Update from latest tzdata file.

8 files changed, 311 insertions, 132 deletions

diff --git a/time/africa b/time/africa
index a38818f659..b84d6dcd20 100644
--- a/time/africa
+++ b/time/africa
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)africa	7.24
+# @(#)africa	7.25
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
@@ -206,9 +206,10 @@ Rule	Egypt	1983	only	-	Jul	12	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1984	1988	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1989	only	-	May	 6	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Egypt	1990	1994	-	May	 1	1:00	1:00	S
-# IATA (after 1990) says transitions are at 0:00; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Egypt	1995	max	-	Apr	lastFri	1:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Egypt	1995	max	-	Sep	lastFri	3:00	0	-
+# IATA (after 1990) says transitions are at 0:00.
+# Go with IATA starting in 1995.
+Rule	Egypt	1995	max	-	Apr	Fri>=22	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Egypt	1995	max	-	Sep	lastFri	23:00s	0	-
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Cairo	2:05:00 -	LMT	1900 Oct
@@ -323,15 +324,16 @@ Rule	Libya	1987	1990	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Libya	1990	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1996	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Libya	1996	only	-	Sep	30	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Libya	1997	max	-	Mar	lastThu	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Libya	1997	max	-	Oct	Thu>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Apr	 4	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Libya	1997	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Tripoli	0:52:44 -	LMT	1920
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1959
 			2:00	-	EET	1982
 			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1991
 			2:00	-	EET	1996 Mar 30 3:00
-			1:00	Libya	CE%sT
+			1:00	Libya	CE%sT	1997 Oct  4 0:00
+			2:00	-	EET
 
 # Madagascar
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
diff --git a/time/asia b/time/asia
index fae16c6995..9406aca86a 100644
--- a/time/asia
+++ b/time/asia
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)asia	7.39
+# @(#)asia	7.40
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
 #
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
 # Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below.
 #
 # Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
@@ -78,24 +78,30 @@ Zone	Asia/Kabul	4:36:48 -	LMT	1890
 			4:30	-	AFT
 
 # Armenia
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-04):
+# From Paul Eggert (1998-??-??):
 # Shanks has Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST) in spring 1991,
 # but usno1995 has Armenia at 4:00 (with DST), and Edgar Der-Danieliantz
-# <edd@AIC.NET> reported today that Yerevan probably won't use DST this year,
-# though it did use DST in 1995.  We guess Yerevan stayed in sync with Moscow
-# between 1990 and 1995, but stopped using DST in 1996.
-# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Armenia	1991	1995	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Armenia	1991	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00s	0	-
+# <edd@AIC.NET> reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
+# in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995.  IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
+# Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
+# but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
+# What a mess!  We guess Yerevan DST stayed in sync with Moscow between 1990
+# and 1995, did not use DST in 1996, and started using DST again in 1997.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Yerevan	2:58:00 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			3:00	-	YERT	1957 Mar    # Yerevan Time
 			4:00 RussiaAsia YER%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			3:00	1:00	YERST	1991 Sep 23 # independence
-			3:00	Armenia	AM%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Armenia Time
-			4:00	Armenia	AM%sT
+			3:00	1:00	AMST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s # Armenia Time
+			3:00	-	AMT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT	1996
+			4:00	-	AMT	1997
+			4:00 RussiaAsia	AM%sT			
 
 # Azerbaijan
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Azer	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Azer	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			3:00	-	BAKT	1957 Mar    # Baku Time
@@ -103,7 +109,8 @@ Zone	Asia/Baku	3:19:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			3:00	1:00	BAKST	1991 Aug 30 # independence
 			3:00 RussiaAsia	AZ%sT	1992 Sep lastSun 2:00s
 			4:00	-	AZT	1996 # Azerbaijan time
-			4:00	EUAsia	AZ%sT
+			4:00	EUAsia	AZ%sT	1997
+			4:00	Azer	AZ%sT
 
 # Bahrain
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -183,7 +190,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Phnom_Penh	6:59:40 -	LMT	1906 Jun  9
 # note about Time magazine, though apparently _something_ happened in 1986.
 # Go with Shanks for now.  I made up names for the other pre-1980 time zones.
 
