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<section id="software-for-complex-networks">
<span id="contents"></span><h1>Software for Complex Networks<a class="headerlink" href="#software-for-complex-networks" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h1>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Release<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p>3.1rc1.dev0</p>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Date<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p>Feb 27, 2023</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>NetworkX is a Python package for the creation, manipulation, and study
of the structure, dynamics, and functions of complex networks.
It provides:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>tools for the study of the structure and
dynamics of social, biological, and infrastructure networks;</p></li>
<li><p>a standard programming interface and graph implementation that is suitable
for many applications;</p></li>
<li><p>a rapid development environment for collaborative, multidisciplinary
projects;</p></li>
<li><p>an interface to existing numerical algorithms and code written in C,
C++, and FORTRAN; and</p></li>
<li><p>the ability to painlessly work with large nonstandard data sets.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>With NetworkX you can load and store networks in standard and nonstandard data
formats, generate many types of random and classic networks, analyze network
structure, build network models, design new network algorithms, draw networks,
and much more.</p>
<section id="citing">
<h2>Citing<a class="headerlink" href="#citing" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>To cite NetworkX please use the following publication:</p>
<p>Aric A. Hagberg, Daniel A. Schult and Pieter J. Swart,
<a class="reference external" href="https://conference.scipy.org/proceedings/SciPy2008/paper_2/">“Exploring network structure, dynamics, and function using NetworkX”</a>,
in
<a class="reference external" href="https://conference.scipy.org/proceedings/SciPy2008/index.html">Proceedings of the 7th Python in Science Conference (SciPy2008)</a>, Gäel
Varoquaux, Travis Vaught, and Jarrod Millman (Eds), (Pasadena, CA
USA), pp. 11–15, Aug 2008</p>
<p><a class="reference external" href="https://conference.scipy.org/proceedings/SciPy2008/paper_2/full_text.pdf">PDF</a>
<a class="reference external" href="https://conference.scipy.org/proceedings/SciPy2008/paper_2/reference.bib">BibTeX</a></p>
</section>
<section id="audience">
<h2>Audience<a class="headerlink" href="#audience" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>The audience for NetworkX includes mathematicians, physicists, biologists,
computer scientists, and social scientists. Good reviews of the science of
complex networks are presented in Albert and Barabási <a class="reference internal" href="#ba02" id="id1"><span>[BA02]</span></a>, Newman
<a class="reference internal" href="#newman03" id="id2"><span>[Newman03]</span></a>, and Dorogovtsev and Mendes <a class="reference internal" href="#dm03" id="id3"><span>[DM03]</span></a>. See also the classic texts
<a class="reference internal" href="#bollobas01" id="id4"><span>[Bollobas01]</span></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#diestel97" id="id5"><span>[Diestel97]</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#west01" id="id6"><span>[West01]</span></a> for graph theoretic results and
terminology. For basic graph algorithms, we recommend the texts of Sedgewick
(e.g., <a class="reference internal" href="#sedgewick01" id="id7"><span>[Sedgewick01]</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#sedgewick02" id="id8"><span>[Sedgewick02]</span></a>) and the survey of Brandes and
Erlebach <a class="reference internal" href="#be05" id="id9"><span>[BE05]</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="python">
<h2>Python<a class="headerlink" href="#python" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>Python is a powerful programming language that allows simple and flexible
representations of networks as well as clear and concise expressions of network
algorithms. Python has a vibrant and growing ecosystem of packages that
NetworkX uses to provide more features such as numerical linear algebra and
drawing. In order to make the most out of NetworkX you will want to know how
to write basic programs in Python. Among the many guides to Python, we
recommend the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/">Python documentation</a> and the text
by Alex Martelli <a class="reference internal" href="#martelli03" id="id10"><span>[Martelli03]</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="license">
<h2>License<a class="headerlink" href="#license" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>NetworkX is distributed with the 3-clause BSD license.</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Copyright</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">C</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="mi">2004</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2023</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">NetworkX</span> <span class="n">Developers</span>
<span class="n">Aric</span> <span class="n">Hagberg</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="n">hagberg</span><span class="nd">@lanl</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gov</span><span class="o">></span>
<span class="n">Dan</span> <span class="n">Schult</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="n">dschult</span><span class="nd">@colgate</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">edu</span><span class="o">></span>
<span class="n">Pieter</span> <span class="n">Swart</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="n">swart</span><span class="nd">@lanl</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gov</span><span class="o">></span>
<span class="n">All</span> <span class="n">rights</span> <span class="n">reserved</span><span class="o">.</span>
<span class="n">Redistribution</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">use</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">source</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">binary</span> <span class="n">forms</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">without</span>
<span class="n">modification</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">are</span> <span class="n">permitted</span> <span class="n">provided</span> <span class="n">that</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">following</span> <span class="n">conditions</span> <span class="n">are</span>
<span class="n">met</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">Redistributions</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">source</span> <span class="n">code</span> <span class="n">must</span> <span class="n">retain</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">above</span> <span class="n">copyright</span>
