Added MANIFEST.in

author: Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> 2010-06-02 05:07:21 +0200
committer: Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com> 2010-06-02 05:07:21 +0200
commit: 5f26d7fe5218d2bbe258715efce0ce3d108f0825 (patch)
tree: 584004ddb71ebad67b151583e0939e656c1d4ef6
parent: 3eb311c1ed5f7e1bc55477e271ac3bd94f3d1b32 (diff)
download: micheles-5f26d7fe5218d2bbe258715efce0ce3d108f0825.tar.gz
5 files changed, 1302 insertions, 1258 deletions
diff --git a/plac/MANIFEST.in b/plac/MANIFEST.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c480a35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plac/MANIFEST.in
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+include doc/*.py doc/*.txt doc/*.html doc/*.pdf
diff --git a/plac/Makefile b/plac/Makefile
index 8c8e1d1..22302fc 100644
--- a/plac/Makefile
+++ b/plac/Makefile
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 doc/plac.pdf: doc/plac.txt
-	cd doc; rst2pdf --footer=###Page### plac.txt; \
-	rst2html --stylesheet=~/gcode/df.css plac.txt plac.html
+	cd doc; rst2pdf --footer=###Page### plac.txt; rst2html --stylesheet=$(HOME)/gcode/df.css plac.txt plac.html
 upload:
 	python setup.py register sdist upload 
diff --git a/plac/doc/plac.html b/plac/doc/plac.html
index 71ef826..9d90470 100644
--- a/plac/doc/plac.html
+++ b/plac/doc/plac.html
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.5: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
-<title>Plac, the Easiest Command Line Arguments Parser in the World</title>
+<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.6: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
+<title>Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way: Introducing plac, the EasiestArgument Parser in the Python World</title>
 <meta name="author" content="Michele Simionato" />
 <style type="text/css">
 
@@ -412,8 +412,8 @@ h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt {
 </style>
 </head>
 <body>
-<div class="document" id="plac-the-easiest-command-line-arguments-parser-in-the-world">
-<h1 class="title">Plac, the Easiest Command Line Arguments Parser in the World</h1>
+<div class="document" id="parsing-the-command-line-the-easy-way-introducing-plac-the-easiestargument-parser-in-the-python-world">
+<h1 class="title">Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way: Introducing plac, the EasiestArgument Parser in the Python World</h1>
 <table class="docinfo" frame="void" rules="none">
 <col class="docinfo-name" />
 <col class="docinfo-content" />
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt {
 </tr>
 <tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Download page:</th><td class="field-body"><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac</a></td>
 </tr>
-<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Installation:</th><td class="field-body"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">easy_install</span> <span class="pre">plac</span></tt></td>
+<tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Installation:</th><td class="field-body"><tt class="docutils literal">easy_install plac</tt></td>
 </tr>
 <tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">License:</th><td class="field-body">BSD license</td>
 </tr>
@@ -435,72 +435,68 @@ h1 tt, h2 tt, h3 tt, h4 tt, h5 tt, h6 tt {
 <div class="contents topic" id="contents">
 <p class="topic-title first">Contents</p>
 <ul class="simple">
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction" id="id1">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-importance-of-scaling-down" id="id2">The importance of scaling down</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#positional-default-arguments" id="id3">Positional default arguments</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-importance-of-scaling-down" id="id1">The importance of scaling down</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scripts-with-required-positional-arguments" id="id2">Scripts with required positional arguments</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#scritps-with-default-arguments" id="id3">Scritps with default arguments</a></li>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#options-and-flags" id="id4">Options and flags</a></li>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-for-python-2-x-users" id="id5">plac for Python 2.X users</a></li>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-features" id="id6">More features</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-more-realistic-example" id="id7">A more realistic example</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-few-notes-on-the-underlying-implementation" id="id8">A few notes on the underlying implementation</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-somewhat-realistic-example" id="id7">A somewhat realistic example</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#a-few-notes-about-the-underlying-implementation" id="id8">A few notes about the underlying implementation</a></li>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#custom-annotation-objects" id="id9">Custom annotation objects</a></li>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#plac-vs-argparse" id="id10">plac vs argparse</a></li>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-future" id="id11">The future</a></li>
 <li><a class="reference internal" href="#trivia-the-story-behind-the-name" id="id12">Trivia: the story behind the name</a></li>
 </ul>
 </div>
-<div class="section" id="introduction">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">Introduction</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="the-importance-of-scaling-down">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id1">The importance of scaling down</a></h1>
 <p>There is no want of command line arguments parsers in the Python
-world. The standard library alone contains three different modules for
-the parsing of command line options: <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/getopt.html">getopt</a> (from the stone age),
+world. The standard library alone contains three different modules:
+<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/getopt.html">getopt</a> (from the stone age),
 <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/optparse.html">optparse</a> (from Python 2.3) and <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> (from Python 2.7).  All of
 them are quite powerful and especially <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> is an industrial
 strength solution; unfortunately, all of them feature a non-zero learning
 curve and a certain verbosity.</p>
-<p>Enters <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>. <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is designed to be downwardly scalable, i.e. to
-be trivially simple to use for trivial use cases, and to have a
-next-to-zero learning curve. Technically <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is just a simple
-wrapper over <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>, hiding most of the complexity while retaining
-most of the power.  <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is surprisingly scalable upwards even for
-non-trivial use cases, but it is not intended to be an industrial
-strength command line parsing module. Its capabilities are limited by
-design. If you need more power, by all means use the parsing modules
-in the standard library. Still, I have been using Python for 8 years
-and never once I had to use the full power of the standard library
-modules.</p>
-<p>Actually I am pretty much convinced that features provided by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac</span></tt>
-are more than enough for 99.9% of the typical use cases of a scripter.
-I am targetting here programmers, sys-admins, scientists and in
-general people writing throw-away scripts for themselves, choosing to
-use a command line interface because it is the quick and simple. Such
-users are not interested in features, they just want to be able to
-write a simple command line tool from a simple specification, not to
-build a command line parser by hand. Unfortunately, the current
-modules in the standard library forces them to go the hard way. They
-are designed to implement power user tools for programmers or system
-administrators, and they have a non-trivial learning curve.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="the-importance-of-scaling-down">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">The importance of scaling down</a></h1>
 <p>An ex-coworker of mine, David Welton, once wrote a nice article about
-the import&lt;ance of <a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">scaling down</a>: most people are concerned with the
+the importance of <a class="reference external" href="http://www.welton.it/articles/scalable_systems">scaling down</a>: most people are concerned with the
 possibility of scaling up, but we should also be concerned with the
-issue of scaling down. In other worlds, simple things should be kept
-simple, and programs should address the common cases in an easy way,
-hopefully without loosing too much power and keeping difficult things
+issue of scaling down. This is an old meme in the computing world:
+programs should address the common cases simply, simple things should
+be kept simple, while at the same keeping difficult things
 possible. <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> adhere as much as possible to this philosophy and it
-is designed to handle well the trivial case, while retaining the
-ability to handle complex cases relying on the underlying power of
+is designed to handle well the simple cases, while retaining the
+ability to handle complex cases by relying on the underlying power of
 <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>.</p>
-<p>To be concrete, let me start with the simplest possible
-thing: a script that takes a single argument and does something to it.
-It cannot get more trivial than that (discarding the possibility of
-a script without command line arguments, where there is nothing to parse),
-nevertheless it is a use case <em>extremely common</em>:
-I need to write scripts like that nearly every day, I wrote hundreds
-of them in the last few years and I have never been happy. Here is
-a typical example of code I have been writing by hand for years:</p>
+<p>Technically <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is just a simple wrapper over <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>, hiding most
+of its complexity while retaining most of its power. The complexity is
+removed by using a declarative interface instead of an imperative one.
+Still, <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is surprisingly scalable upwards, even without
+using the underlying <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>. I have been using Python for
+8 years and in my experience it is extremely unlikely that you will
+ever need to go beyond the features provided by the declarative interface
+of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>: they should be more than enough for 99.9% of the typical use cases.</p>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is targetting programmers, sys-admins, scientists and in
+general people writing throw-away scripts for themselves, choosing to
+use a command line interface because it is the quick and simple. Such
+users are not interested in features, they are interested in a small
+learning curve: they just want to be able to write a simple command
+line tool from a simple specification, not to build a command line
+parser by hand. Unfortunately, the modules in the standard library
+forces them to go the hard way. They are designed to implement power
+user tools for programmers or system administrators, and they have a
+non-trivial learning curve.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="scripts-with-required-positional-arguments">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Scripts with required positional arguments</a></h1>
+<p>Let me start with the simplest possible thing: a script that takes a
+single argument and does something to it.  It cannot get more trivial
+than that (discarding the possibility of a script without command line
+arguments, where there is nothing to parse), nevertheless it is a use
+case <em>extremely common</em>: I need to write scripts like that nearly
+every day, I wrote hundreds of them in the last few years and I have
+never been happy. Here is a typical example of code I have been
+writing by hand for years:</p>
 <blockquote>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 # example1.py
@@ -520,14 +516,14 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
 