-# From Shanks (1991):
+# From Shanks (1995):
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Shang	1940	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Shang	1940	1941	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	S
@@ -458,12 +465,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Baghdad	2:57:40	-	LMT	1890
 # ISRAEL              2 H  AHEAD OF UTC
 # ISRAEL              3 H  AHEAD OF UTC  APR 10 - SEP 3
 
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
-#
-# Shanks gives the following rules for Jerusalem from 1918 through 1991.
-# After 1989 Shanks often disagrees with Silverberg; we go with Silverberg.
-
-# From Shanks (1991):
+# From Shanks (1995):
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Zion	1940	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1942	1944	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	S
@@ -569,6 +571,12 @@ Rule	Zion	1997	only	-	Sep	14	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Zion	1998	only	-	Mar	20	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Zion	1998	only	-	Sep	 6	0:00	0	S
 
+# From Member of Knesset Avraham Poraz, as quoted in Ha'aretz (1998-09-02):
+# [The 1998-09-06 transition is to] serve the interests of a small minority
+# of ultra-Orthodox Sephardic Jews who, during the [Hebrew] month of Elul,
+# recite Slihot penitential prayers in the early morning hours
+# and thus find daylight time inconvenient.
+
 # From Paul Eggert (1998-01-12):
 # Here are guesses for rules after 1998.
 # They are probably wrong, but they are more likely than no DST at all.
@@ -644,7 +652,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Amman	2:23:44 -	LMT	1931
 # IATA SSIM mentions a third time zone in Kazakhstan.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Alma-Ata	5:07:48 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Almaty
+Zone	Asia/Almaty	5:07:48 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Alma-Ata
 			5:00	-	ALMT	1957 Mar # Alma-Ata Time
 			6:00 RussiaAsia ALM%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			5:00	1:00	ALMST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
@@ -666,11 +674,13 @@ Zone	Asia/Aqtau	3:21:04	-	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Aktau
 
 # Kirgizstan
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Kirgiz	1992	max	-	Apr	Sun>=7	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Kirgiz	1991	max	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Kirgiz	1992	1996	-	Apr	Sun>=7	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Kirgiz	1991	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Kirgiz	1997	max	-	Mar	lastSun	2:30	1:00	S
+Rule	Kirgiz	1997	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:30	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Bishkek	4:58:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			5:00	-	FRUT	1957 Mar    # Frunze Time
+			5:00	-	FRUT	1930 Jun 21 # Frunze Time
 			6:00 RussiaAsia FRU%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			5:00	1:00	FRUST	1991 Aug 31 # independence
 			5:00	Kirgiz	KG%sT		    # Kirgizstan Time
@@ -684,7 +694,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Bishkek	4:58:24 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 # Daylight Savings Time was not observed until 1987.  He did not know
 # at what time of day DST starts or ends.
 
-# From Shanks (1991):
+# From Shanks (1995):
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	ROK	1960	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	ROK	1960	only	-	Sep	13	0:00	0	S
@@ -957,7 +967,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:24 -	LMT	1880
 # </a>
 # reported ``the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
 # midnight Friday (1830 GMT) `in the light of the present power crisis'.''
-# Transitions before 1996 are from Shanks (1991).
+# Transitions before 1996 are from Shanks (1995).
 #
 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
 # by Shamindra in
@@ -969,7 +979,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Singapore	6:55:24 -	LMT	1880
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Colombo	5:19:24 -	LMT	1880
-			5:20	-	CEYT	1906	# Ceylon Time
+			5:19:32	-	MMT	1906	# Moratuwa Mean Time
 			5:30	-	IST	1942 Jan  5
 			5:30	0:30	IHST	1942 Sep
 			5:30	1:00	IST	1945 Oct 16 2:00
@@ -1007,7 +1017,8 @@ Rule	Syria	1991	1992	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Syria	1992	only	-	Apr	 8	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Syria	1993	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Syria	1993	only	-	Sep	25	0:00	0	-
-# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says 1997-03-31; assume that it should be 1997-04-01.
+# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says 1997-03-31; (1998-02) says 1998-04-02,
+# 1999-03-29, and 1999-09-29; ignore all these claims for now.
 Rule	Syria	1994	max	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Syria	1994	max	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -1015,9 +1026,10 @@ Zone	Asia/Damascus	2:25:12 -	LMT	1920
 			2:00	Syria	EE%sT
 
