[release-branch.go1.20] cmd/go,cmd/link: prefer external linking when strange cgo flags seen

This patch changes the Go command to examine the set of compiler
flags feeding into the C compiler when packages that use cgo are built.
If any of a specific set of strange/dangerous flags are in use,
then the Go command generates a token file ("preferlinkext") and
embeds it into the compiled package's archive.

When the Go linker reads the archives of the packages feeding into the
link and detects a "preferlinkext" token, it will then use external
linking for the program by default (although this default can be
overridden with an explicit "-linkmode" flag).

The intent here is to avoid having to teach the Go linker's host object
reader to grok/understand the various odd symbols/sections/types that
can result from boutique flag use, but rather to just boot the objects
in question over to the C linker instead.

Fixes #59051.
Updates #58619.
Updates #58620.
Updates #58848.

Change-Id: I56382dd305de8dac3841a7a7e664277826061eaa
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/475375
Reviewed-by: Cherry Mui <cherryyz@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Bryan Mills <bcmills@google.com>
Run-TryBot: Than McIntosh <thanm@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gopher Robot <gobot@golang.org>
(cherry picked from commit 035db07d7c5f1b90ebc9bae03cab694685acebb8)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/476577

9 files changed, 331 insertions, 15 deletions

diff --git a/src/cmd/go/internal/work/exec.go b/src/cmd/go/internal/work/exec.go
index d6fa847be0..02a59e48e9 100644
--- a/src/cmd/go/internal/work/exec.go
+++ b/src/cmd/go/internal/work/exec.go
@@ -3027,6 +3027,36 @@ func (b *Builder) cgo(a *Action, cgoExe, objdir string, pcCFLAGS, pcLDFLAGS, cgo
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Scrutinize CFLAGS and related for flags that might cause
+	// problems if we are using internal linking (for example, use of
+	// plugins, LTO, etc) by calling a helper routine that builds on
+	// the existing CGO flags allow-lists. If we see anything
+	// suspicious, emit a special token file "preferlinkext" (known to
+	// the linker) in the object file to signal the that it should not
+	// try to link internally and should revert to external linking.
+	// The token we pass is a suggestion, not a mandate; if a user is
+	// explicitly asking for a specific linkmode via the "-linkmode"
+	// flag, the token will be ignored. NB: in theory we could ditch
+	// the token approach and just pass a flag to the linker when we
+	// eventually invoke it, and the linker flag could then be
+	// documented (although coming up with a simple explanation of the
+	// flag might be challenging). For more context see issues #58619,
+	// #58620, and #58848.
+	flagSources := []string{"CGO_CFLAGS", "CGO_CXXFLAGS", "CGO_FFLAGS"}
+	flagLists := [][]string{cgoCFLAGS, cgoCXXFLAGS, cgoFFLAGS}
+	if flagsNotCompatibleWithInternalLinking(flagSources, flagLists) {
+		tokenFile := objdir + "preferlinkext"
+		if cfg.BuildN || cfg.BuildX {
+			b.Showcmd("", "echo > %s", tokenFile)
+		}
+		if !cfg.BuildN {
+			if err := os.WriteFile(tokenFile, nil, 0666); err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, err
+			}
+		}
+		outObj = append(outObj, tokenFile)
+	}
+
 	if cfg.BuildMSan {
 		cgoCFLAGS = append([]string{"-fsanitize=memory"}, cgoCFLAGS...)
 		cgoLDFLAGS = append([]string{"-fsanitize=memory"}, cgoLDFLAGS...)
@@ -3276,6 +3306,24 @@ func (b *Builder) cgo(a *Action, cgoExe, objdir string, pcCFLAGS, pcLDFLAGS, cgo
 	return outGo, outObj, nil
 }
 
