path: root/src/include/access/hash.h

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * hash.h
 *	  header file for postgres hash access method implementation
 *
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2017, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * src/include/access/hash.h
 *
 * NOTES
 *		modeled after Margo Seltzer's hash implementation for unix.
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#ifndef HASH_H
#define HASH_H

#include "access/amapi.h"
#include "access/itup.h"
#include "access/sdir.h"
#include "fmgr.h"
#include "lib/stringinfo.h"
#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
#include "storage/lockdefs.h"
#include "utils/hsearch.h"
#include "utils/relcache.h"

/*
 * Mapping from hash bucket number to physical block number of bucket's
 * starting page.  Beware of multiple evaluations of argument!
 */
typedef uint32 Bucket;

#define InvalidBucket	((Bucket) 0xFFFFFFFF)

#define BUCKET_TO_BLKNO(metap,B) \
		((BlockNumber) ((B) + ((B) ? (metap)->hashm_spares[_hash_log2((B)+1)-1] : 0)) + 1)

/*
 * Special space for hash index pages.
 *
 * hasho_flag tells us which type of page we're looking at.  For
 * example, knowing overflow pages from bucket pages is necessary
 * information when you're deleting tuples from a page. If all the
 * tuples are deleted from an overflow page, the overflow is made
 * available to other buckets by calling _hash_freeovflpage(). If all
 * the tuples are deleted from a bucket page, no additional action is
 * necessary.
 */
#define LH_UNUSED_PAGE			(0)
#define LH_OVERFLOW_PAGE		(1 << 0)
#define LH_BUCKET_PAGE			(1 << 1)
#define LH_BITMAP_PAGE			(1 << 2)
#define LH_META_PAGE			(1 << 3)
#define LH_BUCKET_BEING_POPULATED	(1 << 4)
#define LH_BUCKET_BEING_SPLIT	(1 << 5)
#define LH_BUCKET_NEEDS_SPLIT_CLEANUP	(1 << 6)

typedef struct HashPageOpaqueData
{
	BlockNumber hasho_prevblkno;	/* previous ovfl (or bucket) blkno */
	BlockNumber hasho_nextblkno;	/* next ovfl blkno */
	Bucket		hasho_bucket;	/* bucket number this pg belongs to */
	uint16		hasho_flag;		/* page type code, see above */
	uint16		hasho_page_id;	/* for identification of hash indexes */
} HashPageOpaqueData;

typedef HashPageOpaqueData *HashPageOpaque;

#define H_NEEDS_SPLIT_CLEANUP(opaque)	((opaque)->hasho_flag & LH_BUCKET_NEEDS_SPLIT_CLEANUP)
#define H_BUCKET_BEING_SPLIT(opaque)	((opaque)->hasho_flag & LH_BUCKET_BEING_SPLIT)
#define H_BUCKET_BEING_POPULATED(opaque)	((opaque)->hasho_flag & LH_BUCKET_BEING_POPULATED)

/*
 * The page ID is for the convenience of pg_filedump and similar utilities,
 * which otherwise would have a hard time telling pages of different index
 * types apart.  It should be the last 2 bytes on the page.  This is more or
 * less "free" due to alignment considerations.
 */
#define HASHO_PAGE_ID		0xFF80

/*
 *	HashScanOpaqueData is private state for a hash index scan.
 */
typedef struct HashScanOpaqueData
{
	/* Hash value of the scan key, ie, the hash key we seek */
	uint32		hashso_sk_hash;

	/*
	 * We also want to remember which buffer we're currently examining in the
	 * scan. We keep the buffer pinned (but not locked) across hashgettuple
	 * calls, in order to avoid doing a ReadBuffer() for every tuple in the
	 * index.
	 */
	Buffer		hashso_curbuf;

	/* remember the buffer associated with primary bucket */
	Buffer		hashso_bucket_buf;

	/*
	 * remember the buffer associated with primary bucket page of bucket being
	 * split.  it is required during the scan of the bucket which is being
	 * populated during split operation.
	 */
	Buffer		hashso_split_bucket_buf;

	/* Current position of the scan, as an index TID */
	ItemPointerData hashso_curpos;

	/* Current position of the scan, as a heap TID */
	ItemPointerData hashso_heappos;