 # Tajikistan
+# From Shanks (1995), who writes ``date of change uncertain'' for 1991.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Dushanbe	4:35:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			5:00	-	DUST	1957 Mar    # Dushanbe Time
+			5:00	-	DUST	1930 Jun 21 # Dushanbe Time
 			6:00 RussiaAsia DUS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			5:00	1:00	DUSST	1991 Sep  9 # independence
 			5:00 RussiaAsia	TJ%sT	1992
@@ -1030,14 +1042,17 @@ Zone	Asia/Bangkok	6:42:04	-	LMT	1880
 			7:00	-	ICT
 
 # Turkmenistan
+# From Shanks (1995):
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Ashkhabad	3:53:32 -	LMT	1924 May  2 # or Ashgabat
-			4:00	-	ASHT	1957 Mar    # Ashkhabad Time
-			5:00 RussiaAsia ASH%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			4:00	1:00	ASHST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			4:00	-	ASHT	1991 Oct 27 # independence
-			4:00	-	TMT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			5:00	-	TMT	# Turkmenistan Time
+			4:00	-	ASHT	1930 Jun 21 # Ashkhabad Time
+			5:00	-	ASHT	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	ASHST	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00	-	ASHT	1982 Apr  1
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	ASH%sT	1991
+			5:00	-	ASHT	1991 Oct 27 # independence
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	TM%sT	1993	# Turkmenistan Time
+			5:00	-	TMT
 
 # United Arab Emirates
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -1045,14 +1060,24 @@ Zone	Asia/Dubai	3:41:12 -	LMT	1920
 			4:00	-	GST
 
 # Uzbekistan
+# From Shanks (1995):
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Asia/Samarkand	4:27:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			4:00	-	SAMT	1930 Jun 21 # Samarkand Time
+			5:00	-	SAMT	1981 Apr  1
+			5:00	1:00	SAMST	1981 Oct  1
+			6:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00 # Tashkent Time
+			5:00	-	TAST	1991 Sep  1 # independence
+			5:00	-	UZT	1992
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	UZ%sT	1993
+			5:00	-	UZT
 Zone	Asia/Tashkent	4:37:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			5:00	-	TAST	1957 Mar    # Tashkent Time
+			5:00	-	TAST	1930 Jun 21 # Tashkent Time
 			6:00 RussiaAsia TAS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			5:00	1:00	TASST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			5:00	-	UZT		    # Uzbekistan Time
-# Shanks has Tashkent using DST after 1991, but usno1995 says they don't.
-# Guess no DST after 1991.
+			5:00	-	TAST	1991 Sep  1 # independence
+			5:00	-	UZT	1992
+			5:00 RussiaAsia	UZ%sT	1993
+			5:00	-	UZT
 
 # Vietnam
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
diff --git a/time/australasia b/time/australasia
index f82121e125..7e52f181fe 100644
--- a/time/australasia
+++ b/time/australasia
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)australasia	7.43
+# @(#)australasia	7.44
 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
 
 # Notes are at the end of this file
@@ -181,10 +181,11 @@ Zone Indian/Christmas	7:02:52 -	LMT	1895 Feb
 			7:00	-	CXT	# Christmas Island Time
 
 # Cook Is
+# From Shanks (1995):
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Cook	1978	only	-	Nov	12	0:00	0:30	HS
-Rule	Cook	1979	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Cook	1979	max	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	HS
+Rule	Cook	1979	1991	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Cook	1979	1990	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0:30	HS
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga	-10:39:04 -	LMT	1901		# Avarua
 			-10:30	-	CKT	1978 Nov 12	# Cook Is Time
@@ -270,9 +271,8 @@ Zone	Pacific/Nauru	11:07:40 -	LMT	1921 Jan 15	# Uaobe
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	NC	1977	1978	-	Dec	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	NC	1978	1979	-	Feb	27	0:00	0	-
-Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	1	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	NC	1997	max	-	Mar	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	NC	1997	max	-	Nov	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	NC	1996	only	-	Dec	 1	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	NC	1997	only	-	Mar	 2	2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Pacific/Noumea	11:05:48 -	LMT	1912 Jan 13
 			11:00	NC	NC%sT
@@ -447,8 +447,8 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
 #
 # Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
@@ -834,7 +834,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # hour ahead of NSW time.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
-# For Lord Howe we use Shanks through its time of publication (1991).
+# For Lord Howe we use Shanks through 1991.
 # Lord Howe is part of NSW, so we'll guess it has used the same transition
 # times as NSW since 1991, even though Shanks writes that Lord Howe went
 # with Victoria when NSW and Victoria disagreed in 1982.
diff --git a/time/backward b/time/backward
index 4c7a19d2cf..84f3de51b1 100644
--- a/time/backward
+++ b/time/backward
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)backward	7.14
+# @(#)backward	7.15
 
