path: root/nova/tests/functional/integrated_helpers.py

# Copyright 2011 Justin Santa Barbara
# All Rights Reserved.
#
#    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
#    not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
#    a copy of the License at
#
#         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
#    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
#    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
#    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
#    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
#    under the License.

"""
Provides common functionality for integrated unit tests
"""

import collections
import random
import six
import string
import time

import os_traits
from oslo_log import log as logging

from nova.compute import instance_actions
from nova.compute import utils as compute_utils
import nova.conf
from nova import context
from nova.db import api as db
import nova.image.glance
from nova import objects
from nova import test
from nova.tests import fixtures as nova_fixtures
from nova.tests.functional.api import client as api_client
from nova.tests.functional import fixtures as func_fixtures
from nova.tests.unit import cast_as_call
from nova.tests.unit import fake_notifier
import nova.tests.unit.image.fake
from nova.tests.unit import policy_fixture
from nova import utils


CONF = nova.conf.CONF
LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)


def generate_random_alphanumeric(length):
    """Creates a random alphanumeric string of specified length."""
    return ''.join(random.choice(string.ascii_uppercase + string.digits)
                   for _x in range(length))


def generate_random_numeric(length):
    """Creates a random numeric string of specified length."""
    return ''.join(random.choice(string.digits)
                   for _x in range(length))


def generate_new_element(items, prefix, numeric=False):
    """Creates a random string with prefix, that is not in 'items' list."""
    while True:
        if numeric:
            candidate = prefix + generate_random_numeric(8)
        else:
            candidate = prefix + generate_random_alphanumeric(8)
        if candidate not in items:
            return candidate
        LOG.debug("Random collision on %s", candidate)


# placeholder used as a default parameter value to distinguish between the case
# when the parameter is specified by the caller with None from the case when it
# was not specified
NOT_SPECIFIED = object()


class InstanceHelperMixin:

    def _wait_for_server_parameter(
            self, server, expected_params, max_retries=10, api=None):
        api = api or getattr(self, 'admin_api', self.api)

        retry_count = 0
        while True:
            server = api.get_server(server['id'])
            if all([server[attr] == expected_params[attr]
                    for attr in expected_params]):
                break
            retry_count += 1
            if retry_count == max_retries:
                self.fail('Wait for state change failed, '
                          'expected_params=%s, server=%s' % (
                              expected_params, server))
            time.sleep(0.5)

        return server

    def _wait_for_state_change(self, server, expected_status, max_retries=10):
        return self._wait_for_server_parameter(
            server, {'status': expected_status}, max_retries)

    def _wait_until_deleted(self, server):
        initially_in_error = server.get('status') == 'ERROR'
        try:
            for i in range(40):
                server = self.api.get_server(server['id'])
                if not initially_in_error and server['status'] == 'ERROR':
                    self.fail('Server went to error state instead of'
                              'disappearing.')
                time.sleep(0.5)

            self.fail('Server failed to delete.')
        except api_client.OpenStackApiNotFoundException:
            return

    def _wait_for_action_fail_completion(
            self, server, expected_action, event_name):
        """Polls instance action events for the given instance, action and
        action event name until it finds the action event with an error
        result.
        """
        return self._wait_for_instance_action_event(
            server, expected_action, event_name, event_result='error')

    def _wait_for_instance_action_event(
            self, server, action_name, event_name, event_result):
        """Polls the instance action events for the given instance, action,
        event, and event result until it finds the event.
        """
        api = getattr(self, 'admin_api', self.api)

        actions = []
        events = []
        for attempt in range(10):
            actions = api.get_instance_actions(server['id'])
            # The API returns the newest event first
            for action in actions:
                if action['action'] != action_name:
                    continue

                events = api.get_instance_action_details(server['id'],
                        action['request_id'])['events']

                # Look for the action event being in error state.
                for event in events:
                    result = event['result']
                    if (event['event'] == event_name and
                            result is not None and
                            result.lower() == event_result.lower()):
                        return event

            # We didn't find the completion event yet, so wait a bit.
            time.sleep(0.5)

        self.fail(
            'Timed out waiting for %s instance action event. Current instance '
            'actions: %s. Events in the last matching action: %s'
            % (event_name, actions, events))

    def _assert_resize_migrate_action_fail(self, server, action, error_in_tb):
        """Waits for the conductor_migrate_server action event to fail for
        the given action and asserts the error is in the event traceback.

        :param server: API response dict of the server being resized/migrated
        :param action: Either "resize" or "migrate" instance action.
        :param error_in_tb: Some expected part of the error event traceback.
        :returns: The instance action event dict from the API response
        """
        event = self._wait_for_action_fail_completion(
            server, action, 'conductor_migrate_server')
        self.assertIn(error_in_tb, event['traceback'])
        return event

    def _wait_for_migration_status(self, server, expected_statuses):
        """Waits for a migration record with the given statuses to be found
        for the given server, else the test fails. The migration record, if
        found, is returned.
        """
        api = getattr(self, 'admin_api', self.api)

        statuses = [status.lower() for status in expected_statuses]
        actual_status = None

        for attempt in range(10):
            migrations = api.api_get('/os-migrations').body['migrations']
            for migration in migrations:
                if migration['instance_uuid'] == server['id']:
                    actual_status = migration['status']
                    if migration['status'].lower() in statuses:
                        return migration
            time.sleep(0.5)

