Add inline type annotations (#1089)

* crypto: Add type annotations

* Don’t redefine var

mypy complains about the redefinition

* _util: Add type annotations

* rand: Add type annotations

* Prepare package & CI for running mypy

* fix toxenv name

Co-authored-by: Maximilian Hils <github@maximilianhils.com>

1 files changed, 274 insertions, 192 deletions

diff --git a/src/OpenSSL/crypto.py b/src/OpenSSL/crypto.py
index 7f95d20..ff1fd08 100644
--- a/src/OpenSSL/crypto.py
+++ b/src/OpenSSL/crypto.py
@@ -3,6 +3,20 @@ import datetime
 import functools
 from base64 import b16encode
 from functools import partial
+from os import PathLike
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    NoReturn,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+)
 
 from cryptography import utils, x509
 from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import (
@@ -64,16 +78,24 @@ __all__ = [
     "load_pkcs12",
 ]
 
-FILETYPE_PEM = _lib.SSL_FILETYPE_PEM
-FILETYPE_ASN1 = _lib.SSL_FILETYPE_ASN1
+
+_Key = Union[
+    dsa.DSAPrivateKey, dsa.DSAPublicKey, rsa.RSAPrivateKey, rsa.RSAPublicKey
+]
+StrOrBytesPath = Union[str, bytes, PathLike]
+PassphraseCallableT = Union[bytes, Callable[..., bytes]]
+
+
+FILETYPE_PEM: int = _lib.SSL_FILETYPE_PEM
+FILETYPE_ASN1: int = _lib.SSL_FILETYPE_ASN1
 
 # TODO This was an API mistake.  OpenSSL has no such constant.
 FILETYPE_TEXT = 2**16 - 1
 
-TYPE_RSA = _lib.EVP_PKEY_RSA
-TYPE_DSA = _lib.EVP_PKEY_DSA
-TYPE_DH = _lib.EVP_PKEY_DH
-TYPE_EC = _lib.EVP_PKEY_EC
+TYPE_RSA: int = _lib.EVP_PKEY_RSA
+TYPE_DSA: int = _lib.EVP_PKEY_DSA
+TYPE_DH: int = _lib.EVP_PKEY_DH
+TYPE_EC: int = _lib.EVP_PKEY_EC
 
 
 class Error(Exception):
@@ -86,7 +108,7 @@ _raise_current_error = partial(_exception_from_error_queue, Error)
 _openssl_assert = _make_assert(Error)
 
 
-def _untested_error(where):
+def _untested_error(where: str) -> NoReturn:
     """
     An OpenSSL API failed somehow.  Additionally, the failure which was
     encountered isn't one that's exercised by the test suite so future behavior
@@ -95,7 +117,7 @@ def _untested_error(where):
     raise RuntimeError("Unknown %s failure" % (where,))
 
 
-def _new_mem_buf(buffer=None):
+def _new_mem_buf(buffer: Optional[bytes] = None) -> Any:
     """
     Allocate a new OpenSSL memory BIO.
 
@@ -112,7 +134,7 @@ def _new_mem_buf(buffer=None):
         bio = _lib.BIO_new_mem_buf(data, len(buffer))
 
         # Keep the memory alive as long as the bio is alive!
-        def free(bio, ref=data):
+        def free(bio: Any, ref: Any = data) -> Any:
             return _lib.BIO_free(bio)
 
     _openssl_assert(bio != _ffi.NULL)
@@ -121,7 +143,7 @@ def _new_mem_buf(buffer=None):
     return bio
 
 
-def _bio_to_string(bio):
+def _bio_to_string(bio: Any) -> bytes:
     """
     Copy the contents of an OpenSSL BIO object into a Python byte string.
     """
@@ -130,7 +152,7 @@ def _bio_to_string(bio):
     return _ffi.buffer(result_buffer[0], buffer_length)[:]
 
 
-def _set_asn1_time(boundary, when):
+def _set_asn1_time(boundary: Any, when: bytes) -> None:
     """
     The the time value of an ASN1 time object.
 
@@ -152,7 +174,7 @@ def _set_asn1_time(boundary, when):
         raise ValueError("Invalid string")
 
 
-def _get_asn1_time(timestamp):
+def _get_asn1_time(timestamp: Any) -> Optional[bytes]:
     """
     Retrieve the time value of an ASN1 time object.
 
@@ -194,13 +216,13 @@ def _get_asn1_time(timestamp):
 
 
 class _X509NameInvalidator:
-    def __init__(self):
-        self._names = []
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._names: List[X509Name] = []
 
-    def add(self, name):
+    def add(self, name: "X509Name") -> None:
         self._names.append(name)
 
-    def clear(self):
+    def clear(self) -> None:
         for name in self._names:
             # Breaks the object, but also prevents UAF!
             del name._name
@@ -214,12 +236,12 @@ class PKey:
     _only_public = False
     _initialized = True
 
-    def __init__(self):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
         pkey = _lib.EVP_PKEY_new()
         self._pkey = _ffi.gc(pkey, _lib.EVP_PKEY_free)
         self._initialized = False
 
-    def to_cryptography_key(self):
+    def to_cryptography_key(self) -> _Key:
         """
         Export as a ``cryptography`` key.
 
@@ -243,7 +265,7 @@ class PKey:
             return load_der_private_key(der, None)
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_cryptography_key(cls, crypto_key):
+    def from_cryptography_key(cls, crypto_key: _Key) -> "PKey":
         """
         Construct based on a ``cryptography`` *crypto_key*.
 
@@ -288,7 +310,7 @@ class PKey:
             )
             return load_privatekey(FILETYPE_ASN1, der)
 
-    def generate_key(self, type, bits):
+    def generate_key(self, type: int, bits: int) -> None:
         """
         Generate a key pair of the given type, with the given number of bits.
 
@@ -344,7 +366,7 @@ class PKey:
 
         self._initialized = True
 
-    def check(self):
+    def check(self) -> bool:
         """
         Check the consistency of an RSA private key.
 
@@ -370,7 +392,7 @@ class PKey:
             return True
         _raise_current_error()
 
-    def type(self):
+    def type(self) -> int:
         """
         Returns the type of the key
 
@@ -378,7 +400,7 @@ class PKey:
         """
         return _lib.EVP_PKEY_id(self._pkey)
 
-    def bits(self):
+    def bits(self) -> int:
         """
         Returns the number of bits of the key
 
@@ -399,7 +421,7 @@ class _EllipticCurve:
 
     _curves = None
 
-    def __ne__(self, other):
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
         """
         Implement cooperation with the right-hand side argument of ``!=``.
 