+// flagsNotCompatibleWithInternalLinking scans the list of cgo
+// compiler flags (C/C++/Fortran) looking for flags that might cause
+// problems if the build in question uses internal linking. The
+// primary culprits are use of plugins or use of LTO, but we err on
+// the side of caution, supporting only those flags that are on the
+// allow-list for safe flags from security perspective. Return is TRUE
+// if a sensitive flag is found, FALSE otherwise.
+func flagsNotCompatibleWithInternalLinking(sourceList []string, flagListList [][]string) bool {
+	for i := range sourceList {
+		sn := sourceList[i]
+		fll := flagListList[i]
+		if err := checkCompilerFlagsForInternalLink(sn, sn, fll); err != nil {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 // dynimport creates a Go source file named importGo containing
 // //go:cgo_import_dynamic directives for each symbol or library
 // dynamically imported by the object files outObj.
diff --git a/src/cmd/go/internal/work/security.go b/src/cmd/go/internal/work/security.go
index 0bf8763543..f4f1880c84 100644
--- a/src/cmd/go/internal/work/security.go
+++ b/src/cmd/go/internal/work/security.go
@@ -230,32 +230,55 @@ var validLinkerFlagsWithNextArg = []string{
 }
 
 func checkCompilerFlags(name, source string, list []string) error {
-	return checkFlags(name, source, list, validCompilerFlags, validCompilerFlagsWithNextArg)
+	checkOverrides := true
+	return checkFlags(name, source, list, validCompilerFlags, validCompilerFlagsWithNextArg, checkOverrides)
 }
 
 func checkLinkerFlags(name, source string, list []string) error {
-	return checkFlags(name, source, list, validLinkerFlags, validLinkerFlagsWithNextArg)
+	checkOverrides := true
+	return checkFlags(name, source, list, validLinkerFlags, validLinkerFlagsWithNextArg, checkOverrides)
 }
 
-func checkFlags(name, source string, list []string, valid []*lazyregexp.Regexp, validNext []string) error {
+// checkCompilerFlagsForInternalLink returns an error if 'list'
+// contains a flag or flags that may not be fully supported by
+// internal linking (meaning that we should punt the link to the
+// external linker).
+func checkCompilerFlagsForInternalLink(name, source string, list []string) error {
+	checkOverrides := false
+	if err := checkFlags(name, source, list, validCompilerFlags, validCompilerFlagsWithNextArg, checkOverrides); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Currently the only flag on the allow list that causes problems
+	// for the linker is "-flto"; check for it manually here.
+	for _, fl := range list {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(fl, "-flto") {
+			return fmt.Errorf("flag %q triggers external linking", fl)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func checkFlags(name, source string, list []string, valid []*lazyregexp.Regexp, validNext []string, checkOverrides bool) error {
 	// Let users override rules with $CGO_CFLAGS_ALLOW, $CGO_CFLAGS_DISALLOW, etc.
 	var (
 		allow    *regexp.Regexp
 		disallow *regexp.Regexp
 	)
-	if env := cfg.Getenv("CGO_" + name + "_ALLOW"); env != "" {
-		r, err := regexp.Compile(env)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("parsing $CGO_%s_ALLOW: %v", name, err)
+	if checkOverrides {
+		if env := cfg.Getenv("CGO_" + name + "_ALLOW"); env != "" {
+			r, err := regexp.Compile(env)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("parsing $CGO_%s_ALLOW: %v", name, err)
+			}
+			allow = r
 		}
-		allow = r
-	}
-	if env := cfg.Getenv("CGO_" + name + "_DISALLOW"); env != "" {
-		r, err := regexp.Compile(env)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("parsing $CGO_%s_DISALLOW: %v", name, err)
+		if env := cfg.Getenv("CGO_" + name + "_DISALLOW"); env != "" {
+			r, err := regexp.Compile(env)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("parsing $CGO_%s_DISALLOW: %v", name, err)
+			}
+			disallow = r
 		}
-		disallow = r
 	}
 
 Args:
diff --git a/src/cmd/go/internal/work/security_test.go b/src/cmd/go/internal/work/security_test.go
index d2aeb54e0c..8cecc74eae 100644
--- a/src/cmd/go/internal/work/security_test.go
+++ b/src/cmd/go/internal/work/security_test.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package work
 
 import (
 	"os"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 )
 
