#ifndef INT_STRLEN_MAXIMUM
+/*
+** 302 / 1000 is log10(2.0) rounded up.
+** Subtract one for the sign bit if the type is signed;
+** add one for integer division truncation;
+** add one more for a minus sign if the type is signed.
+*/
+#define INT_STRLEN_MAXIMUM(type) \
+	((TYPE_BIT(type) - TYPE_SIGNED(type)) * 302 / 1000 + \
+	1 + TYPE_SIGNED(type))
+#endif /* !defined INT_STRLEN_MAXIMUM */
+
+/*
+** INITIALIZE(x)
+*/
+
+#ifdef lint
+# define INITIALIZE(x)	((x) = 0)
+#else
+# define INITIALIZE(x)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef UNINIT_TRAP
+# define UNINIT_TRAP 0
+#endif
+
+/*
+** For the benefit of GNU folk...
+** '_(MSGID)' uses the current locale's message library string for MSGID.
+** The default is to use gettext if available, and use MSGID otherwise.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _
+#if HAVE_GETTEXT
+#define _(msgid) gettext(msgid)
+#else /* !HAVE_GETTEXT */
+#define _(msgid) msgid
+#endif /* !HAVE_GETTEXT */
+#endif /* !defined _ */
+
+#if !defined TZ_DOMAIN && defined HAVE_GETTEXT
+# define TZ_DOMAIN "tz"
+#endif
+
+#if HAVE_INCOMPATIBLE_CTIME_R
+#undef asctime_r
+#undef ctime_r
+char *asctime_r(struct tm const *, char *);
+char *ctime_r(time_t const *, char *);
+#endif /* HAVE_INCOMPATIBLE_CTIME_R */
+
+#ifndef YEARSPERREPEAT
+#define YEARSPERREPEAT		400	/* years before a Gregorian repeat */
+#endif /* !defined YEARSPERREPEAT */
+
+/*
+** The Gregorian year averages 365.2425 days, which is 31556952 seconds.
+*/
+
+#ifndef AVGSECSPERYEAR
+#define AVGSECSPERYEAR		31556952L
+#endif /* !defined AVGSECSPERYEAR */
+
+#ifndef SECSPERREPEAT
+#define SECSPERREPEAT		((int_fast64_t) YEARSPERREPEAT * (int_fast64_t) AVGSECSPERYEAR)
+#endif /* !defined SECSPERREPEAT */
+
+#ifndef SECSPERREPEAT_BITS
+#define SECSPERREPEAT_BITS	34	/* ceil(log2(SECSPERREPEAT)) */
+#endif /* !defined SECSPERREPEAT_BITS */
+
+#endif /* !defined PRIVATE_H */
diff --git a/tz/southamerica b/tz/southamerica
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c38f63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/southamerica
@@ -0,0 +1,1779 @@
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
+# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
+# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).  For more, please see
+# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
+# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
+# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
+#
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
+# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
+# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.  Except where otherwise noted,
+# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
+#
+# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
+# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
+# http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
+#
+# Earlier editions of these tables used the North American style (e.g. ARST and
+# ARDT for Argentine Standard and Daylight Time), but the following quote
+# suggests that it's better to use European style (e.g. ART and ARST).
+#	I suggest the use of _Summer time_ instead of the more cumbersome
+#	_daylight-saving time_.  _Summer time_ seems to be in general use
+#	in Europe and South America.
+#	-- E O Cutler, _New York Times_ (1937-02-14), quoted in
+#	H L Mencken, _The American Language: Supplement I_ (1960), p 466
+#
+# Earlier editions of these tables also used the North American style
+# for time zones in Brazil, but this was incorrect, as Brazilians say
+# "summer time".  Reinaldo Goulart, a São Paulo businessman active in
+# the railroad sector, writes (1999-07-06):
+#	The subject of time zones is currently a matter of discussion/debate in
+#	Brazil.  Let's say that "the Brasília time" is considered the
+#	"official time" because Brasília is the capital city.
+#	The other three time zones are called "Brasília time "minus one" or
+#	"plus one" or "plus two".  As far as I know there is no such
+#	name/designation as "Eastern Time" or "Central Time".
+# So I invented the following (English-language) abbreviations for now.
+# Corrections are welcome!
+#		std	dst
+#	-2:00	FNT	FNST	Fernando de Noronha
+#	-3:00	BRT	BRST	Brasília
+#	-4:00	AMT	AMST	Amazon
+#	-5:00	ACT	ACST	Acre
+
+###############################################################################
+
+###############################################################################
+
+# Argentina
+
+# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
+# Argentina: first Sunday in October to first Sunday in April since 1976.
+# Double Summer time from 1969 to 1974.  Switches at midnight.
+
+# From U. S. Naval Observatory (1988-01-19):
+# ARGENTINA           3 H BEHIND   UTC
+
+# From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
+# I am sending modifications to the Argentine time zone table...
+# AR was chosen because they are the ISO letters that represent Argentina.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Arg	1930	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1931	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1932	1940	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1932	1939	-	Nov	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1940	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1941	only	-	Jun	15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1941	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1943	only	-	Aug	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1943	only	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1946	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1963	only	-	Dec	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1964	1966	-	Oct	15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1967	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1967	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1968	1969	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	Jan	23	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	1974	only	-	May	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1988	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+#
+# From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
+# These corrections were contributed by InterSoft Argentina S.A.,
+# obtaining the data from the:
+# Talleres de Hidrografía Naval Argentina
+# (Argentine Naval Hydrography Institute)
+Rule	Arg	1989	1993	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	1989	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+#
+# From Hernan G. Otero (1995-06-26):
+# From this moment on, the law that mandated the daylight saving
+# time corrections was derogated and no more modifications
+# to the time zones (for daylight saving) are now made.
+#
+# From Rives McDow (2000-01-10):
+# On October 3, 1999, 0:00 local, Argentina implemented daylight savings time,
+# which did not result in the switch of a time zone, as they stayed 9 hours
+# from the International Date Line.
+Rule	Arg	1999	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-12-28):
+# DST was set to expire on March 5, not March 3, but since it was converted
+# to standard time on March 3 it's more convenient for us to pretend that
+# it ended on March 3.
+Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	3	0:00	0	-
+#
+# From Peter Gradelski via Steffen Thorsen (2000-03-01):
+# We just checked with our São Paulo office and they say the government of
+# Argentina decided not to become one of the countries that go on or off DST.
+# So Buenos Aires should be -3 hours from GMT at all times.
+#
+# From Fabián L. Arce Jofré (2000-04-04):
+# The law that claimed DST for Argentina was derogated by President Fernando
+# de la Rúa on March 2, 2000, because it would make people spend more energy
+# in the winter time, rather than less.  The change took effect on March 3.
+#
+# From Mariano Absatz (2001-06-06):
+# one of the major newspapers here in Argentina said that the 1999
+# Timezone Law (which never was effectively applied) will (would?) be
+# in effect.... The article is at
+# http://ar.clarin.com/diario/2001-06-06/e-01701.htm
+# ... The Law itself is "Ley No. 25155", sanctioned on 1999-08-25, enacted
+# 1999-09-17, and published 1999-09-21.  The official publication is at:
+# http://www.boletin.jus.gov.ar/BON/Primera/1999/09-Septiembre/21/PDF/BO21-09-99LEG.PDF
+# Regretfully, you have to subscribe (and pay) for the on-line version....
+#
+# (2001-06-12):
+# the timezone for Argentina will not change next Sunday.
+# Apparently it will do so on Sunday 24th....
+# http://ar.clarin.com/diario/2001-06-12/s-03501.htm
+#
+# (2001-06-25):
+# Last Friday (yes, the last working day before the date of the change), the
+# Senate annulled the 1999 law that introduced the changes later postponed.
+# http://www.clarin.com.ar/diario/2001-06-22/s-03601.htm
+# It remains the vote of the Deputies..., but it will be the same....
+# This kind of things had always been done this way in Argentina.
+# We are still -03:00 all year round in all of the country.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-12-21):
+# A user (Leonardo Chaim) reported that Argentina will adopt DST....
+# all of the country (all Zone-entries) are affected.  News reports like
+# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/opinion/nota.asp?nota_id=973037 indicate
+# that Argentina will use DST next year as well, from October to
+# March, although exact rules are not given.
+#
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-12-26)
+# The last hurdle of Argentina DST is over, the proposal was approved in
+# the lower chamber too (Diputados) with a vote 192 for and 2 against.
+# By the way thanks to Mariano Absatz and Daniel Mario Vega for the link to
+# the original scanned proposal, where the dates and the zero hours are
+# clear and unambiguous...This is the article about final approval:
+# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/nota.asp?nota_id=973996
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-12-22):
+# For dates after mid-2008, the following rules are my guesses and
+# are quite possibly wrong, but are more likely than no DST at all.
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-09-05):
+# As per message from Carlos Alberto Fonseca Arauz (Nicaragua),
+# Argentina will start DST on Sunday October 19, 2008.
+#
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina03.html
+# http://www.impulsobaires.com.ar/nota.php?id=57832 (in spanish)
+
+# From Juan Manuel Docile in https://bugs.gentoo.org/240339 (2008-10-07)
+# via Rodrigo Severo:
+# Argentinian law No. 25.155 is no longer valid.
+# http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/60000-64999/60036/norma.htm
+# The new one is law No. 26.350
+# http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/135000-139999/136191/norma.htm
+# So there is no summer time in Argentina for now.
+
+# From Mariano Absatz (2008-10-20):
+# Decree 1693/2008 applies Law 26.350 for the summer 2008/2009 establishing DST
+# in Argentina from 2008-10-19 until 2009-03-15.
+# http://www.boletinoficial.gov.ar/Bora.Portal/CustomControls/PdfContent.aspx?fp=16102008&pi=3&pf=4&s=0&sec=01
+#
+
+# Decree 1705/2008 excepting 12 Provinces from applying DST in the summer
+# 2008/2009: Catamarca, La Rioja, Mendoza, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, La
+# Pampa, Neuquén, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz and Tierra del Fuego
+# http://www.boletinoficial.gov.ar/Bora.Portal/CustomControls/PdfContent.aspx?fp=17102008&pi=1&pf=1&s=0&sec=01
+#
+# Press release 235 dated Saturday October 18th, from the Government of the
+# Province of Jujuy saying it will not apply DST either (even when it was not
+# included in Decree 1705/2008).
+# http://www.jujuy.gov.ar/index2/partes_prensa/18_10_08/235-181008.doc
+
+# From fullinet (2009-10-18):
+# As announced in
+# http://www.argentina.gob.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=356
+# (an official .gob.ar) under title: "Sin Cambio de Hora"
+# (English: "No hour change").
+#
+# "Por el momento, el Gobierno Nacional resolvió no modificar la hora
+# oficial, decisión que estaba en estudio para su implementación el
+# domingo 18 de octubre. Desde el Ministerio de Planificación se anunció
+# que la Argentina hoy, en estas condiciones meteorológicas, no necesita
+# la modificación del huso horario, ya que 2009 nos encuentra con
+# crecimiento en la producción y distribución energética."
+
+Rule	Arg	2007	only	-	Dec	30	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Arg	2008	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Arg	2008	only	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+
+# From Mariano Absatz (2004-05-21):
+# Today it was officially published that the Province of Mendoza is changing
+# its timezone this winter... starting tomorrow night....
+# http://www.gobernac.mendoza.gov.ar/boletin/pdf/20040521-27158-normas.pdf
+# From Paul Eggert (2004-05-24):
+# It's Law No. 7,210.  This change is due to a public power emergency, so for
+# now we'll assume it's for this year only.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-09):
+# Hora de verano para la República Argentina
+# http://buenasiembra.com.ar/esoterismo/astrologia/hora-de-verano-de-la-republica-argentina-27.html
+# says that standard time in Argentina from 1894-10-31
+# to 1920-05-01 was -4:16:48.25.  Go with this more-precise value
+# over Shanks & Pottenger.
+#
+# From Mariano Absatz (2004-06-05):
+# These media articles from a major newspaper mostly cover the current state:
+# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/04/05/27/de_604825.asp
+# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/04/05/28/de_605203.asp
+#
+# The following eight (8) provinces pulled clocks back to UTC-04:00 at
+# midnight Monday May 31st. (that is, the night between 05/31 and 06/01).
+# Apparently, all nine provinces would go back to UTC-03:00 at the same
+# time in October 17th.
+#
+# Catamarca, Chubut, La Rioja, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz,
+# Tierra del Fuego, Tucumán.
+#
+# From Mariano Absatz (2004-06-14):
+# ... this weekend, the Province of Tucumán decided it'd go back to UTC-03:00
+# yesterday midnight (that is, at 24:00 Saturday 12th), since the people's
+# annoyance with the change is much higher than the power savings obtained....
+#
+# From Gwillim Law (2004-06-14):
+# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/04/06/10/de_609078.asp ...
+#     "The time change in Tierra del Fuego was a conflicted decision from
+#   the start.  The government had decreed that the measure would take
+#   effect on June 1, but a normative error forced the new time to begin
+#   three days earlier, from a Saturday to a Sunday....
+# Our understanding was that the change was originally scheduled to take place
+# on June 1 at 00:00 in Chubut, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego (and some other
+# provinces).  Sunday was May 30, only two days earlier.  So the article
+# contains a contradiction.  I would give more credence to the Saturday/Sunday
+# date than the "three days earlier" phrase, and conclude that Tierra del
+# Fuego set its clocks back at 2004-05-30 00:00.
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2004-10-05):
+# The previous law 7210 which changed the province of Mendoza's time zone
+# back in May have been modified slightly in a new law 7277, which set the
+# new end date to 2004-09-26 (original date was 2004-10-17).
+# http://www.gobernac.mendoza.gov.ar/boletin/pdf/20040924-27244-normas.pdf
+#
+# From Mariano Absatz (2004-10-05):
+# San Juan changed from UTC-03:00 to UTC-04:00 at midnight between
+# Sunday, May 30th and Monday, May 31st.  It changed back to UTC-03:00
+# at midnight between Saturday, July 24th and Sunday, July 25th....
+# http://www.sanjuan.gov.ar/prensa/archivo/000329.html
+# http://www.sanjuan.gov.ar/prensa/archivo/000426.html
+# http://www.sanjuan.gov.ar/prensa/archivo/000441.html
+
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-01-17):
+# Here are articles that Argentina Province San Luis is planning to end DST
+# as earlier as upcoming Monday January 21, 2008 or February 2008:
+#
+# Provincia argentina retrasa reloj y marca diferencia con resto del país
+# (Argentine Province delayed clock and mark difference with the rest of the
+# country)
+# http://cl.invertia.com/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia=200801171849_EFE_ET4373&idtel
+#
+# Es inminente que en San Luis atrasen una hora los relojes
+# (It is imminent in San Luis clocks one hour delay)
+# http://www.lagaceta.com.ar/nota/253414/Economia/Es-inminente-que-en-San-Luis-atrasen-una-hora-los-relojes.html
+# http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_argentina02.html
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-01-18):
+# The page of the San Luis provincial government
+# http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/notas.asp?idCanal=0&id=22812
+# confirms what Alex Krivenyshev has earlier sent to the tz
+# emailing list about that San Luis plans to return to standard
+# time much earlier than the rest of the country. It also
+# confirms that upon request the provinces San Juan and Mendoza
+# refused to follow San Luis in this change.
+#
+# The change is supposed to take place Monday the 21st at 0:00
+# hours. As far as I understand it if this goes ahead, we need
+# a new timezone for San Luis (although there are also documented
+# independent changes in the southamerica file of San Luis in
+# 1990 and 1991 which has not been confirmed).
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-01-25):
+# Unfortunately the below page has become defunct, about the San Luis
+# time change. Perhaps because it now is part of a group of pages "Most
+# important pages of 2008."
+#
+# You can use
+# http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/notas.asp?idCanal=8141&id=22834
+# instead it seems. Or use "Buscador" from the main page of the San Luis
+# government, and fill in "huso" and click OK, and you will get 3 pages
+# from which the first one is identical to the above.
+
+# From Mariano Absatz (2008-01-28):
+# I can confirm that the Province of San Luis (and so far only that
+# province) decided to go back to UTC-3 effective midnight Jan 20th 2008
+# (that is, Monday 21st at 0:00 is the time the clocks were delayed back
+# 1 hour), and they intend to keep UTC-3 as their timezone all year round
+# (that is, unless they change their mind any minute now).
+#
+# So we'll have to add yet another city to 'southamerica' (I think San
+# Luis city is the mos populated city in the Province, so it'd be
+# America/Argentina/San_Luis... of course I can't remember if San Luis's
+# history of particular changes goes along with Mendoza or San Juan :-(
+# (I only remember not being able to collect hard facts about San Luis
+# back in 2004, when these provinces changed to UTC-4 for a few days, I
+# mailed them personally and never got an answer).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
+# Unless otherwise specified, data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger through
+# 1992, from the IATA otherwise.  As noted below, Shanks & Pottenger say that
+# America/Cordoba split into 6 subregions during 1991/1992, one of which
+# was America/San_Luis, but we haven't verified this yet so for now we'll
+# keep America/Cordoba a single region rather than splitting it into the
+# other 5 subregions.
+
+# From Mariano Absatz (2009-03-13):
+# Yesterday (with our usual 2-day notice) the Province of San Luis
+# decided that next Sunday instead of "staying" @utc-03:00 they will go
+# to utc-04:00 until the second Saturday in October...
+#
+# The press release is at
+# http://www.sanluis.gov.ar/SL/Paginas/NoticiaDetalle.asp?TemaId=1&InfoPrensaId=3102
+# (I couldn't find the decree, but www.sanluis.gov.ar
+# is the official page for the Province Government.)
+#
+# There's also a note in only one of the major national papers ...
+# http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1107912
+#
+# The press release says [quick and dirty translation]:
+# ... announced that next Sunday, at 00:00, Puntanos (the San Luis
+# inhabitants) will have to turn back one hour their clocks
+#
+# Since then, San Luis will establish its own Province timezone. Thus,
+# during 2009, this timezone change will run from 00:00 the third Sunday
+# in March until 24:00 of the second Saturday in October.
+
+# From Mariano Absatz (2009-10-16):
+# ...the Province of San Luis is a case in itself.
+#
+# The Law at
+# http://www.diputadossanluis.gov.ar/diputadosasp/paginas/verNorma.asp?NormaID=276
+# is ambiguous because establishes a calendar from the 2nd Sunday in
+# October at 0:00 thru the 2nd Saturday in March at 24:00 and the
+# complement of that starting on the 2nd Sunday of March at 0:00 and
+# ending on the 2nd Saturday of March at 24:00.
+#
+# This clearly breaks every time the 1st of March or October is a Sunday.
+#
+# IMHO, the "spirit of the Law" is to make the changes at 0:00 on the 2nd
+# Sunday of October and March.
+#
+# The problem is that the changes in the rest of the Provinces that did
+# change in 2007/2008, were made according to the Federal Law and Decrees
+# that did so on the 3rd Sunday of October and March.
+#
+# In fact, San Luis actually switched from UTC-4 to UTC-3 last Sunday
+# (October 11th) at 0:00.
+#
+# So I guess a new set of rules, besides "Arg", must be made and the last
+# America/Argentina/San_Luis entries should change to use these...
+#
+# I'm enclosing a patch that does what I say... regretfully, the San Luis
+# timezone must be called "WART/WARST" even when most of the time (like,
+# right now) WARST == ART... that is, since last Sunday, all the country
+# is using UTC-3, but in my patch, San Luis calls it "WARST" and the rest
+# of the country calls it "ART".
+# ...
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-04-09):
+# According to news reports from El Diario de la República Province San
+# Luis, Argentina (standard time UTC-04) will keep Daylight Saving Time
+# after April 11, 2010 - will continue to have same time as rest of
+# Argentina (UTC-3) (no DST).
+#
+# Confirmaron la prórroga del huso horario de verano (Spanish)
+# http://www.eldiariodelarepublica.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=29383&Itemid=9
+# or (some English translation):
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_argentina08.html
+
+# From Mariano Absatz (2010-04-12):
+# yes...I can confirm this...and given that San Luis keeps calling
+# UTC-03:00 "summer time", we should't just let San Luis go back to "Arg"
+# rules...San Luis is still using "Western ARgentina Time" and it got
+# stuck on Summer daylight savings time even though the summer is over.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-09-05):
+# Perhaps San Luis operates on the legal fiction that it is at UTC-4
+# with perpetual summer time, but ordinary usage typically seems to
+# just say it's at UTC-3; see, for example,
+# http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora_oficial_argentina
+# We've documented similar situations as being plain changes to
+# standard time, so let's do that here too.  This does not change UTC
+# offsets, only tm_isdst and the time zone abbreviations.  One minor
+# plus is that this silences a zic complaint that there's no POSIX TZ
+# setting for time stamps past 2038.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
+# Milne says Córdoba time was -4:16:48.2.  Round to the nearest second.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+#
+# Buenos Aires (BA), Capital Federal (CF),
+Zone America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires -3:53:48 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May    # Córdoba Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT
+#
+# Córdoba (CB), Santa Fe (SF), Entre Ríos (ER), Corrientes (CN), Misiones (MN),
+# Chaco (CC), Formosa (FM), Santiago del Estero (SE)
+#
+# Shanks & Pottenger also make the following claims, which we haven't verified:
+# - Formosa switched to -3:00 on 1991-01-07.
+# - Misiones switched to -3:00 on 1990-12-29.
+# - Chaco switched to -3:00 on 1991-01-04.
+# - Santiago del Estero switched to -4:00 on 1991-04-01,
+#   then to -3:00 on 1991-04-26.
+#
+Zone America/Argentina/Cordoba -4:16:48 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT
+#
+# Salta (SA), La Pampa (LP), Neuquén (NQ), Rio Negro (RN)
+Zone America/Argentina/Salta -4:21:40 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	ART
+#
+# Tucumán (TM)
+Zone America/Argentina/Tucuman -4:20:52 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 13
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT
+#
+# La Rioja (LR)
+Zone America/Argentina/La_Rioja -4:27:24 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	WART	1991 May  7
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	ART
+#
+# San Juan (SJ)
+Zone America/Argentina/San_Juan -4:34:04 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	WART	1991 May  7
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART	2004 May 31
+			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jul 25
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	ART
+#
+# Jujuy (JY)
+Zone America/Argentina/Jujuy -4:21:12 -	LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1990 Mar  4
+			-4:00	-	WART	1990 Oct 28
+			-4:00	1:00	WARST	1991 Mar 17
+			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct  6
+			-3:00	1:00	ARST	1992
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	ART
+#
+# Catamarca (CT), Chubut (CH)
+Zone America/Argentina/Catamarca -4:23:08 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1991 Mar  3
+			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 20
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	ART
+#
+# Mendoza (MZ)
+Zone America/Argentina/Mendoza -4:35:16 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1990 Mar  4
+			-4:00	-	WART	1990 Oct 15
+			-4:00	1:00	WARST	1991 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Oct 15
+			-4:00	1:00	WARST	1992 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	WART	1992 Oct 18
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART	2004 May 23
+			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Sep 26
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	ART
+#
+# San Luis (SL)
+
+Rule	SanLuis	2008	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
+Rule	SanLuis	2007	2008	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	1:00	S
+
+Zone America/Argentina/San_Luis -4:25:24 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1990
+			-3:00	1:00	ARST	1990 Mar 14
+			-4:00	-	WART	1990 Oct 15
+			-4:00	1:00	WARST	1991 Mar  1
+			-4:00	-	WART	1991 Jun  1
+			-3:00	-	ART	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	1:00	WARST	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART	2004 May 31
+			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jul 25
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Jan 21
+			-4:00	SanLuis	WAR%sT	2009 Oct 11
+			-3:00	-	ART
+#
+# Santa Cruz (SC)
+Zone America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos -4:36:52 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May    # Córdoba Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART	2004 Jun  1
+			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	ART
+#
+# Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur (TF)
+Zone America/Argentina/Ushuaia -4:33:12 - LMT	1894 Oct 31
+			-4:16:48 -	CMT	1920 May    # Córdoba Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	ART	1930 Dec
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1999 Oct  3
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	2000 Mar  3
+			-3:00	-	ART	2004 May 30
+			-4:00	-	WART	2004 Jun 20
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	2008 Oct 18
+			-3:00	-	ART
+
+# Aruba
+Link America/Curacao America/Aruba
+
+# Bolivia
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
+			-4:32:36 -	CMT	1931 Oct 15 # Calamarca MT
+			-4:32:36 1:00	BOST	1932 Mar 21 # Bolivia ST
+			-4:00	-	BOT	# Bolivia Time
+
+# Brazil
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
+# The mayor of Rio recently attempted to change the time zone rules
+# just in his city, in order to leave more summer time for the tourist trade.
+# The rule change lasted only part of the day;
+# the federal government refused to follow the city's rules, and business
+# was in a chaos, so the mayor backed down that afternoon.
+
+# From IATA SSIM (1996-02):
+# _Only_ the following states in BR1 observe DST: Rio Grande do Sul (RS),
+# Santa Catarina (SC), Paraná (PR), São Paulo (SP), Rio de Janeiro (RJ),
+# Espírito Santo (ES), Minas Gerais (MG), Bahia (BA), Goiás (GO),
+# Distrito Federal (DF), Tocantins (TO), Sergipe [SE] and Alagoas [AL].
+# [The last three states are new to this issue of the IATA SSIM.]
+
+# From Gwillim Law (1996-10-07):
+# Geography, history (Tocantins was part of Goiás until 1989), and other
+# sources of time zone information lead me to believe that AL, SE, and TO were
+# always in BR1, and so the only change was whether or not they observed DST....
+# The earliest issue of the SSIM I have is 2/91.  Each issue from then until
+# 9/95 says that DST is observed only in the ten states I quoted from 9/95,
+# along with Mato Grosso (MT) and Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), which are in BR2
+# (UTC-4)....  The other two time zones given for Brazil are BR3, which is
+# UTC-5, no DST, and applies only in the state of Acre (AC); and BR4, which is
+# UTC-2, and applies to Fernando de Noronha (formerly FN, but I believe it's
+# become part of the state of Pernambuco).  The boundary between BR1 and BR2
+# has never been clearly stated.  They've simply been called East and West.
+# However, some conclusions can be drawn from another IATA manual: the Airline
+# Coding Directory, which lists close to 400 airports in Brazil.  For each
+# airport it gives a time zone which is coded to the SSIM.  From that
+# information, I'm led to conclude that the states of Amapá (AP), Ceará (CE),
+# Maranhão (MA), Paraíba (PR), Pernambuco (PE), Piauí (PI), and Rio Grande do
+# Norte (RN), and the eastern part of Pará (PA) are all in BR1 without DST.
+
+# From Marcos Tadeu (1998-09-27):
+# Brazilian official page <http://pcdsh01.on.br/verao1.html>
+
+# From Jesper Nørgaard (2000-11-03):
+# [For an official list of which regions in Brazil use which time zones, see:]
+# http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm
+# http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbrhv.htm
+
+# From Celso Doria via David Madeo (2002-10-09):
+# The reason for the delay this year has to do with elections in Brazil.
+#
+# Unlike in the United States, elections in Brazil are 100% computerized and
+# the results are known almost immediately.  Yesterday, it was the first
+# round of the elections when 115 million Brazilians voted for President,
+# Governor, Senators, Federal Deputies, and State Deputies.  Nobody is
+# counting (or re-counting) votes anymore and we know there will be a second
+# round for the Presidency and also for some Governors.  The 2nd round will
+# take place on October 27th.
+#
+# The reason why the DST will only begin November 3rd is that the thousands
+# of electoral machines used cannot have their time changed, and since the
+# Constitution says the elections must begin at 8:00 AM and end at 5:00 PM,
+# the Government decided to postpone DST, instead of changing the Constitution
+# (maybe, for the next elections, it will be possible to change the clock)...
+
+# From Rodrigo Severo (2004-10-04):
+# It's just the biannual change made necessary by the much hyped, supposedly
+# modern Brazilian eletronic voting machines which, apparently, can't deal
+# with a time change between the first and the second rounds of the elections.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-09-20):
+# Brazil will start DST on 2007-10-14 00:00 and end on 2008-02-17 00:00:
+# http://www.mme.gov.br/site/news/detail.do;jsessionid=BBA06811AFCAAC28F0285210913513DA?newsId=13975
+
+# From Paul Schulze (2008-06-24):
+# ...by law number 11.662 of April 24, 2008 (published in the "Diario
+# Oficial da União"...) in Brazil there are changes in the timezones,
+# effective today (00:00am at June 24, 2008) as follows:
+#
+# a) The timezone UTC+5 is extinguished, with all the Acre state and the
+# part of the Amazonas state that had this timezone now being put to the
+# timezone UTC+4
+# b) The whole Pará state now is put at timezone UTC+3, instead of just
+# part of it, as was before.
+#
+# This change follows a proposal of senator Tiao Viana of Acre state, that
+# proposed it due to concerns about open television channels displaying
+# programs inappropriate to youths in the states that had the timezone
+# UTC+5 too early in the night. In the occasion, some more corrections
+# were proposed, trying to unify the timezones of any given state. This
+# change modifies timezone rules defined in decree 2.784 of 18 June,
+# 1913.
+
+# From Rodrigo Severo (2008-06-24):
+# Just correcting the URL:
+# https://www.in.gov.br/imprensa/visualiza/index.jsp?jornal=do&secao=1&pagina=1&data=25/04/2008
+#
+# As a result of the above Decree I believe the America/Rio_Branco
+# timezone shall be modified from UTC-5 to UTC-4 and a new timezone shall
+# be created to represent the...west side of the Pará State. I
+# suggest this new timezone be called Santarem as the most
+# important/populated city in the affected area.
+#
+# This new timezone would be the same as the Rio_Branco timezone up to
+# the 2008/06/24 change which would be to UTC-3 instead of UTC-4.
+
+# From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-06-24):
+# This is a quick reference page for New and Old Brazil Time Zones map.
+# http://www.worldtimezone.com/brazil-time-new-old.php
+#
+# - 4 time zones replaced by 3 time zones - eliminating time zone UTC-05
+# (state Acre and the part of the Amazonas will be UTC/GMT-04) - western
+# part of Par state is moving to one timezone UTC-03 (from UTC-04).
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2002-10-10):
+# The official decrees referenced below are mostly taken from
+# Decretos sobre o Horário de Verão no Brasil.
+# http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2008-08-29):
+# As announced by the government and many newspapers in Brazil late
+# yesterday, Brazil will start DST on 2008-10-19 (need to change rule) and
+# it will end on 2009-02-15 (current rule for Brazil is fine). Based on
+# past years experience with the elections, there was a good chance that
+# the start was postponed to November, but it did not happen this year.
+#
+# It has not yet been posted to http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html
+#
+# An official page about it:
+# http://www.mme.gov.br/site/news/detail.do?newsId=16722
+# Note that this link does not always work directly, but must be accessed
+# by going to
+# http://www.mme.gov.br/first
+#
+# One example link that works directly:
+# http://jornale.com.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13530&Itemid=54
+# (Portuguese)
+#
+# We have a written a short article about it as well:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-dst-2008-2009.html
+#
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-04):
+# State Bahia will return to Daylight savings time this year after 8 years off.
+# The announcement was made by Governor Jaques Wagner in an interview to a
+# television station in Salvador.
+
+# In Portuguese:
+# http://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2011/10/governador-jaques-wagner-confirma-horario-de-verao-na-bahia.html
+# http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI5390887-EI8139,00-Bahia+volta+a+ter+horario+de+verao+apos+oito+anos.html
+
+# From Guilherme Bernardes Rodrigues (2011-10-07):
+# There is news in the media, however there is still no decree about it.
+# I just send a e-mail to Zulmira Brandao at http://pcdsh01.on.br/ the
+# official agency about time in Brazil, and she confirmed that the old rule is
+# still in force.
+
+# From Guilherme Bernardes Rodrigues (2011-10-14)
+# It's official, the President signed a decree that includes Bahia in summer
+# time.
+#	 [ and in a second message (same day): ]
+# I found the decree.
+#
+# DECRETO No. 7.584, DE 13 DE OUTUBRO DE 2011
+# Link :
+# http://www.in.gov.br/visualiza/index.jsp?data=13/10/2011&jornal=1000&pagina=6&totalArquivos=6
+
+# From Kelley Cook (2012-10-16):
+# The governor of state of Bahia in Brazil announced on Thursday that
+# due to public pressure, he is reversing the DST policy they implemented
+# last year and will not be going to Summer Time on October 21st....
+# http://www.correio24horas.com.br/r/artigo/apos-pressoes-wagner-suspende-horario-de-verao-na-bahia
+
+# From Rodrigo Severo (2012-10-16):
+# Tocantins state will have DST.
+# http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/noticias/0,,OI6232536-EI306.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-20):
+# Tocantins in Brazil is very likely not to observe DST from October....
+# http://conexaoto.com.br/2013/09/18/ministerio-confirma-que-tocantins-esta-fora-do-horario-de-verao-em-2013-mas-falta-publicacao-de-decreto
+# We will keep this article updated when this is confirmed:
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/brazil-starts-dst-2013.html
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-10-17):
+# http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/acre-amazonas-change-time-zone.html
+# Senator Jorge Viana announced that Acre will change time zone on November 10.
+# He did not specify the time of the change, nor if western parts of Amazonas
+# will change as well.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2013-10-17):
+# For now, assume western Amazonas will change as well.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Decree 20,466 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV20466.htm> (1931-10-01)
+# Decree 21,896 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV21896.htm> (1932-01-10)
+Rule	Brazil	1931	only	-	Oct	 3	11:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1932	1933	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	1932	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 23,195 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV23195.htm> (1933-10-10)
+# revoked DST.
+# Decree 27,496 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27496.htm> (1949-11-24)
+# Decree 27,998 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27998.htm> (1950-04-13)
+Rule	Brazil	1949	1952	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1950	only	-	Apr	16	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	1951	1952	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 32,308 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV32308.htm> (1953-02-24)
+Rule	Brazil	1953	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 34,724 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV34724.htm> (1953-11-30)
+# revoked DST.
+# Decree 52,700 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV52700.htm> (1963-10-18)
+# established DST from 1963-10-23 00:00 to 1964-02-29 00:00
+# in SP, RJ, GB, MG, ES, due to the prolongation of the drought.
+# Decree 53,071 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53071.htm> (1963-12-03)
+# extended the above decree to all of the national territory on 12-09.
+Rule	Brazil	1963	only	-	Dec	 9	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 53,604 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53604.htm> (1964-02-25)
+# extended summer time by one day to 1964-03-01 00:00 (start of school).
+Rule	Brazil	1964	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 55,639 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV55639.htm> (1965-01-27)
+Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Mar	31	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 57,303 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57303.htm> (1965-11-22)
+Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 57,843 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57843.htm> (1966-02-18)
+Rule	Brazil	1966	1968	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	1966	1967	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 63,429 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV63429.htm> (1968-10-15)
+# revoked DST.
+# Decree 91,698 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV91698.htm> (1985-09-27)
+Rule	Brazil	1985	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 92,310 (1986-01-21)
+# Decree 92,463 (1986-03-13)
+Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 93,316 (1986-10-01)
+Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Feb	14	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 94,922 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV94922.htm> (1987-09-22)
+Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Feb	 7	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 96,676 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV96676.htm> (1988-09-12)
+# except for the states of AC, AM, PA, RR, RO, and AP (then a territory)
+Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Jan	29	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 98,077 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV98077.htm> (1989-08-21)
+# with the same exceptions
+Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Oct	15	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 99,530 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV99530.htm> (1990-09-17)
+# adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, GO, MS, DF.
+# Decree 99,629 (1990-10-19) adds BA, MT.
+Rule	Brazil	1990	only	-	Oct	21	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Feb	17	 0:00	0	-
+# Unnumbered decree <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1991.htm> (1991-09-25)
+# adopted by RS, SC, PR, SP, RJ, ES, MG, BA, GO, MT, MS, DF.
+Rule	Brazil	1991	only	-	Oct	20	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Feb	 9	 0:00	0	-
+# Unnumbered decree <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1992.htm> (1992-10-16)
+# adopted by same states.
+Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Oct	25	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1993	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 942 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV942.htm> (1993-09-28)
+# adopted by same states, plus AM.
+# Decree 1,252 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1252.htm> (1994-09-22;
+# web page corrected 2004-01-07) adopted by same states, minus AM.
+# Decree 1,636 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1636.htm> (1995-09-14)
+# adopted by same states, plus MT and TO.
+# Decree 1,674 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1674.htm> (1995-10-13)
+# adds AL, SE.
+Rule	Brazil	1993	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1994	1995	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Feb	11	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 2,000 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV2000.htm> (1996-09-04)
+# adopted by same states, minus AL, SE.
+Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Feb	16	 0:00	0	-
+# From Daniel C. Sobral (1998-02-12):
+# In 1997, the DS began on October 6. The stated reason was that
+# because international television networks ignored Brazil's policy on DS,
+# they bought the wrong times on satellite for coverage of Pope's visit.
+# This year, the ending date of DS was postponed to March 1
+# to help dealing with the shortages of electric power.
+#
+# Decree 2,317 (1997-09-04), adopted by same states.
+Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 2,495 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV2495.JPG>
+# (1998-02-10)
+Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 2,780 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/Hv98.jpg> (1998-09-11)
+# adopted by the same states as before.
+Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Oct	11	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Feb	21	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 3,150 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV3150.gif>
+# (1999-08-23) adopted by same states.
+# Decree 3,188 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV99.gif> (1999-09-30)
+# adds SE, AL, PB, PE, RN, CE, PI, MA and RR.
+Rule	Brazil	1999	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2000	only	-	Feb	27	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 3,592 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DEC3592.htm> (2000-09-06)
+# adopted by the same states as before.
+# Decree 3,630 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/Dec3630.jpg> (2000-10-13)
+# repeals DST in PE and RR, effective 2000-10-15 00:00.
+# Decree 3,632 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/Dec3632.jpg> (2000-10-17)
+# repeals DST in SE, AL, PB, RN, CE, PI and MA, effective 2000-10-22 00:00.
+# Decree 3,916 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV3916.gif>
+# (2001-09-13) reestablishes DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
+Rule	Brazil	2000	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2001	2006	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 4,399 (2002-10-01) repeals DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
+# 4,399 <http://www.presidencia.gov.br/CCIVIL/decreto/2002/D4399.htm>
+Rule	Brazil	2002	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 4,844 (2003-09-24; corrected 2003-09-26) repeals DST in BA, MT, TO.
+# 4,844 <http://www.presidencia.gov.br/CCIVIL/decreto/2003/D4844.htm>
+Rule	Brazil	2003	only	-	Oct	19	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 5,223 (2004-10-01) reestablishes DST in MT.
+# 5,223 <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2004/Decreto/D5223.htm>
+Rule	Brazil	2004	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 5,539 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV5539.gif> (2005-09-19),
+# adopted by the same states as before.
+Rule	Brazil	2005	only	-	Oct	16	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Decree 5,920 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV5920.gif> (2006-10-03),
+# adopted by the same states as before.
+Rule	Brazil	2006	only	-	Nov	 5	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Feb	25	 0:00	0	-
+# Decree 6,212 <http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV6212.gif> (2007-09-26),
+# adopted by the same states as before.
+Rule	Brazil	2007	only	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	S
+# From Frederico A. C. Neves (2008-09-10):
+# According to this decree
+# http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2008/Decreto/D6558.htm
+# [t]he DST period in Brazil now on will be from the 3rd Oct Sunday to the
+# 3rd Feb Sunday. There is an exception on the return date when this is
+# the Carnival Sunday then the return date will be the next Sunday...
+Rule	Brazil	2008	max	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Brazil	2008	2011	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	2012	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	2013	2014	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	2015	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	2016	2022	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	2023	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	2024	2025	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	2026	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	2027	2033	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	2034	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	2035	2036	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Brazil	2037	only	-	Feb	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
+# From Arthur David Olson (2008-09-29):
+# The next is wrong in some years but is better than nothing.
+Rule	Brazil	2038	max	-	Feb	Sun>=15	0:00	0	-
+
+# The latest ruleset listed above says that the following states observe DST:
+# DF, ES, GO, MG, MS, MT, PR, RJ, RS, SC, SP.
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+#
+# Fernando de Noronha (administratively part of PE)
+Zone America/Noronha	-2:09:40 -	LMT	1914
+			-2:00	Brazil	FN%sT	1990 Sep 17
+			-2:00	-	FNT	1999 Sep 30
+			-2:00	Brazil	FN%sT	2000 Oct 15
+			-2:00	-	FNT	2001 Sep 13
+			-2:00	Brazil	FN%sT	2002 Oct  1
+			-2:00	-	FNT
+# Other Atlantic islands have no permanent settlement.
+# These include Trindade and Martim Vaz (administratively part of ES),
+# Rocas Atoll (RN), and the St Peter and St Paul Archipelago (PE).
+# Fernando de Noronha was a separate territory from 1942-09-02 to 1989-01-01;
+# it also included the Penedos.
+#
+# Amapá (AP), east Pará (PA)
+# East Pará includes Belém, Marabá, Serra Norte, and São Félix do Xingu.
+# The division between east and west Pará is the river Xingu.
+# In the north a very small part from the river Javary (now Jari I guess,
+# the border with Amapá) to the Amazon, then to the Xingu.
+Zone America/Belem	-3:13:56 -	LMT	1914
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1988 Sep 12
+			-3:00	-	BRT
+#
+# west Pará (PA)
+# West Pará includes Altamira, Óbidos, Prainha, Oriximiná, and Santarém.
+Zone America/Santarem	-3:38:48 -	LMT	1914
+			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	AMT	2008 Jun 24  0:00
+			-3:00	-	BRT
+#
+# Maranhão (MA), Piauí (PI), Ceará (CE), Rio Grande do Norte (RN),
+# Paraíba (PB)
+Zone America/Fortaleza	-2:34:00 -	LMT	1914
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	BRT	1999 Sep 30
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2000 Oct 22
+			-3:00	-	BRT	2001 Sep 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2002 Oct  1
+			-3:00	-	BRT
+#
+# Pernambuco (PE) (except Atlantic islands)
+Zone America/Recife	-2:19:36 -	LMT	1914
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	BRT	1999 Sep 30
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2000 Oct 15
+			-3:00	-	BRT	2001 Sep 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2002 Oct  1
+			-3:00	-	BRT
+#
+# Tocantins (TO)
+Zone America/Araguaina	-3:12:48 -	LMT	1914
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	BRT	1995 Sep 14
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2003 Sep 24
+			-3:00	-	BRT	2012 Oct 21
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2013 Sep
+			-3:00	-	BRT
+#
+# Alagoas (AL), Sergipe (SE)
+Zone America/Maceio	-2:22:52 -	LMT	1914
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
+			-3:00	-	BRT	1995 Oct 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1996 Sep  4
+			-3:00	-	BRT	1999 Sep 30
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2000 Oct 22
+			-3:00	-	BRT	2001 Sep 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2002 Oct  1
+			-3:00	-	BRT
+#
+# Bahia (BA)
+# There are too many Salvadors elsewhere, so use America/Bahia instead
+# of America/Salvador.
+Zone America/Bahia	-2:34:04 -	LMT	1914
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2003 Sep 24
+			-3:00	-	BRT	2011 Oct 16
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2012 Oct 21
+			-3:00	-	BRT
+#
+# Goiás (GO), Distrito Federal (DF), Minas Gerais (MG),
+# Espírito Santo (ES), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), São Paulo (SP), Paraná (PR),
+# Santa Catarina (SC), Rio Grande do Sul (RS)
+Zone America/Sao_Paulo	-3:06:28 -	LMT	1914
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1963 Oct 23  0:00
+			-3:00	1:00	BRST	1964
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT
+#
+# Mato Grosso do Sul (MS)
+Zone America/Campo_Grande -3:38:28 -	LMT	1914
+			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT
+#
+# Mato Grosso (MT)
+Zone America/Cuiaba	-3:44:20 -	LMT	1914
+			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	2003 Sep 24
+			-4:00	-	AMT	2004 Oct  1
+			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT
+#
+# Rondônia (RO)
+Zone America/Porto_Velho -4:15:36 -	LMT	1914
+			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	AMT
+#
+# Roraima (RR)
+Zone America/Boa_Vista	-4:02:40 -	LMT	1914
+			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	AMT	1999 Sep 30
+			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	2000 Oct 15
+			-4:00	-	AMT
+#
+# east Amazonas (AM): Boca do Acre, Jutaí, Manaus, Floriano Peixoto
+# The great circle line from Tabatinga to Porto Acre divides
+# east from west Amazonas.
+Zone America/Manaus	-4:00:04 -	LMT	1914
+			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1988 Sep 12
+			-4:00	-	AMT	1993 Sep 28
+			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT	1994 Sep 22
+			-4:00	-	AMT
+#
+# west Amazonas (AM): Atalaia do Norte, Boca do Maoco, Benjamin Constant,
+#	Eirunepé, Envira, Ipixuna
+Zone America/Eirunepe	-4:39:28 -	LMT	1914
+			-5:00	Brazil	AC%sT	1988 Sep 12
+			-5:00	-	ACT	1993 Sep 28
+			-5:00	Brazil	AC%sT	1994 Sep 22
+			-5:00	-	ACT	2008 Jun 24  0:00
+			-4:00	-	AMT	2013 Nov 10
+			-5:00	-	ACT
+#
+# Acre (AC)
+Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
+			-5:00	Brazil	AC%sT	1988 Sep 12
+			-5:00	-	ACT	2008 Jun 24  0:00
+			-4:00	-	AMT	2013 Nov 10
+			-5:00	-	ACT
+
+# Chile
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-04-03):
+# Shanks & Pottenger says America/Santiago introduced standard time in
+# 1890 and rounds its UTC offset to 70W40; guess that in practice this
+# was the same offset as in 1916-1919.  It also says Pacific/Easter
+# standardized on 109W22 in 1890; assume this didn't change the clocks.
+#
+# Dates for America/Santiago from 1910 to 2004 are primarily from
+# the following source, cited by Oscar van Vlijmen (2006-10-08):
+# [1] Chile Law
+# http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/chile.html
+# This contains a copy of a this official table:
+# Cambios en la hora oficial de Chile desde 1900 (retrieved 2008-03-30)
+# http://web.archive.org/web/20080330200901/http://www.horaoficial.cl/cambio.htm
+# [1] needs several corrections, though.
+#
+# The first set of corrections is from:
+# [2] History of the Official Time of Chile
+# http://www.horaoficial.cl/ing/horaof_ing.html (retrieved 2012-03-06).  See:
+# http://web.archive.org/web/20120306042032/http://www.horaoficial.cl/ing/horaof_ing.html
+# This is an English translation of:
+# Historia de la hora oficial de Chile (retrieved 2012-10-24).  See:
+# http://web.archive.org/web/20121024234627/http://www.horaoficial.cl/horaof.htm
+# A fancier Spanish version (requiring mouse-clicking) is at:
+# http://www.horaoficial.cl/historia_hora.html
+# Conflicts between [1] and [2] were resolved as follows:
+#
+#  - [1] says the 1910 transition was Jan 1, [2] says Jan 10 and cites
+#    Boletín No. 1, Aviso No. 1 (1910).  Go with [2].
+#
+#  - [1] says SMT was -4:42:45, [2] says Chile's official time from
+#    1916 to 1919 was -4:42:46.3, the meridian of Chile's National
+#    Astronomical Observatory (OAN), then located in what is now
+#    Quinta Normal in Santiago.  Go with [2], rounding it to -4:42:46.
+#
+#  - [1] says the 1918 transition was Sep 1, [2] says Sep 10 and cites
+#    Boletín No. 22, Aviso No. 129/1918 (1918-08-23).  Go with [2].
+#
+#  - [1] does not give times for transitions; assume they occur
+#    at midnight mainland time, the current common practice.  However,
+#    go with [2]'s specification of 23:00 for the 1947-05-21 transition.
+#
+# Another correction to [1] is from Jesper Nørgaard Welen, who
+# wrote (2006-10-08), "I think that there are some obvious mistakes in
+# the suggested link from Oscar van Vlijmen,... for instance entry 66
+# says that GMT-4 ended 1990-09-12 while entry 67 only begins GMT-3 at
+# 1990-09-15 (they should have been 1990-09-15 and 1990-09-16
+# respectively), but anyhow it clears up some doubts too."
+#
+# Data for Pacific/Easter from 1910 through 1967 come from Shanks &
+# Pottenger.  After that, for lack of better info assume
+# Pacific/Easter is always two hours behind America/Santiago;
+# this is known to work for DST transitions starting in 2008 and
+# may well be true for earlier transitions.
+
+# From Eduardo Krell (1995-10-19):
+# The law says to switch to DST at midnight [24:00] on the second SATURDAY
+# of October....  The law is the same for March and October.
+# (1998-09-29):
+# Because of the drought this year, the government decided to go into
+# DST earlier (saturday 9/26 at 24:00). This is a one-time change only ...
+# (unless there's another dry season next year, I guess).
+
+# From Julio I. Pacheco Troncoso (1999-03-18):
+# Because of the same drought, the government decided to end DST later,
+# on April 3, (one-time change).
+
+# From Germán Poo-Caamaño (2008-03-03):
+# Due to drought, Chile extends Daylight Time in three weeks.  This
+# is one-time change (Saturday 3/29 at 24:00 for America/Santiago
+# and Saturday 3/29 at 22:00 for Pacific/Easter)
+# The Supreme Decree is located at
+# http://www.shoa.cl/servicios/supremo316.pdf
+#
+# From José Miguel Garrido (2008-03-05):
+# http://www.shoa.cl/noticias/2008/04hora/hora.htm
+
+# From Angel Chiang (2010-03-04):
+# Subject: DST in Chile exceptionally extended to 3 April due to earthquake
+# http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/viewNoticia.aspx?idArticulo=30098
+#
+# From Arthur David Olson (2010-03-06):
+# Angel Chiang's message confirmed by Julio Pacheco; Julio provided a patch.
+
+# From Glenn Eychaner (2011-03-28):
+# http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/03/28/_portada/_portada/noticias/7565897A-CA86-49E6-9E03-660B21A4883E.htm?id=3D{7565897A-CA86-49E6-9E03-660B21A4883E}
+# In English:
+# Chile's clocks will go back an hour this year on the 7th of May instead
+# of this Saturday. They will go forward again the 3rd Saturday in
+# August, not in October as they have since 1968.
+
+# From Mauricio Parada (2012-02-22), translated by Glenn Eychaner (2012-02-23):
+# As stated in the website of the Chilean Energy Ministry
+# http://www.minenergia.cl/ministerio/noticias/generales/gobierno-anuncia-fechas-de-cambio-de.html
+# The Chilean Government has decided to postpone the entrance into winter time
+# (to leave DST) from March 11 2012 to April 28th 2012....
+# Quote from the website communication:
+#
+# 6. For the year 2012, the dates of entry into winter time will be as follows:
+# a. Saturday April 28, 2012, clocks should go back 60 minutes; that is, at
+# 23:59:59, instead of passing to 0:00, the time should be adjusted to be 23:00
+# of the same day.
+# b. Saturday, September 1, 2012, clocks should go forward 60 minutes; that is,
+# at 23:59:59, instead of passing to 0:00, the time should be adjusted to be
+# 01:00 on September 2.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-02-15):
+# According to several news sources, Chile has extended DST this year,
+# they will end DST later and start DST earlier than planned.  They
+# hope to save energy.  The new end date is 2013-04-28 00:00 and new
+# start date is 2013-09-08 00:00....
+# http://www.gob.cl/informa/2013/02/15/gobierno-anuncia-fechas-de-cambio-de-hora-para-el-ano-2013.htm
+
+# From José Miguel Garrido (2014-02-19):
+# Today appeared in the Diario Oficial a decree amending the time change
+# dates to 2014.
+# DST End: last Saturday of April 2014 (Sun 27 Apr 2014 03:00 UTC)
+# DST Start: first Saturday of September 2014 (Sun 07 Sep 2014 04:00 UTC)
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl//media/2014/02/19/do-20140219.pdf
+
+# From Eduardo Romero Urra (2015-03-03):
+# Today has been published officially that Chile will use the DST time
+# permanently until March 25 of 2017
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/media/2015/03/03/1-large.jpg
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
+# For now, assume that the extension will persist indefinitely.
+
+# From Juan Correa (2016-03-18):
+# The decree regarding DST has been published in today's Official Gazette:
+# http://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/versiones-anteriores/do/20160318/
+# http://www.leychile.cl/Navegar?idNorma=1088502
+# It does consider the second Saturday of May and August as the dates
+# for the transition; and it lists DST dates until 2019, but I think
+# this scheme will stick.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
+# For now, assume the pattern holds for the indefinite future.