 </pre>
 </blockquote>
-<p>As you see the whole <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">if</span> <span class="pre">__name__</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">'__main__'</span></tt> block (nine lines) is
+<p>As you see the whole <tt class="docutils literal">if __name__ == '__main__'</tt> block (nine lines) is
 essentially boilerplate that should not exists.  Actually I think the
-Python language should recognize the main function and perform trivial
-arguments parsing behind the scenes; unfortunaly this is unlikely to
+Python language should recognize the main function and pass to it the
+command line arguments behind the scenes; unfortunaly this is unlikely to
 happen. I have been writing boilerplate like this in hundreds of
 scripts for years, and every time I <em>hate</em> it. The purpose of using a
 scripting language is convenience and trivial things should be
-trivial. Unfortunately the standard library modules do not help for
+trivial. Unfortunately the standard library does not help for
 this use case, which may be trivial, but it is still incredibly
 common. Using <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/getopt.html">getopt</a> and <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/optparse.html">optparse</a> does not help, since they are
 intended to manage options and not positional arguments; the <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>
@@ -583,8 +579,8 @@ optional arguments:
 </pre>
 <p>This is only the tip of the iceberg: <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is able to do much more than that.</p>
 </div>
-<div class="section" id="positional-default-arguments">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Positional default arguments</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="scritps-with-default-arguments">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Scritps with default arguments</a></h1>
 <p>I have encountered this use case at work hundreds of times:</p>
 <blockquote>
 <pre class="literal-block">
@@ -606,7 +602,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
 
 </pre>
 </blockquote>
-<p>With <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> the entire <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__main__</span></tt> block reduces to the usual two lines:</p>
+<p>With <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> the entire <tt class="docutils literal">__main__</tt> block reduces to the usual two lines:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     import plac; plac.call(main)
@@ -645,7 +641,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
 
 </pre>
 </blockquote>
-<p>Using <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>, you can just replace the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__main__</span></tt> block with the
+<p>Using <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>, you can just replace the <tt class="docutils literal">__main__</tt> block with the
 usual two lines (I have defined an Emacs keybinding for them)
 and you get the following usage message:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
@@ -667,7 +663,7 @@ let's the machine take care of the details.</p>
 <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Options and flags</a></h1>
 <p>It is surprising how few command line scripts with options I have
 written over the years (probably less than a hundred), compared to the
-number of scripts with positional arguments (I certainly have written
+number of scripts with positional arguments I have written (certainly
 more than a thousand of them).  Still, this use case is quite common
 and cannot be neglected.  The standard library modules (all of them)
 are quite verbose when it comes to specifying the options and frankly
@@ -675,11 +671,11 @@ I have never used them directly. Instead, I have always relied on an
 old recipe of mine, the <a class="reference external" href="http://code.activestate.com/recipes/278844-parsing-the-command-line/">optionparse</a> recipe, which provides a
 convenient wrapper over <a class="reference external" href="http://code.activestate.com/recipes/278844-parsing-the-command-line/">optionparse</a>. Alternatively, in the simplest
 cases, I have just performed the parsing by hand, instead of manually
-building a suitable OptionParser.</p>
+building a suitable <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/optparse.html?highlight=optionparser#optparse.OptionParser">OptionParser</a>.</p>
 <p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is inspired to the <a class="reference external" href="http://code.activestate.com/recipes/278844-parsing-the-command-line/">optionparse</a> recipe, in the sense that it
 delivers the programmer from the burden of writing the parser, but is
 less of a hack: instead of extracting the parser from the docstring of
-the module, it extracts it from the signature of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt>
+the module, it extracts it from the signature of the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt>
 function.</p>
 <p>The idea comes from the <cite>function annotations</cite> concept, a new
 feature of Python 3. An example is worth a thousand words, so here
@@ -697,13 +693,13 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
 
 </pre>
 </blockquote>
-<p>As you see, the argument <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">command</span></tt> has been annotated with the
-tuple <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(&quot;SQL</span> <span class="pre">query&quot;,</span> <span class="pre">'option',</span> <span class="pre">'c')</span></tt>: the first string is the
+<p>As you see, the argument <tt class="docutils literal">command</tt> has been annotated with the
+tuple <tt class="docutils literal">(&quot;SQL query&quot;, 'option', 'c')</tt>: the first string is the
 help string which will appear in the usage message, whereas the
-second and third strings tell <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> that <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">command</span></tt> is an option and that
-it can be abbreviated with the letter <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">c</span></tt>. Of course, it also
-possible to use the long option format, by prefixing the option
-with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--command=</span></tt>. The resulting usage message is the following:</p>
+second and third strings tell <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> that <tt class="docutils literal">command</tt> is an option and that
+it can be abbreviated with the letter <tt class="docutils literal">c</tt>. Of course, the long option
+format (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--command=</span></tt>) comes from the argument name.
+The resulting usage message is the following:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 $ python3 example8.py -h
 usage: example8.py [-h] [-c COMMAND] dsn
@@ -724,8 +720,8 @@ executing select * from table on dsn
 $ python3 example8.py --command=&quot;select * from table&quot; dsn
 executing select * from table on dsn
 </pre>
-<p>Notice that if the option is not passed, the variable <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">command</span></tt>
-will get the value <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>. It is possible to specify a non-trivial
+<p>Notice that if the option is not passed, the variable <tt class="docutils literal">command</tt>
+will get the value <tt class="docutils literal">None</tt>. It is possible to specify a non-trivial
 default for an option. Here is an example:</p>
 <blockquote>
 <pre class="literal-block">
@@ -738,7 +734,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
 