 # This file provides links between current names for time zones
 # and their old names.  Many names changed in late 1993.
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ Link	America/Havana		Cuba
 Link	Africa/Cairo		Egypt
 Link	Europe/Dublin		Eire
 Link	Europe/London		GB
-Link	Etc/GMT			GMT
 Link	Etc/GMT+0		GMT+0
 Link	Etc/GMT-0		GMT-0
 Link	Etc/GMT0		GMT0
diff --git a/time/etcetera b/time/etcetera
index cf1516fe2f..4fb27acff3 100644
--- a/time/etcetera
+++ b/time/etcetera
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)etcetera	7.9
+# @(#)etcetera	7.10
 
 # These entries are mostly present for historical reasons, so that
 # people in areas not otherwise covered by the tz files could "zic -l"
@@ -10,6 +10,12 @@ Zone	Etc/GMT		0	-	GMT
 Zone	Etc/UTC		0	-	UTC
 Zone	Etc/UCT		0	-	UCT
 
+# The following link uses older naming conventions,
+# but it belongs here, not in the file `backward',
+# as functions like gmtime load the "GMT" file to handle leap seconds properly.
+# We want this to work even on installations that omit the other older names.
+Link	Etc/GMT				GMT
+
 Link	Etc/UTC				Etc/Universal
 Link	Etc/UTC				Etc/Zulu
 
diff --git a/time/europe b/time/europe
index 5e920e8366..9e90832759 100644
--- a/time/europe
+++ b/time/europe
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)europe	7.54
+# @(#)europe	7.57
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
 #
 # Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
@@ -948,13 +948,17 @@ Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
 # Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12):
 # My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
-Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	DS
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
 Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
+# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
 Rule	Russia	1984	1991	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Russia	1985	1991	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+#
 Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Mar	lastSat	 23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Sep	lastSat	 23:00	0	-
 Rule	Russia	1993	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1056,15 +1060,17 @@ Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:20 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Belarus
+# Transitions before 1991 are from Shanks (1995).
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
-			2:30:20	Russia	%s	1919 Jul 1 2:00
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
+			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 28
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul  3
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 29 0:00
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1992 Sep 27 0:00
+			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 29 2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1992 Sep 27 2:00s
 			2:00	Russia	EE%sT
 
 # Belgium
@@ -1244,7 +1250,8 @@ Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 22
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26 2:00s
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24 2:00s
-			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Finland
 # See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.
@@ -1306,19 +1313,19 @@ Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
 # but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
-Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	DS
+Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
 # Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
 # but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
 Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	2:00	DS
+Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	2:00	M
 Rule	France	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	DS
+Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	M
 Rule	France	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	1:00	S
-Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	DS
+Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	M
 Rule	France	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 1:00	1:00	S
-Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	DS
+Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	M
 Rule	France	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
 # Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
@@ -1340,16 +1347,30 @@ Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
 
 # Germany
 
+# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
+# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
+# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
+#
+#	<a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm">
+#	Realisation of Legal Time in Germany
+#	</a>
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	May	24	2:00	2:00	DS
-Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Sep	24	3:00	1:00	S
+# Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes
+# the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem)
+# (1961-11-25), which gives dates only.  Guess 3:00 transition times.
+Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	May	31	3:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
+Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Sep	23	3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
-# Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Germany	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+# Shanks gives 1946-10-06; go with the PTB.
+Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Germany	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	DS
+# The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times;
+# go with Shanks.
+Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	M
 Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Jun	29	3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Germany	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Germany	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -1570,14 +1591,45 @@ Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/Vatican
 Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
 