@@ -411,7 +433,7 @@ class _EllipticCurve:
         return NotImplemented
 
     @classmethod
-    def _load_elliptic_curves(cls, lib):
+    def _load_elliptic_curves(cls, lib: Any) -> Set["_EllipticCurve"]:
         """
         Get the curves supported by OpenSSL.
 
@@ -429,7 +451,7 @@ class _EllipticCurve:
         return set(cls.from_nid(lib, c.nid) for c in builtin_curves)
 
     @classmethod
-    def _get_elliptic_curves(cls, lib):
+    def _get_elliptic_curves(cls, lib: Any) -> Set["_EllipticCurve"]:
         """
         Get, cache, and return the curves supported by OpenSSL.
 
@@ -443,7 +465,7 @@ class _EllipticCurve:
         return cls._curves
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_nid(cls, lib, nid):
+    def from_nid(cls, lib: Any, nid: int) -> "_EllipticCurve":
         """
         Instantiate a new :py:class:`_EllipticCurve` associated with the given
         OpenSSL NID.
@@ -459,7 +481,7 @@ class _EllipticCurve:
         """
         return cls(lib, nid, _ffi.string(lib.OBJ_nid2sn(nid)).decode("ascii"))
 
-    def __init__(self, lib, nid, name):
+    def __init__(self, lib: Any, nid: int, name: str) -> None:
         """
         :param _lib: The :py:mod:`cryptography` binding instance used to
             interface with OpenSSL.
@@ -476,10 +498,10 @@ class _EllipticCurve:
         self._nid = nid
         self.name = name
 
-    def __repr__(self):
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return "<Curve %r>" % (self.name,)
 
-    def _to_EC_KEY(self):
+    def _to_EC_KEY(self) -> Any:
         """
         Create a new OpenSSL EC_KEY structure initialized to use this curve.
 
@@ -490,7 +512,7 @@ class _EllipticCurve:
         return _ffi.gc(key, _lib.EC_KEY_free)
 
 
-def get_elliptic_curves():
+def get_elliptic_curves() -> Set["_EllipticCurve"]:
     """
     Return a set of objects representing the elliptic curves supported in the
     OpenSSL build in use.
@@ -505,7 +527,7 @@ def get_elliptic_curves():
     return _EllipticCurve._get_elliptic_curves(_lib)
 
 
-def get_elliptic_curve(name):
+def get_elliptic_curve(name: str) -> _EllipticCurve:
     """
     Return a single curve object selected by name.
 
@@ -549,7 +571,7 @@ class X509Name:
     :ivar emailAddress: The e-mail address of the entity.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, name):
+    def __init__(self, name: "X509Name") -> None:
         """
         Create a new X509Name, copying the given X509Name instance.
 
@@ -557,9 +579,9 @@ class X509Name:
         :type name: :py:class:`X509Name`
         """
         name = _lib.X509_NAME_dup(name._name)
-        self._name = _ffi.gc(name, _lib.X509_NAME_free)
+        self._name: Any = _ffi.gc(name, _lib.X509_NAME_free)
 
-    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+    def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None:
         if name.startswith("_"):
             return super(X509Name, self).__setattr__(name, value)
 
@@ -598,7 +620,7 @@ class X509Name:
         if not add_result:
             _raise_current_error()
 
-    def __getattr__(self, name):
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Optional[str]:
         """
         Find attribute. An X509Name object has the following attributes:
         countryName (alias C), stateOrProvince (alias ST), locality (alias L),
@@ -638,19 +660,19 @@ class X509Name:
             _lib.OPENSSL_free(result_buffer[0])
         return result
 
-    def __eq__(self, other):
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
         if not isinstance(other, X509Name):
             return NotImplemented
 
         return _lib.X509_NAME_cmp(self._name, other._name) == 0
 
-    def __lt__(self, other):
+    def __lt__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
         if not isinstance(other, X509Name):
             return NotImplemented
 
         return _lib.X509_NAME_cmp(self._name, other._name) < 0
 
-    def __repr__(self):
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
         """
         String representation of an X509Name
         """
@@ -664,7 +686,7 @@ class X509Name:
             _ffi.string(result_buffer).decode("utf-8"),
         )
 
-    def hash(self):
+    def hash(self) -> int:
         """
         Return an integer representation of the first four bytes of the
         MD5 digest of the DER representation of the name.
@@ -676,7 +698,7 @@ class X509Name:
         """
         return _lib.X509_NAME_hash(self._name)
 
-    def der(self):
+    def der(self) -> bytes:
         """
         Return the DER encoding of this name.
 
@@ -691,7 +713,7 @@ class X509Name:
         _lib.OPENSSL_free(result_buffer[0])
         return string_result
 
-    def get_components(self):
+    def get_components(self) -> List[Tuple[bytes, bytes]]:
         """
         Returns the components of this name, as a sequence of 2-tuples.
 
@@ -723,7 +745,14 @@ class X509Extension:
     An X.509 v3 certificate extension.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, type_name, critical, value, subject=None, issuer=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        type_name: bytes,
+        critical: bool,
+        value: bytes,
+        subject: Optional["X509"] = None,
+        issuer: Optional["X509"] = None,
+    ) -> None:
         """
         Initializes an X509 extension.
 
@@ -785,7 +814,7 @@ class X509Extension:
         self._extension = _ffi.gc(extension, _lib.X509_EXTENSION_free)
 
     @property
-    def _nid(self):
+    def _nid(self) -> Any:
         return _lib.OBJ_obj2nid(
             _lib.X509_EXTENSION_get_object(self._extension)
         )
@@ -796,7 +825,7 @@ class X509Extension:
         _lib.GEN_URI: "URI",
     }
 
-    def _subjectAltNameString(self):
+    def _subjectAltNameString(self) -> str:
         names = _ffi.cast(
             "GENERAL_NAMES*", _lib.X509V3_EXT_d2i(self._extension)
         )
@@ -818,7 +847,7 @@ class X509Extension:
                 parts.append(label + ":" + value)
         return ", ".join(parts)
 
-    def __str__(self):
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
         """
         :return: a nice text representation of the extension
         """
@@ -831,7 +860,7 @@ class X509Extension:
 
         return _bio_to_string(bio).decode("utf-8")
 
-    def get_critical(self):
+    def get_critical(self) -> bool:
         """
         Returns the critical field of this X.509 extension.
 
@@ -839,7 +868,7 @@ class X509Extension:
         """
         return _lib.X509_EXTENSION_get_critical(self._extension)
 
-    def get_short_name(self):
+    def get_short_name(self) -> bytes:
         """
         Returns the short type name of this X.509 extension.
 