+# The decree says transitions occur at 24:00; in practice this appears
+# to mean 24:00 mainland time, not 24:00 local time, so that Easter
+# Island is always two hours behind the mainland.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Chile	1927	1931	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1928	1932	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1968	only	-	Nov	 3	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1969	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1969	only	-	Nov	23	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1970	only	-	Mar	29	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1971	only	-	Mar	14	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1972	1986	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1973	only	-	Sep	30	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1974	1987	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1987	only	-	Apr	12	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1988	1990	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1988	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1990	only	-	Sep	16	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1991	1996	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1991	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1997	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Sep	27	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1999	only	-	Apr	 4	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1999	2010	-	Oct	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	2000	2007	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+# N.B.: the end of March 29 in Chile is March 30 in Universal time,
+# which is used below in specifying the transition.
+Rule	Chile	2008	only	-	Mar	30	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2009	only	-	Mar	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2010	only	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	May	Sun>=2	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2011	only	-	Aug	Sun>=16	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	2012	2014	-	Apr	Sun>=23	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2012	2014	-	Sep	Sun>=2	4:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	2016	max	-	May	Sun>=9	3:00u	0	-
+Rule	Chile	2016	max	-	Aug	Sun>=9	4:00u	1:00	S
+# IATA SSIM anomalies: (1992-02) says 1992-03-14;
+# (1996-09) says 1998-03-08.  Ignore these.
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Santiago	-4:42:46 -	LMT	1890
+			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1910 Jan 10 # Santiago Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	CLT	1916 Jul  1 # Chile Time
+			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1918 Sep 10
+			-4:00	-	CLT	1919 Jul  1
+			-4:42:46 -	SMT	1927 Sep  1
+			-5:00	Chile	CL%sT	1932 Sep  1
+			-4:00	-	CLT	1942 Jun  1
+			-5:00	-	CLT	1942 Aug  1
+			-4:00	-	CLT	1946 Jul 15
+			-4:00	1:00	CLST	1946 Sep  1 # central Chile
+			-4:00	-	CLT	1947 Apr  1
+			-5:00	-	CLT	1947 May 21 23:00
+			-4:00	Chile	CL%sT
+Zone Pacific/Easter	-7:17:28 -	LMT	1890
+			-7:17:28 -	EMT	1932 Sep    # Easter Mean Time
+			-7:00	Chile	EAS%sT	1982 Mar 14 3:00u # Easter Time
+			-6:00	Chile	EAS%sT
+#
+# Salas y Gómez Island is uninhabited.
+# Other Chilean locations, including Juan Fernández Is, Desventuradas Is,
+# and Antarctic bases, are like America/Santiago.
+
+# Antarctic base using South American rules
+# (See the file 'antarctica' for more.)
+#
+# Palmer, Anvers Island, since 1965 (moved 2 miles in 1968)
+#
+# From Ethan Dicks (1996-10-06):
+# It keeps the same time as Punta Arenas, Chile, because, just like us
+# and the South Pole, that's the other end of their supply line....
+# I verified with someone who was there that since 1980,
+# Palmer has followed Chile.  Prior to that, before the Falklands War,
+# Palmer used to be supplied from Argentina.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Antarctica/Palmer	0	-	-00	1965
+			-4:00	Arg	AR%sT	1969 Oct  5
+			-3:00	Arg	AR%sT	1982 May
+			-4:00	Chile	CL%sT
+
+# Colombia
+
+# Milne gives 4:56:16.4 for Bogotá time in 1899; round to nearest.  He writes,
+# "A variation of fifteen minutes in the public clocks of Bogota is not rare."
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	CO	1992	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	CO	1993	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/Bogota	-4:56:16 -	LMT	1884 Mar 13
+			-4:56:16 -	BMT	1914 Nov 23 # Bogotá Mean Time
+			-5:00	CO	CO%sT	# Colombia Time
+# Malpelo, Providencia, San Andres
+# no information; probably like America/Bogota
+
+# Curaçao
+
+# Milne gives 4:35:46.9 for Curaçao mean time; round to nearest.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that The Bottom and Philipsburg have been at
+# -4:00 since standard time was introduced on 1912-03-02; and that
+# Kralendijk and Rincon used Kralendijk Mean Time (-4:33:08) from
+# 1912-02-02 to 1965-01-01.  The former is dubious, since S&P also say
+# Saba Island has been like Curaçao.
+# This all predates our 1970 cutoff, though.
+#
+# By July 2007 Curaçao and St Maarten are planned to become
+# associated states within the Netherlands, much like Aruba;
+# Bonaire, Saba and St Eustatius would become directly part of the
+# Netherlands as Kingdom Islands.  This won't affect their time zones
+# though, as far as we know.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/Curacao	-4:35:47 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12 # Willemstad
+			-4:30	-	ANT	1965 # Netherlands Antilles Time
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
+# use links for places with new iso3166 codes.
+# The name "Lower Prince's Quarter" is both longer than fourteen characters
+# and contains an apostrophe; use "Lower_Princes" below.
+
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Lower_Princes	# Sint Maarten
+Link	America/Curacao	America/Kralendijk	# Caribbean Netherlands
+
+# Ecuador
+#
+# Milne says the Central and South American Telegraph Company used -5:24:15.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2007-03-04):
+# Apparently Ecuador had a failed experiment with DST in 1992.
+# <http://midena.gov.ec/content/view/1261/208/> (2007-02-27) and
+# <http://www.hoy.com.ec/NoticiaNue.asp?row_id=249856> (2006-11-06) both
+# talk about "hora Sixto".  Leave this alone for now, as we have no data.
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Guayaquil	-5:19:20 -	LMT	1890
+			-5:14:00 -	QMT	1931 # Quito Mean Time
+			-5:00	-	ECT	# Ecuador Time
+Zone Pacific/Galapagos	-5:58:24 -	LMT	1931 # Puerto Baquerizo Moreno
+			-5:00	-	ECT	1986
+			-6:00	-	GALT	# Galápagos Time
+
+# Falklands
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Between 1990 and 2000 inclusive, Shanks & Pottenger and the IATA agree except
+# the IATA gives 1996-09-08.  Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+
+# From Falkland Islands Government Office, London (2001-01-22)
+# via Jesper Nørgaard:
+# ... the clocks revert back to Local Mean Time at 2 am on Sunday 15
+# April 2001 and advance one hour to summer time at 2 am on Sunday 2
+# September.  It is anticipated that the clocks will revert back at 2
+# am on Sunday 21 April 2002 and advance to summer time at 2 am on
+# Sunday 1 September.
+
+# From Rives McDow (2001-02-13):
+#
+# I have communicated several times with people there, and the last
+# time I had communications that was helpful was in 1998.  Here is
+# what was said then:
+#
+# "The general rule was that Stanley used daylight saving and the Camp
+# did not. However for various reasons many people in the Camp have
+# started to use daylight saving (known locally as 'Stanley Time')
+# There is no rule as to who uses daylight saving - it is a matter of
+# personal choice and so it is impossible to draw a map showing who
+# uses it and who does not. Any list would be out of date as soon as
+# it was produced. This year daylight saving ended on April 18/19th
+# and started again on September 12/13th.  I do not know what the rule
+# is, but can find out if you like.  We do not change at the same time
+# as UK or Chile."
+#
+# I did have in my notes that the rule was "Second Saturday in Sep at
+# 0:00 until third Saturday in Apr at 0:00".  I think that this does
+# not agree in some cases with Shanks; is this true?
+#
+# Also, there is no mention in the list that some areas in the
+# Falklands do not use DST.  I have found in my communications there
+# that these areas are on the western half of East Falkland and all of
+# West Falkland.  Stanley is the only place that consistently observes
+# DST.  Again, as in other places in the world, the farmers don't like
+# it.  West Falkland is almost entirely sheep farmers.
+#
+# I know one lady there that keeps a list of which farm keeps DST and
+# which doesn't each year.  She runs a shop in Stanley, and says that
+# the list changes each year.  She uses it to communicate to her
+# customers, catching them when they are home for lunch or dinner.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-05):
+# For now, we'll just record the time in Stanley, since we have no
+# better info.
+
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-04-01):
+# The Falkland Islands will not turn back clocks this winter, but stay on
+# daylight saving time.
+#
+# One source:
+# http://www.falklandnews.com/public/story.cfm?get=5914&source=3
+#
+# We have gotten this confirmed by a clerk of the legislative assembly:
+# Normally the clocks revert to Local Mean Time (UTC/GMT -4 hours) on the
+# third Sunday of April at 0200hrs and advance to Summer Time (UTC/GMT -3
+# hours) on the first Sunday of September at 0200hrs.
+#
+# IMPORTANT NOTE: During 2011, on a trial basis, the Falkland Islands
+# will not revert to local mean time, but clocks will remain on Summer
+# time (UTC/GMT - 3 hours) throughout the whole of 2011.  Any long term
+# change to local time following the trial period will be notified.
+#
+# From Andrew Newman (2012-02-24)
+# A letter from Justin McPhee, Chief Executive,
+# Cable & Wireless Falkland Islands (dated 2012-02-22)
+# states...
+#   The current Atlantic/Stanley entry under South America expects the
+#   clocks to go back to standard Falklands Time (FKT) on the 15th April.
+#   The database entry states that in 2011 Stanley was staying on fixed
+#   summer time on a trial basis only.  FIG need to contact IANA and/or
+#   the maintainers of the database to inform them we're adopting
+#   the same policy this year and suggest recommendations for future years.
+#
+# For now we will assume permanent summer time for the Falklands
+# until advised differently (to apply for 2012 and beyond, after the 2011
+# experiment was apparently successful.)
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Falk	1937	1938	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1938	1942	-	Mar	Sun>=19	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Falk	1939	only	-	Oct	1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1940	1942	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1943	only	-	Jan	1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Falk	1983	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1984	1985	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Falk	1984	only	-	Sep	16	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1985	2000	-	Sep	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Falk	1986	2000	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Falk	2001	2010	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
+Rule	Falk	2001	2010	-	Sep	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Atlantic/Stanley	-3:51:24 -	LMT	1890
+			-3:51:24 -	SMT	1912 Mar 12 # Stanley Mean Time
+			-4:00	Falk	FK%sT	1983 May    # Falkland Is Time
+			-3:00	Falk	FK%sT	1985 Sep 15
+			-4:00	Falk	FK%sT	2010 Sep  5  2:00
+			-3:00	-	FKST
+
+# French Guiana
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Cayenne	-3:29:20 -	LMT	1911 Jul
+			-4:00	-	GFT	1967 Oct # French Guiana Time
+			-3:00	-	GFT
+
+# Guyana
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/Guyana	-3:52:40 -	LMT	1915 Mar    # Georgetown
+			-3:45	-	GBGT	1966 May 26 # Br Guiana Time
+			-3:45	-	GYT	1975 Jul 31 # Guyana Time
+			-3:00	-	GYT	1991
+# IATA SSIM (1996-06) says -4:00.  Assume a 1991 switch.
+			-4:00	-	GYT
+
+# Paraguay
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger say that spring transitions are 01:00 -> 02:00,
+# and autumn transitions are 00:00 -> 23:00.  Go with pre-1999
+# editions of Shanks, and with the IATA, who say transitions occur at 00:00.
+#
+# From Waldemar Villamayor-Venialbo (2013-09-20):
+# No time of the day is established for the adjustment, so people normally
+# adjust their clocks at 0 hour of the given dates.
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Para	1975	1988	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1975	1978	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	1979	1991	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	1989	only	-	Oct	22	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1990	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1991	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1992	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	1992	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1993	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	1993	1995	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1994	1995	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	1996	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
+# IATA SSIM (2000-02) says 1999-10-10; ignore this for now.
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-02):
+# I have three independent reports that Paraguay changed to DST this Sunday
+# (10-01).
+#
+# Translated by Gwillim Law (2001-02-27) from
+# Noticias, a daily paper in Asunción, Paraguay (2000-10-01):
+# http://www.diarionoticias.com.py/011000/nacional/naciona1.htm
+# Starting at 0:00 today, the clock will be set forward 60 minutes, in
+# fulfillment of Decree No. 7,273 of the Executive Power....  The time change
+# system has been operating for several years.  Formerly there was a separate
+# decree each year; the new law has the same effect, but permanently.  Every
+# year, the time will change on the first Sunday of October; likewise, the
+# clock will be set back on the first Sunday of March.
+#
+Rule	Para	1996	2001	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Mar 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Para	1997	only	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+# Shanks & Pottenger say 1999-02-28; IATA SSIM (1999-02) says 1999-02-27, but
+# (1999-09) reports no date; go with above sources and Gerd Knops (2001-02-27).
+Rule	Para	1998	2001	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+# From Rives McDow (2002-02-28):
+# A decree was issued in Paraguay (No. 16350) on 2002-02-26 that changed the
+# dst method to be from the first Sunday in September to the first Sunday in
+# April.
+Rule	Para	2002	2004	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	2002	2003	-	Sep	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+#
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-01-02):
+# There are several sources that claim that Paraguay made
+# a timezone rule change in autumn 2004.
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-01-05):
+# Decree 1,867 (2004-03-05)
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso via Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-10-13)
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/decretos/D1867.pdf
+Rule	Para	2004	2009	-	Oct	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	2005	2009	-	Mar	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2010-02-18):
+# By decree number 3958 issued yesterday
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/v1/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/decreto3958.pdf
+# Paraguay changes its DST schedule, postponing the March rule to April and
+# modifying the October date. The decree reads:
+# ...
+# Art. 1. It is hereby established that from the second Sunday of the month of
+# April of this year (2010), the official time is to be set back 60 minutes,
+# and that on the first Sunday of the month of October, it is to be set
+# forward 60 minutes, in all the territory of the Paraguayan Republic.
+# ...
+Rule	Para	2010	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	2010	2012	-	Apr	Sun>=8	0:00	0	-
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-07):
+# Paraguay will end DST on 2013-03-24 00:00....
+# http://www.ande.gov.py/interna.php?id=1075
+#
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2013-03-15):
+# The change in Paraguay is now final.  Decree number 10780
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/uploads/pdf/presidencia-3b86ff4b691c79d4f5927ca964922ec74772ce857c02ca054a52a37b49afc7fb.pdf
+# From Carlos Raúl Perasso (2014-02-28):
+# Decree 1264 can be found at:
+# http://www.presidencia.gov.py/archivos/documentos/DECRETO1264_ey9r8zai.pdf
+Rule	Para	2013	max	-	Mar	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Asuncion	-3:50:40 -	LMT	1890
+			-3:50:40 -	AMT	1931 Oct 10 # Asunción Mean Time
+			-4:00	-	PYT	1972 Oct    # Paraguay Time
+			-3:00	-	PYT	1974 Apr
+			-4:00	Para	PY%sT
+
+# Peru
+#
+# From Evelyn C. Leeper via Mark Brader (2003-10-26)
+# <news:xrGmb.39935$gA1.13896113@news4.srv.hcvlny.cv.net>:
+# When we were in Peru in 1985-1986, they apparently switched over
+# sometime between December 29 and January 3 while we were on the Amazon.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
+# Shanks & Pottenger don't have this transition.  Assume 1986 was like 1987.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1938	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Peru	1938	1939	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1939	1940	-	Mar	Sun>=24	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Peru	1986	1987	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1986	1987	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Peru	1990	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1990	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
+# IATA is ambiguous for 1993/1995; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/Lima	-5:08:12 -	LMT	1890
+			-5:08:36 -	LMT	1908 Jul 28 # Lima Mean Time?
+			-5:00	Peru	PE%sT	# Peru Time
+
+# South Georgia
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Atlantic/South_Georgia -2:26:08 -	LMT	1890 # Grytviken
+			-2:00	-	GST	# South Georgia Time
+
+# South Sandwich Is
+# uninhabited; scientific personnel have wintered
+
+# Suriname
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Paramaribo	-3:40:40 -	LMT	1911
+			-3:40:52 -	PMT	1935     # Paramaribo Mean Time
+			-3:40:36 -	PMT	1945 Oct    # The capital moved?
+			-3:30	-	NEGT	1975 Nov 20 # Dutch Guiana Time
+			-3:30	-	SRT	1984 Oct    # Suriname Time
+			-3:00	-	SRT
+
+# Trinidad and Tobago
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Port_of_Spain -4:06:04 -	LMT	1912 Mar 2
+			-4:00	-	AST
+
+# These all agree with Trinidad and Tobago since 1970.
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Anguilla
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Antigua
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Dominica
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Grenada
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Guadeloupe
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Marigot	# St Martin (French part)
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Montserrat
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Barthelemy # St Barthélemy
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Kitts	# St Kitts & Nevis
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Lucia
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Thomas	# Virgin Islands (US)
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/St_Vincent
+Link America/Port_of_Spain America/Tortola	# Virgin Islands (UK)
+
+# Uruguay
+# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
+# Uruguay wins the prize for the strangest peacetime manipulation of the rules.
+# From Shanks & Pottenger:
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Whitman gives 1923 Oct 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Uruguay	1923	only	-	Oct	 2	 0:00	0:30	HS
+Rule	Uruguay	1924	1926	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0:30	HS
+Rule	Uruguay	1933	1935	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0:30	HS
+# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 1 0:00 & 1936 Mar 30 0:00; go with Whitman.
+Rule	Uruguay	1934	1936	-	Mar	Sat>=25	23:30s	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1936	only	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	0:30	HS
+Rule	Uruguay	1937	1941	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
+# Whitman gives 1937 Oct 3; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Uruguay	1937	1940	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0:30	HS
+# Whitman gives 1941 Oct 24 - 1942 Mar 27, 1942 Dec 14 - 1943 Apr 13,
+# and 1943 Apr 13 "to present time"; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
+Rule	Uruguay	1941	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0:30	HS
+Rule	Uruguay	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1942	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1943	only	-	Mar	14	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1959	only	-	May	24	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1959	only	-	Nov	15	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1960	only	-	Jan	17	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1960	only	-	Mar	 6	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1965	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1965	only	-	Sep	26	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1966	1967	-	Oct	31	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1968	1970	-	May	27	 0:00	0:30	HS
+Rule	Uruguay	1968	1970	-	Dec	 2	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1972	only	-	Apr	24	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1972	only	-	Aug	15	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Mar	10	 0:00	0:30	HS
+Rule	Uruguay	1974	only	-	Dec	22	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1976	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1977	only	-	Dec	 4	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1978	only	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1980	only	-	May	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1987	only	-	Dec	14	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Mar	14	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1988	only	-	Dec	11	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Mar	12	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1989	only	-	Oct	29	 0:00	1:00	S
+# Shanks & Pottenger say no DST was observed in 1990/1 and 1991/2,
+# and that 1992/3's DST was from 10-25 to 03-01.  Go with IATA.
+Rule	Uruguay	1990	1992	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Uruguay	1990	1991	-	Oct	Sun>=21	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1992	only	-	Oct	18	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	1993	only	-	Feb	28	 0:00	0	-
+# From Eduardo Cota (2004-09-20):
+# The Uruguayan government has decreed a change in the local time....
+# http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/decretos/2004091502.htm
+Rule	Uruguay	2004	only	-	Sep	19	 0:00	1:00	S
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2005-03-11):
+# Uruguay's DST was scheduled to end on Sunday, 2005-03-13, but in order to
+# save energy ... it was postponed two weeks....
+# http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/_Web/noticias/2005/03/2005031005.htm
+Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00	0	-
+# From Eduardo Cota (2005-09-27):
+# http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/_Web/decretos/2005/09/CM%20119_09%2009%202005_00001.PDF
+# This means that from 2005-10-09 at 02:00 local time, until 2006-03-12 at
+# 02:00 local time, official time in Uruguay will be at GMT -2.
+Rule	Uruguay	2005	only	-	Oct	 9	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	2006	only	-	Mar	12	 2:00	0	-
+# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-09-06):
+# http://www.presidencia.gub.uy/_web/decretos/2006/09/CM%20210_08%2006%202006_00001.PDF
+#
+# From Steffen Thorsen (2015-06-30):
+# ... it looks like they will not be using DST the coming summer:
+# http://www.elobservador.com.uy/gobierno-resolvio-que-no-habra-cambio-horario-verano-n656787
+# http://www.republica.com.uy/este-ano-no-se-modificara-el-huso-horario-en-uruguay/523760/
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-06-30):
+# Apparently restaurateurs complained that DST caused people to go to the beach
+# instead of out to dinner.
+# From Pablo Camargo (2015-07-13):
+# http://archivo.presidencia.gub.uy/sci/decretos/2015/06/cons_min_201.pdf
+# [dated 2015-06-29; repeals Decree 311/006 dated 2006-09-04]
+Rule	Uruguay	2006	2014	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Uruguay	2007	2015	-	Mar	Sun>=8	 2:00	0	-
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Montevideo	-3:44:44 -	LMT	1898 Jun 28
+			-3:44:44 -	MMT	1920 May  1 # Montevideo MT
+			-3:30	Uruguay	UY%sT	1942 Dec 14 # Uruguay Time
+			-3:00	Uruguay	UY%sT
+
+# Venezuela
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2015-07-28):
+# For the 1965 transition see Gaceta Oficial No. 27.619 (1964-12-15), p 205.533
+# http://www.pgr.gob.ve/dmdocuments/1964/27619.pdf
+#
+# From John Stainforth (2007-11-28):
+# ... the change for Venezuela originally expected for 2007-12-31 has
+# been brought forward to 2007-12-09.  The official announcement was
+# published today in the "Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana
+# de Venezuela, número 38.819" (official document for all laws or
+# resolution publication)
+# http://www.globovision.com/news.php?nid=72208
+
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-04-15):
+# https://actualidad.rt.com/actualidad/204758-venezuela-modificar-huso-horario-sequia-elnino
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-04-15):
+# Clocks advance 30 minutes on 2016-05-01 at 02:30....
+# "'Venezuela's new time-zone: hours without light, hours without water,
+# hours of presidential broadcasts, hours of lines,' quipped comedian
+# Jean Mary Curró ...". See: Cawthorne A, Kai D. Venezuela scraps
+# half-hour time difference set by Chavez. Reuters 2016-04-15 14:50 -0400
+# http://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-timezone-idUSKCN0XC2BE
+#
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-20):
+# ... published in the official Gazette [2016-04-18], here:
+# http://historico.tsj.gob.ve/gaceta_ext/abril/1842016/E-1842016-4551.pdf
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	America/Caracas	-4:27:44 -	LMT	1890
+			-4:27:40 -	CMT	1912 Feb 12 # Caracas Mean Time?
+			-4:30	-	VET	1965 Jan  1  0:00 # Venezuela T.
+			-4:00	-	VET	2007 Dec  9  3:00
+			-4:30	-	VET	2016 May  1  2:30
+			-4:00	-	VET
diff --git a/tz/strftime.c b/tz/strftime.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f75f9fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/strftime.c
@@ -0,0 +1,626 @@
+/* Convert a broken-down time stamp to a string.  */
+
+/* Copyright 1989 The Regents of the University of California.
+   All rights reserved.
+
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+      may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+      without specific prior written permission.
+
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+   ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+   IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+   ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+   FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+   DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+   OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+   HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+   LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+   OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+   SUCH DAMAGE.  */
+
+/*
+** Based on the UCB version with the copyright notice appearing above.
+**
+** This is ANSIish only when "multibyte character == plain character".
+*/
+
+#include "private.h"
+
+#include "tzfile.h"
+#include "fcntl.h"
+#include "locale.h"
+
+struct lc_time_T {
+	const char *	mon[MONSPERYEAR];
+	const char *	month[MONSPERYEAR];
+	const char *	wday[DAYSPERWEEK];
+	const char *	weekday[DAYSPERWEEK];
+	const char *	X_fmt;
+	const char *	x_fmt;
+	const char *	c_fmt;
+	const char *	am;
+	const char *	pm;
+	const char *	date_fmt;
+};
+
+#define Locale	(&C_time_locale)
+
+static const struct lc_time_T	C_time_locale = {
+	{
+		"Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
+		"Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"
+	}, {
+		"January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June",
+		"July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"
+	}, {
+		"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed",
+		"Thu", "Fri", "Sat"
+	}, {
+		"Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday",
+		"Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday"
+	},
+
+	/* X_fmt */
+	"%H:%M:%S",
+
+	/*
+	** x_fmt
+	** C99 requires this format.
+	** Using just numbers (as here) makes Quakers happier;
+	** it's also compatible with SVR4.
+	*/
+	"%m/%d/%y",
+
+	/*
+	** c_fmt
+	** C99 requires this format.
+	** Previously this code used "%D %X", but we now conform to C99.
+	** Note that
+	**	"%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y"
+	** is used by Solaris 2.3.
+	*/
+	"%a %b %e %T %Y",
+
+	/* am */
+	"AM",
+
+	/* pm */
+	"PM",
+
+	/* date_fmt */
+	"%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y"
+};
+
+static char *	_add(const char *, char *, const char *);
+static char *	_conv(int, const char *, char *, const char *);
+static char *	_fmt(const char *, const struct tm *, char *, const char *,
+			int *);
+static char *	_yconv(int, int, bool, bool, char *, char const *);
+
+#if !HAVE_POSIX_DECLS
+extern char *	tzname[];
+#endif
+
+#ifndef YEAR_2000_NAME
+#define YEAR_2000_NAME	"CHECK_STRFTIME_FORMATS_FOR_TWO_DIGIT_YEARS"
+#endif /* !defined YEAR_2000_NAME */
+
+#define IN_NONE	0
+#define IN_SOME	1
+#define IN_THIS	2
+#define IN_ALL	3
+
+#if HAVE_STRFTIME_L
+size_t
+strftime_l(char *s, size_t maxsize, char const *format, struct tm const *t,
+	   locale_t locale)
+{
+  /* Just call strftime, as only the C locale is supported.  */
+  return strftime(s, maxsize, format, t);
+}
+#endif
+
+size_t
+strftime(char *s, size_t maxsize, const char *format, const struct tm *t)
+{
+	char *	p;
+	int	warn;
+
+	tzset();
+	warn = IN_NONE;
+	p = _fmt(((format == NULL) ? "%c" : format), t, s, s + maxsize, &warn);
+#ifndef NO_RUN_TIME_WARNINGS_ABOUT_YEAR_2000_PROBLEMS_THANK_YOU
+	if (warn != IN_NONE && getenv(YEAR_2000_NAME) != NULL) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+		if (format == NULL)
+			fprintf(stderr, "NULL strftime format ");
+		else	fprintf(stderr, "strftime format \"%s\" ",
+				format);
+		fprintf(stderr, "yields only two digits of years in ");
+		if (warn == IN_SOME)
+			fprintf(stderr, "some locales");
+		else if (warn == IN_THIS)
+			fprintf(stderr, "the current locale");
+		else	fprintf(stderr, "all locales");
+		fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+	}
+#endif /* !defined NO_RUN_TIME_WARNINGS_ABOUT_YEAR_2000_PROBLEMS_THANK_YOU */
+	if (p == s + maxsize)
+		return 0;
+	*p = '\0';
+	return p - s;
+}
+
+static char *
+_fmt(const char *format, const struct tm *t, char *pt,
+     const char *ptlim, int *warnp)
+{
+	for ( ; *format; ++format) {
+		if (*format == '%') {
+label:
+			switch (*++format) {
+			case '\0':
+				--format;
+				break;
+			case 'A':
+				pt = _add((t->tm_wday < 0 ||
+					t->tm_wday >= DAYSPERWEEK) ?
+					"?" : Locale->weekday[t->tm_wday],
+					pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'a':
+				pt = _add((t->tm_wday < 0 ||
+					t->tm_wday >= DAYSPERWEEK) ?
+					"?" : Locale->wday[t->tm_wday],
+					pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'B':
+				pt = _add((t->tm_mon < 0 ||
+					t->tm_mon >= MONSPERYEAR) ?
+					"?" : Locale->month[t->tm_mon],
+					pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'b':
+			case 'h':
+				pt = _add((t->tm_mon < 0 ||
+					t->tm_mon >= MONSPERYEAR) ?
+					"?" : Locale->mon[t->tm_mon],
+					pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'C':
+				/*
+				** %C used to do a...
+				**	_fmt("%a %b %e %X %Y", t);
+				** ...whereas now POSIX 1003.2 calls for
+				** something completely different.
+				** (ado, 1993-05-24)
+				*/
+				pt = _yconv(t->tm_year, TM_YEAR_BASE,
+					    true, false, pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'c':
+				{
+				int warn2 = IN_SOME;
+
+				pt = _fmt(Locale->c_fmt, t, pt, ptlim, &warn2);
+				if (warn2 == IN_ALL)
+					warn2 = IN_THIS;
+				if (warn2 > *warnp)
+					*warnp = warn2;
+				}
+				continue;
+			case 'D':
+				pt = _fmt("%m/%d/%y", t, pt, ptlim, warnp);
+				continue;
+			case 'd':
+				pt = _conv(t->tm_mday, "%02d", pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'E':
+			case 'O':
+				/*
+				** C99 locale modifiers.
+				** The sequences
+				**	%Ec %EC %Ex %EX %Ey %EY
+				**	%Od %oe %OH %OI %Om %OM
+				**	%OS %Ou %OU %OV %Ow %OW %Oy
+				** are supposed to provide alternate
+				** representations.
+				*/
+				goto label;
+			case 'e':
+				pt = _conv(t->tm_mday, "%2d", pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'F':
+				pt = _fmt("%Y-%m-%d", t, pt, ptlim, warnp);
+				continue;
+			case 'H':
+				pt = _conv(t->tm_hour, "%02d", pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'I':
+				pt = _conv((t->tm_hour % 12) ?
+					(t->tm_hour % 12) : 12,
+					"%02d", pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'j':
+				pt = _conv(t->tm_yday + 1, "%03d", pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'k':
+				/*
+				** This used to be...
+				**	_conv(t->tm_hour % 12 ?
+				**		t->tm_hour % 12 : 12, 2, ' ');
+				** ...and has been changed to the below to
+				** match SunOS 4.1.1 and Arnold Robbins'
+				** strftime version 3.0. That is, "%k" and
+				** "%l" have been swapped.
+				** (ado, 1993-05-24)
+				*/
+				pt = _conv(t->tm_hour, "%2d", pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+#ifdef KITCHEN_SINK
+			case 'K':
+				/*
+				** After all this time, still unclaimed!
+				*/
+				pt = _add("kitchen sink", pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+#endif /* defined KITCHEN_SINK */
+			case 'l':
+				/*
+				** This used to be...
+				**	_conv(t->tm_hour, 2, ' ');
+				** ...and has been changed to the below to
+				** match SunOS 4.1.1 and Arnold Robbin's
+				** strftime version 3.0. That is, "%k" and
+				** "%l" have been swapped.
+				** (ado, 1993-05-24)
+				*/
+				pt = _conv((t->tm_hour % 12) ?
+					(t->tm_hour % 12) : 12,
+					"%2d", pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'M':
+				pt = _conv(t->tm_min, "%02d", pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'm':
+				pt = _conv(t->tm_mon + 1, "%02d", pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'n':
+				pt = _add("\n", pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'p':
+				pt = _add((t->tm_hour >= (HOURSPERDAY / 2)) ?
+					Locale->pm :
+					Locale->am,
+					pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'R':
+				pt = _fmt("%H:%M", t, pt, ptlim, warnp);
+				continue;
+			case 'r':
+				pt = _fmt("%I:%M:%S %p", t, pt, ptlim, warnp);
+				continue;
+			case 'S':
+				pt = _conv(t->tm_sec, "%02d", pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 's':
+				{
+					struct tm	tm;
+					char		buf[INT_STRLEN_MAXIMUM(
+								time_t) + 1];
+					time_t		mkt;
+
+					tm = *t;
+					mkt = mktime(&tm);
+					if (TYPE_SIGNED(time_t))
+						sprintf(buf, "%"PRIdMAX,
+							(intmax_t) mkt);
+					else	sprintf(buf, "%"PRIuMAX,
+							(uintmax_t) mkt);
+					pt = _add(buf, pt, ptlim);
+				}
+				continue;
+			case 'T':
+				pt = _fmt("%H:%M:%S", t, pt, ptlim, warnp);
+				continue;
+			case 't':
+				pt = _add("\t", pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'U':
+				pt = _conv((t->tm_yday + DAYSPERWEEK -
+					t->tm_wday) / DAYSPERWEEK,
+					"%02d", pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'u':
+				/*
+				** From Arnold Robbins' strftime version 3.0:
+				** "ISO 8601: Weekday as a decimal number
+				** [1 (Monday) - 7]"
+				** (ado, 1993-05-24)
+				*/
+				pt = _conv((t->tm_wday == 0) ?
+					DAYSPERWEEK : t->tm_wday,
+					"%d", pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'V':	/* ISO 8601 week number */
+			case 'G':	/* ISO 8601 year (four digits) */
+			case 'g':	/* ISO 8601 year (two digits) */
+/*
+** From Arnold Robbins' strftime version 3.0: "the week number of the
+** year (the first Monday as the first day of week 1) as a decimal number
+** (01-53)."
+** (ado, 1993-05-24)
+**
+** From <http://www.ft.uni-erlangen.de/~mskuhn/iso-time.html> by Markus Kuhn:
+** "Week 01 of a year is per definition the first week which has the
+** Thursday in this year, which is equivalent to the week which contains
+** the fourth day of January. In other words, the first week of a new year
+** is the week which has the majority of its days in the new year. Week 01
+** might also contain days from the previous year and the week before week
+** 01 of a year is the last week (52 or 53) of the previous year even if
+** it contains days from the new year. A week starts with Monday (day 1)
+** and ends with Sunday (day 7). For example, the first week of the year
+** 1997 lasts from 1996-12-30 to 1997-01-05..."
+** (ado, 1996-01-02)
+*/
+				{
+					int	year;
+					int	base;
+					int	yday;
+					int	wday;
+					int	w;
+
+					year = t->tm_year;
+					base = TM_YEAR_BASE;
+					yday = t->tm_yday;
+					wday = t->tm_wday;
+					for ( ; ; ) {
+						int	len;
+						int	bot;
+						int	top;
+
+						len = isleap_sum(year, base) ?
+							DAYSPERLYEAR :
+							DAYSPERNYEAR;
+						/*
+						** What yday (-3 ... 3) does
+						** the ISO year begin on?
+						*/
+						bot = ((yday + 11 - wday) %
+							DAYSPERWEEK) - 3;
+						/*
+						** What yday does the NEXT
+						** ISO year begin on?
+						*/
+						top = bot -
+							(len % DAYSPERWEEK);
+						if (top < -3)
+							top += DAYSPERWEEK;
+						top += len;
+						if (yday >= top) {
+							++base;
+							w = 1;
+							break;
+						}
+						if (yday >= bot) {
+							w = 1 + ((yday - bot) /
+								DAYSPERWEEK);
+							break;
+						}
+						--base;
+						yday += isleap_sum(year, base) ?
+							DAYSPERLYEAR :
+							DAYSPERNYEAR;
+					}
+#ifdef XPG4_1994_04_09
+					if ((w == 52 &&
+						t->tm_mon == TM_JANUARY) ||
+						(w == 1 &&
+						t->tm_mon == TM_DECEMBER))
+							w = 53;
+#endif /* defined XPG4_1994_04_09 */
+					if (*format == 'V')
+						pt = _conv(w, "%02d",
+							pt, ptlim);
+					else if (*format == 'g') {
+						*warnp = IN_ALL;
+						pt = _yconv(year, base,
+							false, true,
+							pt, ptlim);
+					} else	pt = _yconv(year, base,
+							true, true,
+							pt, ptlim);
+				}
+				continue;
+			case 'v':
+				/*
+				** From Arnold Robbins' strftime version 3.0:
+				** "date as dd-bbb-YYYY"
+				** (ado, 1993-05-24)
+				*/
+				pt = _fmt("%e-%b-%Y", t, pt, ptlim, warnp);
+				continue;
+			case 'W':
+				pt = _conv((t->tm_yday + DAYSPERWEEK -
+					(t->tm_wday ?
+					(t->tm_wday - 1) :
+					(DAYSPERWEEK - 1))) / DAYSPERWEEK,
+					"%02d", pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'w':
+				pt = _conv(t->tm_wday, "%d", pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'X':
+				pt = _fmt(Locale->X_fmt, t, pt, ptlim, warnp);
+				continue;
+			case 'x':
+				{
+				int	warn2 = IN_SOME;
+
+				pt = _fmt(Locale->x_fmt, t, pt, ptlim, &warn2);
+				if (warn2 == IN_ALL)
+					warn2 = IN_THIS;
+				if (warn2 > *warnp)
+					*warnp = warn2;
+				}
+				continue;
+			case 'y':
+				*warnp = IN_ALL;
+				pt = _yconv(t->tm_year, TM_YEAR_BASE,
+					false, true,
+					pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'Y':
+				pt = _yconv(t->tm_year, TM_YEAR_BASE,
+					true, true,
+					pt, ptlim);
+				continue;
+			case 'Z':
+#ifdef TM_ZONE
+				pt = _add(t->TM_ZONE, pt, ptlim);
+#else
+				if (t->tm_isdst >= 0)
+					pt = _add(tzname[t->tm_isdst != 0],
+						pt, ptlim);
+#endif
+				/*
+				** C99 says that %Z must be replaced by the
+				** empty string if the time zone is not
+				** determinable.
+				*/
+				continue;
+			case 'z':
+				{
+				long		diff;
+				char const *	sign;
+
+				if (t->tm_isdst < 0)
+					continue;
+#ifdef TM_GMTOFF
+				diff = t->TM_GMTOFF;
+#else /* !defined TM_GMTOFF */
+				/*
+				** C99 says that the UT offset must
+				** be computed by looking only at
+				** tm_isdst. This requirement is
+				** incorrect, since it means the code
+				** must rely on magic (in this case
+				** altzone and timezone), and the
+				** magic might not have the correct
+				** offset. Doing things correctly is
+				** tricky and requires disobeying C99;
+				** see GNU C strftime for details.
+				** For now, punt and conform to the
+				** standard, even though it's incorrect.
+				**
+				** C99 says that %z must be replaced by the
+				** empty string if the time zone is not
+				** determinable, so output nothing if the
+				** appropriate variables are not available.
+				*/
+				if (t->tm_isdst == 0)
+#ifdef USG_COMPAT
+					diff = -timezone;
+#else /* !defined USG_COMPAT */
+					continue;
+#endif /* !defined USG_COMPAT */
+				else
+#ifdef ALTZONE
+					diff = -altzone;
+#else /* !defined ALTZONE */
+					continue;
+#endif /* !defined ALTZONE */
+#endif /* !defined TM_GMTOFF */
+				if (diff < 0) {
+					sign = "-";
+					diff = -diff;
+				} else	sign = "+";
+				pt = _add(sign, pt, ptlim);
+				diff /= SECSPERMIN;
+				diff = (diff / MINSPERHOUR) * 100 +
+					(diff % MINSPERHOUR);
+				pt = _conv(diff, "%04d", pt, ptlim);
+				}
+				continue;
+			case '+':
+				pt = _fmt(Locale->date_fmt, t, pt, ptlim,
+					warnp);
+				continue;
+			case '%':
+			/*
+			** X311J/88-090 (4.12.3.5): if conversion char is
+			** undefined, behavior is undefined. Print out the
+			** character itself as printf(3) also does.
+			*/
+			default:
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		if (pt == ptlim)
+			break;
+		*pt++ = *format;
+	}
+	return pt;
+}
+
+static char *
+_conv(int n, const char *format, char *pt, const char *ptlim)
+{
+	char	buf[INT_STRLEN_MAXIMUM(int) + 1];
+
+	sprintf(buf, format, n);
+	return _add(buf, pt, ptlim);
+}
+
+static char *
+_add(const char *str, char *pt, const char *ptlim)
+{
+	while (pt < ptlim && (*pt = *str++) != '\0')
+		++pt;
+	return pt;
+}
+
+/*
+** POSIX and the C Standard are unclear or inconsistent about
+** what %C and %y do if the year is negative or exceeds 9999.
+** Use the convention that %C concatenated with %y yields the
+** same output as %Y, and that %Y contains at least 4 bytes,
+** with more only if necessary.
+*/
+
+static char *
+_yconv(int a, int b, bool convert_top, bool convert_yy,
+       char *pt, const char *ptlim)
+{
+	register int	lead;
+	register int	trail;
+
+#define DIVISOR	100
+	trail = a % DIVISOR + b % DIVISOR;
+	lead = a / DIVISOR + b / DIVISOR + trail / DIVISOR;
+	trail %= DIVISOR;
+	if (trail < 0 && lead > 0) {
+		trail += DIVISOR;
+		--lead;
+	} else if (lead < 0 && trail > 0) {
+		trail -= DIVISOR;
+		++lead;
+	}
+	if (convert_top) {
+		if (lead == 0 && trail < 0)
+			pt = _add("-0", pt, ptlim);
+		else	pt = _conv(lead, "%02d", pt, ptlim);
+	}
+	if (convert_yy)
+		pt = _conv(((trail < 0) ? -trail : trail), "%02d", pt, ptlim);
+	return pt;
+}
diff --git a/tz/systemv b/tz/systemv
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9e2995
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/systemv
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# Old rules, should the need arise.
+# No attempt is made to handle Newfoundland, since it cannot be expressed
+# using the System V "TZ" scheme (half-hour offset), or anything outside
+# North America (no support for non-standard DST start/end dates), nor
+# the changes in the DST rules in the US after 1976 (which occurred after
+# the old rules were written).
+#
+# If you need the old rules, uncomment ## lines.
+# Compile this *without* leap second correction for true conformance.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	SystemV	min	1973	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	SystemV	min	1973	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	SystemV	1974	only	-	Jan	6	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	SystemV	1974	only	-	Nov	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	SystemV	1975	only	-	Feb	23	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	SystemV	1975	only	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	SystemV	1976	max	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	SystemV	1976	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES/SAVE	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+## Zone	SystemV/AST4ADT	-4:00	SystemV		A%sT
+## Zone	SystemV/EST5EDT	-5:00	SystemV		E%sT
+## Zone	SystemV/CST6CDT	-6:00	SystemV		C%sT
+## Zone	SystemV/MST7MDT	-7:00	SystemV		M%sT
+## Zone	SystemV/PST8PDT	-8:00	SystemV		P%sT
+## Zone	SystemV/YST9YDT	-9:00	SystemV		Y%sT
+## Zone	SystemV/AST4	-4:00	-		AST
+## Zone	SystemV/EST5	-5:00	-		EST
+## Zone	SystemV/CST6	-6:00	-		CST
+## Zone	SystemV/MST7	-7:00	-		MST
+## Zone	SystemV/PST8	-8:00	-		PST
+## Zone	SystemV/YST9	-9:00	-		YST
+## Zone	SystemV/HST10	-10:00	-		HST
diff --git a/tz/time2posix.3 b/tz/time2posix.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4b8e81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/time2posix.3
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+.TH TIME2POSIX 3
+.SH NAME
+time2posix, posix2time \- convert seconds since the Epoch
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.nf
+.ie \n(.g .ds - \f(CW-\fP
+.el ds - \-
+.B #include <time.h>
+.PP
+.B time_t time2posix(time_t t);
+.PP
+.B time_t posix2time(time_t t);
+.PP
+.B cc ... \*-ltz
+.fi
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.ie '\(en'' .ds en \-
+.el .ds en \(en
+.ie '\(lq'' .ds lq \&"\"
+.el .ds lq \(lq\"
+.ie '\(rq'' .ds rq \&"\"
+.el .ds rq \(rq\"
+.de q
+\\$3\*(lq\\$1\*(rq\\$2
+..
+IEEE Standard 1003.1
+(POSIX)
+requires the time_t value 536457599 to stand for 1986-12-31 23:59:59 UTC.
+This effectively implies that POSIX time_t values cannot include leap
+seconds and,
+therefore,
+that the system time must be adjusted as each leap occurs.
+.PP
+If the time package is configured with leap-second support
+enabled,
+however,
+no such adjustment is needed and
+time_t values continue to increase over leap events
+(as a true
+.q "seconds since..."
+value).
+This means that these values will differ from those required by POSIX
+by the net number of leap seconds inserted since the Epoch.
+.PP
+Typically this is not a problem as the type time_t is intended
+to be
+(mostly)
+opaque \*(en time_t values should only be obtained-from and
+passed-to functions such as
+.IR time(2) ,
+.IR localtime(3) ,
+.IR mktime(3) ,
+and
+.IR difftime(3) .
+However,
+POSIX gives an arithmetic
+expression for directly computing a time_t value from a given date/time,
+and the same relationship is assumed by some
+(usually older)
+applications.
+Any programs creating/dissecting time_t's
+using such a relationship will typically not handle intervals
+over leap seconds correctly.
+.PP
+The
+.I time2posix
+and
+.I posix2time
+functions are provided to address this time_t mismatch by converting
+between local time_t values and their POSIX equivalents.
+This is done by accounting for the number of time-base changes that
+would have taken place on a POSIX system as leap seconds were inserted
+or deleted.
+These converted values can then be used in lieu of correcting the older
+applications,
+or when communicating with POSIX-compliant systems.
+.PP
+.I Time2posix
+is single-valued.
+That is,
+every local time_t
+corresponds to a single POSIX time_t.
+.I Posix2time
+is less well-behaved:
+for a positive leap second hit the result is not unique,
+and for a negative leap second hit the corresponding
+POSIX time_t doesn't exist so an adjacent value is returned.
+Both of these are good indicators of the inferiority of the
+POSIX representation.
+.PP
+The following table summarizes the relationship between a time
+T and it's conversion to,
+and back from,
+the POSIX representation over the leap second inserted at the end of June,
+1993.
+.nf
+.ta \w'93/06/30 'u +\w'23:59:59 'u +\w'A+0 'u +\w'X=time2posix(T) 'u
+DATE	TIME	T	X=time2posix(T)	posix2time(X)
+93/06/30	23:59:59	A+0	B+0	A+0
+93/06/30	23:59:60	A+1	B+1	A+1 or A+2
+93/07/01	00:00:00	A+2	B+1	A+1 or A+2
+93/07/01	00:00:01	A+3	B+2	A+3
+
+A leap second deletion would look like...
+
+DATE	TIME	T	X=time2posix(T)	posix2time(X)
+??/06/30	23:59:58	A+0	B+0	A+0
+??/07/01	00:00:00	A+1	B+2	A+1
+??/07/01	00:00:01	A+2	B+3	A+2
+.sp
+.ce
+	[Note: posix2time(B+1) => A+0 or A+1]
+.fi
+.PP
+If leap-second support is not enabled,
+local time_t's and
+POSIX time_t's are equivalent,
+and both
+.I time2posix
+and
+.I posix2time
+degenerate to the identity function.
+.SH SEE ALSO
+difftime(3),
+localtime(3),
+mktime(3),
+time(2)
+.\" This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+.\" 1996-06-05 by Arthur David Olson.
diff --git a/tz/tz-art.htm b/tz/tz-art.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c06d805
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/tz-art.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,574 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html
+PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
+"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content='text/html; charset="UTF-8"'>
+<title>Time and the Arts</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+<h1>Time and the Arts</h1>
+<h2>Documentaries</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>
+"<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84aWtseb2-4">Daylight
+Saving Time Explained</a>" (2011; 6:39) lightly covers daylight saving
+time's theory, history, pros and cons. Among other things, it explains
+Arizona's daylight-saving enclaves quite well.</li>
+<li>
+"<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5wpm-gesOY">The Problem
+with Time &amp; Timezones &ndash; Computerphile</a>" (2013; 10:12) delves
+into problems that programmers have with timekeeping.</li>
+<li>
+"About Time" (1962; 53 minutes) is part of the the
+Bell Science extravaganza, with Frank Baxter, Richard Deacon, and Les Tremayne.
+(<a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0154110/">IMDb entry</a>.)</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>Music</h2>
+<p>
+Data on recordings of "Save That Time," Russ Long, Serrob Publishing, BMI:</p>
+<table>
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>Karrin Allyson</td></tr>
+<tr><td>CD</td><td>I Didn't Know About You</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>1993</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Label</td><td>Concord Jazz, Inc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ID</td><td>CCD-4543</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Track Time</td><td>3:44</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Personnel</td><td>Karrin Allyson, vocal;
+Russ Long, piano;
+Gerald Spaits, bass;
+Todd Strait, drums</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Notes</td><td>CD notes "additional lyric by Karrin Allyson;
+arranged by Russ Long and Karrin Allyson"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>1 star</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/i-didnt-know-about-you-mw0000618657">AMG Rating</a></td><td>4 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Penguin Rating</td><td>3.5 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>Kevin Mahogany</td></tr>
+<tr><td>CD</td><td>Double Rainbow</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>1993</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Label</td><td>Enja Records</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ID</td><td>ENJ-7097 2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Track Time</td><td>6:27</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Personnel</td><td>Kevin Mahogany, vocal;
+Kenny Barron, piano;
+Ray Drummond, bass;
+Ralph Moore, tenor saxophone;
+Lewis Nash, drums</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>1.5 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/double-rainbow-mw0000620371">AMG Rating</a></td><td>3 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Penguin Rating</td><td>3 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>Joe Williams</td></tr>
+<tr><td>CD</td><td>Here's to Life</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>1994</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Label</td><td>Telarc International Corporation</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ID</td><td>CD-83357</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Track Time</td><td>3:58</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Personnel</td><td>Joe Williams, vocal
+The Robert Farnon [39 piece] Orchestra</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Notes</td><td>This CD is also available as part of a 3-CD package from
+Telarc, "Triple Play" (CD-83461)</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>black dot</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/heres-to-life-mw0000623648">AMG Rating</a></td><td>2 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Penguin Rating</td><td>3 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>Charles Fambrough</td></tr>
+<tr><td>CD</td><td>Keeper of the Spirit</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>1995</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Label</td><td>AudioQuest Music</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ID</td><td>AQ-CD1033</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Track Time</td><td>7:07</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Personnel</td><td>Charles Fambrough, bass;
+Joel Levine, tenor recorder;
+Edward Simon, piano;
+Lenny White, drums;
+Marion Simon, percussion</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>2 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/keeper-of-the-spirit-mw0000176559">AMG Rating</a></td><td>unrated</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Penguin Rating</td><td>3 stars</td></tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<p>Also of note:</p>
+<table>
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>Holly Cole Trio</td></tr>
+<tr><td>CD</td><td>Blame It On My Youth</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>1992</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Label</td><td>Manhattan</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ID</td><td>CDP 7 97349 2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total Time</td><td>37:45</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Personnel</td><td>Holly Cole, voice;
+Aaron Davis, piano;
+David Piltch, string bass</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Notes</td><td>Lyrical reference to "Eastern Standard Time" in
+Tom Waits' "Purple Avenue"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>2.5 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/blame-it-on-my-youth-mw0000274303">AMG Rating</a></td><td>3 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Penguin Rating</td><td>unrated</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>Milt Hinton</td></tr>
+<tr><td>CD</td><td>Old Man Time</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>1990</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Label</td><td>Chiaroscuro</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ID</td><td>CR(D) 310</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total Time</td><td>149:38 (two CDs)</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Personnel</td><td>Milt Hinton, bass;
+Doc Cheatham, Dizzy Gillespie, Clark Terry, trumpet;
+Al Grey, trombone;
+Eddie Barefield, Joe Camel (Flip Phillips), Buddy Tate,
+clarinet and saxophone;
+John Bunch, Red Richards, Norman Simmons, Derek Smith,
+Ralph Sutton, piano;
+Danny Barker, Al Casey, guitar;
+Gus Johnson, Gerryck King, Bob Rosengarden, Jackie Williams,
+drums;
+Lionel Hampton, vibraphone;
+Cab Calloway, Joe Williams, vocal;
+Buck Clayton, arrangements</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Notes</td><td>tunes include Old Man Time, Time After Time,
+Sometimes I'm Happy,
+A Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight,
+Four or Five Times, Now's the Time,
+Time on My Hands, This Time It's Us,
+and Good Time Charlie.