 # Latvia
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
-# Rules after 1991 are by extension from Shanks.  They contradict
-# IATA SSIM (1992/1996), which claims Latvia uses W-Eur rules, but
-# Peter Ilieve's relative writes that Latvia switched in September this year,
-# so we'll assume that the old C-Eur-style rules still apply.
+
+# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
+
+# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
+# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
+# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
+# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
+#
+# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
+# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
+# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
+# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
+# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
+#
+# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
+# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
+# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
+# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
+# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
+#
+# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
+# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
+# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
+# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
+# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
+# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward.  The end of
+# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
+# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
+# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
+#
+# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
+# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
+# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Latvia	1992	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Latvia	1992	max	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:24	-	LMT	1880
 			1:36:24	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
@@ -1587,10 +1639,13 @@ Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:24	-	LMT	1880
 			1:36:24	-	RMT	1926 May 11
 			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug  8
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct 13
+			# Shanks says 1944-08-08, but
+			# Riga fell to the Red Army on 1944-10-13.
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
+			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT	1997 Jan 21
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Liechtenstein
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -1610,11 +1665,17 @@ Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
+			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29 1:00u
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
 
+# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
+# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
+# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
+
 # Luxembourg
 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
@@ -1851,12 +1912,12 @@ Rule	Port	1940	only	-	Feb	24	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1940	1941	-	Oct	 5	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1941	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Mar	Sat>=8	23:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Apr	25	22:00s	2:00	DS
+Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Apr	25	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
 Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Aug	15	22:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Oct	Sat>=24	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Port	1943	only	-	Apr	17	22:00s	2:00	DS
+Rule	Port	1943	only	-	Apr	17	22:00s	2:00	M
 Rule	Port	1943	1945	-	Aug	Sat>=25	22:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	DS
+Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	M
 Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
@@ -2068,9 +2129,9 @@ Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Mar	22	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1940	only	-	Mar	16	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	22:00s	2:00	DS
+Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
 Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	22:00s	1:00	S
-Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	22:00s	2:00	DS
+Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	22:00s	2:00	M
 Rule	Spain	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	22:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1944	only	-	Oct	10	22:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1945	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	1:00	S
@@ -2257,8 +2318,8 @@ Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	CST
 Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Mar	21	23:00	2:00	CDST
 Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	CST
 Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	NMT
-Rule	Crimea	1996	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00u	1:00	-
-Rule	Crimea	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00u	0	-
+Rule	Crimea	1996	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Crimea	1996	only	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00u	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
 			2:02:04	Ukraine	%s	1924 May  2
@@ -2276,9 +2337,12 @@ Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
 # For now, guess it changed Feb 1.
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1994 Feb
-# From IATA SSIM (1994/1996), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
+# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
 			3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996
-			3:00	Crimea	MSK/MSD
+# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
+# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
+			3:00	Crimea	MSK/MSD	1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Yugoslavia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
diff --git a/time/northamerica b/time/northamerica
index 042be035d7..150ba3d67e 100644
--- a/time/northamerica
+++ b/time/northamerica
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)northamerica	7.40
+# @(#)northamerica	7.41
 # also includes Central America and the Caribbean
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
@@ -459,8 +459,8 @@ Link	Pacific/Honolulu	HST
 
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the US is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
 #
 # Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
@@ -1002,6 +1002,12 @@ Rule	BajaN	1950	1966	-	Apr	lastSun	2:00	1:00	D
 Rule	BajaN	1950	1961	-	Sep	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 Rule	BajaN	1961	1966	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# Quintana Roo
+Zone America/Cancun	-5:47:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  1:12:42
+			-6:00	-	CST	1996
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1997 Oct lastSun 2:00
+			-5:00	Mexico	E%sT
+# Central Mexico
 Zone America/Mexico_City -6:36:36 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:23:24
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
@@ -1009,6 +1015,18 @@ Zone America/Mexico_City -6:36:36 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:23:24
 			-6:00	-	CST	1931 Oct
 			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Mar 30 23:00
 			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
+# Chihuahua
+Zone America/Chihuahua	-7:04:20 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:55:44
+			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
+			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1931 Oct
+			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Mar 30 23:00
+			-6:00	-	CST	1996
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	1998
+			-6:00	-	CST	1998 Apr Sun>=1 3:00
+			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT
+# S Baja California, Nayarit, Sinaloa, Sonora
 Zone America/Mazatlan	-7:05:40 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:54:20
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1930 Nov 15
@@ -1019,6 +1037,7 @@ Zone America/Mazatlan	-7:05:40 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:54:20
 			-7:00	-	MST	1949 Jan 14
 			-8:00	-	PST	1970
 			-7:00	Mexico	M%sT
+# N Baja California
 Zone America/Tijuana	-7:48:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:11:56
 			-8:00	-	PST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-7:00	-	MST	1930 Nov 16
@@ -1027,6 +1046,7 @@ Zone America/Tijuana	-7:48:04 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:11:56
 			-8:00	BajaN	P%sT	1967 Apr lastSun 2:00
 			-8:00	US	P%sT	1996
 			-8:00	Mexico	P%sT
+# Baja California
 Zone America/Ensenada	-7:46:28 -	LMT	1922 Jan  1  0:13:32
 			-8:00	-	PST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
 			-7:00	-	MST	1930 Nov 16
@@ -1069,7 +1089,7 @@ Rule	Barb	1979	only	-	Sep	30	2:00	0	S
 Rule	Barb	1980	only	-	Sep	25	2:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Barbados	-3:58:28 -	LMT	1924		# Bridgetown
-			-3:58	-	BMT	1932	  # Bridgetown Mean Time
+			-3:58:28 -	BMT	1932	  # Bridgetown Mean Time
 			-4:00	Barb	A%sT
 