 </pre>
 </blockquote>
-<p>Now if you do not pass the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">command</span> <span class="pre">option</span></tt>, the
+<p>Now if you do not pass the <tt class="docutils literal">command option</tt>, the
 default query will be executed:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 $ python article/example8_.py dsn
@@ -752,30 +748,24 @@ def main(command: (&quot;SQL query&quot;, 'option', 'c'),
 </pre>
 <p>Of course explicit is better than implicit, an no special cases are
 special enough, but sometimes practicality beats purity, so <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is
-smart enough to convert help messages into tuples internally; in other
-words, you can just write &quot;Database dsn&quot; instead of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(&quot;Database</span> <span class="pre">dsn&quot;,</span>
-<span class="pre">'positional',</span> <span class="pre">None)</span></tt>:</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-def main(command: (&quot;SQL query&quot;, 'option', 'c'), dsn: &quot;Database dsn&quot;):
-    ...
-</pre>
-<p>In both cases
-the usage message will show a nice help string on the right hand side
-of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dsn</span></tt> positional argument. varargs (starred-arguments) can also
-be annotated:</p>
+smart enough to convert help messages into tuples; in other words, you
+can just write <tt class="docutils literal">&quot;Database dsn&quot;</tt> instead of <tt class="docutils literal">(&quot;Database dsn&quot;,
+'positional', None)</tt>. In both cases the usage message will show a
+nice help string on the right hand side of the <tt class="docutils literal">dsn</tt> positional
+argument. varargs (starred-arguments) can also be annotated:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 def main(dsn: &quot;Database dsn&quot;, *scripts: &quot;SQL scripts&quot;):
     ...
 </pre>
 <p>is a valid signature for <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>, which will recognize the help strings
-for both <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dsn</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">scripts</span></tt>:</p>
+for both <tt class="docutils literal">dsn</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">scripts</tt>:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 positional arguments:
   dsn                          Database dsn
   scripts                      SQL scripts
 </pre>
 <p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> also recognizes flags, i.e. boolean options which are
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> if they are passed to the command line and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>
+<tt class="docutils literal">True</tt> if they are passed to the command line and <tt class="docutils literal">False</tt>
 if they are absent. Here is an example:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 $ python3 example9.py -v dsn
@@ -793,12 +783,12 @@ optional arguments:
   -v, --verbose  prints more info
 </pre>
 <p>Notice that it is an error trying to specify a default for flags: the
-default value for a flag is always <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>. If you feel the need to
+default value for a flag is always <tt class="docutils literal">False</tt>. If you feel the need to
 implement non-boolean flags, you should use an option with two
 choices, as explained in the &quot;more features&quot; section.</p>
 <p>For consistency with the way the usage message is printed, I suggest
 you to follow the Flag-Option-Required-Default (FORD) convention: in
-the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> function write first the flag arguments, then the option
+the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function write first the flag arguments, then the option
 arguments, then the required arguments and finally the default
 arguments. This is just a convention and you are not forced to use it,
 except for the default arguments (including the varargs) which must
@@ -827,7 +817,7 @@ scripts=&quot;SQL scripts&quot;)
 <p>One should be careful to much the keys of the annotations dictionary
 with the names of the arguments in the annotated function; for lazy
 people with Python 2.4 available the simplest way is to use the
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.annotations</span></tt> decorator that performs the check for you.</p>
+<tt class="docutils literal">plac.annotations</tt> decorator that performs the check for you.</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 &#64;annotations(
     dsn=&quot;Database dsn&quot;,
@@ -836,7 +826,7 @@ def main(dsn, *scripts):
     ...
 </pre>
 <p>In the rest of this article I will assume that you are using Python 2.X with
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">X</span> <span class="pre">&gt;=</span> <span class="pre">4</span></tt> and I will use the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.annotations</span></tt> decorator. Notice however
+<tt class="docutils literal">X &gt;= 4</tt> and I will use the <tt class="docutils literal">plac.annotations</tt> decorator. Notice however
 that the tests for <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> are supposed to run even with Python 2.3.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="more-features">
@@ -848,16 +838,16 @@ a lot of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">arg
 Until now, I have only showed simple annotations, but in general
 an annotation is a 5-tuple of the form</p>
 <blockquote>
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(help,</span> <span class="pre">kind,</span> <span class="pre">abbrev,</span> <span class="pre">type,</span> <span class="pre">choices,</span> <span class="pre">metavar)</span></tt></blockquote>
-<p>where <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">help</span></tt> is the help message, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">kind</span></tt> is one of {&quot;flag&quot;,
-&quot;option &quot;, &quot;positional&quot;}, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">abbrev</span></tt> is a one-character string,
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">type</span></tt> is callable taking a string in input, choices is a sequence
-of values and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">metavar</span></tt> is a string.</p>
-<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">type</span></tt> is used to automagically convert the arguments from string
-to any Python type; by default there is no convertion i.e. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">type=None</span></tt>.</p>
-<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">choices</span></tt> is used to restrict the number of the valid
-options; by default there is no restriction i.e. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">choices=None</span></tt>.</p>
-<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">metavar</span></tt> is used to change the argument name in the usage message
+<tt class="docutils literal">(help, kind, abbrev, type, choices, metavar)</tt></blockquote>
+<p>where <tt class="docutils literal">help</tt> is the help message, <tt class="docutils literal">kind</tt> is one of {&quot;flag&quot;,
+&quot;option &quot;, &quot;positional&quot;}, <tt class="docutils literal">abbrev</tt> is a one-character string,
+<tt class="docutils literal">type</tt> is callable taking a string in input, choices is a sequence
+of values and <tt class="docutils literal">metavar</tt> is a string.</p>
+<p><tt class="docutils literal">type</tt> is used to automagically convert the arguments from string
+to any Python type; by default there is no convertion i.e. <tt class="docutils literal">type=None</tt>.</p>
+<p><tt class="docutils literal">choices</tt> is used to restrict the number of the valid
+options; by default there is no restriction i.e. <tt class="docutils literal">choices=None</tt>.</p>
+<p><tt class="docutils literal">metavar</tt> is used to change the argument name in the usage message
 (and only there); by default the metavar is equal to the name of the
 argument, unless the argument has a default and in such a case is
 equal to the stringified form of the default.</p>
@@ -897,7 +887,7 @@ positional arguments:
 optional arguments:
   -h, --help  show this help message and exit
 </pre>
-<p>Notice that the docstring of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> function has been automatically added
+<p>Notice that the docstring of the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function has been automatically added
 to the usage message. Here are a couple of examples of use:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 $ python example10.py add 1 2 3 4
@@ -909,19 +899,19 @@ usage: example10.py [-h] {add,mul} [n [n ...]]
 example10.py: error: argument operator: invalid choice: 'ad' (choose from 'add', 'mul')
 </pre>
 </div>
-<div class="section" id="a-more-realistic-example">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">A more realistic example</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="a-somewhat-realistic-example">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id7">A somewhat realistic example</a></h1>
 <p>Here is a more realistic script using most of the features of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> to
 run SQL queries on a database by relying on <a class="reference external" href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/">SQLAlchemy</a>. Notice the usage
-of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">type</span></tt> feature to automagically convert a SQLAlchemy connection
+of the <tt class="docutils literal">type</tt> feature to automagically convert a SQLAlchemy connection
 string into a <a class="reference external" href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/reference/ext/sqlsoup.html">SqlSoup</a> object:</p>
 <blockquote>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 # dbcli.py
-import clap
+import plac
 from sqlalchemy.ext.sqlsoup import SqlSoup
 
-&#64;clap.annotations(
+&#64;plac.annotations(
     db=(&quot;Connection string&quot;, 'positional', None, SqlSoup),
     header=(&quot;Header&quot;, 'flag', 'H'),
     sqlcmd=(&quot;SQL command&quot;, 'option', 'c', str, None, &quot;SQL&quot;),
@@ -942,7 +932,7 @@ def main(db, header, sqlcmd, delimiter=&quot;|&quot;, *scripts):
         db.bind.execute(file(script).read())
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    clap.call(main)
+    plac.call(main)
 