<span class="n">notice</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">this</span> <span class="nb">list</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">conditions</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">following</span> <span class="n">disclaimer</span><span class="o">.</span>
<span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">Redistributions</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">binary</span> <span class="n">form</span> <span class="n">must</span> <span class="n">reproduce</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">above</span>
<span class="n">copyright</span> <span class="n">notice</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">this</span> <span class="nb">list</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">conditions</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">following</span>
<span class="n">disclaimer</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">documentation</span> <span class="ow">and</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">other</span> <span class="n">materials</span> <span class="n">provided</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">distribution</span><span class="o">.</span>
<span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">Neither</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">NetworkX</span> <span class="n">Developers</span> <span class="n">nor</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">names</span> <span class="n">of</span> <span class="n">its</span>
<span class="n">contributors</span> <span class="n">may</span> <span class="n">be</span> <span class="n">used</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="n">endorse</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">promote</span> <span class="n">products</span> <span class="n">derived</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">this</span> <span class="n">software</span> <span class="n">without</span> <span class="n">specific</span> <span class="n">prior</span> <span class="n">written</span> <span class="n">permission</span><span class="o">.</span>
<span class="n">THIS</span> <span class="n">SOFTWARE</span> <span class="n">IS</span> <span class="n">PROVIDED</span> <span class="n">BY</span> <span class="n">THE</span> <span class="n">COPYRIGHT</span> <span class="n">HOLDERS</span> <span class="n">AND</span> <span class="n">CONTRIBUTORS</span>
<span class="s2">"AS IS"</span> <span class="n">AND</span> <span class="n">ANY</span> <span class="n">EXPRESS</span> <span class="n">OR</span> <span class="n">IMPLIED</span> <span class="n">WARRANTIES</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">INCLUDING</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">BUT</span> <span class="n">NOT</span>
<span class="n">LIMITED</span> <span class="n">TO</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">THE</span> <span class="n">IMPLIED</span> <span class="n">WARRANTIES</span> <span class="n">OF</span> <span class="n">MERCHANTABILITY</span> <span class="n">AND</span> <span class="n">FITNESS</span> <span class="n">FOR</span>
<span class="n">A</span> <span class="n">PARTICULAR</span> <span class="n">PURPOSE</span> <span class="n">ARE</span> <span class="n">DISCLAIMED</span><span class="o">.</span> <span class="n">IN</span> <span class="n">NO</span> <span class="n">EVENT</span> <span class="n">SHALL</span> <span class="n">THE</span> <span class="n">COPYRIGHT</span>
<span class="n">OWNER</span> <span class="n">OR</span> <span class="n">CONTRIBUTORS</span> <span class="n">BE</span> <span class="n">LIABLE</span> <span class="n">FOR</span> <span class="n">ANY</span> <span class="n">DIRECT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">INDIRECT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">INCIDENTAL</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">SPECIAL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">EXEMPLARY</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">OR</span> <span class="n">CONSEQUENTIAL</span> <span class="n">DAMAGES</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">INCLUDING</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">BUT</span> <span class="n">NOT</span>
<span class="n">LIMITED</span> <span class="n">TO</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">PROCUREMENT</span> <span class="n">OF</span> <span class="n">SUBSTITUTE</span> <span class="n">GOODS</span> <span class="n">OR</span> <span class="n">SERVICES</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">LOSS</span> <span class="n">OF</span> <span class="n">USE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">DATA</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">OR</span> <span class="n">PROFITS</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">OR</span> <span class="n">BUSINESS</span> <span class="n">INTERRUPTION</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">HOWEVER</span> <span class="n">CAUSED</span> <span class="n">AND</span> <span class="n">ON</span> <span class="n">ANY</span>
<span class="n">THEORY</span> <span class="n">OF</span> <span class="n">LIABILITY</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">WHETHER</span> <span class="n">IN</span> <span class="n">CONTRACT</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">STRICT</span> <span class="n">LIABILITY</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">OR</span> <span class="n">TORT</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">INCLUDING</span> <span class="n">NEGLIGENCE</span> <span class="n">OR</span> <span class="n">OTHERWISE</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">ARISING</span> <span class="n">IN</span> <span class="n">ANY</span> <span class="n">WAY</span> <span class="n">OUT</span> <span class="n">OF</span> <span class="n">THE</span> <span class="n">USE</span>
<span class="n">OF</span> <span class="n">THIS</span> <span class="n">SOFTWARE</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">EVEN</span> <span class="n">IF</span> <span class="n">ADVISED</span> <span class="n">OF</span> <span class="n">THE</span> <span class="n">POSSIBILITY</span> <span class="n">OF</span> <span class="n">SUCH</span> <span class="n">DAMAGE</span><span class="o">.</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="bibliography">
<h2>Bibliography<a class="headerlink" href="#bibliography" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
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<p>R. Diestel, “Graph Theory”, Springer-Verlag, 1997.
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<p>S.N. Dorogovtsev and J.F.F. Mendes, “Evolution of Networks”,
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<p>A. Martelli, “Python in a Nutshell”, O’Reilly Media
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<p>M.E.J. Newman, “The Structure and Function of Complex
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<p>R. Sedgewick, “Algorithms in C: Parts 1-4:
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<p>R. Sedgewick, “Algorithms in C, Part 5: Graph Algorithms”,
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<p>D. B. West, “Introduction to Graph Theory”, Prentice Hall,
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