 # Belize
@@ -1094,7 +1114,7 @@ Zone Atlantic/Bermuda	-4:19:04 -	LMT	1930 Jan  1 2:00    # Hamilton
 # Cayman Is
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Cayman	-5:25:32 -	LMT	1890		# Georgetown
-			-5:07	-	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
 			-5:00	-	EST
 
 # Costa Rica
@@ -1150,10 +1170,13 @@ Rule	Cuba	1978	1990	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Cuba	1979	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=15	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	1981	1985	-	May	Sun>=5	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	1986	1989	-	Mar	Sun>=14	0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Cuba	1990	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1990	1997	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Cuba	1991	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00s	0	S
-Rule	Cuba	1996	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00s	0	S
-Rule	Cuba	1997	max	-	Oct	Sun>=8	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1997	only	-	Oct	12	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1998	only	-	Mar	29	0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Cuba	1998	max	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00s	0	S
+Rule	Cuba	1999	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00s	1:00	D
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Havana	-5:29:28 -	LMT	1890
@@ -1216,8 +1239,8 @@ Rule	Haiti	1983	only	-	May	8	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	1984	1987	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Haiti	1983	1987	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
 # Shanks says AT is 2:00, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says 1:00s.  Go with IATA.
-Rule	Haiti	1988	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	1:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Haiti	1988	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
+Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Apr	Sun>=1	1:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Haiti	1988	1997	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Port-au-Prince -4:49:20 -	LMT	1890
 			-4:49	-	PPMT	1917 Jan 24 12:00 # P-a-P MT
@@ -1240,7 +1263,7 @@ Zone America/Tegucigalpa -5:48:52 -	LMT	1921 Apr
 # From Shanks (1991):
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Jamaica	-5:07:12 -	LMT	1890		# Kingston
-			-5:07	-	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
 			-5:00	-	EST	1974 Jan 6 2:00
 			-5:00	US	E%sT	1984
 			-5:00	-	EST
@@ -1310,12 +1333,12 @@ Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15	# St Pierre
 # St Vincent and the Grenadines
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/St_Vincent	-4:04:56 -	LMT	1890		# Kingstown
-			-4:05	-	KMT	1912	   # Kingstown Mean Time
+			-4:04:56 -	KMT	1912	   # Kingstown Mean Time
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # Turks and Caicos
-# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
-# Shanks says they use US DST rules, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996)
+# From Paul Eggert (1998-08-06):
+# Shanks says they use US DST rules, but IATA SSIM (1991/1998)
 # says they switch at midnight.  Go with IATA SSIM.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	TC	1979	1986	-	Apr	lastSun	0:00	1:00	D
@@ -1323,7 +1346,7 @@ Rule	TC	1979	max	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	S
 Rule	TC	1987	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	D
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Grand_Turk	-4:44:32 -	LMT	1890
-			-5:07	-	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
+			-5:07:12 -	KMT	1912 Feb    # Kingston Mean Time
 			-5:00	TC	E%sT
 
 # British Virgin Is
diff --git a/time/southamerica b/time/southamerica
index f2bf217063..3f0cf8c564 100644
--- a/time/southamerica
+++ b/time/southamerica
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# @(#)southamerica	7.23
+# @(#)southamerica	7.25
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
 #
 # Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
@@ -184,14 +184,6 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 
 # Brazil
 
-# From Guy Harris:
-# The OAG lists 1987-10-25 and 1988-02-12 as the starting and
-# ending dates, giving them as "estimated date(s) based on previous year".  We
-# infer a rule here from one example, always a dangerous practice....  Yes,
-# they really do switch on Saturday, according to the OAG.
-# "[America/Porto_Acre]" is for the [State] of Acre;
-# "[America/Noronha]" is for Fernando De Noronha.
-
 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
 # The mayor of Rio recently attempted to change the time zone rules
 # just in his city, in order to leave more summer time for the tourist trade.
@@ -247,33 +239,78 @@ Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
 # error. Line 193 say "Territory of Acre". It is not a territory anymore
 # but a state.
 