 </pre>
 </blockquote>
@@ -964,20 +954,20 @@ optional arguments:
   -d |, --delimiter |   Column separator
 </pre>
 </div>
-<div class="section" id="a-few-notes-on-the-underlying-implementation">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">A few notes on the underlying implementation</a></h1>
+<div class="section" id="a-few-notes-about-the-underlying-implementation">
+<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id8">A few notes about the underlying implementation</a></h1>
 <p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> relies on a <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> for all of the heavy lifting work and it is
 possible to leverage on <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> features directly or indirectly.</p>
 <p>For instance, you can make invisible an argument in the usage message
-simply by using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'==SUPPRESS==`'`</span> <span class="pre">as</span> <span class="pre">help</span> <span class="pre">string</span> <span class="pre">(or</span>
-<span class="pre">``argparse.SUPPRESS</span></tt>). Similarly, you can use <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com/svn/tags/r11/doc/other-utilities.html?highlight=filetype#FileType">argparse.FileType</a>
+simply by using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'==SUPPRESS=='</span></tt> as help string (or
+<tt class="docutils literal">argparse.SUPPRESS</tt>). Similarly, you can use <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com/svn/tags/r11/doc/other-utilities.html?highlight=filetype#FileType">argparse.FileType</a>
 directly.</p>
 <p>It is also possible to pass options to the underlying
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argparse.ArgumentParser</span></tt> object (currently it accepts the default
-arguments <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">description</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">epilog</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prog</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">usage</span></tt>,
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_help</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argument_default</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parents</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prefix_chars</span></tt>,
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fromfile_prefix_chars</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">conflict_handler</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">formatter_class</span></tt>).
-It is enough to set such attributes on the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> function.  For
+<tt class="docutils literal">argparse.ArgumentParser</tt> object (currently it accepts the default
+arguments <tt class="docutils literal">description</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">epilog</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">prog</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">usage</tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal">add_help</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">argument_default</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">parents</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">prefix_chars</tt>,
+<tt class="docutils literal">fromfile_prefix_chars</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">conflict_handler</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">formatter_class</tt>).
+It is enough to set such attributes on the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function.  For
 instance</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 def main(...):
@@ -987,27 +977,27 @@ main.add_help = False
 </pre>
 <p>disable the recognition of the help flag <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-h,</span> <span class="pre">--help</span></tt>. This is not
 particularly elegant, but I assume the typical user of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> will be
-happy with the default message and would not want to go at this level
-of detail; still it is possible if she wants to. For instance, by
-setting the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">description</span></tt> attribute, it is possible to add a comment to the
-usage message (by default the docstring of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> function is
-used as description). It is also possible to change the option prefix;
-for instance if your script must run under Windows and you want to use
-&quot;/&quot; as option prefix you can add the lines:</p>
+happy with the defaults and would not want to change them; still it is
+possible if she wants to. For instance, by setting the <tt class="docutils literal">description</tt>
+attribute, it is possible to add a comment to the usage message (by
+default the docstring of the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function is used as
+description). It is also possible to change the option prefix; for
+instance if your script must run under Windows and you want to use &quot;/&quot;
+as option prefix you can add the lines:</p>
 <pre class="literal-block">
 main.prefix_chars='-/'
 main.short_prefix = '/'
 </pre>
-<p>The recognition of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">short_prefix</span></tt> attribute is a <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>
-extension; there is also a companion <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">long_prefix</span></tt> attribute with
-default value of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--</span></tt>. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prefix_chars</span></tt> is an <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> feature.
+<p>The recognition of the <tt class="docutils literal">short_prefix</tt> attribute is a <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>
+extension; there is also a companion <tt class="docutils literal">long_prefix</tt> attribute with
+default value of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--</span></tt>. <tt class="docutils literal">prefix_chars</tt> is an <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> feature.
 Interested readers should read the documentation of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> to
 understand the meaning of the other options. If there is a set of
 options that you use very often, you may consider writing a decorator
-adding such options to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main</span></tt> function for you. For simplicity,
+adding such options to the <tt class="docutils literal">main</tt> function for you. For simplicity,
 <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not perform any magic of that kind.</p>
 <p>It is possible to access directly the underlying <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com/svn/tags/r11/doc/ArgumentParser.html">ArgumentParser</a> object, by
-invoking the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.parser_from</span></tt> utility function:</p>
+invoking the <tt class="docutils literal">plac.parser_from</tt> utility function:</p>
 <pre class="doctest-block">
 &gt;&gt;&gt; import plac
 &gt;&gt;&gt; def main(arg):
@@ -1018,14 +1008,14 @@ ArgumentParser(prog='', usage=None, description=None, version=None,
 formatter_class=&lt;class 'argparse.HelpFormatter'&gt;, conflict_handler='error',
 add_help=True)
 </pre>
-<p>I use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.parser_from</span></tt> in the unit tests of the module, but regular
+<p>I use <tt class="docutils literal">plac.parser_from</tt> in the unit tests of the module, but regular
 users should never need to use it.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" id="custom-annotation-objects">
 <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id9">Custom annotation objects</a></h1>
-<p>Internally <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> uses an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Annotation</span></tt> class to convert the tuples
+<p>Internally <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> uses an <tt class="docutils literal">Annotation</tt> class to convert the tuples
 in the function signature into annotation objects, i.e. objects with
-six attributes <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">help,</span> <span class="pre">kind,</span> <span class="pre">short,</span> <span class="pre">type,</span> <span class="pre">choices,</span> <span class="pre">metavar</span></tt>.</p>
+six attributes <tt class="docutils literal">help, kind, short, type, choices, metavar</tt>.</p>
 <p>Advanced users can implement their own annotation objects.
 For instance, here is an example of how you could implement annotations for
 positional arguments:</p>
@@ -1074,7 +1064,7 @@ positional arguments:
 optional arguments:
   -h, --help  show this help message and exit
 </pre>
-<p>You can go on and define <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Option</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Flag</span></tt> classes, if you like.
+<p>You can go on and define <tt class="docutils literal">Option</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">Flag</tt> classes, if you like.
 Using custom annotation objects you could do advanced things like extracting the
 annotations from a configuration file or from a database, but I expect such
 use cases to be quite rare: the default mechanism should work
@@ -1084,28 +1074,37 @@ pretty well for most users.</p>
 <h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id10">plac vs argparse</a></h1>
 <p><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> is opinionated and by design it does not try to make available
 all of the features of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>.  In particular you should be aware
-of the following limitations/differences.</p>
+of the following limitations/differences (the following assumes knowledge
+of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>):</p>
 <ul class="simple">
 <li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> automatically defines both a long and short form for each options,
 just like <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/optparse.html">optparse</a>. <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> allows you to define only a long form,
 or only a short form, if you like. However, since I have always been
 happy with the behavior of <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/optparse.html">optparse</a>, which I feel is pretty much
 consistent, I have decided not to support this feature.</li>
+<li>plac does not support the destination concept: the destination
+coincides with the name of the argument, always. This restriction
+has some drawbacks. For instance, suppose you want to define a long
+option called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--yield</span></tt>. In this case the destination would be <tt class="docutils literal">yield</tt>,
+which is a Python keyword, and since you cannot introduce an
+argument with that name in a function definition, it is impossible
+to implement it. Your choices are to change the name of the long
+option, or to use <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> with a suitable destination.</li>
 <li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not support &quot;required options&quot;. As the <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>
 documentation puts it: <em>Required options are generally considered bad
 form - normal users expect options to be optional. You should avoid
 the use of required options whenever possible.</em></li>
 <li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> supports only regular boolean flags. <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> has the ability to
-define generalized two-value flags with values different from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>
-and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>. An earlier version of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> had this feature too, but
+define generalized two-value flags with values different from <tt class="docutils literal">True</tt>
+and <tt class="docutils literal">False</tt>. An earlier version of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> had this feature too, but
 since you can use options with two choices instead, and in any case
-the conversion from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">{True,</span> <span class="pre">False}</span></tt> to any couple of values
+the conversion from <tt class="docutils literal">{True, False}</tt> to any couple of values
 can be trivially implemented with a ternary operator
-(<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value1</span> <span class="pre">if</span> <span class="pre">flag</span> <span class="pre">else</span> <span class="pre">value2</span></tt>), I have removed it (KISS rules!).</li>
-<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not support <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nargs</span></tt> options directly (it uses them internally,
+(<tt class="docutils literal">value1 if flag else value2</tt>), I have removed it (KISS rules!).</li>
+<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not support <tt class="docutils literal">nargs</tt> options directly (it uses them internally,
 though, to implement flag recognition). The reason it that all the use
 cases of interest to me are covered by <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> and did not feel the need
-to increase the learning curve by adding direct support to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nargs</span></tt>.</li>
+to increase the learning curve by adding direct support to <tt class="docutils literal">nargs</tt>.</li>
 <li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not support subparsers directly. For the moment, this
 looks like a feature too advanced for the goals of <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a>.</li>
 <li><a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> does not support actions directly. This also
@@ -1114,9 +1113,9 @@ that the ability to define your own annotation objects may mitigate the
 need for custom actions.</li>
 </ul>
 <p>I should stress again that if you want to access all of the <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> features
-from <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> you can use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">plac.parser_from</span></tt> and you will get
+from <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/plac">plac</a> you can use <tt class="docutils literal">plac.parser_from</tt> and you will get
 the underlying <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com/svn/tags/r11/doc/ArgumentParser.html">ArgumentParser</a> object. The the full power of <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>
-is then available to you: you can use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_argument</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">add_subparsers()</span></tt>,
+is then available to you: you can use <tt class="docutils literal">add_argument</tt>, <tt class="docutils literal">add_subparsers()</tt>,
 etc. In other words, while some features are not supported directly,
 <em>all</em> features are supported indirectly.</p>
 </div>
@@ -1148,13 +1147,13 @@ of functions annotations in Python 3.</li>
 </ol>
 <p>Putting together these two observations with the original idea of inferring the
 parser I decided to build an <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com/svn/tags/r11/doc/ArgumentParser.html">ArgumentParser</a> object from function
-annotations. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">optionparser</span></tt> name was ruled out, since I was
-using <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>; a name like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argparse_plus</span></tt> was also ruled out,
+annotations. The <tt class="docutils literal">optionparser</tt> name was ruled out, since I was
+using <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a>; a name like <tt class="docutils literal">argparse_plus</tt> was also ruled out,
 since the typical usage was completely different from the <a class="reference external" href="http://argparse.googlecode.com">argparse</a> usage.</p>
 <p>I made a research on PyPI and the name clap (Command Line Arguments Parser)
 was not taken, so I renamed everything to clap. After two days
 a <a class="reference external" href="http://pypi.python.org/pypi/Clap/0.7">Clap</a> module appeared on PyPI! &lt;expletives deleted&gt;</p>
-<p>Having little fantasy, I decided to rename everything again to plac, as
+<p>Having little imagination, I decided to rename everything again to plac,
 an anagram of clap: since it is a non-existing English name, I hope nobody
 will steal it from me!</p>
 </div>
diff --git a/plac/doc/plac.pdf b/plac/doc/plac.pdf
index a5c28eb..6119e4c 100644
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+++ b/plac/doc/plac.pdf
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 76.82 Tm .108443 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is targetting programmers, sys-admins, scientists and in general people writing throw-away scripts for) Tj T* 0 Tw .242927 Tw (themselves, choosing to use a command line interface because it is the quick and simple. Such users are) Tj T* 0 Tw .205488 Tw (not interested in features, they are interested in a small learning curve: they just want to be able to write a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.27436 Tw (simple command line tool from a simple specification, not to build a command line parser by hand.) Tj T* 0 Tw .699398 Tw (Unfortunately, the modules in the standard library forces them to go the hard way. They are designed to) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.80152 Tw (implement power user tools for programmers or system administrators, and they have a non-trivial) Tj T* 0 Tw (learning curve.) Tj T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scripts with required positional arguments) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.644269 Tw (However saving three lines does not justify introducing the external dependency: most people will not) Tj T* 0 Tw .276303 Tw (switch Python 2.7, which at the time of this writing is just about to be released, for many years. Moreover,) Tj T* 0 Tw (it just feels too complex to instantiate a class and to define a parser by hand for such a trivial task.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.644269 Tw (However saving three lines does not justify introducing the external dependency: most people will not) Tj T* 0 Tw .276303 Tw (switch Python 2.7, which at the time of this writing is just about to be released, for many years. Moreover,) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Scritps with default arguments) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .476098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is inspired to the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe, in the sense that it delivers the programmer from the burden of) Tj T* 0 Tw .011488 Tw (writing the parser, but is less of a hack: instead of extracting the parser from the docstring of the module, it) Tj T* 0 Tw (extracts it from the signature of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .476098 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is inspired to the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (optionparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (recipe, in the sense that it delivers the programmer from the burden of ) Tj T* 0 Tw .011488 Tw (writing the parser, but is less of a hack: instead of extracting the parser from the docstring of the module, it) Tj T* 0 Tw ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (extracts it from the signature of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function.) Tj T* ET
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here are two examples of usage:) Tj T* ET
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@@ -3284,16 +3325,16 @@ Q
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .171988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In both cases the usage message will show a nice help string on the right hand side of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (dsn ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (positional) Tj T* 0 Tw (argument. varargs \(starred-arguments\) can also be annotated:) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 3.203318 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Of course explicit is better than implicit, an no special cases are special enough, but sometimes) Tj T* 0 Tw .112339 Tw (practicality beats purity, so ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is smart enough to convert help messages into tuples; in other words, you) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.706647 Tw (can just write ) Tj /F4 10 Tf ("Database dsn" ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (instead of ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (\("Database dsn", 'positional', None\)) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. In both) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.044431 Tw (cases the usage message will show a nice help string on the right hand side of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (dsn ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (positional) Tj T* 0 Tw (argument. varargs \(starred-arguments\) can also be annotated:) Tj T* ET
 Q
 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 549.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 602.6236 cm
 q
 q
 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3451,13 +3465,13 @@ Q
 Q
 Q
 q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 529.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 582.6236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (is a valid signature for ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (, which will recognize the help strings for both ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (dsn ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (scripts) Tj /F1 10 Tf (:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 472.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 525.4236 cm
 q
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3478,13 +3492,13 @@ Q
 Q
 Q
 q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 440.2236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 493.4236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .765868 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (also recognizes flags, i.e. boolean options which are ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are passed to the command line) Tj T* 0 Tw (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (False ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (if they are absent. Here is an example:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 395.0236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 448.2236 cm
 q
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3505,7 +3519,7 @@ Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 265.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 319.0236 cm
 q
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3526,18 +3540,30 @@ Q
 Q
 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 221.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 275.0236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .31408 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that it is an error trying to specify a default for flags: the default value for a flag is always ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. If) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.652485 Tw (you feel the need to implement non-boolean flags, you should use an option with two choices, as) Tj T* 0 Tw (explained in the "more features" section.) Tj T* ET
 Q
 Q
 q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 155.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 209.0236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 5.832651 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For consistency with the way the usage message is printed, I suggest you to follow the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.895433 Tw (Flag-Option-Required-Default \(FORD\) convention: in the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function write first the flag arguments,) Tj T* 0 Tw .881235 Tw (then the option arguments, then the required arguments and finally the default arguments. This is just a) Tj T* 0 Tw .110574 Tw (convention and you are not forced to use it, except for the default arguments \(including the varargs\) which) Tj T* 0 Tw (must stay at the end since it is required by the Python syntax.) Tj T* ET
 Q
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+1 0 0 1 62.69291 176.0236 cm
+q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac for Python 2.X users) Tj T* ET
+Q
+Q
+q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 122.0236 cm
+q
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .211807 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I do not use Python 3. At work we are just starting to think about migrating to Python 2.6. It will take years) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.269988 Tw (before we even think to migrate to Python 3. I am pretty much sure most Pythonistas are in the same) Tj T* 0 Tw .867318 Tw (situation. Therefore ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (provides a way to work with function annotations even in Python 2.X \(including) Tj T* 0 Tw (Python 2.3\). There is no magic involved; you just need to add the annotations by hand. For instance) Tj T* ET
+Q
+Q
+q
 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
 q
 0 0 0 rg
@@ -3548,26 +3574,14 @@ Q
 endstream
 