	/* Whether scan starts on bucket being populated due to split */
	bool		hashso_buc_populated;

	/*
	 * Whether scanning bucket being split?  The value of this parameter is
	 * referred only when hashso_buc_populated is true.
	 */
	bool		hashso_buc_split;
} HashScanOpaqueData;

typedef HashScanOpaqueData *HashScanOpaque;

/*
 * Definitions for metapage.
 */

#define HASH_METAPAGE	0		/* metapage is always block 0 */

#define HASH_MAGIC		0x6440640
#define HASH_VERSION	2		/* 2 signifies only hash key value is stored */

/*
 * spares[] holds the number of overflow pages currently allocated at or
 * before a certain splitpoint. For example, if spares[3] = 7 then there are
 * 7 ovflpages before splitpoint 3 (compare BUCKET_TO_BLKNO macro).  The
 * value in spares[ovflpoint] increases as overflow pages are added at the
 * end of the index.  Once ovflpoint increases (ie, we have actually allocated
 * the bucket pages belonging to that splitpoint) the number of spares at the
 * prior splitpoint cannot change anymore.
 *
 * ovflpages that have been recycled for reuse can be found by looking at
 * bitmaps that are stored within ovflpages dedicated for the purpose.
 * The blknos of these bitmap pages are kept in mapp[]; nmaps is the
 * number of currently existing bitmaps.
 *
 * The limitation on the size of spares[] comes from the fact that there's
 * no point in having more than 2^32 buckets with only uint32 hashcodes.
 * There is no particular upper limit on the size of mapp[], other than
 * needing to fit into the metapage.  (With 8K block size, 128 bitmaps
 * limit us to 64 GB of overflow space...)
 */
#define HASH_MAX_SPLITPOINTS		32
#define HASH_MAX_BITMAPS			128

typedef struct HashMetaPageData
{
	uint32		hashm_magic;	/* magic no. for hash tables */
	uint32		hashm_version;	/* version ID */
	double		hashm_ntuples;	/* number of tuples stored in the table */
	uint16		hashm_ffactor;	/* target fill factor (tuples/bucket) */
	uint16		hashm_bsize;	/* index page size (bytes) */
	uint16		hashm_bmsize;	/* bitmap array size (bytes) - must be a power
								 * of 2 */
	uint16		hashm_bmshift;	/* log2(bitmap array size in BITS) */
	uint32		hashm_maxbucket;	/* ID of maximum bucket in use */
	uint32		hashm_highmask; /* mask to modulo into entire table */
	uint32		hashm_lowmask;	/* mask to modulo into lower half of table */
	uint32		hashm_ovflpoint;/* splitpoint from which ovflpgs being
								 * allocated */
	uint32		hashm_firstfree;	/* lowest-number free ovflpage (bit#) */
	uint32		hashm_nmaps;	/* number of bitmap pages */
	RegProcedure hashm_procid;	/* hash procedure id from pg_proc */
	uint32		hashm_spares[HASH_MAX_SPLITPOINTS];		/* spare pages before
														 * each splitpoint */
	BlockNumber hashm_mapp[HASH_MAX_BITMAPS];	/* blknos of ovfl bitmaps */
} HashMetaPageData;

typedef HashMetaPageData *HashMetaPage;

/*
 * Maximum size of a hash index item (it's okay to have only one per page)
 */
#define HashMaxItemSize(page) \
	MAXALIGN_DOWN(PageGetPageSize(page) - \
				  SizeOfPageHeaderData - \
				  sizeof(ItemIdData) - \
				  MAXALIGN(sizeof(HashPageOpaqueData)))

#define INDEX_MOVED_BY_SPLIT_MASK	0x2000

#define HASH_MIN_FILLFACTOR			10
#define HASH_DEFAULT_FILLFACTOR		75

/*
 * Constants
 */
#define BYTE_TO_BIT				3		/* 2^3 bits/byte */
#define ALL_SET					((uint32) ~0)