        self.fail(
            'Timed out waiting for migration with status for instance %s '
            '(expected "%s", got "%s")' % (
                server['id'], expected_statuses, actual_status,
            ))

    def _wait_for_log(self, log_line):
        for i in range(10):
            if log_line in self.stdlog.logger.output:
                return
            time.sleep(0.5)

        self.fail('The line "%(log_line)s" did not appear in the log')

    def _wait_for_assert(self, assert_func, max_retries=10, sleep=0.5):
        """Waits and retries the assert_func either until it does not raise
        AssertionError any more or until the max_retries run out.
        """
        last_error = None
        for i in range(max_retries):
            try:
                return assert_func()
            except AssertionError as e:
                last_error = e

            time.sleep(sleep)

        raise last_error

    def _create_aggregate(self, name, availability_zone=None):
        """Creates a host aggregate with the given name and optional AZ

        :param name: The name of the host aggregate
        :param availability_zone: Optional availability zone that the aggregate
            represents
        :returns: The id value of the created aggregate
        """
        api = getattr(self, 'admin_api', self.api)
        body = {
            'aggregate': {
                'name': name, 'availability_zone': availability_zone
            }
        }
        return api.post_aggregate(body)['id']

    def _build_flavor(self, id=None, name=None, memory_mb=2048, vcpu=2,
                      disk=10, ephemeral=10, swap=0, rxtx_factor=1.0,
                      is_public=True):
        """Build a request for the flavor create API.

        :param id: An ID for the flavor.
        :param name: A name for the flavor.
        :param memory_mb: The flavor memory.
        :param vcpu: The flavor vcpus.
        :param disk: The flavor disk.
        :param ephemeral: The flavor ephemeral.
        :param swap: The flavor swap.
        :param rxtx_factor: (DEPRECATED) The flavor RX-TX factor.
        :param is_public: Whether the flavor is public or not.
        :returns: The generated request body.
        """
        if not name:
            name = ''.join(
                random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase) for i in range(20))

        return {
            "flavor": {
                "id": id,
                "name": name,
                "ram": memory_mb,
                "vcpus": vcpu,
                "disk": disk,
                "OS-FLV-EXT-DATA:ephemeral": ephemeral,
                "swap": swap,
                "rxtx_factor": rxtx_factor,
                "os-flavor-access:is_public": is_public,
            }
        }

    def _create_flavor(self, id=None, name=None, memory_mb=2048, vcpu=2,
                       disk=10, ephemeral=10, swap=0, rxtx_factor=1.0,
                       is_public=True, extra_spec=None):
        """Build and submit a request to the flavor create API.

        :param id: An ID for the flavor.
        :param name: A name for the flavor.
        :param memory_mb: The flavor memory.
        :param vcpu: The flavor vcpus.
        :param disk: The flavor disk.
        :param ephemeral: The flavor ephemeral.
        :param swap: The flavor swap.
        :param rxtx_factor: (DEPRECATED) The flavor RX-TX factor.
        :param is_public: Whether the flavor is public or not.
        :returns: The ID of the created flavor.
        """
        body = self._build_flavor(
            id, name, memory_mb, vcpu, disk, ephemeral, swap, rxtx_factor,
            is_public)
        flavor = self.api_fixture.admin_api.post_flavor(body)

        if extra_spec is not None:
            spec = {"extra_specs": extra_spec}
            self.api_fixture.admin_api.post_extra_spec(flavor['id'], spec)

        return flavor['id']

    def _build_server(self, name=None, image_uuid=None, flavor_id=None,
                      networks=None, az=None, host=None):
        """Build a request for the server create API.

        :param name: A name for the server.
        :param image_uuid: The ID of an existing image.
        :param flavor_id: The ID of an existing flavor.
        :param networks: A dict of networks to attach or a string of 'none' or
            'auto'.
        :param az: The name of the availability zone the instance should
            request.
        :param host: The host to boot the instance on. Requires API
            microversion 2.74 or greater.
        :returns: The generated request body.
        """
        if not name:
            name = ''.join(
                random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase) for i in range(20))

        if image_uuid is None:  # we need to handle ''
            # NOTE(takashin): In API version 2.36, image APIs were deprecated.
            # In API version 2.36 or greater, self.api.get_images() returns
            # a 404 error. In that case, 'image_uuid' should be specified.
            with utils.temporary_mutation(self.api, microversion='2.35'):
                image_uuid = self.api.get_images()[0]['id']

        if not flavor_id:
            # Set a valid flavorId
            flavor_id = self.api.get_flavors()[0]['id']

        server = {
            'name': name,
            'imageRef': image_uuid,
            'flavorRef': 'http://fake.server/%s' % flavor_id,
        }

        if networks is not None:
            server['networks'] = networks

        if az is not None:
            server['availability_zone'] = az

        # This requires at least microversion 2.74 to work
        if host is not None:
            server['host'] = host

        return server

    def _create_server(self, name=None, image_uuid=None, flavor_id=None,
                       networks=None, az=None, host=None,
                       expected_state='ACTIVE', api=None):
        """Build and submit a request to the server create API.