 endobj
-% 'R156': class PDFStream 
-156 0 obj
+% 'R159': class PDFStream 
+159 0 obj
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-<< /Length 5963 >>
+<< /Length 5824 >>
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
 q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 744.0236 cm
-q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac for Python 2.X users) Tj T* ET
-Q
-Q
-q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 690.0236 cm
-q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .211807 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (I do not use Python 3. At work we are just starting to think about migrating to Python 2.6. It will take years) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.269988 Tw (before we even think to migrate to Python 3. I am pretty much sure most Pythonistas are in the same) Tj T* 0 Tw .867318 Tw (situation. Therefore ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (provides a way to work with function annotations even in Python 2.X \(including) Tj T* 0 Tw (Python 2.3\). There is no magic involved; you just need to add the annotations by hand. For instance) Tj T* ET
-Q
-Q
-q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 656.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 739.8236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3588,14 +3602,14 @@ Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 636.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 719.8236 cm
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 0 0 0 rg
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (becomes:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 555.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 638.6236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3616,13 +3630,13 @@ Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 511.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 594.6236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm .412765 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One should be careful to much the keys of the annotations dictionary with the names of the arguments in) Tj T* 0 Tw 3.347485 Tw (the annotated function; for lazy people with Python 2.4 available the simplest way is to use the) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator that performs the check for you.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 430.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 513.4236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3643,28 +3657,28 @@ Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 386.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 469.4236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.422164 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (In the rest of this article I will assume that you are using Python 2.X with ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (X >) Tj (= 4 ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and I will use the) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.574983 Tw /F4 10 Tf (plac.annotations ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (decorator. Notice however that the tests for ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (are supposed to run even with) Tj T* 0 Tw (Python 2.3.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 353.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 436.4236 cm
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 BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (More features) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 299.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 382.4236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 40.82 Tm .115703 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (One of the goals of plac is to have a learning curve of ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (minutes) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, compared to the learning curve of ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (hours ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (of) Tj T* 0 Tw .412765 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. That does not mean that I have removed all the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Actually a lot of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj T* 0 Tw .104987 Tw 0 0 0 rg (power persists in ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Until now, I have only showed simple annotations, but in general an annotation is a) Tj T* 0 Tw (5-tuple of the form) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 293.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 376.4236 cm
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 364.4236 cm
 0 0 0 rg
 BT /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ET
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm  T* ET
@@ -3679,40 +3693,69 @@ q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 281.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 364.4236 cm
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 239.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 322.4236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 3.38811 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (where ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (help ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is the help message, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (kind ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is one of {"flag", "option ", "positional"}, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (abbrev ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.203735 Tw (one-character string, ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is callable taking a string in input, choices is a sequence of values and) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is a string.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 209.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 292.4236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .006654 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to automagically convert the arguments from string to any Python type; by default there is no) Tj T* 0 Tw (convertion i.e. ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (type=None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 179.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 262.4236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 2.904692 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (choices ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to restrict the number of the valid options; by default there is no restriction i.e.) Tj T* 0 Tw /F4 10 Tf (choices=None) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 137.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 220.4236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.071751 Tw 12 TL /F4 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (metavar ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (is used to change the argument name in the usage message \(and only there\); by default the) Tj T* 0 Tw .787988 Tw (metavar is equal to the name of the argument, unless the argument has a default and in such a case is) Tj T* 0 Tw (equal to the stringified form of the default.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 119.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 202.4236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is an example showing many of the features \(shamelessly stolen from the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation\):) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 113.4236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 196.4236 cm
+Q
+q
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 88.86614 cm
+0 0 0 rg
+BT /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm  T* ET
+q
+1 0 0 1 20 0 cm
+q
+q
+.922464 0 0 .922464 0 0 cm
+q
+1 0 0 1 6.6 7.154749 cm
+q
+.662745 .662745 .662745 RG
+.5 w
+.960784 .960784 .862745 rg
+n -6 -6 480 96 re B*
+Q
+q
+0 0 0 rg
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 77.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example10.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (operator=\("The name of an operator", 'positional', None, str, ['add', 'mul']\),) Tj T* (numbers=\("A number", 'positional', None, float, None, "n"\)\)) Tj T* (def main\(operator, *numbers\):) Tj T* ET
+Q
+Q
+Q
+Q
+Q
+q
+Q
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 1 0 0 1 56.69291 56.69291 cm
@@ -3725,14 +3768,14 @@ Q
 endstream
 