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ var goodCompilerFlags = [][]string{
 	{"-Wp,-Ufoo"},
 	{"-Wp,-Dfoo1"},
 	{"-Wp,-Ufoo1"},
+	{"-flto"},
 	{"-fobjc-arc"},
 	{"-fno-objc-arc"},
 	{"-fomit-frame-pointer"},
@@ -278,3 +280,34 @@ func TestCheckFlagAllowDisallow(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("missing error for -fplugin=lint.so: %v", err)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestCheckCompilerFlagsForInternalLink(t *testing.T) {
+	// Any "bad" compiler flag should trigger external linking.
+	for _, f := range badCompilerFlags {
+		if err := checkCompilerFlagsForInternalLink("test", "test", f); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("missing error for %q", f)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// All "good" compiler flags should not trigger external linking,
+	// except for anything that begins with "-flto".
+	for _, f := range goodCompilerFlags {
+		foundLTO := false
+		for _, s := range f {
+			if strings.Contains(s, "-flto") {
+				foundLTO = true
+			}
+		}
+		if err := checkCompilerFlagsForInternalLink("test", "test", f); err != nil {
+			// expect error for -flto
+			if !foundLTO {
+				t.Errorf("unexpected error for %q: %v", f, err)
+			}
+		} else {
+			// expect no error for everything else
+			if foundLTO {
+				t.Errorf("missing error for %q: %v", f, err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/cmd/go/scriptconds_test.go b/src/cmd/go/scriptconds_test.go
index 516375021a..e7bd9433c1 100644
--- a/src/cmd/go/scriptconds_test.go
+++ b/src/cmd/go/scriptconds_test.go
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ func scriptConditions() map[string]script.Cond {
 	add("link", lazyBool("testenv.HasLink()", testenv.HasLink))
 	add("mismatched-goroot", script.Condition("test's GOROOT_FINAL does not match the real GOROOT", isMismatchedGoroot))
 	add("msan", sysCondition("-msan", platform.MSanSupported, true))
+	add("cgolinkext", script.BoolCondition("platform requires external linking for cgo", platform.MustLinkExternalGo121(cfg.Goos, cfg.Goarch, true)))
 	add("net", lazyBool("testenv.HasExternalNetwork()", testenv.HasExternalNetwork))
 	add("race", sysCondition("-race", platform.RaceDetectorSupported, true))
 	add("symlink", lazyBool("testenv.HasSymlink()", testenv.HasSymlink))
diff --git a/src/cmd/go/testdata/script/README b/src/cmd/go/testdata/script/README
index 7b747994c6..349ba972fb 100644
--- a/src/cmd/go/testdata/script/README
+++ b/src/cmd/go/testdata/script/README
@@ -382,6 +382,8 @@ The available conditions are:
 	$WORK filesystem is case-sensitive
 [cgo]
 	host CGO_ENABLED
+[cgolinkext]
+	platform requires external linking for cgo
 [compiler:*]
 	runtime.Compiler == <suffix>
 [cross]
diff --git a/src/cmd/go/testdata/script/cgo_suspect_flag_force_external.txt b/src/cmd/go/testdata/script/cgo_suspect_flag_force_external.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fbe8236f9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cmd/go/testdata/script/cgo_suspect_flag_force_external.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# Test case to verify that when we have a package that uses CGO in
+# combination with selected "unusual" flags (involving plugins, LTO)
+# that we force external linking.  See related
+# issues 58619,  58620, and 58848.
+
+[compiler:gccgo] skip # only external linking for gccgo
+
+# This test requires external linking, so use cgo as a proxy
+[!cgo] skip
+
+# Here we build three program: one with explicit CGO use, one with no
+# CGO use, and one that uses a stdlib package ("runtime/cgo") that has
+# CGO in it. It used to be that only the explicit use of CGO would
+# trigger external linking, and that the program that only used
+# "runtime/cgo" would always be handled with internal linking. This caused
+# issues when users included odd/unusual flags (ex: -fplugin, -flto)
+# in CGO_CFLAGS, causing the Go linker to have to read and interpret
+# non-standard host objects.
+#
+# As of 1.21 we continue to use internal linking for programs whose
+# CGO use comes ony from stdlib packages in the absence of any flag
+# funny business, however if the Go command sees flags that may be suspicious,
+# it signals the Go linker to invoke the external linker.
+
+# The next few tests run builds passing "-n" to the Go command, then
+# checking the output to see if the Go command is trying to pass a
+# "preferlinkext" token to the linker to request external linking.
+
+#-----------------------
+