/*
 * Bitmap pages do not contain tuples.  They do contain the standard
 * page headers and trailers; however, everything in between is a
 * giant bit array.  The number of bits that fit on a page obviously
 * depends on the page size and the header/trailer overhead.  We require
 * the number of bits per page to be a power of 2.
 */
#define BMPGSZ_BYTE(metap)		((metap)->hashm_bmsize)
#define BMPGSZ_BIT(metap)		((metap)->hashm_bmsize << BYTE_TO_BIT)
#define BMPG_SHIFT(metap)		((metap)->hashm_bmshift)
#define BMPG_MASK(metap)		(BMPGSZ_BIT(metap) - 1)

#define HashPageGetBitmap(page) \
	((uint32 *) PageGetContents(page))

#define HashGetMaxBitmapSize(page) \
	(PageGetPageSize((Page) page) - \
	 (MAXALIGN(SizeOfPageHeaderData) + MAXALIGN(sizeof(HashPageOpaqueData))))

#define HashPageGetMeta(page) \
	((HashMetaPage) PageGetContents(page))

/*
 * The number of bits in an ovflpage bitmap word.
 */
#define BITS_PER_MAP	32		/* Number of bits in uint32 */

/* Given the address of the beginning of a bit map, clear/set the nth bit */
#define CLRBIT(A, N)	((A)[(N)/BITS_PER_MAP] &= ~(1<<((N)%BITS_PER_MAP)))
#define SETBIT(A, N)	((A)[(N)/BITS_PER_MAP] |= (1<<((N)%BITS_PER_MAP)))
#define ISSET(A, N)		((A)[(N)/BITS_PER_MAP] & (1<<((N)%BITS_PER_MAP)))

/*
 * page-level and high-level locking modes (see README)
 */
#define HASH_READ		BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE
#define HASH_WRITE		BUFFER_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE
#define HASH_NOLOCK		(-1)

/*
 *	Strategy number. There's only one valid strategy for hashing: equality.
 */
#define HTEqualStrategyNumber			1
#define HTMaxStrategyNumber				1

/*
 *	When a new operator class is declared, we require that the user supply
 *	us with an amproc procudure for hashing a key of the new type.
 *	Since we only have one such proc in amproc, it's number 1.
 */
#define HASHPROC		1
#define HASHNProcs		1


/* public routines */

extern Datum hashhandler(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern IndexBuildResult *hashbuild(Relation heap, Relation index,
		  struct IndexInfo *indexInfo);
extern void hashbuildempty(Relation index);
extern bool hashinsert(Relation rel, Datum *values, bool *isnull,
		   ItemPointer ht_ctid, Relation heapRel,
		   IndexUniqueCheck checkUnique);
extern bool hashgettuple(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir);
extern int64 hashgetbitmap(IndexScanDesc scan, TIDBitmap *tbm);
extern IndexScanDesc hashbeginscan(Relation rel, int nkeys, int norderbys);
extern void hashrescan(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanKey scankey, int nscankeys,
		   ScanKey orderbys, int norderbys);
extern void hashendscan(IndexScanDesc scan);
extern IndexBulkDeleteResult *hashbulkdelete(IndexVacuumInfo *info,
			   IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats,
			   IndexBulkDeleteCallback callback,
			   void *callback_state);
extern IndexBulkDeleteResult *hashvacuumcleanup(IndexVacuumInfo *info,
				  IndexBulkDeleteResult *stats);
extern bytea *hashoptions(Datum reloptions, bool validate);
extern bool hashvalidate(Oid opclassoid);

/*
 * Datatype-specific hash functions in hashfunc.c.
 *
 * These support both hash indexes and hash joins.
 *
 * NOTE: some of these are also used by catcache operations, without
 * any direct connection to hash indexes.  Also, the common hash_any
 * routine is also used by dynahash tables.
 */
extern Datum hashchar(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum hashint2(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum hashint4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum hashint8(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum hashoid(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum hashenum(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum hashfloat4(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum hashfloat8(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum hashoidvector(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum hashname(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum hashtext(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum hashvarlena(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
extern Datum hash_any(register const unsigned char *k, register int keylen);
extern Datum hash_uint32(uint32 k);

/* private routines */

/* hashinsert.c */
extern void _hash_doinsert(Relation rel, IndexTuple itup);
extern OffsetNumber _hash_pgaddtup(Relation rel, Buffer buf,
			   Size itemsize, IndexTuple itup);