 endobj
-% 'R157': class PDFStream 
-157 0 obj
+% 'R160': class PDFStream 
+160 0 obj
 % page stream
-<< /Length 4046 >>
+<< /Length 4061 >>
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
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-1 0 0 1 53.6378 575.734 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 643.8236 cm
 0 0 0 rg
 BT /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ET
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm  T* ET
@@ -3740,18 +3783,18 @@ q
 1 0 0 1 20 0 cm
 q
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-.922464 0 0 .922464 0 0 cm
+1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
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-1 0 0 1 6.6 7.154749 cm
+1 0 0 1 6.6 6.6 cm
 q
 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
 .5 w
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 480 204 re B*
+n -6 -6 442.6898 120 re B*
 Q
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 185.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example10.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (operator=\("The name of an operator", 'positional', None, str, ['add', 'mul']\),) Tj T* (numbers=\("A number", 'positional', None, float, None, "n"\)\)) Tj T* (def main\(operator, *numbers\):) Tj T* (    "A script to add and multiply numbers") Tj T* (    op = getattr\(float, '__%s__' % operator\)) Tj T* (    result = dict\(add=0.0, mul=1.0\)[operator]) Tj T* (    for n in numbers:) Tj T* (        result = op\(result, n\)) Tj T* (    print\(result\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 101.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (    "A script to add and multiply numbers") Tj T* (    op = getattr\(float, '__%s__' % operator\)) Tj T* (    result = dict\(add=0.0, mul=1.0\)[operator]) Tj T* (    for n in numbers:) Tj T* (        result = op\(result, n\)) Tj T* (    print\(result\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -3761,17 +3804,17 @@ q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 575.734 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 643.8236 cm
 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 557.734 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 625.8236 cm
 q
 0 0 0 rg
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage for the script:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 416.534 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 484.6236 cm
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 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3792,13 +3835,13 @@ Q
 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 384.534 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 452.6236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .15186 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Notice that the docstring of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function has been automatically added to the usage message. Here) Tj T* 0 Tw (are a couple of examples of use:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 291.1952 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 359.2849 cm
 q
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 .87797 0 0 .87797 0 0 cm
@@ -3819,19 +3862,19 @@ Q
 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 258.1952 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 326.2849 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A somewhat realistic example) Tj T* ET
 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 216.1952 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 284.2849 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.234488 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (Here is a more realistic script using most of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (to run SQL queries on a database by) Tj T* 0 Tw .930697 Tw (relying on ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (SQLAlchemy) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Notice the usage of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (type ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (feature to automagically convert a SQLAlchemy) Tj T* 0 Tw (connection string into a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (SqlSoup ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (object:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 210.1952 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 278.2849 cm
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 1 0 0 1 62.69291 88.86614 cm
@@ -3849,11 +3892,11 @@ q
 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
 .5 w
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 442.6898 108 re B*
+n -6 -6 442.6898 180 re B*
 Q
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 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 89.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# dbcli.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* (from sqlalchemy.ext.sqlsoup import SqlSoup) Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (    db=\("Connection string", 'positional', None, SqlSoup\),) Tj T* (    header=\("Header", 'flag', 'H'\),) Tj T* (    sqlcmd=\("SQL command", 'option', 'c', str, None, "SQL"\),) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 161.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# dbcli.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* (from sqlalchemy.ext.sqlsoup import SqlSoup) Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (    db=\("Connection string", 'positional', None, SqlSoup\),) Tj T* (    header=\("Header", 'flag', 'H'\),) Tj T* (    sqlcmd=\("SQL command", 'option', 'c', str, None, "SQL"\),) Tj T* (    delimiter=\("Column separator", 'option', 'd'\),) Tj T* (    scripts="SQL scripts",) Tj T* (    \)) Tj T* (def main\(db, header, sqlcmd, delimiter="|", *scripts\):) Tj T* (    "A script to run queries and SQL scripts on a database") Tj T* (    print\('Working on %s' % db.bind.url\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -3873,14 +3916,14 @@ Q
 endstream
 