+# Use a fresh GOCACHE for these next steps, so as to have the real
+# actions for the runtime/cgo package appear in the "-n -x" output.
+env GOCACHE=$WORK/gocache
+mkdir $GOCACHE
+
+# First build: there is no CGO in use, so no token should be present regardless
+# of weird CGO flags.
+go build -x -n -o dummy.exe ./noUseOfCgo
+! stderr preferlinkext
+env CGO_CFLAGS=-flto
+go build -x -n -o dummy.exe ./noUseOfCgo
+! stderr preferlinkext
+env CGO_CFLAGS=
+
+# Second build uses CGO, so we expect to see the token present in the
+# -n output only when strange flags are used.
+go build -x -n -o dummy.exe ./usesInternalCgo
+! stderr preferlinkext
+env CGO_CFLAGS=-flto
+go build -x -n -o dummy.exe ./usesInternalCgo
+stderr preferlinkext
+env CGO_CFLAGS=-fplugin
+go build -x -n -o dummy.exe ./usesInternalCgo
+stderr preferlinkext
+env CGO_CFLAGS=-fprofile-instr-generate
+go build -x -n -o dummy.exe ./usesInternalCgo
+stderr preferlinkext
+env CGO_CFLAGS=
+
+[short] skip
+
+# In the remaining tests below we do actual builds (without -n) to
+# verify that the Go linker is going the right thing in addition to the
+# Go command. Here the idea is to pass "-tmpdir" to the linker, then
+# check after the link is done for the presence of the file
+# <tmpdir>/go.o, which the Go linker creates prior to kicking off the
+# external linker.
+
+mkdir tmp1
+mkdir tmp2
+mkdir tmp3
+mkdir tmp4
+mkdir tmp5
+
+# First build: no external linking expected
+go build -ldflags=-tmpdir=tmp1 -o $devnull ./noUseOfCgo &
+
+# Second build: using only "runtime/cgo", expect internal linking.
+go build -ldflags=-tmpdir=tmp2 -o $devnull ./usesInternalCgo &
+
+# Third build: program uses only "runtime/cgo", so we would normally
+# expect internal linking, except that cflags contain suspicious entries
+# (in this case, a flag that does not appear on the allow list).
+env CGO_CFLAGS=-fmerge-all-constants
+env CGO_LDFLAGS=-fmerge-all-constants
+go build -ldflags=-tmpdir=tmp3 -o $devnull ./usesInternalCgo &
+env CGO_CFLAGS=
+env CGO_LDFLAGS=
+
+# Fourth build: explicit CGO, expect external linking.
+go build -ldflags=-tmpdir=tmp4 -o $devnull ./usesExplicitCgo &
+
+# Fifth build: explicit CGO, but we specifically asked for internal linking
+# via a flag, so using internal linking it is.
+[cgolinkext] go list ./usesInternalCgo
+[!cgolinkext] go build '-ldflags=-tmpdir=tmp5 -linkmode=internal' -o $devnull ./usesInternalCgo &
+
+wait
+
+# Check first build: no external linking expected
+! exists tmp1/go.o
+
+# Check second build: using only "runtime/cgo", expect internal linking.
+[!cgolinkext] ! exists tmp2/go.o
+[cgolinkext] exists tmp2/go.o
+
+# Check third build: has suspicious flag.
+exists tmp3/go.o
+
+# Fourth build: explicit CGO, expect external linking.
+exists tmp4/go.o
+
+# Fifth build: explicit CGO, -linkmode=internal.
+! exists tmp5/go.o
+
+-- go.mod --
+
+module cgo.example
+
+go 1.20
+
+-- noUseOfCgo/main.go --
+
+package main
+
+func main() {
+	println("clean as a whistle")
+}
+
+-- usesInternalCgo/main.go --
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"runtime/cgo"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	q := "hello"
+	h := cgo.NewHandle(q)
+	h.Delete()
+}
+
+-- usesExplicitCgo/main.go --
+
+package main
+
+/*
+int meaningOfLife() { return 42; }
+*/
+import "C"
+
+func main() {
+     println(C.meaningOfLife())
+}
diff --git a/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/config.go b/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/config.go
index 336cb33e3b..ba74b6fc96 100644
--- a/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/config.go
+++ b/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/config.go
@@ -281,7 +281,11 @@ func determineLinkMode(ctxt *Link) {
 			ctxt.LinkMode = LinkExternal
 			via = "via GO_EXTLINK_ENABLED "
 		default:
-			if extNeeded || (iscgo && externalobj) {
+			preferExternal := len(preferlinkext) != 0
+			if preferExternal && ctxt.Debugvlog > 0 {
+				ctxt.Logf("external linking prefer list is %v\n", preferlinkext)
+			}
+			if extNeeded || (iscgo && (externalobj || preferExternal)) {
 				ctxt.LinkMode = LinkExternal
 			} else {
 				ctxt.LinkMode = LinkInternal
diff --git a/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go b/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go
index c0730179db..03b9f11608 100644
--- a/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go
+++ b/src/cmd/link/internal/ld/lib.go
@@ -350,6 +350,12 @@ var (
 	// any of these objects, we must link externally. Issue 52863.
 	dynimportfail []string
 