+<a href="http://www.chiaroscurojazz.com/album.php?C=310">Album info</a>
+is available.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>3 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/old-man-time-mw0000269353">AMG Rating</a></td><td>4.5 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Penguin Rating</td><td>3 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>Alan Broadbent</td></tr>
+<tr><td>CD</td><td>Pacific Standard Time</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>1995</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Label</td><td>Concord Jazz, Inc.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ID</td><td>CCD-4664</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total Time</td><td>62:42</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Personnel</td><td>Alan Broadbent, piano;
+Putter Smith, Bass;
+Frank Gibson, Jr., drums</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Notes</td><td>The CD cover features an analemma for equation-of-time fans</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>1 star</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/pacific-standard-time-mw0000645433">AMG Rating</a></td><td>4 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Penguin Rating</td><td>3.5 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>Anthony Braxton/Richard Teitelbaum</td></tr>
+<tr><td>CD</td><td>Silence/Time Zones</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>1996</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Label</td><td>Black Lion</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ID</td><td>BLCD 760221</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total Time</td><td>72:58</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Personnel</td><td>Anthony Braxton, sopranino and alto saxophones,
+contrebasse clarinet, miscellaneous instruments;
+Leo Smith, trumpet and miscellaneous instruments;
+Leroy Jenkins, violin and miscellaneous instruments;
+Richard Teitelbaum, modular moog and micromoog synthesizer</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>black dot</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/silence-time-zones-mw0000595735">AMG Rating</a></td><td>4 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>Charles Gayle</td></tr>
+<tr><td>CD</td><td>Time Zones</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>2006</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Label</td><td>Tompkins Square</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ID</td><td>TSQ2839</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total Time</td><td>49:06</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Personnel</td><td>Charles Gayle, piano</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>1 star</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/time-zones-mw0000349642">AMG Rating</a></td><td>4.5 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>The Get Up Kids</td></tr>
+<tr><td>CD</td><td>Eudora</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>2001</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Label</td><td>Vagrant</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ID</td><td>357</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total Time</td><td>65:12</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Notes</td><td>Includes the song "Central Standard Time." Thanks to Colin Bowern for this information.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/eudora-mw0000592063">AMG Rating</a></td><td>2.5 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>Coldplay</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Song</td><td>Clocks</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>2003</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Label</td><td>Capitol Records</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ID</td><td>52608</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total Time</td><td>4:13</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Notes</td><td>Won the 2004 Record of the Year honor at the
+Grammy Awards. Co-written and performed by Chris Martin,
+great-great-grandson of DST inventor William Willett. The song's first
+line is "Lights go out and I can't be saved".</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>Irving Kahal and Harry Richman</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Song</td><td>There Ought to be a Moonlight Saving Time</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>1931</td>
+<tr><td>Notes</td><td>This musical standard was a No. 1 hit for Guy Lombardo
+in 1931, and was also performed by Maurice Chevalier, Blossom Dearie
+and many others. The phrase "Moonlight saving time" also appears in
+the 1995 country song "Not Enough Hours in the Night" written by Aaron
+Barker, Kim Williams and Rob Harbin and performed by Doug
+Supernaw.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>The Microscopic Septet</td></tr>
+<tr><td>CD</td><td>Lobster Leaps In</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>2008</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Label</td><td>Cuneiform</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ID</td><td>272</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total Time</td><td>73:05</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Notes</td><td>Includes the song "Twilight Time Zone."</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/lobster-leaps-in-mw0000794929">AMG Rating</a></td><td>3.5 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>2 stars</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>Bob Dylan</td></tr>
+<tr><td>CD</td><td>The Times They Are a-Changin'</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>1964</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Label</td><td>Columbia</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ID</td><td>CK-8905</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total Time</td><td>45:36</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-times-they-a-changin-mw0000202344">AMG Rating</a></td><td>4.5 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>1.5 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Notes<td>The title song is also available on "Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits" and "The Essential Bob Dylan."</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>Luciana Souza</td></tr>
+<tr><td>CD</td><td>Tide</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>2009</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Label</td><td>Universal Jazz France</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ID</td><td>B0012688-02</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total Time</td><td>42:31</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/tide-mw0000815692">AMG Rating</a></td><td>3.5 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>2.5 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Notes<td>Includes the song "Fire and Wood" with the lyric
+"The clocks were turned back you remember/Think it's still November."
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>Ken Nordine</td></tr>
+<tr><td>CD</td><td>You're Getting Better: The Word Jazz Dot Masters</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>2005</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Label</td><td>Geffen</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ID</td><td>B0005171-02</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Total Time</td><td>156:22</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>1 star</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/youre-getting-better-the-word-jazz-dot-masters-mw0000736197">AMG Rating</a></td><td>4.5 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Notes</td><td>Includes the piece "What Time Is It"
+("He knew what time it was everywhere...that counted").</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h2>TV episodes</h2>
+
+<ul>
+<li>
+An episode of <em>The Adventures of Superman</em> entitled "The Mysterious
+Cube," first aired 1958-02-24, had Superman convincing the controllers
+of the Arlington Time Signal to broadcast ahead of actual time;
+doing so got a crook trying to be declared dead to
+emerge a bit too early from the titular enclosure.
+</li>
+<li>
+The 1960s ITC television series <em>The Prisoner</em> included an episode
+entitled "The Chimes of Big Ben" in which our protagonist tumbled to
+the fraudulent nature of a Poland-to-England escape upon hearing "Big
+Ben" chiming on Polish local time.
+</li>
+<li>
+The series <em>Seinfeld</em> included an episode entitled "The Susie," first
+broadcast 1997-02-13, in which Kramer decides that daylight saving time
+isn't coming fast enough, so he sets his watch ahead an hour.
+</li>
+<li>
+The "20 Hours in America" episode of <em>The West Wing</em>,
+first aired 2002-09-25,
+saw White House staffers stranded in Indiana; they thought they had time to
+catch Air Force One but were done in by intra-Indiana local time changes.
+</li>
+<li>
+"In what time zone would you find New York City?" was a $200 question on
+the 1999-11-13 United States airing of <em>Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?</em>,
+and "In 1883, what industry led the movement to divide the U.S. into four time
+zones?" was a $32,000 question on the 2001-05-23 United States airing of
+the same show. At this rate, the million-dollar time-zone
+question should have been asked 2002-06-04.
+</li>
+<li>
+A private jet's mid-flight change of time zones distorts Alison Dubois'
+premonition in the "We Had a Dream" episode of <em>Medium</em>
+(originally aired 2007-02-28).
+</li>
+<li>
+In the <em>30 Rock</em> episode "Anna Howard Shaw Day"
+(first broadcast 2010-02-11),
+Jack Donaghy's date realizes that a Geneva-to-New-York business phone call
+received in the evening must be fake given the difference in local times.
+</li>
+<li>
+In the "Run by the Monkeys" episode of <em>Da Vinci's Inquest</em>
+(first broadcast 2002-11-17),
+a witness in a five-year-old fire case realizes they may not have set
+their clock back when daylight saving ended on the day of the fire,
+introducing the possibility of an hour when arson might have occurred.
+</li>
+<li>
+In "The Todd Couple" episode of <em>Outsourced</em> (first aired 2011-02-10),
+Manmeet sets up Valentine's Day teledates for 6:00 and 9:00pm;
+since one is with a New Yorker and the other with a San Franciscan,
+hilarity ensues.
+(Never mind that this should be 7:30am in Mumbai, yet for some reason the show
+proceeds as though it's also mid-evening there.)
+</li>
+<li>
+In the "14 Days to Go"/"T Minus..." episode of
+<em>You, Me and the Apocalypse</em>
+(first aired 2015-11-11 in the UK, 2016-03-10 in the US),
+the success of a mission to deal with a comet
+hinges on whether or not Russia observes daylight saving time.
+(In the US, the episode first aired in the week before the switch to DST.)
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td>TV episode title</td><td>The Lost Hour</td>
+<tr><td>TV series</td><td><em>Eerie, Indiana</em></td>
+<tr><td>TV episode number</td><td>10</td>
+<tr><td>Network</td><td>NBC</td>
+<tr><td>Air date</td><td>1991-12-01</td>
+<tr><td>Notes</td><td>Despite Indiana's then-lack of DST, Marshall changes his clock with unusual consequences.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>TV episode title</td><td>Time Tunnel</td>
+<tr><td>TV series</td><td><em>The Adventures of Pete &amp; Pete</em></td>
+<tr><td>TV episode number</td><td>5, season 2</td>
+<tr><td>Network</td><td>Nickelodeon</td>
+<tr><td>Air date</td><td>1994-10-23</td>
+<tr><td>Notes</td><td>The two Petes travel back in time an hour on the day that DST ends.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>TV episode title</td><td>King-Size Homer</td>
+<tr><td>TV series</td><td><em>The Simpsons</em></td>
+<tr><td>TV episode number</td><td>135</td>
+<tr><td>Network</td><td>Fox</td>
+<tr><td>Air date</td><td>1995-11-05</td>
+<tr><td>Notes</td><td>Homer, working from home, remarks "8:58, first
+time I've ever been early for work. Except for all those daylight
+savings days. Lousy farmers."</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>TV episode title</td><td>Tracks</td></tr>
+<tr><td>TV series</td><td><em>The Good Wife</em></td></tr>
+<tr><td>TV episode number</td><td>12, season 7</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Network</td><td>CBS</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Air date</td><td>2016-01-17</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Notes</td><td>The applicability of a contract hinges on the
+time zone associated with a video time stamp.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<h2>Books, plays, and magazines</h2>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>Jules Verne</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Book</td><td><em>Around the World in Eighty Days</em>
+(<em>Le tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours</em>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Notes</td><td>Wall-clock time plays a central role in the plot.
+European readers of the 1870s clearly held the U.S. press in
+deep contempt; the protagonists cross the U.S. without once
+reading a paper.
+An on-line French-language version of the book
+"with illustrations from the original 1873 French-language edition"
+is available at
+<a href="http://fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/tdm80j">http://fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/tdm80j</a>
+An on-line English-language translation of the book is available at
+<a href="http://www.literature.org/Works/Jules-Verne/eighty">http://www.literature.org/Works/Jules-Verne/eighty</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>Nick Enright</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Play</td><td><em>Daylight Saving</em></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>1989</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Notes</td><td>
+A fast-paced comedy about love and loneliness as the clocks turn back.
+</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>Umberto Eco</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Book</td><td><em>The Island of the Day Before</em>
+(<em>L'isola del giorno prima</em>)</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>1994</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Notes</td><td>
+"...the story of a 17th century Italian nobleman trapped near an island
+on the International Date Line.  Time and time zones play an integral
+part in the novel." (Paul Eggert, 2006-04-22)
+</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Artist</td><td>John Dunning</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Book</td><td><a
+href="http://books.simonandschuster.com/Two-OClock-Eastern-Wartime/John-Dunning/9781439171530"><em>Two
+O'Clock, Eastern Wartime</em></a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Copyright Date</td><td>2001</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Notes</td><td>
+Mystery, history, daylight saving time, and old-time radio.
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<ul>
+<li>
+Surrealist artist Guy Billout's work "Date Line" appeared on page 103
+of the 1999-11 <em>Atlantic Monthly</em>.
+</li>
+<li>
+"Gloom, Gloom, Go Away" by Walter Kirn appeared on page 106 of <em>Time</em>
+magazine's 2002-11-11 issue; among other things, it proposed
+year-round DST as a way of lessening wintertime despair.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>Movies</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>
+In the 1946 movie <em>A Matter of Life and Death</em>
+(U.S. title <em>Stairway to Heaven</em>)
+there is a reference to British Double Summer Time.
+The time does not play a large part in the plot;
+it's just a passing reference to the time when one of the
+characters was supposed to have died (but didn't).
+The IMDb page is at
+<a href="http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0038733/">
+http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0038733/
+</a>. (Dave Cantor)
+<li>
+The 1953 railway comedy movie <em>The Titfield Thunderbolt</em> includes a
+play on words on British Double Summer Time. Valentine's wife wants
+him to leave the pub and asks him, "Do you know what time it is?"
+And he, happy where he is, replies: "Yes, my love. Summer double time."
+IMDb page:
+<a href="http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0046436/">
+http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0046436/
+</a>. (Mark Brader, 2009-10-02)
+</li>
+<li>
+The premise of the 1999 caper movie <em>Entrapment</em> involves computers
+in an international banking network being shut down briefly at
+midnight in each time zone to avoid any problems at the transition
+from the year 1999 to 2000 in that zone. (Hmmmm.) If this shutdown
+is extended by 10 seconds, it will create a one-time opportunity for
+a gigantic computerized theft. To achieve this, at one location the
+crooks interfere with the microwave system supplying time signals to
+the computer, advancing the time by 0.1 second each minute over the
+last hour of 1999. (So this movie teaches us that 0.1 &times; 60 = 10.)
+IMDb page:
+<a href="http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0137494/">
+http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0137494/
+</a>. (Mark Brader, 2009-10-02)
+</li>
+<li>
+One mustn't forget the
+<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4EUTMPuvHo">trailer</a>
+(2014; 2:23) for the movie <em>Daylight Saving</em>.
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>Comics</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>
+The webcomic <em>xkcd</em> has the strip
+"<a href='http://xkcd.com/673/'>The Sun</a>" (2009-12-09) and the panels
+"<a href='http://xkcd.com/1017/'>Backward in Time</a>" (2012-02-14),
+"<a href='http://xkcd.com/1061/'>EST</a>" (2012-05-28), and
+"<a href='http://xkcd.com/1335/'>Now</a>" (2014-02-26), and
+"<a href='http://xkcd.com/1655/'>Doomsday Clock</a>" (2016-03-14).
+The related book <em>What If?</em> has an entry
+"<a href='http://what-if.xkcd.com/26/'>Leap Seconds</a>" (2012-12-31).
+</li>
+<li>
+The syndicated comic strip <em>Dilbert</em> featured an
+<a href='http://dilbert.com/strip/1998-03-14'>example of
+time zone humor</a> on 1998-03-14.
+</li>
+<li>
+Peppermint Patty: "What if the world comes to an end tonight, Marcie?"
+<br>
+Marcie: "I promise there'll be a tomorrow, sir ... in fact,
+it's already tomorrow in Australia!"
+<br>
+(Charles M. Schulz, <a href='http://www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1980/06/13'><em>Peanuts</em>, 1980-06-13</a>)
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>Jokes</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>
+"We've been using the five-cent nickel in this country since 1492.
+Now that's pretty near 100 years, daylight saving."
+(Groucho Marx as Captain Spaulding in <em>Animal Crackers</em>, 1930,
+as noted by Will Fitzgerald)
+</li>
+<li>
+BRADY. ...[Bishop Usher] determined that the Lord began the Creation
+on the 23rd of October in the Year 4,004 B.C. at &ndash; uh, 9 A.M.!
+<br>
+DRUMMOND. That Eastern Standard Time? (<em>Laughter.</em>) Or Rocky Mountain
+Time? (<em>More laughter.</em>) It wasn't daylight-saving time, was it? Because
+the Lord didn't make the sun until the fourth day!
+<br>
+(From the play <em>Inherit the Wind</em> by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee,
+filmed in 1960 with Spencer Tracy as Drummond and Fredric March as
+Brady, and several other times. Thanks to Mark Brader.)
+</li>
+<li>
+"Good news."
+"What did they do? Extend Daylight Saving Time year round?"
+(Professional tanner George Hamilton, in dialog from a
+May, 1999 episode of the syndicated television series <em>Baywatch</em>)
+</li>
+<li>
+"A fundamental belief held by Americans is that if you are on land, you
+cannot be killed by a fish...So most Americans remain on land, believing
+they're safe. Unfortunately, this belief &ndash; like so many myths, such as that
+there's a reason for 'Daylight Saving Time' &ndash; is false."
+(Dave Barry column, 2000-07-02)
+</li>
+<li>
+"I once had sex for an hour and five minutes, but that was on the day
+when you turn the clocks ahead."
+(Garry Shandling, 52nd Annual Emmys, 2000-09-10)
+</li>
+<li>
+"Would it impress you if I told you I invented Daylight Savings Time?"
+("Sahjhan" to "Lilah" in dialog from the "Loyalty" episode of <em>Angel</em>,
+originally aired 2002-02-25)
+</li>
+<li>
+"I thought you said Tulsa was a three-hour flight."
+"Well, you're forgetting about the time difference."
+("Joey" and "Chandler" in dialog from the episode of <em>Friends</em>
+entitled "The One With Rachel's Phone Number," originally aired 2002-12-05)
+</li>
+<li>
+"Is that a pertinent fact,
+or are you just trying to dazzle me with your command of time zones?"
+(Kelsey Grammer as "Frasier Crane" to "Roz" from the episode of <em>Frasier</em>
+entitled "The Kid," originally aired 1997-11-04)
+</li>
+<li>
+"I put myself and my staff through this crazy, huge ordeal, all because
+I refused to go on at midnight, okay?  And so I work, you know, and
+then I get this job at eleven, supposed to be a big deal.  Then
+yesterday daylight [saving] time ended. Right now it's basically
+midnight." (Conan O'Brien on the 2010-11-08 premiere of <em>Conan</em>.)
+</li>
+<li>
+"Well, in my time zone that's all the time I have,
+but maybe in your time zone I haven't finished yet. So stay tuned!"
+(Goldie Hawn, <em>Rowan &amp; Martin's Laugh-In</em> No. 65, 1970-03-09)
+</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>See also</h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="tz-link.htm">Sources for Time Zone and Daylight Saving
+Time Data</a></li>
+</ul>
+<hr>
+<address>
+This web page is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+<br>
+Please send corrections to this web page to the
+<a href="mailto:tz@iana.org">time zone mailing list</a>.
+</address>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/tz/tz-how-to.html b/tz/tz-how-to.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a777a4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/tz-how-to.html
@@ -0,0 +1,680 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html
+	PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
+	"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+<html>
+<head><title>How to Read the tz Database</title></head>
+<body>
+<h2>How to Read the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database">tz
+Database</a> Source Files</h2>
+<h3>by Bill Seymour</h3>
+<p>This page uses the <code>America/Chicago</code> and
+<code>Pacific/Honolulu</code> zones as examples of how to infer
+times of day from the <a href="tz-link.htm">tz database</a>
+source files. It might be helpful, but not absolutely necessary,
+for the reader to have already downloaded the
+<a href="http://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tzdata-latest.tar.gz">latest
+release of the database</a> and become familiar with the basic layout
+of the data files. The format is explained in the &ldquo;man
+page&rdquo; for the zic compiler, <code>zic.8.txt</code>, in
+the <code>code</code> subdirectory.</p>
+
+<p>We&rsquo;ll begin by talking about the rules for changing between standard
+and daylight saving time since we&rsquo;ll need that information when we talk
+about the zones.</p>
+
+<p>First, let&rsquo;s consider the special daylight saving time rules
+for Chicago (from the <code>northamerica</code> file in
+the <code>data</code> subdirectory):</p>
+
+<table border="1">
+<tr>
+  <th colspan="6">From the Source File</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="6" align="center"><table><tr><td>
+<pre>
+#Rule NAME    FROM TO   TYPE IN  ON      AT   SAVE LETTER
+Rule  Chicago 1920 only  -   Jun 13      2:00 1:00 D
+Rule  Chicago 1920 1921  -   Oct lastSun 2:00 0    S
+Rule  Chicago 1921 only  -   Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule  Chicago 1922 1966  -   Apr lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
+Rule  Chicago 1922 1954  -   Sep lastSun 2:00 0    S
+Rule  Chicago 1955 1966  -   Oct lastSun 2:00 0    S
+</pre>
+  </td></tr></table></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <th colspan="6">Reformatted a Bit</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <th>From</th>
+  <th>To</th>
+  <th colspan="2">On</th>
+  <th>At</th>
+  <th>Action</th>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td colspan="2">1920 only</td>
+  <td colspan="2">June 13<small><sup>th</sup></small></td>
+  <td rowspan="6">02:00 local</td>
+  <td>go to daylight saving time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>1920</td>
+  <td>1921</td>
+  <td rowspan="5">last Sunday</td>
+  <td>in October</td>
+  <td>return to standard time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td colspan="2">1921 only</td>
+  <td>in March</td>
+  <td rowspan="2">go to daylight saving time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td rowspan="2">1922</td>
+  <td>1966</td>
+  <td>in April</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>1954</td>
+  <td>in September</td>
+  <td rowspan="2">return to standard time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>1955</td>
+  <td>1966</td>
+  <td>in October</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>We&rsquo;ll basically just ignore the <code>TYPE</code> column.
+In the 2007j release, the most recent as of this writing, the
+<code>TYPE</code> column never contains anything but a hyphen,
+a kind of null value. (From the description in <code>zic.8.txt</code>,
+this appears to be a mechanism for removing years from a set
+in some localizable way. It&rsquo;s used in the file, <code>pacificnew</code>,
+to determine whether a given year will have a US presidential election;
+but everything related to that use is commented out.)
+
+<p>The <code>SAVE</code> column contains the wall clock offset from
+local standard time.
+This is usually either zero for standard time or one hour for daylight
+saving time; but there&rsquo;s no reason, in principle, why it can&rsquo;t
+take on other values.
+
+<p>The <code>LETTER</code> (sometimes called <code>LETTER/S</code>)
+column can contain a variable
+part of the usual abbreviation of the time zone&rsquo;s name, or it can just
+be a hyphen if there&rsquo;s no variable part. For example, the abbreviation
+used in the central time zone will be either &ldquo;CST&rdquo; or
+&ldquo;CDT&rdquo;. The variable part is &lsquo;S&rsquo; or &lsquo;D&rsquo;;
+and, sure enough, that&rsquo;s just what we find in
+the <code>LETTER</code> column
+in the <code>Chicago</code> rules. More about this when we talk about
+&ldquo;Zone&rdquo; lines.
+
+<p>One important thing to notice is that &ldquo;Rule&rdquo; lines
+want at once to be both <i>transitions</i> and <i>steady states</i>:
+<ul>
+<li>On the one hand, they represent transitions between standard and
+daylight saving time; and any number of Rule lines can be in effect
+during a given period (which will always be a non-empty set of
+contiguous calendar years).</li>
+<li>On the other hand, the <code>SAVE</code> and <code>LETTER</code>
+columns contain state that exists between transitions. More about this
+when we talk about the US rules.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>In the example above, the transition to daylight saving time
+happened on the 13<small><sup>th</sup></small> of June in 1920, and on
+the last Sunday in March in 1921; but the return to standard time
+happened on the last Sunday in October in both of those
+years. Similarly, the rule for changing to daylight saving time was
+the same from 1922 to 1966; but the rule for returning to standard
+time changed in 1955. Got it?</p>
+
+<p>OK, now for the somewhat more interesting &ldquo;US&rdquo; rules:</p>
+
+<table border="1">
+<tr>
+  <th colspan="6">From the Source File</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="6" align="center"><table><tr><td>
+<pre>
+#Rule NAME FROM TO   TYPE IN  ON        AT   SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule  US   1918 1919  -   Mar lastSun  2:00  1:00 D
+Rule  US   1918 1919  -   Oct lastSun  2:00  0    S
+Rule  US   1942 only  -   Feb 9        2:00  1:00 W # War
+Rule  US   1945 only  -   Aug 14      23:00u 1:00 P # Peace
+Rule  US   1945 only  -   Sep 30       2:00  0    S
+Rule  US   1967 2006  -   Oct lastSun  2:00  0    S
+Rule  US   1967 1973  -   Apr lastSun  2:00  1:00 D
+Rule  US   1974 only  -   Jan 6        2:00  1:00 D
+Rule  US   1975 only  -   Feb 23       2:00  1:00 D
+Rule  US   1976 1986  -   Apr lastSun  2:00  1:00 D
+Rule  US   1987 2006  -   Apr Sun&gt;=1   2:00  1:00 D
+Rule  US   2007 max   -   Mar Sun&gt;=8   2:00  1:00 D
+Rule  US   2007 max   -   Nov Sun&gt;=1   2:00  0    S
+</pre>
+  </td></tr></table></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <th colspan="6">Reformatted a Bit</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <th>From</th>
+  <th>To</th>
+  <th colspan="2">On</th>
+  <th>At</th>
+  <th>Action</th>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td rowspan="2">1918</td>
+  <td rowspan="2">1919</td>
+  <td rowspan="2">last Sunday</td>
+  <td>in March</td>
+  <td rowspan="3">02:00 local</td>
+  <td>go to daylight saving time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>in October</td>
+  <td>return to standard time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td colspan="2">1942 only</td>
+  <td colspan="2">February 9<small><sup>th</sup></small></td>
+  <td>go to &ldquo;war time&rdquo;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">1945 only</td>
+  <td colspan="2">August 14<small><sup>th</sup></small></td>
+  <td>23:00 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">UT</a></td>
+  <td>
+    rename &ldquo;war time&rdquo; to &ldquo;peace<br>time;&rdquo;
+    clocks don&rsquo;t change
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td colspan="2">September 30<small><sup>th</sup></small></td>
+  <td rowspan="9">02:00 local</td>
+  <td rowspan="2">return to standard time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td rowspan="2">1967</td>
+  <td>2006</td>
+  <td rowspan="2">last Sunday</td>
+  <td>in October</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>1973</td>
+  <td>in April</td>
+  <td rowspan="6">go to daylight saving time</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td colspan="2">1974 only</td>
+  <td colspan="2">January 6<small><sup>th</sup></small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td colspan="2">1975 only</td>
+  <td colspan="2">February 23<small><sup>rd</sup></small></td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>1976</td>
+  <td>1986</td>
+  <td>last Sunday</td>
+  <td rowspan="2">in April</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>1987</td>
+  <td>2006</td>
+  <td>first Sunday</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td rowspan="2">2007</td>
+  <td rowspan="2">present</td>
+  <td colspan="2">second Sunday in March</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td colspan="2">first Sunday in November</td>
+  <td>return to standard time</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>There are two interesting things to note here.</p>
+
+<p>First, the time that something happens (in the <code>AT</code>
+column) is not necessarily the local wall clock time. The time can be
+suffixed with &lsquo;s&rsquo; (for &ldquo;standard&rdquo;) to mean
+local standard time (different from wall clock time when observing
+daylight saving time); or it can be suffixed with &lsquo;g&rsquo;,
+&lsquo;u&rsquo;, or &lsquo;z&rsquo;, all three of which mean the
+standard time at the
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Meridian">prime meridan</a>.
+&lsquo;g&rsquo; stands for &ldquo;<a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time">GMT</a>&rdquo;;
+&lsquo;u&rsquo; stands for &ldquo;<a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">UT</a>&rdquo; or &ldquo;<a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time">UTC</a>&rdquo;
+(whichever was official at the time); &lsquo;z&rsquo; stands for the
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_time">nautical time zone</a>
+Z (a.k.a. &ldquo;Zulu&rdquo; which, in turn, stands for &lsquo;Z&rsquo;).
+The time can also be suffixed with &lsquo;w&rsquo; meaning &ldquo;wall
+clock time;&rdquo; but it usually isn&rsquo;t because that&rsquo;s the
+default.</p>
+
+<p>Second, the day in the <code>ON</code> column, in addition to
+&ldquo;<code>lastSun</code>&rdquo; or a particular day of the month,
+can have the form, &ldquo;<code>Sun&gt;=</code><i>x</i>&rdquo; or
+&ldquo;<code>Sun&lt;=</code><i>x</i>,&rdquo; where <i>x</i> is a day
+of the month. For example, &ldquo;<code>Sun&gt;=8</code>&rdquo; means
+&ldquo;the first Sunday on or after the eighth of the month,&rdquo; in
+other words, the second Sunday of the month. Furthermore, although
+there are no examples above, the weekday needn&rsquo;t be
+&ldquo;<code>Sun</code>&rdquo; in either form, but can be the usual
+three-character English abbreviation for any day of the week.</p>
+
+<p>And the US rules give us more examples of a couple of things
+already mentioned:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>The rules for changing to and from daylight saving time are
+actually <i>different sets</i> of rules; and the two sets can change
+independently. Consider, for example, that the rule for the return to
+standard time stayed the same from 1967 to 2006; but the rule for the
+transition to daylight saving time changed several times in the same
+period.  There can also be periods, 1946 to 1966 for example, when no
+rule from this group is in effect, and so either no transition
+happened in those years, or some other rule is in effect (perhaps a
+state or other more local rule).</li>
+
+<li>The <code>SAVE</code> and <code>LETTER</code> columns
+contain <i>steady state</i>, not transitions. Consider, for example,
+the transition from &ldquo;war time&rdquo; to &ldquo;peace time&rdquo;
+that happened on August 14, 1945. The &ldquo;1:00&rdquo; in
+the <code>SAVE</code> column is <i>not</i> an instruction to advance
+the clock an hour. It means that clocks should <i>be</i> one hour
+ahead of standard time, which they already are because of the previous
+rule, so there should be no change.</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>OK, now let&rsquo;s look at a Zone record:</p>
+
+<table border="1">
+<tr>
+  <th colspan="5">From the Source File</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="6" align="center"><table><tr><td>
+<pre>
+#Zone       NAME      GMTOFF   RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone  America/Chicago -5:50:36 -       LMT  1883 Nov 18 12:09:24
+                      -6:00    US      C%sT 1920
+                      -6:00    Chicago C%sT 1936 Mar  1  2:00
+                      -5:00    -       EST  1936 Nov 15  2:00
+                      -6:00    Chicago C%sT 1942
+                      -6:00    US      C%sT 1946
+                      -6:00    Chicago C%sT 1967
+                      -6:00    US      C%sT
+</pre>
+  </td></tr></table></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <th colspan="5">Columns Renamed</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <th rowspan="2">Standard Offset<br>
+    from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Meridian">Prime
+    Meridian</a></th>
+  <th rowspan="2">Daylight<br>Saving Time</th>
+  <th rowspan="2">Abbreviation(s)</th>
+  <th colspan="2">Ending at Local Time</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <th>Date</th>
+  <th>Time</th>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>&minus;5:50:36</td>
+  <td>not observed</td>
+  <td>LMT</td>
+  <td>1883-11-18</td>
+  <td>12:09:24</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td rowspan="2">&minus;6:00:00</td>
+  <td>US rules</td>
+  <td rowspan="2">CST or CDT</td>
+  <td>1920-01-01</td>
+  <td>00:00:00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>Chicago rules</td>
+  <td>1936-03-01</td>
+  <td rowspan="2">02:00:00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>&minus;5:00:00</td>
+  <td>not observed</td>
+  <td>EST</td>
+  <td>1936-11-15</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td rowspan="4">&minus;6:00:00</td>
+  <td>Chicago rules</td>
+  <td>CST or CDT</td>
+  <td>1942-01-01</td>
+  <td rowspan="3">00:00:00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>US rules</td>
+  <td>CST, CWT or CPT</td>
+  <td>1946-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>Chicago rules</td>
+  <td rowspan="2">CST or CDT</td>
+  <td>1967-01-01</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>US rules</td>
+  <td colspan="2">&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>There are a couple of interesting differences between Zones and Rules.</p>
+
+<p>First, and somewhat trivially, whereas Rules are considered to
+contain one or more records, a Zone is considered to be a single
+record with zero or more <i>continuation lines</i>. Thus, the keyword,
+&ldquo;<code>Zone</code>,&rdquo; and the zone name are not
+repeated. The last line is the one without anything in
+the <code>[UNTIL]</code> column.</p>
+
+<p>Second, and more fundamentally, each line of a Zone represents a
+steady state, not a transition between states. The state exists from
+the date and time in the previous line&rsquo;s <code>[UNTIL]</code>
+column up to the date and time in the current
+line&rsquo;s <code>[UNTIL]</code> column. In other words, the date and
+time in the <code>[UNTIL]</code> column is the instant that separates
+this state from the next. Where that would be ambiguous because
+we&rsquo;re setting our clocks back, the <code>[UNTIL]</code> column
+specifies the first occurrence of the instant. The state specified by
+the last line, the one without anything in the <code>[UNTIL]</code>
+column, continues to the present.</p>
+
+<p>The first line typically specifies the mean solar time observed
+before the introduction of standard time. Since there&rsquo;s no line before
+that, it has no beginning. <code>8-) </code> For some places near the <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Date_Line">International
+Date Line</a>, the first <i>two</i> lines will show solar times
+differing by 24 hours; this corresponds to a movement of the Date
+Line.  For example:</p>
+
+<pre>
+#Zone NAME          GMTOFF   RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone America/Juneau 15:02:19 -     LMT    1867 Oct 18
+                    -8:57:41 -     LMT    ...
+</pre>
+
+<p>When Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867, the Date Line moved
+from the Alaska/Canada border to the Bering Strait; and the time in
+Alaska was then 24 hours earlier than it had
+been. <code>&lt;aside&gt;</code>(6 October in the Julian calendar,
+which Russia was still using then for religious reasons, was followed
+by <i>a second instance of the same day with a different name</i>, 18
+October in the Gregorian calendar. Isn&rsquo;t civil time
+wonderful? <code>8-)</code>)<code>&lt;/aside&gt;</code></p>
+
+<p>The abbreviation, &ldquo;LMT&rdquo; stands for &ldquo;local mean
+time&rdquo;, which is an invention of
+the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database">tz
+database</a> and was probably never actually used during the
+period. Furthermore, the value is almost certainly wrong except in the
+archetypal place after which the zone is named. (The tz database
+usually doesn&rsquo;t provide a separate Zone record for places where
+nothing significant happened after 1970.)</p>
+
+<p>The <code>RULES</code> column tells us whether daylight saving time is being observed:
+<ul>
+<li>A hyphen, a kind of null value, means that we have not set our
+clocks ahead of standard time.</li>
+
+<li>An amount of time (usually but not necessarily &ldquo;1:00&rdquo;
+meaning one hour) means that we have set our clocks ahead by that
+amount.</li>
+
+<li>Some alphabetic string means that we <i>might have</i> set our
+clocks ahead; and we need to check the rule the name of which is the
+given alphabetic string.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>An example of a specific amount of time is:</p>
+<pre>
+#Zone NAME            GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Honolulu ...                 1933 Apr 30 2:00
+                      -10:30 1:00  HDT    1933 May 21 2:00
+                      ...
+</pre>
+
+<p>Hawaii tried daylight saving time for three weeks in 1933 and
+decided they didn&rsquo;t like it. <code>8-) </code>Note that
+the <code>GMTOFF</code> column always contains the standard time
+offset, so the wall clock time during this period was GMT &minus;
+10:30 + 1:00 = GMT &minus; 9:30.</p>
+
+<p>The <code>FORMAT</code> column specifies the usual abbreviation of
+the time zone name. It can have one of three forms:</p>
+<ul>
+
+<li>a string of three or more characters that are either ASCII alphanumerics,
+&ldquo;<code>+</code>&rdquo;, or &ldquo;<code>-</code>&rdquo;,
+in which case that&rsquo;s the abbreviation</li>
+
+<li>a pair of strings separated by a slash
+(&lsquo;<code>/</code>&rsquo;), in which case the first string is the
+abbreviation for the standard time name and the second string is the
+abbreviation for the daylight saving time name</li>
+
+<li>a string containing &ldquo;<code>%s</code>,&rdquo; in which case
+the &ldquo;<code>%s</code>&rdquo; will be replaced by the text in the
+appropriate Rule&rsquo;s <code>LETTER</code> column</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The last two make sense only if there&rsquo;s a named rule in effect.</p>
+
+<p>An example of a slash is:</p>
+<pre>
+#Zone NAME          GMTOFF RULES FORMAT  [UNTIL]
+Zone  Europe/London ...                  1996
+                    0:00   EU    GMT/BST
+</pre>
+
+<p>The current time in the UK is called either Greenwich mean time or
+British summer time.</p>
+
+<p>One wrinkle, not fully explained in <code>zic.8.txt</code>, is what
+happens when switching to a named rule. To what values should
+the <code>SAVE</code> and <code>LETTER</code> data be initialized?</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>If at least one transition has happened, use
+the <code>SAVE</code> and <code>LETTER</code> data from the most
+recent.</li>
+
+<li>If switching to a named rule before any transition has happened,
+assume standard time (<code>SAVE</code> zero), and use
+the <code>LETTER</code> data from the earliest transition with
+a <code>SAVE</code> of zero.
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>And three last things about the <code>FORMAT</code> column:</p>
+<ul>
+
+<li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database">tz
+database</a> gives abbreviations for time zone names in <i>popular
+usage</i>, which is not necessarily &ldquo;correct&rdquo; by law. For
+example, the last line in
+<code>Zone</code> <code>Pacific/Honolulu</code> (shown below) gives
+&ldquo;HST&rdquo; for &ldquo;Hawaii standard time&rdquo; even though the
+<a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode15/usc_sec_15_00000263----000-.html">legal</a>
+name for that time zone is &ldquo;Hawaii-Aleutian standard time.&rdquo;
+This author has read that there are also some places in Australia where
+popular time zone names differ from the legal ones.
+
+<li>No attempt is made to <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization">localize</a>
+the abbreviations. They are intended to be the values returned through the
+<code>"%Z"</code> format specifier to
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)">C</a>&rsquo;s
+<a href="http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/strftime.html"><code>strftime</code></a>
+function in the
+<a href="http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemnet/use/info/libc/libc_19.html#SEC324">&ldquo;C&rdquo; locale</a>.
+
+<li>If there is no generally-accepted abbreviation for a time zone,
+a numeric offset is used instead, e.g., <code>+07</code> for 7 hours
+ahead of Greenwich. By convention, <code>-00</code> is used in a
+zone while uninhabited, where the offset is zero but in some sense
+the true offset is undefined.
+</ul>
+
+<p>As a final example, here&rsquo;s the complete history for Hawaii:</p>
+
+<table border="1">
+<tr>
+  <th colspan="6">Relevant Excerpts from the US Rules</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="6" align="center"><table><tr><td>
+<pre>
+#Rule NAME FROM TO   TYPE IN  ON      AT     SAVE LETTER/S
+Rule  US   1918 1919 -    Oct lastSun  2:00  0    S
+Rule  US   1942 only -    Feb  9       2:00  1:00 W # War
+Rule  US   1945 only -    Aug 14      23:00u 1:00 P # Peace
+Rule  US   1945 only -    Sep 30       2:00  0    S
+</pre>
+  </td></tr></table></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <th colspan="6">The Zone Record</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="6" align="center"><table><tr><td>
+<pre>
+#Zone NAME            GMTOFF    RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
+Zone Pacific/Honolulu -10:31:26 -     LMT    1900 Jan  1 12:00
+                      -10:30    -     HST    1933 Apr 30  2:00
+                      -10:30    1:00  HDT    1933 May 21  2:00
+                      -10:30    US    H%sT   1947 Jun  8  2:00
+                      -10:00    -     HST
+</pre>
+  </td></tr></table></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <th colspan="6">What We Infer</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <th rowspan="2">Wall-Clock<br>Offset from<br>Prime Meridian</th>
+  <th rowspan="2">Adjust<br>Clocks</th>
+  <th colspan="2">Time Zone</th>
+  <th colspan="2">Ending at Local Time</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <th>Abbrv.</th>
+  <th>Name</th>
+  <th>Date</th>
+  <th>Time</th>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>&minus;10:31:26</td>
+  <td>&mdash;</td>
+  <td>LMT</td>
+  <td>local mean time</td>
+  <td>1900-01-01</td>
+  <td>12:00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>&minus;10:30</td>
+  <td>+0:01:26</td>
+  <td>HST</td>
+  <td>Hawaii standard time</td>
+  <td>1933-04-30</td>
+  <td rowspan="3">02:00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>&minus;9:30</td>
+  <td>+1:00</td>
+  <td>HDT</td>
+  <td>Hawaii daylight time</td>
+  <td>1933-05-21</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>&minus;10:30&sup1;</td>
+  <td>&minus;1:00&sup1;</td>
+  <td>HST&sup1;</td>
+  <td>Hawaii standard time</td>
+  <td>1942-02-09</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td rowspan="2">&minus;9:30</td>
+  <td>+1:00</td>
+  <td>HWT</td>
+  <td>Hawaii war time</td>
+  <td>1945-08-14</td>
+  <td>13:30&sup2;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>0</td>
+  <td>HPT</td>
+  <td>Hawaii peace time</td>
+  <td>1945-09-30</td>
+  <td rowspan="2">02:00</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>&minus;10:30</td>
+  <td>&minus;1:00</td>
+  <td rowspan="2">HST</td>
+  <td rowspan="2">Hawaii standard time</td>
+  <td>1947-06-08</td>
+</tr>
+<tr align="center">
+  <td>&minus;10:00&sup3;</td>
+  <td>+0:30&sup3;</td>
+  <td colspan="2">&mdash;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="6">
+    &sup1;Switching to US rules&hellip;most recent transition (in 1919) was to standard time
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="6">
+    &sup2;23:00 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">UT</a>
+    + (&minus;9:30) = 13:30 local
+  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td colspan="6">
+    &sup3;Since <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601">1947&ndash;06&ndash;08T12:30Z</a>,
+    the civil time in Hawaii has been
+    <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">UT</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time">UTC</a>
+    &minus; 10:00 year-round.
+  </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>There will be a short quiz later. <code>8-)</code></p>
+
+<hr>
+<address>
+This web page is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+2015-10-20 by Bill Seymour.
+<br>
+All suggestions and corrections will be welcome; all flames will be amusing.
+Mail to was at pobox dot com.
+</address>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/tz/tz-link.htm b/tz/tz-link.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..adb4fac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/tz-link.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,847 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html
+	PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
+	"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+<html>
+<head profile="http://dublincore.org/documents/2008/08/04/dc-html/">
+<title>Sources for time zone and daylight saving time data</title>
+<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.1/">
+<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content='text/html; charset="UTF-8"'>
+<meta name="DC.Title"
+ content="Sources for time zone and daylight saving time data">
+<meta name="DC.Creator" content="Eggert, Paul">
+<meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Olson, Arthur David">
+<meta name="DC.Date" content="2016-06-14">
+<meta name="DC.Description"
+ content="Sources of information about time zones and daylight saving time">
+<meta name="DC.Identifier"
+ content="http://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tz-link.htm">
+<meta name="Keywords"
+ content="database,daylight saving,DST,time zone,timezone,tz,zoneinfo">
+</head>
+<body>
+<h1>Sources for time zone and daylight saving time data</h1>
+<p>
+Time zone and daylight saving rules are controlled by individual
+governments. They are sometimes changed with little notice, and their
+histories and planned futures are often recorded only fitfully. Here
+is a summary of attempts to organize and record relevant data in this
+area.
+</p>
+<h2>The <code><abbr title="time zone">tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
+<p>
+The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain">public-domain</a>
+time zone database contains code and data
+that represent the history of local time
+for many representative locations around the globe.
+It is updated periodically to reflect changes made by political bodies
+to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone">time zone</a>
+boundaries and
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time">daylight-saving</a>
+rules.
+This database (often called <code>zoneinfo</code> or
+<code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>)
+is used by several implementations,
+including
+<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/">the
+<abbr title="GNU's Not Unix">GNU</abbr>
+C Library</a> (used in
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"><abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux</a>),
+<a href="https://www.android.com">Android</a>,
+<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/B2G_OS">B2G
+<abbr title="Operating System">OS</abbr></a>,
+<a href="https://www.freebsd.org">Free<abbr
+title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</abbr></a>,
+<a href="http://netbsd.org">Net<abbr>BSD</abbr></a>,
+<a href="http://www.openbsd.org">Open<abbr>BSD</abbr></a>,
+<a href="http://www.chromium.org/chromium-os">Chromium OS</a>,
+<a href="https://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a>,
+<a href="http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/"><abbr
+title="DJ's GNU Programming Platform">DJGPP</abbr></a>,
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX">MINIX</a>,
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebOS"><abbr
+title="Web Operating System">webOS</abbr></a>,
+<a href="http://ibm.com/aix"><abbr
+title="Advanced Interactive eXecutive">AIX</abbr></a>,
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_10">BlackBerry 10</a>,
+<a href="http://www.apple.com/ios/"><abbr
+title="iPhone OS">iOS</abbr></a>,
+<a href="http://windows.microsoft.com">Microsoft Windows</a>,
+<a href="http://www.hp.com/go/openvms/">Open<abbr
+title="Virtual Memory System">VMS</abbr></a>,
+<a href="https://www.oracle.com/database/index.html">Oracle Database</a>,
+<a href="http://oracle.com/solaris">Oracle Solaris</a>, and
+<a href="http://www.apple.com/osx/"><abbr title="Operating System Ten">OS
+X</abbr></a>.</p>
+<p>
+Each location in the database represents a region where all
+clocks keeping local time have agreed since 1970.
+Locations are identified by continent or ocean and then by the name of
+the location, which is typically the largest city within the region.
+For example, <code>America/New_York</code>
+represents most of the <abbr title="United States">US</abbr> eastern time zone;
+<code>America/Phoenix</code> represents most of Arizona, which
+uses mountain time without daylight saving time (<abbr
+title="daylight saving time">DST</abbr>);
+<code>America/Detroit</code> represents most of Michigan, which uses
+eastern time but with different <abbr>DST</abbr> rules in 1975;
+and other entries represent smaller regions like Starke County,
+Indiana, which switched from central to eastern time in 1991
+and switched back in 2006.
+To use the database on an extended <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX"><abbr
+title="Portable Operating System Interface">POSIX</abbr></a>
+implementation set the <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code>
+environment variable to the location's full name,
+e.g., <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="America/New_York"</code>.</p>
+<p>
+Associated with each region is a history of offsets from
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time">Universal
+Time</a> (<abbr>UT</abbr>), which is <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time">Greenwich Mean
+Time</a> (<abbr>GMT</abbr>) with days beginning at midnight;
+for time stamps after 1960 this is more precisely <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time">Coordinated
+Universal Time</a> (<abbr>UTC</abbr>).
+The database also records when daylight saving time was in use,
+along with alphabetic time zone abbreviations such as <abbr>EST</abbr>
+for Eastern Standard Time in the <abbr>US</abbr>.</p>
+<p>
+In the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database's
+<a href="ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/releases/"><abbr
+title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</abbr> releases</a>
+the code is in the file <code>tzcode<var>C</var>.tar.gz</code>,
+where <code><var>C</var></code> is the code's version;
+similarly, the data entries are in <code>tzdata<var>D</var>.tar.gz</code>,
+where <code><var>D</var></code> is the data's version.
+Since 1996, each version has been a four-digit year followed by
+lower-case letter (<samp>a</samp> through <samp>z</samp>,
+then <samp>za</samp> through <samp>zz</samp>, then <samp>zza</samp>
+through <samp>zzz</samp>, and so on).
+Convenience links to
+the <a href="ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/tzcode-latest.tar.gz">latest
+code</a> and
+<a href="ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/tzdata-latest.tar.gz">latest data</a> revisions
+are also available.
+The following <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell">shell</a> commands download
+these files to a <abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux or similar host;
+see the downloaded
+<code>README</code> file for what to do next.</p>
+<pre style="margin-left: 2em"><code>mkdir tz
+cd tz
+<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/wget/">wget</a> --retr-symlinks 'ftp://ftp.iana.org/tz/tz*-latest.tar.gz'
+<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/">gzip</a> -dc tzcode-latest.tar.gz | <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/">tar</a> -xf -
+gzip -dc tzdata-latest.tar.gz | tar -xf -
+</code></pre>
+<p>
+The code and data files can also be obtained from the
+<a href="http://www.iana.org/time-zones">Time Zone Database website</a>
+of the <a href="http://www.iana.org">Internet Assigned Numbers
+Authority (IANA)</a>.
+An <a href="https://github.com/eggert/tz">unofficial development
+repository</a> of the code and data is available
+in <a href="http://git-scm.com">Git</a> form
+from <a href="https://github.com">GitHub</a>; be careful, as this
+repository is less well tested and probably contains more errors.
+<p>
+The code lets you compile the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source files into
+machine-readable binary files, one for each location. It also lets
+you read a <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> binary file and interpret time stamps for that
+location.</p>
+<h2>Changes to the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
+<p>
+The <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> code and data
+are by no means authoritative. If you find errors, please
+send changes to the <a href="mailto:tz@iana.org">time zone
+mailing list</a>. You can also <a
+href="http://news.gmane.org/gmane.comp.time.tz">browse recent
+messages</a> sent to the mailing list, <a
+href="https://mm.icann.org/mailman/listinfo/tz">subscribe</a> to it,
+and browse the <a
+href="http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/">archive of old
+messages</a>.</p>
+<p>
+If your government plans to change its time zone boundaries or
+daylight saving rules, let the mailing list know well in advance. With
+less than a year's notice there is a good chance that some
+computer-based clocks will operate incorrectly after the change, due
+to delays in propagating updates to software and data. The shorter
+the notice, the more likely clock problems will arise.
+</p>
+<p>Sources for the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database are
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8"><abbr
+title="Unicode Transformation Format 8-bit">UTF-8</abbr></a>
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_file">text files</a>
+with lines terminated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newline"><abbr
+title="linefeed">LF</abbr></a>,
+which can be modified by common text editors such
+as <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/">GNU Emacs</a>,
+<a href="https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Gedit">gedit</a>, and
+<a href="http://www.vim.org">vim</a>. One
+editor has a package to simplify editing further:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="https://packagecontrol.io/packages/zoneinfo">Sublime
+zoneinfo</a> is a <a href="http://www.sublimetext.com">Sublime
+Text</a> package for syntax highlighting <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
+source files.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+For further information about updates, please see
+<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6557">Procedures for
+Maintaining the Time Zone Database</a> (Internet <abbr
+title="Request For Comments">RFC</abbr> 6557).</p>
+<h2>Commentary on the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>The article
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tz_database">tz database</a> is
+an encyclopedic summary.</li>
+<li><a href="tz-how-to.html">How to Read the
+tz Database Source Files</a> explains the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
+database format.</li>
+<li><a
+href="http://codeofmatt.com/2016/04/23/on-the-timing-of-time-zone-changes/">On
+the Timing of Time Zone Changes</a> gives examples of problems caused
+by inadequate notice by governments of time zone and daylight saving
+rule changes.</li>
+<li><a
+href="http://blog.jonudell.net/2009/10/23/a-literary-appreciation-of-the-olsonzoneinfotz-database/">A
+literary appreciation of the Olson/Zoneinfo/tz database</a> comments on the
+database's style.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>Web sites using recent versions of the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database</h2>
+<p>
+These are listed roughly in ascending order of complexity and fanciness.
+</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="http://time.is">Time.is</a> shows locations'
+time and zones in a simple format.</li>
+<li><a href="https://www.timejones.com">TimeJones.com</a> is a simple
+time zone converter.</li>
+<li><a
+href="http://twiki.org/cgi-bin/xtra/tzdatepick.html">Date and Time Gateway</a>
+lets you see the <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code> values directly.</li>
+<li><a
+href="http://www.convertit.com/Go/ConvertIt/World_Time/Current_Time.ASP">Current
+Time in 1000 Places</a> uses descriptions of the values.</li>
+<li><a href="http://www.timezoneconverter.com/cgi-bin/tzc.tzc">Time Zone
+Converter</a>
+uses a pulldown menu.</li>
+<li><a href="http://home.kpn.nl/vanadovv/time/TZworld.html">Complete
+timezone information for all countries</a> displays tables of DST rules.
+<li><a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/">The World Clock &ndash;
+Worldwide</a> lets you sort zone names and convert times.</li>
+<li><a href="http://www.zeitverschiebung.net/en/">Time Difference</a>
+calculates the current time difference between locations.</li>
+<li><a href="http://www.wx-now.com">Weather Now</a> lists the weather too.</li>
+<li><a href="http://www.thetimenow.com">The Time Now</a> also lists weather.</li>
+<li><a href="https://worldtime.io">worldtime.io</a>
+also contains data about time zone boundaries; it supports queries via place
+names and shows location maps.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>Network protocols for <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>The <a href="http://www.ietf.org">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>'s
+<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/tzdist/charter/">Time Zone Data
+Distribution Service (tzdist) working group</a> defined <a
+href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7808">TZDIST</a>
+(Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7808), a time zone data distribution service,
+along with a <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7809">calendar access
+protocol for transferring time zone data by reference</a>
+(Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7809). This work was based
+on the iCalendar and CalConnect efforts described below.</li>
+<li>The <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5545">
+Internet Calendaring and Scheduling Core Object Specification
+(iCalendar)</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5445)
+covers time zone
+data; see its VTIMEZONE calendar component.
+The iCalendar format requires specialized parsers and generators; a
+variant <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6321">xCal</a>
+(Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 6321) uses
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/XML/"><abbr
+title="Extensible Markup Language">XML</abbr></a> format, and a variant
+<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7265">jCal</a>
+(Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 7265)
+uses <a href="http://www.json.org"><abbr
+title="JavaScript Object Notation">JSON</abbr></a> format.