 endobj
-% 'R158': class PDFStream 
-158 0 obj
+% 'R161': class PDFStream 
+161 0 obj
 % page stream
-<< /Length 4397 >>
+<< /Length 5032 >>
 stream
 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm BT /F1 12 Tf 14.4 TL ET
 q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 535.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 607.8236 cm
 0 0 0 rg
 BT /F3 10 Tf 12 TL ET
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 2 Tm  T* ET
@@ -3895,11 +3938,11 @@ q
 .662745 .662745 .662745 RG
 .5 w
 .960784 .960784 .862745 rg
-n -6 -6 442.6898 228 re B*
+n -6 -6 442.6898 156 re B*
 Q
 q
 0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 209.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (    delimiter=\("Column separator", 'option', 'd'\),) Tj T* (    scripts="SQL scripts",) Tj T* (    \)) Tj T* (def main\(db, header, sqlcmd, delimiter="|", *scripts\):) Tj T* (    "A script to run queries and SQL scripts on a database") Tj T* (    print\('Working on %s' % db.bind.url\)) Tj T* (    if sqlcmd:) Tj T* (        result = db.bind.execute\(sqlcmd\)) Tj T* (        if header: # print the header) Tj T* (            print\(delimiter.join\(result.keys\(\)\)\)) Tj T* (        for row in result: # print the rows) Tj T* (            print\(delimiter.join\(map\(str, row\)\)\)) Tj T*  T* (    for script in scripts:) Tj T* (        db.bind.execute\(file\(script\).read\(\)\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 137.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (    if sqlcmd:) Tj T* (        result = db.bind.execute\(sqlcmd\)) Tj T* (        if header: # print the header) Tj T* (            print\(delimiter.join\(result.keys\(\)\)\)) Tj T* (        for row in result: # print the rows) Tj T* (            print\(delimiter.join\(map\(str, row\)\)\)) Tj T*  T* (    for script in scripts:) Tj T* (        db.bind.execute\(file\(script\).read\(\)\)) Tj T*  T* (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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@@ -3909,17 +3952,17 @@ q
 Q
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 535.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 607.8236 cm
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 517.8236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 589.8236 cm
 q
 0 0 0 rg
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 4.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL (Here is the usage message:) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 328.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 400.6236 cm
 q
 q
 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
@@ -3940,31 +3983,31 @@ Q
 Q
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 q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 295.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 367.6236 cm
 q
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A few notes on the underlying implementation) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 8.435 Tm 21 TL /F2 17.5 Tf 0 0 0 rg (A few notes about the underlying implementation) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 265.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 337.6236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .094988 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (relies on a ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (for all of the heavy lifting work and it is possible to leverage on ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (features) Tj T* 0 Tw (directly or indirectly.) Tj T* ET
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 q
-1 0 0 1 62.69291 223.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 295.6236 cm
 q
 BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 5.575697 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (For instance, you can make invisible an argument in the usage message simply by using) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.435976 Tw /F4 10 Tf ('==SUPPRESS==' ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (as help string \(or ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (argparse.SUPPRESS) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\). Similarly, you can use ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse.FileType) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 0 rg (directly.) Tj T* ET
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-1 0 0 1 62.69291 169.6236 cm
+1 0 0 1 62.69291 241.6236 cm
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.256457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (disable the recognition of the help flag ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (-h, --help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This is not particularly elegant, but I assume the) Tj T* 0 Tw .275703 Tw (typical user of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (will be happy with the defaults and would not want to change them; still it is possible if) Tj T* 0 Tw .365542 Tw (she wants to. For instance, by setting the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (description ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute, it is possible to add a comment to the) Tj T* 0 Tw .602339 Tw (usage message \(by default the docstring of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function is used as description\). It is also possible) Tj T* 0 Tw .322988 Tw (to change the option prefix; for instance if your script must run under Windows and you want to use "/" as) Tj T* 0 Tw (option prefix you can add the lines:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 1.256457 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (disable the recognition of the help flag ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (-h, --help) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. This is not particularly elegant, but I assume the) Tj T* 0 Tw .275703 Tw (typical user of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (will be happy with the defaults and would not want to change them; still it is possible if) Tj T* 0 Tw .365542 Tw (she wants to. For instance, by setting the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (description ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (attribute, it is possible to add a comment to the) Tj T* 0 Tw .602339 Tw (usage message \(by default the docstring of the ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (main ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (function is used as description\). It is also possible) Tj T* 0 Tw .322988 Tw (to change the option prefix; for instance if your script must run under Windows and you want to use "/" as) Tj T* 0 Tw (option prefix you can add the lines:) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 53.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example11.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* (from annotations import Positional) Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 125.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (# example11.py) Tj T* (import plac) Tj T* (from annotations import Positional) Tj T*  T* (@plac.annotations\() Tj T* (    i=Positional\("This is an int", int\),) Tj T* (    n=Positional\("This is a float", float\),) Tj T* (    rest=Positional\("Other arguments"\)\)) Tj T* (def main\(i, n, *rest\):) Tj T* (    print\(i, n, rest\)) Tj T*  T* ET
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+BT 1 0 0 1 0 17.71 Tm /F4 10 Tf 12 TL (if __name__ == '__main__':) Tj T* (    import plac; plac.call\(main\)) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm 1.677882 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is opinionated and by design it does not try to make available all of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. In) Tj T* 0 Tw (particular you should be aware of the following limitations/differences.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.677882 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (is opinionated and by design it does not try to make available all of the features of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. In) Tj T* 0 Tw .85498 Tw (particular you should be aware of the following limitations/differences \(the following assumes knowledge) Tj T* 0 Tw (of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse) Tj 0 0 0 rg (\):) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.120751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support "required options". As the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation puts it: ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (Required options) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.075318 Tw (are generally considered bad form - normal users expect options to be optional. You should avoid) Tj T* 0 Tw (the use of required options whenever possible.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 64.82 Tm 2.69784 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 0 rg (plac does not support the destination concept: the destination coincides with the name of the) Tj T* 0 Tw .359983 Tw (argument, always. This restriction has some drawbacks. For instance, suppose you want to define a) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.758651 Tw (long option called ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (--yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. In this case the destination would be ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (yield) Tj /F1 10 Tf (, which is a Python) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.181235 Tw (keyword, and since you cannot introduce an argument with that name in a function definition, it is) Tj T* 0 Tw 2.12528 Tw (impossible to implement it. Your choices are to change the name of the long option, or to use) Tj T* 0 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (with a suitable destination.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.539982 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports only regular boolean flags. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (has the ability to define generalized two-value) Tj T* 0 Tw .361751 Tw (flags with values different from ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. An earlier version of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (had this feature too, but) Tj T* 0 Tw .814985 Tw (since you can use options with two choices instead, and in any case the conversion from ) Tj /F4 10 Tf ({True,) Tj T* 0 Tw .901984 Tw (False} ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to any couple of values can be trivially implemented with a ternary operator \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (value1 if) Tj T* 0 Tw (flag else value2) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), I have removed it \(KISS rules!\).) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.120751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support "required options". As the ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (documentation puts it: ) Tj /F5 10 Tf (Required options) Tj T* 0 Tw 1.075318 Tw (are generally considered bad form - normal users expect options to be optional. You should avoid) Tj T* 0 Tw (the use of required options whenever possible.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.797126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (nargs ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (options directly \(it uses them internally, though, to implement flag) Tj T* 0 Tw .90683 Tw (recognition\). The reason it that all the use cases of interest to me are covered by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and did not) Tj T* 0 Tw (feel the need to increase the learning curve by adding direct support to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (nargs) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 52.82 Tm 1.539982 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (supports only regular boolean flags. ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (argparse ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (has the ability to define generalized two-value) Tj T* 0 Tw .361751 Tw (flags with values different from ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (True ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (and ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (False) Tj /F1 10 Tf (. An earlier version of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (had this feature too, but) Tj T* 0 Tw .814985 Tw (since you can use options with two choices instead, and in any case the conversion from ) Tj /F4 10 Tf ({True,) Tj T* 0 Tw .901984 Tw (False} ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (to any couple of values can be trivially implemented with a ternary operator \() Tj /F4 10 Tf (value1 if) Tj T* 0 Tw (flag else value2) Tj /F1 10 Tf (\), I have removed it \(KISS rules!\).) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .24436 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support subparsers directly. For the moment, this looks like a feature too advanced for) Tj T* 0 Tw (the goals of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.797126 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (nargs ) Tj /F1 10 Tf (options directly \(it uses them internally, though, to implement flag) Tj T* 0 Tw .90683 Tw (recognition\). The reason it that all the use cases of interest to me are covered by ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (and did not) Tj T* 0 Tw (feel the need to increase the learning curve by adding direct support to ) Tj /F4 10 Tf (nargs) Tj /F1 10 Tf (.) Tj T* ET
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-BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.111751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support actions directly. This also looks like a feature too advanced for the goals of) Tj T* 0 Tw .347485 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Notice however that the ability to define your own annotation objects may mitigate the need for) Tj T* 0 Tw (custom actions.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm .24436 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support subparsers directly. For the moment, this looks like a feature too advanced for) Tj T* 0 Tw (the goals of ) Tj 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (.) Tj T* ET
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@@ -4430,18 +4473,17 @@ Q
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-0 0 0 rg
-BT 1 0 0 1 0 16.82 Tm /F1 10 Tf 12 TL 1.745697 Tw (plac does not support the destination concept. In other words, the destination coincides with the) Tj T* 0 Tw (name of the argument, always.) Tj T* ET
+BT 1 0 0 1 0 28.82 Tm 1.111751 Tw 12 TL /F1 10 Tf 0 0 .501961 rg (plac ) Tj 0 0 0 rg (does not support actions directly. This also looks like a feature too advanced for the goals of) Tj T* 0 Tw .347485 Tw 0 0 .501961 rg (plac) Tj 0 0 0 rg (. Notice however that the ability to define your own annotation objects may mitigate the need for) Tj T* 0 Tw (custom actions.) Tj T* ET
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diff --git a/plac/doc/plac.txt b/plac/doc/plac.txt
index dcf9c50..661a0ca 100644
--- a/plac/doc/plac.txt
+++ b/plac/doc/plac.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-Plac, the Easiest Command Line Arguments Parser in the World
-================================================================
+Parsing the Command Line the Easy Way: Introducing plac, the EasiestArgument Parser in the Python World
+==========================================================================================================
 