+	// preferlinkext is a list of packages for which the Go command
+	// noticed use of peculiar C flags. If we see any of these,
+	// default to linking externally unless overridden by the
+	// user. See issues #58619, #58620, and #58848.
+	preferlinkext []string
+
 	// unknownObjFormat is set to true if we see an object whose
 	// format we don't recognize.
 	unknownObjFormat = false
@@ -1072,6 +1078,13 @@ func loadobjfile(ctxt *Link, lib *sym.Library) {
 		if arhdr.name == "dynimportfail" {
 			dynimportfail = append(dynimportfail, lib.Pkg)
 		}
+		if arhdr.name == "preferlinkext" {
+			// Ignore this directive if -linkmode has been
+			// set explicitly.
+			if ctxt.LinkMode == LinkAuto {
+				preferlinkext = append(preferlinkext, lib.Pkg)
+			}
+		}
 
 		// Skip other special (non-object-file) sections that
 		// build tools may have added. Such sections must have
diff --git a/src/internal/platform/supported.go b/src/internal/platform/supported.go
index 86c9f07ade..046352f34c 100644
--- a/src/internal/platform/supported.go
+++ b/src/internal/platform/supported.go
@@ -73,6 +73,43 @@ func FuzzInstrumented(goos, goarch string) bool {
 
 // MustLinkExternal reports whether goos/goarch requires external linking.
 func MustLinkExternal(goos, goarch string) bool {
+	return MustLinkExternalGo121(goos, goarch, false)
+}
+
+// MustLinkExternalGo121 reports whether goos/goarch requires external linking,
+// with or without cgo dependencies. [This version back-ported from
+// Go 1.21 as part of a test].
+func MustLinkExternalGo121(goos, goarch string, withCgo bool) bool {
+	if withCgo {
+		switch goarch {
+		case "loong64",
+			"mips", "mipsle", "mips64", "mips64le",
+			"riscv64":
+			// Internally linking cgo is incomplete on some architectures.
+			// https://go.dev/issue/14449
+			return true
+		case "arm64":
+			if goos == "windows" {
+				// windows/arm64 internal linking is not implemented.
+				return true
+			}
+		case "ppc64":
+			// Big Endian PPC64 cgo internal linking is not implemented for aix or linux.
+			// https://go.dev/issue/8912
+			return true
+		}
+
+		switch goos {
+		case "android":
+			return true
+		case "dragonfly":
+			// It seems that on Dragonfly thread local storage is
+			// set up by the dynamic linker, so internal cgo linking
+			// doesn't work. Test case is "go test runtime/cgo".
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+
 	switch goos {
 	case "android":
 		if goarch != "arm64" {