+<a href="https://www.calconnect.org">CalConnect, The Calendaring and Scheduling
+Consortium</a> is promoting further work in this area. <a
+href="http://calconnect.org/publications/icalendartimezoneproblemsandrecommendationsv1.0.pdf">iCalendar
+TIMEZONE Problems and Recommendations</a> offers guidelines and
+recommendations for the use of VTIMEZONE and <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>.</li>
+<li>The <a
+href="http://calconnect.org/publications/timezoneregistryandservicerecommendationsv1.0.pdf">Timezone
+Registry and Service Recommendations</a> of CalConnect's
+<a href="https://www.calconnect.org/about/technical-committees/tc-timezone">TIMEZONE
+Technical Committee</a> discusses a
+strategy for defining and deploying a time zone
+registration process that would establish unique names for each
+version of each <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> zone, along with a polygonal
+representation of the geographical area corresponding to the
+zone.</li>
+<li>The <a
+href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-rdf-calendar/">www-rdf-calendar</a>
+list discusses <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/RDF/"><abbr
+title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</abbr></a>-based calendar
+and group scheduling systems, and has a <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/2002/12/cal/#tzd">workspace on time zone
+data</a> converted from <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> compilers</h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/vzic/">Vzic</a> is a <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29">C</a>
+program that compiles
+<code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into iCalendar-compatible VTIMEZONE files.
+Vzic is freely
+available under the <a
+href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html"><abbr>GNU</abbr>
+General Public License (<abbr
+title="General Public License">GPL</abbr>)</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/tzical/">tziCal &ndash; tz
+database conversion utility</a> is like Vzic, except for the <a
+href="https://www.microsoft.com/net">.NET framework</a>
+and with a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
+<li><a
+href="http://search.cpan.org/dist/DateTime-TimeZone/">DateTime::TimeZone</a>
+contains a script <code>parse_olson</code> that compiles
+<code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into <a href="https://www.perl.org">Perl</a>
+modules. It is part of the Perl <a
+href="http://datetime.perl.org">DateTime Project</a>, which is freely
+available under both the <abbr>GPL</abbr> and the Perl Artistic
+License. DateTime::TimeZone also contains a script
+<code>tests_from_zdump</code> that generates test cases for each clock
+transition in the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database.</li>
+<li>The <a href="https://howardhinnant.github.io/date/tz.html">Time Zone
+Database Parser</a> is a
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B">C++</a> parser and
+runtime library. It is freely available under the
+<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons
+Attribution 4.0 International Public License</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="http://site.icu-project.org">International Components for
+Unicode (<abbr>ICU</abbr>)</a> contains C/C++ and <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29">Java</a>
+libraries for internationalization that
+has a compiler from <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source
+and from <abbr title="Common Locale Data Repository">CLDR</abbr> data
+(mentioned below)
+into an <abbr>ICU</abbr>-specific format.
+<abbr>ICU</abbr> is freely available under a
+<abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
+<li>The <a href="https://github.com/lau/tzdata">Tzdata</a> package for
+the <a href="http://elixir-lang.org">Elixir</a> language downloads
+and compiles tz source and exposes <abbr
+title="Application Program Interface">API</abbr>s for use. It is
+freely available under the <abbr
+title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> license.</li>
+<li>The <a
+href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/tzupdater-readme-136440.html">TZUpdater
+tool</a> compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into the format used by
+Oracle Java.</li>
+<li><a href="http://www.joda.org/joda-time/">Joda-Time &ndash; Java date
+and time <abbr>API</abbr></a> contains a class
+<code>org.joda.time.tz.ZoneInfoCompiler</code> that compiles
+<code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into a Joda-specific binary format. Joda Time
+is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
+<li><a href="http://nodatime.org">Noda Time &ndash; Date and
+time <abbr>API</abbr> for .NET</a>
+and <a href="http://www.babiej.demon.nl/Tz4Net/main.htm">TZ4Net</a>
+are similar to Joda Time, but for the .NET framework instead of
+Java. They are freely available under the
+<a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License</a>
+and a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license, respectively.</li>
+<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript">JavaScript</a>-based
+compilers and libraries include:
+<ul>
+<li><a href="http://momentjs.com/timezone/">Moment Timezone</a> is a
+plugin for the <a href="http://momentjs.com">Moment.js</a> date
+manipulation library. It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr>
+license.</li>
+<li><a href="https://github.com/mde/timezone-js">TimezoneJS.Date</a>'s
+<abbr>API</abbr> is upward compatible with standard JavaScript
+Dates. It is freely available under the Apache License.</li>
+<li><a href="https://github.com/sproutsocial/walltime-js">Walltime-js</a>
+translates <abbr>UT</abbr> to local time. It is freely available under
+the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
+</ul>
+<li><a href="http://pytz.sourceforge.net">pytz &ndash; World Timezone
+Definitions for Python</a> compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
+<a href="https://www.python.org">Python</a>.
+It is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
+<li><a href="http://tzinfo.github.io">TZInfo &ndash;
+Ruby Timezone Library</a>
+compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into
+<a href="https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/">Ruby</a>.
+It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
+<li>The <a href="http://www.squeaksource.com/Chronos/">Chronos Date/Time
+Library</a> is
+a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> class
+library that compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> source into a time
+zone repository whose format
+is either proprietary or an <abbr>XML</abbr>-encoded
+representation.</li>
+<li><a href="http://tcl.tk">Tcl</a>
+contains a developer-oriented parser that compiles <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
+source into text files, along with a runtime that can read those
+files. Tcl is freely available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style
+license.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> binary file readers</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>The <a
+href="http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/"><abbr>GNU</abbr> C
+Library</a>
+has an independent, thread-safe implementation of
+a <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> binary file reader.
+This library is freely available under the
+<a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html">
+<abbr>GNU</abbr> Lesser General Public License
+(<abbr title="Lesser General Public License">LGPL</abbr>)</a>,
+and is widely used in <abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux systems.</li>
+<li><a href="https://www.gnome.org">GNOME</a>'s Glib has
+a <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> binary file reader written in C that
+creates a <code>GTimeZone</code> object representing sets
+of <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets.
+It is freely available under the <abbr>LGPL</abbr>.</li>
+<li>The
+<a href="https://github.com/bloomberg/bde/wiki">BDE Standard Library</a>'s
+<code>baltzo::TimeZoneUtil</code> component contains a C++
+implementation of a binary file reader. It is freely available under
+the Apache License.</li>
+<li><a href="https://github.com/google/cctz">CCTZ</a> is a simple C++
+library that translates between UTC and civil time and can read binary
+files. It is freely available under the Apache License.</li>
+<li><a href="http://bmsi.com/java/#TZ">ZoneInfo.java</a>
+is a <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> binary file reader written in Java.
+It is freely available under the <abbr>LGPL</abbr>.</li>
+<li><a href="https://github.com/bigeasy/timezone">Timezone</a> is a
+JavaScript library that supports date arithmetic that is time zone
+aware. It is freely available under the <abbr>MIT</abbr> license.</li>
+<li>Tcl, mentioned above, also contains a
+<code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> binary file reader.</li>
+<li><a href="http://search.cpan.org/perldoc?DateTime::TimeZone::Tzfile">
+DateTime::TimeZone::Tzfile</a>
+is a <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> binary file reader written in Perl.
+It is freely available under the same terms as Perl
+(dual <abbr>GPL</abbr> and Artistic license).</li>
+<li>The
+public-domain <a href="https://github.com/dbaron/tz.js">tz.js</a>
+library contains a Python tool that
+converts <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> binary data into
+<abbr>JSON</abbr>-format data suitable for use
+in its JavaScript library for time zone conversion. Dates before 1970
+are not supported.</li>
+<li>The <a
+href="http://hackage.haskell.org/package/timezone-olson">timezone-olson</a>
+package contains <a href="https://www.haskell.org">Haskell</a> code that
+parses and uses <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> binary data. It is freely
+available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>Other <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>-based time zone software</h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="https://foxclocks.org">FoxClocks</a>
+is an extension for <a href="https://www.google.com/chrome/">Google
+Chrome</a> and for <a
+href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Tech/Toolkit_API">Mozilla
+Toolkit</a> applications like <a
+href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/">Firefox</a> and <a
+href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/thunderbird/">Thunderbird</a>.
+It displays multiple clocks in the application window, and has a mapping
+interface to <a href="https://www.google.com/earth/">Google Earth</a>.
+It is freely available under the <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
+<li><a href="https://golang.org">Go programming language</a>
+implementations contain a copy of a 32-bit subset of a recent
+<code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database in a
+Go-specific format.</li>
+<li><a
+href="http://users.skynet.be/Peter.Verthez/projects/intclock/">International
+clock (intclock)</a> is a clock that displays multiple time zones on
+<abbr>GNU</abbr>/Linux and similar systems. It is freely available
+under the <abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
+<li>Microsoft Windows 8.1
+and later has <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> data and <abbr>CLDR</abbr>
+data (mentioned below) used by
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Runtime">Windows Runtime</a>
+classes such as <a
+href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/apps/windows.globalization.datetimeformatting.datetimeformatter.aspx"><code>DateTimeFormatter</code></a>.
+<a
+href="https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/bclteam/2007/06/07/exploring-windows-time-zones-with-system-timezoneinfo-josh-free/">Exploring
+Windows Time Zones with <code>System.TimeZoneInfo</code></a> describes
+the older, proprietary method of Microsoft Windows 2000 and later,
+which stores time zone data in the
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Registry">Windows Registry</a>. The
+<a
+href="http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/supplemental/zone_tzid.html">Zone &rarr;
+Tzid table</a> or <a
+href="http://unicode.org/repos/cldr/trunk/common/supplemental/windowsZones.xml"><abbr>XML</abbr>
+file</a> of the <abbr>CLDR</abbr> data maps proprietary zone IDs
+to <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> names.
+<li><a
+href="https://www.oracle.com/java/index.html">Oracle
+Java</a> contains a copy of a subset of a recent
+<code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database in a
+Java-specific format.</li>
+<li><a href="https://kimmo.suominen.com/sw/timezone/">Time Zone</a> is
+a <a href="https://wordpress.org">WordPress</a> plugin. It is freely
+available under a <abbr>BSD</abbr>-style license.</li>
+<li><a href="http://www.relativedata.com/time-zone-master">Time Zone
+Master</a> is a Microsoft Windows clock program that can automatically
+download, compile and use the <code>tzdata<var>D</var>.tar.gz</code>
+files as they are released. The Basic version is free.</li>
+<li><a
+href="http://veladg.com/velaterra.html">VelaTerra</a> is
+an <abbr>OS X</abbr> program. Its developers
+<a href="http://veladg.com/tzoffer.html">offer free
+licenses</a> to <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> contributors.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>Other time zone databases</h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="http://www.astro.com/atlas">Time-zone Atlas</a>
+is Astrodienst's Web version of Shanks and Pottenger's
+time zone history atlases published in both <a
+href="http://astrocom.com/astrology-products/software/acs-atlas-software">computer</a>
+and book form (<a
+href="http://www.astrocom.com/astrology/books/american-atlas">one volume
+for the <abbr>US</abbr></a>, and <a
+href="http://www.astrocom.com/astrology/books/international-atlas">one for
+other locations</a>) by <a
+href="http://astrocom.com">Astro Computing Services</a>.
+These atlases are extensive but unreliable, as Shanks appears to have
+guessed many <abbr>UT</abbr> offsets and transitions. The atlases cite no
+sources and do not indicate which entries are guesswork.</li>
+<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX">HP-UX</a> has a database in
+its own <code>tztab</code>(4) format.</li>
+<li>Microsoft Windows has proprietary data mentioned above.</li>
+<li><a href="http://www.worldtimeserver.com">World Time Server</a>
+is another time zone database.</li>
+<li><a href="http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/tzones.html">World Time Zones</a>
+contains data from the Time Service Department of the
+<abbr>US</abbr> Naval Observatory.</li>
+<li>The <a href="http://www.iata.org/publications/Pages/ssim.aspx">Standard
+Schedules Information Manual</a> of the
+International Air Transport Association
+gives current time zone rules for airports served by commercial aviation.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>Maps</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>The <a href="https://www.cia.gov/index.html">United States Central
+Intelligence Agency (<abbr
+title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</abbr>)</a> publishes a <a
+href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/ref_maps/physical/pdf/standard_time_zones_of_the_world.pdf">time
+zone map</a>; the
+<a
+href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/world.html">Perry&ndash;Casta&ntilde;eda
+Library Map Collection</a>
+of the University of Texas at Austin has copies of
+recent editions.
+The pictorial quality is good,
+but the maps do not indicate summer time,
+and parts of the data are a few years out of date.</li>
+<li><a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com">Current time around the world
+and standard time zones map of the world</a>
+has several fancy time zone maps; it covers Russia particularly well.
+The maps' pictorial quality is not quite as good as the
+<abbr>CIA</abbr>'s
+but the maps are more up to date.</li>
+<li><a
+href="http://blog.poormansmath.net/how-much-is-time-wrong-around-the-world/">How
+much is time wrong around the world?</a> maps the difference between
+mean solar and standard time, highlighting areas such as western China
+where the two differ greatly. It's a bit out of date, unfortunately.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>Time zone boundaries</h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="http://efele.net/maps/tz/"><abbr>TZ</abbr> timezones
+maps</a> contains <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapefile">shapefiles</a> of
+sets of <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> regions.</li>
+<li>The <a href="https://github.com/bradfitz/latlong">latlong package</a>
+maps geographical coordinates to a <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> region.
+It is written in Go and is freely available under the Apache License.</li>
+<li><a href="https://derickrethans.nl/what-time-is-it.html">What Time
+is It Here?</a> applies <a href="https://www.mongodb.com">MongoDB</a>
+geospatial query operators to shapefiles' data.</li>
+<li><a href="http://statoids.com/statoids.html">Administrative
+Divisions of Countries ("Statoids")</a> contains lists of
+political subdivision data related to time zones.</li>
+<li><a href="http://home.kpn.nl/vanadovv/time/Multizones.html">Time
+zone boundaries for multizone countries</a> summarizes legal
+boundaries between time zones within countries.</li>
+<li>Manifold.net's <a
+href="http://manifold.net/info/freestuff.shtml">Free Stuff for
+Manifold System Users</a> includes a Manifold-format map of
+world time zone boundaries distributed under the
+<abbr>GPL</abbr>.</li>
+<li>The GeoCommunity lists several commercial sources for <a
+href="http://spatialnews.geocomm.com/features/timezones/">International
+Time Zones and Time Zone Data</a>.</li>
+<li>A ship within the <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters">territorial
+waters</a> of any nation uses that nation's time. In international
+waters, time zone boundaries are meridians 15&deg; apart, except that
+<abbr>UTC</abbr>&minus;12 and <abbr>UTC</abbr>+12 are each 7.5&deg;
+wide and are separated by
+the 180&deg; meridian (not by the International Date Line, which is
+for land and territorial waters only). A captain can change ship's
+clocks any time after entering a new time zone; midnight changes are
+common.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>Civil time concepts and history</h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="http://www.nist.gov/pml/general/time/index.cfm">A
+Walk through Time</a>
+surveys the evolution of timekeeping.</li>
+<li><a href="http://www.webexhibits.org/daylightsaving/">About Daylight
+Saving Time &ndash; History, rationale, laws &amp; dates</a>
+is an overall history of <abbr>DST</abbr>.</li>
+<li><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/timezone/">Working with Time Zones</a>
+contains guidelines and best practices for software applications that
+deal with civil time.</li>
+<li><a href="http://energy.ca.gov/daylightsaving.html">Saving Time,
+Saving Energy</a> discusses a primary justification for <abbr>DST</abbr>.</li>
+<li><a href="http://seizethedaylight.com/dst/">A Brief
+History of Daylight Saving Time</a> summarizes some of the contentious
+history of <abbr>DST</abbr>.</li>
+<li><a href="http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm">A History of
+the International Date Line</a> tells the story of the most important
+time zone boundary.</li>
+<li><a href="http://statoids.com/tconcept.html">Basic Time
+Zone Concepts</a> discusses terminological issues behind time zones.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>National histories of legal time</h2>
+<dl>
+<dt>Australia</dt>
+<dd>The Parliamentary Library has commissioned a <a
+href="http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2009-10/10rp10.pdf">research
+paper on daylight saving time in Australia</a>.
+The Bureau of Meteorology publishes a list of <a
+href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">Implementation
+Dates of Daylight Savings Time within Australia</a>.</dd>
+<dt>Belgium</dt>
+<dd>The Royal Observatory of Belgium maintains a table of <a
+href="http://www.astro.oma.be/GENERAL/INFO/nli001a.html"
+hreflang="nl">time in Belgium (in Dutch)</a>.</dd>
+<dt>Brazil</dt>
+<dd>The Time Service Department of the National Observatory
+records <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html"
+hreflang="pt-BR">Brazil's daylight saving time decrees (in
+Portuguese)</a>.</dd>
+<dt>Canada</dt>
+<dd>National Research Council Canada publishes current
+and some older information about <a
+href="http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/services/time/time_zones.html">time
+zones &amp; daylight saving time</a>.</dd>
+<dt>Chile</dt>
+<dd>The Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Chilean Navy publishes a
+<a href="http://www.horaoficial.cl/historia_hora.html" hreflang="es">history of
+Chile's official time (in Spanish)</a>.</dd>
+<dt>Germany</dt>
+<dd>The National Institute for Science and Technology maintains the <a
+href="http://www.ptb.de/cms/en/fachabteilungen/abt4/fb-44/ag-441/realisation-of-legal-time-in-germany.html">Realisation
+of Legal Time in Germany</a>.</dd>
+<dt>Israel</dt>
+<dd>The Interior Ministry periodically issues <a
+href="ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements"
+hreflang="he">announcements (in Hebrew)</a>.</dd>
+<dt>Mexico</dt>
+<dd>The Investigation and Analysis Service of the Mexican Library of
+Congress has published a <a
+href="http://www.diputados.gob.mx/bibliot/publica/inveyana/polisoc/horver/index.htm"
+hreflang="es">history of Mexican local time (in Spanish)</a>.</dd>
+<dt>Malaysia</dt>
+<dd>See Singapore below.</dd>
+<dt>Netherlands</dt>
+<dd><a href="http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm"
+hreflang="nl">Legal time in the Netherlands (in Dutch)</a>
+covers the history of local time in the Netherlands from ancient times.</dd>
+<dt>New Zealand</dt>
+<dd>The Department of Internal Affairs maintains a brief <a
+href="http://www.dia.govt.nz/Daylight-Saving-History">History of
+Daylight Saving</a>. The privately-maintained <a
+href="http://astrologyschool.com/nztime.html">History of New Zealand
+time</a> has more details.</dd>
+<dt>Singapore</dt>
+<dd><a
+href="http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html">Why
+is Singapore in the "Wrong" Time Zone?</a> details the
+history of legal time in Singapore and Malaysia.</dd>
+<dt>United Kingdom</dt>
+<dd><a
+href="https://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">History of
+legal time in Britain</a> discusses in detail the country
+with perhaps the best-documented history of clock adjustments.
+The National Physical Laboratory also maintains an <a
+href="http://www.npl.co.uk/educate-explore/what-is-time/archive-of-summer-time-dates-1916-2006">Archive
+of Summer time dates</a>.</dd>
+<dt>United States</dt>
+<dd>The Department of Transportation's <a
+href="https://www.transportation.gov/regulations/recent-time-zone-proceedings">Recent
+Time Zone Proceedings</a> lists changes to time zone boundaries.</dd>
+</dl>
+<h2>Precision timekeeping</h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a
+href="http://literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5965-7984E.pdf">The
+Science of Timekeeping</a> is a thorough introduction
+to the theory and practice of precision timekeeping.</li>
+<li><a href="http://www.ntp.org"><abbr
+title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</abbr>: The Network
+Time Protocol</a>
+discusses how to synchronize clocks of
+Internet hosts.</li>
+<li>The <a href="http://www.nist.gov/el/isd/ieee/ieee1588.cfm">Precision
+Time Protocol</a> (<abbr
+title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</abbr> 1588)
+can achieve submicrosecond clock accuracy on a local area network.</li>
+<li><a
+href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4833">Timezone
+Options for <abbr title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</abbr></a>
+(Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 4833)
+specifies a <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol"><abbr>DHCP</abbr></a>
+option for a server to configure
+a client's time zone and daylight saving settings automatically.</li>
+<li><a href="http://gauss.gge.unb.ca/GMT.UT.and.the.RGO.html">A Few Facts
+Concerning <abbr>GMT</abbr>, <abbr>UT</abbr>, and
+the <abbr title="Royal Greenwich Observatory">RGO</abbr></a>
+answers questions like "What is the
+difference between <abbr>GMT</abbr> and <abbr>UTC</abbr>?"</li>
+<li><a
+href="http://www.cv.nrao.edu/~rfisher/Ephemerides/times.html">Astronomical
+Times</a> explains more abstruse astronomical time scales like
+<abbr title="Terrestrial Dynamic Time">TDT</abbr>,
+<abbr title="Geocentric Coordinate Time">TCG</abbr>, and
+<abbr title="Barycentric Dynamic Time">TDB</abbr>.
+<a href="http://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/timescales.html">Time
+Scales</a> goes into more detail, particularly for historical variants.</li>
+<li>The <a href="http://iau.org"><abbr
+title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</abbr></a>'s <a
+href="http://www.iausofa.org"><abbr
+title="Standards Of Fundamental Astronomy">SOFA</abbr></a>
+collection contains C and <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran">Fortran</a>
+code for converting among time scales like
+<abbr title="International Atomic Time">TAI</abbr>,
+<abbr>TDB</abbr>, <abbr>TDT</abbr> and
+<abbr>UTC</abbr>.</li>
+<li><a href="http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/bsf2-3.php">Basics of
+Space Flight &ndash; Reference Systems &ndash; Time Conventions</a>
+briefly explains interplanetary space flight timekeeping.</li>
+<li><a
+href="http://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/mars24/help/notes.html">Technical
+Notes on Mars Solar Time as Adopted by the Mars24 Sunclock</a> briefly
+describes Mars Coordinated Time (<abbr
+title="Mars Coordinated Time">MTC</abbr>) and the
+diverse local time
+scales used by each landed mission on Mars.</li>
+<li><a href="http://leapsecond.com">LeapSecond.com</a> is
+dedicated not only to leap seconds but to precise time and frequency
+in general. It covers the state of the art in amateur timekeeping, and
+how the art has progressed over the past few decades.</li>
+<li><a
+href="https://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Publications/Bulletins/bulletins.html"><abbr
+title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">IERS</abbr>
+Bulletins</a> contains official publications of the International
+Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, which decides
+when leap seconds occur.</li>
+<li>The <a
+href="https://pairlist6.pair.net/mailman/listinfo/leapsecs">Leap
+Second Discussion List</a> covers <a
+href="http://gauss.gge.unb.ca/papers.pdf/gpsworld.november99.pdf">McCarthy
+and Klepczynski's proposal to discontinue leap seconds</a>,
+discussed further in
+<a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/time/metrologia-leapsecond.pdf">The
+leap second: its history and possible future</a>.
+<a href="http://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/"><abbr>UTC</abbr>
+might be redefined
+without Leap Seconds</a> gives pointers on this
+contentious issue.</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>Time notation</h2>
+<ul>
+<li>The <a href="http://cldr.unicode.org">Unicode Common Locale Data
+Repository (<abbr>CLDR</abbr>) Project</a> has localizations for time
+zone names, abbreviations, identifiers, and formats. For example, it
+contains French translations for "Eastern European Summer Time",
+"<abbr title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</abbr>", and
+"Bucharest". Its
+<a href="http://unicode.org/cldr/charts/by_type/index.html">by-type
+charts</a> show these values for many locales. Data values are available in
+both <abbr title="Locale Data Markup Language">LDML</abbr>
+(an <abbr>XML</abbr> format) and <abbr>JSON</abbr>.
+<li>
+<a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-time.html">A summary of
+the international standard date and time notation</a> is a good
+summary of
+<a
+href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=40874"><abbr
+title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</abbr>
+8601:2004 &ndash; Data elements and interchange formats &ndash; Information
+interchange &ndash; Representation of dates and times</a>.</li>
+<li>
+<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-2/#dateTime"><abbr>XML</abbr>
+Schema: Datatypes &ndash; dateTime</a> specifies a format inspired by
+<abbr>ISO</abbr> 8601 that is in common use in <abbr>XML</abbr> data.</li>
+<li>
+<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5322">Internet
+Message Format</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 5322) &sect;3.3
+specifies the time notation used in email and <a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol"><abbr>HTTP</abbr></a>
+headers.</li>
+<li>
+<a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3339">Date and Time
+on the Internet: Timestamps</a> (Internet <abbr>RFC</abbr> 3339)
+specifies an <abbr>ISO</abbr> 8601
+profile for use in new Internet
+protocols.</li>
+<li>
+<a href="https://www.hackcraft.net/web/datetime/">Date &amp; Time
+Formats on the Web</a> surveys web- and Internet-oriented date and time
+formats.</li>
+<li>
+<a href="http://exit109.com/~ghealton/y2k/yrexamples.html">The
+Best of Dates, the Worst of Dates</a> covers many problems encountered
+by software developers when handling dates and time stamps.</li>
+<li>Alphabetic time zone abbreviations should not be used as unique
+identifiers for <abbr>UTC</abbr> offsets as they are ambiguous in
+practice. For example, in English-speaking North America
+"<abbr>CST</abbr>" denotes 6 hours behind <abbr>UTC</abbr>,
+but in China it denotes 8 hours ahead of <abbr>UTC</abbr>,
+and French-speaking North Americans prefer
+"<abbr title="Heure Normale du Centre">HNC</abbr>" to
+"<abbr>CST</abbr>". For <abbr>POSIX</abbr> the <code><abbr>tz</abbr></code>
+database contains English abbreviations for all time stamps but in
+many cases these are merely inventions of the database
+maintainers.</li>
+<li>Numeric time zone abbreviations typically count hours east of
+<abbr>UTC</abbr>, e.g., +09 for Japan and
+&minus;10 for Hawaii. However, the <abbr>POSIX</abbr>
+<code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code> environment variable uses the opposite convention.
+For example, one might use <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="<abbr
+title="Japan Standard Time">JST</abbr>-9"</code> and
+<code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="<abbr title="Hawaii Standard Time">HST</abbr>10"</code>
+for Japan and Hawaii, respectively. If the
+<code><abbr>tz</abbr></code> database is available, it is usually better to use
+settings like <code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="Asia/Tokyo"</code> and
+<code><abbr>TZ</abbr>="Pacific/Honolulu"</code> instead, as this should avoid
+confusion, handle old time stamps better, and insulate you better from
+any future changes to the rules. One should never set
+<abbr>POSIX</abbr> <code><abbr>TZ</abbr></code> to a value like
+<code>"GMT-9"</code>, though, since this would falsely claim that
+local time is nine hours ahead of <abbr>UTC</abbr> and the time zone
+is called "<abbr>GMT</abbr>".</li>
+</ul>
+<h2>See also</h2>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="tz-art.htm">Time and the Arts</a></li>
+</ul>
+<hr>
+<address>
+This web page is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+<br>
+Please send corrections to this web page to the
+<a href="mailto:tz@iana.org">time zone mailing list</a>.
+</address>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/tz/tzfile.5 b/tz/tzfile.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7e6d45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/tzfile.5
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+.TH TZFILE 5
+.SH NAME
+tzfile \- time zone information
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+The time zone information files used by
+.IR tzset (3)
+begin with the magic characters "TZif" to identify them as
+time zone information files,
+followed by a character identifying the version of the file's format
+(as of 2013, either an ASCII NUL, or '2', or '3')
+followed by fifteen bytes containing zeroes reserved for future use,
+followed by six four-byte integer values
+written in a standard byte order
+(the high-order byte of the value is written first).
+These values are,
+in order:
+.TP
+.I tzh_ttisgmtcnt
+The number of UT/local indicators stored in the file.
+.TP
+.I tzh_ttisstdcnt
+The number of standard/wall indicators stored in the file.
+.TP
+.I tzh_leapcnt
+The number of leap seconds for which data entries are stored in the file.
+.TP
+.I tzh_timecnt
+The number of transition times for which data entries are stored
+in the file.
+.TP
+.I tzh_typecnt
+The number of local time types for which data entries are stored
+in the file (must not be zero).
+.TP
+.I tzh_charcnt
+The number of characters of time zone abbreviation strings
+stored in the file.
+.PP
+The above header is followed by
+.I tzh_timecnt
+four-byte signed integer values sorted in ascending order.
+These values are written in standard byte order.
+Each is used as a transition time (as returned by
+.IR time (2))
+at which the rules for computing local time change.
+Next come
+.I tzh_timecnt
+one-byte unsigned integer values;
+each one tells which of the different types of local time types
+described in the file is associated with the time period
+starting with the same-indexed transition time.
+These values serve as indices into an array of
+.I ttinfo
+structures (with
+.I tzh_typecnt
+entries) that appears next in the file;
+these structures are defined as follows:
+.in +.5i
+.sp
+.nf
+.ta .5i +\w'unsigned char\0\0'u
+struct ttinfo {
+	int32_t	tt_gmtoff;
+	unsigned char	tt_isdst;
+	unsigned char	tt_abbrind;
+};
+.in -.5i
+.fi
+.sp
+Each structure is written as a four-byte signed integer value for
+.IR tt_gmtoff ,
+in a standard byte order, followed by a one-byte value for
+.I tt_isdst
+and a one-byte value for
+.IR tt_abbrind .
+In each structure,
+.I tt_gmtoff
+gives the number of seconds to be added to UT,
+.I tt_isdst
+tells whether
+.I tm_isdst
+should be set by
+.I localtime (3)
+and
+.I tt_abbrind
+serves as an index into the array of time zone abbreviation characters
+that follow the
+.I ttinfo
+structure(s) in the file.
+.PP
+Then there are
+.I tzh_leapcnt
+pairs of four-byte values, written in standard byte order;
+the first value of each pair gives the time
+(as returned by
+.IR time(2))
+at which a leap second occurs;
+the second gives the
+.I total
+number of leap seconds to be applied during the time period
+starting at the given time.
+The pairs of values are sorted in ascending order by time.
+.PP
+Then there are
+.I tzh_ttisstdcnt
+standard/wall indicators, each stored as a one-byte value;
+they tell whether the transition times associated with local time types
+were specified as standard time or wall clock time,
+and are used when a time zone file is used in handling POSIX-style
+time zone environment variables.
+.PP
+Finally there are
+.I tzh_ttisgmtcnt
+UT/local indicators, each stored as a one-byte value;
+they tell whether the transition times associated with local time types
+were specified as UT or local time,
+and are used when a time zone file is used in handling POSIX-style
+time zone environment variables.
+.PP
+.I Localtime
+uses the first standard-time
+.I ttinfo
+structure in the file
+(or simply the first
+.I ttinfo
+structure in the absence of a standard-time structure)
+if either
+.I tzh_timecnt
+is zero or the time argument is less than the first transition time recorded
+in the file.
+.PP
+For version-2-format time zone files,
+the above header and data are followed by a second header and data,
+identical in format except that
+eight bytes are used for each transition time or leap second time.
+After the second header and data comes a newline-enclosed,
+POSIX-TZ-environment-variable-style string for use in handling instants
+after the last transition time stored in the file
+(with nothing between the newlines if there is no POSIX representation for
+such instants).
+.PP
+For version-3-format time zone files, the POSIX-TZ-style string may
+use two minor extensions to the POSIX TZ format, as described in
+.IR newtzset (3).
+First, the hours part of its transition times may be signed and range from
+\-167 through 167 instead of the POSIX-required unsigned values
+from 0 through 24.  Second, DST is in effect all year if it starts
+January 1 at 00:00 and ends December 31 at 24:00 plus the difference
+between daylight saving and standard time.
+.PP
+Future changes to the format may append more data.
+.SH SEE ALSO
+newctime(3), newtzset(3), zdump(8), zic(8)
+.\" This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+.\" 1996-06-05 by Arthur David Olson.
diff --git a/tz/tzfile.h b/tz/tzfile.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebecd68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/tzfile.h
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+#ifndef TZFILE_H
+
+#define TZFILE_H
+
+/*
+** This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+** 1996-06-05 by Arthur David Olson.
+*/
+
+/*
+** This header is for use ONLY with the time conversion code.
+** There is no guarantee that it will remain unchanged,
+** or that it will remain at all.
+** Do NOT copy it to any system include directory.
+** Thank you!
+*/
+
+/*
+** Information about time zone files.
+*/
+
+#ifndef TZDIR
+#define TZDIR	"/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo" /* Time zone object file directory */
+#endif /* !defined TZDIR */
+
+#ifndef TZDEFAULT
+#define TZDEFAULT	"localtime"
+#endif /* !defined TZDEFAULT */
+
+#ifndef TZDEFRULES
+#define TZDEFRULES	"posixrules"
+#endif /* !defined TZDEFRULES */
+
+/*
+** Each file begins with. . .
+*/
+
+#define	TZ_MAGIC	"TZif"
+
+struct tzhead {
+	char	tzh_magic[4];		/* TZ_MAGIC */
+	char	tzh_version[1];		/* '\0' or '2' or '3' as of 2013 */
+	char	tzh_reserved[15];	/* reserved; must be zero */
+	char	tzh_ttisgmtcnt[4];	/* coded number of trans. time flags */
+	char	tzh_ttisstdcnt[4];	/* coded number of trans. time flags */
+	char	tzh_leapcnt[4];		/* coded number of leap seconds */
+	char	tzh_timecnt[4];		/* coded number of transition times */
+	char	tzh_typecnt[4];		/* coded number of local time types */
+	char	tzh_charcnt[4];		/* coded number of abbr. chars */
+};
+
+/*
+** . . .followed by. . .
+**
+**	tzh_timecnt (char [4])s		coded transition times a la time(2)
+**	tzh_timecnt (unsigned char)s	types of local time starting at above
+**	tzh_typecnt repetitions of
+**		one (char [4])		coded UT offset in seconds
+**		one (unsigned char)	used to set tm_isdst
+**		one (unsigned char)	that's an abbreviation list index
+**	tzh_charcnt (char)s		'\0'-terminated zone abbreviations
+**	tzh_leapcnt repetitions of
+**		one (char [4])		coded leap second transition times
+**		one (char [4])		total correction after above
+**	tzh_ttisstdcnt (char)s		indexed by type; if 1, transition
+**					time is standard time, if 0,
+**					transition time is wall clock time
+**					if absent, transition times are
+**					assumed to be wall clock time
+**	tzh_ttisgmtcnt (char)s		indexed by type; if 1, transition
+**					time is UT, if 0,
+**					transition time is local time
+**					if absent, transition times are
+**					assumed to be local time
+*/
+
+/*
+** If tzh_version is '2' or greater, the above is followed by a second instance
+** of tzhead and a second instance of the data in which each coded transition
+** time uses 8 rather than 4 chars,
+** then a POSIX-TZ-environment-variable-style string for use in handling
+** instants after the last transition time stored in the file
+** (with nothing between the newlines if there is no POSIX representation for
+** such instants).
+**
+** If tz_version is '3' or greater, the above is extended as follows.
+** First, the POSIX TZ string's hour offset may range from -167
+** through 167 as compared to the POSIX-required 0 through 24.
+** Second, its DST start time may be January 1 at 00:00 and its stop
+** time December 31 at 24:00 plus the difference between DST and
+** standard time, indicating DST all year.
+*/
+
+/*
+** In the current implementation, "tzset()" refuses to deal with files that
+** exceed any of the limits below.
+*/
+
+#ifndef TZ_MAX_TIMES
+#define TZ_MAX_TIMES	2000
+#endif /* !defined TZ_MAX_TIMES */
+
+#ifndef TZ_MAX_TYPES
+/* This must be at least 17 for Europe/Samara and Europe/Vilnius.  */
+#define TZ_MAX_TYPES	256 /* Limited by what (unsigned char)'s can hold */
+#endif /* !defined TZ_MAX_TYPES */
+
+#ifndef TZ_MAX_CHARS
+#define TZ_MAX_CHARS	50	/* Maximum number of abbreviation characters */
+				/* (limited by what unsigned chars can hold) */
+#endif /* !defined TZ_MAX_CHARS */
+
+#ifndef TZ_MAX_LEAPS
+#define TZ_MAX_LEAPS	50	/* Maximum number of leap second corrections */
+#endif /* !defined TZ_MAX_LEAPS */
+
+#define SECSPERMIN	60
+#define MINSPERHOUR	60
+#define HOURSPERDAY	24
+#define DAYSPERWEEK	7
+#define DAYSPERNYEAR	365
+#define DAYSPERLYEAR	366
+#define SECSPERHOUR	(SECSPERMIN * MINSPERHOUR)
+#define SECSPERDAY	((int_fast32_t) SECSPERHOUR * HOURSPERDAY)
+#define MONSPERYEAR	12
+
+#define TM_SUNDAY	0
+#define TM_MONDAY	1
+#define TM_TUESDAY	2
+#define TM_WEDNESDAY	3
+#define TM_THURSDAY	4
+#define TM_FRIDAY	5
+#define TM_SATURDAY	6
+
+#define TM_JANUARY	0
+#define TM_FEBRUARY	1
+#define TM_MARCH	2
+#define TM_APRIL	3
+#define TM_MAY		4
+#define TM_JUNE		5
+#define TM_JULY		6
+#define TM_AUGUST	7
+#define TM_SEPTEMBER	8
+#define TM_OCTOBER	9
+#define TM_NOVEMBER	10
+#define TM_DECEMBER	11
+
+#define TM_YEAR_BASE	1900
+
+#define EPOCH_YEAR	1970
+#define EPOCH_WDAY	TM_THURSDAY
+
+#define isleap(y) (((y) % 4) == 0 && (((y) % 100) != 0 || ((y) % 400) == 0))
+
+/*
+** Since everything in isleap is modulo 400 (or a factor of 400), we know that
+**	isleap(y) == isleap(y % 400)
+** and so
+**	isleap(a + b) == isleap((a + b) % 400)
+** or
+**	isleap(a + b) == isleap(a % 400 + b % 400)
+** This is true even if % means modulo rather than Fortran remainder
+** (which is allowed by C89 but not C99).
+** We use this to avoid addition overflow problems.
+*/
+
+#define isleap_sum(a, b)	isleap((a) % 400 + (b) % 400)
+
+#endif /* !defined TZFILE_H */
diff --git a/tz/tzselect.8 b/tz/tzselect.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb39e1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/tzselect.8
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+.TH TZSELECT 8
+.SH NAME
+tzselect \- select a time zone
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.ie \n(.g .ds - \f(CW-\fP
+.el ds - \-
+.B tzselect
+[
+.B \*-c
+.I coord
+] [
+.B \*-n
+.I limit
+] [
+.B \*-\*-help
+] [
+.B \*-\*-version
+]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+The
+.B tzselect
+program asks the user for information about the current location,
+and outputs the resulting time zone description to standard output.
+The output is suitable as a value for the TZ environment variable.
+.PP
+All interaction with the user is done via standard input and standard error.
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+.BI "\*-c " coord
+Instead of asking for continent and then country and then city,
+ask for selection from time zones whose largest cities
+are closest to the location with geographical coordinates
+.I coord.
+Use ISO 6709 notation for
+.I coord,
+that is, a latitude immediately followed by a longitude.  The latitude
+and longitude should be signed integers followed by an optional
+decimal point and fraction: positive numbers represent north and east,
+negative south and west.  Latitudes with two and longitudes with three
+integer digits are treated as degrees; latitudes with four or six and
+longitudes with five or seven integer digits are treated as
+.I "DDMM, DDDMM, DDMMSS,"
+or
+.I DDDMMSS
+representing
+.I DD
+or
+.I DDD
+degrees,
+.I MM
+minutes,
+and zero or
+.I SS
+seconds, with any trailing fractions represent fractional minutes or
+(if
+.I SS
+is present) seconds.  The decimal point is that of the current locale.
+For example, in the (default) C locale,
+.B "\*-c\ +40.689\*-074.045"
+specifies 40.689\(de\|N, 74.045\(de\|W,
+.B "\*-c\ +4041.4\*-07402.7"
+specifies 40\(de\|41.4\(fm\|N, 74\(de\|2.7\(fm\|W, and
+.B "\*-c\ +404121\*-0740240"
+specifies 40\(de\|41\(fm\|21\(sd\|N, 74\(de\|2\(fm\|40\(sd\|W.
+If
+.I coord
+is not one of the documented forms, the resulting behavior is unspecified.
+.TP
+.BI "\*-n " limit
+When
+.B \*-c
+is used, display the closest
+.I limit
+locations (default 10).
+.TP
+.B "\*-\*-help"
+Output help information and exit.
+.TP
+.B "\*-\*-version"
+Output version information and exit.
+.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
+.TP
+\f3AWK\fP
+Name of a Posix-compliant
+.I awk
+program (default:
+.BR awk ).
+.TP
+\f3TZDIR\fP
+Name of the directory containing time zone data files (default:
+.BR /usr/local/etc/zoneinfo ).
+.SH FILES
+.TP
+\f2TZDIR\fP\f3/iso3166.tab\fP
+Table of ISO 3166 2-letter country codes and country names.
+.TP
+\f2TZDIR\fP\f3/zone1970.tab\fP
+Table of country codes, latitude and longitude, zone names, and
+descriptive comments.
+.TP
+\f2TZDIR\fP\f3/\fP\f2TZ\fP
+Time zone data file for time zone \f2TZ\fP.
+.SH "EXIT STATUS"
+The exit status is zero if a time zone was successfully obtained from the user,
+nonzero otherwise.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+newctime(3), tzfile(5), zdump(8), zic(8)
+.SH NOTES
+Applications should not assume that
+.BR tzselect 's
+output matches the user's political preferences.
+.\" This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+.\" 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
diff --git a/tz/tzselect.ksh b/tz/tzselect.ksh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2c3a6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/tzselect.ksh
@@ -0,0 +1,559 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+PKGVERSION='(tzcode) '
+TZVERSION=see_Makefile
+REPORT_BUGS_TO=tz@iana.org
+
+# Ask the user about the time zone, and output the resulting TZ value to stdout.
+# Interact with the user via stderr and stdin.
+
+# Contributed by Paul Eggert.  This file is in the public domain.
+
+# Porting notes:
+#
+# This script requires a Posix-like shell and prefers the extension of a
+# 'select' statement.  The 'select' statement was introduced in the
+# Korn shell and is available in Bash and other shell implementations.
+# If your host lacks both Bash and the Korn shell, you can get their
+# source from one of these locations:
+#
+#	Bash <http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/bash.html>
+#	Korn Shell <http://www.kornshell.com/>
+#	Public Domain Korn Shell <http://www.cs.mun.ca/~michael/pdksh/>
+#
+# For portability to Solaris 9 /bin/sh this script avoids some POSIX
+# features and common extensions, such as $(...) (which works sometimes
+# but not others), $((...)), and $10.
+#
+# This script also uses several features of modern awk programs.
+# If your host lacks awk, or has an old awk that does not conform to Posix,
+# you can use either of the following free programs instead:
+#
+#	Gawk (GNU awk) <http://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/>
+#	mawk <http://invisible-island.net/mawk/>
+
+
+# Specify default values for environment variables if they are unset.
+: ${AWK=awk}
+: ${TZDIR=`pwd`}
+
+# Output one argument as-is to standard output.
+# Safer than 'echo', which can mishandle '\' or leading '-'.
+say() {
+    printf '%s\n' "$1"
+}
+
+# Check for awk Posix compliance.
+($AWK -v x=y 'BEGIN { exit 123 }') </dev/null >/dev/null 2>&1
+[ $? = 123 ] || {
+	say >&2 "$0: Sorry, your '$AWK' program is not Posix compatible."
+	exit 1
+}
+
+coord=
+location_limit=10
+zonetabtype=zone1970
+
+usage="Usage: tzselect [--version] [--help] [-c COORD] [-n LIMIT]
+Select a time zone interactively.
+
+Options:
+
+  -c COORD
+    Instead of asking for continent and then country and then city,
+    ask for selection from time zones whose largest cities
+    are closest to the location with geographical coordinates COORD.
+    COORD should use ISO 6709 notation, for example, '-c +4852+00220'
+    for Paris (in degrees and minutes, North and East), or
+    '-c -35-058' for Buenos Aires (in degrees, South and West).
+
+  -n LIMIT
+    Display at most LIMIT locations when -c is used (default $location_limit).
+
+  --version
+    Output version information.
+
+  --help
+    Output this help.
+
+Report bugs to $REPORT_BUGS_TO."
+
+# Ask the user to select from the function's arguments,
+# and assign the selected argument to the variable 'select_result'.
+# Exit on EOF or I/O error.  Use the shell's 'select' builtin if available,
+# falling back on a less-nice but portable substitute otherwise.
+if
+  case $BASH_VERSION in
+  ?*) : ;;
+  '')
+    # '; exit' should be redundant, but Dash doesn't properly fail without it.
+    (eval 'set --; select x; do break; done; exit') </dev/null 2>/dev/null
+  esac
+then
+  # Do this inside 'eval', as otherwise the shell might exit when parsing it
+  # even though it is never executed.
+  eval '
+    doselect() {
+      select select_result
+      do
+	case $select_result in
+	"") echo >&2 "Please enter a number in range." ;;
+	?*) break
+	esac
+      done || exit
+    }
+
+    # Work around a bug in bash 1.14.7 and earlier, where $PS3 is sent to stdout.
+    case $BASH_VERSION in
+    [01].*)
+      case `echo 1 | (select x in x; do break; done) 2>/dev/null` in
+      ?*) PS3=
+      esac
+    esac
+  '
+else
+  doselect() {
+    # Field width of the prompt numbers.
+    select_width=`expr $# : '.*'`
+
+    select_i=
+
+    while :
+    do
+      case $select_i in
+      '')
+	select_i=0
+	for select_word
+	do
+	  select_i=`expr $select_i + 1`
+	  printf >&2 "%${select_width}d) %s\\n" $select_i "$select_word"
+	done ;;
+      *[!0-9]*)
+	echo >&2 'Please enter a number in range.' ;;
+      *)
+	if test 1 -le $select_i && test $select_i -le $#; then
+	  shift `expr $select_i - 1`
+	  select_result=$1
+	  break
+	fi
+	echo >&2 'Please enter a number in range.'
+      esac
+
+      # Prompt and read input.
+      printf >&2 %s "${PS3-#? }"
+      read select_i || exit
+    done
+  }
+fi
+
+while getopts c:n:t:-: opt
+do
+    case $opt$OPTARG in
+    c*)
+	coord=$OPTARG ;;
+    n*)
+	location_limit=$OPTARG ;;
+    t*) # Undocumented option, used for developer testing.
+	zonetabtype=$OPTARG ;;
+    -help)
+	exec echo "$usage" ;;
+    -version)
+	exec echo "tzselect $PKGVERSION$TZVERSION" ;;
+    -*)
+	say >&2 "$0: -$opt$OPTARG: unknown option; try '$0 --help'"; exit 1 ;;
+    *)
+	say >&2 "$0: try '$0 --help'"; exit 1 ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+shift `expr $OPTIND - 1`
+case $# in
+0) ;;
+*) say >&2 "$0: $1: unknown argument"; exit 1 ;;
+esac
+
+# Make sure the tables are readable.
+TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE=$TZDIR/iso3166.tab
+TZ_ZONE_TABLE=$TZDIR/$zonetabtype.tab
+for f in $TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE $TZ_ZONE_TABLE
+do
+	<"$f" || {
+		say >&2 "$0: time zone files are not set up correctly"
+		exit 1
+	}
+done
+
+# If the current locale does not support UTF-8, convert data to current
+# locale's format if possible, as the shell aligns columns better that way.
+# Check the UTF-8 of U+12345 CUNEIFORM SIGN URU TIMES KI.
+! $AWK 'BEGIN { u12345 = "\360\222\215\205"; exit length(u12345) != 1 }' &&
+    { tmp=`(mktemp -d) 2>/dev/null` || {
+	tmp=${TMPDIR-/tmp}/tzselect.$$ &&
+	(umask 77 && mkdir -- "$tmp")
+    };} &&
+    trap 'status=$?; rm -fr -- "$tmp"; exit $status' 0 HUP INT PIPE TERM &&
+    (iconv -f UTF-8 -t //TRANSLIT <"$TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE" >$tmp/iso3166.tab) \
+        2>/dev/null &&
+    TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE=$tmp/iso3166.tab &&
+    iconv -f UTF-8 -t //TRANSLIT <"$TZ_ZONE_TABLE" >$tmp/$zonetabtype.tab &&
+    TZ_ZONE_TABLE=$tmp/$zonetabtype.tab
+
+newline='
+'
+IFS=$newline
+
+
+# Awk script to read a time zone table and output the same table,
+# with each column preceded by its distance from 'here'.
+output_distances='
+  BEGIN {
+    FS = "\t"
+    while (getline <TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE)
+      if ($0 ~ /^[^#]/)
+        country[$1] = $2
+    country["US"] = "US" # Otherwise the strings get too long.
+  }
+  function abs(x) {
+    return x < 0 ? -x : x;
+  }
+  function min(x, y) {
+    return x < y ? x : y;
+  }
+  function convert_coord(coord, deg, minute, ilen, sign, sec) {
+    if (coord ~ /^[-+]?[0-9]?[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]([^0-9]|$)/) {
+      degminsec = coord
+      intdeg = degminsec < 0 ? -int(-degminsec / 10000) : int(degminsec / 10000)
+      minsec = degminsec - intdeg * 10000
+      intmin = minsec < 0 ? -int(-minsec / 100) : int(minsec / 100)
+      sec = minsec - intmin * 100
+      deg = (intdeg * 3600 + intmin * 60 + sec) / 3600
+    } else if (coord ~ /^[-+]?[0-9]?[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]([^0-9]|$)/) {
+      degmin = coord
+      intdeg = degmin < 0 ? -int(-degmin / 100) : int(degmin / 100)
+      minute = degmin - intdeg * 100
+      deg = (intdeg * 60 + minute) / 60
+    } else
+      deg = coord
+    return deg * 0.017453292519943296
+  }
+  function convert_latitude(coord) {
+    match(coord, /..*[-+]/)
+    return convert_coord(substr(coord, 1, RLENGTH - 1))
+  }
+  function convert_longitude(coord) {
+    match(coord, /..*[-+]/)
+    return convert_coord(substr(coord, RLENGTH))
+  }
+  # Great-circle distance between points with given latitude and longitude.
+  # Inputs and output are in radians.  This uses the great-circle special
+  # case of the Vicenty formula for distances on ellipsoids.
+  function gcdist(lat1, long1, lat2, long2, dlong, x, y, num, denom) {
+    dlong = long2 - long1
+    x = cos(lat2) * sin(dlong)
+    y = cos(lat1) * sin(lat2) - sin(lat1) * cos(lat2) * cos(dlong)
+    num = sqrt(x * x + y * y)
+    denom = sin(lat1) * sin(lat2) + cos(lat1) * cos(lat2) * cos(dlong)
+    return atan2(num, denom)
+  }
+  # Parallel distance between points with given latitude and longitude.
+  # This is the product of the longitude difference and the cosine
+  # of the latitude of the point that is further from the equator.
+  # I.e., it considers longitudes to be further apart if they are
+  # nearer the equator.
+  function pardist(lat1, long1, lat2, long2) {
+    return abs(long1 - long2) * min(cos(lat1), cos(lat2))
+  }
+  # The distance function is the sum of the great-circle distance and
+  # the parallel distance.  It could be weighted.
+  function dist(lat1, long1, lat2, long2) {
+    return gcdist(lat1, long1, lat2, long2) + pardist(lat1, long1, lat2, long2)
+  }
+  BEGIN {
+    coord_lat = convert_latitude(coord)
+    coord_long = convert_longitude(coord)
+  }
+  /^[^#]/ {
+    here_lat = convert_latitude($2)
+    here_long = convert_longitude($2)
+    line = $1 "\t" $2 "\t" $3
+    sep = "\t"
+    ncc = split($1, cc, /,/)
+    for (i = 1; i <= ncc; i++) {
+      line = line sep country[cc[i]]
+      sep = ", "
+    }
+    if (NF == 4)
+      line = line " - " $4
+    printf "%g\t%s\n", dist(coord_lat, coord_long, here_lat, here_long), line
+  }
+'
+
+# Begin the main loop.  We come back here if the user wants to retry.
+while
+
+	echo >&2 'Please identify a location' \
+		'so that time zone rules can be set correctly.'
+
+	continent=
+	country=
+	region=
+
+	case $coord in
+	?*)
+		continent=coord;;
+	'')
+
+	# Ask the user for continent or ocean.
+
+	echo >&2 'Please select a continent, ocean, "coord", or "TZ".'
+
+        quoted_continents=`
+	  $AWK '
+	    BEGIN { FS = "\t" }
+	    /^[^#]/ {
+              entry = substr($3, 1, index($3, "/") - 1)
+              if (entry == "America")
+		entry = entry "s"
+              if (entry ~ /^(Arctic|Atlantic|Indian|Pacific)$/)
+		entry = entry " Ocean"
+              printf "'\''%s'\''\n", entry
+            }
+          ' <"$TZ_ZONE_TABLE" |
+	  sort -u |
+	  tr '\n' ' '
+	  echo ''
+	`
+
+	eval '
+	    doselect '"$quoted_continents"' \
+		"coord - I want to use geographical coordinates." \
+		"TZ - I want to specify the time zone using the Posix TZ format."