 :Author: Michele Simionato
 :E-mail: michele.simionato@gmail.com
@@ -24,35 +24,35 @@ curve and a certain verbosity.
 An ex-coworker of mine, David Welton, once wrote a nice article about
 the importance of `scaling down`_: most people are concerned with the
 possibility of scaling up, but we should also be concerned with the
-issue of scaling down. In other words, programs should address the
-common cases simply, simple things should be kept simple, while at the
-same keeping difficult things possible. plac_ adhere as much as
-possible to this philosophy and it is designed to handle well the
-trivial case, while retaining the ability to handle complex cases
-relying on the underlying power of argparse_.
+issue of scaling down. This is an old meme in the computing world:
+programs should address the common cases simply, simple things should
+be kept simple, while at the same keeping difficult things
+possible. plac_ adhere as much as possible to this philosophy and it
+is designed to handle well the simple cases, while retaining the
+ability to handle complex cases by relying on the underlying power of
+argparse_.
 
 Technically plac_ is just a simple wrapper over argparse_, hiding most
-of its complexity while retaining most of its power.  plac_ is
-surprisingly scalable upwards to non-trivial use cases, even without
-using the underlying argparse_, which however can always be accessed
-if you really need more power.  However, I have been using Python for
+of its complexity while retaining most of its power. The complexity is
+removed by using a declarative interface instead of an imperative one.
+Still, plac_ is surprisingly scalable upwards, even without
+using the underlying argparse_. I have been using Python for
 8 years and in my experience it is extremely unlikely that you will
-ever need to go beyond the features provided by plac_ directly.
-
-I am pretty much convinced that features provided by ``plac``
-are more than enough for 99.9% of the typical use cases.  I am
-targetting here programmers, sys-admins, scientists and in general
-people writing throw-away scripts for themselves, choosing to use a
-command line interface because it is the quick and simple. Such users
-are not interested in features, they are interested in a small
+ever need to go beyond the features provided by the declarative interface
+of plac_: they should be more than enough for 99.9% of the typical use cases. 
+
+plac_ is targetting programmers, sys-admins, scientists and in
+general people writing throw-away scripts for themselves, choosing to
+use a command line interface because it is the quick and simple. Such
+users are not interested in features, they are interested in a small
 learning curve: they just want to be able to write a simple command
 line tool from a simple specification, not to build a command line
-parser by hand. Unfortunately, the modules in the standard
-library forces them to go the hard way. They are designed to implement
-power user tools for programmers or system administrators, and they
-have a non-trivial learning curve.
+parser by hand. Unfortunately, the modules in the standard library
+forces them to go the hard way. They are designed to implement power
+user tools for programmers or system administrators, and they have a
+non-trivial learning curve.
 
-Positional required arguments
+Scripts with required positional arguments
 ---------------------------------------------
 
 Let me start with the simplest possible thing: a script that takes a
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ underlying argparse_ module) a nice usage message::
 
 This is only the tip of the iceberg: plac_ is able to do much more than that.
 
-Positional default arguments
+Scritps with default arguments
 --------------------------------------------------
 
 I have encountered this use case at work hundreds of times:
@@ -238,17 +238,11 @@ Positional argument can be annotated too::
 
 Of course explicit is better than implicit, an no special cases are
 special enough, but sometimes practicality beats purity, so plac_ is
-smart enough to convert help messages into tuples; in other
-words, you can just write "Database dsn" instead of ``("Database dsn",
-'positional', None)``::
-
- def main(command: ("SQL query", 'option', 'c'), dsn: "Database dsn"):
-     ...
-
-In both cases
-the usage message will show a nice help string on the right hand side
-of the ``dsn`` positional argument. varargs (starred-arguments) can also
-be annotated::
+smart enough to convert help messages into tuples; in other words, you
+can just write ``"Database dsn"`` instead of ``("Database dsn",
+'positional', None)``. In both cases the usage message will show a
+nice help string on the right hand side of the ``dsn`` positional
+argument. varargs (starred-arguments) can also be annotated::
 
   def main(dsn: "Database dsn", *scripts: "SQL scripts"):
       ...
@@ -418,7 +412,7 @@ Here is the usage message::
    -c SQL, --sqlcmd SQL  SQL command
    -d |, --delimiter |   Column separator
 
-A few notes on the underlying implementation
+A few notes about the underlying implementation
 ----------------------------------------------------
 
 plac_ relies on a argparse_ for all of the heavy lifting work and it is
@@ -523,7 +517,8 @@ plac vs argparse
 
 plac_ is opinionated and by design it does not try to make available
 all of the features of argparse_.  In particular you should be aware
-of the following limitations/differences.
+of the following limitations/differences (the following assumes knowledge
+of argparse_):
 
 - plac_ automatically defines both a long and short form for each options,
   just like optparse_. argparse_ allows you to define only a long form,
@@ -531,6 +526,15 @@ of the following limitations/differences.
   happy with the behavior of optparse_, which I feel is pretty much
   consistent, I have decided not to support this feature.
 
+- plac does not support the destination concept: the destination
+  coincides with the name of the argument, always. This restriction
+  has some drawbacks. For instance, suppose you want to define a long
+  option called ``--yield``. In this case the destination would be ``yield``,
+  which is a Python keyword, and since you cannot introduce an
+  argument with that name in a function definition, it is impossible
+  to implement it. Your choices are to change the name of the long
+  option, or to use argparse_ with a suitable destination.
+
 - plac_ does not support "required options". As the argparse_
   documentation puts it: *Required options are generally considered bad
   form - normal users expect options to be optional. You should avoid
@@ -557,10 +561,6 @@ of the following limitations/differences.
   that the ability to define your own annotation objects may mitigate the
   need for custom actions.
 
-- plac does not support the destination concept. In other words, the
-  destination coincides with the name of the argument, always.
-
-
 I should stress again that if you want to access all of the argparse_ features
 from plac_ you can use ``plac.parser_from`` and you will get
 the underlying ArgumentParser_ object. The the full power of argparse_
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ I made a research on PyPI and the name clap (Command Line Arguments Parser)
 was not taken, so I renamed everything to clap. After two days 
 a Clap_ module appeared on PyPI! <expletives deleted>
 
-Having little imagination, I decided to rename everything again to plac, as
+Having little imagination, I decided to rename everything again to plac,
 an anagram of clap: since it is a non-existing English name, I hope nobody
 will steal it from me!
author	Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>	2010-06-02 05:07:21 +0200
committer	Michele Simionato <michele.simionato@gmail.com>	2010-06-02 05:07:21 +0200
commit	5f26d7fe5218d2bbe258715efce0ce3d108f0825 (patch)
tree	584004ddb71ebad67b151583e0939e656c1d4ef6
parent	3eb311c1ed5f7e1bc55477e271ac3bd94f3d1b32 (diff)
download	micheles-5f26d7fe5218d2bbe258715efce0ce3d108f0825.tar.gz