@@ -854,7 +883,7 @@ class X509Extension:
         nid = _lib.OBJ_obj2nid(obj)
         return _ffi.string(_lib.OBJ_nid2sn(nid))
 
-    def get_data(self):
+    def get_data(self) -> bytes:
         """
         Returns the data of the X509 extension, encoded as ASN.1.
 
@@ -875,13 +904,13 @@ class X509Req:
     An X.509 certificate signing requests.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
         req = _lib.X509_REQ_new()
         self._req = _ffi.gc(req, _lib.X509_REQ_free)
         # Default to version 0.
         self.set_version(0)
 
-    def to_cryptography(self):
+    def to_cryptography(self) -> x509.CertificateSigningRequest:
         """
         Export as a ``cryptography`` certificate signing request.
 
@@ -896,7 +925,9 @@ class X509Req:
         return load_der_x509_csr(der)
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_cryptography(cls, crypto_req):
+    def from_cryptography(
+        cls, crypto_req: x509.CertificateSigningRequest
+    ) -> "X509Req":
         """
         Construct based on a ``cryptography`` *crypto_req*.
 
@@ -915,7 +946,7 @@ class X509Req:
         der = crypto_req.public_bytes(Encoding.DER)
         return load_certificate_request(FILETYPE_ASN1, der)
 
-    def set_pubkey(self, pkey):
+    def set_pubkey(self, pkey: PKey) -> None:
         """
         Set the public key of the certificate signing request.
 
@@ -927,7 +958,7 @@ class X509Req:
         set_result = _lib.X509_REQ_set_pubkey(self._req, pkey._pkey)
         _openssl_assert(set_result == 1)
 
-    def get_pubkey(self):
+    def get_pubkey(self) -> PKey:
         """
         Get the public key of the certificate signing request.
 
@@ -941,7 +972,7 @@ class X509Req:
         pkey._only_public = True
         return pkey
 
-    def set_version(self, version):
+    def set_version(self, version: int) -> None:
         """
         Set the version subfield (RFC 2459, section 4.1.2.1) of the certificate
         request.
@@ -952,7 +983,7 @@ class X509Req:
         set_result = _lib.X509_REQ_set_version(self._req, version)
         _openssl_assert(set_result == 1)
 
-    def get_version(self):
+    def get_version(self) -> int:
         """
         Get the version subfield (RFC 2459, section 4.1.2.1) of the certificate
         request.
@@ -962,7 +993,7 @@ class X509Req:
         """
         return _lib.X509_REQ_get_version(self._req)
 
-    def get_subject(self):
+    def get_subject(self) -> X509Name:
         """
         Return the subject of this certificate signing request.
 
@@ -984,7 +1015,7 @@ class X509Req:
 
         return name
 
-    def add_extensions(self, extensions):
+    def add_extensions(self, extensions: Iterable[X509Extension]) -> None:
         """
         Add extensions to the certificate signing request.
 
@@ -1007,7 +1038,7 @@ class X509Req:
         add_result = _lib.X509_REQ_add_extensions(self._req, stack)
         _openssl_assert(add_result == 1)
 
-    def get_extensions(self):
+    def get_extensions(self) -> List[X509Extension]:
         """
         Get X.509 extensions in the certificate signing request.
 
@@ -1035,7 +1066,7 @@ class X509Req:
             exts.append(ext)
         return exts
 
-    def sign(self, pkey, digest):
+    def sign(self, pkey: PKey, digest: str) -> None:
         """
         Sign the certificate signing request with this key and digest type.
 
@@ -1059,7 +1090,7 @@ class X509Req:
         sign_result = _lib.X509_REQ_sign(self._req, pkey._pkey, digest_obj)
         _openssl_assert(sign_result > 0)
 
-    def verify(self, pkey):
+    def verify(self, pkey: PKey) -> bool:
         """
         Verifies the signature on this certificate signing request.
 
@@ -1086,7 +1117,7 @@ class X509:
     An X.509 certificate.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
         x509 = _lib.X509_new()
         _openssl_assert(x509 != _ffi.NULL)
         self._x509 = _ffi.gc(x509, _lib.X509_free)
@@ -1095,14 +1126,14 @@ class X509:
         self._subject_invalidator = _X509NameInvalidator()
 
     @classmethod
-    def _from_raw_x509_ptr(cls, x509):
+    def _from_raw_x509_ptr(cls, x509: Any) -> "X509":
         cert = cls.__new__(cls)
         cert._x509 = _ffi.gc(x509, _lib.X509_free)
         cert._issuer_invalidator = _X509NameInvalidator()
         cert._subject_invalidator = _X509NameInvalidator()
         return cert
 
-    def to_cryptography(self):
+    def to_cryptography(self) -> x509.Certificate:
         """
         Export as a ``cryptography`` certificate.
 
@@ -1116,7 +1147,7 @@ class X509:
         return load_der_x509_certificate(der)
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_cryptography(cls, crypto_cert):
+    def from_cryptography(cls, crypto_cert: x509.Certificate) -> "X509":
         """
         Construct based on a ``cryptography`` *crypto_cert*.
 
@@ -1135,7 +1166,7 @@ class X509:
         der = crypto_cert.public_bytes(Encoding.DER)
         return load_certificate(FILETYPE_ASN1, der)
 
-    def set_version(self, version):
+    def set_version(self, version: int) -> None:
         """
         Set the version number of the certificate. Note that the
         version value is zero-based, eg. a value of 0 is V1.
@@ -1150,7 +1181,7 @@ class X509:
 
         _openssl_assert(_lib.X509_set_version(self._x509, version) == 1)
 
-    def get_version(self):
+    def get_version(self) -> int:
         """
         Return the version number of the certificate.
 
@@ -1159,7 +1190,7 @@ class X509:
         """
         return _lib.X509_get_version(self._x509)
 
-    def get_pubkey(self):
+    def get_pubkey(self) -> PKey:
         """
         Get the public key of the certificate.
 
@@ -1174,7 +1205,7 @@ class X509:
         pkey._only_public = True
         return pkey
 
-    def set_pubkey(self, pkey):
+    def set_pubkey(self, pkey: PKey) -> None:
         """
         Set the public key of the certificate.
 
@@ -1189,7 +1220,7 @@ class X509:
         set_result = _lib.X509_set_pubkey(self._x509, pkey._pkey)
         _openssl_assert(set_result == 1)
 
-    def sign(self, pkey, digest):
+    def sign(self, pkey: PKey, digest: str) -> None:
         """
         Sign the certificate with this key and digest type.
 