/* hashovfl.c */
extern Buffer _hash_addovflpage(Relation rel, Buffer metabuf, Buffer buf, bool retain_pin);
extern BlockNumber _hash_freeovflpage(Relation rel, Buffer ovflbuf, Buffer wbuf,
				   BufferAccessStrategy bstrategy);
extern void _hash_initbitmap(Relation rel, HashMetaPage metap,
				 BlockNumber blkno, ForkNumber forkNum);
extern void _hash_squeezebucket(Relation rel,
					Bucket bucket, BlockNumber bucket_blkno,
					Buffer bucket_buf,
					BufferAccessStrategy bstrategy);

/* hashpage.c */
extern Buffer _hash_getbuf(Relation rel, BlockNumber blkno,
			 int access, int flags);
extern Buffer _hash_getbuf_with_condlock_cleanup(Relation rel,
								   BlockNumber blkno, int flags);
extern Buffer _hash_getinitbuf(Relation rel, BlockNumber blkno);
extern Buffer _hash_getnewbuf(Relation rel, BlockNumber blkno,
				ForkNumber forkNum);
extern Buffer _hash_getbuf_with_strategy(Relation rel, BlockNumber blkno,
						   int access, int flags,
						   BufferAccessStrategy bstrategy);
extern void _hash_relbuf(Relation rel, Buffer buf);
extern void _hash_dropbuf(Relation rel, Buffer buf);
extern void _hash_dropscanbuf(Relation rel, HashScanOpaque so);
extern uint32 _hash_metapinit(Relation rel, double num_tuples,
				ForkNumber forkNum);
extern void _hash_pageinit(Page page, Size size);
extern void _hash_expandtable(Relation rel, Buffer metabuf);
extern void _hash_finish_split(Relation rel, Buffer metabuf, Buffer obuf,
				   Bucket obucket, uint32 maxbucket, uint32 highmask,
				   uint32 lowmask);

/* hashsearch.c */
extern bool _hash_next(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir);
extern bool _hash_first(IndexScanDesc scan, ScanDirection dir);
extern bool _hash_step(IndexScanDesc scan, Buffer *bufP, ScanDirection dir);

/* hashsort.c */
typedef struct HSpool HSpool;	/* opaque struct in hashsort.c */

extern HSpool *_h_spoolinit(Relation heap, Relation index, uint32 num_buckets);
extern void _h_spooldestroy(HSpool *hspool);
extern void _h_spool(HSpool *hspool, ItemPointer self,
		 Datum *values, bool *isnull);
extern void _h_indexbuild(HSpool *hspool);

/* hashutil.c */
extern bool _hash_checkqual(IndexScanDesc scan, IndexTuple itup);
extern uint32 _hash_datum2hashkey(Relation rel, Datum key);
extern uint32 _hash_datum2hashkey_type(Relation rel, Datum key, Oid keytype);
extern Bucket _hash_hashkey2bucket(uint32 hashkey, uint32 maxbucket,
					 uint32 highmask, uint32 lowmask);
extern uint32 _hash_log2(uint32 num);
extern void _hash_checkpage(Relation rel, Buffer buf, int flags);
extern uint32 _hash_get_indextuple_hashkey(IndexTuple itup);
extern bool _hash_convert_tuple(Relation index,
					Datum *user_values, bool *user_isnull,
					Datum *index_values, bool *index_isnull);
extern OffsetNumber _hash_binsearch(Page page, uint32 hash_value);
extern OffsetNumber _hash_binsearch_last(Page page, uint32 hash_value);
extern BlockNumber _hash_get_oldblock_from_newbucket(Relation rel, Bucket new_bucket);
extern BlockNumber _hash_get_newblock_from_oldbucket(Relation rel, Bucket old_bucket);
extern Bucket _hash_get_newbucket_from_oldbucket(Relation rel, Bucket old_bucket,
								   uint32 lowmask, uint32 maxbucket);

/* hash.c */
extern void hashbucketcleanup(Relation rel, Bucket cur_bucket,
				  Buffer bucket_buf, BlockNumber bucket_blkno,
				  BufferAccessStrategy bstrategy,
				  uint32 maxbucket, uint32 highmask, uint32 lowmask,
				  double *tuples_removed, double *num_index_tuples,
				  bool bucket_has_garbage,
				  IndexBulkDeleteCallback callback, void *callback_state);

#endif   /* HASH_H */