        :param name: A name for the server.
        :param image_uuid: The ID of an existing image.
        :param flavor_id: The ID of an existing flavor.
        :param networks: A dict of networks to attach or a string of 'none' or
            'auto'.
        :param az: The name of the availability zone the instance should
            request.
        :param host: The host to boot the instance on. Requires API
            microversion 2.74 or greater.
        :param expected_state: The expected end state.
        :param api: An API client to create the server with; defaults to
            'self.api'
        :returns: The response from the API containing the created server.
        """
        # if forcing the server onto a host, we have to use the admin API
        if not api:
            api = self.api if not az and not host else getattr(
                self, 'admin_api', self.api)

        microversion = api.microversion
        if host and not api.microversion:
            api.microversion = '2.74'
            # with 2.74 networks param needs to use 'none' instead of None
            # if no network is needed
            if networks is None:
                networks = 'none'

        body = self._build_server(
            name, image_uuid, flavor_id, networks, az, host)

        server = api.post_server({'server': body})

        # Reset API microversion to original state
        api.microversion = microversion

        return self._wait_for_state_change(server, expected_state)

    def _delete_server(self, server):
        """Delete a server."""
        self.api.delete_server(server['id'])
        self._wait_until_deleted(server)

    def _confirm_resize(self, server):
        self.api.post_server_action(server['id'], {'confirmResize': None})
        server = self._wait_for_state_change(server, 'ACTIVE')
        self._wait_for_instance_action_event(
            server, instance_actions.CONFIRM_RESIZE,
            'compute_confirm_resize', 'success')
        return server

    def _revert_resize(self, server):
        # NOTE(sbauza): This method requires the caller to setup a fake
        # notifier by stubbing it.
        self.api.post_server_action(server['id'], {'revertResize': None})
        server = self._wait_for_state_change(server, 'ACTIVE')
        self._wait_for_migration_status(server, ['reverted'])
        # Note that the migration status is changed to "reverted" in the
        # dest host revert_resize method but the allocations are cleaned up
        # in the source host finish_revert_resize method so we need to wait
        # for the finish_revert_resize method to complete.
        fake_notifier.wait_for_versioned_notifications(
            'instance.resize_revert.end')
        return server

    def _migrate_or_resize(self, server, request):
        if not ('resize' in request or 'migrate' in request):
            raise Exception('_migrate_or_resize only supports resize or '
                            'migrate requests.')
        self.api.post_server_action(server['id'], request)
        self._wait_for_state_change(server, 'VERIFY_RESIZE')

    def _resize_server(self, server, new_flavor):
        resize_req = {
            'resize': {
                'flavorRef': new_flavor
            }
        }
        self._migrate_or_resize(server, resize_req)

    def _live_migrate(self, server, migration_expected_state,
                      server_expected_state='ACTIVE'):
        self.api.post_server_action(
            server['id'],
            {'os-migrateLive': {'host': None, 'block_migration': 'auto'}})
        server = self._wait_for_state_change(server, server_expected_state)
        self._wait_for_migration_status(server, [migration_expected_state])
        return server

    def _evacuate_server(
            self, server, extra_post_args=None, expected_host=None,
            expected_state='ACTIVE', expected_task_state=NOT_SPECIFIED,
            expected_migration_status='done'):
        """Evacuate a server."""
        api = getattr(self, 'admin_api', self.api)

        post = {'evacuate': {}}
        if extra_post_args:
            post['evacuate'].update(extra_post_args)

        expected_result = {'status': expected_state}
        if expected_host:
            expected_result['OS-EXT-SRV-ATTR:host'] = expected_host
        if expected_task_state is not NOT_SPECIFIED:
            expected_result['OS-EXT-STS:task_state'] = expected_task_state

        api.post_server_action(server['id'], post)

        # NOTE(gibi): The order of waiting for the migration and returning
        # a fresh server from _wait_for_server_parameter is important as
        # the compute manager sets status of the instance before sets the
        # host and finally sets the migration status. So waiting for the
        # migration first makes the returned server object more consistent.
        self._wait_for_migration_status(server, [expected_migration_status])
        return self._wait_for_server_parameter(server, expected_result)

    def _start_server(self, server):
        self.api.post_server_action(server['id'], {'os-start': None})
        return self._wait_for_state_change(server, 'ACTIVE')

    def _stop_server(self, server, wait_for_stop=True):
        self.api.post_server_action(server['id'], {'os-stop': None})
        if wait_for_stop:
            return self._wait_for_state_change(server, 'SHUTOFF')
        return server


class _IntegratedTestBase(test.TestCase, InstanceHelperMixin):
    #: Whether the test requires global external locking being configured for
    #: them. New tests should set this to False.
    REQUIRES_LOCKING = True

    #: Whether to use admin credentials for all nova API requests.
    ADMIN_API = False

    # TODO(stephenfin): Rename to API_MAJOR_VERSION
    #: The default API major version to use for all nova API requests.
    api_major_version = 'v2.1'

    # TODO(stephenfin): Rename to API_MICRO_VERSION
    #: The default microversion to use for all nova API requests; requires API
    #: major version 2.1
    microversion = None

    #: Whether to include the project ID in the URL for API requests through
    #: OSAPIFixture.
    USE_PROJECT_ID = False