@@ -1217,7 +1248,7 @@ class X509:
         sign_result = _lib.X509_sign(self._x509, pkey._pkey, evp_md)
         _openssl_assert(sign_result > 0)
 
-    def get_signature_algorithm(self):
+    def get_signature_algorithm(self) -> bytes:
         """
         Return the signature algorithm used in the certificate.
 
@@ -1234,7 +1265,7 @@ class X509:
             raise ValueError("Undefined signature algorithm")
         return _ffi.string(_lib.OBJ_nid2ln(nid))
 
-    def digest(self, digest_name):
+    def digest(self, digest_name: str) -> bytes:
         """
         Return the digest of the X509 object.
 
@@ -1265,7 +1296,7 @@ class X509:
             ]
         )
 
-    def subject_name_hash(self):
+    def subject_name_hash(self) -> bytes:
         """
         Return the hash of the X509 subject.
 
@@ -1274,7 +1305,7 @@ class X509:
         """
         return _lib.X509_subject_name_hash(self._x509)
 
-    def set_serial_number(self, serial):
+    def set_serial_number(self, serial: int) -> None:
         """
         Set the serial number of the certificate.
 
@@ -1313,7 +1344,7 @@ class X509:
             set_result = _lib.X509_set_serialNumber(self._x509, asn1_serial)
             _openssl_assert(set_result == 1)
 
-    def get_serial_number(self):
+    def get_serial_number(self) -> int:
         """
         Return the serial number of this certificate.
 
@@ -1333,7 +1364,7 @@ class X509:
         finally:
             _lib.BN_free(bignum_serial)
 
-    def gmtime_adj_notAfter(self, amount):
+    def gmtime_adj_notAfter(self, amount: int) -> None:
         """
         Adjust the time stamp on which the certificate stops being valid.
 
@@ -1347,7 +1378,7 @@ class X509:
         notAfter = _lib.X509_getm_notAfter(self._x509)
         _lib.X509_gmtime_adj(notAfter, amount)
 
-    def gmtime_adj_notBefore(self, amount):
+    def gmtime_adj_notBefore(self, amount: int) -> None:
         """
         Adjust the timestamp on which the certificate starts being valid.
 
@@ -1360,25 +1391,25 @@ class X509:
         notBefore = _lib.X509_getm_notBefore(self._x509)
         _lib.X509_gmtime_adj(notBefore, amount)
 
-    def has_expired(self):
+    def has_expired(self) -> bool:
         """
         Check whether the certificate has expired.
 
         :return: ``True`` if the certificate has expired, ``False`` otherwise.
         :rtype: bool
         """
-        time_string = self.get_notAfter()
-        if time_string is None:
+        time_bytes = self.get_notAfter()
+        if time_bytes is None:
             raise ValueError("Unable to determine notAfter")
-        time_string = time_string.decode("utf-8")
+        time_string = time_bytes.decode("utf-8")
         not_after = datetime.datetime.strptime(time_string, "%Y%m%d%H%M%SZ")
 
         return not_after < datetime.datetime.utcnow()
 
-    def _get_boundary_time(self, which):
+    def _get_boundary_time(self, which: Any) -> Optional[bytes]:
         return _get_asn1_time(which(self._x509))
 
-    def get_notBefore(self):
+    def get_notBefore(self) -> Optional[bytes]:
         """
         Get the timestamp at which the certificate starts being valid.
 
@@ -1391,10 +1422,12 @@ class X509:
         """
         return self._get_boundary_time(_lib.X509_getm_notBefore)
 
-    def _set_boundary_time(self, which, when):
+    def _set_boundary_time(
+        self, which: Callable[..., Any], when: bytes
+    ) -> None:
         return _set_asn1_time(which(self._x509), when)
 
-    def set_notBefore(self, when):
+    def set_notBefore(self, when: bytes) -> None:
         """
         Set the timestamp at which the certificate starts being valid.
 
@@ -1407,7 +1440,7 @@ class X509:
         """
         return self._set_boundary_time(_lib.X509_getm_notBefore, when)
 
-    def get_notAfter(self):
+    def get_notAfter(self) -> Optional[bytes]:
         """
         Get the timestamp at which the certificate stops being valid.
 
@@ -1420,7 +1453,7 @@ class X509:
         """
         return self._get_boundary_time(_lib.X509_getm_notAfter)
 
-    def set_notAfter(self, when):
+    def set_notAfter(self, when: bytes) -> None:
         """
         Set the timestamp at which the certificate stops being valid.
 
@@ -1433,7 +1466,7 @@ class X509:
         """
         return self._set_boundary_time(_lib.X509_getm_notAfter, when)
 
-    def _get_name(self, which):
+    def _get_name(self, which: Any) -> X509Name:
         name = X509Name.__new__(X509Name)
         name._name = which(self._x509)
         _openssl_assert(name._name != _ffi.NULL)
@@ -1444,13 +1477,13 @@ class X509:
 
         return name
 
-    def _set_name(self, which, name):
+    def _set_name(self, which: Any, name: X509Name) -> None:
         if not isinstance(name, X509Name):
             raise TypeError("name must be an X509Name")
         set_result = which(self._x509, name._name)
         _openssl_assert(set_result == 1)
 
-    def get_issuer(self):
+    def get_issuer(self) -> X509Name:
         """
         Return the issuer of this certificate.
 
@@ -1466,7 +1499,7 @@ class X509:
         self._issuer_invalidator.add(name)
         return name
 
-    def set_issuer(self, issuer):
+    def set_issuer(self, issuer: X509Name) -> None:
         """
         Set the issuer of this certificate.
 
@@ -1478,7 +1511,7 @@ class X509:
         self._set_name(_lib.X509_set_issuer_name, issuer)
         self._issuer_invalidator.clear()
 
-    def get_subject(self):
+    def get_subject(self) -> X509Name:
         """
         Return the subject of this certificate.
 
@@ -1494,7 +1527,7 @@ class X509:
         self._subject_invalidator.add(name)
         return name
 
-    def set_subject(self, subject):
+    def set_subject(self, subject: X509Name) -> None:
         """
         Set the subject of this certificate.
 
@@ -1506,7 +1539,7 @@ class X509:
         self._set_name(_lib.X509_set_subject_name, subject)
         self._subject_invalidator.clear()
 
-    def get_extension_count(self):
+    def get_extension_count(self) -> int:
         """
         Get the number of extensions on this certificate.
 
@@ -1517,7 +1550,7 @@ class X509:
         """
         return _lib.X509_get_ext_count(self._x509)
 
-    def add_extensions(self, extensions):
+    def add_extensions(self, extensions: Iterable[X509Extension]) -> None:
         """
         Add extensions to the certificate.
 