+# From Marcos Tadeu (1998-09-27):
+# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/verao1.html">
+# Brazilian official page
+# </a>
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1998-09-28):
+# The official decrees referenced below are taken from
+# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html">
+# Decretos sobre o Horario de Verao no Brasil
+# </a> (1998-09-25, in Portuguese).
+# I don't read Portuguese, and haven't been able to verify them against
+# the Shanks and IATA data; there do seem to be minor discrepancies.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV20466.htm">20.466</a> (1931-01-10)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV21896.htm">21.896</a> (1932-01-10)
 Rule	Brazil	1931	only	-	Oct	 3	11:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Brazil	1932	1933	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	S
 Rule	Brazil	1932	only	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	1:00	D
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV23195.htm">23.195</a> (1933-10-10)
+# revoked DST.
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27496.htm">27.496</a> (1949-11-24)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV27998.htm">27.998</a> (1950-04-13)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV32308.htm">32.308</a> (1953-02-24)
 Rule	Brazil	1949	1952	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Brazil	1950	only	-	Apr	16	 0:00	0	S
 Rule	Brazil	1951	1953	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV34724.htm">34.724</a> (1953-11-30)
+# revoked DST.
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV52700.htm">52.700</a> (1963-10-18)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53071.htm">53.071</a> (1963-12-03)
 Rule	Brazil	1963	only	-	Dec	 9	 0:00	1:00	D
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV53604.htm">53.604</a> (1964-02-25)
 Rule	Brazil	1964	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV55639.htm">55.639</a> (1965-01-27)
 Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	0	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57303.htm">57.303</a> (1965-11-22)
 Rule	Brazil	1965	only	-	Dec	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV57843.htm">57.843</a> (1966-02-18)
 Rule	Brazil	1966	1968	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	S
 Rule	Brazil	1966	1967	-	Nov	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV63429.htm">63.429</a> (1968-10-15)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV91698.htm">91.698</a> (1985-09-27)
 Rule	Brazil	1985	only	-	Nov	 2	 0:00	1:00	D
+# Decree 92.310 (1986-01-21)
+# Decree 92.463 (1986-03-13)
 Rule	Brazil	1986	only	-	Mar	15	 0:00	0	S
+# Decree 93.316 (1986-10-01)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV94922.htm">94.922</a> (1987-09-22)
 Rule	Brazil	1986	1987	-	Oct	Sat<=28	 0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Brazil	1987	only	-	Feb	14	 0:00	0	S
 Rule	Brazil	1988	only	-	Feb	 7	 0:00	0	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV96676.htm">96.676</a> (1988-09-12)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV98077.htm">98.077</a> (1989-08-21)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV99530.htm">99.530</a> (1990-09-17)
+# Decree 99.629 (1990-10-19)
+# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1991.htm">Unnumbered decree</a> (1991-09-25):
+# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1992.htm">Unnumbered decree</a> (1992-10-16):
 Rule	Brazil	1989	only	-	Jan	22	 0:00	0	S
 Rule	Brazil	1988	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=10	 0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Brazil	1990	1991	-	Feb	Sun>=11	 0:00	0	S
 Rule	Brazil	1990	1992	-	Oct	Sun>=20	 0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Brazil	1992	only	-	Feb	 9	 0:00	0	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV942.htm">942</a> (1993-09-28)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1252.htm">1.252</a> (1994-09-22)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1636.htm">1.636</a> (1995-09-14)
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV1674.htm">1.674</a> (1995-10-13)
 Rule	Brazil	1993	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Brazil	1993	only	-	Jan	31	 0:00	0	S
 Rule	Brazil	1994	1995	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HV2000.htm">2.000</a> (1996-09-04)
 Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Feb	Sun>=11	 0:00	0	S
 Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	D
 # From Daniel C. Sobral <dcs@gns.com.br> (1998-02-12):
@@ -284,15 +321,23 @@ Rule	Brazil	1996	only	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	D