    #: Whether to stub keystonemiddleware and NovaKeystoneContext; override to
    #: making those middlewares behave as they would in real life, i.e. try to
    #: do real authentication.
    STUB_KEYSTONE = True

    def setUp(self):
        super(_IntegratedTestBase, self).setUp()

        self.fake_image_service =\
            nova.tests.unit.image.fake.stub_out_image_service(self)

        self.useFixture(cast_as_call.CastAsCall(self))
        placement = self.useFixture(func_fixtures.PlacementFixture())
        self.placement_api = placement.api
        self.neutron = self.useFixture(nova_fixtures.NeutronFixture(self))

        fake_notifier.stub_notifier(self)
        self.addCleanup(fake_notifier.reset)

        self._setup_services()

        self.addCleanup(nova.tests.unit.image.fake.FakeImageService_reset)

    def _setup_compute_service(self):
        return self._start_compute('compute')

    def _setup_scheduler_service(self):
        return self.start_service('scheduler')

    def _setup_services(self):
        # NOTE(danms): Set the global MQ connection to that of our first cell
        # for any cells-ignorant code. Normally this is defaulted in the tests
        # which will result in us not doing the right thing.
        if 'cell1' in self.cell_mappings:
            self.flags(transport_url=self.cell_mappings['cell1'].transport_url)

        self.conductor = self.start_service('conductor')
        self.scheduler = self._setup_scheduler_service()
        self.compute = self._setup_compute_service()

        self.api_fixture = self.useFixture(
            nova_fixtures.OSAPIFixture(
                api_version=self.api_major_version,
                use_project_id_in_urls=self.USE_PROJECT_ID,
                stub_keystone=self.STUB_KEYSTONE))

        # if the class needs to run as admin, make the api endpoint
        # the admin, otherwise it's safer to run as non admin user.
        if self.ADMIN_API:
            self.api = self.api_fixture.admin_api
        else:
            self.api = self.api_fixture.api
            self.admin_api = self.api_fixture.admin_api

        if self.microversion:
            self.api.microversion = self.microversion

            if not self.ADMIN_API:
                self.admin_api.microversion = self.microversion

    def _check_api_endpoint(self, endpoint, expected_middleware):
        app = self.api_fixture.app().get((None, '/v2'))

        while getattr(app, 'application', False):
            for middleware in expected_middleware:
                if isinstance(app.application, middleware):
                    expected_middleware.remove(middleware)
                    break
            app = app.application

        self.assertEqual([],
                         expected_middleware,
                         ("The expected wsgi middlewares %s are not "
                          "existed") % expected_middleware)

    # TODO(sbauza): Drop this method once test classes inherit from a mixin
    def _get_provider_uuid_by_name(self, name):
        return self.placement_api.get(
            '/resource_providers?name=%s' % name).body[
            'resource_providers'][0]['uuid']

    # TODO(sbauza): Drop this method once test classes inherit from a mixin
    def _get_all_rp_uuids_in_a_tree(self, in_tree_rp_uuid):
        rps = self.placement_api.get(
            '/resource_providers?in_tree=%s' % in_tree_rp_uuid,
            version='1.20').body['resource_providers']
        return [rp['uuid'] for rp in rps]

    # TODO(sbauza): Drop this method once test classes inherit from a mixin
    def _get_provider_inventory(self, rp_uuid):
        return self.placement_api.get(
            '/resource_providers/%s/inventories' % rp_uuid).body['inventories']

    # TODO(sbauza): Drop this method once test classes inherit from a mixin
    def _get_provider_usages(self, provider_uuid):
        return self.placement_api.get(
            '/resource_providers/%s/usages' % provider_uuid).body['usages']

    # TODO(sbauza): Drop this method once test classes inherit from a mixin
    def _create_trait(self, trait):
        return self.placement_api.put('/traits/%s' % trait, {}, version='1.6')

    # TODO(sbauza): Drop this method once test classes inherit from a mixin
    def _set_provider_traits(self, rp_uuid, traits):
        """This will overwrite any existing traits.

        :param rp_uuid: UUID of the resource provider to update
        :param traits: list of trait strings to set on the provider
        :returns: APIResponse object with the results
        """
        provider = self.placement_api.get(
            '/resource_providers/%s' % rp_uuid).body
        put_traits_req = {
            'resource_provider_generation': provider['generation'],
            'traits': traits
        }
        return self.placement_api.put(
            '/resource_providers/%s/traits' % rp_uuid,
            put_traits_req, version='1.6')


# FIXME(sbauza): There is little value to have this be a whole base testclass
# instead of a mixin only providing methods for accessing Placement endpoint.
class ProviderUsageBaseTestCase(test.TestCase, InstanceHelperMixin):
    """Base test class for functional tests that check provider usage
    and consumer allocations in Placement during various operations.

    Subclasses must define a **compute_driver** attribute for the virt driver
    to use.