+	    continent=$select_result
+	    case $continent in
+	    Americas) continent=America;;
+	    *" "*) continent=`expr "$continent" : '\''\([^ ]*\)'\''`
+	    esac
+	'
+	esac
+
+	case $continent in
+	TZ)
+		# Ask the user for a Posix TZ string.  Check that it conforms.
+		while
+			echo >&2 'Please enter the desired value' \
+				'of the TZ environment variable.'
+			echo >&2 'For example, GST-10 is a zone named GST' \
+				'that is 10 hours ahead (east) of UTC.'
+			read TZ
+			$AWK -v TZ="$TZ" 'BEGIN {
+				tzname = "(<[[:alnum:]+-]{3,}>|[[:alpha:]]{3,})"
+				time = "(2[0-4]|[0-1]?[0-9])" \
+				  "(:[0-5][0-9](:[0-5][0-9])?)?"
+				offset = "[-+]?" time
+				mdate = "M([1-9]|1[0-2])\\.[1-5]\\.[0-6]"
+				jdate = "((J[1-9]|[0-9]|J?[1-9][0-9]" \
+				  "|J?[1-2][0-9][0-9])|J?3[0-5][0-9]|J?36[0-5])"
+				datetime = ",(" mdate "|" jdate ")(/" time ")?"
+				tzpattern = "^(:.*|" tzname offset "(" tzname \
+				  "(" offset ")?(" datetime datetime ")?)?)$"
+				if (TZ ~ tzpattern) exit 1
+				exit 0
+			}'
+		do
+		    say >&2 "'$TZ' is not a conforming Posix time zone string."
+		done
+		TZ_for_date=$TZ;;
+	*)
+		case $continent in
+		coord)
+		    case $coord in
+		    '')
+			echo >&2 'Please enter coordinates' \
+				'in ISO 6709 notation.'
+			echo >&2 'For example, +4042-07403 stands for'
+			echo >&2 '40 degrees 42 minutes north,' \
+				'74 degrees 3 minutes west.'
+			read coord;;
+		    esac
+		    distance_table=`$AWK \
+			    -v coord="$coord" \
+			    -v TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE="$TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE" \
+			    "$output_distances" <"$TZ_ZONE_TABLE" |
+		      sort -n |
+		      sed "${location_limit}q"
+		    `
+		    regions=`say "$distance_table" | $AWK '
+		      BEGIN { FS = "\t" }
+		      { print $NF }
+		    '`
+		    echo >&2 'Please select one of the following' \
+			    'time zone regions,'
+		    echo >&2 'listed roughly in increasing order' \
+			    "of distance from $coord".
+		    doselect $regions
+		    region=$select_result
+		    TZ=`say "$distance_table" | $AWK -v region="$region" '
+		      BEGIN { FS="\t" }
+		      $NF == region { print $4 }
+		    '`
+		    ;;
+		*)
+		# Get list of names of countries in the continent or ocean.
+		countries=`$AWK \
+			-v continent="$continent" \
+			-v TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE="$TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE" \
+		'
+			BEGIN { FS = "\t" }
+			/^#/ { next }
+			$3 ~ ("^" continent "/") {
+			    ncc = split($1, cc, /,/)
+			    for (i = 1; i <= ncc; i++)
+				if (!cc_seen[cc[i]]++) cc_list[++ccs] = cc[i]
+			}
+			END {
+				while (getline <TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE) {
+					if ($0 !~ /^#/) cc_name[$1] = $2
+				}
+				for (i = 1; i <= ccs; i++) {
+					country = cc_list[i]
+					if (cc_name[country]) {
+					  country = cc_name[country]
+					}
+					print country
+				}
+			}
+		' <"$TZ_ZONE_TABLE" | sort -f`
+
+
+		# If there's more than one country, ask the user which one.
+		case $countries in
+		*"$newline"*)
+			echo >&2 'Please select a country' \
+				'whose clocks agree with yours.'
+			doselect $countries
+			country=$select_result;;
+		*)
+			country=$countries
+		esac
+
+
+		# Get list of names of time zone rule regions in the country.
+		regions=`$AWK \
+			-v country="$country" \
+			-v TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE="$TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE" \
+		'
+			BEGIN {
+				FS = "\t"
+				cc = country
+				while (getline <TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE) {
+					if ($0 !~ /^#/  &&  country == $2) {
+						cc = $1
+						break
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			/^#/ { next }
+			$1 ~ cc { print $4 }
+		' <"$TZ_ZONE_TABLE"`
+
+
+		# If there's more than one region, ask the user which one.
+		case $regions in
+		*"$newline"*)
+			echo >&2 'Please select one of the following' \
+				'time zone regions.'
+			doselect $regions
+			region=$select_result;;
+		*)
+			region=$regions
+		esac
+
+		# Determine TZ from country and region.
+		TZ=`$AWK \
+			-v country="$country" \
+			-v region="$region" \
+			-v TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE="$TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE" \
+		'
+			BEGIN {
+				FS = "\t"
+				cc = country
+				while (getline <TZ_COUNTRY_TABLE) {
+					if ($0 !~ /^#/  &&  country == $2) {
+						cc = $1
+						break
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			/^#/ { next }
+			$1 ~ cc && $4 == region { print $3 }
+		' <"$TZ_ZONE_TABLE"`
+		esac
+
+		# Make sure the corresponding zoneinfo file exists.
+		TZ_for_date=$TZDIR/$TZ
+		<"$TZ_for_date" || {
+			say >&2 "$0: time zone files are not set up correctly"
+			exit 1
+		}
+	esac
+
+
+	# Use the proposed TZ to output the current date relative to UTC.
+	# Loop until they agree in seconds.
+	# Give up after 8 unsuccessful tries.
+
+	extra_info=
+	for i in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+	do
+		TZdate=`LANG=C TZ="$TZ_for_date" date`
+		UTdate=`LANG=C TZ=UTC0 date`
+		TZsec=`expr "$TZdate" : '.*:\([0-5][0-9]\)'`
+		UTsec=`expr "$UTdate" : '.*:\([0-5][0-9]\)'`
+		case $TZsec in
+		$UTsec)
+			extra_info="
+Selected time is now:	$TZdate.
+Universal Time is now:	$UTdate."
+			break
+		esac
+	done
+
+
+	# Output TZ info and ask the user to confirm.
+
+	echo >&2 ""
+	echo >&2 "The following information has been given:"
+	echo >&2 ""
+	case $country%$region%$coord in
+	?*%?*%)	say >&2 "	$country$newline	$region";;
+	?*%%)	say >&2 "	$country";;
+	%?*%?*) say >&2 "	coord $coord$newline	$region";;
+	%%?*)	say >&2 "	coord $coord";;
+	*)	say >&2 "	TZ='$TZ'"
+	esac
+	say >&2 ""
+	say >&2 "Therefore TZ='$TZ' will be used.$extra_info"
+	say >&2 "Is the above information OK?"
+
+	doselect Yes No
+	ok=$select_result
+	case $ok in
+	Yes) break
+	esac
+do coord=
+done
+
+case $SHELL in
+*csh) file=.login line="setenv TZ '$TZ'";;
+*) file=.profile line="TZ='$TZ'; export TZ"
+esac
+
+test -t 1 && say >&2 "
+You can make this change permanent for yourself by appending the line
+	$line
+to the file '$file' in your home directory; then log out and log in again.
+
+Here is that TZ value again, this time on standard output so that you
+can use the $0 command in shell scripts:"
+
+say "$TZ"
diff --git a/tz/workman.sh b/tz/workman.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b3b64a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/workman.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#! /bin/sh
+
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+
+# Tell groff not to emit SGR escape sequences (ANSI color escapes).
+GROFF_NO_SGR=1
+export GROFF_NO_SGR
+
+echo ".am TH
+.hy 0
+.na
+..
+.rm }H
+.rm }F" | nroff -man - ${1+"$@"} | perl -ne '
+	binmode STDIN, '\'':encoding(utf8)'\'';
+	binmode STDOUT, '\'':encoding(utf8)'\'';
+	chomp;
+	s/.\010//g;
+	s/\s*$//;
+	if (/^$/) {
+		$sawblank = 1;
+		next;
+	} else {
+		if ($sawblank && $didprint) {
+			print "\n";
+			$sawblank = 0;
+		}
+		print "$_\n";
+		$didprint = 1;
+	}
+'
diff --git a/tz/yearistype.sh b/tz/yearistype.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfdcdf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/yearistype.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#! /bin/sh
+
+: 'This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of'
+: '2006-07-17 by Arthur David Olson.'
+
+case $#-$1 in
+	2-|2-0*|2-*[!0-9]*)
+		echo "$0: wild year: $1" >&2
+		exit 1 ;;
+esac
+
+case $#-$2 in
+	2-even)
+		case $1 in
+			*[24680])			exit 0 ;;
+			*)				exit 1 ;;
+		esac ;;
+	2-nonpres|2-nonuspres)
+		case $1 in
+			*[02468][048]|*[13579][26])	exit 1 ;;
+			*)				exit 0 ;;
+		esac ;;
+	2-odd)
+		case $1 in
+			*[13579])			exit 0 ;;
+			*)				exit 1 ;;
+		esac ;;
+	2-uspres)
+		case $1 in
+			*[02468][048]|*[13579][26])	exit 0 ;;
+			*)				exit 1 ;;
+		esac ;;
+	2-*)
+		echo "$0: wild type: $2" >&2 ;;
+esac
+
+echo "$0: usage is $0 year even|odd|uspres|nonpres|nonuspres" >&2
+exit 1
diff --git a/tz/zdump.8 b/tz/zdump.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db73f49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/zdump.8
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+.TH ZDUMP 8
+.SH NAME
+zdump \- time zone dumper
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B zdump
+[
+.I option
+\&... ] [
+.I zonename
+\&... ]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.ie \n(.g .ds - \f(CW-\fP
+.el ds - \-
+.I Zdump
+prints the current time in each
+.I zonename
+named on the command line.
+.PP
+These options are available:
+.TP
+.BI "\*-\*-version"
+Output version information and exit.
+.TP
+.B \*-v
+For each
+.I zonename
+on the command line,
+print the time at the lowest possible time value,
+the time one day after the lowest possible time value,
+the times both one second before and exactly at
+each detected time discontinuity,
+the time at one day less than the highest possible time value,
+and the time at the highest possible time value.
+Each line is followed by
+.BI isdst= D
+where
+.I D
+is positive, zero, or negative depending on whether
+the given time is daylight saving time, standard time,
+or an unknown time type, respectively.
+Each line is also followed by
+.BI gmtoff= N
+if the given local time is known to be
+.I N
+seconds east of Greenwich.
+.TP
+.B \*-V
+Like
+.BR \*-v ,
+except omit the times relative to the extreme time values.
+This generates output that is easier to compare to that of
+implementations with different time representations.
+.TP
+.BI "\*-c " [loyear,]hiyear
+Cut off verbose output at the given year(s).
+Cutoff times are computed using the proleptic Gregorian calendar with year 0
+and with Universal Time (UT) ignoring leap seconds.
+The lower bound is exclusive and the upper is inclusive; for example, a
+.I loyear
+of 1970 excludes a transition occurring at 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC but a
+.I hiyear
+of 1970 includes the transition.
+The default cutoff is
+.BR \*-500,2500 .
+.TP
+.BI "\*-t " [lotime,]hitime
+Cut off verbose output at the given time(s),
+given in decimal seconds since 1970-01-01 00:00:00
+Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
+The
+.I zonename
+determines whether the count includes leap seconds.
+As with
+.BR \*-c ,
+the cutoff's lower bound is exclusive and its upper bound is inclusive.
+.SH LIMITATIONS
+Time discontinuities are found by sampling the results returned by localtime
+at twelve-hour intervals.
+This works in all real-world cases;
+one can construct artificial time zones for which this fails.
+.PP
+In the output, "UT" denotes the value returned by
+.IR gmtime (3),
+which uses UTC for modern time stamps and some other UT flavor for
+time stamps that predate the introduction of UTC.
+No attempt is currently made to have the output use "UTC" for newer
+and "UT" for older time stamps,
+partly because the exact date of the introduction of UTC is problematic.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+newctime(3), tzfile(5), zic(8)
+.\" This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+.\" 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
diff --git a/tz/zdump.c b/tz/zdump.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64d90f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/zdump.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1014 @@
+/*
+** This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+** 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+*/
+
+#include "version.h"
+
+/*
+** This code has been made independent of the rest of the time
+** conversion package to increase confidence in the verification it provides.
+** You can use this code to help in verifying other implementations.
+** To do this, compile with -DUSE_LTZ=0 and link without the tz library.
+*/
+
+#ifndef NETBSD_INSPIRED
+# define NETBSD_INSPIRED 1
+#endif
+#ifndef USE_LTZ
+# define USE_LTZ 1
+#endif
+
+#if USE_LTZ
+# include "private.h"
+#endif
+
+/* Enable tm_gmtoff and tm_zone on GNUish systems.  */
+#define _GNU_SOURCE 1
+/* Enable strtoimax on Solaris 10.  */
+#define __EXTENSIONS__ 1
+
+#include "stdio.h"	/* for stdout, stderr, perror */
+#include "string.h"	/* for strcpy */
+#include "sys/types.h"	/* for time_t */
+#include "time.h"	/* for struct tm */
+#include "stdlib.h"	/* for exit, malloc, atoi */
+#include "limits.h"	/* for CHAR_BIT, LLONG_MAX */
+#include <errno.h>
+
+/*
+** Substitutes for pre-C99 compilers.
+** Much of this section of code is stolen from private.h.
+*/
+
+#ifndef HAVE_STDINT_H
+# define HAVE_STDINT_H \
+    (199901 <= __STDC_VERSION__ \
+     || 2 < __GLIBC__ + (1 <= __GLIBC_MINOR__)	\
+     || __CYGWIN__)
+#endif
+#if HAVE_STDINT_H
+# include "stdint.h"
+#endif
+#ifndef HAVE_INTTYPES_H
+# define HAVE_INTTYPES_H HAVE_STDINT_H
+#endif
+#if HAVE_INTTYPES_H
+# include <inttypes.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef INT_FAST32_MAX
+# if INT_MAX >> 31 == 0
+typedef long int_fast32_t;
+# else
+typedef int int_fast32_t;
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/* Pre-C99 GCC compilers define __LONG_LONG_MAX__ instead of LLONG_MAX.  */
+#if !defined LLONG_MAX && defined __LONG_LONG_MAX__
+# define LLONG_MAX __LONG_LONG_MAX__
+#endif
+
+#ifndef INTMAX_MAX
+# ifdef LLONG_MAX
+typedef long long intmax_t;
+#  define strtoimax strtoll
+#  define INTMAX_MAX LLONG_MAX
+# else
+typedef long intmax_t;
+#  define strtoimax strtol
+#  define INTMAX_MAX LONG_MAX
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PRIdMAX
+# if INTMAX_MAX == LLONG_MAX
+#  define PRIdMAX "lld"
+# else
+#  define PRIdMAX "ld"
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/* Infer TM_ZONE on systems where this information is known, but suppress
+   guessing if NO_TM_ZONE is defined.  Similarly for TM_GMTOFF.  */
+#if (defined __GLIBC__ \
+     || defined __FreeBSD__ || defined __NetBSD__ || defined __OpenBSD__ \
+     || (defined __APPLE__ && defined __MACH__))
+# if !defined TM_GMTOFF && !defined NO_TM_GMTOFF
+#  define TM_GMTOFF tm_gmtoff
+# endif
+# if !defined TM_ZONE && !defined NO_TM_ZONE
+#  define TM_ZONE tm_zone
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_LOCALTIME_R
+# define HAVE_LOCALTIME_R 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ
+# ifdef TM_ZONE
+#  define HAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ (NETBSD_INSPIRED && USE_LTZ)
+# else
+#  define HAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ 0
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_TZSET
+# define HAVE_TZSET 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ZDUMP_LO_YEAR
+#define ZDUMP_LO_YEAR	(-500)
+#endif /* !defined ZDUMP_LO_YEAR */
+
+#ifndef ZDUMP_HI_YEAR
+#define ZDUMP_HI_YEAR	2500
+#endif /* !defined ZDUMP_HI_YEAR */
+
+#ifndef MAX_STRING_LENGTH
+#define MAX_STRING_LENGTH	1024
+#endif /* !defined MAX_STRING_LENGTH */
+
+#if __STDC_VERSION__ < 199901
+# define true 1
+# define false 0
+# define bool int
+#else
+# include <stdbool.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
+#define EXIT_SUCCESS	0
+#endif /* !defined EXIT_SUCCESS */
+
+#ifndef EXIT_FAILURE
+#define EXIT_FAILURE	1
+#endif /* !defined EXIT_FAILURE */
+
+#ifndef SECSPERMIN
+#define SECSPERMIN	60
+#endif /* !defined SECSPERMIN */
+
+#ifndef MINSPERHOUR
+#define MINSPERHOUR	60
+#endif /* !defined MINSPERHOUR */
+
+#ifndef SECSPERHOUR
+#define SECSPERHOUR	(SECSPERMIN * MINSPERHOUR)
+#endif /* !defined SECSPERHOUR */
+
+#ifndef HOURSPERDAY
+#define HOURSPERDAY	24
+#endif /* !defined HOURSPERDAY */
+
+#ifndef EPOCH_YEAR
+#define EPOCH_YEAR	1970
+#endif /* !defined EPOCH_YEAR */
+
+#ifndef TM_YEAR_BASE
+#define TM_YEAR_BASE	1900
+#endif /* !defined TM_YEAR_BASE */
+
+#ifndef DAYSPERNYEAR
+#define DAYSPERNYEAR	365
+#endif /* !defined DAYSPERNYEAR */
+
+#ifndef isleap
+#define isleap(y) (((y) % 4) == 0 && (((y) % 100) != 0 || ((y) % 400) == 0))
+#endif /* !defined isleap */
+
+#ifndef isleap_sum
+/*
+** See tzfile.h for details on isleap_sum.
+*/
+#define isleap_sum(a, b)	isleap((a) % 400 + (b) % 400)
+#endif /* !defined isleap_sum */
+
+#define SECSPERDAY	((int_fast32_t) SECSPERHOUR * HOURSPERDAY)
+#define SECSPERNYEAR	(SECSPERDAY * DAYSPERNYEAR)
+#define SECSPERLYEAR	(SECSPERNYEAR + SECSPERDAY)
+#define SECSPER400YEARS	(SECSPERNYEAR * (intmax_t) (300 + 3)	\
+			 + SECSPERLYEAR * (intmax_t) (100 - 3))
+
+/*
+** True if SECSPER400YEARS is known to be representable as an
+** intmax_t.  It's OK that SECSPER400YEARS_FITS can in theory be false
+** even if SECSPER400YEARS is representable, because when that happens
+** the code merely runs a bit more slowly, and this slowness doesn't
+** occur on any practical platform.
+*/
+enum { SECSPER400YEARS_FITS = SECSPERLYEAR <= INTMAX_MAX / 400 };
+
+#ifndef HAVE_GETTEXT
+#define HAVE_GETTEXT 0
+#endif
+#if HAVE_GETTEXT
+#include "locale.h"	/* for setlocale */
+#include "libintl.h"
+#endif /* HAVE_GETTEXT */
+
+#if 2 < __GNUC__ || (__GNUC__ == 2 && 96 <= __GNUC_MINOR__)
+# define ATTRIBUTE_PURE __attribute__ ((__pure__))
+#else
+# define ATTRIBUTE_PURE /* empty */
+#endif
+
+/*
+** For the benefit of GNU folk...
+** '_(MSGID)' uses the current locale's message library string for MSGID.
+** The default is to use gettext if available, and use MSGID otherwise.
+*/
+
+#ifndef _
+#if HAVE_GETTEXT
+#define _(msgid) gettext(msgid)
+#else /* !HAVE_GETTEXT */
+#define _(msgid) msgid
+#endif /* !HAVE_GETTEXT */
+#endif /* !defined _ */
+
+#if !defined TZ_DOMAIN && defined HAVE_GETTEXT
+# define TZ_DOMAIN "tz"
+#endif
+
+#if ! HAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ
+# undef  timezone_t
+# define timezone_t char **
+#endif
+
+#if !HAVE_POSIX_DECLS
+extern char **	environ;
+extern int	getopt(int argc, char * const argv[],
+			const char * options);
+extern char *	optarg;
+extern int	optind;
+extern char *	tzname[];
+#endif
+
+/* The minimum and maximum finite time values.  */
+enum { atime_shift = CHAR_BIT * sizeof (time_t) - 2 };
+static time_t const absolute_min_time =
+  ((time_t) -1 < 0
+   ? (- ((time_t) ~ (time_t) 0 < 0)
+      - (((time_t) 1 << atime_shift) - 1 + ((time_t) 1 << atime_shift)))
+   : 0);
+static time_t const absolute_max_time =
+  ((time_t) -1 < 0
+   ? (((time_t) 1 << atime_shift) - 1 + ((time_t) 1 << atime_shift))
+   : -1);
+static int	longest;
+static char *	progname;
+static bool	warned;
+static bool	errout;
+
+static char const *abbr(struct tm const *);
+static intmax_t	delta(struct tm *, struct tm *) ATTRIBUTE_PURE;
+static void dumptime(struct tm const *);
+static time_t hunt(timezone_t, char *, time_t, time_t);
+static void show(timezone_t, char *, time_t, bool);
+static const char *tformat(void);
+static time_t yeartot(intmax_t) ATTRIBUTE_PURE;
+
+/* Unlike <ctype.h>'s isdigit, this also works if c < 0 | c > UCHAR_MAX. */
+#define is_digit(c) ((unsigned)(c) - '0' <= 9)
+
+/* Is A an alphabetic character in the C locale?  */
+static bool
+is_alpha(char a)
+{
+	switch (a) {
+	  default:
+		return false;
+	  case 'A': case 'B': case 'C': case 'D': case 'E': case 'F': case 'G':
+	  case 'H': case 'I': case 'J': case 'K': case 'L': case 'M': case 'N':
+	  case 'O': case 'P': case 'Q': case 'R': case 'S': case 'T': case 'U':
+	  case 'V': case 'W': case 'X': case 'Y': case 'Z':
+	  case 'a': case 'b': case 'c': case 'd': case 'e': case 'f': case 'g':
+	  case 'h': case 'i': case 'j': case 'k': case 'l': case 'm': case 'n':
+	  case 'o': case 'p': case 'q': case 'r': case 's': case 't': case 'u':
+	  case 'v': case 'w': case 'x': case 'y': case 'z':
+		return true;
+	}
+}
+
+/* Return A + B, exiting if the result would overflow.  */
+static size_t
+sumsize(size_t a, size_t b)
+{
+  size_t sum = a + b;
+  if (sum < a) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s: size overflow\n", progname);
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+  return sum;
+}
+
+#if ! HAVE_TZSET
+# undef tzset
+# define tzset zdump_tzset
+static void tzset(void) { }
+#endif
+
+/* Assume gmtime_r works if localtime_r does.
+   A replacement localtime_r is defined below if needed.  */
+#if ! HAVE_LOCALTIME_R
+
+# undef gmtime_r
+# define gmtime_r zdump_gmtime_r
+
+static struct tm *
+gmtime_r(time_t *tp, struct tm *tmp)
+{
+  struct tm *r = gmtime(tp);
+  if (r) {
+    *tmp = *r;
+    r = tmp;
+  }
+  return r;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/* Platforms with TM_ZONE don't need tzname, so they can use the
+   faster localtime_rz or localtime_r if available.  */
+
+#if defined TM_ZONE && HAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ
+# define USE_LOCALTIME_RZ true
+#else
+# define USE_LOCALTIME_RZ false
+#endif
+
+#if ! USE_LOCALTIME_RZ
+
+# if !defined TM_ZONE || ! HAVE_LOCALTIME_R || ! HAVE_TZSET
+#  undef localtime_r
+#  define localtime_r zdump_localtime_r
+static struct tm *
+localtime_r(time_t *tp, struct tm *tmp)
+{
+  struct tm *r = localtime(tp);
+  if (r) {
+    *tmp = *r;
+    r = tmp;
+  }
+  return r;
+}
+# endif
+
+# undef localtime_rz
+# define localtime_rz zdump_localtime_rz
+static struct tm *
+localtime_rz(timezone_t rz, time_t *tp, struct tm *tmp)
+{
+  return localtime_r(tp, tmp);
+}
+
+# ifdef TYPECHECK
+#  undef mktime_z
+#  define mktime_z zdump_mktime_z
+static time_t
+mktime_z(timezone_t tz, struct tm *tmp)
+{
+  return mktime(tmp);
+}
+# endif
+
+# undef tzalloc
+# undef tzfree
+# define tzalloc zdump_tzalloc
+# define tzfree zdump_tzfree
+
+static timezone_t
+tzalloc(char const *val)
+{
+  static char **fakeenv;
+  char **env = fakeenv;
+  char *env0;
+  if (! env) {
+    char **e = environ;
+    int to;
+
+    while (*e++)
+      continue;
+    env = malloc(sumsize(sizeof *environ,
+			 (e - environ) * sizeof *environ));
+    if (! env) {
+      perror(progname);
+      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+    to = 1;
+    for (e = environ; (env[to] = *e); e++)
+      to += strncmp(*e, "TZ=", 3) != 0;
+  }
+  env0 = malloc(sumsize(sizeof "TZ=", strlen(val)));
+  if (! env0) {
+    perror(progname);
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+  env[0] = strcat(strcpy(env0, "TZ="), val);
+  environ = fakeenv = env;
+  tzset();
+  return env;
+}
+
+static void
+tzfree(timezone_t env)
+{
+  environ = env + 1;
+  free(env[0]);
+}
+#endif /* ! USE_LOCALTIME_RZ */
+
+/* A UTC time zone, and its initializer.  */
+static timezone_t gmtz;
+static void
+gmtzinit(void)
+{
+  if (USE_LOCALTIME_RZ) {
+    static char const utc[] = "UTC0";
+    gmtz = tzalloc(utc);
+    if (!gmtz) {
+      perror(utc);
+      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/* Convert *TP to UTC, storing the broken-down time into *TMP.
+   Return TMP if successful, NULL otherwise.  This is like gmtime_r(TP, TMP),
+   except typically faster if USE_LOCALTIME_RZ.  */
+static struct tm *
+my_gmtime_r(time_t *tp, struct tm *tmp)
+{
+  return USE_LOCALTIME_RZ ? localtime_rz(gmtz, tp, tmp) : gmtime_r(tp, tmp);
+}
+
+#ifndef TYPECHECK
+# define my_localtime_rz localtime_rz
+#else /* !defined TYPECHECK */
+
+static struct tm *
+my_localtime_rz(timezone_t tz, time_t *tp, struct tm *tmp)
+{
+	tmp = localtime_rz(tz, tp, tmp);
+	if (tmp) {
+		struct tm	tm;
+		register time_t	t;
+
+		tm = *tmp;
+		t = mktime_z(tz, &tm);
+		if (t != *tp) {
+			fflush(stdout);
+			fprintf(stderr, "\n%s: ", progname);
+			fprintf(stderr, tformat(), *tp);
+			fprintf(stderr, " ->");
+			fprintf(stderr, " year=%d", tmp->tm_year);
+			fprintf(stderr, " mon=%d", tmp->tm_mon);
+			fprintf(stderr, " mday=%d", tmp->tm_mday);
+			fprintf(stderr, " hour=%d", tmp->tm_hour);
+			fprintf(stderr, " min=%d", tmp->tm_min);
+			fprintf(stderr, " sec=%d", tmp->tm_sec);
+			fprintf(stderr, " isdst=%d", tmp->tm_isdst);
+			fprintf(stderr, " -> ");
+			fprintf(stderr, tformat(), t);
+			fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+			errout = true;
+		}
+	}
+	return tmp;
+}
+#endif /* !defined TYPECHECK */
+
+static void
+abbrok(const char *const abbrp, const char *const zone)
+{
+	register const char *	cp;
+	register const char *	wp;
+
+	if (warned)
+		return;
+	cp = abbrp;
+	while (is_alpha(*cp) || is_digit(*cp) || *cp == '-' || *cp == '+')
+		++cp;
+	if (cp - abbrp < 3)
+	  wp = _("has fewer than 3 characters");
+	else if (cp - abbrp > 6)
+	  wp = _("has more than 6 characters");
+	else if (*cp)
+	  wp = _("has characters other than ASCII alphanumerics, '-' or '+'");
+	else
+	  return;
+	fflush(stdout);
+	fprintf(stderr,
+		_("%s: warning: zone \"%s\" abbreviation \"%s\" %s\n"),
+		progname, zone, abbrp, wp);
+	warned = errout = true;
+}
+
+/* Return a time zone abbreviation.  If the abbreviation needs to be
+   saved, use *BUF (of size *BUFALLOC) to save it, and return the
+   abbreviation in the possibly-reallocated *BUF.  Otherwise, just
+   return the abbreviation.  Get the abbreviation from TMP.
+   Exit on memory allocation failure.  */
+static char const *
+saveabbr(char **buf, size_t *bufalloc, struct tm const *tmp)
+{
+  char const *ab = abbr(tmp);
+  if (HAVE_LOCALTIME_RZ)
+    return ab;
+  else {
+    size_t ablen = strlen(ab);
+    if (*bufalloc <= ablen) {
+      free(*buf);
+
+      /* Make the new buffer at least twice as long as the old,
+	 to avoid O(N**2) behavior on repeated calls.  */
+      *bufalloc = sumsize(*bufalloc, ablen + 1);
+
+      *buf = malloc(*bufalloc);
+      if (! *buf) {
+	perror(progname);
+	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+      }
+    }
+    return strcpy(*buf, ab);
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+close_file(FILE *stream)
+{
+  char const *e = (ferror(stream) ? _("I/O error")
+		   : fclose(stream) != 0 ? strerror(errno) : NULL);
+  if (e) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", progname, e);
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+usage(FILE * const stream, const int status)
+{
+	fprintf(stream,
+_("%s: usage: %s [--version] [--help] [-{vV}] [-{ct} [lo,]hi] zonename ...\n"
+  "\n"
+  "Report bugs to %s.\n"),
+		       progname, progname, REPORT_BUGS_TO);
+	if (status == EXIT_SUCCESS)
+	  close_file(stream);
+	exit(status);
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	/* These are static so that they're initially zero.  */
+	static char *		abbrev;
+	static size_t		abbrevsize;
+	static struct tm	newtm;
+
+	register int		i;
+	register bool		vflag;
+	register bool		Vflag;
+	register char *		cutarg;
+	register char *		cuttimes;
+	register time_t		cutlotime;
+	register time_t		cuthitime;
+	time_t			now;
+	time_t			t;
+	time_t			newt;
+	struct tm		tm;
+	register struct tm *	tmp;
+	register struct tm *	newtmp;
+
+	cutlotime = absolute_min_time;
+	cuthitime = absolute_max_time;
+#if HAVE_GETTEXT
+	setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
+#ifdef TZ_DOMAINDIR
+	bindtextdomain(TZ_DOMAIN, TZ_DOMAINDIR);
+#endif /* defined TEXTDOMAINDIR */
+	textdomain(TZ_DOMAIN);
+#endif /* HAVE_GETTEXT */
+	progname = argv[0];
+	for (i = 1; i < argc; ++i)
+		if (strcmp(argv[i], "--version") == 0) {
+			printf("zdump %s%s\n", PKGVERSION, TZVERSION);
+			return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+		} else if (strcmp(argv[i], "--help") == 0) {
+			usage(stdout, EXIT_SUCCESS);
+		}
+	vflag = Vflag = false;
+	cutarg = cuttimes = NULL;
+	for (;;)
+	  switch (getopt(argc, argv, "c:t:vV")) {
+	  case 'c': cutarg = optarg; break;
+	  case 't': cuttimes = optarg; break;
+	  case 'v': vflag = true; break;
+	  case 'V': Vflag = true; break;
+	  case -1:
+	    if (! (optind == argc - 1 && strcmp(argv[optind], "=") == 0))
+	      goto arg_processing_done;
+	    /* Fall through.  */
+	  default:
+	    usage(stderr, EXIT_FAILURE);
+	  }
+ arg_processing_done:;
+
+	if (vflag | Vflag) {
+		intmax_t	lo;
+		intmax_t	hi;
+		char *loend, *hiend;
+		register intmax_t cutloyear = ZDUMP_LO_YEAR;
+		register intmax_t cuthiyear = ZDUMP_HI_YEAR;
+		if (cutarg != NULL) {
+			lo = strtoimax(cutarg, &loend, 10);
+			if (cutarg != loend && !*loend) {
+				hi = lo;
+				cuthiyear = hi;
+			} else if (cutarg != loend && *loend == ','
+				   && (hi = strtoimax(loend + 1, &hiend, 10),
+				       loend + 1 != hiend && !*hiend)) {
+				cutloyear = lo;
+				cuthiyear = hi;
+			} else {
+				fprintf(stderr, _("%s: wild -c argument %s\n"),
+					progname, cutarg);
+				return EXIT_FAILURE;
+			}
+		}
+		if (cutarg != NULL || cuttimes == NULL) {
+			cutlotime = yeartot(cutloyear);
+			cuthitime = yeartot(cuthiyear);
+		}
+		if (cuttimes != NULL) {
+			lo = strtoimax(cuttimes, &loend, 10);
+			if (cuttimes != loend && !*loend) {
+				hi = lo;
+				if (hi < cuthitime) {
+					if (hi < absolute_min_time)
+						hi = absolute_min_time;
+					cuthitime = hi;
+				}
+			} else if (cuttimes != loend && *loend == ','
+				   && (hi = strtoimax(loend + 1, &hiend, 10),
+				       loend + 1 != hiend && !*hiend)) {
+				if (cutlotime < lo) {
+					if (absolute_max_time < lo)
+						lo = absolute_max_time;
+					cutlotime = lo;
+				}
+				if (hi < cuthitime) {
+					if (hi < absolute_min_time)
+						hi = absolute_min_time;
+					cuthitime = hi;
+				}
+			} else {
+				fprintf(stderr,
+					_("%s: wild -t argument %s\n"),
+					progname, cuttimes);
+				return EXIT_FAILURE;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	gmtzinit();
+	now = time(NULL);
+	longest = 0;
+	for (i = optind; i < argc; i++) {
+	  size_t arglen = strlen(argv[i]);
+	  if (longest < arglen)
+	    longest = arglen < INT_MAX ? arglen : INT_MAX;
+	}
+
+	for (i = optind; i < argc; ++i) {
+		timezone_t tz = tzalloc(argv[i]);
+		char const *ab;
+		if (!tz) {
+		  perror(argv[i]);
+		  return EXIT_FAILURE;
+		}
+		if (! (vflag | Vflag)) {
+			show(tz, argv[i], now, false);
+			tzfree(tz);
+			continue;
+		}
+		warned = false;
+		t = absolute_min_time;
+		if (!Vflag) {
+			show(tz, argv[i], t, true);
+			t += SECSPERDAY;
+			show(tz, argv[i], t, true);
+		}
+		if (t < cutlotime)
+			t = cutlotime;
+		tmp = my_localtime_rz(tz, &t, &tm);
+		if (tmp)
+		  ab = saveabbr(&abbrev, &abbrevsize, &tm);
+		while (t < cuthitime) {
+			newt = ((t < absolute_max_time - SECSPERDAY / 2
+				 && t + SECSPERDAY / 2 < cuthitime)
+				? t + SECSPERDAY / 2
+				: cuthitime);
+			newtmp = localtime_rz(tz, &newt, &newtm);
+			if ((tmp == NULL || newtmp == NULL) ? (tmp != newtmp) :
+				(delta(&newtm, &tm) != (newt - t) ||
+				newtm.tm_isdst != tm.tm_isdst ||
+				strcmp(abbr(&newtm), ab) != 0)) {
+					newt = hunt(tz, argv[i], t, newt);
+					newtmp = localtime_rz(tz, &newt, &newtm);
+					if (newtmp)
+					  ab = saveabbr(&abbrev, &abbrevsize,
+							&newtm);
+			}
+			t = newt;
+			tm = newtm;
+			tmp = newtmp;
+		}
+		if (!Vflag) {
+			t = absolute_max_time;
+			t -= SECSPERDAY;
+			show(tz, argv[i], t, true);
+			t += SECSPERDAY;
+			show(tz, argv[i], t, true);
+		}
+		tzfree(tz);
+	}
+	close_file(stdout);
+	if (errout && (ferror(stderr) || fclose(stderr) != 0))
+	  return EXIT_FAILURE;
+	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static time_t
+yeartot(intmax_t y)
+{
+	register intmax_t	myy, seconds, years;
+	register time_t		t;
+
+	myy = EPOCH_YEAR;
+	t = 0;
+	while (myy < y) {
+		if (SECSPER400YEARS_FITS && 400 <= y - myy) {
+			intmax_t diff400 = (y - myy) / 400;
+			if (INTMAX_MAX / SECSPER400YEARS < diff400)
+				return absolute_max_time;
+			seconds = diff400 * SECSPER400YEARS;
+			years = diff400 * 400;
+                } else {
+			seconds = isleap(myy) ? SECSPERLYEAR : SECSPERNYEAR;
+			years = 1;
+		}
+		myy += years;
+		if (t > absolute_max_time - seconds)
+			return absolute_max_time;
+		t += seconds;
+	}
+	while (y < myy) {
+		if (SECSPER400YEARS_FITS && y + 400 <= myy && myy < 0) {
+			intmax_t diff400 = (myy - y) / 400;
+			if (INTMAX_MAX / SECSPER400YEARS < diff400)
+				return absolute_min_time;
+			seconds = diff400 * SECSPER400YEARS;
+			years = diff400 * 400;
+		} else {
+			seconds = isleap(myy - 1) ? SECSPERLYEAR : SECSPERNYEAR;
+			years = 1;
+		}
+		myy -= years;
+		if (t < absolute_min_time + seconds)
+			return absolute_min_time;
+		t -= seconds;
+	}
+	return t;
+}
+
+static time_t
+hunt(timezone_t tz, char *name, time_t lot, time_t hit)
+{
+	static char *		loab;
+	static size_t		loabsize;
+	char const *		ab;
+	time_t			t;
+	struct tm		lotm;
+	register struct tm *	lotmp;
+	struct tm		tm;
+	register struct tm *	tmp;
+
+	lotmp = my_localtime_rz(tz, &lot, &lotm);
+	if (lotmp)
+	  ab = saveabbr(&loab, &loabsize, &lotm);
+	for ( ; ; ) {
+		time_t diff = hit - lot;
+		if (diff < 2)
+			break;
+		t = lot;
+		t += diff / 2;
+		if (t <= lot)
+			++t;
+		else if (t >= hit)
+			--t;
+		tmp = my_localtime_rz(tz, &t, &tm);
+		if ((lotmp == NULL || tmp == NULL) ? (lotmp == tmp) :
+			(delta(&tm, &lotm) == (t - lot) &&
+			tm.tm_isdst == lotm.tm_isdst &&
+			strcmp(abbr(&tm), ab) == 0)) {
+				lot = t;
+				lotm = tm;
+				lotmp = tmp;
+		} else	hit = t;
+	}
+	show(tz, name, lot, true);
+	show(tz, name, hit, true);
+	return hit;
+}
+
+/*
+** Thanks to Paul Eggert for logic used in delta.
+*/
+
+static intmax_t
+delta(struct tm * newp, struct tm *oldp)
+{
+	register intmax_t	result;
+	register int		tmy;
+
+	if (newp->tm_year < oldp->tm_year)
+		return -delta(oldp, newp);
+	result = 0;
+	for (tmy = oldp->tm_year; tmy < newp->tm_year; ++tmy)
+		result += DAYSPERNYEAR + isleap_sum(tmy, TM_YEAR_BASE);
+	result += newp->tm_yday - oldp->tm_yday;
+	result *= HOURSPERDAY;
+	result += newp->tm_hour - oldp->tm_hour;
+	result *= MINSPERHOUR;
+	result += newp->tm_min - oldp->tm_min;
+	result *= SECSPERMIN;
+	result += newp->tm_sec - oldp->tm_sec;
+	return result;
+}
+
+#ifndef TM_GMTOFF
+/* Return A->tm_yday, adjusted to compare it fairly to B->tm_yday.
+   Assume A and B differ by at most one year.  */
+static int
+adjusted_yday(struct tm const *a, struct tm const *b)
+{
+  int yday = a->tm_yday;
+  if (b->tm_year < a->tm_year)
+    yday += 365 + isleap_sum(b->tm_year, TM_YEAR_BASE);
+  return yday;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* If A is the broken-down local time and B the broken-down UTC for
+   the same instant, return A's UTC offset in seconds, where positive
+   offsets are east of Greenwich.  On failure, return LONG_MIN.  */
+static long
+gmtoff(struct tm const *a, struct tm const *b)
+{
+#ifdef TM_GMTOFF
+  return a->TM_GMTOFF;
+#else
+  if (! b)
+    return LONG_MIN;
+  else {
+    int ayday = adjusted_yday(a, b);
+    int byday = adjusted_yday(b, a);
+    int days = ayday - byday;
+    long hours = a->tm_hour - b->tm_hour + 24 * days;
+    long minutes = a->tm_min - b->tm_min + 60 * hours;
+    long seconds = a->tm_sec - b->tm_sec + 60 * minutes;
+    return seconds;
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+static void
+show(timezone_t tz, char *zone, time_t t, bool v)
+{
+	register struct tm *	tmp;
+	register struct tm *	gmtmp;
+	struct tm tm, gmtm;
+
+	printf("%-*s  ", longest, zone);
+	if (v) {
+		gmtmp = my_gmtime_r(&t, &gmtm);
+		if (gmtmp == NULL) {
+			printf(tformat(), t);
+		} else {
+			dumptime(gmtmp);
+			printf(" UT");
+		}
+		printf(" = ");
+	}
+	tmp = my_localtime_rz(tz, &t, &tm);
+	dumptime(tmp);
+	if (tmp != NULL) {
+		if (*abbr(tmp) != '\0')
+			printf(" %s", abbr(tmp));
+		if (v) {
+			long off = gmtoff(tmp, gmtmp);
+			printf(" isdst=%d", tmp->tm_isdst);
+			if (off != LONG_MIN)
+			  printf(" gmtoff=%ld", off);
+		}
+	}
+	printf("\n");
+	if (tmp != NULL && *abbr(tmp) != '\0')
+		abbrok(abbr(tmp), zone);
+}
+
+static char const *
+abbr(struct tm const *tmp)
+{
+#ifdef TM_ZONE
+	return tmp->TM_ZONE;
+#else
+	return (0 <= tmp->tm_isdst && tzname[0 < tmp->tm_isdst]
+		? tzname[0 < tmp->tm_isdst]
+		: "");
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** The code below can fail on certain theoretical systems;
+** it works on all known real-world systems as of 2004-12-30.
+*/
+
+static const char *
+tformat(void)
+{
+	if (0 > (time_t) -1) {		/* signed */
+		if (sizeof (time_t) == sizeof (intmax_t))
+			return "%"PRIdMAX;
+		if (sizeof (time_t) > sizeof (long))
+			return "%lld";
+		if (sizeof (time_t) > sizeof (int))
+			return "%ld";
+		return "%d";
+	}
+#ifdef PRIuMAX
+	if (sizeof (time_t) == sizeof (uintmax_t))
+		return "%"PRIuMAX;
+#endif
+	if (sizeof (time_t) > sizeof (unsigned long))
+		return "%llu";
+	if (sizeof (time_t) > sizeof (unsigned int))
+		return "%lu";
+	return "%u";
+}
+
+static void
+dumptime(register const struct tm *timeptr)
+{
+	static const char	wday_name[][3] = {
+		"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat"
+	};
+	static const char	mon_name[][3] = {
+		"Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
+		"Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"
+	};
+	register const char *	wn;
+	register const char *	mn;
+	register int		lead;
+	register int		trail;
+
+	if (timeptr == NULL) {
+		printf("NULL");
+		return;
+	}
+	/*
+	** The packaged localtime_rz and gmtime_r never put out-of-range
+	** values in tm_wday or tm_mon, but since this code might be compiled
+	** with other (perhaps experimental) versions, paranoia is in order.
+	*/
+	if (timeptr->tm_wday < 0 || timeptr->tm_wday >=
+		(int) (sizeof wday_name / sizeof wday_name[0]))
+			wn = "???";
+	else		wn = wday_name[timeptr->tm_wday];
+	if (timeptr->tm_mon < 0 || timeptr->tm_mon >=
+		(int) (sizeof mon_name / sizeof mon_name[0]))
+			mn = "???";
+	else		mn = mon_name[timeptr->tm_mon];
+	printf("%.3s %.3s%3d %.2d:%.2d:%.2d ",
+		wn, mn,
+		timeptr->tm_mday, timeptr->tm_hour,
+		timeptr->tm_min, timeptr->tm_sec);
+#define DIVISOR	10
+	trail = timeptr->tm_year % DIVISOR + TM_YEAR_BASE % DIVISOR;
+	lead = timeptr->tm_year / DIVISOR + TM_YEAR_BASE / DIVISOR +
+		trail / DIVISOR;
+	trail %= DIVISOR;
+	if (trail < 0 && lead > 0) {
+		trail += DIVISOR;
+		--lead;
+	} else if (lead < 0 && trail > 0) {
+		trail -= DIVISOR;
+		++lead;
+	}
+	if (lead == 0)
+		printf("%d", trail);
+	else	printf("%d%d", lead, ((trail < 0) ? -trail : trail));
+}
diff --git a/tz/zic.8 b/tz/zic.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5e71f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/zic.8
@@ -0,0 +1,568 @@
+.TH ZIC 8
+.SH NAME
+zic \- time zone compiler
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B zic
+[
+.I option
+\&... ] [
+.I filename
+\&... ]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.ie '\(lq'' .ds lq \&"\"
+.el .ds lq \(lq\"
+.ie '\(rq'' .ds rq \&"\"
+.el .ds rq \(rq\"
+.de q
+\\$3\*(lq\\$1\*(rq\\$2
+..
+.ie '\(la'' .ds < <
+.el .ds < \(la
+.ie '\(ra'' .ds > >
+.el .ds > \(ra
+.ie \n(.g \{\
+.  ds : \:
+.  ds - \f(CW-\fP
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.  ds :
+.  ds - \-
+.\}
+.I Zic
+reads text from the file(s) named on the command line
+and creates the time conversion information files specified in this input.
+If a
+.I filename
+is
+.q "\*-" ,
+the standard input is read.
+.PP
+These options are available:
+.TP
+.BI "\*-\*-version"
+Output version information and exit.
+.TP
+.BI "\*-d " directory
+Create time conversion information files in the named directory rather than
+in the standard directory named below.
+.TP
+.BI "\*-l " timezone
+Use the given time zone as local time.
+.I Zic
+will act as if the input contained a link line of the form
+.sp
+.ti +.5i
+Link	\fItimezone\fP		localtime
+.TP
+.BI "\*-p " timezone
+Use the given time zone's rules when handling POSIX-format
+time zone environment variables.
+.I Zic
+will act as if the input contained a link line of the form
+.sp
+.ti +.5i
+Link	\fItimezone\fP		posixrules
+.TP
+.BI "\*-L " leapsecondfilename
+Read leap second information from the file with the given name.
+If this option is not used,
+no leap second information appears in output files.
+.TP
+.B \*-v
+Be more verbose, and complain about the following situations:
+.RS
+.PP
+The input specifies a link to a link.
+.PP
+A year that appears in a data file is outside the range
+of years representable by
+.IR time (2)
+values.
+.PP
+A time of 24:00 or more appears in the input.
+Pre-1998 versions of
+.I zic
+prohibit 24:00, and pre-2007 versions prohibit times greater than 24:00.
+.PP
+A rule goes past the start or end of the month.
+Pre-2004 versions of
+.I zic
+prohibit this.
+.PP
+The output file does not contain all the information about the
+long-term future of a zone, because the future cannot be summarized as
+an extended POSIX TZ string.  For example, as of 2013 this problem
+occurs for Iran's daylight-saving rules for the predicted future, as
+these rules are based on the Iranian calendar, which cannot be
+represented.
+.PP
+The output contains data that may not be handled properly by client
+code designed for older
+.I zic
+output formats.  These compatibility issues affect only time stamps
+before 1970 or after the start of 2038.
+.PP
+A time zone abbreviation has fewer than 3 characters.
+POSIX requires at least 3.
+.PP
+An output file name contains a byte that is not an ASCII letter,
+.q "\*-" ,
+.q "/" ,
+or
+.q "_" ;
+or it contains a file name component that contains more than 14 bytes
+or that starts with
+.q "\*-" .
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \*-s
+Limit time values stored in output files to values that are the same
+whether they're taken to be signed or unsigned.
+You can use this option to generate SVVS-compatible files.
+.PP
+Input files should be text files, that is, they should be a series of
+zero or more lines, each ending in a newline byte and containing at
+most 511 bytes, and without any NUL bytes.  The input text's encoding
+is typically UTF-8 or ASCII; it should have a unibyte representation
+for the POSIX Portable Character Set (PPCS)
+\*<http://pubs\*:.opengroup\*:.org/\*:onlinepubs/\*:9699919799/\*:basedefs/\*:V1_chap06\*:.html\*>
+and the encoding's non-unibyte characters should consist entirely of
+non-PPCS bytes.  Non-PPCS characters typically occur only in comments:
+although output file names and time zone abbreviations can contain
+nearly any character, other software will work better if these are
+limited to the restricted syntax described under the
+.B \*-v
+option.
+.PP
+Input lines are made up of fields.
+Fields are separated from one another by one or more white space characters.
+The white space characters are space, form feed, carriage return, newline,
+tab, and vertical tab.
+Leading and trailing white space on input lines is ignored.
+An unquoted sharp character (#) in the input introduces a comment which extends
+to the end of the line the sharp character appears on.
+White space characters and sharp characters may be enclosed in double quotes
+(") if they're to be used as part of a field.
+Any line that is blank (after comment stripping) is ignored.
+Non-blank lines are expected to be of one of three types:
+rule lines, zone lines, and link lines.
+.PP
+Names (such as month names) must be in English and are case insensitive.
+Abbreviations, if used, must be unambiguous in context.
+.PP
+A rule line has the form
+.nf
+.ti +.5i
+.ta \w'Rule\0\0'u +\w'NAME\0\0'u +\w'FROM\0\0'u +\w'1973\0\0'u +\w'TYPE\0\0'u +\w'Apr\0\0'u +\w'lastSun\0\0'u +\w'2:00\0\0'u +\w'SAVE\0\0'u
+.sp
+Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+.sp
+For example:
+.ti +.5i
+.sp
+Rule	US	1967	1973	\*-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
+.sp
+.fi
+The fields that make up a rule line are:
+.TP "\w'LETTER/S'u"
+.B NAME
+Gives the (arbitrary) name of the set of rules this rule is part of.
+.TP
+.B FROM
+Gives the first year in which the rule applies.
+Any integer year can be supplied; the proleptic Gregorian calendar is assumed.
+The word
+.B minimum
+(or an abbreviation) means the minimum year representable as an integer.
+The word
+.B maximum
+(or an abbreviation) means the maximum year representable as an integer.
+Rules can describe times that are not representable as time values,
+with the unrepresentable times ignored; this allows rules to be portable
+among hosts with differing time value types.
+.TP
+.B TO
+Gives the final year in which the rule applies.
+In addition to
+.B minimum
+and
+.B maximum
+(as above),
+the word
+.B only
+(or an abbreviation)
+may be used to repeat the value of the
+.B FROM
+field.
+.TP
+.B TYPE
+should be
+.q \*-
+and is present for compatibility with older versions of
+.I zic
+in which it could contain year types.
+.TP
+.B IN
+Names the month in which the rule takes effect.
+Month names may be abbreviated.
+.TP
+.B ON
+Gives the day on which the rule takes effect.
+Recognized forms include:
+.nf
+.in +.5i
+.sp
+.ta \w'Sun<=25\0\0'u
+5	the fifth of the month
+lastSun	the last Sunday in the month
+lastMon	the last Monday in the month
+Sun>=8	first Sunday on or after the eighth
+Sun<=25	last Sunday on or before the 25th
+.fi
+.in -.5i
+.sp
+Names of days of the week may be abbreviated or spelled out in full.
+Note that there must be no spaces within the
+.B ON
+field.
+.TP
+.B AT
+Gives the time of day at which the rule takes effect.