@@ -1533,7 +1566,7 @@ class X509:
             if not add_result:
                 _raise_current_error()
 
-    def get_extension(self, index):
+    def get_extension(self, index: int) -> X509Extension:
         """
         Get a specific extension of the certificate by index.
 
@@ -1568,16 +1601,16 @@ class X509StoreFlags:
         https://www.openssl.org/docs/manmaster/man3/X509_VERIFY_PARAM_set_flags.html
     """
 
-    CRL_CHECK = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK
-    CRL_CHECK_ALL = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK_ALL
-    IGNORE_CRITICAL = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_IGNORE_CRITICAL
-    X509_STRICT = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_X509_STRICT
-    ALLOW_PROXY_CERTS = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_ALLOW_PROXY_CERTS
-    POLICY_CHECK = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_POLICY_CHECK
-    EXPLICIT_POLICY = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_EXPLICIT_POLICY
-    INHIBIT_MAP = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_INHIBIT_MAP
-    NOTIFY_POLICY = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_NOTIFY_POLICY
-    CHECK_SS_SIGNATURE = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_CHECK_SS_SIGNATURE
+    CRL_CHECK: int = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK
+    CRL_CHECK_ALL: int = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK_ALL
+    IGNORE_CRITICAL: int = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_IGNORE_CRITICAL
+    X509_STRICT: int = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_X509_STRICT
+    ALLOW_PROXY_CERTS: int = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_ALLOW_PROXY_CERTS
+    POLICY_CHECK: int = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_POLICY_CHECK
+    EXPLICIT_POLICY: int = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_EXPLICIT_POLICY
+    INHIBIT_MAP: int = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_INHIBIT_MAP
+    NOTIFY_POLICY: int = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_NOTIFY_POLICY
+    CHECK_SS_SIGNATURE: int = _lib.X509_V_FLAG_CHECK_SS_SIGNATURE
 
 
 class X509Store:
@@ -1594,11 +1627,11 @@ class X509Store:
     :class:`X509StoreContext`.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
         store = _lib.X509_STORE_new()
         self._store = _ffi.gc(store, _lib.X509_STORE_free)
 
-    def add_cert(self, cert):
+    def add_cert(self, cert: X509) -> None:
         """
         Adds a trusted certificate to this store.
 
@@ -1620,7 +1653,7 @@ class X509Store:
         res = _lib.X509_STORE_add_cert(self._store, cert._x509)
         _openssl_assert(res == 1)
 
-    def add_crl(self, crl):
+    def add_crl(self, crl: "CRL") -> None:
         """
         Add a certificate revocation list to this store.
 
@@ -1636,7 +1669,7 @@ class X509Store:
         """
         _openssl_assert(_lib.X509_STORE_add_crl(self._store, crl._crl) != 0)
 
-    def set_flags(self, flags):
+    def set_flags(self, flags: int) -> None:
         """
         Set verification flags to this store.
 
@@ -1660,7 +1693,7 @@ class X509Store:
         """
         _openssl_assert(_lib.X509_STORE_set_flags(self._store, flags) != 0)
 
-    def set_time(self, vfy_time):
+    def set_time(self, vfy_time: datetime.datetime) -> None:
         """
         Set the time against which the certificates are verified.
 
@@ -1684,7 +1717,9 @@ class X509Store:
         )
         _openssl_assert(_lib.X509_STORE_set1_param(self._store, param) != 0)
 
-    def load_locations(self, cafile, capath=None):
+    def load_locations(
+        self, cafile: StrOrBytesPath, capath: Optional[StrOrBytesPath] = None
+    ) -> None:
         """
         Let X509Store know where we can find trusted certificates for the
         certificate chain.  Note that the certificates have to be in PEM
@@ -1741,7 +1776,7 @@ class X509StoreContextError(Exception):
     :type certificate: :class:`X509`
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, message, certificate):
+    def __init__(self, message: Any, certificate: X509) -> None:
         super(X509StoreContextError, self).__init__(message)
         self.certificate = certificate
 
@@ -1768,7 +1803,12 @@ class X509StoreContext:
     :type chain: :class:`list` of :class:`X509`
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, store, certificate, chain=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        store: X509Store,
+        certificate: X509,
+        chain: Optional[Sequence[X509]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
         store_ctx = _lib.X509_STORE_CTX_new()
         self._store_ctx = _ffi.gc(store_ctx, _lib.X509_STORE_CTX_free)
         self._store = store
@@ -1780,8 +1820,10 @@ class X509StoreContext:
         self._init()
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _build_certificate_stack(certificates):
-        def cleanup(s):
+    def _build_certificate_stack(
+        certificates: Optional[Sequence[X509]],
+    ) -> None:
+        def cleanup(s: Any) -> None:
             # Equivalent to sk_X509_pop_free, but we don't
             # currently have a CFFI binding for that available
             for i in range(_lib.sk_X509_num(s)):
@@ -1807,7 +1849,7 @@ class X509StoreContext:
 
         return stack
 
-    def _init(self):
+    def _init(self) -> None:
         """
         Set up the store context for a subsequent verification operation.
 
@@ -1820,7 +1862,7 @@ class X509StoreContext:
         if ret <= 0:
             _raise_current_error()
 
-    def _cleanup(self):
+    def _cleanup(self) -> None:
         """
         Internally cleans up the store context.
 
@@ -1828,7 +1870,7 @@ class X509StoreContext:
         """
         _lib.X509_STORE_CTX_cleanup(self._store_ctx)
 
-    def _exception_from_context(self):
+    def _exception_from_context(self) -> X509StoreContextError:
         """
         Convert an OpenSSL native context error failure into a Python
         exception.
@@ -1852,7 +1894,7 @@ class X509StoreContext:
         pycert = X509._from_raw_x509_ptr(_cert)
         return X509StoreContextError(errors, pycert)
 
-    def set_store(self, store):
+    def set_store(self, store: X509Store) -> None:
         """
         Set the context's X.509 store.
 
@@ -1863,7 +1905,7 @@ class X509StoreContext:
         """
         self._store = store
 
-    def verify_certificate(self):
+    def verify_certificate(self) -> None:
         """
         Verify a certificate in a context.
 