    This class sets up standard fixtures and controller services but does not
    start any compute services, that is left to the subclass.
    """

    microversion = 'latest'

    # These must match the capabilities in
    # nova.virt.libvirt.driver.LibvirtDriver.capabilities
    expected_libvirt_driver_capability_traits = set([
        six.u(trait) for trait in [
            os_traits.COMPUTE_ACCELERATORS,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_DEVICE_TAGGING,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_NET_ATTACH_INTERFACE,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_NET_ATTACH_INTERFACE_WITH_TAG,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_VOLUME_ATTACH_WITH_TAG,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_VOLUME_EXTEND,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_TRUSTED_CERTS,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_IMAGE_TYPE_AKI,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_IMAGE_TYPE_AMI,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_IMAGE_TYPE_ARI,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_IMAGE_TYPE_ISO,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_IMAGE_TYPE_QCOW2,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_IMAGE_TYPE_RAW,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_RESCUE_BFV,
        ]
    ])

    # These must match the capabilities in
    # nova.virt.fake.FakeDriver.capabilities
    expected_fake_driver_capability_traits = set([
        six.u(trait) for trait in [
            os_traits.COMPUTE_ACCELERATORS,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_IMAGE_TYPE_RAW,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_DEVICE_TAGGING,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_NET_ATTACH_INTERFACE,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_NET_ATTACH_INTERFACE_WITH_TAG,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_VOLUME_ATTACH_WITH_TAG,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_VOLUME_EXTEND,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_VOLUME_MULTI_ATTACH,
            os_traits.COMPUTE_TRUSTED_CERTS,
        ]
    ])

    def setUp(self):
        self.flags(compute_driver=self.compute_driver)
        super(ProviderUsageBaseTestCase, self).setUp()

        self.policy = self.useFixture(policy_fixture.RealPolicyFixture())
        self.neutron = self.useFixture(nova_fixtures.NeutronFixture(self))
        self.useFixture(nova_fixtures.AllServicesCurrent())

        fake_notifier.stub_notifier(self)
        self.addCleanup(fake_notifier.reset)

        placement = self.useFixture(func_fixtures.PlacementFixture())
        self.placement_api = placement.api
        self.api_fixture = self.useFixture(nova_fixtures.OSAPIFixture(
            api_version='v2.1'))

        self.admin_api = self.api_fixture.admin_api
        self.admin_api.microversion = self.microversion
        self.api = self.admin_api

        # the image fake backend needed for image discovery
        self.image_service = (
            nova.tests.unit.image.fake.stub_out_image_service(self))

        self.start_service('conductor')
        self.scheduler_service = self.start_service('scheduler')

        self.addCleanup(nova.tests.unit.image.fake.FakeImageService_reset)

    def _get_provider_uuid_by_host(self, host):
        # NOTE(gibi): the compute node id is the same as the compute node
        # provider uuid on that compute
        resp = self.admin_api.api_get(
            'os-hypervisors?hypervisor_hostname_pattern=%s' % host).body
        return resp['hypervisors'][0]['id']

    def _get_provider_usages(self, provider_uuid):
        return self.placement_api.get(
            '/resource_providers/%s/usages' % provider_uuid).body['usages']

    def _get_allocations_by_server_uuid(self, server_uuid):
        return self.placement_api.get(
            '/allocations/%s' % server_uuid).body['allocations']

    def _wait_for_server_allocations(self, consumer_id, max_retries=20):
        retry_count = 0
        while True:
            alloc = self._get_allocations_by_server_uuid(consumer_id)
            if alloc:
                break
            retry_count += 1
            if retry_count == max_retries:
                self.fail('Wait for server allocations failed, '
                          'server=%s' % (consumer_id))
            time.sleep(0.5)
        return alloc

    def _get_allocations_by_provider_uuid(self, rp_uuid):
        return self.placement_api.get(
            '/resource_providers/%s/allocations' % rp_uuid).body['allocations']

    def _get_all_providers(self):
        return self.placement_api.get(
            '/resource_providers', version='1.14').body['resource_providers']

    def _create_trait(self, trait):
        return self.placement_api.put('/traits/%s' % trait, {}, version='1.6')

    def _delete_trait(self, trait):
        return self.placement_api.delete('/traits/%s' % trait, version='1.6')

    def _get_provider_traits(self, provider_uuid):
        return self.placement_api.get(
            '/resource_providers/%s/traits' % provider_uuid,
            version='1.6').body['traits']

    def _set_provider_traits(self, rp_uuid, traits):
        """This will overwrite any existing traits.

        :param rp_uuid: UUID of the resource provider to update
        :param traits: list of trait strings to set on the provider
        :returns: APIResponse object with the results
        """
        provider = self.placement_api.get(
            '/resource_providers/%s' % rp_uuid).body
        put_traits_req = {
            'resource_provider_generation': provider['generation'],
            'traits': traits
        }
        return self.placement_api.put(
            '/resource_providers/%s/traits' % rp_uuid,
            put_traits_req, version='1.6')

    def _get_all_resource_classes(self):
        dicts = self.placement_api.get(
            '/resource_classes', version='1.2').body['resource_classes']
        return [d['name'] for d in dicts]

    def _get_all_traits(self):
        return self.placement_api.get('/traits', version='1.6').body['traits']

    def _get_provider_inventory(self, rp_uuid):
        return self.placement_api.get(
            '/resource_providers/%s/inventories' % rp_uuid).body['inventories']

    def _get_provider_aggregates(self, rp_uuid):
        return self.placement_api.get(
            '/resource_providers/%s/aggregates' % rp_uuid,
            version='1.1').body['aggregates']

    def _post_resource_provider(self, rp_name):
        return self.placement_api.post(
            url='/resource_providers',
            version='1.20', body={'name': rp_name}).body

    def _set_inventory(self, rp_uuid, inv_body):
        """This will set the inventory for a given resource provider.