 # to help dealing with the shortages of electric power.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (1998-02-25):
-# Reference for 1997-10-06 change:
 # <a href="http://churchnet.ucsm.ac.uk/news/files2/news165.htm">
 # Brazil Prepares for Papal Visit
 # </a>,
 # Church Net UK (1997-10-02).
+#
+# Decree 2.317 (1997-09-04)
 Rule	Brazil	1997	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	D
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV2495.JPG">2.495</a>
+# (1998-02-10)
 Rule	Brazil	1998	only	-	Mar	 1	 0:00	0	S
-Rule	Brazil	1998	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Brazil	1999	max	-	Feb	Sun>=11	 0:00	0	S
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/Hv98.jpg">2.780</a> (1998-09-11)
+# specifies only the 1998-10-11 and 1999-02-21 transitions;
+# after that, these rules are guesses and are quite possibly wrong,
+# but they are more likely than no DST at all.
+Rule	Brazil	1998	max	-	Oct	Sun>=11	 0:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Brazil	1999	max	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	S
+
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 #
@@ -310,6 +355,8 @@ Zone America/Fortaleza	-2:34:00 -	LMT	1914
 			-3:00	-	EST
 #
 # Alagoas, Sergipe, Tocantins
+# IATA SSIM (1996/1998) keeps bouncing back and forth as to whether
+# Alagoas and Sergipe observe DST.  For now, continue to assume that they do.
 Zone America/Maceio	-2:22:52 -	LMT	1914
 			-3:00	-	EST	1963 Dec 9
 			-3:00	Brazil	E%sT	1990 Jul
@@ -347,14 +394,20 @@ Zone America/Porto_Acre	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # From Eduardo Krell (1995-10-19):
 # The law says to switch to DST at midnight [24:00] on the second SATURDAY
 # of October....  The law is the same for March and October.
+# (1998-09-29):
+# Because of the drought this year, the government decided to go into
+# DST earlier (saturday 9/26 at 24:00). This is a one-time change only ...
+# (unless there's another dry season next year, I guess).
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Chile	1918	only	-	Sep	1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Chile	1919	only	-	Jul	2	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Chile	1927	1931	-	Sep	1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Chile	1928	1932	-	Apr	1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Chile	1969	max	-	Oct	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1969	1997	-	Oct	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Chile	1970	max	-	Mar	Sun>=9	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Chile	1998	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Chile	1999	max	-	Oct	Sun>=9	0:00	1:00	S
 # IATA SSIM anomalies: (1990-09) says 1990-09-16; (1992-02) says 1992-03-14;
 # (1996-09) says 1998-03-08.  Ignore these for now.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
@@ -375,6 +428,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Easter	-7:17:28 -	LMT	1890	    # Mataveri
 # Colombia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	CO	1992	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
+# Shanks (1995) estimates 1993-04-03 24:00 for this; go with IATA.
 Rule	CO	1992	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Bogota	-4:56:20 -	LMT	1884 Mar 13
@@ -384,6 +438,10 @@ Zone	America/Bogota	-4:56:20 -	LMT	1884 Mar 13
 # no information; probably like America/Bogota
 
 # Curacao
+# Shanks (1995) says that Bottom and Oranjestad have been at -4:00 since
+# standard time was introduced on 1912-03-02; and that Kralendijk and Rincon
+# used Kralendijk Mean Time (-4:33:08) from 1912-02-02 to 1965-01-01.
+# This all predates our 1970 cutoff, though.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Curacao	-4:35:44 -	LMT	1912 Feb 12	# Willemstad
 			-4:30	-	ANT	1965 # Netherlands Antilles Time
@@ -458,9 +516,11 @@ Rule	Para	1992	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Para	1993	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	0	-
 Rule	Para	1993	1995	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Para	1994	1995	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	1996	max	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Para	1996	only	-	Oct	 6	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule	Para	1997	max	-	Oct	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Para	1996	1998	-	Mar	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Para	1996	max	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
+# IATA SSIM (1998-02) claims that the 1999 switch will be on 02-27.
+# Assume this is a typo, and that 02-28 was meant.
+Rule	Para	1999	max	-	Feb	lastSun	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Asuncion	-3:50:40 -	LMT	1890
 			-3:50:40 -	AMT	1931 Oct 10 # Asuncion Mean Time