@@ -1885,7 +1927,7 @@ class X509StoreContext:
         if ret <= 0:
             raise self._exception_from_context()
 
-    def get_verified_chain(self):
+    def get_verified_chain(self) -> List[X509]:
         """
         Verify a certificate in a context and return the complete validated
         chain.
@@ -1925,7 +1967,7 @@ class X509StoreContext:
         return result
 
 
-def load_certificate(type, buffer):
+def load_certificate(type: int, buffer: bytes) -> X509:
     """
     Load a certificate (X509) from the string *buffer* encoded with the
     type *type*.
@@ -1954,7 +1996,7 @@ def load_certificate(type, buffer):
     return X509._from_raw_x509_ptr(x509)
 
 
-def dump_certificate(type, cert):
+def dump_certificate(type: int, cert: X509) -> bytes:
     """
     Dump the certificate *cert* into a buffer string encoded with the type
     *type*.
@@ -1982,7 +2024,7 @@ def dump_certificate(type, cert):
     return _bio_to_string(bio)
 
 
-def dump_publickey(type, pkey):
+def dump_publickey(type: int, pkey: PKey) -> bytes:
     """
     Dump a public key to a buffer.
 
@@ -2007,7 +2049,12 @@ def dump_publickey(type, pkey):
     return _bio_to_string(bio)
 
 
-def dump_privatekey(type, pkey, cipher=None, passphrase=None):
+def dump_privatekey(
+    type: int,
+    pkey: PKey,
+    cipher: Optional[str] = None,
+    passphrase: Optional[PassphraseCallableT] = None,
+) -> bytes:
     """
     Dump the private key *pkey* into a buffer string encoded with the type
     *type*.  Optionally (if *type* is :const:`FILETYPE_PEM`) encrypting it
@@ -2091,11 +2138,11 @@ class Revoked:
         # b"removeFromCRL",
     ]
 
-    def __init__(self):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
         revoked = _lib.X509_REVOKED_new()
         self._revoked = _ffi.gc(revoked, _lib.X509_REVOKED_free)
 
-    def set_serial(self, hex_str):
+    def set_serial(self, hex_str: bytes) -> None:
         """
         Set the serial number.
 
@@ -2119,7 +2166,7 @@ class Revoked:
         )
         _lib.X509_REVOKED_set_serialNumber(self._revoked, asn1_serial)
 
-    def get_serial(self):
+    def get_serial(self) -> bytes:
         """
         Get the serial number.
 
@@ -2137,7 +2184,7 @@ class Revoked:
         _openssl_assert(result >= 0)
         return _bio_to_string(bio)
 
-    def _delete_reason(self):
+    def _delete_reason(self) -> None:
         for i in range(_lib.X509_REVOKED_get_ext_count(self._revoked)):
             ext = _lib.X509_REVOKED_get_ext(self._revoked, i)
             obj = _lib.X509_EXTENSION_get_object(ext)
@@ -2146,7 +2193,7 @@ class Revoked:
                 _lib.X509_REVOKED_delete_ext(self._revoked, i)
                 break
 
-    def set_reason(self, reason):
+    def set_reason(self, reason: Optional[bytes]) -> None:
         """
         Set the reason of this revocation.
 
@@ -2183,7 +2230,7 @@ class Revoked:
             )
             _openssl_assert(add_result == 1)
 
-    def get_reason(self):
+    def get_reason(self) -> Optional[bytes]:
         """
         Get the reason of this revocation.
 
@@ -2209,8 +2256,9 @@ class Revoked:
                     _openssl_assert(print_result != 0)
 
                 return _bio_to_string(bio)
+        return None
 
-    def all_reasons(self):
+    def all_reasons(self) -> List[bytes]:
         """
         Return a list of all the supported reason strings.
 
@@ -2222,7 +2270,7 @@ class Revoked:
         """
         return self._crl_reasons[:]
 
-    def set_rev_date(self, when):
+    def set_rev_date(self, when: bytes) -> None:
         """
         Set the revocation timestamp.
 
@@ -2233,7 +2281,7 @@ class Revoked:
         dt = _lib.X509_REVOKED_get0_revocationDate(self._revoked)
         return _set_asn1_time(dt, when)
 
-    def get_rev_date(self):
+    def get_rev_date(self) -> Optional[bytes]:
         """
         Get the revocation timestamp.
 
@@ -2249,11 +2297,11 @@ class CRL:
     A certificate revocation list.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
         crl = _lib.X509_CRL_new()
         self._crl = _ffi.gc(crl, _lib.X509_CRL_free)
 
-    def to_cryptography(self):
+    def to_cryptography(self) -> x509.CertificateRevocationList:
         """
         Export as a ``cryptography`` CRL.
 
@@ -2267,7 +2315,9 @@ class CRL:
         return load_der_x509_crl(der)
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_cryptography(cls, crypto_crl):
+    def from_cryptography(
+        cls, crypto_crl: x509.CertificateRevocationList
+    ) -> "CRL":
         """
         Construct based on a ``cryptography`` *crypto_crl*.
 
@@ -2286,7 +2336,7 @@ class CRL:
         der = crypto_crl.public_bytes(Encoding.DER)
         return load_crl(FILETYPE_ASN1, der)
 
-    def get_revoked(self):
+    def get_revoked(self) -> Optional[Tuple[Revoked, ...]]:
         """
         Return the revocations in this certificate revocation list.
 
@@ -2306,8 +2356,9 @@ class CRL:
             results.append(pyrev)
         if results:
             return tuple(results)
+        return None
 
-    def add_revoked(self, revoked):
+    def add_revoked(self, revoked: Revoked) -> None:
         """
         Add a revoked (by value not reference) to the CRL structure
 
@@ -2324,7 +2375,7 @@ class CRL:
         add_result = _lib.X509_CRL_add0_revoked(self._crl, copy)
         _openssl_assert(add_result != 0)
 
-    def get_issuer(self):
+    def get_issuer(self) -> X509Name:
         """
         Get the CRL's issuer.
 
@@ -2339,7 +2390,7 @@ class CRL:
         issuer._name = _issuer
         return issuer
 
-    def set_version(self, version):
+    def set_version(self, version: int) -> None:
         """
         Set the CRL version.
 
@@ -2350,10 +2401,12 @@ class CRL:
         """
         _openssl_assert(_lib.X509_CRL_set_version(self._crl, version) != 0)
 
-    def _set_boundary_time(self, which, when):
+    def _set_boundary_time(
+        self, which: Callable[..., Any], when: bytes
+    ) -> None:
         return _set_asn1_time(which(self._crl), when)
 
-    def set_lastUpdate(self, when):
+    def set_lastUpdate(self, when: bytes) -> None:
         """
         Set when the CRL was last updated.
 
@@ -2368,7 +2421,7 @@ class CRL:
         """
         return self._set_boundary_time(_lib.X509_CRL_get0_lastUpdate, when)
 
-    def set_nextUpdate(self, when):
+    def set_nextUpdate(self, when: bytes) -> None:
         """
         Set when the CRL will next be updated.
 