        :param rp_uuid: UUID of the resource provider to update
        :param inv_body: inventory to set on the provider
        :returns: APIResponse object with the results
        """
        return self.placement_api.post(
            url= ('/resource_providers/%s/inventories' % rp_uuid),
            version='1.15', body=inv_body).body

    def _update_inventory(self, rp_uuid, inv_body):
        """This will update the inventory for a given resource provider.

        :param rp_uuid: UUID of the resource provider to update
        :param inv_body: inventory to set on the provider
        :returns: APIResponse object with the results
        """
        return self.placement_api.put(
            url= ('/resource_providers/%s/inventories' % rp_uuid),
            body=inv_body).body

    def _get_resource_provider_by_uuid(self, rp_uuid):
        return self.placement_api.get(
            '/resource_providers/%s' % rp_uuid, version='1.15').body

    def _set_aggregate(self, rp_uuid, agg_id):
        provider = self.placement_api.get(
            '/resource_providers/%s' % rp_uuid).body
        post_agg_req = {"aggregates": [agg_id],
                        "resource_provider_generation": provider['generation']}
        return self.placement_api.put(
            '/resource_providers/%s/aggregates' % rp_uuid, version='1.19',
            body=post_agg_req).body

    def _get_all_rp_uuids_in_a_tree(self, in_tree_rp_uuid):
        rps = self.placement_api.get(
            '/resource_providers?in_tree=%s' % in_tree_rp_uuid,
            version='1.20').body['resource_providers']
        return [rp['uuid'] for rp in rps]

    def assertRequestMatchesUsage(self, requested_resources, root_rp_uuid):
        # It matches the usages of the whole tree against the request
        rp_uuids = self._get_all_rp_uuids_in_a_tree(root_rp_uuid)
        # NOTE(gibi): flattening the placement usages means we cannot
        # verify the structure here. However I don't see any way to define this
        # function for nested and non-nested trees in a generic way.
        total_usage = collections.defaultdict(int)
        for rp in rp_uuids:
            usage = self._get_provider_usages(rp)
            for rc, amount in usage.items():
                total_usage[rc] += amount
        # Cannot simply do an assertEqual(expected, actual) as usages always
        # contain every RC even if the usage is 0 and the flavor could also
        # contain explicit 0 request for some resources.
        # So if the flavor contains an explicit 0 resource request (e.g. in
        # case of ironic resources:VCPU=0) then this code needs to assert that
        # such resource has 0 usage in the tree. In the other hand if the usage
        # contains 0 value for some resources that the flavor does not request
        # then that is totally fine.
        for rc, value in requested_resources.items():
            self.assertIn(
                rc, total_usage,
                'The requested resource class not found in the total_usage of '
                'the RP tree')
            self.assertEqual(
                value,
                total_usage[rc],
                'The requested resource amount does not match with the total '
                'resource usage of the RP tree')
        for rc, value in total_usage.items():
            if value != 0:
                self.assertEqual(
                    requested_resources[rc],
                    value,
                    'The requested resource amount does not match with the '
                    'total resource usage of the RP tree')

    def assertFlavorMatchesUsage(self, root_rp_uuid, *flavors):
        resources = collections.defaultdict(int)
        for flavor in flavors:
            res = self._resources_from_flavor(flavor)
            for rc, value in res.items():
                resources[rc] += value
        self.assertRequestMatchesUsage(resources, root_rp_uuid)

    def _resources_from_flavor(self, flavor):
        resources = collections.defaultdict(int)
        resources['VCPU'] = flavor['vcpus']
        resources['MEMORY_MB'] = flavor['ram']
        resources['DISK_GB'] = flavor['disk']
        for key, value in flavor['extra_specs'].items():
            if key.startswith('resources'):
                resources[key.split(':')[1]] += value
        return resources

    def assertFlavorMatchesAllocation(self, flavor, consumer_uuid,
                                      root_rp_uuid):
        # NOTE(gibi): This function does not handle sharing RPs today.
        expected_rps = self._get_all_rp_uuids_in_a_tree(root_rp_uuid)
        allocations = self._get_allocations_by_server_uuid(consumer_uuid)
        # NOTE(gibi): flattening the placement allocation means we cannot
        # verify the structure here. However I don't see any way to define this
        # function for nested and non-nested trees in a generic way.
        total_allocation = collections.defaultdict(int)
        for rp, alloc in allocations.items():
            self.assertIn(rp, expected_rps, 'Unexpected, out of tree RP in the'
                                            ' allocation')
            for rc, value in alloc['resources'].items():
                total_allocation[rc] += value

        self.assertEqual(
            self._resources_from_flavor(flavor),
            total_allocation,
            'The resources requested in the flavor does not match with total '
            'allocation in the RP tree')

    def get_migration_uuid_for_instance(self, instance_uuid):
        # NOTE(danms): This is too much introspection for a test like this, but
        # we can't see the migration uuid from the API, so we just encapsulate
        # the peek behind the curtains here to keep it out of the tests.
        # TODO(danms): Get the migration uuid from the API once it is exposed
        ctxt = context.get_admin_context()
        migrations = db.migration_get_all_by_filters(
            ctxt, {'instance_uuid': instance_uuid})
        self.assertEqual(1, len(migrations),
                         'Test expected a single migration, '
                         'but found %i' % len(migrations))
        return migrations[0].uuid

    def _boot_and_check_allocations(
            self, flavor, source_hostname, networks='none'):
        """Boot an instance and check that the resource allocation is correct

        After booting an instance on the given host with a given flavor it
        asserts that both the providers usages and resource allocations match
        with the resources requested in the flavor. It also asserts that
        running the periodic update_available_resource call does not change the
        resource state.