+Recognized forms include:
+.nf
+.in +.5i
+.sp
+.ta \w'1:28:13\0\0'u
+2	time in hours
+2:00	time in hours and minutes
+15:00	24-hour format time (for times after noon)
+1:28:14	time in hours, minutes, and seconds
+\*-	equivalent to 0
+.fi
+.in -.5i
+.sp
+where hour 0 is midnight at the start of the day,
+and hour 24 is midnight at the end of the day.
+Any of these forms may be followed by the letter
+.B w
+if the given time is local
+.q "wall clock"
+time,
+.B s
+if the given time is local
+.q "standard"
+time, or
+.B u
+(or
+.B g
+or
+.BR z )
+if the given time is universal time;
+in the absence of an indicator,
+wall clock time is assumed.
+The intent is that a rule line describes the instants when a
+clock/calendar set to the type of time specified in the
+.B AT
+field would show the specified date and time of day.
+.TP
+.B SAVE
+Gives the amount of time to be added to local standard time when the rule is in
+effect.
+This field has the same format as the
+.B AT
+field
+(although, of course, the
+.B w
+and
+.B s
+suffixes are not used).
+Only the sum of standard time and this amount matters; for example,
+.I zic
+does not distinguish a 10:30 standard time plus an 0:30
+.B SAVE
+from a 10:00 standard time plus a 1:00
+.BR SAVE .
+.TP
+.B LETTER/S
+Gives the
+.q "variable part"
+(for example, the
+.q "S"
+or
+.q "D"
+in
+.q "EST"
+or
+.q "EDT" )
+of time zone abbreviations to be used when this rule is in effect.
+If this field is
+.q \*- ,
+the variable part is null.
+.PP
+A zone line has the form
+.sp
+.nf
+.ti +.5i
+.ta \w'Zone\0\0'u +\w'Australia/Adelaide\0\0'u +\w'GMTOFF\0\0'u +\w'RULES/SAVE\0\0'u +\w'FORMAT\0\0'u
+Zone	NAME	GMTOFF	RULES/SAVE	FORMAT	[UNTILYEAR [MONTH [DAY [TIME]]]]
+.sp
+For example:
+.sp
+.ti +.5i
+Zone	Australia/Adelaide	9:30	Aus	AC%sT	1971 Oct 31  2:00
+.sp
+.fi
+The fields that make up a zone line are:
+.TP "\w'GMTOFF'u"
+.B NAME
+The name of the time zone.
+This is the name used in creating the time conversion information file for the
+zone.
+It should not contain a file name component
+.q ".\&"
+or
+.q ".." ;
+a file name component is a maximal substring that does not contain
+.q "/" .
+.TP
+.B GMTOFF
+The amount of time to add to UT to get standard time in this zone.
+This field has the same format as the
+.B AT
+and
+.B SAVE
+fields of rule lines;
+begin the field with a minus sign if time must be subtracted from UT.
+.TP
+.B RULES/SAVE
+The name of the rule(s) that apply in the time zone or,
+alternately, an amount of time to add to local standard time.
+If this field is
+.B \*-
+then standard time always applies in the time zone.
+When an amount of time is given, only the sum of standard time and
+this amount matters.
+.TP
+.B FORMAT
+The format for time zone abbreviations in this time zone.
+The pair of characters
+.B %s
+is used to show where the
+.q "variable part"
+of the time zone abbreviation goes.
+Alternately, a format can use the pair of characters
+.B %z
+to stand for the UTC offset in the form
+.RI \(+- hh ,
+.RI \(+- hhmm ,
+or
+.RI \(+- hhmmss ,
+using the shortest form that does not lose information, where
+.IR hh ,
+.IR mm ,
+and
+.I ss
+are the hours, minutes, and seconds east (+) or west (\(mi) of UTC.
+Alternately,
+a slash (/)
+separates standard and daylight abbreviations.
+To conform to POSIX, a time zone abbreviation should contain only
+alphanumeric ASCII characters, "+" and "\*-".
+.TP
+.B UNTILYEAR [MONTH [DAY [TIME]]]
+The time at which the UT offset or the rule(s) change for a location.
+It is specified as a year, a month, a day, and a time of day.
+If this is specified,
+the time zone information is generated from the given UT offset
+and rule change until the time specified, which is interpreted using
+the rules in effect just before the transition.
+The month, day, and time of day have the same format as the IN, ON, and AT
+fields of a rule; trailing fields can be omitted, and default to the
+earliest possible value for the missing fields.
+.IP
+The next line must be a
+.q "continuation"
+line; this has the same form as a zone line except that the
+string
+.q "Zone"
+and the name are omitted, as the continuation line will
+place information starting at the time specified as the
+.q "until"
+information in the previous line in the file used by the previous line.
+Continuation lines may contain
+.q "until"
+information, just as zone lines do, indicating that the next line is a further
+continuation.
+.PP
+If a zone changes at the same instant that a rule would otherwise take
+effect in the earlier zone or continuation line, the rule is ignored.
+In a single zone it is an error if two rules take effect at the same
+instant, or if two zone changes take effect at the same instant.
+.PP
+A link line has the form
+.sp
+.nf
+.ti +.5i
+.ta \w'Link\0\0'u +\w'Europe/Istanbul\0\0'u
+Link	TARGET	LINK-NAME
+.sp
+For example:
+.sp
+.ti +.5i
+Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul
+.sp
+.fi
+The
+.B TARGET
+field should appear as the
+.B NAME
+field in some zone line.
+The
+.B LINK-NAME
+field is used as an alternate name for that zone;
+it has the same syntax as a zone line's
+.B NAME
+field.
+.PP
+Except for continuation lines,
+lines may appear in any order in the input.
+However, the behavior is unspecified if multiple zone or link lines
+define the same name, or if the source of one link line is the target
+of another.
+.PP
+Lines in the file that describes leap seconds have the following form:
+.nf
+.ti +.5i
+.ta \w'Leap\0\0'u +\w'YEAR\0\0'u +\w'MONTH\0\0'u +\w'DAY\0\0'u +\w'HH:MM:SS\0\0'u +\w'CORR\0\0'u
+.sp
+Leap	YEAR	MONTH	DAY	HH:MM:SS	CORR	R/S
+.sp
+For example:
+.ti +.5i
+.sp
+Leap	1974	Dec	31	23:59:60	+	S
+.sp
+.fi
+The
+.BR YEAR ,
+.BR MONTH ,
+.BR DAY ,
+and
+.B HH:MM:SS
+fields tell when the leap second happened.
+The
+.B CORR
+field
+should be
+.q "+"
+if a second was added
+or
+.q "\*-"
+if a second was skipped.
+.\" There's no need to document the following, since it's impossible for more
+.\" than one leap second to be inserted or deleted at a time.
+.\" The C Standard is in error in suggesting the possibility.
+.\" See Terry J Quinn, The BIPM and the accurate measure of time,
+.\" Proc IEEE 79, 7 (July 1991), 894-905.
+.\"	or
+.\"	.q ++
+.\"	if two seconds were added
+.\"	or
+.\"	.q --
+.\"	if two seconds were skipped.
+The
+.B R/S
+field
+should be (an abbreviation of)
+.q "Stationary"
+if the leap second time given by the other fields should be interpreted as UTC
+or
+(an abbreviation of)
+.q "Rolling"
+if the leap second time given by the other fields should be interpreted as
+local wall clock time.
+.SH "EXTENDED EXAMPLE"
+Here is an extended example of
+.I zic
+input, intended to illustrate many of its features.
+.br
+.ne 22
+.nf
+.in +2m
+.ta \w'# Rule\0\0'u +\w'NAME\0\0'u +\w'FROM\0\0'u +\w'1973\0\0'u +\w'TYPE\0\0'u +\w'Apr\0\0'u +\w'lastSun\0\0'u +\w'2:00\0\0'u +\w'SAVE\0\0'u
+.sp
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	\*-	May	Mon>=1	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	\*-	Oct	Mon>=1	2:00	0	\*-
+.sp .5
+Rule	EU	1977	1980	\*-	Apr	Sun>=1	1:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	EU	1977	only	\*-	Sep	lastSun	1:00u	0	\*-
+Rule	EU	1978	only	\*-	Oct	 1	1:00u	0	\*-
+Rule	EU	1979	1995	\*-	Sep	lastSun	1:00u	0	\*-
+Rule	EU	1981	max	\*-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	EU	1996	max	\*-	Oct	lastSun	1:00u	0	\*-
+.sp
+.ta \w'# Zone\0\0'u +\w'Europe/Zurich\0\0'u +\w'GMTOFF\0\0'u +\w'RULES/SAVE\0\0'u +\w'FORMAT\0\0'u
+# Zone	NAME	GMTOFF	RULES/SAVE	FORMAT	UNTIL
+Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08	\*-	LMT	1853 Jul 16
+		0:29:46	\*-	BMT	1894 Jun
+		1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
+		1:00	EU	CE%sT
+.sp
+Link	Europe/Zurich	Switzerland
+.sp
+.in
+.fi
+In this example, the zone is named Europe/Zurich but it has an alias
+as Switzerland.  This example says that Zurich was 34 minutes and 8
+seconds west of UT until 1853-07-16 at 00:00, when the legal offset
+was changed to 7\(de\|26\(fm\|22.50\(sd; although this works out to
+0:29:45.50, the input format cannot represent fractional seconds so it
+is rounded here.  After 1894-06-01 at 00:00 Swiss daylight saving rules
+(defined with lines beginning with "Rule Swiss") apply, and the UT offset
+became one hour.  From 1981 to the present, EU daylight saving rules have
+applied, and the UTC offset has remained at one hour.
+.PP
+In 1941 and 1942, daylight saving time applied from the first Monday
+in May at 01:00 to the first Monday in October at 02:00.
+The pre-1981 EU daylight-saving rules have no effect
+here, but are included for completeness.  Since 1981, daylight
+saving has begun on the last Sunday in March at 01:00 UTC.
+Until 1995 it ended the last Sunday in September at 01:00 UTC,
+but this changed to the last Sunday in October starting in 1996.
+.PP
+For purposes of
+display, "LMT" and "BMT" were initially used, respectively.  Since
+Swiss rules and later EU rules were applied, the display name for the
+time zone has been CET for standard time and CEST for daylight saving
+time.
+.SH NOTES
+For areas with more than two types of local time,
+you may need to use local standard time in the
+.B AT
+field of the earliest transition time's rule to ensure that
+the earliest transition time recorded in the compiled file is correct.
+.PP
+If,
+for a particular zone,
+a clock advance caused by the start of daylight saving
+coincides with and is equal to
+a clock retreat caused by a change in UT offset,
+.IR zic
+produces a single transition to daylight saving at the new UT offset
+(without any change in wall clock time).
+To get separate transitions
+use multiple zone continuation lines
+specifying transition instants using universal time.
+.PP
+Time stamps well before the Big Bang are silently omitted from the output.
+This works around bugs in software that mishandles large negative time
+stamps.  Call it sour grapes, but pre-Big-Bang time stamps are
+physically suspect anyway.  The pre-Big-Bang cutoff time is
+approximate and may change in future versions.
+.SH FILE
+/usr/local/etc/zoneinfo	standard directory used for created files
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+newctime(3), tzfile(5), zdump(8)
+.\" This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+.\" 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
diff --git a/tz/zic.c b/tz/zic.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3eb65d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/zic.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3064 @@
+/*
+** This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+** 2006-07-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+*/
+
+#include "version.h"
+#include "private.h"
+#include "locale.h"
+#include "tzfile.h"
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+#define	ZIC_VERSION_PRE_2013 '2'
+#define	ZIC_VERSION	'3'
+
+typedef int_fast64_t	zic_t;
+#define ZIC_MIN INT_FAST64_MIN
+#define ZIC_MAX INT_FAST64_MAX
+#define SCNdZIC SCNdFAST64
+
+#ifndef ZIC_MAX_ABBR_LEN_WO_WARN
+#define ZIC_MAX_ABBR_LEN_WO_WARN	6
+#endif /* !defined ZIC_MAX_ABBR_LEN_WO_WARN */
+
+#ifdef HAVE_DIRECT_H
+# include <direct.h>
+# include <io.h>
+# undef mkdir
+# define mkdir(name, mode) _mkdir(name)
+#endif
+
+#if HAVE_SYS_STAT_H
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef S_IRUSR
+#define MKDIR_UMASK (S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR|S_IXUSR|S_IRGRP|S_IXGRP|S_IROTH|S_IXOTH)
+#else
+#define MKDIR_UMASK 0755
+#endif
+
+struct rule {
+	const char *	r_filename;
+	int		r_linenum;
+	const char *	r_name;
+
+	zic_t		r_loyear;	/* for example, 1986 */
+	zic_t		r_hiyear;	/* for example, 1986 */
+	const char *	r_yrtype;
+	bool		r_lowasnum;
+	bool		r_hiwasnum;
+
+	int		r_month;	/* 0..11 */
+
+	int		r_dycode;	/* see below */
+	int		r_dayofmonth;
+	int		r_wday;
+
+	zic_t		r_tod;		/* time from midnight */
+	bool		r_todisstd;	/* above is standard time if 1 */
+					/* or wall clock time if 0 */
+	bool		r_todisgmt;	/* above is GMT if 1 */
+					/* or local time if 0 */
+	zic_t		r_stdoff;	/* offset from standard time */
+	const char *	r_abbrvar;	/* variable part of abbreviation */
+
+	int		r_todo;		/* a rule to do (used in outzone) */
+	zic_t		r_temp;		/* used in outzone */
+};
+
+/*
+**	r_dycode		r_dayofmonth	r_wday
+*/
+
+#define DC_DOM		0	/* 1..31 */	/* unused */
+#define DC_DOWGEQ	1	/* 1..31 */	/* 0..6 (Sun..Sat) */
+#define DC_DOWLEQ	2	/* 1..31 */	/* 0..6 (Sun..Sat) */
+
+struct zone {
+	const char *	z_filename;
+	int		z_linenum;
+
+	const char *	z_name;
+	zic_t		z_gmtoff;
+	const char *	z_rule;
+	const char *	z_format;
+	char		z_format_specifier;
+
+	zic_t		z_stdoff;
+
+	struct rule *	z_rules;
+	int		z_nrules;
+
+	struct rule	z_untilrule;
+	zic_t		z_untiltime;
+};
+
+#if !HAVE_POSIX_DECLS
+extern int	getopt(int argc, char * const argv[],
+			const char * options);
+extern int	link(const char * fromname, const char * toname);
+extern char *	optarg;
+extern int	optind;
+#endif
+
+#if ! HAVE_LINK
+# define link(from, to) (errno = ENOTSUP, -1)
+#endif
+#if ! HAVE_SYMLINK
+# define symlink(from, to) (errno = ENOTSUP, -1)
+#endif
+
+static void	addtt(zic_t starttime, int type);
+static int	addtype(zic_t, char const *, bool, bool, bool);
+static void	leapadd(zic_t, bool, int, int);
+static void	adjleap(void);
+static void	associate(void);
+static void	dolink(const char * fromfield, const char * tofield);
+static char **	getfields(char * buf);
+static zic_t	gethms(const char * string, const char * errstring,
+		       bool);
+static void	infile(const char * filename);
+static void	inleap(char ** fields, int nfields);
+static void	inlink(char ** fields, int nfields);
+static void	inrule(char ** fields, int nfields);
+static bool	inzcont(char ** fields, int nfields);
+static bool	inzone(char ** fields, int nfields);
+static bool	inzsub(char **, int, bool);
+static int	itsdir(const char * name);
+static bool	is_alpha(char a);
+static char	lowerit(char);
+static bool	mkdirs(char *);
+static void	newabbr(const char * abbr);
+static zic_t	oadd(zic_t t1, zic_t t2);
+static void	outzone(const struct zone * zp, int ntzones);
+static zic_t	rpytime(const struct rule * rp, zic_t wantedy);
+static void	rulesub(struct rule * rp,
+			const char * loyearp, const char * hiyearp,
+			const char * typep, const char * monthp,
+			const char * dayp, const char * timep);
+static zic_t	tadd(zic_t t1, zic_t t2);
+static bool	yearistype(int year, const char * type);
+
+/* Bound on length of what %z can expand to.  */
+enum { PERCENT_Z_LEN_BOUND = sizeof "+995959" - 1 };
+
+/* If true, work around a bug in Qt 5.6.1 and earlier, which mishandles
+   tzdata binary files whose POSIX-TZ-style strings contain '<'; see
+   QTBUG-53071 <https://bugreports.qt.io/browse/QTBUG-53071>.  This
+   workaround will no longer be needed when Qt 5.6.1 and earlier are
+   obsolete, say in the year 2021.  */
+enum { WORK_AROUND_QTBUG_53071 = true };
+
+static int		charcnt;
+static bool		errors;
+static bool		warnings;
+static const char *	filename;
+static int		leapcnt;
+static bool		leapseen;
+static zic_t		leapminyear;
+static zic_t		leapmaxyear;
+static int		linenum;
+static int		max_abbrvar_len = PERCENT_Z_LEN_BOUND;
+static int		max_format_len;
+static zic_t		max_year;
+static zic_t		min_year;
+static bool		noise;
+static const char *	rfilename;
+static int		rlinenum;
+static const char *	progname;
+static int		timecnt;
+static int		timecnt_alloc;
+static int		typecnt;
+
+/*
+** Line codes.
+*/
+
+#define LC_RULE		0
+#define LC_ZONE		1
+#define LC_LINK		2
+#define LC_LEAP		3
+
+/*
+** Which fields are which on a Zone line.
+*/
+
+#define ZF_NAME		1
+#define ZF_GMTOFF	2
+#define ZF_RULE		3
+#define ZF_FORMAT	4
+#define ZF_TILYEAR	5
+#define ZF_TILMONTH	6
+#define ZF_TILDAY	7
+#define ZF_TILTIME	8
+#define ZONE_MINFIELDS	5
+#define ZONE_MAXFIELDS	9
+
+/*
+** Which fields are which on a Zone continuation line.
+*/
+
+#define ZFC_GMTOFF	0
+#define ZFC_RULE	1
+#define ZFC_FORMAT	2
+#define ZFC_TILYEAR	3
+#define ZFC_TILMONTH	4
+#define ZFC_TILDAY	5
+#define ZFC_TILTIME	6
+#define ZONEC_MINFIELDS	3
+#define ZONEC_MAXFIELDS	7
+
+/*
+** Which files are which on a Rule line.
+*/
+
+#define RF_NAME		1
+#define RF_LOYEAR	2
+#define RF_HIYEAR	3
+#define RF_COMMAND	4
+#define RF_MONTH	5
+#define RF_DAY		6
+#define RF_TOD		7
+#define RF_STDOFF	8
+#define RF_ABBRVAR	9
+#define RULE_FIELDS	10
+
+/*
+** Which fields are which on a Link line.
+*/
+
+#define LF_FROM		1
+#define LF_TO		2
+#define LINK_FIELDS	3
+
+/*
+** Which fields are which on a Leap line.
+*/
+
+#define LP_YEAR		1
+#define LP_MONTH	2
+#define LP_DAY		3
+#define LP_TIME		4
+#define LP_CORR		5
+#define LP_ROLL		6
+#define LEAP_FIELDS	7
+
+/*
+** Year synonyms.
+*/
+
+#define YR_MINIMUM	0
+#define YR_MAXIMUM	1
+#define YR_ONLY		2
+
+static struct rule *	rules;
+static int		nrules;	/* number of rules */
+static int		nrules_alloc;
+
+static struct zone *	zones;
+static int		nzones;	/* number of zones */
+static int		nzones_alloc;
+
+struct link {
+	const char *	l_filename;
+	int		l_linenum;
+	const char *	l_from;
+	const char *	l_to;
+};
+
+static struct link *	links;
+static int		nlinks;
+static int		nlinks_alloc;
+
+struct lookup {
+	const char *	l_word;
+	const int	l_value;
+};
+
+static struct lookup const *	byword(const char * string,
+					const struct lookup * lp);
+
+static struct lookup const	line_codes[] = {
+	{ "Rule",	LC_RULE },
+	{ "Zone",	LC_ZONE },
+	{ "Link",	LC_LINK },
+	{ "Leap",	LC_LEAP },
+	{ NULL,		0}
+};
+
+static struct lookup const	mon_names[] = {
+	{ "January",	TM_JANUARY },
+	{ "February",	TM_FEBRUARY },
+	{ "March",	TM_MARCH },
+	{ "April",	TM_APRIL },
+	{ "May",	TM_MAY },
+	{ "June",	TM_JUNE },
+	{ "July",	TM_JULY },
+	{ "August",	TM_AUGUST },
+	{ "September",	TM_SEPTEMBER },
+	{ "October",	TM_OCTOBER },
+	{ "November",	TM_NOVEMBER },
+	{ "December",	TM_DECEMBER },
+	{ NULL,		0 }
+};
+
+static struct lookup const	wday_names[] = {
+	{ "Sunday",	TM_SUNDAY },
+	{ "Monday",	TM_MONDAY },
+	{ "Tuesday",	TM_TUESDAY },
+	{ "Wednesday",	TM_WEDNESDAY },
+	{ "Thursday",	TM_THURSDAY },
+	{ "Friday",	TM_FRIDAY },
+	{ "Saturday",	TM_SATURDAY },
+	{ NULL,		0 }
+};
+
+static struct lookup const	lasts[] = {
+	{ "last-Sunday",	TM_SUNDAY },
+	{ "last-Monday",	TM_MONDAY },
+	{ "last-Tuesday",	TM_TUESDAY },
+	{ "last-Wednesday",	TM_WEDNESDAY },
+	{ "last-Thursday",	TM_THURSDAY },
+	{ "last-Friday",	TM_FRIDAY },
+	{ "last-Saturday",	TM_SATURDAY },
+	{ NULL,			0 }
+};
+
+static struct lookup const	begin_years[] = {
+	{ "minimum",	YR_MINIMUM },
+	{ "maximum",	YR_MAXIMUM },
+	{ NULL,		0 }
+};
+
+static struct lookup const	end_years[] = {
+	{ "minimum",	YR_MINIMUM },
+	{ "maximum",	YR_MAXIMUM },
+	{ "only",	YR_ONLY },
+	{ NULL,		0 }
+};
+
+static struct lookup const	leap_types[] = {
+	{ "Rolling",	true },
+	{ "Stationary",	false },
+	{ NULL,		0 }
+};
+
+static const int	len_months[2][MONSPERYEAR] = {
+	{ 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 },
+	{ 31, 29, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 }
+};
+
+static const int	len_years[2] = {
+	DAYSPERNYEAR, DAYSPERLYEAR
+};
+
+static struct attype {
+	zic_t		at;
+	unsigned char	type;
+} *			attypes;
+static zic_t		gmtoffs[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
+static char		isdsts[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
+static unsigned char	abbrinds[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
+static bool		ttisstds[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
+static bool		ttisgmts[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
+static char		chars[TZ_MAX_CHARS];
+static zic_t		trans[TZ_MAX_LEAPS];
+static zic_t		corr[TZ_MAX_LEAPS];
+static char		roll[TZ_MAX_LEAPS];
+
+/*
+** Memory allocation.
+*/
+
+static _Noreturn void
+memory_exhausted(const char *msg)
+{
+	fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Memory exhausted: %s\n"), progname, msg);
+	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+static ATTRIBUTE_PURE size_t
+size_product(size_t nitems, size_t itemsize)
+{
+	if (SIZE_MAX / itemsize < nitems)
+		memory_exhausted(_("size overflow"));
+	return nitems * itemsize;
+}
+
+#if !HAVE_STRDUP
+static char *
+strdup(char const *str)
+{
+  char *result = malloc(strlen(str) + 1);
+  return result ? strcpy(result, str) : result;
+}
+#endif
+
+static ATTRIBUTE_PURE void *
+memcheck(void *ptr)
+{
+	if (ptr == NULL)
+		memory_exhausted(strerror(errno));
+	return ptr;
+}
+
+static void *
+emalloc(size_t size)
+{
+  return memcheck(malloc(size));
+}
+
+static void *
+erealloc(void *ptr, size_t size)
+{
+  return memcheck(realloc(ptr, size));
+}
+
+static char *
+ecpyalloc (char const *str)
+{
+  return memcheck(strdup(str));
+}
+
+static void *
+growalloc(void *ptr, size_t itemsize, int nitems, int *nitems_alloc)
+{
+	if (nitems < *nitems_alloc)
+		return ptr;
+	else {
+		int nitems_max = INT_MAX - WORK_AROUND_QTBUG_53071;
+		int amax = nitems_max < SIZE_MAX ? nitems_max : SIZE_MAX;
+		if ((amax - 1) / 3 * 2 < *nitems_alloc)
+			memory_exhausted(_("int overflow"));
+		*nitems_alloc = *nitems_alloc + (*nitems_alloc >> 1) + 1;
+		return erealloc(ptr, size_product(*nitems_alloc, itemsize));
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+** Error handling.
+*/
+
+static void
+eats(const char *const name, const int num, const char *const rname,
+     const int rnum)
+{
+	filename = name;
+	linenum = num;
+	rfilename = rname;
+	rlinenum = rnum;
+}
+
+static void
+eat(const char *const name, const int num)
+{
+	eats(name, num, NULL, -1);
+}
+
+static void ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT((printf, 1, 0))
+verror(const char *const string, va_list args)
+{
+	/*
+	** Match the format of "cc" to allow sh users to
+	**	zic ... 2>&1 | error -t "*" -v
+	** on BSD systems.
+	*/
+	if (filename)
+	  fprintf(stderr, _("\"%s\", line %d: "), filename, linenum);
+	vfprintf(stderr, string, args);
+	if (rfilename != NULL)
+		fprintf(stderr, _(" (rule from \"%s\", line %d)"),
+			rfilename, rlinenum);
+	fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+}
+
+static void ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT((printf, 1, 2))
+error(const char *const string, ...)
+{
+	va_list args;
+	va_start(args, string);
+	verror(string, args);
+	va_end(args);
+	errors = true;
+}
+
+static void ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT((printf, 1, 2))
+warning(const char *const string, ...)
+{
+	va_list args;
+	fprintf(stderr, _("warning: "));
+	va_start(args, string);
+	verror(string, args);
+	va_end(args);
+	warnings = true;
+}
+
+static void
+close_file(FILE *stream, char const *name)
+{
+  char const *e = (ferror(stream) ? _("I/O error")
+		   : fclose(stream) != 0 ? strerror(errno) : NULL);
+  if (e) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", progname);
+    if (name)
+      fprintf(stderr, "%s: ", name);
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", e);
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
+}
+
+static _Noreturn void
+usage(FILE *stream, int status)
+{
+  fprintf(stream,
+	  _("%s: usage is %s [ --version ] [ --help ] [ -v ] \\\n"
+	    "\t[ -l localtime ] [ -p posixrules ] [ -d directory ] \\\n"
+	    "\t[ -L leapseconds ] [ filename ... ]\n\n"
+	    "Report bugs to %s.\n"),
+	  progname, progname, REPORT_BUGS_TO);
+  if (status == EXIT_SUCCESS)
+    close_file(stream, NULL);
+  exit(status);
+}
+
+static const char *	psxrules;
+static const char *	lcltime;
+static const char *	directory;
+static const char *	leapsec;
+static const char *	yitcommand;
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	register int	i;
+	register int	j;
+	register int	c;
+
+#ifdef S_IWGRP
+	umask(umask(S_IWGRP | S_IWOTH) | (S_IWGRP | S_IWOTH));
+#endif
+#if HAVE_GETTEXT
+	setlocale(LC_ALL, "");
+#ifdef TZ_DOMAINDIR
+	bindtextdomain(TZ_DOMAIN, TZ_DOMAINDIR);
+#endif /* defined TEXTDOMAINDIR */
+	textdomain(TZ_DOMAIN);
+#endif /* HAVE_GETTEXT */
+	progname = argv[0];
+	if (TYPE_BIT(zic_t) < 64) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", progname,
+			_("wild compilation-time specification of zic_t"));
+		return EXIT_FAILURE;
+	}
+	for (i = 1; i < argc; ++i)
+		if (strcmp(argv[i], "--version") == 0) {
+			printf("zic %s%s\n", PKGVERSION, TZVERSION);
+			close_file(stdout, NULL);
+			return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+		} else if (strcmp(argv[i], "--help") == 0) {
+			usage(stdout, EXIT_SUCCESS);
+		}
+	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "d:l:p:L:vsy:")) != EOF && c != -1)
+		switch (c) {
+			default:
+				usage(stderr, EXIT_FAILURE);
+			case 'd':
+				if (directory == NULL)
+					directory = optarg;
+				else {
+					fprintf(stderr,
+_("%s: More than one -d option specified\n"),
+						progname);
+					return EXIT_FAILURE;
+				}
+				break;
+			case 'l':
+				if (lcltime == NULL)
+					lcltime = optarg;
+				else {
+					fprintf(stderr,
+_("%s: More than one -l option specified\n"),
+						progname);
+					return EXIT_FAILURE;
+				}
+				break;
+			case 'p':
+				if (psxrules == NULL)
+					psxrules = optarg;
+				else {
+					fprintf(stderr,
+_("%s: More than one -p option specified\n"),
+						progname);
+					return EXIT_FAILURE;
+				}
+				break;
+			case 'y':
+				if (yitcommand == NULL)
+					yitcommand = optarg;
+				else {
+					fprintf(stderr,
+_("%s: More than one -y option specified\n"),
+						progname);
+					return EXIT_FAILURE;
+				}
+				break;
+			case 'L':
+				if (leapsec == NULL)
+					leapsec = optarg;
+				else {
+					fprintf(stderr,
+_("%s: More than one -L option specified\n"),
+						progname);
+					return EXIT_FAILURE;
+				}
+				break;
+			case 'v':
+				noise = true;
+				break;
+			case 's':
+				warning(_("-s ignored"));
+				break;
+		}
+	if (optind == argc - 1 && strcmp(argv[optind], "=") == 0)
+		usage(stderr, EXIT_FAILURE);	/* usage message by request */
+	if (directory == NULL)
+		directory = TZDIR;
+	if (yitcommand == NULL)
+		yitcommand = "yearistype";
+
+	if (optind < argc && leapsec != NULL) {
+		infile(leapsec);
+		adjleap();
+	}
+
+	for (i = optind; i < argc; ++i)
+		infile(argv[i]);
+	if (errors)
+		return EXIT_FAILURE;
+	associate();
+	for (i = 0; i < nzones; i = j) {
+		/*
+		** Find the next non-continuation zone entry.
+		*/
+		for (j = i + 1; j < nzones && zones[j].z_name == NULL; ++j)
+			continue;
+		outzone(&zones[i], j - i);
+	}
+	/*
+	** Make links.
+	*/
+	for (i = 0; i < nlinks; ++i) {
+		eat(links[i].l_filename, links[i].l_linenum);
+		dolink(links[i].l_from, links[i].l_to);
+		if (noise)
+			for (j = 0; j < nlinks; ++j)
+				if (strcmp(links[i].l_to,
+					links[j].l_from) == 0)
+						warning(_("link to link"));
+	}
+	if (lcltime != NULL) {
+		eat(_("command line"), 1);
+		dolink(lcltime, TZDEFAULT);
+	}
+	if (psxrules != NULL) {
+		eat(_("command line"), 1);
+		dolink(psxrules, TZDEFRULES);
+	}
+	if (warnings && (ferror(stderr) || fclose(stderr) != 0))
+	  return EXIT_FAILURE;
+	return errors ? EXIT_FAILURE : EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static bool
+componentcheck(char const *name, char const *component,
+	       char const *component_end)
+{
+	enum { component_len_max = 14 };
+	size_t component_len = component_end - component;
+	if (component_len == 0) {
+	  if (!*name)
+	    error (_("empty file name"));
+	  else
+	    error (_(component == name
+		     ? "file name '%s' begins with '/'"
+		     : *component_end
+		     ? "file name '%s' contains '//'"
+		     : "file name '%s' ends with '/'"),
+		   name);
+	  return false;
+	}
+	if (0 < component_len && component_len <= 2
+	    && component[0] == '.' && component_end[-1] == '.') {
+	  error(_("file name '%s' contains '%.*s' component"),
+		name, (int) component_len, component);
+	  return false;
+	}
+	if (noise) {
+	  if (0 < component_len && component[0] == '-')
+	    warning(_("file name '%s' component contains leading '-'"),
+		    name);
+	  if (component_len_max < component_len)
+	    warning(_("file name '%s' contains overlength component"
+		      " '%.*s...'"),
+		    name, component_len_max, component);
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+namecheck(const char *name)
+{
+	register char const *cp;
+
+	/* Benign characters in a portable file name.  */
+	static char const benign[] =
+	  "-/_"
+	  "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+	  "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
+
+	/* Non-control chars in the POSIX portable character set,
+	   excluding the benign characters.  */
+	static char const printable_and_not_benign[] =
+	  " !\"#$%&'()*+,.0123456789:;<=>?@[\\]^`{|}~";
+
+	register char const *component = name;
+	for (cp = name; *cp; cp++) {
+		unsigned char c = *cp;
+		if (noise && !strchr(benign, c)) {
+			warning((strchr(printable_and_not_benign, c)
+				 ? _("file name '%s' contains byte '%c'")
+				 : _("file name '%s' contains byte '\\%o'")),
+				name, c);
+		}
+		if (c == '/') {
+			if (!componentcheck(name, component, cp))
+			  return false;
+			component = cp + 1;
+		}
+	}
+	return componentcheck(name, component, cp);
+}
+
+static char *
+relname(char const *dir, char const *base)
+{
+  if (*base == '/')
+    return ecpyalloc(base);
+  else {
+    size_t dir_len = strlen(dir);
+    bool needs_slash = dir_len && dir[dir_len - 1] != '/';
+    char *result = emalloc(dir_len + needs_slash + strlen(base) + 1);
+    result[dir_len] = '/';
+    strcpy(result + dir_len + needs_slash, base);
+    return memcpy(result, dir, dir_len);
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+dolink(char const *fromfield, char const *tofield)
+{
+	register char *	fromname;
+	register char *	toname;
+	register int fromisdir;
+
+	fromname = relname(directory, fromfield);
+	toname = relname(directory, tofield);
+	/*
+	** We get to be careful here since
+	** there's a fair chance of root running us.
+	*/
+	fromisdir = itsdir(fromname);
+	if (fromisdir) {
+		char const *e = strerror(fromisdir < 0 ? errno : EPERM);
+		fprintf(stderr, _("%s: link from %s failed: %s"),
+			progname, fromname, e);
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+	if (link(fromname, toname) != 0) {
+	  int link_errno = errno;
+	  bool retry_if_link_supported = false;
+
+	  if (link_errno == ENOENT || link_errno == ENOTSUP) {
+	    if (! mkdirs(toname))
+	      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	    retry_if_link_supported = true;
+	  }
+	  if ((link_errno == EEXIST || link_errno == ENOTSUP)
+	      && itsdir(toname) == 0
+	      && (remove(toname) == 0 || errno == ENOENT))
+	    retry_if_link_supported = true;
+	  if (retry_if_link_supported && link_errno != ENOTSUP)
+	    link_errno = link(fromname, toname) == 0 ? 0 : errno;
+	  if (link_errno != 0) {
+	    const char *s = fromfield;
+	    const char *t;
+	    char *p;
+	    size_t dotdots = 0;
+	    char *symlinkcontents;
+	    int symlink_result;
+
+	    do
+	      t = s;
+	    while ((s = strchr(s, '/'))
+		   && strncmp(fromfield, tofield, ++s - fromfield) == 0);
+
+	    for (s = tofield + (t - fromfield); *s; s++)
+	      dotdots += *s == '/';
+	    symlinkcontents = emalloc(3 * dotdots + strlen(t) + 1);
+	    for (p = symlinkcontents; dotdots-- != 0; p += 3)
+	      memcpy(p, "../", 3);
+	    strcpy(p, t);
+	    symlink_result = symlink(symlinkcontents, toname);
+	    free(symlinkcontents);
+	    if (symlink_result == 0) {
+	      if (link_errno != ENOTSUP)
+		warning(_("symbolic link used because hard link failed: %s"),
+			strerror (link_errno));
+	    } else {
+			FILE *fp, *tp;
+			int c;
+			fp = fopen(fromname, "rb");
+			if (!fp) {
+				const char *e = strerror(errno);
+				fprintf(stderr,
+					       _("%s: Can't read %s: %s\n"),
+					       progname, fromname, e);
+				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+			}
+			tp = fopen(toname, "wb");
+			if (!tp) {
+				const char *e = strerror(errno);
+				fprintf(stderr,
+					       _("%s: Can't create %s: %s\n"),
+					       progname, toname, e);
+				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+			}
+			while ((c = getc(fp)) != EOF)
+				putc(c, tp);
+			close_file(fp, fromname);
+			close_file(tp, toname);
+			if (link_errno != ENOTSUP)
+			  warning(_("copy used because hard link failed: %s"),
+				  strerror (link_errno));
+	    }
+	  }
+	}
+	free(fromname);
+	free(toname);
+}
+
+#define TIME_T_BITS_IN_FILE	64
+
+static zic_t const min_time = MINVAL (zic_t, TIME_T_BITS_IN_FILE);
+static zic_t const max_time = MAXVAL (zic_t, TIME_T_BITS_IN_FILE);
+
+/* Estimated time of the Big Bang, in seconds since the POSIX epoch.
+   rounded downward to the negation of a power of two that is
+   comfortably outside the error bounds.
+
+   For the time of the Big Bang, see:
+
+   Ade PAR, Aghanim N, Armitage-Caplan C et al.  Planck 2013 results.
+   I. Overview of products and scientific results.
+   arXiv:1303.5062 2013-03-20 20:10:01 UTC
+   <http://arxiv.org/pdf/1303.5062v1> [PDF]
+
+   Page 36, Table 9, row Age/Gyr, column Planck+WP+highL+BAO 68% limits
+   gives the value 13.798 plus-or-minus 0.037 billion years.
+   Multiplying this by 1000000000 and then by 31557600 (the number of
+   seconds in an astronomical year) gives a value that is comfortably
+   less than 2**59, so BIG_BANG is - 2**59.
+
+   BIG_BANG is approximate, and may change in future versions.
+   Please do not rely on its exact value.  */
+
+#ifndef BIG_BANG
+#define BIG_BANG (- (1LL << 59))
+#endif
+
+/* If true, work around GNOME bug 730332
+   <https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=730332>
+   by refusing to output time stamps before BIG_BANG.
+   Such time stamps are physically suspect anyway.
+
+   The GNOME bug is scheduled to be fixed in GNOME 3.22, and if so
+   this workaround will no longer be needed when GNOME 3.21 and
+   earlier are obsolete, say in the year 2021.  */
+enum { WORK_AROUND_GNOME_BUG_730332 = true };
+
+static const zic_t early_time = (WORK_AROUND_GNOME_BUG_730332
+				 ? BIG_BANG
+				 : MINVAL(zic_t, TIME_T_BITS_IN_FILE));
+
+/* Return 1 if NAME is a directory, 0 if it's something else, -1 if trouble.  */
+static int
+itsdir(char const *name)
+{
+	struct stat st;
+	int res = stat(name, &st);
+#ifdef S_ISDIR
+	if (res == 0)
+		return S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) != 0;
+#endif
+	if (res == 0 || errno == EOVERFLOW) {
+		char *nameslashdot = relname(name, ".");
+		bool dir = stat(nameslashdot, &st) == 0 || errno == EOVERFLOW;
+		free(nameslashdot);
+		return dir;
+	}
+	return -1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Associate sets of rules with zones.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Sort by rule name.
+*/
+
+static int
+rcomp(const void *cp1, const void *cp2)
+{
+	return strcmp(((const struct rule *) cp1)->r_name,
+		((const struct rule *) cp2)->r_name);
+}
+
+static void
+associate(void)
+{
+	register struct zone *	zp;
+	register struct rule *	rp;
+	register int		base, out;
+	register int		i, j;
+
+	if (nrules != 0) {
+		qsort(rules, nrules, sizeof *rules, rcomp);
+		for (i = 0; i < nrules - 1; ++i) {
+			if (strcmp(rules[i].r_name,
+				rules[i + 1].r_name) != 0)
+					continue;
+			if (strcmp(rules[i].r_filename,
+				rules[i + 1].r_filename) == 0)
+					continue;
+			eat(rules[i].r_filename, rules[i].r_linenum);
+			warning(_("same rule name in multiple files"));
+			eat(rules[i + 1].r_filename, rules[i + 1].r_linenum);
+			warning(_("same rule name in multiple files"));
+			for (j = i + 2; j < nrules; ++j) {
+				if (strcmp(rules[i].r_name,
+					rules[j].r_name) != 0)
+						break;
+				if (strcmp(rules[i].r_filename,
+					rules[j].r_filename) == 0)
+						continue;
+				if (strcmp(rules[i + 1].r_filename,
+					rules[j].r_filename) == 0)
+						continue;
+				break;
+			}
+			i = j - 1;
+		}
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < nzones; ++i) {
+		zp = &zones[i];
+		zp->z_rules = NULL;
+		zp->z_nrules = 0;
+	}
+	for (base = 0; base < nrules; base = out) {
+		rp = &rules[base];
+		for (out = base + 1; out < nrules; ++out)
+			if (strcmp(rp->r_name, rules[out].r_name) != 0)
+				break;
+		for (i = 0; i < nzones; ++i) {
+			zp = &zones[i];
+			if (strcmp(zp->z_rule, rp->r_name) != 0)
+				continue;
+			zp->z_rules = rp;
+			zp->z_nrules = out - base;
+		}
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < nzones; ++i) {
+		zp = &zones[i];
+		if (zp->z_nrules == 0) {
+			/*
+			** Maybe we have a local standard time offset.
+			*/
+			eat(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum);
+			zp->z_stdoff = gethms(zp->z_rule, _("unruly zone"),
+				true);
+			/*
+			** Note, though, that if there's no rule,
+			** a '%s' in the format is a bad thing.
+			*/
+			if (zp->z_format_specifier == 's')
+				error("%s", _("%s in ruleless zone"));
+		}
+	}
+	if (errors)
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+static void
+infile(const char *name)
+{
+	register FILE *			fp;
+	register char **		fields;
+	register char *			cp;
+	register const struct lookup *	lp;
+	register int			nfields;
+	register bool			wantcont;
+	register int			num;
+	char				buf[BUFSIZ];
+
+	if (strcmp(name, "-") == 0) {
+		name = _("standard input");
+		fp = stdin;
+	} else if ((fp = fopen(name, "r")) == NULL) {
+		const char *e = strerror(errno);
+
+		fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Can't open %s: %s\n"),
+			progname, name, e);
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+	wantcont = false;
+	for (num = 1; ; ++num) {
+		eat(name, num);
+		if (fgets(buf, sizeof buf, fp) != buf)
+			break;
+		cp = strchr(buf, '\n');
+		if (cp == NULL) {
+			error(_("line too long"));
+			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		}
+		*cp = '\0';
+		fields = getfields(buf);
+		nfields = 0;
+		while (fields[nfields] != NULL) {
+			static char	nada;
+
+			if (strcmp(fields[nfields], "-") == 0)
+				fields[nfields] = &nada;
+			++nfields;
+		}
+		if (nfields == 0) {
+			/* nothing to do */
+		} else if (wantcont) {
+			wantcont = inzcont(fields, nfields);
+		} else {
+			lp = byword(fields[0], line_codes);
+			if (lp == NULL)
+				error(_("input line of unknown type"));
+			else switch ((int) (lp->l_value)) {
+				case LC_RULE:
+					inrule(fields, nfields);
+					wantcont = false;
+					break;
+				case LC_ZONE:
+					wantcont = inzone(fields, nfields);
+					break;
+				case LC_LINK:
+					inlink(fields, nfields);
+					wantcont = false;
+					break;
+				case LC_LEAP:
+					if (name != leapsec)
+					  warning(_("%s: Leap line in non leap"
+						    " seconds file %s"),
+						  progname, name);
+					else	inleap(fields, nfields);
+					wantcont = false;
+					break;
+				default:	/* "cannot happen" */
+					fprintf(stderr,
+_("%s: panic: Invalid l_value %d\n"),
+						progname, lp->l_value);
+					exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+			}
+		}
+		free(fields);
+	}
+	close_file(fp, filename);
+	if (wantcont)
+		error(_("expected continuation line not found"));
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert a string of one of the forms
+**	h	-h	hh:mm	-hh:mm	hh:mm:ss	-hh:mm:ss
+** into a number of seconds.
+** A null string maps to zero.
+** Call error with errstring and return zero on errors.
+*/
+
+static zic_t
+gethms(char const *string, char const *errstring, bool signable)
+{
+	zic_t	hh;
+	int	mm, ss, sign;
+	char xs;
+
+	if (string == NULL || *string == '\0')
+		return 0;
+	if (!signable)
+		sign = 1;
+	else if (*string == '-') {
+		sign = -1;
+		++string;
+	} else	sign = 1;
+	if (sscanf(string, "%"SCNdZIC"%c", &hh, &xs) == 1)
+		mm = ss = 0;
+	else if (sscanf(string, "%"SCNdZIC":%d%c", &hh, &mm, &xs) == 2)
+		ss = 0;
+	else if (sscanf(string, "%"SCNdZIC":%d:%d%c", &hh, &mm, &ss, &xs)
+		 != 3) {
+			error("%s", errstring);
+			return 0;
+	}
+	if (hh < 0 ||
+		mm < 0 || mm >= MINSPERHOUR ||
+		ss < 0 || ss > SECSPERMIN) {
+			error("%s", errstring);
+			return 0;
+	}
+	if (ZIC_MAX / SECSPERHOUR < hh) {
+		error(_("time overflow"));
+		return 0;
+	}
+	if (noise && (hh > HOURSPERDAY ||
+		(hh == HOURSPERDAY && (mm != 0 || ss != 0))))
+warning(_("values over 24 hours not handled by pre-2007 versions of zic"));
+	return oadd(sign * hh * SECSPERHOUR,
+		    sign * (mm * SECSPERMIN + ss));
+}
+
+static void
+inrule(char **fields, int nfields)
+{
+	static struct rule	r;
+
+	if (nfields != RULE_FIELDS) {
+		error(_("wrong number of fields on Rule line"));
+		return;
+	}
+	if (*fields[RF_NAME] == '\0') {
+		error(_("nameless rule"));
+		return;
+	}
+	r.r_filename = filename;
+	r.r_linenum = linenum;
+	r.r_stdoff = gethms(fields[RF_STDOFF], _("invalid saved time"), true);
+	rulesub(&r, fields[RF_LOYEAR], fields[RF_HIYEAR], fields[RF_COMMAND],
+		fields[RF_MONTH], fields[RF_DAY], fields[RF_TOD]);
+	r.r_name = ecpyalloc(fields[RF_NAME]);
+	r.r_abbrvar = ecpyalloc(fields[RF_ABBRVAR]);
+	if (max_abbrvar_len < strlen(r.r_abbrvar))
+		max_abbrvar_len = strlen(r.r_abbrvar);
+	rules = growalloc(rules, sizeof *rules, nrules, &nrules_alloc);
+	rules[nrules++] = r;
+}
+
+static bool
+inzone(char **fields, int nfields)
+{
+	register int	i;
+
+	if (nfields < ZONE_MINFIELDS || nfields > ZONE_MAXFIELDS) {
+		error(_("wrong number of fields on Zone line"));
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (strcmp(fields[ZF_NAME], TZDEFAULT) == 0 && lcltime != NULL) {
+		error(
+_("\"Zone %s\" line and -l option are mutually exclusive"),
+			TZDEFAULT);
+		return false;
+	}
+	if (strcmp(fields[ZF_NAME], TZDEFRULES) == 0 && psxrules != NULL) {
+		error(
+_("\"Zone %s\" line and -p option are mutually exclusive"),
+			TZDEFRULES);
+		return false;
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < nzones; ++i)
+		if (zones[i].z_name != NULL &&
+			strcmp(zones[i].z_name, fields[ZF_NAME]) == 0) {
+				error(
+_("duplicate zone name %s (file \"%s\", line %d)"),
+					fields[ZF_NAME],
+					zones[i].z_filename,
+					zones[i].z_linenum);
+				return false;
+		}
+	return inzsub(fields, nfields, false);
+}
+
+static bool
+inzcont(char **fields, int nfields)
+{
+	if (nfields < ZONEC_MINFIELDS || nfields > ZONEC_MAXFIELDS) {
+		error(_("wrong number of fields on Zone continuation line"));
+		return false;
+	}
+	return inzsub(fields, nfields, true);
+}
+
+static bool
+inzsub(char **fields, int nfields, bool iscont)
+{
+	register char *		cp;
+	char *			cp1;
+	static struct zone	z;
+	register int		i_gmtoff, i_rule, i_format;
+	register int		i_untilyear, i_untilmonth;
+	register int		i_untilday, i_untiltime;
+	register bool		hasuntil;
+
+	if (iscont) {
+		i_gmtoff = ZFC_GMTOFF;
+		i_rule = ZFC_RULE;
+		i_format = ZFC_FORMAT;
+		i_untilyear = ZFC_TILYEAR;
+		i_untilmonth = ZFC_TILMONTH;
+		i_untilday = ZFC_TILDAY;
+		i_untiltime = ZFC_TILTIME;
+		z.z_name = NULL;
+	} else if (!namecheck(fields[ZF_NAME]))
+		return false;
+	else {
+		i_gmtoff = ZF_GMTOFF;
+		i_rule = ZF_RULE;
+		i_format = ZF_FORMAT;
+		i_untilyear = ZF_TILYEAR;
+		i_untilmonth = ZF_TILMONTH;
+		i_untilday = ZF_TILDAY;
+		i_untiltime = ZF_TILTIME;
+		z.z_name = ecpyalloc(fields[ZF_NAME]);
+	}
+	z.z_filename = filename;
+	z.z_linenum = linenum;
+	z.z_gmtoff = gethms(fields[i_gmtoff], _("invalid UT offset"), true);
+	if ((cp = strchr(fields[i_format], '%')) != 0) {
+		if ((*++cp != 's' && *cp != 'z') || strchr(cp, '%')
+		    || strchr(fields[i_format], '/')) {
+			error(_("invalid abbreviation format"));
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+	z.z_rule = ecpyalloc(fields[i_rule]);
+	z.z_format = cp1 = ecpyalloc(fields[i_format]);
+	z.z_format_specifier = cp ? *cp : '\0';
+	if (z.z_format_specifier == 'z') {
+	  if (noise)
+	    warning(_("format '%s' not handled by pre-2015 versions of zic"),
+		    z.z_format);
+	  cp1[cp - fields[i_format]] = 's';
+	}
+	if (max_format_len < strlen(z.z_format))
+		max_format_len = strlen(z.z_format);
+	hasuntil = nfields > i_untilyear;
+	if (hasuntil) {
+		z.z_untilrule.r_filename = filename;
+		z.z_untilrule.r_linenum = linenum;
+		rulesub(&z.z_untilrule,
+			fields[i_untilyear],
+			"only",
+			"",
+			(nfields > i_untilmonth) ?
+			fields[i_untilmonth] : "Jan",
+			(nfields > i_untilday) ? fields[i_untilday] : "1",
+			(nfields > i_untiltime) ? fields[i_untiltime] : "0");
+		z.z_untiltime = rpytime(&z.z_untilrule,
+			z.z_untilrule.r_loyear);
+		if (iscont && nzones > 0 &&
+			z.z_untiltime > min_time &&
+			z.z_untiltime < max_time &&
+			zones[nzones - 1].z_untiltime > min_time &&
+			zones[nzones - 1].z_untiltime < max_time &&
+			zones[nzones - 1].z_untiltime >= z.z_untiltime) {
+				error(_(
+"Zone continuation line end time is not after end time of previous line"
+					));
+				return false;
+		}
+	}
+	zones = growalloc(zones, sizeof *zones, nzones, &nzones_alloc);
+	zones[nzones++] = z;
+	/*
+	** If there was an UNTIL field on this line,
+	** there's more information about the zone on the next line.
+	*/
+	return hasuntil;
+}
+
+static void
+inleap(char **fields, int nfields)
+{
+	register const char *		cp;
+	register const struct lookup *	lp;
+	register int			i, j;
+	zic_t				year;
+	int				month, day;
+	zic_t				dayoff, tod;
+	zic_t				t;
+	char xs;
+
+	if (nfields != LEAP_FIELDS) {
+		error(_("wrong number of fields on Leap line"));
+		return;
+	}
+	dayoff = 0;
+	cp = fields[LP_YEAR];
+	if (sscanf(cp, "%"SCNdZIC"%c", &year, &xs) != 1) {
+		/*
+		** Leapin' Lizards!