@@ -2383,7 +2436,7 @@ class CRL:
         """
         return self._set_boundary_time(_lib.X509_CRL_get0_nextUpdate, when)
 
-    def sign(self, issuer_cert, issuer_key, digest):
+    def sign(self, issuer_cert: X509, issuer_key: PKey, digest: bytes) -> None:
         """
         Sign the CRL.
 
@@ -2410,8 +2463,13 @@ class CRL:
         _openssl_assert(result != 0)
 
     def export(
-        self, cert, key, type=FILETYPE_PEM, days=100, digest=_UNSPECIFIED
-    ):
+        self,
+        cert: X509,
+        key: PKey,
+        type: int = FILETYPE_PEM,
+        days: int = 100,
+        digest: bytes = _UNSPECIFIED,  # type: ignore
+    ) -> bytes:
         """
         Export the CRL as a string.
 
@@ -2465,7 +2523,10 @@ class CRL:
 
 
 class PKCS7:
-    def type_is_signed(self):
+
+    _pkcs7: Any
+
+    def type_is_signed(self) -> bool:
         """
         Check if this NID_pkcs7_signed object
 
@@ -2473,7 +2534,7 @@ class PKCS7:
         """
         return bool(_lib.PKCS7_type_is_signed(self._pkcs7))
 
-    def type_is_enveloped(self):
+    def type_is_enveloped(self) -> bool:
         """
         Check if this NID_pkcs7_enveloped object
 
@@ -2481,7 +2542,7 @@ class PKCS7:
         """
         return bool(_lib.PKCS7_type_is_enveloped(self._pkcs7))
 
-    def type_is_signedAndEnveloped(self):
+    def type_is_signedAndEnveloped(self) -> bool:
         """
         Check if this NID_pkcs7_signedAndEnveloped object
 
@@ -2489,7 +2550,7 @@ class PKCS7:
         """
         return bool(_lib.PKCS7_type_is_signedAndEnveloped(self._pkcs7))
 
-    def type_is_data(self):
+    def type_is_data(self) -> bool:
         """
         Check if this NID_pkcs7_data object
 
@@ -2497,7 +2558,7 @@ class PKCS7:
         """
         return bool(_lib.PKCS7_type_is_data(self._pkcs7))
 
-    def get_type_name(self):
+    def get_type_name(self) -> str:
         """
         Returns the type name of the PKCS7 structure
 
@@ -2513,13 +2574,13 @@ class PKCS12:
     A PKCS #12 archive.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self):
-        self._pkey = None
-        self._cert = None
-        self._cacerts = None
-        self._friendlyname = None
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._pkey: Optional[PKey] = None
+        self._cert: Optional[X509] = None
+        self._cacerts: Optional[List[X509]] = None
+        self._friendlyname: Optional[bytes] = None
 
-    def get_certificate(self):
+    def get_certificate(self) -> Optional[X509]:
         """
         Get the certificate in the PKCS #12 structure.
 
@@ -2528,7 +2589,7 @@ class PKCS12:
         """
         return self._cert
 
-    def set_certificate(self, cert):
+    def set_certificate(self, cert: X509) -> None:
         """
         Set the certificate in the PKCS #12 structure.
 
@@ -2541,7 +2602,7 @@ class PKCS12:
             raise TypeError("cert must be an X509 instance")
         self._cert = cert
 
-    def get_privatekey(self):
+    def get_privatekey(self) -> Optional[PKey]:
         """
         Get the private key in the PKCS #12 structure.
 
@@ -2550,7 +2611,7 @@ class PKCS12:
         """
         return self._pkey
 
-    def set_privatekey(self, pkey):
+    def set_privatekey(self, pkey: PKey) -> None:
         """
         Set the certificate portion of the PKCS #12 structure.
 
@@ -2563,7 +2624,7 @@ class PKCS12:
             raise TypeError("pkey must be a PKey instance")
         self._pkey = pkey
 
-    def get_ca_certificates(self):
+    def get_ca_certificates(self) -> Optional[Tuple[X509, ...]]:
         """
         Get the CA certificates in the PKCS #12 structure.
 
@@ -2573,8 +2634,9 @@ class PKCS12:
         """
         if self._cacerts is not None:
             return tuple(self._cacerts)
+        return None
 
-    def set_ca_certificates(self, cacerts):
+    def set_ca_certificates(self, cacerts: Optional[Iterable[X509]]) -> None:
         """
         Replace or set the CA certificates within the PKCS12 object.
 
@@ -2595,7 +2657,7 @@ class PKCS12:
                     )
             self._cacerts = cacerts
 
-    def set_friendlyname(self, name):
+    def set_friendlyname(self, name: Optional[bytes]) -> None:
         """
         Set the friendly name in the PKCS #12 structure.
 
@@ -2612,7 +2674,7 @@ class PKCS12:
             )
         self._friendlyname = name
 
-    def get_friendlyname(self):
+    def get_friendlyname(self) -> Optional[bytes]:
         """
         Get the friendly name in the PKCS# 12 structure.
 
@@ -2621,7 +2683,12 @@ class PKCS12:
         """
         return self._friendlyname
 
-    def export(self, passphrase=None, iter=2048, maciter=1):
+    def export(
+        self,
+        passphrase: Optional[bytes] = None,
+        iter: int = 2048,
+        maciter: int = 1,
+    ) -> bytes:
         """
         Dump a PKCS12 object as a string.
 
@@ -2694,11 +2761,11 @@ class NetscapeSPKI:
     A Netscape SPKI object.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
         spki = _lib.NETSCAPE_SPKI_new()
         self._spki = _ffi.gc(spki, _lib.NETSCAPE_SPKI_free)
 
-    def sign(self, pkey, digest):
+    def sign(self, pkey: PKey, digest: str) -> None:
         """
         Sign the certificate request with this key and digest type.
 
@@ -2725,7 +2792,7 @@ class NetscapeSPKI:
         )
         _openssl_assert(sign_result > 0)
 
-    def verify(self, key):
+    def verify(self, key: PKey) -> bool:
         """
         Verifies a signature on a certificate request.
 
@@ -2742,7 +2809,7 @@ class NetscapeSPKI:
             _raise_current_error()
         return True
 
-    def b64_encode(self):
+    def b64_encode(self) -> bytes:
         """
         Generate a base64 encoded representation of this SPKI object.
 
@@ -2754,7 +2821,7 @@ class NetscapeSPKI:
         _lib.OPENSSL_free(encoded)
         return result
 
-    def get_pubkey(self):
+    def get_pubkey(self) -> PKey:
         """
         Get the public key of this certificate.
 