        :param flavor: the flavor the instance will be booted with
        :param source_hostname: the name of the host the instance will be
                                booted on
        :param networks: list of network dicts passed to the server create API
            or "none" or "auto"
        :return: the API representation of the booted instance
        """
        server_req = self._build_server(
            image_uuid='155d900f-4e14-4e4c-a73d-069cbf4541e6',
            flavor_id=flavor['id'],
            networks=networks)
        server_req['availability_zone'] = 'nova:%s' % source_hostname
        LOG.info('booting on %s', source_hostname)
        created_server = self.api.post_server({'server': server_req})
        server = self._wait_for_state_change(created_server, 'ACTIVE')

        # Verify that our source host is what the server ended up on
        self.assertEqual(source_hostname, server['OS-EXT-SRV-ATTR:host'])

        source_rp_uuid = self._get_provider_uuid_by_host(source_hostname)

        # Before we run periodics, make sure that we have allocations/usages
        # only on the source host
        self.assertFlavorMatchesUsage(source_rp_uuid, flavor)

        # Check that the other providers has no usage
        for rp_uuid in [self._get_provider_uuid_by_host(hostname)
                        for hostname in self.computes.keys()
                        if hostname != source_hostname]:
            self.assertRequestMatchesUsage({'VCPU': 0,
                                            'MEMORY_MB': 0,
                                            'DISK_GB': 0}, rp_uuid)

        # Check that the server only allocates resource from the host it is
        # booted on
        self.assertFlavorMatchesAllocation(flavor, server['id'],
                                           source_rp_uuid)
        self._run_periodics()

        # After running the periodics but before we start any other operation,
        # we should have exactly the same allocation/usage information as
        # before running the periodics

        # Check usages on the selected host after boot
        self.assertFlavorMatchesUsage(source_rp_uuid, flavor)

        # Check that the server only allocates resource from the host it is
        # booted on
        self.assertFlavorMatchesAllocation(flavor, server['id'],
                                           source_rp_uuid)

        # Check that the other providers has no usage
        for rp_uuid in [self._get_provider_uuid_by_host(hostname)
                        for hostname in self.computes.keys()
                        if hostname != source_hostname]:
            self.assertRequestMatchesUsage({'VCPU': 0,
                                            'MEMORY_MB': 0,
                                            'DISK_GB': 0}, rp_uuid)
        return server

    def _delete_and_check_allocations(self, server):
        """Delete the instance and asserts that the allocations are cleaned

        If the server was moved (resized or live migrated), also checks that
        migration-based allocations are also cleaned up.

        :param server: The API representation of the instance to be deleted
        :returns: The uuid of the migration record associated with the resize
            or cold migrate operation
        """

        # First check to see if there is a related migration record so we can
        # assert its allocations (if any) are not leaked.
        with utils.temporary_mutation(self.admin_api, microversion='2.59'):
            migrations = self.admin_api.api_get(
                '/os-migrations?instance_uuid=%s' %
                server['id']).body['migrations']
        if migrations:
            # If there is more than one migration, they are sorted by
            # created_at in descending order so we'll get the last one
            # which is probably what we'd always want anyway.
            migration_uuid = migrations[0]['uuid']
        else:
            migration_uuid = None

        self._delete_server(server)

        # NOTE(gibi): The resource allocation is deleted after the instance is
        # destroyed in the db so wait_until_deleted might return before the
        # the resource are deleted in placement. So we need to wait for the
        # instance.delete.end notification as that is emitted after the
        # resources are freed.

        fake_notifier.wait_for_versioned_notifications('instance.delete.end')

        for rp_uuid in [self._get_provider_uuid_by_host(hostname)
                        for hostname in self.computes.keys()]:
            self.assertRequestMatchesUsage({'VCPU': 0,
                                            'MEMORY_MB': 0,
                                            'DISK_GB': 0}, rp_uuid)

        # and no allocations for the deleted server
        allocations = self._get_allocations_by_server_uuid(server['id'])
        self.assertEqual(0, len(allocations))

        if migration_uuid:
            # and no allocations for the delete migration
            allocations = self._get_allocations_by_server_uuid(migration_uuid)
            self.assertEqual(0, len(allocations))
        return migration_uuid

    def _move_and_check_allocations(self, server, request, old_flavor,
                                    new_flavor, source_rp_uuid, dest_rp_uuid):
        self._migrate_or_resize(server, request)

        def _check_allocation():
            self.assertFlavorMatchesUsage(source_rp_uuid, old_flavor)
            self.assertFlavorMatchesUsage(dest_rp_uuid, new_flavor)