+		*/
+		error(_("invalid leaping year"));
+		return;
+	}
+	if (!leapseen || leapmaxyear < year)
+		leapmaxyear = year;
+	if (!leapseen || leapminyear > year)
+		leapminyear = year;
+	leapseen = true;
+	j = EPOCH_YEAR;
+	while (j != year) {
+		if (year > j) {
+			i = len_years[isleap(j)];
+			++j;
+		} else {
+			--j;
+			i = -len_years[isleap(j)];
+		}
+		dayoff = oadd(dayoff, i);
+	}
+	if ((lp = byword(fields[LP_MONTH], mon_names)) == NULL) {
+		error(_("invalid month name"));
+		return;
+	}
+	month = lp->l_value;
+	j = TM_JANUARY;
+	while (j != month) {
+		i = len_months[isleap(year)][j];
+		dayoff = oadd(dayoff, i);
+		++j;
+	}
+	cp = fields[LP_DAY];
+	if (sscanf(cp, "%d%c", &day, &xs) != 1 ||
+		day <= 0 || day > len_months[isleap(year)][month]) {
+			error(_("invalid day of month"));
+			return;
+	}
+	dayoff = oadd(dayoff, day - 1);
+	if (dayoff < min_time / SECSPERDAY) {
+		error(_("time too small"));
+		return;
+	}
+	if (dayoff > max_time / SECSPERDAY) {
+		error(_("time too large"));
+		return;
+	}
+	t = dayoff * SECSPERDAY;
+	tod = gethms(fields[LP_TIME], _("invalid time of day"), false);
+	cp = fields[LP_CORR];
+	{
+		register bool	positive;
+		int		count;
+
+		if (strcmp(cp, "") == 0) { /* infile() turns "-" into "" */
+			positive = false;
+			count = 1;
+		} else if (strcmp(cp, "--") == 0) {
+			positive = false;
+			count = 2;
+		} else if (strcmp(cp, "+") == 0) {
+			positive = true;
+			count = 1;
+		} else if (strcmp(cp, "++") == 0) {
+			positive = true;
+			count = 2;
+		} else {
+			error(_("illegal CORRECTION field on Leap line"));
+			return;
+		}
+		if ((lp = byword(fields[LP_ROLL], leap_types)) == NULL) {
+			error(_(
+				"illegal Rolling/Stationary field on Leap line"
+				));
+			return;
+		}
+		t = tadd(t, tod);
+		if (t < early_time) {
+			error(_("leap second precedes Big Bang"));
+			return;
+		}
+		leapadd(t, positive, lp->l_value, count);
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+inlink(char **fields, int nfields)
+{
+	struct link	l;
+
+	if (nfields != LINK_FIELDS) {
+		error(_("wrong number of fields on Link line"));
+		return;
+	}
+	if (*fields[LF_FROM] == '\0') {
+		error(_("blank FROM field on Link line"));
+		return;
+	}
+	if (! namecheck(fields[LF_TO]))
+	  return;
+	l.l_filename = filename;
+	l.l_linenum = linenum;
+	l.l_from = ecpyalloc(fields[LF_FROM]);
+	l.l_to = ecpyalloc(fields[LF_TO]);
+	links = growalloc(links, sizeof *links, nlinks, &nlinks_alloc);
+	links[nlinks++] = l;
+}
+
+static void
+rulesub(struct rule *rp, const char *loyearp, const char *hiyearp,
+	const char *typep, const char *monthp, const char *dayp,
+	const char *timep)
+{
+	register const struct lookup *	lp;
+	register const char *		cp;
+	register char *			dp;
+	register char *			ep;
+	char xs;
+
+	if ((lp = byword(monthp, mon_names)) == NULL) {
+		error(_("invalid month name"));
+		return;
+	}
+	rp->r_month = lp->l_value;
+	rp->r_todisstd = false;
+	rp->r_todisgmt = false;
+	dp = ecpyalloc(timep);
+	if (*dp != '\0') {
+		ep = dp + strlen(dp) - 1;
+		switch (lowerit(*ep)) {
+			case 's':	/* Standard */
+				rp->r_todisstd = true;
+				rp->r_todisgmt = false;
+				*ep = '\0';
+				break;
+			case 'w':	/* Wall */
+				rp->r_todisstd = false;
+				rp->r_todisgmt = false;
+				*ep = '\0';
+				break;
+			case 'g':	/* Greenwich */
+			case 'u':	/* Universal */
+			case 'z':	/* Zulu */
+				rp->r_todisstd = true;
+				rp->r_todisgmt = true;
+				*ep = '\0';
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+	rp->r_tod = gethms(dp, _("invalid time of day"), false);
+	free(dp);
+	/*
+	** Year work.
+	*/
+	cp = loyearp;
+	lp = byword(cp, begin_years);
+	rp->r_lowasnum = lp == NULL;
+	if (!rp->r_lowasnum) switch ((int) lp->l_value) {
+		case YR_MINIMUM:
+			rp->r_loyear = ZIC_MIN;
+			break;
+		case YR_MAXIMUM:
+			rp->r_loyear = ZIC_MAX;
+			break;
+		default:	/* "cannot happen" */
+			fprintf(stderr,
+				_("%s: panic: Invalid l_value %d\n"),
+				progname, lp->l_value);
+			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	} else if (sscanf(cp, "%"SCNdZIC"%c", &rp->r_loyear, &xs) != 1) {
+		error(_("invalid starting year"));
+		return;
+	}
+	cp = hiyearp;
+	lp = byword(cp, end_years);
+	rp->r_hiwasnum = lp == NULL;
+	if (!rp->r_hiwasnum) switch ((int) lp->l_value) {
+		case YR_MINIMUM:
+			rp->r_hiyear = ZIC_MIN;
+			break;
+		case YR_MAXIMUM:
+			rp->r_hiyear = ZIC_MAX;
+			break;
+		case YR_ONLY:
+			rp->r_hiyear = rp->r_loyear;
+			break;
+		default:	/* "cannot happen" */
+			fprintf(stderr,
+				_("%s: panic: Invalid l_value %d\n"),
+				progname, lp->l_value);
+			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	} else if (sscanf(cp, "%"SCNdZIC"%c", &rp->r_hiyear, &xs) != 1) {
+		error(_("invalid ending year"));
+		return;
+	}
+	if (rp->r_loyear > rp->r_hiyear) {
+		error(_("starting year greater than ending year"));
+		return;
+	}
+	if (*typep == '\0')
+		rp->r_yrtype = NULL;
+	else {
+		if (rp->r_loyear == rp->r_hiyear) {
+			error(_("typed single year"));
+			return;
+		}
+		rp->r_yrtype = ecpyalloc(typep);
+	}
+	/*
+	** Day work.
+	** Accept things such as:
+	**	1
+	**	last-Sunday
+	**	Sun<=20
+	**	Sun>=7
+	*/
+	dp = ecpyalloc(dayp);
+	if ((lp = byword(dp, lasts)) != NULL) {
+		rp->r_dycode = DC_DOWLEQ;
+		rp->r_wday = lp->l_value;
+		rp->r_dayofmonth = len_months[1][rp->r_month];
+	} else {
+		if ((ep = strchr(dp, '<')) != 0)
+			rp->r_dycode = DC_DOWLEQ;
+		else if ((ep = strchr(dp, '>')) != 0)
+			rp->r_dycode = DC_DOWGEQ;
+		else {
+			ep = dp;
+			rp->r_dycode = DC_DOM;
+		}
+		if (rp->r_dycode != DC_DOM) {
+			*ep++ = 0;
+			if (*ep++ != '=') {
+				error(_("invalid day of month"));
+				free(dp);
+				return;
+			}
+			if ((lp = byword(dp, wday_names)) == NULL) {
+				error(_("invalid weekday name"));
+				free(dp);
+				return;
+			}
+			rp->r_wday = lp->l_value;
+		}
+		if (sscanf(ep, "%d%c", &rp->r_dayofmonth, &xs) != 1 ||
+			rp->r_dayofmonth <= 0 ||
+			(rp->r_dayofmonth > len_months[1][rp->r_month])) {
+				error(_("invalid day of month"));
+				free(dp);
+				return;
+		}
+	}
+	free(dp);
+}
+
+static void
+convert(const int_fast32_t val, char *const buf)
+{
+	register int	i;
+	register int	shift;
+	unsigned char *const b = (unsigned char *) buf;
+
+	for (i = 0, shift = 24; i < 4; ++i, shift -= 8)
+		b[i] = val >> shift;
+}
+
+static void
+convert64(const zic_t val, char *const buf)
+{
+	register int	i;
+	register int	shift;
+	unsigned char *const b = (unsigned char *) buf;
+
+	for (i = 0, shift = 56; i < 8; ++i, shift -= 8)
+		b[i] = val >> shift;
+}
+
+static void
+puttzcode(const int_fast32_t val, FILE *const fp)
+{
+	char	buf[4];
+
+	convert(val, buf);
+	fwrite(buf, sizeof buf, 1, fp);
+}
+
+static void
+puttzcode64(const zic_t val, FILE *const fp)
+{
+	char	buf[8];
+
+	convert64(val, buf);
+	fwrite(buf, sizeof buf, 1, fp);
+}
+
+static int
+atcomp(const void *avp, const void *bvp)
+{
+	const zic_t	a = ((const struct attype *) avp)->at;
+	const zic_t	b = ((const struct attype *) bvp)->at;
+
+	return (a < b) ? -1 : (a > b);
+}
+
+static bool
+is32(const zic_t x)
+{
+	return INT32_MIN <= x && x <= INT32_MAX;
+}
+
+static void
+writezone(const char *const name, const char *const string, char version)
+{
+	register FILE *			fp;
+	register int			i, j;
+	register int			leapcnt32, leapi32;
+	register int			timecnt32, timei32;
+	register int			pass;
+	char *				fullname;
+	static const struct tzhead	tzh0;
+	static struct tzhead		tzh;
+	zic_t one = 1;
+	zic_t y2038_boundary = one << 31;
+	int nats = timecnt + WORK_AROUND_QTBUG_53071;
+	zic_t *ats = emalloc(size_product(nats, sizeof *ats + 1));
+	void *typesptr = ats + nats;
+	unsigned char *types = typesptr;
+
+	/*
+	** Sort.
+	*/
+	if (timecnt > 1)
+		qsort(attypes, timecnt, sizeof *attypes, atcomp);
+	/*
+	** Optimize.
+	*/
+	{
+		int	fromi;
+		int	toi;
+
+		toi = 0;
+		fromi = 0;
+		while (fromi < timecnt && attypes[fromi].at < early_time)
+			++fromi;
+		for ( ; fromi < timecnt; ++fromi) {
+			if (toi > 1 && ((attypes[fromi].at +
+				gmtoffs[attypes[toi - 1].type]) <=
+				(attypes[toi - 1].at +
+				gmtoffs[attypes[toi - 2].type]))) {
+					attypes[toi - 1].type =
+						attypes[fromi].type;
+					continue;
+			}
+			if (toi == 0 ||
+				attypes[toi - 1].type != attypes[fromi].type)
+					attypes[toi++] = attypes[fromi];
+		}
+		timecnt = toi;
+	}
+	if (noise && timecnt > 1200)
+		warning(_("pre-2014 clients may mishandle"
+			  " more than 1200 transition times"));
+	/*
+	** Transfer.
+	*/
+	for (i = 0; i < timecnt; ++i) {
+		ats[i] = attypes[i].at;
+		types[i] = attypes[i].type;
+	}
+
+	/* Work around QTBUG-53071 for time stamps less than y2038_boundary - 1,
+	   by inserting a no-op transition at time y2038_boundary - 1.
+	   This works only for timestamps before the boundary, which
+	   should be good enough in practice as QTBUG-53071 should be
+	   long-dead by 2038.  */
+	if (WORK_AROUND_QTBUG_53071 && timecnt != 0
+	    && ats[timecnt - 1] < y2038_boundary - 1 && strchr(string, '<')) {
+	  ats[timecnt] = y2038_boundary - 1;
+	  types[timecnt] = types[timecnt - 1];
+	  timecnt++;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	** Correct for leap seconds.
+	*/
+	for (i = 0; i < timecnt; ++i) {
+		j = leapcnt;
+		while (--j >= 0)
+			if (ats[i] > trans[j] - corr[j]) {
+				ats[i] = tadd(ats[i], corr[j]);
+				break;
+			}
+	}
+	/*
+	** Figure out 32-bit-limited starts and counts.
+	*/
+	timecnt32 = timecnt;
+	timei32 = 0;
+	leapcnt32 = leapcnt;
+	leapi32 = 0;
+	while (timecnt32 > 0 && !is32(ats[timecnt32 - 1]))
+		--timecnt32;
+	while (timecnt32 > 0 && !is32(ats[timei32])) {
+		--timecnt32;
+		++timei32;
+	}
+	/*
+	** Output an INT32_MIN "transition" if appropriate; see below.
+	*/
+	if (timei32 > 0 && ats[timei32] > INT32_MIN) {
+		--timei32;
+		++timecnt32;
+	}
+	while (leapcnt32 > 0 && !is32(trans[leapcnt32 - 1]))
+		--leapcnt32;
+	while (leapcnt32 > 0 && !is32(trans[leapi32])) {
+		--leapcnt32;
+		++leapi32;
+	}
+	fullname = relname(directory, name);
+	/*
+	** Remove old file, if any, to snap links.
+	*/
+	if (itsdir(fullname) == 0 && remove(fullname) != 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
+		const char *e = strerror(errno);
+
+		fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Can't remove %s: %s\n"),
+			progname, fullname, e);
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+	if ((fp = fopen(fullname, "wb")) == NULL) {
+		if (! mkdirs(fullname))
+			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		if ((fp = fopen(fullname, "wb")) == NULL) {
+			const char *e = strerror(errno);
+
+			fprintf(stderr, _("%s: Can't create %s: %s\n"),
+				progname, fullname, e);
+			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		}
+	}
+	for (pass = 1; pass <= 2; ++pass) {
+		register int	thistimei, thistimecnt;
+		register int	thisleapi, thisleapcnt;
+		register int	thistimelim, thisleaplim;
+		int		writetype[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
+		int		typemap[TZ_MAX_TYPES];
+		register int	thistypecnt;
+		char		thischars[TZ_MAX_CHARS];
+		char		thischarcnt;
+		int		indmap[TZ_MAX_CHARS];
+
+		if (pass == 1) {
+			thistimei = timei32;
+			thistimecnt = timecnt32;
+			thisleapi = leapi32;
+			thisleapcnt = leapcnt32;
+		} else {
+			thistimei = 0;
+			thistimecnt = timecnt;
+			thisleapi = 0;
+			thisleapcnt = leapcnt;
+		}
+		thistimelim = thistimei + thistimecnt;
+		thisleaplim = thisleapi + thisleapcnt;
+		for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
+			writetype[i] = thistimecnt == timecnt;
+		if (thistimecnt == 0) {
+			/*
+			** No transition times fall in the current
+			** (32- or 64-bit) window.
+			*/
+			if (typecnt != 0)
+				writetype[typecnt - 1] = true;
+		} else {
+			for (i = thistimei - 1; i < thistimelim; ++i)
+				if (i >= 0)
+					writetype[types[i]] = true;
+			/*
+			** For America/Godthab and Antarctica/Palmer
+			*/
+			if (thistimei == 0)
+				writetype[0] = true;
+		}
+#ifndef LEAVE_SOME_PRE_2011_SYSTEMS_IN_THE_LURCH
+		/*
+		** For some pre-2011 systems: if the last-to-be-written
+		** standard (or daylight) type has an offset different from the
+		** most recently used offset,
+		** append an (unused) copy of the most recently used type
+		** (to help get global "altzone" and "timezone" variables
+		** set correctly).
+		*/
+		{
+			register int	mrudst, mrustd, hidst, histd, type;
+
+			hidst = histd = mrudst = mrustd = -1;
+			for (i = thistimei; i < thistimelim; ++i)
+				if (isdsts[types[i]])
+					mrudst = types[i];
+				else	mrustd = types[i];
+			for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
+				if (writetype[i]) {
+					if (isdsts[i])
+						hidst = i;
+					else	histd = i;
+				}
+			if (hidst >= 0 && mrudst >= 0 && hidst != mrudst &&
+				gmtoffs[hidst] != gmtoffs[mrudst]) {
+					isdsts[mrudst] = -1;
+					type = addtype(gmtoffs[mrudst],
+						&chars[abbrinds[mrudst]],
+						true,
+						ttisstds[mrudst],
+						ttisgmts[mrudst]);
+					isdsts[mrudst] = 1;
+					writetype[type] = true;
+			}
+			if (histd >= 0 && mrustd >= 0 && histd != mrustd &&
+				gmtoffs[histd] != gmtoffs[mrustd]) {
+					isdsts[mrustd] = -1;
+					type = addtype(gmtoffs[mrustd],
+						&chars[abbrinds[mrustd]],
+						false,
+						ttisstds[mrustd],
+						ttisgmts[mrustd]);
+					isdsts[mrustd] = 0;
+					writetype[type] = true;
+			}
+		}
+#endif /* !defined LEAVE_SOME_PRE_2011_SYSTEMS_IN_THE_LURCH */
+		thistypecnt = 0;
+		for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
+			typemap[i] = writetype[i] ?  thistypecnt++ : -1;
+		for (i = 0; i < sizeof indmap / sizeof indmap[0]; ++i)
+			indmap[i] = -1;
+		thischarcnt = 0;
+		for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i) {
+			register char *	thisabbr;
+
+			if (!writetype[i])
+				continue;
+			if (indmap[abbrinds[i]] >= 0)
+				continue;
+			thisabbr = &chars[abbrinds[i]];
+			for (j = 0; j < thischarcnt; ++j)
+				if (strcmp(&thischars[j], thisabbr) == 0)
+					break;
+			if (j == thischarcnt) {
+				strcpy(&thischars[(int) thischarcnt],
+					thisabbr);
+				thischarcnt += strlen(thisabbr) + 1;
+			}
+			indmap[abbrinds[i]] = j;
+		}
+#define DO(field)	fwrite(tzh.field, sizeof tzh.field, 1, fp)
+		tzh = tzh0;
+		strncpy(tzh.tzh_magic, TZ_MAGIC, sizeof tzh.tzh_magic);
+		tzh.tzh_version[0] = version;
+		convert(thistypecnt, tzh.tzh_ttisgmtcnt);
+		convert(thistypecnt, tzh.tzh_ttisstdcnt);
+		convert(thisleapcnt, tzh.tzh_leapcnt);
+		convert(thistimecnt, tzh.tzh_timecnt);
+		convert(thistypecnt, tzh.tzh_typecnt);
+		convert(thischarcnt, tzh.tzh_charcnt);
+		DO(tzh_magic);
+		DO(tzh_version);
+		DO(tzh_reserved);
+		DO(tzh_ttisgmtcnt);
+		DO(tzh_ttisstdcnt);
+		DO(tzh_leapcnt);
+		DO(tzh_timecnt);
+		DO(tzh_typecnt);
+		DO(tzh_charcnt);
+#undef DO
+		for (i = thistimei; i < thistimelim; ++i)
+			if (pass == 1)
+				/*
+				** Output an INT32_MIN "transition"
+				** if appropriate; see above.
+				*/
+				puttzcode(((ats[i] < INT32_MIN) ?
+					INT32_MIN : ats[i]), fp);
+			else	puttzcode64(ats[i], fp);
+		for (i = thistimei; i < thistimelim; ++i) {
+			unsigned char	uc;
+
+			uc = typemap[types[i]];
+			fwrite(&uc, sizeof uc, 1, fp);
+		}
+		for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
+			if (writetype[i]) {
+				puttzcode(gmtoffs[i], fp);
+				putc(isdsts[i], fp);
+				putc((unsigned char) indmap[abbrinds[i]], fp);
+			}
+		if (thischarcnt != 0)
+			fwrite(thischars, sizeof thischars[0],
+				      thischarcnt, fp);
+		for (i = thisleapi; i < thisleaplim; ++i) {
+			register zic_t	todo;
+
+			if (roll[i]) {
+				if (timecnt == 0 || trans[i] < ats[0]) {
+					j = 0;
+					while (isdsts[j])
+						if (++j >= typecnt) {
+							j = 0;
+							break;
+						}
+				} else {
+					j = 1;
+					while (j < timecnt &&
+						trans[i] >= ats[j])
+							++j;
+					j = types[j - 1];
+				}
+				todo = tadd(trans[i], -gmtoffs[j]);
+			} else	todo = trans[i];
+			if (pass == 1)
+				puttzcode(todo, fp);
+			else	puttzcode64(todo, fp);
+			puttzcode(corr[i], fp);
+		}
+		for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
+			if (writetype[i])
+				putc(ttisstds[i], fp);
+		for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i)
+			if (writetype[i])
+				putc(ttisgmts[i], fp);
+	}
+	fprintf(fp, "\n%s\n", string);
+	close_file(fp, fullname);
+	free(ats);
+	free(fullname);
+}
+
+static char const *
+abbroffset(char *buf, zic_t offset)
+{
+  char sign = '+';
+  int seconds, minutes;
+
+  if (offset < 0) {
+    offset = -offset;
+    sign = '-';
+  }
+
+  seconds = offset % SECSPERMIN;
+  offset /= SECSPERMIN;
+  minutes = offset % MINSPERHOUR;
+  offset /= MINSPERHOUR;
+  if (100 <= offset) {
+    error(_("%%z UTC offset magnitude exceeds 99:59:59"));
+    return "%z";
+  } else {
+    char *p = buf;
+    *p++ = sign;
+    *p++ = '0' + offset / 10;
+    *p++ = '0' + offset % 10;
+    if (minutes | seconds) {
+      *p++ = '0' + minutes / 10;
+      *p++ = '0' + minutes % 10;
+      if (seconds) {
+	*p++ = '0' + seconds / 10;
+	*p++ = '0' + seconds % 10;
+      }
+    }
+    *p = '\0';
+    return buf;
+  }
+}
+
+static size_t
+doabbr(char *abbr, struct zone const *zp, char const *letters,
+       zic_t stdoff, bool doquotes)
+{
+	register char *	cp;
+	register char *	slashp;
+	register size_t	len;
+	char const *format = zp->z_format;
+
+	slashp = strchr(format, '/');
+	if (slashp == NULL) {
+	  char letterbuf[PERCENT_Z_LEN_BOUND + 1];
+	  if (zp->z_format_specifier == 'z')
+	    letters = abbroffset(letterbuf, zp->z_gmtoff + stdoff);
+	  else if (!letters)
+	    letters = "%s";
+	  sprintf(abbr, format, letters);
+	} else if (stdoff != 0) {
+		strcpy(abbr, slashp + 1);
+	} else {
+		memcpy(abbr, format, slashp - format);
+		abbr[slashp - format] = '\0';
+	}
+	len = strlen(abbr);
+	if (!doquotes)
+		return len;
+	for (cp = abbr; is_alpha(*cp); cp++)
+		continue;
+	if (len > 0 && *cp == '\0')
+		return len;
+	abbr[len + 2] = '\0';
+	abbr[len + 1] = '>';
+	memmove(abbr + 1, abbr, len);
+	abbr[0] = '<';
+	return len + 2;
+}
+
+static void
+updateminmax(const zic_t x)
+{
+	if (min_year > x)
+		min_year = x;
+	if (max_year < x)
+		max_year = x;
+}
+
+static int
+stringoffset(char *result, zic_t offset)
+{
+	register int	hours;
+	register int	minutes;
+	register int	seconds;
+	bool negative = offset < 0;
+	int len = negative;
+
+	if (negative) {
+		offset = -offset;
+		result[0] = '-';
+	}
+	seconds = offset % SECSPERMIN;
+	offset /= SECSPERMIN;
+	minutes = offset % MINSPERHOUR;
+	offset /= MINSPERHOUR;
+	hours = offset;
+	if (hours >= HOURSPERDAY * DAYSPERWEEK) {
+		result[0] = '\0';
+		return 0;
+	}
+	len += sprintf(result + len, "%d", hours);
+	if (minutes != 0 || seconds != 0) {
+		len += sprintf(result + len, ":%02d", minutes);
+		if (seconds != 0)
+			len += sprintf(result + len, ":%02d", seconds);
+	}
+	return len;
+}
+
+static int
+stringrule(char *result, const struct rule *const rp, const zic_t dstoff,
+	   const zic_t gmtoff)
+{
+	register zic_t	tod = rp->r_tod;
+	register int	compat = 0;
+
+	if (rp->r_dycode == DC_DOM) {
+		register int	month, total;
+
+		if (rp->r_dayofmonth == 29 && rp->r_month == TM_FEBRUARY)
+			return -1;
+		total = 0;
+		for (month = 0; month < rp->r_month; ++month)
+			total += len_months[0][month];
+		/* Omit the "J" in Jan and Feb, as that's shorter.  */
+		if (rp->r_month <= 1)
+		  result += sprintf(result, "%d", total + rp->r_dayofmonth - 1);
+		else
+		  result += sprintf(result, "J%d", total + rp->r_dayofmonth);
+	} else {
+		register int	week;
+		register int	wday = rp->r_wday;
+		register int	wdayoff;
+
+		if (rp->r_dycode == DC_DOWGEQ) {
+			wdayoff = (rp->r_dayofmonth - 1) % DAYSPERWEEK;
+			if (wdayoff)
+				compat = 2013;
+			wday -= wdayoff;
+			tod += wdayoff * SECSPERDAY;
+			week = 1 + (rp->r_dayofmonth - 1) / DAYSPERWEEK;
+		} else if (rp->r_dycode == DC_DOWLEQ) {
+			if (rp->r_dayofmonth == len_months[1][rp->r_month])
+				week = 5;
+			else {
+				wdayoff = rp->r_dayofmonth % DAYSPERWEEK;
+				if (wdayoff)
+					compat = 2013;
+				wday -= wdayoff;
+				tod += wdayoff * SECSPERDAY;
+				week = rp->r_dayofmonth / DAYSPERWEEK;
+			}
+		} else	return -1;	/* "cannot happen" */
+		if (wday < 0)
+			wday += DAYSPERWEEK;
+		result += sprintf(result, "M%d.%d.%d",
+				  rp->r_month + 1, week, wday);
+	}
+	if (rp->r_todisgmt)
+		tod += gmtoff;
+	if (rp->r_todisstd && rp->r_stdoff == 0)
+		tod += dstoff;
+	if (tod != 2 * SECSPERMIN * MINSPERHOUR) {
+		*result++ = '/';
+		if (! stringoffset(result, tod))
+			return -1;
+		if (tod < 0) {
+			if (compat < 2013)
+				compat = 2013;
+		} else if (SECSPERDAY <= tod) {
+			if (compat < 1994)
+				compat = 1994;
+		}
+	}
+	return compat;
+}
+
+static int
+rule_cmp(struct rule const *a, struct rule const *b)
+{
+	if (!a)
+		return -!!b;
+	if (!b)
+		return 1;
+	if (a->r_hiyear != b->r_hiyear)
+		return a->r_hiyear < b->r_hiyear ? -1 : 1;
+	if (a->r_month - b->r_month != 0)
+		return a->r_month - b->r_month;
+	return a->r_dayofmonth - b->r_dayofmonth;
+}
+
+enum { YEAR_BY_YEAR_ZONE = 1 };
+
+static int
+stringzone(char *result, const struct zone *const zpfirst, const int zonecount)
+{
+	register const struct zone *	zp;
+	register struct rule *		rp;
+	register struct rule *		stdrp;
+	register struct rule *		dstrp;
+	register int			i;
+	register const char *		abbrvar;
+	register int			compat = 0;
+	register int			c;
+	size_t				len;
+	int				offsetlen;
+	struct rule			stdr, dstr;
+
+	result[0] = '\0';
+	zp = zpfirst + zonecount - 1;
+	stdrp = dstrp = NULL;
+	for (i = 0; i < zp->z_nrules; ++i) {
+		rp = &zp->z_rules[i];
+		if (rp->r_hiwasnum || rp->r_hiyear != ZIC_MAX)
+			continue;
+		if (rp->r_yrtype != NULL)
+			continue;
+		if (rp->r_stdoff == 0) {
+			if (stdrp == NULL)
+				stdrp = rp;
+			else	return -1;
+		} else {
+			if (dstrp == NULL)
+				dstrp = rp;
+			else	return -1;
+		}
+	}
+	if (stdrp == NULL && dstrp == NULL) {
+		/*
+		** There are no rules running through "max".
+		** Find the latest std rule in stdabbrrp
+		** and latest rule of any type in stdrp.
+		*/
+		register struct rule *stdabbrrp = NULL;
+		for (i = 0; i < zp->z_nrules; ++i) {
+			rp = &zp->z_rules[i];
+			if (rp->r_stdoff == 0 && rule_cmp(stdabbrrp, rp) < 0)
+				stdabbrrp = rp;
+			if (rule_cmp(stdrp, rp) < 0)
+				stdrp = rp;
+		}
+		/*
+		** Horrid special case: if year is 2037,
+		** presume this is a zone handled on a year-by-year basis;
+		** do not try to apply a rule to the zone.
+		*/
+		if (stdrp != NULL && stdrp->r_hiyear == 2037)
+			return YEAR_BY_YEAR_ZONE;
+
+		if (stdrp != NULL && stdrp->r_stdoff != 0) {
+			/* Perpetual DST.  */
+			dstr.r_month = TM_JANUARY;
+			dstr.r_dycode = DC_DOM;
+			dstr.r_dayofmonth = 1;
+			dstr.r_tod = 0;
+			dstr.r_todisstd = dstr.r_todisgmt = false;
+			dstr.r_stdoff = stdrp->r_stdoff;
+			dstr.r_abbrvar = stdrp->r_abbrvar;
+			stdr.r_month = TM_DECEMBER;
+			stdr.r_dycode = DC_DOM;
+			stdr.r_dayofmonth = 31;
+			stdr.r_tod = SECSPERDAY + stdrp->r_stdoff;
+			stdr.r_todisstd = stdr.r_todisgmt = false;
+			stdr.r_stdoff = 0;
+			stdr.r_abbrvar
+			  = (stdabbrrp ? stdabbrrp->r_abbrvar : "");
+			dstrp = &dstr;
+			stdrp = &stdr;
+		}
+	}
+	if (stdrp == NULL && (zp->z_nrules != 0 || zp->z_stdoff != 0))
+		return -1;
+	abbrvar = (stdrp == NULL) ? "" : stdrp->r_abbrvar;
+	len = doabbr(result, zp, abbrvar, 0, true);
+	offsetlen = stringoffset(result + len, -zp->z_gmtoff);
+	if (! offsetlen) {
+		result[0] = '\0';
+		return -1;
+	}
+	len += offsetlen;
+	if (dstrp == NULL)
+		return compat;
+	len += doabbr(result + len, zp, dstrp->r_abbrvar, dstrp->r_stdoff, true);
+	if (dstrp->r_stdoff != SECSPERMIN * MINSPERHOUR) {
+	  offsetlen = stringoffset(result + len,
+				   -(zp->z_gmtoff + dstrp->r_stdoff));
+	  if (! offsetlen) {
+	    result[0] = '\0';
+	    return -1;
+	  }
+	  len += offsetlen;
+	}
+	result[len++] = ',';
+	c = stringrule(result + len, dstrp, dstrp->r_stdoff, zp->z_gmtoff);
+	if (c < 0) {
+		result[0] = '\0';
+		return -1;
+	}
+	if (compat < c)
+		compat = c;
+	len += strlen(result + len);
+	result[len++] = ',';
+	c = stringrule(result + len, stdrp, dstrp->r_stdoff, zp->z_gmtoff);
+	if (c < 0) {
+		result[0] = '\0';
+		return -1;
+	}
+	if (compat < c)
+		compat = c;
+	return compat;
+}
+
+static void
+outzone(const struct zone *zpfirst, int zonecount)
+{
+	register const struct zone *	zp;
+	register struct rule *		rp;
+	register int			i, j;
+	register bool			usestart, useuntil;
+	register zic_t			starttime, untiltime;
+	register zic_t			gmtoff;
+	register zic_t			stdoff;
+	register zic_t			year;
+	register zic_t			startoff;
+	register bool			startttisstd;
+	register bool			startttisgmt;
+	register int			type;
+	register char *			startbuf;
+	register char *			ab;
+	register char *			envvar;
+	register int			max_abbr_len;
+	register int			max_envvar_len;
+	register bool			prodstic; /* all rules are min to max */
+	register int			compat;
+	register bool			do_extend;
+	register char			version;
+
+	max_abbr_len = 2 + max_format_len + max_abbrvar_len;
+	max_envvar_len = 2 * max_abbr_len + 5 * 9;
+	startbuf = emalloc(max_abbr_len + 1);
+	ab = emalloc(max_abbr_len + 1);
+	envvar = emalloc(max_envvar_len + 1);
+	INITIALIZE(untiltime);
+	INITIALIZE(starttime);
+	/*
+	** Now. . .finally. . .generate some useful data!
+	*/
+	timecnt = 0;
+	typecnt = 0;
+	charcnt = 0;
+	prodstic = zonecount == 1;
+	/*
+	** Thanks to Earl Chew
+	** for noting the need to unconditionally initialize startttisstd.
+	*/
+	startttisstd = false;
+	startttisgmt = false;
+	min_year = max_year = EPOCH_YEAR;
+	if (leapseen) {
+		updateminmax(leapminyear);
+		updateminmax(leapmaxyear + (leapmaxyear < ZIC_MAX));
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < zonecount; ++i) {
+		zp = &zpfirst[i];
+		if (i < zonecount - 1)
+			updateminmax(zp->z_untilrule.r_loyear);
+		for (j = 0; j < zp->z_nrules; ++j) {
+			rp = &zp->z_rules[j];
+			if (rp->r_lowasnum)
+				updateminmax(rp->r_loyear);
+			if (rp->r_hiwasnum)
+				updateminmax(rp->r_hiyear);
+			if (rp->r_lowasnum || rp->r_hiwasnum)
+				prodstic = false;
+		}
+	}
+	/*
+	** Generate lots of data if a rule can't cover all future times.
+	*/
+	compat = stringzone(envvar, zpfirst, zonecount);
+	version = compat < 2013 ? ZIC_VERSION_PRE_2013 : ZIC_VERSION;
+	do_extend = compat < 0 || compat == YEAR_BY_YEAR_ZONE;
+	if (noise) {
+		if (!*envvar)
+			warning("%s %s",
+				_("no POSIX environment variable for zone"),
+				zpfirst->z_name);
+		else if (compat != 0 && compat != YEAR_BY_YEAR_ZONE) {
+			/* Circa-COMPAT clients, and earlier clients, might
+			   not work for this zone when given dates before
+			   1970 or after 2038.  */
+			warning(_("%s: pre-%d clients may mishandle"
+				  " distant timestamps"),
+				zpfirst->z_name, compat);
+		}
+	}
+	if (do_extend) {
+		/*
+		** Search through a couple of extra years past the obvious
+		** 400, to avoid edge cases.  For example, suppose a non-POSIX
+		** rule applies from 2012 onwards and has transitions in March
+		** and September, plus some one-off transitions in November
+		** 2013.  If zic looked only at the last 400 years, it would
+		** set max_year=2413, with the intent that the 400 years 2014
+		** through 2413 will be repeated.  The last transition listed
+		** in the tzfile would be in 2413-09, less than 400 years
+		** after the last one-off transition in 2013-11.  Two years
+		** might be overkill, but with the kind of edge cases
+		** available we're not sure that one year would suffice.
+		*/
+		enum { years_of_observations = YEARSPERREPEAT + 2 };
+
+		if (min_year >= ZIC_MIN + years_of_observations)
+			min_year -= years_of_observations;
+		else	min_year = ZIC_MIN;
+		if (max_year <= ZIC_MAX - years_of_observations)
+			max_year += years_of_observations;
+		else	max_year = ZIC_MAX;
+		/*
+		** Regardless of any of the above,
+		** for a "proDSTic" zone which specifies that its rules
+		** always have and always will be in effect,
+		** we only need one cycle to define the zone.
+		*/
+		if (prodstic) {
+			min_year = 1900;
+			max_year = min_year + years_of_observations;
+		}
+	}
+	/*
+	** For the benefit of older systems,
+	** generate data from 1900 through 2037.
+	*/
+	if (min_year > 1900)
+		min_year = 1900;
+	if (max_year < 2037)
+		max_year = 2037;
+	for (i = 0; i < zonecount; ++i) {
+		/*
+		** A guess that may well be corrected later.
+		*/
+		stdoff = 0;
+		zp = &zpfirst[i];
+		usestart = i > 0 && (zp - 1)->z_untiltime > early_time;
+		useuntil = i < (zonecount - 1);
+		if (useuntil && zp->z_untiltime <= early_time)
+			continue;
+		gmtoff = zp->z_gmtoff;
+		eat(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum);
+		*startbuf = '\0';
+		startoff = zp->z_gmtoff;
+		if (zp->z_nrules == 0) {
+			stdoff = zp->z_stdoff;
+			doabbr(startbuf, zp, NULL, stdoff, false);
+			type = addtype(oadd(zp->z_gmtoff, stdoff),
+				startbuf, stdoff != 0, startttisstd,
+				startttisgmt);
+			if (usestart) {
+				addtt(starttime, type);
+				usestart = false;
+			} else	addtt(early_time, type);
+		} else for (year = min_year; year <= max_year; ++year) {
+			if (useuntil && year > zp->z_untilrule.r_hiyear)
+				break;
+			/*
+			** Mark which rules to do in the current year.
+			** For those to do, calculate rpytime(rp, year);
+			*/
+			for (j = 0; j < zp->z_nrules; ++j) {
+				rp = &zp->z_rules[j];
+				eats(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum,
+					rp->r_filename, rp->r_linenum);
+				rp->r_todo = year >= rp->r_loyear &&
+						year <= rp->r_hiyear &&
+						yearistype(year, rp->r_yrtype);
+				if (rp->r_todo)
+					rp->r_temp = rpytime(rp, year);
+			}
+			for ( ; ; ) {
+				register int	k;
+				register zic_t	jtime, ktime;
+				register zic_t	offset;
+
+				INITIALIZE(ktime);
+				if (useuntil) {
+					/*
+					** Turn untiltime into UT
+					** assuming the current gmtoff and
+					** stdoff values.
+					*/
+					untiltime = zp->z_untiltime;
+					if (!zp->z_untilrule.r_todisgmt)
+						untiltime = tadd(untiltime,
+							-gmtoff);
+					if (!zp->z_untilrule.r_todisstd)
+						untiltime = tadd(untiltime,
+							-stdoff);
+				}
+				/*
+				** Find the rule (of those to do, if any)
+				** that takes effect earliest in the year.
+				*/
+				k = -1;
+				for (j = 0; j < zp->z_nrules; ++j) {
+					rp = &zp->z_rules[j];
+					if (!rp->r_todo)
+						continue;
+					eats(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum,
+						rp->r_filename, rp->r_linenum);
+					offset = rp->r_todisgmt ? 0 : gmtoff;
+					if (!rp->r_todisstd)
+						offset = oadd(offset, stdoff);
+					jtime = rp->r_temp;
+					if (jtime == min_time ||
+						jtime == max_time)
+							continue;
+					jtime = tadd(jtime, -offset);
+					if (k < 0 || jtime < ktime) {
+						k = j;
+						ktime = jtime;
+					} else if (jtime == ktime) {
+					  char const *dup_rules_msg =
+					    _("two rules for same instant");
+					  eats(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum,
+					       rp->r_filename, rp->r_linenum);
+					  warning("%s", dup_rules_msg);
+					  rp = &zp->z_rules[k];
+					  eats(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum,
+					       rp->r_filename, rp->r_linenum);
+					  error("%s", dup_rules_msg);
+					}
+				}
+				if (k < 0)
+					break;	/* go on to next year */
+				rp = &zp->z_rules[k];
+				rp->r_todo = false;
+				if (useuntil && ktime >= untiltime)
+					break;
+				stdoff = rp->r_stdoff;
+				if (usestart && ktime == starttime)
+					usestart = false;
+				if (usestart) {
+					if (ktime < starttime) {
+						startoff = oadd(zp->z_gmtoff,
+							stdoff);
+						doabbr(startbuf, zp,
+							rp->r_abbrvar,
+							rp->r_stdoff,
+							false);
+						continue;
+					}
+					if (*startbuf == '\0' &&
+						startoff == oadd(zp->z_gmtoff,
+						stdoff)) {
+							doabbr(startbuf,
+								zp,
+								rp->r_abbrvar,
+								rp->r_stdoff,
+								false);
+					}
+				}
+				eats(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum,
+					rp->r_filename, rp->r_linenum);
+				doabbr(ab, zp, rp->r_abbrvar,
+				       rp->r_stdoff, false);
+				offset = oadd(zp->z_gmtoff, rp->r_stdoff);
+				type = addtype(offset, ab, rp->r_stdoff != 0,
+					rp->r_todisstd, rp->r_todisgmt);
+				addtt(ktime, type);
+			}
+		}
+		if (usestart) {
+			if (*startbuf == '\0' &&
+				zp->z_format != NULL &&
+				strchr(zp->z_format, '%') == NULL &&
+				strchr(zp->z_format, '/') == NULL)
+					strcpy(startbuf, zp->z_format);
+			eat(zp->z_filename, zp->z_linenum);
+			if (*startbuf == '\0')
+error(_("can't determine time zone abbreviation to use just after until time"));
+			else	addtt(starttime,
+					addtype(startoff, startbuf,
+						startoff != zp->z_gmtoff,
+						startttisstd,
+						startttisgmt));
+		}
+		/*
+		** Now we may get to set starttime for the next zone line.
+		*/
+		if (useuntil) {
+			startttisstd = zp->z_untilrule.r_todisstd;
+			startttisgmt = zp->z_untilrule.r_todisgmt;
+			starttime = zp->z_untiltime;
+			if (!startttisstd)
+				starttime = tadd(starttime, -stdoff);
+			if (!startttisgmt)
+				starttime = tadd(starttime, -gmtoff);
+		}
+	}
+	if (do_extend) {
+		/*
+		** If we're extending the explicitly listed observations
+		** for 400 years because we can't fill the POSIX-TZ field,
+		** check whether we actually ended up explicitly listing
+		** observations through that period.  If there aren't any
+		** near the end of the 400-year period, add a redundant
+		** one at the end of the final year, to make it clear
+		** that we are claiming to have definite knowledge of
+		** the lack of transitions up to that point.
+		*/
+		struct rule xr;
+		struct attype *lastat;
+		xr.r_month = TM_JANUARY;
+		xr.r_dycode = DC_DOM;
+		xr.r_dayofmonth = 1;
+		xr.r_tod = 0;
+		for (lastat = &attypes[0], i = 1; i < timecnt; i++)
+			if (attypes[i].at > lastat->at)
+				lastat = &attypes[i];
+		if (lastat->at < rpytime(&xr, max_year - 1)) {
+			/*
+			** Create new type code for the redundant entry,
+			** to prevent it being optimized away.
+			*/
+			if (typecnt >= TZ_MAX_TYPES) {
+				error(_("too many local time types"));
+				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+			}
+			gmtoffs[typecnt] = gmtoffs[lastat->type];
+			isdsts[typecnt] = isdsts[lastat->type];
+			ttisstds[typecnt] = ttisstds[lastat->type];
+			ttisgmts[typecnt] = ttisgmts[lastat->type];
+			abbrinds[typecnt] = abbrinds[lastat->type];
+			++typecnt;
+			addtt(rpytime(&xr, max_year + 1), typecnt-1);
+		}
+	}
+	writezone(zpfirst->z_name, envvar, version);
+	free(startbuf);
+	free(ab);
+	free(envvar);
+}
+
+static void
+addtt(zic_t starttime, int type)
+{
+	if (starttime <= early_time
+	    || (timecnt == 1 && attypes[0].at < early_time)) {
+		gmtoffs[0] = gmtoffs[type];
+		isdsts[0] = isdsts[type];
+		ttisstds[0] = ttisstds[type];
+		ttisgmts[0] = ttisgmts[type];
+		if (abbrinds[type] != 0)
+			strcpy(chars, &chars[abbrinds[type]]);
+		abbrinds[0] = 0;
+		charcnt = strlen(chars) + 1;
+		typecnt = 1;
+		timecnt = 0;
+		type = 0;
+	}
+	attypes = growalloc(attypes, sizeof *attypes, timecnt, &timecnt_alloc);
+	attypes[timecnt].at = starttime;
+	attypes[timecnt].type = type;
+	++timecnt;
+}
+
+static int
+addtype(zic_t gmtoff, char const *abbr, bool isdst, bool ttisstd, bool ttisgmt)
+{
+	register int	i, j;
+
+	/*
+	** See if there's already an entry for this zone type.
+	** If so, just return its index.
+	*/
+	for (i = 0; i < typecnt; ++i) {
+		if (gmtoff == gmtoffs[i] && isdst == isdsts[i] &&
+			strcmp(abbr, &chars[abbrinds[i]]) == 0 &&
+			ttisstd == ttisstds[i] &&
+			ttisgmt == ttisgmts[i])
+				return i;
+	}
+	/*
+	** There isn't one; add a new one, unless there are already too
+	** many.
+	*/
+	if (typecnt >= TZ_MAX_TYPES) {
+		error(_("too many local time types"));
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+	if (! (-1L - 2147483647L <= gmtoff && gmtoff <= 2147483647L)) {
+		error(_("UT offset out of range"));
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+	gmtoffs[i] = gmtoff;
+	isdsts[i] = isdst;
+	ttisstds[i] = ttisstd;
+	ttisgmts[i] = ttisgmt;
+
+	for (j = 0; j < charcnt; ++j)
+		if (strcmp(&chars[j], abbr) == 0)
+			break;
+	if (j == charcnt)
+		newabbr(abbr);
+	abbrinds[i] = j;
+	++typecnt;
+	return i;
+}
+
+static void
+leapadd(zic_t t, bool positive, int rolling, int count)
+{
+	register int	i, j;
+
+	if (leapcnt + (positive ? count : 1) > TZ_MAX_LEAPS) {
+		error(_("too many leap seconds"));
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < leapcnt; ++i)
+		if (t <= trans[i]) {
+			if (t == trans[i]) {
+				error(_("repeated leap second moment"));
+				exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	do {
+		for (j = leapcnt; j > i; --j) {
+			trans[j] = trans[j - 1];
+			corr[j] = corr[j - 1];
+			roll[j] = roll[j - 1];
+		}
+		trans[i] = t;
+		corr[i] = positive ? 1 : -count;
+		roll[i] = rolling;
+		++leapcnt;
+	} while (positive && --count != 0);
+}
+
+static void
+adjleap(void)
+{
+	register int	i;
+	register zic_t	last = 0;
+
+	/*
+	** propagate leap seconds forward
+	*/
+	for (i = 0; i < leapcnt; ++i) {
+		trans[i] = tadd(trans[i], last);
+		last = corr[i] += last;
+	}
+}
+
+static bool
+yearistype(int year, const char *type)
+{
+	static char *	buf;
+	int		result;
+
+	if (type == NULL || *type == '\0')
+		return true;
+	buf = erealloc(buf, 132 + strlen(yitcommand) + strlen(type));
+	sprintf(buf, "%s %d %s", yitcommand, year, type);
+	result = system(buf);
+	if (WIFEXITED(result)) switch (WEXITSTATUS(result)) {
+		case 0:
+			return true;
+		case 1:
+			return false;
+	}
+	error(_("Wild result from command execution"));
+	fprintf(stderr, _("%s: command was '%s', result was %d\n"),
+		progname, buf, result);
+	for ( ; ; )
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+/* Is A a space character in the C locale?  */
+static bool
+is_space(char a)
+{
+	switch (a) {
+	  default:
+		return false;
+	  case ' ': case '\f': case '\n': case '\r': case '\t': case '\v':
+		return true;
+	}
+}
+
+/* Is A an alphabetic character in the C locale?  */
+static bool
+is_alpha(char a)
+{
+	switch (a) {
+	  default:
+		return false;
+	  case 'A': case 'B': case 'C': case 'D': case 'E': case 'F': case 'G':
+	  case 'H': case 'I': case 'J': case 'K': case 'L': case 'M': case 'N':
+	  case 'O': case 'P': case 'Q': case 'R': case 'S': case 'T': case 'U':
+	  case 'V': case 'W': case 'X': case 'Y': case 'Z':
+	  case 'a': case 'b': case 'c': case 'd': case 'e': case 'f': case 'g':
+	  case 'h': case 'i': case 'j': case 'k': case 'l': case 'm': case 'n':
+	  case 'o': case 'p': case 'q': case 'r': case 's': case 't': case 'u':
+	  case 'v': case 'w': case 'x': case 'y': case 'z':
+		return true;
+	}
+}
+
+/* If A is an uppercase character in the C locale, return its lowercase
+   counterpart.  Otherwise, return A.  */
+static char
+lowerit(char a)
+{
+	switch (a) {
+	  default: return a;
+	  case 'A': return 'a'; case 'B': return 'b'; case 'C': return 'c';
+	  case 'D': return 'd'; case 'E': return 'e'; case 'F': return 'f';
+	  case 'G': return 'g'; case 'H': return 'h'; case 'I': return 'i';
+	  case 'J': return 'j'; case 'K': return 'k'; case 'L': return 'l';
+	  case 'M': return 'm'; case 'N': return 'n'; case 'O': return 'o';
+	  case 'P': return 'p'; case 'Q': return 'q'; case 'R': return 'r';
+	  case 'S': return 's'; case 'T': return 't'; case 'U': return 'u';
+	  case 'V': return 'v'; case 'W': return 'w'; case 'X': return 'x';
+	  case 'Y': return 'y'; case 'Z': return 'z';
+	}
+}
+
+/* case-insensitive equality */
+static ATTRIBUTE_PURE bool
+ciequal(register const char *ap, register const char *bp)
+{
+	while (lowerit(*ap) == lowerit(*bp++))
+		if (*ap++ == '\0')
+			return true;
+	return false;
+}
+
+static ATTRIBUTE_PURE bool
+itsabbr(register const char *abbr, register const char *word)
+{
+	if (lowerit(*abbr) != lowerit(*word))
+		return false;
+	++word;
+	while (*++abbr != '\0')
+		do {
+			if (*word == '\0')
+				return false;
+		} while (lowerit(*word++) != lowerit(*abbr));
+	return true;
+}
+
+static ATTRIBUTE_PURE const struct lookup *
+byword(const char *word, const struct lookup *table)
+{
+	register const struct lookup *	foundlp;
+	register const struct lookup *	lp;
+
+	if (word == NULL || table == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	/*
+	** Look for exact match.
+	*/
+	for (lp = table; lp->l_word != NULL; ++lp)
+		if (ciequal(word, lp->l_word))
+			return lp;
+	/*
+	** Look for inexact match.
+	*/
+	foundlp = NULL;
+	for (lp = table; lp->l_word != NULL; ++lp)
+		if (itsabbr(word, lp->l_word)) {
+			if (foundlp == NULL)
+				foundlp = lp;
+			else	return NULL;	/* multiple inexact matches */
+		}
+	return foundlp;
+}
+
+static char **
+getfields(register char *cp)
+{
+	register char *		dp;
+	register char **	array;
+	register int		nsubs;
+
+	if (cp == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	array = emalloc(size_product(strlen(cp) + 1, sizeof *array));
+	nsubs = 0;
+	for ( ; ; ) {
+		while (is_space(*cp))
+				++cp;
+		if (*cp == '\0' || *cp == '#')
+			break;
+		array[nsubs++] = dp = cp;
+		do {
+			if ((*dp = *cp++) != '"')
+				++dp;
+			else while ((*dp = *cp++) != '"')
+				if (*dp != '\0')
+					++dp;
+				else {
+					error(_(
+						"Odd number of quotation marks"
+						));
+					exit(1);
+				}
+		} while (*cp && *cp != '#' && !is_space(*cp));
+		if (is_space(*cp))
+			++cp;
+		*dp = '\0';
+	}
+	array[nsubs] = NULL;
+	return array;
+}
+
+static _Noreturn void
+time_overflow(void)
+{
+  error(_("time overflow"));
+  exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+static ATTRIBUTE_PURE zic_t
+oadd(zic_t t1, zic_t t2)
+{
+	if (t1 < 0 ? t2 < ZIC_MIN - t1 : ZIC_MAX - t1 < t2)
+	  time_overflow();
+	return t1 + t2;
+}
+
+static ATTRIBUTE_PURE zic_t
+tadd(zic_t t1, zic_t t2)
+{
+  if (t1 < 0) {
+    if (t2 < min_time - t1) {
+      if (t1 != min_time)
+	time_overflow();
+      return min_time;
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (max_time - t1 < t2) {
+      if (t1 != max_time)
+	time_overflow();
+      return max_time;
+    }
+  }
+  return t1 + t2;
+}
+
+/*
+** Given a rule, and a year, compute the date (in seconds since January 1,
+** 1970, 00:00 LOCAL time) in that year that the rule refers to.