@@ -2768,7 +2835,7 @@ class NetscapeSPKI:
         pkey._only_public = True
         return pkey
 
-    def set_pubkey(self, pkey):
+    def set_pubkey(self, pkey: PKey) -> None:
         """
         Set the public key of the certificate
 
@@ -2780,7 +2847,13 @@ class NetscapeSPKI:
 
 
 class _PassphraseHelper:
-    def __init__(self, type, passphrase, more_args=False, truncate=False):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        type: int,
+        passphrase: Optional[PassphraseCallableT],
+        more_args: bool = False,
+        truncate: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
         if type != FILETYPE_PEM and passphrase is not None:
             raise ValueError(
                 "only FILETYPE_PEM key format supports encryption"
@@ -2788,10 +2861,10 @@ class _PassphraseHelper:
         self._passphrase = passphrase
         self._more_args = more_args
         self._truncate = truncate
-        self._problems = []
+        self._problems: List[Exception] = []
 
     @property
-    def callback(self):
+    def callback(self) -> Any:
         if self._passphrase is None:
             return _ffi.NULL
         elif isinstance(self._passphrase, bytes) or callable(self._passphrase):
@@ -2802,7 +2875,7 @@ class _PassphraseHelper:
             )
 
     @property
-    def callback_args(self):
+    def callback_args(self) -> Any:
         if self._passphrase is None:
             return _ffi.NULL
         elif isinstance(self._passphrase, bytes) or callable(self._passphrase):
@@ -2812,7 +2885,7 @@ class _PassphraseHelper:
                 "Last argument must be a byte string or a callable."
             )
 
-    def raise_if_problem(self, exceptionType=Error):
+    def raise_if_problem(self, exceptionType: Type[Exception] = Error) -> None:
         if self._problems:
 
             # Flush the OpenSSL error queue
@@ -2823,7 +2896,9 @@ class _PassphraseHelper:
 
             raise self._problems.pop(0)
 
-    def _read_passphrase(self, buf, size, rwflag, userdata):
+    def _read_passphrase(
+        self, buf: Any, size: int, rwflag: Any, userdata: Any
+    ) -> int:
         try:
             if callable(self._passphrase):
                 if self._more_args:
@@ -2831,6 +2906,7 @@ class _PassphraseHelper:
                 else:
                     result = self._passphrase(rwflag)
             else:
+                assert self._passphrase is not None
                 result = self._passphrase
             if not isinstance(result, bytes):
                 raise ValueError("Bytes expected")
@@ -2849,7 +2925,7 @@ class _PassphraseHelper:
             return 0
 
 
-def load_publickey(type, buffer):
+def load_publickey(type: int, buffer: Union[str, bytes]) -> PKey:
     """
     Load a public key from a buffer.
 
@@ -2883,7 +2959,11 @@ def load_publickey(type, buffer):
     return pkey
 
 
-def load_privatekey(type, buffer, passphrase=None):
+def load_privatekey(
+    type: int,
+    buffer: Union[str, bytes],
+    passphrase: Optional[PassphraseCallableT] = None,
+) -> PKey:
     """
     Load a private key (PKey) from the string *buffer* encoded with the type
     *type*.
@@ -2920,7 +3000,7 @@ def load_privatekey(type, buffer, passphrase=None):
     return pkey
 
 
-def dump_certificate_request(type, req):
+def dump_certificate_request(type: int, req: X509Req) -> bytes:
     """
     Dump the certificate request *req* into a buffer string encoded with the
     type *type*.
@@ -2948,7 +3028,7 @@ def dump_certificate_request(type, req):
     return _bio_to_string(bio)
 
 
-def load_certificate_request(type, buffer):
+def load_certificate_request(type: int, buffer: bytes) -> X509Req:
     """
     Load a certificate request (X509Req) from the string *buffer* encoded with
     the type *type*.
@@ -2976,7 +3056,7 @@ def load_certificate_request(type, buffer):
     return x509req
 
 
-def sign(pkey, data, digest):
+def sign(pkey: PKey, data: Union[str, bytes], digest: str) -> bytes:
     """
     Sign a data string using the given key and message digest.
 
@@ -3011,7 +3091,9 @@ def sign(pkey, data, digest):
     return _ffi.buffer(signature_buffer, signature_length[0])[:]
 
 
-def verify(cert, signature, data, digest):
+def verify(
+    cert: X509, signature: bytes, data: Union[str, bytes], digest: str
+) -> None:
     """
     Verify the signature for a data string.
 
@@ -3047,7 +3129,7 @@ def verify(cert, signature, data, digest):
         _raise_current_error()
 
 
-def dump_crl(type, crl):
+def dump_crl(type: int, crl: CRL) -> bytes:
     """
     Dump a certificate revocation list to a buffer.
 
@@ -3076,7 +3158,7 @@ def dump_crl(type, crl):
     return _bio_to_string(bio)
 
 
-def load_crl(type, buffer):
+def load_crl(type: int, buffer: Union[str, bytes]) -> CRL:
     """
     Load Certificate Revocation List (CRL) data from a string *buffer*.
     *buffer* encoded with the type *type*.
@@ -3106,7 +3188,7 @@ def load_crl(type, buffer):
     return result
 
 
-def load_pkcs7_data(type, buffer):
+def load_pkcs7_data(type: int, buffer: Union[str, bytes]) -> PKCS7:
     """
     Load pkcs7 data from the string *buffer* encoded with the type
     *type*.
@@ -3146,7 +3228,9 @@ load_pkcs7_data = utils.deprecated(
 )
 
 
-def load_pkcs12(buffer, passphrase=None):
+def load_pkcs12(
+    buffer: Union[str, bytes], passphrase: Optional[bytes] = None
+) -> PKCS12:
     """
     Load pkcs12 data from the string *buffer*. If the pkcs12 structure is
     encrypted, a *passphrase* must be included.  The MAC is always
@@ -3222,13 +3306,11 @@ def load_pkcs12(buffer, passphrase=None):
         x509 = _lib.sk_X509_value(cacerts, i)
         pycacert = X509._from_raw_x509_ptr(x509)
         pycacerts.append(pycacert)
-    if not pycacerts:
-        pycacerts = None
 
     pkcs12 = PKCS12.__new__(PKCS12)
     pkcs12._pkey = pykey
     pkcs12._cert = pycert
-    pkcs12._cacerts = pycacerts
+    pkcs12._cacerts = pycacerts if pycacerts else None
     pkcs12._friendlyname = friendlyname
     return pkcs12