            # The instance should own the new_flavor allocation against the
            # destination host created by the scheduler
            self.assertFlavorMatchesAllocation(new_flavor, server['id'],
                                               dest_rp_uuid)

            # The migration should own the old_flavor allocation against the
            # source host created by conductor
            migration_uuid = self.get_migration_uuid_for_instance(server['id'])
            self.assertFlavorMatchesAllocation(old_flavor, migration_uuid,
                                               source_rp_uuid)

        # OK, so the move operation has run, but we have not yet confirmed or
        # reverted the move operation. Before we run periodics, make sure
        # that we have allocations/usages on BOTH the source and the
        # destination hosts.
        _check_allocation()
        self._run_periodics()
        _check_allocation()

        # Make sure the RequestSpec.flavor matches the new_flavor.
        ctxt = context.get_admin_context()
        reqspec = objects.RequestSpec.get_by_instance_uuid(ctxt, server['id'])
        self.assertEqual(new_flavor['id'], reqspec.flavor.flavorid)

    def _migrate_and_check_allocations(self, server, flavor, source_rp_uuid,
                                       dest_rp_uuid):
        request = {
            'migrate': None
        }
        self._move_and_check_allocations(
            server, request=request, old_flavor=flavor, new_flavor=flavor,
            source_rp_uuid=source_rp_uuid, dest_rp_uuid=dest_rp_uuid)

    def _resize_and_check_allocations(self, server, old_flavor, new_flavor,
                                      source_rp_uuid, dest_rp_uuid):
        request = {
            'resize': {
                'flavorRef': new_flavor['id']
            }
        }
        self._move_and_check_allocations(
            server, request=request, old_flavor=old_flavor,
            new_flavor=new_flavor, source_rp_uuid=source_rp_uuid,
            dest_rp_uuid=dest_rp_uuid)

    def _resize_to_same_host_and_check_allocations(self, server, old_flavor,
                                                   new_flavor, rp_uuid):
        # Resize the server to the same host and check usages in VERIFY_RESIZE
        # state
        self.flags(allow_resize_to_same_host=True)
        self._resize_server(server, new_flavor['id'])

        self.assertFlavorMatchesUsage(rp_uuid, old_flavor, new_flavor)

        # The instance should hold a new_flavor allocation
        self.assertFlavorMatchesAllocation(new_flavor, server['id'],
                                           rp_uuid)

        # The migration should hold an old_flavor allocation
        migration_uuid = self.get_migration_uuid_for_instance(server['id'])
        self.assertFlavorMatchesAllocation(old_flavor, migration_uuid,
                                           rp_uuid)

        # We've resized to the same host and have doubled allocations for both
        # the old and new flavor on the same host. Run the periodic on the
        # compute to see if it tramples on what the scheduler did.
        self._run_periodics()

        # In terms of usage, it's still double on the host because the instance
        # and the migration each hold an allocation for the new and old
        # flavors respectively.
        self.assertFlavorMatchesUsage(rp_uuid, old_flavor, new_flavor)

        # The instance should hold a new_flavor allocation
        self.assertFlavorMatchesAllocation(new_flavor, server['id'],
                                           rp_uuid)

        # The migration should hold an old_flavor allocation
        self.assertFlavorMatchesAllocation(old_flavor, migration_uuid,
                                           rp_uuid)

    def _check_allocation_during_evacuate(
            self, flavor, server_uuid, source_root_rp_uuid, dest_root_rp_uuid):

        allocations = self._get_allocations_by_server_uuid(server_uuid)
        self.assertEqual(2, len(allocations))
        self.assertFlavorMatchesUsage(source_root_rp_uuid, flavor)
        self.assertFlavorMatchesUsage(dest_root_rp_uuid, flavor)

    def assert_hypervisor_usage(self, compute_node_uuid, flavor,
                                volume_backed):
        """Asserts the given hypervisor's resource usage matches the
        given flavor (assumes a single instance on the hypervisor).

        :param compute_node_uuid: UUID of the ComputeNode to check.
        :param flavor: "flavor" entry dict from from GET /flavors/{flavor_id}
        :param volume_backed: True if the flavor is used with a volume-backed
            server, False otherwise.
        """
        # GET /os-hypervisors/{uuid} requires at least 2.53
        with utils.temporary_mutation(self.admin_api, microversion='2.53'):
            hypervisor = self.admin_api.api_get(
                '/os-hypervisors/%s' % compute_node_uuid).body['hypervisor']
        if volume_backed:
            expected_disk_usage = 0
        else:
            expected_disk_usage = flavor['disk']
        # Account for reserved_host_disk_mb.
        expected_disk_usage += compute_utils.convert_mb_to_ceil_gb(
            CONF.reserved_host_disk_mb)
        self.assertEqual(expected_disk_usage, hypervisor['local_gb_used'])
        # Account for reserved_host_memory_mb.
        expected_ram_usage = CONF.reserved_host_memory_mb + flavor['ram']
        self.assertEqual(expected_ram_usage, hypervisor['memory_mb_used'])
        # Account for reserved_host_cpus.
        expected_vcpu_usage = CONF.reserved_host_cpus + flavor['vcpus']
        self.assertEqual(expected_vcpu_usage, hypervisor['vcpus_used'])