+*/
+
+static zic_t
+rpytime(const struct rule *rp, zic_t wantedy)
+{
+	register int	m, i;
+	register zic_t	dayoff;			/* with a nod to Margaret O. */
+	register zic_t	t, y;
+
+	if (wantedy == ZIC_MIN)
+		return min_time;
+	if (wantedy == ZIC_MAX)
+		return max_time;
+	dayoff = 0;
+	m = TM_JANUARY;
+	y = EPOCH_YEAR;
+	while (wantedy != y) {
+		if (wantedy > y) {
+			i = len_years[isleap(y)];
+			++y;
+		} else {
+			--y;
+			i = -len_years[isleap(y)];
+		}
+		dayoff = oadd(dayoff, i);
+	}
+	while (m != rp->r_month) {
+		i = len_months[isleap(y)][m];
+		dayoff = oadd(dayoff, i);
+		++m;
+	}
+	i = rp->r_dayofmonth;
+	if (m == TM_FEBRUARY && i == 29 && !isleap(y)) {
+		if (rp->r_dycode == DC_DOWLEQ)
+			--i;
+		else {
+			error(_("use of 2/29 in non leap-year"));
+			exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+		}
+	}
+	--i;
+	dayoff = oadd(dayoff, i);
+	if (rp->r_dycode == DC_DOWGEQ || rp->r_dycode == DC_DOWLEQ) {
+		register zic_t	wday;
+
+#define LDAYSPERWEEK	((zic_t) DAYSPERWEEK)
+		wday = EPOCH_WDAY;
+		/*
+		** Don't trust mod of negative numbers.
+		*/
+		if (dayoff >= 0)
+			wday = (wday + dayoff) % LDAYSPERWEEK;
+		else {
+			wday -= ((-dayoff) % LDAYSPERWEEK);
+			if (wday < 0)
+				wday += LDAYSPERWEEK;
+		}
+		while (wday != rp->r_wday)
+			if (rp->r_dycode == DC_DOWGEQ) {
+				dayoff = oadd(dayoff, 1);
+				if (++wday >= LDAYSPERWEEK)
+					wday = 0;
+				++i;
+			} else {
+				dayoff = oadd(dayoff, -1);
+				if (--wday < 0)
+					wday = LDAYSPERWEEK - 1;
+				--i;
+			}
+		if (i < 0 || i >= len_months[isleap(y)][m]) {
+			if (noise)
+				warning(_("rule goes past start/end of month; \
+will not work with pre-2004 versions of zic"));
+		}
+	}
+	if (dayoff < min_time / SECSPERDAY)
+		return min_time;
+	if (dayoff > max_time / SECSPERDAY)
+		return max_time;
+	t = (zic_t) dayoff * SECSPERDAY;
+	return tadd(t, rp->r_tod);
+}
+
+static void
+newabbr(const char *string)
+{
+	register int	i;
+
+	if (strcmp(string, GRANDPARENTED) != 0) {
+		register const char *	cp;
+		const char *		mp;
+
+		cp = string;
+		mp = NULL;
+		while (is_alpha(*cp) || ('0' <= *cp && *cp <= '9')
+		       || *cp == '-' || *cp == '+')
+				++cp;
+		if (noise && cp - string < 3)
+		  mp = _("time zone abbreviation has fewer than 3 characters");
+		if (cp - string > ZIC_MAX_ABBR_LEN_WO_WARN)
+		  mp = _("time zone abbreviation has too many characters");
+		if (*cp != '\0')
+mp = _("time zone abbreviation differs from POSIX standard");
+		if (mp != NULL)
+			warning("%s (%s)", mp, string);
+	}
+	i = strlen(string) + 1;
+	if (charcnt + i > TZ_MAX_CHARS) {
+		error(_("too many, or too long, time zone abbreviations"));
+		exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+	}
+	strcpy(&chars[charcnt], string);
+	charcnt += i;
+}
+
+static bool
+mkdirs(char *argname)
+{
+	register char *	name;
+	register char *	cp;
+
+	if (argname == NULL || *argname == '\0')
+		return true;
+	cp = name = ecpyalloc(argname);
+	while ((cp = strchr(cp + 1, '/')) != 0) {
+		*cp = '\0';
+#ifdef HAVE_DOS_FILE_NAMES
+		/*
+		** DOS drive specifier?
+		*/
+		if (is_alpha(name[0]) && name[1] == ':' && name[2] == '\0') {
+				*cp = '/';
+				continue;
+		}
+#endif
+		/*
+		** Try to create it.  It's OK if creation fails because
+		** the directory already exists, perhaps because some
+		** other process just created it.
+		*/
+		if (mkdir(name, MKDIR_UMASK) != 0) {
+			int err = errno;
+			if (itsdir(name) <= 0) {
+				char const *e = strerror(err);
+				warning(_("%s: Can't create directory"
+					  " %s: %s"),
+					progname, name, e);
+				free(name);
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+		*cp = '/';
+	}
+	free(name);
+	return true;
+}
diff --git a/tz/zone.tab b/tz/zone.tab
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf1bb71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/zone.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,445 @@
+# tz zone descriptions (deprecated version)
+#
+# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
+# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-31):
+# This file is intended as a backward-compatibility aid for older programs.
+# New programs should use zone1970.tab.  This file is like zone1970.tab (see
+# zone1970.tab's comments), but with the following additional restrictions:
+#
+# 1.  This file contains only ASCII characters.
+# 2.  The first data column contains exactly one country code.
+#
+# Because of (2), each row stands for an area that is the intersection
+# of a region identified by a country code and of a zone where civil
+# clocks have agreed since 1970; this is a narrower definition than
+# that of zone1970.tab.
+#
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select time
+# zone data entries appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not
+# intended to take or endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
+#
+#country-
+#code	coordinates	TZ			comments
+AD	+4230+00131	Europe/Andorra
+AE	+2518+05518	Asia/Dubai
+AF	+3431+06912	Asia/Kabul
+AG	+1703-06148	America/Antigua
+AI	+1812-06304	America/Anguilla
+AL	+4120+01950	Europe/Tirane
+AM	+4011+04430	Asia/Yerevan
+AO	-0848+01314	Africa/Luanda
+AQ	-7750+16636	Antarctica/McMurdo	New Zealand time - McMurdo, South Pole
+AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey
+AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis
+AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville
+AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson
+AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer
+AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera
+AQ	-690022+0393524	Antarctica/Syowa	Syowa
+AQ	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll
+AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok
+AR	-3436-05827	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
+AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	Argentina (most areas: CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF)
+AR	-2447-06525	America/Argentina/Salta	Salta (SA, LP, NQ, RN)
+AR	-2411-06518	America/Argentina/Jujuy	Jujuy (JY)
+AR	-2649-06513	America/Argentina/Tucuman	Tucuman (TM)
+AR	-2828-06547	America/Argentina/Catamarca	Catamarca (CT); Chubut (CH)
+AR	-2926-06651	America/Argentina/La_Rioja	La Rioja (LR)
+AR	-3132-06831	America/Argentina/San_Juan	San Juan (SJ)
+AR	-3253-06849	America/Argentina/Mendoza	Mendoza (MZ)
+AR	-3319-06621	America/Argentina/San_Luis	San Luis (SL)
+AR	-5138-06913	America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos	Santa Cruz (SC)
+AR	-5448-06818	America/Argentina/Ushuaia	Tierra del Fuego (TF)
+AS	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago
+AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
+AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
+AU	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island
+AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania (most areas)
+AU	-3956+14352	Australia/Currie	Tasmania (King Island)
+AU	-3749+14458	Australia/Melbourne	Victoria
+AU	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	New South Wales (most areas)
+AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales (Yancowinna)
+AU	-2728+15302	Australia/Brisbane	Queensland (most areas)
+AU	-2016+14900	Australia/Lindeman	Queensland (Whitsunday Islands)
+AU	-3455+13835	Australia/Adelaide	South Australia
+AU	-1228+13050	Australia/Darwin	Northern Territory
+AU	-3157+11551	Australia/Perth	Western Australia (most areas)
+AU	-3143+12852	Australia/Eucla	Western Australia (Eucla)
+AW	+1230-06958	America/Aruba
+AX	+6006+01957	Europe/Mariehamn
+AZ	+4023+04951	Asia/Baku
+BA	+4352+01825	Europe/Sarajevo
+BB	+1306-05937	America/Barbados
+BD	+2343+09025	Asia/Dhaka
+BE	+5050+00420	Europe/Brussels
+BF	+1222-00131	Africa/Ouagadougou
+BG	+4241+02319	Europe/Sofia
+BH	+2623+05035	Asia/Bahrain
+BI	-0323+02922	Africa/Bujumbura
+BJ	+0629+00237	Africa/Porto-Novo
+BL	+1753-06251	America/St_Barthelemy
+BM	+3217-06446	Atlantic/Bermuda
+BN	+0456+11455	Asia/Brunei
+BO	-1630-06809	America/La_Paz
+BQ	+120903-0681636	America/Kralendijk
+BR	-0351-03225	America/Noronha	Atlantic islands
+BR	-0127-04829	America/Belem	Para (east); Amapa
+BR	-0343-03830	America/Fortaleza	Brazil (northeast: MA, PI, CE, RN, PB)
+BR	-0803-03454	America/Recife	Pernambuco
+BR	-0712-04812	America/Araguaina	Tocantins
+BR	-0940-03543	America/Maceio	Alagoas, Sergipe
+BR	-1259-03831	America/Bahia	Bahia
+BR	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	Brazil (southeast: GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS)
+BR	-2027-05437	America/Campo_Grande	Mato Grosso do Sul
+BR	-1535-05605	America/Cuiaba	Mato Grosso
+BR	-0226-05452	America/Santarem	Para (west)
+BR	-0846-06354	America/Porto_Velho	Rondonia
+BR	+0249-06040	America/Boa_Vista	Roraima
+BR	-0308-06001	America/Manaus	Amazonas (east)
+BR	-0640-06952	America/Eirunepe	Amazonas (west)
+BR	-0958-06748	America/Rio_Branco	Acre
+BS	+2505-07721	America/Nassau
+BT	+2728+08939	Asia/Thimphu
+BW	-2439+02555	Africa/Gaborone
+BY	+5354+02734	Europe/Minsk
+BZ	+1730-08812	America/Belize
+CA	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland; Labrador (southeast)
+CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic - NS (most areas); PE
+CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic - NS (Cape Breton)
+CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic - New Brunswick
+CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic - Labrador (most areas)
+CA	+5125-05707	America/Blanc-Sablon	AST - QC (Lower North Shore)
+CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern - ON, QC (most areas)
+CA	+4901-08816	America/Nipigon	Eastern - ON, QC (no DST 1967-73)
+CA	+4823-08915	America/Thunder_Bay	Eastern - ON (Thunder Bay)
+CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern - NU (most east areas)
+CA	+6608-06544	America/Pangnirtung	Eastern - NU (Pangnirtung)
+CA	+484531-0913718	America/Atikokan	EST - ON (Atikokan); NU (Coral H)
+CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central - ON (west); Manitoba
+CA	+4843-09434	America/Rainy_River	Central - ON (Rainy R, Ft Frances)
+CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central - NU (Resolute)
+CA	+624900-0920459	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central - NU (central)
+CA	+5024-10439	America/Regina	CST - SK (most areas)
+CA	+5017-10750	America/Swift_Current	CST - SK (midwest)
+CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain - AB; BC (E); SK (W)
+CA	+690650-1050310	America/Cambridge_Bay	Mountain - NU (west)
+CA	+6227-11421	America/Yellowknife	Mountain - NT (central)
+CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain - NT (west)
+CA	+4906-11631	America/Creston	MST - BC (Creston)
+CA	+5946-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	MST - BC (Dawson Cr, Ft St John)
+CA	+5848-12242	America/Fort_Nelson	MST - BC (Ft Nelson)
+CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific - BC (most areas)
+CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	Pacific - Yukon (south)
+CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	Pacific - Yukon (north)
+CC	-1210+09655	Indian/Cocos
+CD	-0418+01518	Africa/Kinshasa	Dem. Rep. of Congo (west)
+CD	-1140+02728	Africa/Lubumbashi	Dem. Rep. of Congo (east)
+CF	+0422+01835	Africa/Bangui
+CG	-0416+01517	Africa/Brazzaville
+CH	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich
+CI	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
+CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
+CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	Chile (most areas)
+CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island
+CM	+0403+00942	Africa/Douala
+CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	Beijing Time
+CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Xinjiang Time
+CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
+CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
+CU	+2308-08222	America/Havana
+CV	+1455-02331	Atlantic/Cape_Verde
+CW	+1211-06900	America/Curacao
+CX	-1025+10543	Indian/Christmas
+CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia
+CZ	+5005+01426	Europe/Prague
+DE	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	Germany (most areas)
+DE	+4742+00841	Europe/Busingen	Busingen
+DJ	+1136+04309	Africa/Djibouti
+DK	+5540+01235	Europe/Copenhagen
+DM	+1518-06124	America/Dominica
+DO	+1828-06954	America/Santo_Domingo
+DZ	+3647+00303	Africa/Algiers
+EC	-0210-07950	America/Guayaquil	Ecuador (mainland)
+EC	-0054-08936	Pacific/Galapagos	Galapagos Islands
+EE	+5925+02445	Europe/Tallinn
+EG	+3003+03115	Africa/Cairo
+EH	+2709-01312	Africa/El_Aaiun
+ER	+1520+03853	Africa/Asmara
+ES	+4024-00341	Europe/Madrid	Spain (mainland)
+ES	+3553-00519	Africa/Ceuta	Ceuta, Melilla
+ES	+2806-01524	Atlantic/Canary	Canary Islands
+ET	+0902+03842	Africa/Addis_Ababa
+FI	+6010+02458	Europe/Helsinki
+FJ	-1808+17825	Pacific/Fiji
+FK	-5142-05751	Atlantic/Stanley
+FM	+0725+15147	Pacific/Chuuk	Chuuk/Truk, Yap
+FM	+0658+15813	Pacific/Pohnpei	Pohnpei/Ponape
+FM	+0519+16259	Pacific/Kosrae	Kosrae
+FO	+6201-00646	Atlantic/Faroe
+FR	+4852+00220	Europe/Paris
+GA	+0023+00927	Africa/Libreville
+GB	+513030-0000731	Europe/London
+GD	+1203-06145	America/Grenada
+GE	+4143+04449	Asia/Tbilisi
+GF	+0456-05220	America/Cayenne
+GG	+4927-00232	Europe/Guernsey
+GH	+0533-00013	Africa/Accra
+GI	+3608-00521	Europe/Gibraltar
+GL	+6411-05144	America/Godthab	Greenland (most areas)
+GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	National Park (east coast)
+GL	+7029-02158	America/Scoresbysund	Scoresbysund/Ittoqqortoormiit
+GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	Thule/Pituffik
+GM	+1328-01639	Africa/Banjul
+GN	+0931-01343	Africa/Conakry
+GP	+1614-06132	America/Guadeloupe
+GQ	+0345+00847	Africa/Malabo
+GR	+3758+02343	Europe/Athens
+GS	-5416-03632	Atlantic/South_Georgia
+GT	+1438-09031	America/Guatemala
+GU	+1328+14445	Pacific/Guam
+GW	+1151-01535	Africa/Bissau
+GY	+0648-05810	America/Guyana
+HK	+2217+11409	Asia/Hong_Kong
+HN	+1406-08713	America/Tegucigalpa
+HR	+4548+01558	Europe/Zagreb
+HT	+1832-07220	America/Port-au-Prince
+HU	+4730+01905	Europe/Budapest
+ID	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Java, Sumatra
+ID	-0002+10920	Asia/Pontianak	Borneo (west, central)
+ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	Borneo (east, south); Sulawesi/Celebes, Bali, Nusa Tengarra; Timor (west)
+ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	New Guinea (West Papua / Irian Jaya); Malukus/Moluccas
+IE	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin
+IL	+314650+0351326	Asia/Jerusalem
+IM	+5409-00428	Europe/Isle_of_Man
+IN	+2232+08822	Asia/Kolkata
+IO	-0720+07225	Indian/Chagos
+IQ	+3321+04425	Asia/Baghdad
+IR	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran
+IS	+6409-02151	Atlantic/Reykjavik
+IT	+4154+01229	Europe/Rome
+JE	+4912-00207	Europe/Jersey
+JM	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica
+JO	+3157+03556	Asia/Amman
+JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
+KE	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
+KG	+4254+07436	Asia/Bishkek
+KH	+1133+10455	Asia/Phnom_Penh
+KI	+0125+17300	Pacific/Tarawa	Gilbert Islands
+KI	-0308-17105	Pacific/Enderbury	Phoenix Islands
+KI	+0152-15720	Pacific/Kiritimati	Line Islands
+KM	-1141+04316	Indian/Comoro
+KN	+1718-06243	America/St_Kitts
+KP	+3901+12545	Asia/Pyongyang
+KR	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul
+KW	+2920+04759	Asia/Kuwait
+KY	+1918-08123	America/Cayman
+KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	Kazakhstan (most areas)
+KZ	+4448+06528	Asia/Qyzylorda	Qyzylorda/Kyzylorda/Kzyl-Orda
+KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	Aqtobe/Aktobe
+KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	Atyrau/Atirau/Gur'yev, Mangghystau/Mankistau
+KZ	+5113+05121	Asia/Oral	West Kazakhstan
+LA	+1758+10236	Asia/Vientiane
+LB	+3353+03530	Asia/Beirut
+LC	+1401-06100	America/St_Lucia
+LI	+4709+00931	Europe/Vaduz
+LK	+0656+07951	Asia/Colombo
+LR	+0618-01047	Africa/Monrovia
+LS	-2928+02730	Africa/Maseru
+LT	+5441+02519	Europe/Vilnius
+LU	+4936+00609	Europe/Luxembourg
+LV	+5657+02406	Europe/Riga
+LY	+3254+01311	Africa/Tripoli
+MA	+3339-00735	Africa/Casablanca
+MC	+4342+00723	Europe/Monaco
+MD	+4700+02850	Europe/Chisinau
+ME	+4226+01916	Europe/Podgorica
+MF	+1804-06305	America/Marigot
+MG	-1855+04731	Indian/Antananarivo
+MH	+0709+17112	Pacific/Majuro	Marshall Islands (most areas)
+MH	+0905+16720	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
+MK	+4159+02126	Europe/Skopje
+ML	+1239-00800	Africa/Bamako
+MM	+1647+09610	Asia/Rangoon
+MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Mongolia (most areas)
+MN	+4801+09139	Asia/Hovd	Bayan-Olgiy, Govi-Altai, Hovd, Uvs, Zavkhan
+MN	+4804+11430	Asia/Choibalsan	Dornod, Sukhbaatar
+MO	+2214+11335	Asia/Macau
+MP	+1512+14545	Pacific/Saipan
+MQ	+1436-06105	America/Martinique
+MR	+1806-01557	Africa/Nouakchott
+MS	+1643-06213	America/Montserrat
+MT	+3554+01431	Europe/Malta
+MU	-2010+05730	Indian/Mauritius
+MV	+0410+07330	Indian/Maldives
+MW	-1547+03500	Africa/Blantyre
+MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Time
+MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Eastern Standard Time - Quintana Roo
+MX	+2058-08937	America/Merida	Central Time - Campeche, Yucatan
+MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Central Time - Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (most areas)
+MX	+2550-09730	America/Matamoros	Central Time US - Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (US border)
+MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Mountain Time - Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa
+MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Mountain Time - Chihuahua (most areas)
+MX	+2934-10425	America/Ojinaga	Mountain Time US - Chihuahua (US border)
+MX	+2904-11058	America/Hermosillo	Mountain Standard Time - Sonora
+MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	Pacific Time US - Baja California
+MX	+2048-10515	America/Bahia_Banderas	Central Time - Bahia de Banderas
+MY	+0310+10142	Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	Malaysia (peninsula)
+MY	+0133+11020	Asia/Kuching	Sabah, Sarawak
+MZ	-2558+03235	Africa/Maputo
+NA	-2234+01706	Africa/Windhoek
+NC	-2216+16627	Pacific/Noumea
+NE	+1331+00207	Africa/Niamey
+NF	-2903+16758	Pacific/Norfolk
+NG	+0627+00324	Africa/Lagos
+NI	+1209-08617	America/Managua
+NL	+5222+00454	Europe/Amsterdam
+NO	+5955+01045	Europe/Oslo
+NP	+2743+08519	Asia/Kathmandu
+NR	-0031+16655	Pacific/Nauru
+NU	-1901-16955	Pacific/Niue
+NZ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	New Zealand (most areas)
+NZ	-4357-17633	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
+OM	+2336+05835	Asia/Muscat
+PA	+0858-07932	America/Panama
+PE	-1203-07703	America/Lima
+PF	-1732-14934	Pacific/Tahiti	Society Islands
+PF	-0900-13930	Pacific/Marquesas	Marquesas Islands
+PF	-2308-13457	Pacific/Gambier	Gambier Islands
+PG	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Papua New Guinea (most areas)
+PG	-0613+15534	Pacific/Bougainville	Bougainville
+PH	+1435+12100	Asia/Manila
+PK	+2452+06703	Asia/Karachi
+PL	+5215+02100	Europe/Warsaw
+PM	+4703-05620	America/Miquelon
+PN	-2504-13005	Pacific/Pitcairn
+PR	+182806-0660622	America/Puerto_Rico
+PS	+3130+03428	Asia/Gaza	Gaza Strip
+PS	+313200+0350542	Asia/Hebron	West Bank
+PT	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	Portugal (mainland)
+PT	+3238-01654	Atlantic/Madeira	Madeira Islands
+PT	+3744-02540	Atlantic/Azores	Azores
+PW	+0720+13429	Pacific/Palau
+PY	-2516-05740	America/Asuncion
+QA	+2517+05132	Asia/Qatar
+RE	-2052+05528	Indian/Reunion
+RO	+4426+02606	Europe/Bucharest
+RS	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
+RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	MSK-01 - Kaliningrad
+RU	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	MSK+00 - Moscow area
+RU	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	MSK+00 - Crimea
+RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	MSK+00 - Volgograd, Saratov
+RU	+5836+04939	Europe/Kirov	MSK+00 - Kirov
+RU	+4621+04803	Europe/Astrakhan	MSK+01 - Astrakhan
+RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	MSK+01 - Samara, Udmurtia
+RU	+5420+04824	Europe/Ulyanovsk	MSK+01 - Ulyanovsk
+RU	+5651+06036	Asia/Yekaterinburg	MSK+02 - Urals
+RU	+5500+07324	Asia/Omsk	MSK+03 - Omsk
+RU	+5502+08255	Asia/Novosibirsk	MSK+03 - Novosibirsk
+RU	+5322+08345	Asia/Barnaul	MSK+04 - Altai
+RU	+5630+08458	Asia/Tomsk	MSK+04 - Tomsk
+RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	MSK+04 - Kemerovo
+RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	MSK+04 - Krasnoyarsk area
+RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	MSK+05 - Irkutsk, Buryatia
+RU	+5203+11328	Asia/Chita	MSK+06 - Zabaykalsky
+RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	MSK+06 - Lena River
+RU	+623923+1353314	Asia/Khandyga	MSK+06 - Tomponsky, Ust-Maysky
+RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	MSK+07 - Amur River
+RU	+643337+1431336	Asia/Ust-Nera	MSK+07 - Oymyakonsky
+RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	MSK+08 - Magadan
+RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	MSK+08 - Sakhalin Island
+RU	+6728+15343	Asia/Srednekolymsk	MSK+08 - Sakha (E); North Kuril Is
+RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	MSK+09 - Kamchatka
+RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	MSK+09 - Bering Sea
+RW	-0157+03004	Africa/Kigali
+SA	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh
+SB	-0932+16012	Pacific/Guadalcanal
+SC	-0440+05528	Indian/Mahe
+SD	+1536+03232	Africa/Khartoum
+SE	+5920+01803	Europe/Stockholm
+SG	+0117+10351	Asia/Singapore
+SH	-1555-00542	Atlantic/St_Helena
+SI	+4603+01431	Europe/Ljubljana
+SJ	+7800+01600	Arctic/Longyearbyen
+SK	+4809+01707	Europe/Bratislava
+SL	+0830-01315	Africa/Freetown
+SM	+4355+01228	Europe/San_Marino
+SN	+1440-01726	Africa/Dakar
+SO	+0204+04522	Africa/Mogadishu
+SR	+0550-05510	America/Paramaribo
+SS	+0451+03136	Africa/Juba
+ST	+0020+00644	Africa/Sao_Tome
+SV	+1342-08912	America/El_Salvador
+SX	+180305-0630250	America/Lower_Princes
+SY	+3330+03618	Asia/Damascus
+SZ	-2618+03106	Africa/Mbabane
+TC	+2128-07108	America/Grand_Turk
+TD	+1207+01503	Africa/Ndjamena
+TF	-492110+0701303	Indian/Kerguelen
+TG	+0608+00113	Africa/Lome
+TH	+1345+10031	Asia/Bangkok
+TJ	+3835+06848	Asia/Dushanbe
+TK	-0922-17114	Pacific/Fakaofo
+TL	-0833+12535	Asia/Dili
+TM	+3757+05823	Asia/Ashgabat
+TN	+3648+01011	Africa/Tunis
+TO	-2110-17510	Pacific/Tongatapu
+TR	+4101+02858	Europe/Istanbul
+TT	+1039-06131	America/Port_of_Spain
+TV	-0831+17913	Pacific/Funafuti
+TW	+2503+12130	Asia/Taipei
+TZ	-0648+03917	Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
+UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kiev	Ukraine (most areas)
+UA	+4837+02218	Europe/Uzhgorod	Ruthenia
+UA	+4750+03510	Europe/Zaporozhye	Zaporozh'ye/Zaporizhia; Lugansk/Luhansk (east)
+UG	+0019+03225	Africa/Kampala
+UM	+1645-16931	Pacific/Johnston	Johnston Atoll
+UM	+2813-17722	Pacific/Midway	Midway Islands
+UM	+1917+16637	Pacific/Wake	Wake Island
+US	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern (most areas)
+US	+421953-0830245	America/Detroit	Eastern - MI (most areas)
+US	+381515-0854534	America/Kentucky/Louisville	Eastern - KY (Louisville area)
+US	+364947-0845057	America/Kentucky/Monticello	Eastern - KY (Wayne)
+US	+394606-0860929	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	Eastern - IN (most areas)
+US	+384038-0873143	America/Indiana/Vincennes	Eastern - IN (Da, Du, K, Mn)
+US	+410305-0863611	America/Indiana/Winamac	Eastern - IN (Pulaski)
+US	+382232-0862041	America/Indiana/Marengo	Eastern - IN (Crawford)
+US	+382931-0871643	America/Indiana/Petersburg	Eastern - IN (Pike)
+US	+384452-0850402	America/Indiana/Vevay	Eastern - IN (Switzerland)
+US	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central (most areas)
+US	+375711-0864541	America/Indiana/Tell_City	Central - IN (Perry)
+US	+411745-0863730	America/Indiana/Knox	Central - IN (Starke)
+US	+450628-0873651	America/Menominee	Central - MI (Wisconsin border)
+US	+470659-1011757	America/North_Dakota/Center	Central - ND (Oliver)
+US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem	Central - ND (Morton rural)
+US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central - ND (Mercer)
+US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain (most areas)
+US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain - ID (south); OR (east)
+US	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	MST - Arizona (except Navajo)
+US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific
+US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska (most areas)
+US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska - Juneau area
+US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska - Sitka area
+US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Alaska - Annette Island
+US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska - Yakutat
+US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska (west)
+US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Aleutian Islands
+US	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii
+UY	-3453-05611	America/Montevideo
+UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	Uzbekistan (west)
+UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	Uzbekistan (east)
+VA	+415408+0122711	Europe/Vatican
+VC	+1309-06114	America/St_Vincent
+VE	+1030-06656	America/Caracas
+VG	+1827-06437	America/Tortola
+VI	+1821-06456	America/St_Thomas
+VN	+1045+10640	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh
+VU	-1740+16825	Pacific/Efate
+WF	-1318-17610	Pacific/Wallis
+WS	-1350-17144	Pacific/Apia
+YE	+1245+04512	Asia/Aden
+YT	-1247+04514	Indian/Mayotte
+ZA	-2615+02800	Africa/Johannesburg
+ZM	-1525+02817	Africa/Lusaka
+ZW	-1750+03103	Africa/Harare
diff --git a/tz/zone1970.tab b/tz/zone1970.tab
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49f0b0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/zone1970.tab
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+# tz zone descriptions
+#
+# This file is in the public domain.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-31):
+# This file contains a table where each row stands for a zone where
+# civil time stamps have agreed since 1970.  Columns are separated by
+# a single tab.  Lines beginning with '#' are comments.  All text uses
+# UTF-8 encoding.  The columns of the table are as follows:
+#
+# 1.  The countries that overlap the zone, as a comma-separated list
+#     of ISO 3166 2-character country codes.  See the file 'iso3166.tab'.
+# 2.  Latitude and longitude of the zone's principal location
+#     in ISO 6709 sign-degrees-minutes-seconds format,
+#     either +-DDMM+-DDDMM or +-DDMMSS+-DDDMMSS,
+#     first latitude (+ is north), then longitude (+ is east).
+# 3.  Zone name used in value of TZ environment variable.
+#     Please see the 'Theory' file for how zone names are chosen.
+#     If multiple zones overlap a country, each has a row in the
+#     table, with each column 1 containing the country code.
+# 4.  Comments; present if and only if a country has multiple zones.
+#
+# If a zone covers multiple countries, the most-populous city is used,
+# and that country is listed first in column 1; any other countries
+# are listed alphabetically by country code.  The table is sorted
+# first by country code, then (if possible) by an order within the
+# country that (1) makes some geographical sense, and (2) puts the
+# most populous zones first, where that does not contradict (1).
+#
+# This table is intended as an aid for users, to help them select time
+# zone data entries appropriate for their practical needs.  It is not
+# intended to take or endorse any position on legal or territorial claims.
+#
+#country-
+#codes	coordinates	TZ	comments
+AD	+4230+00131	Europe/Andorra
+AE,OM	+2518+05518	Asia/Dubai
+AF	+3431+06912	Asia/Kabul
+AL	+4120+01950	Europe/Tirane
+AM	+4011+04430	Asia/Yerevan
+AQ	-6617+11031	Antarctica/Casey	Casey
+AQ	-6835+07758	Antarctica/Davis	Davis
+AQ	-6640+14001	Antarctica/DumontDUrville	Dumont-d'Urville
+AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson
+AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer
+AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera
+AQ	-690022+0393524	Antarctica/Syowa	Syowa
+AQ	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll
+AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok
+AR	-3436-05827	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
+AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	Argentina (most areas: CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF)
+AR	-2447-06525	America/Argentina/Salta	Salta (SA, LP, NQ, RN)
+AR	-2411-06518	America/Argentina/Jujuy	Jujuy (JY)
+AR	-2649-06513	America/Argentina/Tucuman	Tucumán (TM)
+AR	-2828-06547	America/Argentina/Catamarca	Catamarca (CT); Chubut (CH)
+AR	-2926-06651	America/Argentina/La_Rioja	La Rioja (LR)
+AR	-3132-06831	America/Argentina/San_Juan	San Juan (SJ)
+AR	-3253-06849	America/Argentina/Mendoza	Mendoza (MZ)
+AR	-3319-06621	America/Argentina/San_Luis	San Luis (SL)
+AR	-5138-06913	America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos	Santa Cruz (SC)
+AR	-5448-06818	America/Argentina/Ushuaia	Tierra del Fuego (TF)
+AS,UM	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Samoa, Midway
+AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
+AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
+AU	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island
+AU	-4253+14719	Australia/Hobart	Tasmania (most areas)
+AU	-3956+14352	Australia/Currie	Tasmania (King Island)
+AU	-3749+14458	Australia/Melbourne	Victoria
+AU	-3352+15113	Australia/Sydney	New South Wales (most areas)
+AU	-3157+14127	Australia/Broken_Hill	New South Wales (Yancowinna)
+AU	-2728+15302	Australia/Brisbane	Queensland (most areas)
+AU	-2016+14900	Australia/Lindeman	Queensland (Whitsunday Islands)
+AU	-3455+13835	Australia/Adelaide	South Australia
+AU	-1228+13050	Australia/Darwin	Northern Territory
+AU	-3157+11551	Australia/Perth	Western Australia (most areas)
+AU	-3143+12852	Australia/Eucla	Western Australia (Eucla)
+AZ	+4023+04951	Asia/Baku
+BB	+1306-05937	America/Barbados
+BD	+2343+09025	Asia/Dhaka
+BE	+5050+00420	Europe/Brussels
+BG	+4241+02319	Europe/Sofia
+BM	+3217-06446	Atlantic/Bermuda
+BN	+0456+11455	Asia/Brunei
+BO	-1630-06809	America/La_Paz
+BR	-0351-03225	America/Noronha	Atlantic islands
+BR	-0127-04829	America/Belem	Pará (east); Amapá
+BR	-0343-03830	America/Fortaleza	Brazil (northeast: MA, PI, CE, RN, PB)
+BR	-0803-03454	America/Recife	Pernambuco
+BR	-0712-04812	America/Araguaina	Tocantins
+BR	-0940-03543	America/Maceio	Alagoas, Sergipe
+BR	-1259-03831	America/Bahia	Bahia
+BR	-2332-04637	America/Sao_Paulo	Brazil (southeast: GO, DF, MG, ES, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS)
+BR	-2027-05437	America/Campo_Grande	Mato Grosso do Sul
+BR	-1535-05605	America/Cuiaba	Mato Grosso
+BR	-0226-05452	America/Santarem	Pará (west)
+BR	-0846-06354	America/Porto_Velho	Rondônia
+BR	+0249-06040	America/Boa_Vista	Roraima
+BR	-0308-06001	America/Manaus	Amazonas (east)
+BR	-0640-06952	America/Eirunepe	Amazonas (west)
+BR	-0958-06748	America/Rio_Branco	Acre
+BS	+2505-07721	America/Nassau
+BT	+2728+08939	Asia/Thimphu
+BY	+5354+02734	Europe/Minsk
+BZ	+1730-08812	America/Belize
+CA	+4734-05243	America/St_Johns	Newfoundland; Labrador (southeast)
+CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic - NS (most areas); PE
+CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic - NS (Cape Breton)
+CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic - New Brunswick
+CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic - Labrador (most areas)
+CA	+5125-05707	America/Blanc-Sablon	AST - QC (Lower North Shore)
+CA	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern - ON, QC (most areas)
+CA	+4901-08816	America/Nipigon	Eastern - ON, QC (no DST 1967-73)
+CA	+4823-08915	America/Thunder_Bay	Eastern - ON (Thunder Bay)
+CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern - NU (most east areas)
+CA	+6608-06544	America/Pangnirtung	Eastern - NU (Pangnirtung)
+CA	+484531-0913718	America/Atikokan	EST - ON (Atikokan); NU (Coral H)
+CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central - ON (west); Manitoba
+CA	+4843-09434	America/Rainy_River	Central - ON (Rainy R, Ft Frances)
+CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central - NU (Resolute)
+CA	+624900-0920459	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central - NU (central)
+CA	+5024-10439	America/Regina	CST - SK (most areas)
+CA	+5017-10750	America/Swift_Current	CST - SK (midwest)
+CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain - AB; BC (E); SK (W)
+CA	+690650-1050310	America/Cambridge_Bay	Mountain - NU (west)
+CA	+6227-11421	America/Yellowknife	Mountain - NT (central)
+CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain - NT (west)
+CA	+4906-11631	America/Creston	MST - BC (Creston)
+CA	+5946-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	MST - BC (Dawson Cr, Ft St John)
+CA	+5848-12242	America/Fort_Nelson	MST - BC (Ft Nelson)
+CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific - BC (most areas)
+CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	Pacific - Yukon (south)
+CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	Pacific - Yukon (north)
+CC	-1210+09655	Indian/Cocos
+CH,DE,LI	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich	Swiss time
+CI,BF,GM,GN,ML,MR,SH,SL,SN,ST,TG	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
+CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
+CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	Chile (most areas)
+CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island
+CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	Beijing Time
+CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Xinjiang Time
+CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
+CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
+CU	+2308-08222	America/Havana
+CV	+1455-02331	Atlantic/Cape_Verde
+CW,AW,BQ,SX	+1211-06900	America/Curacao
+CX	-1025+10543	Indian/Christmas
+CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia
+CZ,SK	+5005+01426	Europe/Prague
+DE	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	Germany (most areas)
+DK	+5540+01235	Europe/Copenhagen
+DO	+1828-06954	America/Santo_Domingo
+DZ	+3647+00303	Africa/Algiers
+EC	-0210-07950	America/Guayaquil	Ecuador (mainland)
+EC	-0054-08936	Pacific/Galapagos	Galápagos Islands
+EE	+5925+02445	Europe/Tallinn
+EG	+3003+03115	Africa/Cairo
+EH	+2709-01312	Africa/El_Aaiun
+ES	+4024-00341	Europe/Madrid	Spain (mainland)
+ES	+3553-00519	Africa/Ceuta	Ceuta, Melilla
+ES	+2806-01524	Atlantic/Canary	Canary Islands
+FI,AX	+6010+02458	Europe/Helsinki
+FJ	-1808+17825	Pacific/Fiji
+FK	-5142-05751	Atlantic/Stanley
+FM	+0725+15147	Pacific/Chuuk	Chuuk/Truk, Yap
+FM	+0658+15813	Pacific/Pohnpei	Pohnpei/Ponape
+FM	+0519+16259	Pacific/Kosrae	Kosrae
+FO	+6201-00646	Atlantic/Faroe
+FR	+4852+00220	Europe/Paris
+GB,GG,IM,JE	+513030-0000731	Europe/London
+GE	+4143+04449	Asia/Tbilisi
+GF	+0456-05220	America/Cayenne
+GH	+0533-00013	Africa/Accra
+GI	+3608-00521	Europe/Gibraltar
+GL	+6411-05144	America/Godthab	Greenland (most areas)
+GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	National Park (east coast)
+GL	+7029-02158	America/Scoresbysund	Scoresbysund/Ittoqqortoormiit
+GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	Thule/Pituffik
+GR	+3758+02343	Europe/Athens
+GS	-5416-03632	Atlantic/South_Georgia
+GT	+1438-09031	America/Guatemala
+GU,MP	+1328+14445	Pacific/Guam
+GW	+1151-01535	Africa/Bissau
+GY	+0648-05810	America/Guyana
+HK	+2217+11409	Asia/Hong_Kong
+HN	+1406-08713	America/Tegucigalpa
+HT	+1832-07220	America/Port-au-Prince
+HU	+4730+01905	Europe/Budapest
+ID	-0610+10648	Asia/Jakarta	Java, Sumatra
+ID	-0002+10920	Asia/Pontianak	Borneo (west, central)
+ID	-0507+11924	Asia/Makassar	Borneo (east, south); Sulawesi/Celebes, Bali, Nusa Tengarra; Timor (west)
+ID	-0232+14042	Asia/Jayapura	New Guinea (West Papua / Irian Jaya); Malukus/Moluccas
+IE	+5320-00615	Europe/Dublin
+IL	+314650+0351326	Asia/Jerusalem
+IN	+2232+08822	Asia/Kolkata
+IO	-0720+07225	Indian/Chagos
+IQ	+3321+04425	Asia/Baghdad
+IR	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran
+IS	+6409-02151	Atlantic/Reykjavik
+IT,SM,VA	+4154+01229	Europe/Rome
+JM	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica
+JO	+3157+03556	Asia/Amman
+JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
+KE,DJ,ER,ET,KM,MG,SO,TZ,UG,YT	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
+KG	+4254+07436	Asia/Bishkek
+KI	+0125+17300	Pacific/Tarawa	Gilbert Islands
+KI	-0308-17105	Pacific/Enderbury	Phoenix Islands
+KI	+0152-15720	Pacific/Kiritimati	Line Islands
+KP	+3901+12545	Asia/Pyongyang
+KR	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul
+KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	Kazakhstan (most areas)
+KZ	+4448+06528	Asia/Qyzylorda	Qyzylorda/Kyzylorda/Kzyl-Orda
+KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	Aqtobe/Aktobe
+KZ	+4431+05016	Asia/Aqtau	Atyrau/Atirau/Gur'yev, Mangghystau/Mankistau
+KZ	+5113+05121	Asia/Oral	West Kazakhstan
+LB	+3353+03530	Asia/Beirut
+LK	+0656+07951	Asia/Colombo
+LR	+0618-01047	Africa/Monrovia
+LT	+5441+02519	Europe/Vilnius
+LU	+4936+00609	Europe/Luxembourg
+LV	+5657+02406	Europe/Riga
+LY	+3254+01311	Africa/Tripoli
+MA	+3339-00735	Africa/Casablanca
+MC	+4342+00723	Europe/Monaco
+MD	+4700+02850	Europe/Chisinau
+MH	+0709+17112	Pacific/Majuro	Marshall Islands (most areas)
+MH	+0905+16720	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
+MM	+1647+09610	Asia/Rangoon
+MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Mongolia (most areas)
+MN	+4801+09139	Asia/Hovd	Bayan-Ölgii, Govi-Altai, Hovd, Uvs, Zavkhan
+MN	+4804+11430	Asia/Choibalsan	Dornod, Sükhbaatar
+MO	+2214+11335	Asia/Macau
+MQ	+1436-06105	America/Martinique
+MT	+3554+01431	Europe/Malta
+MU	-2010+05730	Indian/Mauritius
+MV	+0410+07330	Indian/Maldives
+MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Time
+MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Eastern Standard Time - Quintana Roo
+MX	+2058-08937	America/Merida	Central Time - Campeche, Yucatán
+MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Central Time - Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (most areas)
+MX	+2550-09730	America/Matamoros	Central Time US - Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (US border)
+MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Mountain Time - Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa
+MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Mountain Time - Chihuahua (most areas)
+MX	+2934-10425	America/Ojinaga	Mountain Time US - Chihuahua (US border)
+MX	+2904-11058	America/Hermosillo	Mountain Standard Time - Sonora
+MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	Pacific Time US - Baja California
+MX	+2048-10515	America/Bahia_Banderas	Central Time - Bahía de Banderas
+MY	+0310+10142	Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	Malaysia (peninsula)
+MY	+0133+11020	Asia/Kuching	Sabah, Sarawak
+MZ,BI,BW,CD,MW,RW,ZM,ZW	-2558+03235	Africa/Maputo	Central Africa Time
+NA	-2234+01706	Africa/Windhoek
+NC	-2216+16627	Pacific/Noumea
+NF	-2903+16758	Pacific/Norfolk
+NG,AO,BJ,CD,CF,CG,CM,GA,GQ,NE	+0627+00324	Africa/Lagos	West Africa Time
+NI	+1209-08617	America/Managua
+NL	+5222+00454	Europe/Amsterdam
+NO,SJ	+5955+01045	Europe/Oslo
+NP	+2743+08519	Asia/Kathmandu
+NR	-0031+16655	Pacific/Nauru
+NU	-1901-16955	Pacific/Niue
+NZ,AQ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	New Zealand time
+NZ	-4357-17633	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
+PA,KY	+0858-07932	America/Panama
+PE	-1203-07703	America/Lima
+PF	-1732-14934	Pacific/Tahiti	Society Islands
+PF	-0900-13930	Pacific/Marquesas	Marquesas Islands
+PF	-2308-13457	Pacific/Gambier	Gambier Islands
+PG	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Papua New Guinea (most areas)
+PG	-0613+15534	Pacific/Bougainville	Bougainville
+PH	+1435+12100	Asia/Manila
+PK	+2452+06703	Asia/Karachi
+PL	+5215+02100	Europe/Warsaw
+PM	+4703-05620	America/Miquelon
+PN	-2504-13005	Pacific/Pitcairn
+PR	+182806-0660622	America/Puerto_Rico
+PS	+3130+03428	Asia/Gaza	Gaza Strip
+PS	+313200+0350542	Asia/Hebron	West Bank
+PT	+3843-00908	Europe/Lisbon	Portugal (mainland)
+PT	+3238-01654	Atlantic/Madeira	Madeira Islands
+PT	+3744-02540	Atlantic/Azores	Azores
+PW	+0720+13429	Pacific/Palau
+PY	-2516-05740	America/Asuncion
+QA,BH	+2517+05132	Asia/Qatar
+RE,TF	-2052+05528	Indian/Reunion	Réunion, Crozet, Scattered Islands
+RO	+4426+02606	Europe/Bucharest
+RS,BA,HR,ME,MK,SI	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
+RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	MSK-01 - Kaliningrad
+RU	+554521+0373704	Europe/Moscow	MSK+00 - Moscow area
+RU	+4457+03406	Europe/Simferopol	MSK+00 - Crimea
+RU	+4844+04425	Europe/Volgograd	MSK+00 - Volgograd, Saratov
+RU	+5836+04939	Europe/Kirov	MSK+00 - Kirov
+RU	+4621+04803	Europe/Astrakhan	MSK+01 - Astrakhan
+RU	+5312+05009	Europe/Samara	MSK+01 - Samara, Udmurtia
+RU	+5420+04824	Europe/Ulyanovsk	MSK+01 - Ulyanovsk
+RU	+5651+06036	Asia/Yekaterinburg	MSK+02 - Urals
+RU	+5500+07324	Asia/Omsk	MSK+03 - Omsk
+RU	+5502+08255	Asia/Novosibirsk	MSK+03 - Novosibirsk
+RU	+5322+08345	Asia/Barnaul	MSK+04 - Altai
+RU	+5630+08458	Asia/Tomsk	MSK+04 - Tomsk
+RU	+5345+08707	Asia/Novokuznetsk	MSK+04 - Kemerovo
+RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	MSK+04 - Krasnoyarsk area
+RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	MSK+05 - Irkutsk, Buryatia
+RU	+5203+11328	Asia/Chita	MSK+06 - Zabaykalsky
+RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	MSK+06 - Lena River
+RU	+623923+1353314	Asia/Khandyga	MSK+06 - Tomponsky, Ust-Maysky
+RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	MSK+07 - Amur River
+RU	+643337+1431336	Asia/Ust-Nera	MSK+07 - Oymyakonsky
+RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	MSK+08 - Magadan
+RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	MSK+08 - Sakhalin Island
+RU	+6728+15343	Asia/Srednekolymsk	MSK+08 - Sakha (E); North Kuril Is
+RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	MSK+09 - Kamchatka
+RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	MSK+09 - Bering Sea
+SA,KW,YE	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh
+SB	-0932+16012	Pacific/Guadalcanal
+SC	-0440+05528	Indian/Mahe
+SD,SS	+1536+03232	Africa/Khartoum
+SE	+5920+01803	Europe/Stockholm
+SG	+0117+10351	Asia/Singapore
+SR	+0550-05510	America/Paramaribo
+SV	+1342-08912	America/El_Salvador
+SY	+3330+03618	Asia/Damascus
+TC	+2128-07108	America/Grand_Turk
+TD	+1207+01503	Africa/Ndjamena
+TF	-492110+0701303	Indian/Kerguelen	Kerguelen, St Paul Island, Amsterdam Island
+TH,KH,LA,VN	+1345+10031	Asia/Bangkok	Indochina (most areas)
+TJ	+3835+06848	Asia/Dushanbe
+TK	-0922-17114	Pacific/Fakaofo
+TL	-0833+12535	Asia/Dili
+TM	+3757+05823	Asia/Ashgabat
+TN	+3648+01011	Africa/Tunis
+TO	-2110-17510	Pacific/Tongatapu
+TR	+4101+02858	Europe/Istanbul
+TT,AG,AI,BL,DM,GD,GP,KN,LC,MF,MS,VC,VG,VI	+1039-06131	America/Port_of_Spain
+TV	-0831+17913	Pacific/Funafuti
+TW	+2503+12130	Asia/Taipei
+UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kiev	Ukraine (most areas)
+UA	+4837+02218	Europe/Uzhgorod	Ruthenia
+UA	+4750+03510	Europe/Zaporozhye	Zaporozh'ye/Zaporizhia; Lugansk/Luhansk (east)
+UM	+1917+16637	Pacific/Wake	Wake Island
+US	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern (most areas)
+US	+421953-0830245	America/Detroit	Eastern - MI (most areas)
+US	+381515-0854534	America/Kentucky/Louisville	Eastern - KY (Louisville area)
+US	+364947-0845057	America/Kentucky/Monticello	Eastern - KY (Wayne)
+US	+394606-0860929	America/Indiana/Indianapolis	Eastern - IN (most areas)
+US	+384038-0873143	America/Indiana/Vincennes	Eastern - IN (Da, Du, K, Mn)
+US	+410305-0863611	America/Indiana/Winamac	Eastern - IN (Pulaski)
+US	+382232-0862041	America/Indiana/Marengo	Eastern - IN (Crawford)
+US	+382931-0871643	America/Indiana/Petersburg	Eastern - IN (Pike)
+US	+384452-0850402	America/Indiana/Vevay	Eastern - IN (Switzerland)
+US	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central (most areas)
+US	+375711-0864541	America/Indiana/Tell_City	Central - IN (Perry)
+US	+411745-0863730	America/Indiana/Knox	Central - IN (Starke)
+US	+450628-0873651	America/Menominee	Central - MI (Wisconsin border)
+US	+470659-1011757	America/North_Dakota/Center	Central - ND (Oliver)
+US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem	Central - ND (Morton rural)
+US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central - ND (Mercer)
+US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain (most areas)
+US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain - ID (south); OR (east)
+US	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	MST - Arizona (except Navajo)
+US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific
+US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska (most areas)
+US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska - Juneau area
+US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska - Sitka area
+US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Alaska - Annette Island
+US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska - Yakutat
+US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska (west)
+US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Aleutian Islands
+US,UM	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii
+UY	-3453-05611	America/Montevideo
+UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	Uzbekistan (west)
+UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	Uzbekistan (east)
+VE	+1030-06656	America/Caracas
+VN	+1045+10640	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	Vietnam (south)
+VU	-1740+16825	Pacific/Efate
+WF	-1318-17610	Pacific/Wallis
+WS	-1350-17144	Pacific/Apia
+ZA,LS,SZ	-2615+02800	Africa/Johannesburg
diff --git a/tz/zoneinfo2tdf.pl b/tz/zoneinfo2tdf.pl
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..e05ec01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tz/zoneinfo2tdf.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#! /usr/bin/perl -w
+
+# Courtesy Ken Pizzini.
+
+use strict;
+
+#This file released to the public domain.
+
+# Note: error checking is poor; trust the output only if the input
+# has been checked by zic.
+
+my $contZone = '';
+while (<>) {
+  my $origline = $_;
+  my @fields = ();
+  while (s/^\s*((?:"[^"]*"|[^\s#])+)//) {
+    push @fields, $1;
+  }
+  next unless @fields;
+
+  my $type = lc($fields[0]);
+  if ($contZone) {
+    @fields >= 3 or warn "bad continuation line";
+    unshift @fields, '+', $contZone;
+    $type = 'zone';
+  }
+
+  $contZone = '';
+  if ($type eq 'zone') {
+    # Zone  NAME  GMTOFF  RULES/SAVE  FORMAT  [UNTIL]
+    my $nfields = @fields;
+    $nfields >= 5 or warn "bad zone line";
+    if ($nfields > 6) {
+      #this splice is optional, depending on one's preference
+      #(one big date-time field, or componentized date and time):
+      splice(@fields, 5, $nfields-5, "@fields[5..$nfields-1]");
+    }
+    $contZone = $fields[1] if @fields > 5;
+  } elsif ($type eq 'rule') {
+    # Rule  NAME  FROM  TO  TYPE  IN  ON  AT  SAVE  LETTER/S
+    @fields == 10 or warn "bad rule line";
+  } elsif ($type eq 'link') {
+    # Link  TARGET  LINK-NAME
+    @fields == 3 or warn "bad link line";
+  } elsif ($type eq 'leap') {
+    # Leap  YEAR  MONTH  DAY  HH:MM:SS  CORR  R/S
+    @fields == 7 or warn "bad leap line";
+  } else {
+    warn "Fubar at input line $.: $origline";
+  }
+  print join("\t", @fields), "\n";
+}